<rdf:RDF xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:prism="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/prism/" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/">
<channel rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org">
<admin:errorReportsTo rdf:resource="mailto:biorxiv@cshlpress.edu"/>
<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of Iowa</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of Iowa"
</description>

<items>
<rdf:Seq>
</rdf:Seq>
</items>
<prism:eIssn/>
<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
<prism:issn/>

<image rdf:resource=""/>
</channel>
<image rdf:about="">
<title>bioRxiv</title>
<url/>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
</image>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) and Zn-binding Sites Within Proteomes Predicted by DeepMind's AlphaFold2 Program Dramatically Expands the Metalloproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DeepMinds AlphaFold2 software has ushered in a revolution in high quality, 3D protein structure prediction. In very recent work by the DeepMind team, structure predictions have been made for entire proteomes of twenty-one organisms, with >360,000 structures made available for download. Here we show that thousands of novel binding sites for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and zinc ions can be identified within these predicted structures by exhaustive enumeration of all potential ligand-binding orientations. We demonstrate that AlphaFold2 routinely makes highly specific predictions of ligand binding sites: for example, binding sites that are comprised exclusively of four cysteine sidechains fall into three clusters, representing binding sites for 4Fe-4S clusters, 2Fe-2S clusters, or individual Zn ions. We show further: (a) that the majority of known Fe-S cluster and Zn-binding sites documented in UniProt are recovered by the AlphaFold2 structures, (b) that there are occasional disputes between AlphaFold2 and UniProt with AlphaFold2 predicting highly plausible alternative binding sites, (c) that the Fe-S cluster binding sites that we identify in E. coli agree well with previous bioinformatics predictions, (d) that cysteines predicted here to be part of Fe-S cluster or Zn-binding sites show little overlap with those shown via chemoproteomics techniques to be highly reactive, and (e) that AlphaFold2 occasionally appears to build erroneous disulfide bonds between cysteines that should instead coordinate a ligand. These results suggest that AlphaFold2 could be an important tool for the functional annotation of proteomes, and the methodology presented here is likely to be useful for predicting other ligand-binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wehrspan, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) and Zn-binding Sites Within Proteomes Predicted by DeepMind's AlphaFold2 Program Dramatically Expands the Metalloproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Background selection as baseline for nucleotide variation across the Drosophila genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The constant removal of deleterious mutations by natural selection causes a reduction in neutral diversity and efficacy of selection at genetically linked sites (a process called Background Selection, BGS). Population genetic studies, however, often ignore BGS effects when investigating demographic events or the presence of other types of selection. To obtain a more realistic evolutionary expectation that incorporates the unavoidable consequences of deleterious mutations, we generated high-resolution landscapes of variation across the Drosophila melanogaster genome under a BGS scenario independent of polymorphism data. We find that BGS plays a significant role in shaping levels of variation across the entire genome, including long introns and intergenic regions distant from annotated genes. We also find that a very large percentage of the observed variation in diversity across autosomes can be explained by BGS alone, up to 70% across individual chromosome arms, thus indicating that BGS predictions can be used as baseline to infer additional types of selection and demographic events. This approach allows detecting several outlier regions with signal of recent adaptive events and selective sweeps. The use of a BGS baseline, however, is particularly appropriate to investigate the presence of balancing selection and our study exposes numerous genomic regions with the predicted signature of higher polymorphism than expected when a BGS context is taken into account. Importantly, we show that these conclusions are robust to the mutation and selection parameters of the BGS model. Finally, analyses of protein evolution together with previous comparisons of genetic maps between Drosophila species, suggest temporally variable recombination landscapes and thus, local BGS effects that may differ between extant and past phases. Because genome-wide BGS and temporal changes in linkage effects can skew approaches to estimate demographic and selective events, future analyses should incorporate BGS predictions and capture local recombination variation across genomes and along lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Josep M Comeron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Background selection as baseline for nucleotide variation across the Drosophila genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian analyses of Yemeni mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple migration events with Africa and Western Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) left Africa {small tilde}60,000 years ago, marking the first of multiple dispersal events by AMH between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The southern dispersal route (SDR) out of Africa (OOA) posits that early AMHs crossed the Bab el-Mandeb strait from the Horn of Africa into what is now Yemen and followed the coast of the Indian Ocean into eastern Eurasia. If AMHs followed the SDR and left modern descendants in situ, Yemeni populations should retain old autochthonous mitogenome lineages. Alternatively, if AMHs did not follow the SDR or did not leave modern descendants in the region, only young autochthonous lineages will remain as evidence of more recent dispersals. We sequenced 113 whole mitogenomes from multiple Yemeni regions with a focus on haplogroups M, N, and L3(xM,N) as they are considered markers of the initial OOA migrations. We performed Bayesian evolutionary analyses to generate time-measured phylogenies calibrated by Neanderthal and Denisovan mitogenome sequences in order to determine the age of Yemeni-specific clades in our dataset. Our results indicate that the M1, N1, and L3(xM,N) sequences in Yemen are the product of recent migration from Africa and western Eurasia. Although these data suggest that modern Yemeni mitogenomes are not markers of the original OOA migrants, we hypothesize that recent population dynamics may obscure any genetic signature of an ancient SDR migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deven Nikunj Vyas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Kitchen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aida Teresa Miró-Herrans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurel Nichole Pearson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Al-Meeri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connie Jo Mulligan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian analyses of Yemeni mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple migration events with Africa and Western Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Nature, Extent, and Consequences of Cryptic Genetic Variation in the opa Repeats of Notch in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABTRACTPolyglutamine (pQ) tracts are abundant in many proteins co-interacting on DNA. The lengths of these pQ tracts can modulate their interaction strengths. However, pQ tracts > 40 residues are pathologically prone to amyloidogenic self-assembly. Here, we assess the extent and consequences of variation in the pQ-encoding opa repeats of Notch (N) in Drosophila melanogaster. We use Sanger sequencing to genotype opa sequences (5-CAX repeats), which have resisted assembly using short sequence reads. While the majority of N sequences pertain to reference opa31 (Q13HQ17) and opa32 (Q13HQ18) allelic classes, several rare alleles encode tracts > 32 residues: opa33a (Q14HQ18), opa33b (Q15HQ17), opa34 (Q16HQ17), opa35a1/opa35a2 (Q13HQ21), opa36 (Q13HQ22), and opa37 (Q13HQ23). Only one rare allele encodes a tract < 31 residues: opa23 (Q13-Q10). This opa23 allele shortens the pQ tract while simultaneously eliminating the interrupting histidine. Homozygotes for the short and long opa alleles have defects in sensory bristle organ specification, abdominal patterning, and embryonic survival. Inbred stocks with wild-type opa31 alleles become more viable when outbred, while an inbred stock with the longer opa35 becomes less viable after outcrossing to different backgrounds. In contrast, an inbred stock with the short opa23 allele is semi-viable in both inbred and outbred genetic backgrounds. This opa23 Notch allele also produces notched wings when recombined out of the X chromosome. Importantly, wa-linked X balancers carry the N allele opa33b and suppress AS-C insufficiency caused by the sc8 inversion. Our results demonstrate significant cryptic variation and epistatic sensitivity for the N locus, and the need for long read genotyping of key repeat variables underlying gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clinton Rice</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle Beekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liping Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Nature, Extent, and Consequences of Cryptic Genetic Variation in the opa Repeats of Notch in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Nature, Extent, and Consequences of Genetic Variation in the opa Repeats of Notch in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyglutamine (pQ) tracts are abundant in many proteins co-interacting on DNA. The lengths of these pQ tracts can modulate their interaction strengths. However, pQ tracts > 40 residues are pathologically prone to amyloidogenic self-assembly. Here, we assess the extent and consequences of variation in the pQ-encoding opa repeats of Notch (N) in Drosophila melanogaster. We use Sanger sequencing to genotype opa sequences (50-CAX repeats), which have resisted assembly using short sequence reads. While the majority of N sequences pertain to reference opa31 (Q13HQ17) and opa32 (Q13HQ18) allelic classes, several rare alleles encode tracts > 32 residues: opa33a (Q14HQ18), opa33b (Q15HQ17), opa34 (Q16HQ17), opa35a1/opa35a2 (Q13HQ21), opa36 (Q13HQ22), and opa37 (Q13HQ23). Only one rare allele encodes a tract < 31 residues: opa23 (Q13-Q10). This opa23 allele shortens the pQ tract while simultaneously eliminating the interrupting histidine. Homozygotes for the short and long opa alleles have defects in sensory bristle organ specification, abdominal patterning, and embryonic survival. Inbred stocks with wild-type opa31 alleles become more viable when outbred, while an inbred stock with the longer opa35 becomes less viable after outcrossing to different backgrounds. In contrast, an inbred stock with the short opa23 allele is semi-viable in both inbred and outbred genetic backgrounds. This opa23 Notch allele also produces notched wings when recombined out of the X chromosome. Importantly, wa-linked X balancers carry the N allele opa33b and suppress AS-C insufficiency caused by the sc8 inversion. Our results demonstrate potent pQ variation and epistatic sensitivity for the N locus, and the need for long read genotyping of key repeat variables underlying gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clinton Rice</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle Beekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liping Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert J Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Nature, Extent, and Consequences of Genetic Variation in the opa Repeats of Notch in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic core histone diversification in light of the histone doublet and DNA topo II genes of Marseilleviridae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While eukaryotic and archaean genomes encode the histone fold domain, only eukaryotes encode the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Core histones assemble into a hetero-octamer rather than the homo-tetramer of Archaea. Thus it was unexpected that core histone "doublets" were identified in the cytoplasmic replication factories of the Marseilleviridae (MV), one family of Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV). Here we analyze the core histone doublet genes from all known Marseilleviridae genomes and show that they encode obligate H2B-H2A and H4-H3 dimers of likely proto-eukaryotic origin. Each MV core histone moiety forms a sister clade to a eukaryotic core histone clade inclusive of canonical core histone paralogs, suggesting that MV core histone moieties diverged prior to eukaryotic neofunctionalizations associated with paired linear chromosomes and variant histone octamer assembly. We also show that all MV genomes encode a eukaryote-like DNA topoisomerase II enzyme that forms a clade that is sister to the eukaryotic clade. As DNA topo II influences histone deposition and chromatin compaction and is the second most abundant nuclear protein after histones, we suggest MV genes underlie a proto-chromatinized replisome that diverged prior to diversification of eukaryotic core histone variants. Thus, combined domain architecture and phylogenomic analyses suggest that a primitive origin for MV chromatin genes is a more parsimonious explanation than horizontal gene transfers + gene fusions + long-branch attraction constrained to each core histone clade. These results imply that core histones were utilized ancestrally in viral DNA compaction, protection from host endonucleases, and/or other unknown processes associated with NCLDV-like progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert J Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic core histone diversification in light of the histone doublet and DNA topo II genes of Marseilleviridae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The X chromosome, with its unique mode of inheritance, contributes to differences between the sexes at a molecular level, including sex-specific gene expression and sex-specific impact of genetic variation. We have conducted an analysis of the impact of both sex and the X chromosome on patterns of gene expression identified through transcriptome sequencing of whole blood from 922 individuals. We identified that genes on the X chromosome are more likely to have sex-specific expression compared to the autosomal genes. Furthermore, we identified a depletion of regulatory variants on the X chromosome, especially among genes under high selective constraint. In contrast, we discovered an enrichment of sex-specific regulatory variants on the X chromosome. To resolve the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects, we generated and connected sex-specific chromatin accessibility to sex-specific expression and regulatory variation. As sex-specific regulatory variants can inform sex differences in genetic disease prevalence, we have integrated our data with genome-wide association study data for multiple immune traits and to identify traits with significant sex biases. Together, our study provides genome-wide insight into how the X chromosome and sex shape human gene regulation and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimberly R Kukurba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin S Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Julie Favé</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anshul Kundaje</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Awadalla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Main text Methods References The impact of environment on human health is dramatic, with major risk factors including substance use1, diet2 and exercise3. However, identifying interactions between the environment and an individuals genetic background (GxE) has been hampered by statistical and computational challenges4,5. By combining RNA sequencing of whole blood and extensive environmental annotations collected from 922 individuals6, we have evaluated GxE interactions at a cellular level. We have developed EAGLE, a hierarchical Bayesian model for identifying GxE interactions based on association between environment and allele-specific expression (ASE). EAGLE inc ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal genome-wide association study identifies a fasting glucose variant associated with offspring birth weight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, while relatively little is known about how maternal genetic variation influences fetal growth. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth.nnWe meta-analysed GWAS data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86,577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother-child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects.nnMaternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9 and CYP3A7) showed evidence of association with offspring birth weight at P<5x10-8. The SEM analyses showed at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration.nnThe identified associations indicate effects of maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potential effects of maternal blood pressure and immune function on fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations, for example in mechanistic and causal analyses, will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjarke Feenstra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alana Cavadino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica Tyrrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Nodzenski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momoko Horikoshi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Geller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronny Myhre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Richmond</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavinia Paternoster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Bradfield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskil Kreiner-Moller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ville Huikari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Metrustry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Lunetta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jodie Painter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouke-Jan Hottenga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine Allard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheila Barton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ana Espinosa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie Marsh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine Potter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Ang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diane Berry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi Bouchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikta Das</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakon Hakonarson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani Heikkinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthold Hocher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Hofman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazel Inskip</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kogevinas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penelope Lind</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letizia Marullo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Medland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Nohr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Reichetzeder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan Ring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loreto</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal genome-wide association study identifies a fasting glucose variant associated with offspring birth weight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic basis of electrotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum: Electric field sensitive amino acids are dynamically encoded en masse for the streaming-stage proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrotaxis plays a critical role in developmental cell migration, axon growth cone guidance, epithelial wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the degree of invasiveness characterizing different cancer cell lines. During electrotaxis in a direct current electric field (EF), a cell migrates preferentially either towards the anode or cathode depending on the cell-type. However, the types and ranges of mechanisms coupling trans-cellular electric fields to cellular EF-sensitive signaling systems are largely unknown. To address this cell biological phenomenon, I use transcriptomic data from a developmental genetic model in which multicellular social aggregation is induced by starvation of amoeboid cells. I find that the developmental proteome expressed during the streaming aggregation stage is measurably and substantially enriched in charged and highly polar amino acids relative to the proteomes of either the unicellular amoeboid or the multicellular fruiting body. This large-scale coding augmentation of EF-sensitive amino acid residues in thousands of streaming-specific proteins is accompanied by a proportional coding decrease in the number of small, uncharged amino acid residues. I also confirm an expected coding increase of biosynthetically costly amino acids in the proteome of the satiated feeding-stage amoeboid. These findings suggest that electrotactic capability is encoded broadly in the genetically regulated deployment of a developmental proteome with augmented EF-sensitivity. These results signify that extreme, nonuniform, evolutionary constraints can be exerted on the amino acid composition of an organisms proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert J Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic basis of electrotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum: Electric field sensitive amino acids are dynamically encoded en masse for the streaming-stage proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Notch and Su(H) dependent enhancer complex coordinates expression of nab in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABTRACTThe transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless and its co-activator, the Notch intracellular domain, are polyglutamine (pQ)-rich factors that target enhancer elements and interact with other locally-bound pQ-rich factors. To understand the functional repertoire of such enhancers, we identify conserved regulatory belts with binding sites for the pQ-rich effectors of both Notch and BMP/Dpp signaling, and the pQ-deficient tissue selectors Apterous (Ap), Scalloped (Sd), and Vestigial (Vg). We find that the densest such binding site cluster in the genome is located in the BMP-inducible nab locus, a homolog of the vertebrate transcriptional co-factors NAB1/NAB2. We report three major findings. First, we find that this nab regulatory belt is a novel enhancer driving dorsal wing margin expression in regions of peak phosphorylated-Mad in wing imaginal discs. Second, we show that Ap is developmentally required to license the nab dorsal wing margin enhancer (DWME) to read-out Notch signaling in the dorsal wing compartment. Third, we find that the nab DWME is embedded in a complex of intronic enhancers, including a wing quadrant enhancer, a proximal wing disc enhancer, and a larval brain enhancer. This enhancer complex coordinates global nab expression via both tissue-specific activation and inter-enhancer silencing. We suggest that DWME integration of BMP signaling maintains nab expression in proliferating margin descendants that have divided away from Notch-Delta boundary signaling. As such, uniform expression of genes like nab and vestigial in proliferating compartments would typically require both boundary and non-boundary lineage-specific enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Stroebele</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Notch and Su(H) dependent enhancer complex coordinates expression of nab in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial Markers of Conscious Face Perception in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The comparison between perceived and unperceived trials at perceptual threshold isolates not only the core neuronal substrate of a particular conscious perception, but also aspects of brain activity that facilitate, hinder or tend to follow conscious perception. We take a step towards the resolution of these confounds by combining an analysis of ECoG neuronal responses observed during the presentation of faces partially masked by Continuous Flash Suppression, and those responses observed during the unmasked presentation of faces and other images in the same subjects. Neuronal activity in both the fusiform gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus discriminated seen vs. unseen faces in the masked paradigm and upright faces vs. other categories in the unmasked paradigm. However, only the former discriminated upright vs. inverted faces in the unmasked paradigm. Our results suggest a prominent role for the fusiform gyrus in the configural perception of faces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabiano Baroni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochem van Kempen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiroto Kawasaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher K. Kovach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiroyuki Oya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew A. Howard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph Adolphs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naotsugu Tsuchiya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial Markers of Conscious Face Perception in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contents of Consciousness Investigated as Integrated Information in Direct Human Brain Recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrated information theory postulates that the particular way stimuli appear when we consciously experience them arises from integrated information relationships across neural populations. We investigated if such equivalence holds by testing if similar/different percepts map onto similar/different information structures. We computed integrated information structure from intracranial EEGs recorded in 6 neurosurgical patients who had electrodes implanted over posterior cortices. During recording, we dissociated subjective percepts from physical inputs in three distinct stimulus paradigms (passive viewing, continuous flash suppression, and backward masking). Unsupervised classification showed that integrated information within stimulus-selective cortical regions classified visual experiences with significant accuracy (peaking on average around 64% classification accuracy). Classification by other relevant information theoretic measures such as mutual information and entropy was consistently poorer (56% and 54% accuracy). The findings argue that concepts from integrated information theory are empirically testable, promising a potential link between conscious experience and informational structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew M. Haun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masafumi Oizumi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher K Kovach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiroto Kawasaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiroyuki Oya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew A Howard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph Adolphs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naotsugu Tsuchiya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contents of Consciousness Investigated as Integrated Information in Direct Human Brain Recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic evidence for population-specific responses to coevolving parasites in a New Zealand freshwater snail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reciprocal coevolving interactions between hosts and parasites are a primary source of strong selection that can promote rapid and often population- or genotype-specific evolutionary change. These host-parasite interactions are also a major source of disease. Despite their importance, very little is known about the genomic basis of coevolving host-parasite interactions in natural populations, especially in animals. Here, we use gene expression and sequence evolution approaches to take critical steps towards characterizing the genomic basis of interactions between the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and its coevolving sterilizing trematode parasite, Microphallus sp., a textbook example of natural coevolution. We found that Microphallus-infected P. antipodarum exhibit systematic downregulation of genes relative to uninfected P. antipodarum. The specific genes involved in parasite response differ markedly across lakes, consistent with a scenario where population-level coevolution is leading to population-specific host-parasite interactions and evolutionary trajectories. We also used an FST-based approach to identify a set of loci that represent promising candidates for targets of parasite-mediated selection across lakes as well as within each lake population. These results constitute the first genomic evidence for population-specific responses to coevolving infection in the P. antipodarum-Microphallus interaction and provide new insights into the genomic basis of coevolutionary interactions in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laura Bankers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Fields</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle E. McElroy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Boore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John M. Logsdon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurine Neiman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic evidence for population-specific responses to coevolving parasites in a New Zealand freshwater snail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radical changes persist longer in the absence of sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harmful mutations are ubiquitous and inevitable, and the rate at which these mutations are removed from populations is a critical determinant of evolutionary fate. Closely related sexual and asexual taxa provide a particularly powerful setting to study deleterious mutation elimination because sexual reproduction should facilitate mutational clearance by reducing selective interference between sites and by allowing the production of offspring with different mutational complements than their parents. Here, we compared the rate of removal of conservative (i.e., similar biochemical properties) and radical (i.e., distinct biochemical properties) nonsynonymous mutations from mitochondrial genomes of sexual vs. asexual Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail characterized by coexisting and ecologically similar sexual and asexual lineages. Our analyses revealed that radical nonsynonymous mutations are cleared at higher rates than conservative changes and that sexual lineages eliminate radical changes more rapidly than asexual counterparts. These results are consistent with reduced efficacy of purifying selection in asexual lineages allowing harmful mutations to remain polymorphic longer than in sexual lineages. Together, these data illuminate some of the population-level processes contributing to mitochondrial mutation accumulation and suggest that mutation accumulation could influence the outcome of competition between sexual and asexual lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joel Sharbrough</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagan Luse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey L Boore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John M Logsdon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurine Neiman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radical changes persist longer in the absence of sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male density and rapid evolution of genital morphology in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male reproductive structures are known to be extremely diverse, particularly in insect taxa. Male genital structures are thought to be some of the fastest evolving traits, but the processes responsible for this pattern remain unclear. In the present study we manipulated the mating regimes of Callosobruchus maculatus, a seed beetle, to determine if male genital structures would be altered under forced monogamy and polyandry. Males in this species have an intromittent organ that contains spines that are known to puncture the female reproductive tract. We measured both testes size and genital spine length in monogamous and polyandrous treatments over seven generations. We found that testes size was not significantly different between treatments, but that genital spine length was significantly longer in the polyandrous treatment within seven generations. These results highlight the fact that evolution can occur rapidly when under strong sexual selection, a process that has been implicated in leading to morphological differences in male genitalia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deanna Soper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willow Macy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male density and rapid evolution of genital morphology in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Goggatomy: a Method for Opening Small Cuticular Compartments in Arthropods for Physiological Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most sense organs of arthropods are ensconced in small exoskeletal compartments that hinder direct access to plasma membranes. We have developed a method for exposing live sensory and supporting cells in such structures. The technique uses a viscous light cured resin to embed and support the structure, which is then sliced with a sharp blade. We term the procedure a  goggatomy, from the Khoisan word for a bug, gogga. To demonstrate the utility of the method we show that it can be used to expose the auditory chordotonal organs in the second antennal segment and the olfactory receptor neurons in the third antennal segment of Drosophila melanogaster, preserving the transduction machinery. The procedure can also be used on other small arthropods, like mites, Daphnia, mosquitoes, wasps and ants to expose a variety of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alan R Kay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davide Raccuglia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Scholte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Loukianova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher A Barwacz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven A Armstrong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C Allan Guymon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael N Nitabach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel F Eberl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Goggatomy: a Method for Opening Small Cuticular Compartments in Arthropods for Physiological Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic dimensions of Su(H)-targeted regulatory belts in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric Notch signaling promotes divergent fates in select cells throughout metazoan development. In the receiving cell, signaling results in cleavage of the Notch intracellular domain and its import into the nucleus, where it binds Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] to promote gene expression in conjunction with contextual cues in the surrounding DNA sequence. To investigate the nature of this contextual logic, we identify 1344 Su(H)-site containing regulatory belts that are conserved across the Drosophila genus. Each Su(H)-type regulatory belt (SUH-RB) is a 0.6-1.0 kb chain of conservation peaks consistent with a transcriptional enhancer or core promoter. These regulatory belts contain one or more canonical binding sites for Su(H) along with ~15-30 other binding sites. SUH-RBs are densely clustered in certain chromosomal regions such as the E(spl)-complex, the Wnt gene complex, and genes encoding Notch receptor ligands (Delta and Serrate). SUH-RBs overlap most known Su(H)/Notch-target enhancers and others, including non-embryonic enhancers that are not identified by embryonic ChIP-seq peaks. Thus, SUH-RBs overcome the stage-specific nature of embryonic ChIP-seq peaks and suggest a pervasive role for contextual tissue-specific pioneer and/or enhancer-licensing factors. SUH-RBs also delineate false positive ChIP-seq peaks, which do not overlap SUH-RBs, are missing even the weakest Su(H)-binding sequences, and have the shortest ChIP peak widths. Last, we characterize several novel enhancers including Su(H)-dependent enhancers at Notch and Delta, intestinal enhancers at A2bp1 and hedgehog, and distinct enhancers at roughest, E2f1, and escargot.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Stroebele</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy Fuqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madelyn Warren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle Herrig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Noblett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic dimensions of Su(H)-targeted regulatory belts in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Rationally Designed Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase for Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Amino Acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins has emerged as a promising strategy to manipulate and study protein structure-function relationships with superior precision in vitro and in vivo. To date, fluorescent non-canonical amino acids (f-ncAA) have been successfully incorporated in proteins expressed in bacterial systems, Xenopus oocytes, and HEK-293T cells. Here, we describe the rational generation of an orthogonal aminoacyltRNA synthetase based on the E. coli tyrosine synthetase that is capable of encoding the f-ncAA tyr-coumarin in HEK-293T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ximena Steinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Galpin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibran Nasir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Sepulveda-Ugarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romina Sepulveda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando Gonzalez-Nilo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon D Islas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher A Ahern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian E Brauchi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Rationally Designed Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase for Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Amino Acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Reconstitution of Chronic ER Stress in the Liver Reveals Feedback Suppression of Bip mRNA Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ER stress is implicated in many chronic diseases, but very little is known about how the unfolded protein response (UPR) responds to persistent ER stress in vivo. Here, we experimentally reconstituted chronic ER stress in the mouse liver, using repeated injection of a low dose of the ER stressor tunicamycin. Paradoxically, this treatment led to feedback-mediated suppression of a select group of mRNAs, including those encoding the ER chaperones BiP and GRP94. This suppression was due to both silencing of the ATF6a pathway of UPR-dependent transcription and enhancement of mRNA degradation, most likely via regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). The suppression of Bip mRNA was phenocopied by ectopic overexpression of BiP protein, and was also observed in obese mice. Our findings suggest that persistent cycles of UPR activation and deactivation create an altered, quasi-stable setpoint for UPR-dependent transcriptional regulation--an outcome that could be relevant to conditions such as metabolic syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javier A. Gomez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Thomas Rutkowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Reconstitution of Chronic ER Stress in the Liver Reveals Feedback Suppression of Bip mRNA Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational assembly imposes evolutionary constraints on homomeric proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing evidence that some proteins fold during translation, i.e. cotranslationally, which implies that partial protein function, including interactions with other molecules, could potentially be unleashed early on during translation. Although little is known about cotranslational assembly mechanisms, for homomeric protein complexes, translation by the ribosome, folding and assembly, should be well-coordinated to avoid misassembly in the context of polysomes. We analysed 3D structures of homomers and identified a statistically significant trend conserved across evolution that supports this hypothesis: namely that homomeric contacts tend to be localized towards the C-terminus rather than N-terminus of homomeric polypeptide chains. To probe this in more detail, we expressed a GFP-based library of 611 homomeric E. coli genes, and analyzing their folding and assembly in vivo. Consistent with our hypothesis, interface residues tend to be located near the N-terminus in cotranslationally aggregating homomers. In order to dissect the mechanisms of folding and assembly under controlled conditions, we engineered a protein library with three variable components: (i) the position and type homomerization domain, (ii) the reporter domain and (iii) the linker length that connects the two. By analyzing the misassembly rates of these engineered constructs in vivo, in vitro and in silico, we confirmed our hypothesis that C-terminal homomerization is favorable to N-terminal homomerization. More generally, these results provide a set of spatiotemporal constraints within polypeptide chains that favor efficient assembly, with implications for protein evolution and design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eviatar Natan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki Endoh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liora Haim-Vilmovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilhem Chalancon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilman Flock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan TS Hopper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balint Kintses</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejla Daruka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gergely Fekete</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csaba Pal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs Papp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Horvath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph A Marsh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian H Elcock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Madan Babu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carol V Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naoki Sugimoto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah A Teichmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational assembly imposes evolutionary constraints on homomeric proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyVar: An Extensible Framework for Variant Annotator Comparison 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern genomics projects are generating millions of variant calls that must be annotated for predicted functional consequences at the level of gene expression and protein function. Many of these variants are of interest owing to their potential clinical significance. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art methods do not always agree on downstream effects for any given variant. Here we present a readily extensible python framework (PyVar) for comparing the output of variant annotator methods in order to aid the research community in quickly assessing differences between methods and benchmarking new methods as they are developed. We also apply our framework to assess the annotation performance of ANNOVAR, VEP, and SnpEff when annotating 81 million variants from the  1000 Genomes Project against both RefSeq and Ensembl human transcript sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julie Wertz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Bair</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael S Chimenti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyVar: An Extensible Framework for Variant Annotator Comparison]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving Notch polyQ tracts reveal possible solenoid interference elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in regulatory proteins are extremely polymorphic. As functional elements under selection for length, triplet repeats are prone to DNA replication slippage and indel mutations. Many polyQ tracts are also embedded within intrinsically disordered domains, which are less constrained, fast evolving, and difficult to characterize. To identify structural principles underlying polyQ tracts in disordered regulatory domains, here I analyze deep evolution of metazoan Notch polyQ tracts, which can generate alleles causing developmental and neurogenic defects. I show that Notch features polyQ tract turnover that is restricted to a discrete number of conserved "polyQ insertion slots". Notch polyQ insertion slots are: (i) identifiable by an amphipathic "slot leader" motif; (ii) conserved as an intact C-terminal array in a 1-to-1 relationship with the N-terminal solenoid-forming ankyrin repeats (ARs); and (iii) enriched in carboxamide residues (Q/N), whose sidechains feature dual hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms. Correspondingly, the terminal loop and {beta}-strand of each AR feature conserved carboxamide residues, which would be susceptible to folding interference by hydrogen bonding with residues outside the ARs. I thus suggest that Notch polyQ insertion slots constitute an array of AR interference elements (ARIEs). Notch ARIEs would dynamically compete with the delicate serial folding induced by adjacent ARs. Huntingtin, which harbors solenoid-forming HEAT repeats, also possesses a similar number of polyQ insertion slots. These results strongly suggest that intrinsically disordered interference arrays featuring carboxamide and polyQ enrichment are coupled proteodynamic modulators of solenoids.nnSIGNIFICANCENeurodegenerative disorders are often caused by expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts embedded in the disordered regions of regulatory proteins, which are difficult to characterize structurally. To identify functional principles underlying polyQ tracts in disordered regulatory domains, I analyze evolution of the Notch protein, which can generate polyQ-related alleles causing neurodevelopmental defects. I show that Notch evolves polyQ tracts that come and go in a few conserved "polyQ insertion slots". Several features suggest these slots are ankyrin repeat (AR) interference elements, which dynamically compete with the delicate solenoid formed by Notch. Huntingtin, whose polyQ expansions causes Huntingtons Disease in humans, also has solenoid-forming modules and polyQ insertion slots, suggesting a common architectural principle underlies solenoid-forming polyQ-rich proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert J Erives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving Notch polyQ tracts reveal possible solenoid interference elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CMPyMOL: A Tool for Protein Contact-Map Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact-maps are reduced 2D representation of the 3D spatial configuration of a protein. Many valuable structural features like secondary structures, inter- and intra-protein interactions,interacting domains, etc., can be readily identified from these maps. However, it is not straightforward and intuitive to reckon the spatial organization of the contact regions from reduced representation. The CMPyMOL extention for molecular visualization software PyMOL attempts to bridge this gap as an interactive graphical tool for protein contact-maps that interfaces with PyMOL for 3D visualization. Specifically, CMPyMOL helps understand the functional importance of contacts by providing visual overlays of various structural and biochemical properties of a protein on top of its contact-map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnamani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CMPyMOL: A Tool for Protein Contact-Map Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo transcriptome characterization of a sterilizing trematode parasite (Microphallus sp.) from two species of New Zealand snails 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snail-borne trematodes represent a large, diverse, and evolutionarily, ecologically, and medically important group of parasites, often imposing strong selection on their hosts and causing host morbidity and mortality. Even so, there are very few genomic and transcriptomic resources available for this important animal group. We help to fill this gap by providing transcriptome resources from trematode metacercariae infecting two congeneric snail species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum and P. estuarinus. This genus of New Zealand snails has gained prominence in large part through the development of P. antipodarum and its sterilizing trematode parasite Microphallus livelyi into a textbook model for host-parasite coevolutionary interactions in nature. By contrast, the interactions between Microphallus trematodes and P. estuarinus, an estuary-inhabiting species closely related to the freshwater P. antipodarum, are relatively unstudied. Here, we provide the first annotated transcriptome assemblies from Microphallus isolated from P. antipodarum and P. estuarinus. We also use these transcriptomes to produce genomic resources that will be broadly useful to those interested in host-parasite coevolution, local adaption, and molecular evolution and phylogenetics of this and other snail-trematode systems. Analyses of the two Microphallus transcriptomes revealed that the two trematode isolates are more genetically differentiated from one another than are M. livelyi infecting different populations of P. antipodarum, suggesting that the Microphallus infecting P. estuarinus represent a distinct lineage. We also provide a promising set of candidate genes likely involved in parasitic infection and response to salinity stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bankers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo transcriptome characterization of a sterilizing trematode parasite (Microphallus sp.) from two species of New Zealand snails]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation for mitochondrial function in the New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteins responsible for mitochondrial function are encoded by two different genomes with distinct inheritance regimes, rendering rigorous inference of genotype-phenotype connections intractable for all but a few model systems. Asexual organisms provide a powerful means for addressing these challenges because offspring produced without recombination inherit both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from a single parent. As such, these offspring inherit mitonuclear genotypes that are identical to the mitonuclear genotypes of their parents and siblings and different from those of other asexual lineages. Here, we compared mitochondrial function across distinct asexual lineages of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail model for understanding the evolutionary consequences of asexuality. Our analyses revealed substantial phenotypic variation across asexual lineages at three levels of biological organization: mitogenomic, organellar, and organismal. These data demonstrate that different asexual lineages have different mitochondrial function phenotypes and that there exists heritable variation (that is, the raw material for evolution) for mitochondrial function in P. antipodarum. The discovery of this variation combined with the methods developed here sets the stage to use P. antipodarum to study central evolutionary questions involving mitochondrial function, including whether mitochondrial mutation accumulation influences the maintenance of sexual reproduction in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharbrough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruise, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beetch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enright, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation for mitochondrial function in the New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to computationally predict whether a compound treats a disease would improve the economy and success rate of drug approval. This study describes Project Rephetio to systematically model drug efficacy based on 755 existing treatments. First, we constructed Hetionet (neo4j.het.io), an integrative network encoding knowledge from millions of biomedical studies. Hetionet v1.0 consists of 47,031 nodes of 11 types and 2,250,197 relationships of 24 types. Data was integrated from 29 public resources to connect compounds, diseases, genes, anatomies, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, pharmacologic classes, side effects, and symptoms. Next, we identified network patterns that distinguish treatments from non-treatments. Then we predicted the probability of treatment for 209,168 compound-disease pairs (het.io/repurpose). Our predictions validated on two external sets of treatment and provided pharmacological insights on epilepsy, suggesting they will help prioritize drug repurposing candidates. This study was entirely open and received realtime feedback from 40 community members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himmelstein, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khankhanian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered tRNA suppression of a CFTR nonsense mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ten percent of human diseases are caused by  nonsense mutations that lead to premature truncation of the protein reading frame. Small molecules that promote read-through of such PTC have significant clinical promise but current iterations suffer from low in vivo efficacy and the nonselective amino acid incorporation. Alternatively, while gene-modifying approaches, such as CRISPR/Cas9, represent a long-term solution, such treatments may be far from reaching the clinical setting. Building on previous work by our group and others, we describe a tRNA engineering approach that enables the conversion of an in frame nonsense stop mutation to the naturally occurring amino acid, thus rescuing the full-length wild type protein. Data is presented demonstrating the functionality of the approach with the rescue of CFTR W1282X, a human mutation that causes cystic fibrosis (CF). The stringency of the approach is confirmed by mass spectrometry in a model protein indicating the encoding of only tryptophan at the TGA suppression site. The data describe the first use of an edited tRNA to repair a CF causative mutation and serve a proof of principle for the eventual use of codon-edited tRNA for the therapeutic rescue of PTC disease codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infield, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered tRNA suppression of a CFTR nonsense mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multichannel Sleep Spindle Detection Using Sparse Low-Rank Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe propose a multichannel spindle detection method that detects global and local spindle activity across all channels of scalp EEG in a single runnnNew MethodUsing a non-linear signal model, which assumes the multichannel EEG to be a sum of a transient component and an oscillatory component, we propose a multichannel transient separation algorithm. Consecutive overlapping blocks of the multichannel oscillatory component are assumed to be low-rank whereas the transient component is assumed to be piecewise constant with a zero baseline. The estimated multichannel oscillatory component is used in conjunction with a bandpass filter and the Teager operator for detecting sleep spindlesnnResults and comparison with other methodsSeveral examples are shown to illustrate the utility of the proposed method in detecting global and local spindle activity. The proposed method is applied to two publicly available databases and compared with 7 existing single-channel automated detectors. F1 scores for the proposed spindle detection method averaged 0.66 (0.02) and 0.62 (0.06) for the two databases, respectively. For an overnight 6 channel EEG signal, the proposed algorithm takes about 4 minutes to detect sleep spindles simultaneously across all channels with a single setting of corresponding algorithmic parametersnnConclusionsThe proposed method aims to mimic and utilize, for better spindle detection, a particular human expert behavior where the decision to mark a spindle event may be subconsciously influenced by the presence of a spindle in EEG channels other than the central channel visible on a digital screen
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parekh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selesnick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayappa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multichannel Sleep Spindle Detection Using Sparse Low-Rank Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved properties of Drosophila Insomniac link sleep regulation and synaptic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is an ancient animal behavior that is regulated similarly in species ranging from flies to mammals. Various genes that regulate sleep have been identified in invertebrates, but whether the functions of these genes are conserved in mammals remains poorly explored. Drosophila insomniac (inc) mutants exhibit severely shortened and fragmented sleep. Inc protein physically associates with the Cullin-3 (Cul3) ubiquitin ligase, and neuronal depletion of Inc or Cul3 strongly curtails sleep, suggesting that Inc is a Cul3 adaptor that directs the ubiquitination of neuronal substrates that regulate sleep. Three proteins similar to Inc exist in vertebrates--KCTD2, KCTD5, and KCTD17--but are uncharacterized within the nervous system and their functional conservation with Inc has not been addressed. Here we show that Inc and its mouse orthologs exhibit striking biochemical and functional interchangeability within Cul3 complexes. Remarkably, KCTD2 and KCTD5 restore sleep to inc mutants, indicating that they can substitute for Inc in vivo and engage its neuronal targets that impact sleep. Inc and its orthologs traffic similarly within fly and mammalian neurons and are present at synapses, suggesting that their substrates include synaptic proteins. Consistent with such a mechanism, inc mutants exhibit defects in synaptic structure and physiology, indicating that Inc is vital for both synaptic function and sleep. Our findings reveal that molecular functions of Inc are conserved through ~600 million years of evolution and support the hypothesis that Inc and its orthologs participate in an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitination pathway that links synaptic function and sleep regulation.nnAuthor summarySleep is ubiquitous among animals and is regulated in a similar manner across phylogeny, but whether conserved molecular mechanisms govern sleep is poorly defined. The Insomniac protein is vital for sleep in Drosophila and is a putative adaptor for the Cul3 ubiquitin ligase. We show that two mammalian orthologs of Insomniac can restore sleep to flies lacking Insomniac, indicating that the molecular functions of these proteins are conserved through evolution. Our comparative analysis reveals that Insomniac and its mammalian orthologs localize to neuronal synapses and that Insomniac impacts synaptic structure and physiology. Our findings suggest that Insomniac and its mammalian orthologs are components of an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitination pathway that links synaptic function and the regulation of sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, H. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yumita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machold, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved properties of Drosophila Insomniac link sleep regulation and synaptic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maternal genetic make-up of the Iberian Peninsula between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focused on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic ([~] 5500-3000 BCE), Chalcolithic ([~] 3000-2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age ([~] 2200-1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szecsenyi-Nagy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guido, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rihuete-Herrada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Martinez-de-Lagran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcusa Magallon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knipper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banffy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno-Ramirez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso Bermejo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Balbin Behrmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero-Coral, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez Echevarria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindlisbacher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fregeiro, M.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincente, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mico, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lull, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Padilla, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca de Togores Munoz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Perez, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jover Maestre, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomba Maurandi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles Fer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maternal genetic make-up of the Iberian Peninsula between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dystroglycan Maintains Inner Limiting Membrane Integrity To Coordinate Retinal Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper neural circuit formation requires the precise regulation of neuronal migration, axon guidance and dendritic arborization. Mutations affecting the function of the transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy that is frequently associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Despite its importance in brain development, the role for dystroglycan in regulating retinal development remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of dystroglycanopathy (ISPDL79*) and conditional dystroglycan mutants of both sexes, we show that dystroglycan is critical for the proper migration, axon guidance and dendritic stratification of neurons in the inner retina. Using genetic approaches, we show that dystroglycan functions in neuroepithelial cells as an extracellular scaffold to maintain the integrity of the retinal inner limiting membrane (ILM). Surprisingly, despite the profound disruptions in inner retinal circuit formation, spontaneous retinal activity is preserved. These results highlight the importance of dystroglycan in coordinating multiple aspects of retinal development.nnSignificance StatementThe extracellular environment plays a critical role in coordinating neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth during neural circuit development. The transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan functions as a receptor for multiple extracellular matrix proteins, and its dysfunction leads to a form of muscular dystrophy frequently associated with neurodevelopmental defects. Our results demonstrate that dystroglycan is required for maintaining the structural integrity of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in the developing retina. In the absence of functional dystroglycan, ILM degeneration leads to defective migration, axon guidance and mosaic spacing of neurons, and a loss of multiple neuron types during retinal development. These results demonstrate that disorganization of retinal circuit development is a likely contributor to visual dysfunction in patients with dystroglycanopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clements, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dystroglycan Maintains Inner Limiting Membrane Integrity To Coordinate Retinal Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surgically disconnected temporal pole exhibits resting functional connectivity with remote brain regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity, as measured by resting-state fMRI, has proven a powerful method for studying brain systems in the context of behavior, development, and disease states. However, the relationship of functional connectivity to structural connectivity remains unclear. If functional connectivity relies on structural connectivity, then anatomical isolation of a brain region should eliminate functional connectivity with other brain regions. We tested this by measuring functional connectivity of the surgically disconnected temporal pole in resection patients (N=5; mean age 37; 2F, 3M). Functional connectivity was evaluated based on coactivation of whole-brain fMRI data with the average low-frequency BOLD signal from disconnected tissue in each patient. In sharp contrast to our prediction, we observed significant functional connectivity between the disconnected temporal pole and remote brain regions in each disconnection case. These findings raise important questions about the neural bases of functional connectivity measures derived from the fMRI BOLD signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warren, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surgically disconnected temporal pole exhibits resting functional connectivity with remote brain regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily Conserved Roles For Blood-Brain Barrier Xenobiotic Transporters In Endogenous Steroid Partitioning And Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimal brain function depends upon efficient control over the brain entry of blood components; this is provided by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Curiously, some brain-impermeable drugs can still cause behavioral side effects.nnTo investigate this phenomenon, we asked whether the promiscuous drug efflux transporter Mdr1 has dual functions in transporting drugs and endogenous molecules. If this is true, brain-impermeable drugs may cause behavioral side effects by affecting brain levels of endogenous molecules.nnUsing computational, genetic and pharmacologic approaches across diverse organisms we demonstrate that BBB-localized efflux transporters are critical for regulating brain levels of endogenous steroids, and steroid-regulated behaviors (sleep in Drosophila and anxiety in mice). Furthermore, we show that Mdr1-interacting drugs are associated with anxiety-related behaviors in humans.nnWe propose a general mechanism for common behavioral side effects of prescription drugs: pharmacologically challenging BBB efflux transporters disrupts brain levels of endogenous substrates, and implicates the BBB in behavioral regulation.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolghih, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSalvo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily Conserved Roles For Blood-Brain Barrier Xenobiotic Transporters In Endogenous Steroid Partitioning And Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe COPI coat forms transport vesicles from the Golgi complex and plays a poorly defined role in endocytic trafficking. Here we show that COPI mediates delivery of a budding yeast SNARE (Snc1) from early endosomes to the Golgi complex through recognition of a polyubiquitin sorting signal. Snc1 is a v-SNARE that drives fusion of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane, and then recycles through early endosomes back to the Golgi for reuse. Removal of ubiquitin from Snc1, or deletion of a {beta}-COP subunit propeller domain that binds K63-linked polyubiquitin, causes aberrant accumulation of Snc1 in early endosomes. Moreover, replacement of the {beta}-COP propeller domain with unrelated ubiquitin-binding domains restores Snc1 recycling. These results indicate that ubiquitination, a modification well known to target membrane proteins to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation, can also function as recycling signal to sort a SNARE into COPI vesicles at early endosomes for Golgi delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational Dynamics In TRPV1 Channels Reported By An Encoded Coumarin Amino Acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV1) channels support the detection and integration of nociceptive input. Currently available functional and structural data suggest that that TRPV1 channels have two potential gates within their cation selective permeation pathway: a barrier formed by a  bundle crossing at the intracellular entrance and a second constriction created by the ion selectivity filter. To describe conformational changes associated with channel gating within the pore, the fluorescent non-canonical amino acid (f- ncAA) coumarin-tyrosine was genetically encoded at Y671, a residue proximal to the selectivity filter. TRPV1 channels expressing coumarin at either site displayed normal voltage- and agonist-dependent gating. Next, total internal reflection microscopy (TIRF) was performed to enable ultra-rapid, millisecond imaging of the conformational dynamics in single TRPV1 channels in live cells. Here, the data obtained from channels expressed in human derived cells show that optical fluctuations, photon counts, and variance of noise analysis from Y671 coumarin encoded in TRPV1 tetramers correlates closely with channel activation by capsaicin, thus providing an direct optical marker of channel activation at the selectivity filter. In companion molecular dynamics simulations, Y671 displays alternating solvent exposure between the closed and open states, giving support to the optical data. These calculations further suggest a direct involvement of Y671 in controlling the relative position of the pore helix and its role in supporting ionic conductance at the TRPV1 selectivity filter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasimova, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabezas-Bratesco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladron de Guevara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islas, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauchi, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational Dynamics In TRPV1 Channels Reported By An Encoded Coumarin Amino Acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Oropharynx As A Distinct Colonization Site For Staphylococcus aureus In The Community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundS. aureus is a frequent cause of hospital and community associated infections and colonization is known to increase the risk of infection, with the nares considered the most important colonization site.nnMethodsWe compared the prevalence of nasal and oropharyngeal carriage in a yearlong, prospective cohort study of people from the community as well as assessed risk factors for nares-only and oropharynx-only colonization.nnResultsColonization at both anatomical sites was correlated; however, oropharynx only carriage occurred and oropharyngeal swabs were more sensitive than nasal swabs at detecting carriage (77.27% and 72.725 respectively). Non-Caucasian race, having a greater number of people living in your home and more children in your home all significantly increased the odds of oropharynx-only carriage. Having S. aureus present on home environmental sites, exercising in a fitness center, and sharing bath towels all increased the odds of nares-only carriage.nnConclusionsOropharyngeal swabs increase the detection of S. aureus colonization in community embers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herwaldt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Oropharynx As A Distinct Colonization Site For Staphylococcus aureus In The Community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila CaV2 Channels Harboring Human Migraine Mutations Cause Synapse Hyperexcitability That Can Be Suppressed By Inhibition Of A Ca2+ Store Release Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain-of-function mutations in the human CaV2.1 gene CACNA1A cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1). To characterize cellular problems potentially triggered by CaV2.1 gains of function, we engineered mutations encoding FHM1 amino-acid substitutions S218L (SL) and R192Q (RQ) into transgenes of Drosophila melanogaster CaV2/cacophony. We expressed the transgenes pan-neuronally. Phenotypes were mild for RQ-expressing animals. By contrast, single mutant SL- and complex allele RQ,SL-expressing animals showed overt phenotypes, including sharply decreased viability. By electrophysiology, SL- and RQ,SL-expressing neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) exhibited enhanced evoked discharges, supernumerary discharges, and an increase in the amplitudes and frequencies of spontaneous events. Some spontaneous events were gigantic (10-40 mV), multi-quantal events. Gigantic spontaneous events were eliminated by application of TTX - or by lowered or chelated Ca2+ - suggesting that gigantic events were elicited by spontaneous nerve firing. A follow-up genetic approach revealed that some neuronal hyperexcitability phenotypes were reversed after knockdown or mutation of Drosophila homologs of phospholipase C{beta} (PLC{beta}), IP3 receptor, or ryanodine receptor (RyR) - all factors known to mediate Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Pharmacological inhibitors of intracellular Ca2+ store release produced similar effects. Interestingly, however, the decreased viability phenotype was not reversed by genetic impairment of intracellular Ca2+ release factors. On a cellular level, our data suggest inhibition of signaling that triggers intracellular Ca2+ release could counteract hyperexcitability induced by gains of CaV2.1 function.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYPrior research has demonstrated that gain-of-function mutations in a gene important for neurotransmission (CACNA1A) are known to cause migraine in humans. We attempted to mimic some of those gain-of-function mutations in a simple genetic model organism and to examine neurotransmission by electrophysiology. Our findings yield potential clues as to how particular migraine-causing mutations may impact neurophysiology on a cellular level. We used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and its model synapse, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to perform our studies. We document three main advances: 1) characterization of fruit fly models harboring gain-of-function calcium channel alterations known to cause human familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1); 2) characterization of hyperactive neurotransmission caused by one of these alterations; and 3) an ability to quell hyperactive neurotransmission by impairing intracellular Ca2+ store release, through both genetic and pharmacological means. Our work contributes to a broader understanding of how pathological mutations could impact cellular physiology. More generally, the utilization of genetic model organisms promises to uncover potential ways to reverse those impacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brusich, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila CaV2 Channels Harboring Human Migraine Mutations Cause Synapse Hyperexcitability That Can Be Suppressed By Inhibition Of A Ca2+ Store Release Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TiSAn: Tissue Specific Variant Annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of general deleteriousness, like CADD or PolyPhen, have become indispensable tools in the interpretation of genetic variants. However, these measures say little about where in the organism these deleterious effects will be most apparent. An additional, complementary measure is needed to link deleterious variants (as determined by e.g., CADD) to tissues in which their effect will be most meaningful. Here, we introduce TiSAn (Tissue Specific Annotation), a tool that predicts how related a genomic position is to a given tissue (http://github.com/kevinVervier/TiSAn). TiSAn uses machine learning on genome-scale, tissue-specific data to discriminate variants relevant to a tissue from those having no bearing on the development or function of that tissue. Predictions are then made genome-wide, and these scores can then be used to contextualize and filter variants of interest in whole genome sequencing or genome wide association studies (GWAS). We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of TiSAn by introducing predictive models for human heart and human brain, and detecting tissue-relevant variations in large cohorts for autism spectrum disorder (TiSAn-brain) and coronary artery disease (TiSAn-heart). We find that TiSAn is better able to prioritize genetic variants according to their tissue-specific action than the current state of the art method, GenoSkyLine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vervier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TiSAn: Tissue Specific Variant Annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus Colonization And Familial Transmission Over A One Year Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods177 adults and 86 minors comprising 95 family units were enrolled from two counties in Iowa and followed up for 52 weeks. Random effects logistic regression was used to test the effect of different risk factors on the probability of an individual falling into a different S. aureus colonization categories. Additionally, the frequency of S. aureus colonization events and familial transmission events were calculated.nnResultsThe number of positive environmental sites within a participants house was associated with being a persistent carrier compared to being a non-carrier or intermittent carrier. Age, sharing bath towels, and the number of positive environmental sites within a participants house were associated with being a persistent or intermittent carrier. Colonization events per year were 3.95 for adults and 3.04 for minors. Duration of colonization was longest for persistent carriers (92.3 days for adults and 97.8 days for minors), and intermittent carriers had the most colonization events.nnConclusionsThe average duration of colonization was significantly different when comparing intermittent carriers and non-carriers. We have also established estimates of the duration of colonization and the frequency of transmission events among family units in a non-healthcare population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herwaldt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klostermann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus Colonization And Familial Transmission Over A One Year Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Nasal And Oropharyngeal Microbiomes Of Healthy Livestock Workers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little information exists on the microbiomes of livestock workers. A cross-sectional, epidemiological study was conducted enrolling 59 participants (26 of which had livestock contact) in Iowa. Participants were enrolled in one of four ways: from an existing prospective cohort study (n=38), from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources Animal Feeding Operations database (n=17), through Iowa county fairs (n=3), and through snowball sampling (n=1). We collected two sets of swabs from the nares and oropharynx of each participant. The first set of swabs was used to assess the microbiome via 16s rRNA sequencing and the second was used to culture S. aureus. We observed livestock workers to have greater diversity in their microbiomes compared to those with no livestock contact. In the nares, there were 26 operational taxonomic units found to be different between livestock workers and non-livestock workers with the greatest difference seen with Streptococcus and Proteobacteria. In the oropharynx, livestock workers with swine exposure were more likely to carry several pathogenic organisms. The results of this study are the first to characterize the livestock worker nasal and oropharyngeal microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Nasal And Oropharyngeal Microbiomes Of Healthy Livestock Workers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cross-Sectional Study Of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization And The Nasal And Oropharyngeal Microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of both infections globally. Colonization with the organism is known to increase the risk of developing infections and occurs in roughly one third of the general population. While many factors influence colonization, it has been demonstrated other members of the microbiome influence colonization with S. aureus. Here, we assessed the nasal and oropharyngeal microbiomes of healthy participants in relation to S. aureus colonization in a cross-sectional study using 16s rRNA sequencing of the v1-v3 region. As livestock workers have also been shown to be at an increased risk of carriage, we have also assessed microbiota differences in colonization status in a population of livestock workers.nnResultsIn both the nares and oropharynx, there were no microbiota differentially abundant between colonized and non-colonized persons. However, there was a significant difference in the beta diversity (Bray-Curtis distances) between carriers and non-carriers (P=0.002). When considering carriage stratified by livestock exposure, there were a number of differences. Most notably, colonized livestock workers had significantly more Porphyomonas (2-fold change = -8.54, P = 0.03) than the non-colonized livestock workers.nnConclusionsS. aureus is a frequent colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract, including the nares and oropharynx and causes a wide range of infections. Livestock workers are at increased risk for carriage. Interventions such as improving oral hygiene may lead to decreased S. aureus carriage by reducing other bacterial species such as Porphyomonas. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to better explore what microorganisms may be associated with S. aureus colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cross-Sectional Study Of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization And The Nasal And Oropharyngeal Microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory learning modulates the expression of molecular chaperones in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning, a process by which animals modify their behavior as a result of experience, allows organisms to synthesize information from their surroundings to acquire resources and predict danger. Here we show that prior encounter with the odor of pathogenic bacteria prepares Caenorhabditis elegans to survive actual exposure to the pathogen by increasing HSF-1-dependent expression of genes encoding molecular chaperones. Learning-mediated enhancement of chaperone gene expression requires serotonin. Serotonin primes HSF-1 to enhance the expression of molecular chaperone genes by promoting its localization to RNA polymerase II-enriched nuclear loci, even prior to transcription. HSF-1-dependent chaperone gene expression ensues, however, only if and when animals encounter the pathogen. Thus, learning equips C. elegans to better survive environmental dangers by pre-emptively and specifically initiating transcriptional mechanisms throughout the whole organism. These studies provide one plausible basis for the protective role of environmental enrichment in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ooi, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory learning modulates the expression of molecular chaperones in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model-free method for measuring dimerization free energies of CLC-ec1 in lipid bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously reported the equilibrium dimerization reaction of the CLC-ec1 Cl-/H+ transporter in 2:1 POPE/POPG membranes (Chadda et al. 2016). This was determined by measuring the probability distributions of subunit capture into extruded liposomes by single-molecule photobleaching analysis across a wide range of subunit/lipid mole fraction densities. In this approach, knowledge of the liposome size distribution is necessary in order to correct the data for random co-capture events and extract the underlying dimerization reaction. For this we used a previously reported cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) measured size distribution of 400 nm extruded liposomes made of E. coli polar lipids (Walden et al. 2007). While the model and data agreed at low densities, we observed systematic inaccuracies at higher densities limiting our ability to extract FDimer in this range. To address this issue, we measured the 400 nm extruded 2:1 POPE/POPG liposome size distribution by cryo-EM and found that there is a small, but significant amount of larger liposomes in the population. Re-analysis of the I201W/I422W  WW photobleaching data using this distribution shows that the protein is monomeric in the membrane and can serve as an experimental control. Dimer controls were constructed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking of C85A/H234C  WT or introducing R230C/L249C, which forms a spontaneous disulfide bond. Determination of FDimer based on the experimental controls yields improved fits and no change in the previously reported{Delta} G{degrees} values, providing an alternate model-free approach to measuring CLC-ec1 dimerization in membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cliff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brimberry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model-free method for measuring dimerization free energies of CLC-ec1 in lipid bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response to Editas: Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our previous publication suggested CRISPR-Cas9 editing at the zygotic stage might unexpectedly introduce a multitude of subtle but unintended mutations, an interpretation that not surprisingly raised numerous questions. The key issue is that since parental lines were not available, might the reported variants have been inherited? To expand upon the limited available whole genome data on whether CRISPR-edited mice show more genetic variation, whole-genome sequencing was performed on two other mouse lines that had undergone a CRISPR-editing procedure. Again, parents were not available for either the Capn5 nor Fblim1 CRISPR-edited mouse lines, so strain controls were examined. Additionally, we also include verification of variants detected in the initial mouse line. Taken together, these whole-genome-sequencing-level results support the idea that in specific cases, CRISPR-Cas9 editing can precisely edit the genome at the organismal level and may not introduce numerous, unintended, off-target mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response to Editas: Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic homeostasis at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction is a reversible signaling process that is sensitive to high temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostasis is a vital mode of biological self-regulation. The hallmarks of homeostasis for any biological system are a baseline set point of physiological activity, detection of unacceptable deviations from the set point, and effective corrective measures to counteract deviations. Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) is a form of neuroplasticity in which neurons and circuits resist environmental perturbations in order to maintain appropriate levels of activity. One assumption is that if an environmental perturbation triggers homeostatic corrective changes in neuronal properties, those corrective measures should be reversed upon removal of the perturbation. We test the reversibility and limits of HSP at a well-studied model synapse, the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ). At the Drosophila NMJ, impairment of glutamate receptors causes a decrease in quantal size, which is offset by a corrective, homeostatic increase in the number of vesicles released per evoked presynaptic stimulus, or quantal content. This process has been termed presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP). Taking advantage of a GAL4/GAL80TS/UAS expression system, we triggered PHP by expressing a dominant-negative glutamate receptor subunit at the NMJ. We then reversed PHP by halting expression of the dominant-negative receptor. Our data show that PHP is fully reversible over a time course of 48-72 hours after the dominant-negative glutamate receptor stops being genetically expressed. Additionally, we found that the PHP response triggered by the dominant-negative subunit was ablated at high temperatures. Our data show that the long-term maintenance of PHP at the Drosophila NMJ is a reversible regulatory process that is sensitive to temperature.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBiological homeostatic systems must upregulate or downregulate cellular parameters in order to maintain appropriate set points of physiological activity. Homeostasis is a well-documented mode of regulation in metazoan nervous systems. True homeostatic control should be a reversible process - but due to technical difficulties of presenting and removing functional challenges to living synapses, the reversibility of homeostatic forms of synapse regulation has not been rigorously examined in vivo over extended periods of developmental time. Here we formally demonstrate that homeostatic regulation of Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular synapse function is reversible and temperature-labile. This is significant because developing methods to study how homeostatic regulatory systems are turned on and off could lead to fundamental new insights about control of synaptic output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeates, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic homeostasis at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction is a reversible signaling process that is sensitive to high temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWELL1 is a glucose sensor required for β-cell excitability and insulin secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin secretion from the pancreatic {beta}-cell initiated by activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) to trigger Ca2+-mediated insulin vesicle fusion with the {beta}-cell plasma membrane. The firing of VGCC depends on the {beta}-cell membrane potential, which is in turn mediated by the balance of depolarizing (excitatory) and hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) ionic currents1-3. While much attention has focused on inhibitory potassium currents4-10 there is little knowledge about the excitatory currents required to depolarize the {beta}-cell, including the molecular identity of these excitatory currents3. Here we show that SWELL1 (LRRC8a) mediates a swell-activated, depolarizing chloride current (ICl,SWELL) in {beta}-cells. Hypotonic and glucose-stimulated {beta}-cell swelling activates SWELL1-mediated ICl,SWELL and this is required for both glucose-stimulated and hypotonic swell-mediated activation of VGCC-dependent intracellular calcium signaling in {beta}-cells. SWELL1 KO MIN6 cells and {beta}-cell targeted SWELL1 KO murine islets exhibit significantly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, with preserved insulin content in vitro. Tamoxifen-inducible {beta}-cell targeted SWELL1 KO mice have normal fasting insulin levels but display markedly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our results reveal a physiological role for SWELL1 as a glucose sensor - linking glucose-mediated {beta}-cell swelling to SWELL1-dependent activation of VGCC-triggered calcium signaling, and highlights SWELL1-mediated "swell-secretion" coupling as required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWELL1 is a glucose sensor required for β-cell excitability and insulin secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage-to-sensory neuron crosstalk mediated by Angiotensin II type-2 receptor elicits neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral nerve damage initiates a complex series of cellular and structural processes that culminate in chronic neuropathic pain. Our study defines local angiotensin signaling via activation of the Angiotensin II (Ang II) type-2 receptor (AT2R) on macrophages as the critical trigger of neuropathic pain. An AT2R-selective antagonist attenuates neuropathic, but not inflammatory pain hypersensitivity in mice, and requires the cell damage-sensing ion channel transient receptor potential family-A member-1 (TRPA1). Mechanical and cold pain hypersensitivity that are characteristic of neuropathic conditions can be attenuated by chemogenetic depletion of peripheral macrophages and AT2R-null hematopoietic cell transplantation. Our findings show no AT2R expression in mouse or human sensory neurons, rather AT2R expression and activation in macrophages triggers production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, which trans-activate TRPA1 on sensory neurons. Our study defines the precise neuro-immune crosstalk underlying nociceptor sensitization at the site of nerve injury. This form of cell-to-cell signaling represents a critical peripheral mechanism for chronic neuropathic pain, and therefore identifies multiple analgesic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copits, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadunganattil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadinada, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutounian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Kloet, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samineni, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valtcheva, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIlvried, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usachev, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gereau, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage-to-sensory neuron crosstalk mediated by Angiotensin II type-2 receptor elicits neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Correlation between MicroRNA-199a and White Adipose Tissue in C57/BL6J Mice with High-Fat Diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding is emerging about microRNAs as mediators in the regulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) and obesity. The expression level of miR-199a in mice was investigated to test our hypothesis: miR-199a might be related to fat accumulation and try to find its target mRNA, which perhaps could propose strategies with a therapeutic potential affecting the fat storage. C57/BL6J mice were randomly assigned to either a control group or an obesity model group (n=10 in both groups). Control mice were fed a normal diet (fat: 10 kcal %) ad libitum for 12 weeks, and model mice were fed a high-fat diet (fat: 30 kcal %) ad libitum for 12 weeks to induce obesity. At the end of the experiment, body fat mass and the free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TGs) in WAT were tested. Fat cell size was measured by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining method. The fat mass of the model group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the concentrations of the FFAs and TGs were higher (P<0.05) and the adipocyte count was lower (P<0.05) in the model group. We tested the expression levels of miR-199a and key adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2 (PPAR{gamma}2), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha (C/EBP), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). Up-regulated expression of miR-199a was observed in model group. Increased levels of miR-199a was accompanied by high expression levels of SREBP-1c. We found that the 3-UTR of SREBP-1c mRNA has a predicted binding site for miR-199a. Based on the current discoveries, we suggest that miR-199a may exert its action by binding to its target mRNA and cooperate with SREBP-1c to induce obesity. Therefore, if the predicted binding site is confirmed by further research, miR-199a may have therapeutic potential for obesity.nnAbbreviationsWAT, white adipose tissue; PPAR{gamma}2, peroxisome proliferator, activated receptor {gamma}2; C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins ; aP2, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c; HFD, high-fat diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Correlation between MicroRNA-199a and White Adipose Tissue in C57/BL6J Mice with High-Fat Diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome variation and conserved regulation identify genomic regions responsible for strain specific phenotypes in rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of laboratory rat strains are characterised by a mosaic haplotype structure caused by their unique breeding history. These mosaic haplotypes have been recently mapped by extensive sequencing of key strains. Comparison of genomic variation between two closely related rat strains with different phenotypes has been proposed as an effective strategy for the discovery of candidate strain-specific regions involved in phenotypic differences.nnWe developed a method to prioritise strain-specific haplotypes by integrating genomic variation and genomic regulatory data predicted to be involved in specific phenotypes. To identify genomic regions associated with metabolic syndrome, a disorder of energy utilization and storage affecting several organ systems, we compared two Lyon rat strains, LH/Mav which is susceptible to MetS, and LL/Mav, which is susceptible to obesity as an intermediate MetS phenotype, with a third strain (LN/Mav) that is resistant to both MetS and obesity. Applying a novel metric, we ranked the identified strain-specific haplotypes using evolutionary conservation of the occupancy three liver-specific transcription factors (HNF4A, CEBPA, and FOXA1) in five rodents including rat.nnConsideration of regulatory information effectively identified regions with liver-associated genes and rat orthologues of human GWAS variants related to obesity and metabolic traits. We attempted to find possible causative variants and compared them with the candidate genes proposed by previous studies. In strain-specific regions with conserved regulation, we found a significant enrichment for published evidence to obesity--one of the metabolic symptoms shown by the Lyon strains--amongst the genes assigned to promoters with strain-specific variation.nnOur results show that the use of functional regulatory conservation is a potentially effective approach to select strain-specific genomic regions associated with phenotypic differences among Lyon rats and could be extended to other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Galvez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunoyer-de-Segonzac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwitek, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thybert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome variation and conserved regulation identify genomic regions responsible for strain specific phenotypes in rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA-binding interfaces of the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors are virtually identical, yet these transcription factors share only about a third of their genomic binding sites and regulate similarly distinct sets of target genes. To address this paradox, we determined the intrinsic specificities of the AR and GR DNA binding domains using a refined version of SELEX-seq. We developed an algorithm, SelexGLM, that quantifies binding specificity over a large (31 bp) binding-site by iteratively fitting a feature-based generalized linear model to SELEX probe counts. This analysis revealed that the DNA binding preferences of AR and GR homodimers differ significantly, both within and outside the 15bp core binding site. The relative preference between the two factors can be tuned over a wide range by changing the DNA sequence, with AR more sensitive to sequence changes than GR. The specificity of AR extends to the regions flanking the core 15bp site, where isothermal calorimetry measurements reveal that affinity is augmented by enthalpy-driven readout of poly-A sequences associated with narrowed minor groove width. We conclude that the increased specificity of AR is correlated with more enthalpy-driven binding than GR. The binding models help explain differences in AR and GR genomic binding, and provide a biophysical rationale for how promiscuous binding by GR allows functional substitution for AR in some castration-resistant prostate cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzPatrick, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of sequence mismatches on binding affinity and endonuclease activity are decoupled throughout the Cas9 binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genomic tool. Although targeted to complementary genomic sequences by a guide RNA (gRNA), Cas9 tolerates gRNA:DNA mismatches and cleaves off-target sites. How mismatches quantitatively affect Cas9 binding and cutting is not understood. Using SelexGLM to construct a comprehensive model for DNA-binding specificity, we observed that 13-bp of complementarity in the PAM-proximal DNA contributes to affinity. We then adapted Spec-seq and developed SEAM-seq to systematically compare the impact of gRNA:DNA mismatches on affinity and endonuclease activity, respectively. Though most often coupled, these simple and accessible experiments identified sometimes opposing effects for mismatches on DNA-binding and cutting. In the PAM-distal region mismatches decreased activity but not affinity, whereas in the PAM-proximal region some reduced-affinity mismatches enhanced activity. This mismatch-activation was particularly evident where the gRNA:DNA duplex bends. We developed integrative models from these measurements that estimate catalytic efficiency and can be used to predict off-target cleavage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of sequence mismatches on binding affinity and endonuclease activity are decoupled throughout the Cas9 binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive epistasis in cell proliferation pathways modulates neurodevelopmental defects of autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As opposed to syndromic CNVs caused by single genes, extensive phenotypic heterogeneity in variably-expressive CNVs complicates disease gene discovery and functional evaluation. Here, we propose a complex interaction model for pathogenicity of the autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion, where CNV genes interact with each other in conserved pathways to modulate expression of the phenotype. Using multiple quantitative methods in Drosophila RNAi lines, we identified a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes for knockdown of individual 16p11.2 homologs in different tissues. We tested 565 pairwise knockdowns in the developing eye, and identified 24 interactions between pairs of 16p11.2 homologs and 46 interactions between 16p11.2 homologs and neurodevelopmental genes that suppressed or enhanced cell proliferation phenotypes compared to one-hit knockdowns. These interactions within cell proliferation pathways were also enriched in a human brain-specific network, providing translational relevance in humans. Our study indicates a role for genetic interactions within CNVs and identifies potential therapeutic targets for neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerselman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepanto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadodaria, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yennawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manak, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolls, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girirajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive epistasis in cell proliferation pathways modulates neurodevelopmental defects of autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct selection mechanisms for when predictions and rewards guide visual selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the brain combine information predictive of the value of a visually guided task (incentive value) with information predictive of where task relevant stimuli may occur (spatial certainty)? Human behavioural evidence indicates that these two predictions may be combined additively to bias visual selection (additive hypothesis), whereas neuroeconomic studies posit that they may be multiplicatively combined (expected value hypothesis). We sought to adjudicate between these two alternatives. Participants viewed two coloured placeholders that specified the potential value of correctly identifying an imminent letter target if it appeared in that placeholder. Then, prior to the targets presentation, an endogenous spatial cue was presented indicating the targets more likely location. Spatial cues were parametrically manipulated with regards to the information gained (in bits). Across two experiments, performance was better for targets appearing in high versus low value placeholders and better when targets appeared in validly cued locations. Interestingly, as shown with a Bayesian model selection approach, these effects did not interact, clearly supporting the additive hypothesis. Even when conditions were adjusted to increase the optimality of a multiplicative operation, support for it remained. These findings refute recent theories that expected value computations are the singular mechanism driving the deployment of endogenous spatial attention. Instead, incentive value and spatial certainty seem to act independently to influence visual selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garner, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct selection mechanisms for when predictions and rewards guide visual selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor-mediated Drp1 oligomerization on endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drpl is a dynamin GTPase important for mitochondrial and peroxisomal division. Drp1 oligomerization and mitochondrial recruitment are regulated by multiple factors, including interaction with mitochondrial receptors such as Mff, MiD49, MiD51 and Fis. In addition, both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and actin filaments play positive roles in mitochondrial division, but mechanisms for their roles are poorly defined. Here, we find that a population of Drp1 oligomers is ER-associated in mammalian cells, and is distinct from mitochondrial or peroxisomal Drp1 populations. Sub-populations of Mff and Fis1, which are tail-anchored proteins, also localize to ER. Drp1 oligomers assemble on ER, from which they can transfer to mitochondria. Suppression of Mff or inhibition of actin polymerization through the formin INF2 significantly reduces all Drp1 oligomer populations (mitochondrial, peroxisomal, ER-bound) and mitochondrial division, while Mff targeting to ER has a stimulatory effect on division. Our results suggest that ER can function as a platform for Drp1 oligomerization, and that ER-associated Drp1 contributes to mitochondrial division.nnSummaryAssembly of the dynamin GTPase Drp1 into constriction-competent oligomers is a key event in mitochondrial division. Here, Ji et al show that Drp1 oligomerization can occur on endoplasmic reticulum through an ER-bound population of the tail-anchored protein Mff.nnAbbreviations used in this paper: Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1; Fis1, mitochondrial fission 1 protein; INF2, inverted formin 2; KD, siRNA-mediated knock down; KI, CRISPR-mediated knock in; KO, CRISPR-mediated knock out; LatA, Latrunculin A; MDV, mitochondrially-derived vesicle; Mff, mitochondrial fission factor; MiD49 and MiD51, mitochondrial dynamics protein of 49 and 51 kDa; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; TA, tail-anchored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenfeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor-mediated Drp1 oligomerization on endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brocas area has long been implicated in sentence comprehension. Damage to this region is thought to be the central source of "agrammatic comprehension" in which performance is substantially worse (and near chance) on sentences with noncanonical word orders compared to canonical word order sentences (in English). This claim is supported by functional neuroimaging studies demonstrating greater activation in Brocas area for noncanonical versus canonical sentences. However, functional neuroimaging studies also have frequently implicated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in sentence processing more broadly, and recent lesion-symptom mapping studies have implicated the ATL and mid temporal regions in agrammatic comprehension. The present study investigates these seemingly conflicting findings in 66 left hemisphere patients with chronic focal cerebral damage. Patients completed two sentence comprehension measures, sentence-picture matching and plausibility judgments. Patients with damage including Brocas area (but excluding the temporal lobe; n=11) on average did not exhibit the expected agrammatic comprehension pattern, e.g. their performance was > 80% on noncanonical sentences in the sentence-picture matching task. Patients with ATL damage (n=18) also did not exhibit an agrammatic comprehension pattern. Across our entire patient sample, the lesions of patients with agrammatic comprehension patterns in either task had maximal overlap in posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal regions. Using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM), we find that lower performances on canonical and noncanonical sentences in each task are both associated with damage to a large left superior temporal-inferior parietal network including portions of the ATL, but not Brocas area. Notably however, response bias in plausibility judgments was significantly associated with damage to inferior frontal cortex, including gray and white matter in Brocas area, suggesting that the contribution of Brocas area to sentence comprehension may be related to task-related cognitive demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogalsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damasio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and CYP1A2 affect susceptibility to developmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in mice: Relevance to studies of human neurological disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that remain a human health concern with the discovery of new sources of contamination and ongoing bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Children exposed during early brain development are at highest risk of neurological deficits, but there is some evidence that high PCB exposure in adults increases the risk of Parkinsons disease. Our previous studies found allelic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) affect susceptibility to developmental PCB exposure, resulting in cognitive deficits and motor dysfunction. High-affinity AhrbCyp1a2(-/-) mice were most susceptible compared with poor-affinity AhrdCyp1a2(-/-) and wild type AhrbCyp1a2(+/+) mice. Our follow-up studies assessed biochemical, histological and gene expression changes to identify the brain regions and pathways affected. We also measured PCB and metabolite levels in multiple tissues to determine if genotype altered toxicokinetics. We found evidence of AHR-mediated immune suppression with reduced thymus and spleen weights and significantly reduced thyroxine at P14. In the brain, the greatest changes were seen in the cerebellum where a foliation defect was over-represented in Cyp1a2(-/-) mice. In contrast, we found no difference in tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-staining in the striatum. Gene expression patterns varied across the three genotypes, but there was clear evidence of AHR activation. Distribution of parent PCB congeners also varied by genotype with strikingly high levels of PCB 77 in poor-affinity AhrdCyp1a2(-/-) while AhrbCyp1a2(+/+) mice effectively sequestered coplanar PCBs in the liver. Together, our data suggest that the AHR pathway plays a role in developmental PCB neurotoxicity, but we found little evidence that developmental exposure is a risk factor for Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinefelter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooven, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colter, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infante, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kania-Korwel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Juarez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and CYP1A2 affect susceptibility to developmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in mice: Relevance to studies of human neurological disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the ENIGMA consortium presents the largest ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and brain size (indexed by intracranial volume). Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (N = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing modest but highly reliable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified, and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.nnSignificance StatementLeft-right asymmetry is a key feature of the human brain's structure and function. It remains unclear which cortical regions are asymmetrical on average in the population, and how biological factors such as age, sex and genetic variation affect these asymmetries. Here we describe by far the largest ever study of cerebral cortical brain asymmetry, based on data from 17,141 participants. We found a global anterior-posterior 'torque' pattern in cortical thickness, together with various regional asymmetries at the population level, which have not been previously described, as well as effects of age, sex, and heritability estimates. From these data, we have created an on-line resource that will serve future studies of human brain anatomy in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadalupe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boedhoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canive, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caparelli, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chant</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localization of the signal of dystonia-associated protein torsinA near the Golgi apparatus in cultured central neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single in-frame deletion of a codon for a glutamic acid residue within the TOR1A gene is linked to the autosomal-dominant movement disorder DYT1 dystonia, a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal posture. This gene encodes the protein torsinA, and the functions of both wild-type and mutant ({Delta}E-torsinA) forms remain poorly understood. Previous studies based on overexpression systems indicated that wild-type torsinA resides mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum but that {Delta}E-torsinA is localized to the nuclear envelope or intracellular inclusions. This mutation-associated mis-localization has been proposed to underlie at least a part of the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia. However, the subcellular localization of torsinA has not been extensively studied when expressed at the endogenous level. Here we report an immunocytochemical analysis of torsinA proteins in cultured mouse neurons from a {Delta}E-torsinA knock-in model of DYT1 dystonia, where torsinA proteins are not upregulated. In all examined neurons of wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous mice, torsinA signal was found mainly near the Golgi apparatus, and only weakly in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. These results suggest that, in the absence of overexpression, torsinA proteins are localized near the Golgi apparatus and may influence cellular function involving the organelle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwabuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.872804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localization of the signal of dystonia-associated protein torsinA near the Golgi apparatus in cultured central neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localization of immunoreactive, dystonia-associated protein torsinA near the Golgi apparatus of cultured rodent astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An in-frame deletion of a single glutamic acid codon in the TOR1A gene causes the neurological disorder DYT1 dystonia, but the cellular pathophysiology of this disorder remains elusive. A current model postulates that the wild-type (WT) torsinA protein is mainly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but that the mutant form ({Delta}E-torsinA) is diverted to the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. This mis-localization has been observed by overexpressing the proteins in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. However, it is not clear whether this model is valid for the astrocytic glial cells that support and modify neuronal functions. Here we report, using rodent astrocytes in primary culture, that the overexpressed torsinA proteins were distributed as predicted by the mis-localization model. We also found by immunocytochemistry that the cultured astrocytes express torsinA endogenously. Most of the signals from endogenous protein, whether the WT or {Delta}E form, were localized near a cis-Golgi marker GM130. Such localization of endogenous proteins was found in glial cells from several sources: the hippocampus of WT rats, the hippocampus and striatum of WT mice, and the hippocampus and striatum of {Delta}E-torsinA knock-in mice, a model of DYT1 dystonia. These results show that the mis-localization model is applicable to overexpressed torsinA proteins, but not applicable to those expressed at endogenous levels, at least in cultured rodent astrocytes. These discrepancies in the distribution of overexpressed versus endogenous torsinA proteins highlight the potential need for caution in interpreting the results of overexpression studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwabuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localization of immunoreactive, dystonia-associated protein torsinA near the Golgi apparatus of cultured rodent astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C promotes Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Independent of Superantigen Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is critical for Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (SAIE) in rabbits. Superantigenicity, its hallmark function, was proposed to be a major underlying mechanism driving SAIE but was not directly tested. With the use of S. aureus MW2 expressing SEC toxoids, we show that superantigenicity does not sufficiently account for vegetation growth, myocardial inflammation, and acute kidney injury in the rabbit model of native valve SAIE. These results highlight the critical contribution of an alternative function of superantigens to SAIE. In support of this, we provide evidence that SEC exerts anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting branching microvessel formation in an ex vivo rabbit aortic ring model and by inhibiting endothelial cell expression of one of the most potent mediators of angiogenesis, VEGF-A. SECs ability to interfere with tissue re-vascularization and remodeling after injury serves as a mechanism to promote SAIE and its life-threatening systemic pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinney, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsythe, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulhankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado-Pabon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C promotes Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Independent of Superantigen Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TF protein of Sindbis virus antagonizes host type I interferon responses in a palmitoylation-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sindbis virus (SINV) produces the small membrane protein TF from the 6K gene via a (-1) programmed ribosomal frameshifting. While several groups have shown that TF-deficient virus exhibits reduced virulence, mechanism(s) by which this occurs remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate a role for TF in antagonizing the host interferon response. Using wild-type and type 1 interferon receptor-deficient mice and primary cells derived from these animals, we show that TF controls the induction of the host interferon responses at early times during infection. Loss of TF production leads to elevated interferon and a concurrent reduction in viral loads with a loss of pathogenicity. Palmitoylation of TF has been shown to be important for particle assembly and morphology. We find that palmitoylation of TF also contributes to the ability of TF to antagonize host interferon responses as dysregulated palmitoylation of TF reduces virulence in a manner similar to loss of TF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones-Burrage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TF protein of Sindbis virus antagonizes host type I interferon responses in a palmitoylation-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks associated with lateral root and nodule development in soybean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legume plants such as soybean produce two major types of root lateral organs, lateral roots and root nodules. A robust computational framework was developed to predict potential gene regulatory networks (GRNs) associated with root lateral organ development in soybean. A genome-scale expression dataset was obtained from soybean root nodules and lateral roots and subjected to biclustering using QUBIC. Biclusters (BCs) and transcription factor (TF) genes with enriched expression in lateral root tissues were converged using different network inference algorithms to predict high confident regulatory modules that are repeatedly retrieved in different methods. The ranked combination of results from all different network inference algorithms into one ensemble solution identified 21 GRN modules of 182 co-regulated genes networks potentially involved in root lateral organ development stages in soybean. The pipeline correctly predicted previously known nodule- and LR-associated TFs including the expected hierarchical relationships. The results revealed high scorer AP2, GRF5, and C3H co-regulated GRN modules during early nodule development; and GRAS, LBD41, and ARR18 co-regulated GRN modules late during nodule maturation. Knowledge from this work supported by experimental validation in the future is expected to help determine key gene targets for biotechnological strategies to optimize nodule formation and enhance nitrogen fixation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiehne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.876995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks associated with lateral root and nodule development in soybean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. leaf extract exhibits activities against breast cancer and prolongs the survival of tumor bearing mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. is commonly used in various traditional medicines from ancient times. The nuts have been described in Ayurveda medication systems to treat numerous clinical ailments. However, isolating phytochemical constituents from nuts remains challenging and exhibits cytotoxic effects on other cells. In this study, we have standardized procedures for isolating phytochemicals from the leaf extract. The ethyl acetate leaf extract selectively affects cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 0.57 g/ml in MCF-7 cells) in various cancer cell lines.

Next, we examined if the extract incubation could induce cell cycle arrest and suppress cell migration in the cell culture model. Consistent with this idea, the leaf extract could potentially affect the aggressive migration nature of cancer cells. Moreover, oral administration of extract significantly restored tumor growth in mice. Together, these observations suggest the anti-cancer activities of S. anacardium leaf potential for both in vitro and in vivo models.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/898940v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3fefborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@594510org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c525d2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1362978_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semecarpus anacardium Linn. leaf extract exhibits activities against breast cancer and prolongs the survival of tumor bearing mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.901132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of Cytotoxic T Cell Functions and Decreased Levels of Tissue Resident Memory T cell During H5N1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.901132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause mild illness in healthy adults, as timely viral clearance is mediated by the functions of cytotoxic T cells. However, avian H5N1 influenza virus infections can result in prolonged and fatal illness across all age groups, which has been attributed to the overt and uncontrolled activation of host immune responses. Here we investigate how excessive innate immune responses to H5N1 impair subsequent adaptive T cell responses in the lungs. Using recombinant H1N1 and H5N1 strains sharing 6 internal genes, we demonstrate that H5N1 (2:6) infection in mice causes higher stimulation and increased migration of lung dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher numbers of virus specific T cells in the lungs. Despite robust T cell responses in the lungs, H5N1 (2:6) infected mice showed inefficient and delayed viral clearance as compared to H1N1 infected mice. In addition, we observed higher levels of inhibitory signals including increased PD1 and IL-10 expression by cytotoxic T cells in H5N1 (2:6) infected mice, suggesting that delayed viral clearance of H5N1 (2:6) was due to suppression of T cell functions in vivo. Importantly, H5N1 (2:6) infected mice displayed decreased numbers of tissue resident memory T cells as compared to H1N1 infected mice; however, despite decreased number of tissue resident memory T cells, H5N1 (2:6) were protected against a heterologous challenge from H3N2 virus (X31). Taken together, our study provides mechanistic insight for the prolonged viral replication and protracted illness observed in H5N1 infected patients.

ImportanceInfluenza viruses cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans. In healthy adults, seasonal influenza virus infections result in mild disease. Occasionally, influenza viruses endemic in domestic birds can cause severe and fatal disease even in healthy individuals. In avian influenza virus infected patients, the host immune system is activated in an uncontrolled manner and is unable to control infection in a timely fashion. In this study, we investigated why the immune system fails to effectively control a modified form of avian influenza virus. Our studies show that T cell functions important for clearing virally infected cells are impaired by higher negative regulatory signals during modified avian influenza virus infection. In addition, memory T cell numbers were decreased in modified avian influenza virus infected mice. Our studies provide a possible mechanism for the severe and prolonged disease associated with avian influenza virus infections in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.901132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of Cytotoxic T Cell Functions and Decreased Levels of Tissue Resident Memory T cell During H5N1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential contributions of synaptic and intrinsic inhibitory currents to parsing via flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current hypotheses suggest that speech segmentation - the initial division and grouping of the speech stream into candidate phrases, syllables, and phonemes for further linguistic processing - is executed by a hierarchy of oscillators in auditory cortex. Theta (~3-12 Hz) rhythms play a key role by phase-locking to recurring acoustic features marking syllable boundaries. Reliable synchronization to quasi-rhythmic inputs, whose variable frequency can dip below cortical theta frequencies (down to ~1 Hz), requires "flexible" theta oscillators whose underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. Using biophysical computational models, we found that the flexibility of phase-locking in neural oscillators depended on the types of hyperpolarizing currents that paced them. Simulated cortical theta oscillators flexibly phase-locked to slow inputs when these inputs caused both (i) spiking and (ii) the subsequent buildup of outward current sufficient to delay further spiking until the next input. The greatest flexibility in phase-locking arose from a synergistic interaction between intrinsic currents that was not replicated by synaptic currents at similar timescales. Flexibility in phase-locking enabled improved entrainment to speech input, optimal at mid-vocalic channels, which in turn supported syllabic-timescale segmentation through identification of vocalic nuclei. Our results suggest that synaptic and intrinsic inhibition contribute to frequency-restricted and -flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators, respectively. Their differential deployment may enable neural oscillators to play diverse roles, from reliable internal clocking to adaptive segmentation of quasi-regular sensory inputs like speech.

Author summaryOscillatory activity in auditory cortex is believed to play an important role in auditory and speech processing. One suggested function of these rhythms is to divide the speech stream into candidate phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, to be matched with learned linguistic templates. This requires brain rhythms to flexibly synchronize with regular acoustic features of the speech stream. How neuronal circuits implement this task remains unknown. In this study, we explored the contribution of inhibitory currents to flexible phase-locking in neuronal theta oscillators, believed to perform initial syllabic segmentation. We found that a combination of specific intrinsic inhibitory currents at multiple timescales, present in a large class of cortical neurons, enabled exceptionally flexible phase-locking, which could be used to precisely segment speech by identifying vowels at mid-syllable. This suggests that the cells exhibiting these currents are a key component in the brains auditory and speech processing architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pittman-Polletta, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential contributions of synaptic and intrinsic inhibitory currents to parsing via flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invertebrate Community Associated with the Asexual Generation of Bassettia pallida Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cynipid gall wasps play an important role in structuring oak invertebrate communities. Wasps in the Cynipini tribe typically lay their eggs in oaks (Quercus L.), and induce the formation of a "gall", which is a tumor-like growth of plant material that surrounds the developing wasp. As the wasp develops, the cynipid and its gall are attacked by a diverse community of natural enemies, including parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, and inquilines. Determining what structures these species-rich natural enemy communities across cynipid gall wasp species is a major question in gall wasp biology. Additionally, gall wasps are ecosystem engineers, as the abandoned gall is used by other invertebrates. The gall-associated insect communities residing on live oaks (Quercus geminata Small and Q. virginiana Mill.) are emerging as a model system for answering ecological and evolutionary questions ranging from community ecology to the evolution of new species. Documenting the invertebrates associated with cynipids in this system will expand our understanding of the mechanisms influencing eco-evolutionary processes, record underexplored axes of biodiversity, and facilitate future work. Here, we present the community of natural enemies and other associates of the asexual generation of the crypt gall wasp, Bassettia pallida Ashmead. We compare the composition of this community to communities recently documented from two other cynipid gall wasps specializing on live oaks along the U.S. Gulf coast, Disholcaspis quercusvirens Ashmead and Belonocnema treatae Mayr. B. pallida and their crypts support a diverse arthropod community, including over 25 parasitoids, inquilines, and other associated invertebrates spanning 5 orders and 16 families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao-Dias, P. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.909648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invertebrate Community Associated with the Asexual Generation of Bassettia pallida Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin signaling by maternal neurons upon stress ensures progeny survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ cells are vulnerable to stress. Therefore, how organisms protect their future progeny from damage in a fluctuating environment is a fundamental question in biology. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, serotonin released by maternal neurons during stress ensures the viability and stress tolerance of future offspring by enabling the transcription factor HSF1 to alter chromatin in soon-to-be fertilized germ cells by recruiting the histone chaperone FACT, displacing histones, and initiating protective gene expression. Without maternal serotonin signaling by neurons, FACT is not recruited by HSF1 in germ cells, transcription occurs but is delayed, and progeny of stressed C. elegans mothers fail to complete development. Serotonin acts through a signal transduction pathway conserved between C. elegans and mammalian cells to facilitate HSF1 to recruit FACT. These studies uncover a novel mechanism by which stress sensing by neurons is coupled to transcription response times of germ cells to protect future offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz Corchado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, L. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.913038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin signaling by maternal neurons upon stress ensures progeny survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.906156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced function of the glutathione S-transferase S1 suppresses behavioral hyperexcitability in Drosophila expressing a mutant voltage-gated sodium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.906156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels play a central role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells such as neurons and muscles. To determine how the phenotypes of Nav-channel mutants are affected by other genes, we performed a forward genetic screen for dominant modifiers of the seizure-prone, gain-of-function Drosophila melanogaster Nav-channel mutant, paraShu. Our analyses using chromosome deficiencies, gene-specific RNA interference, and single-gene mutants revealed that a null allele of glutathione S-transferase S1 (GstS1) dominantly suppresses paraShu phenotypes. Reduced GstS1 function also suppressed phenotypes of other seizure-prone Nav-channel mutants, paraGEFS+ and parabss. Notably, paraShu mutants expressed 50% less GstS1 than wild-type flies, further supporting the notion that paraShu and GstS1 interact functionally. Introduction of a loss-of-function GstS1 mutation into a paraShu background led to up- and down-regulation of various genes, with those encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes most significantly over-represented in this group. Because GstS1 is a fly ortholog of mammalian hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, and in mammals CYPs are involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids including prostaglandins, our results raise the intriguing possibility that bioactive lipids play a role in GstS1-mediated suppression of paraShu phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.906156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced function of the glutathione S-transferase S1 suppresses behavioral hyperexcitability in Drosophila expressing a mutant voltage-gated sodium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-generated whisker movements drive state-dependent sensory input to developing barrel cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWCortical development is an activity-dependent process [1-3]. Regarding the role of activity in developing somatosensory cortex, one persistent debate concerns the importance of sensory feedback from self-generated movements. Specifically, recent studies claim that cortical activity is generated intrinsically, independent of movement [3, 4]. However, other studies claim that behavioral state moderates the relationship between movement and cortical activity [5-7]. Thus, perhaps inattention to behavioral state leads to failures to detect movement-driven activity [8]. Here, we resolve this issue by associating local field activity (i.e., spindle bursts) and unit activity in the barrel cortex of 5-day-old rats with whisker movements during wake and myoclonic twitches of the whiskers during active (REM) sleep. Barrel activity increased significantly within 500 ms of whisker movements, especially after twitches. Also, higher-amplitude movements were more likely to trigger barrel activity; when we controlled for movement amplitude, barrel activity was again greater after a twitch than a wake movement. We then inverted the analysis to assess the likelihood that increases in barrel activity were preceded within 500 ms by whisker movements: At least 55% of barrel activity was attributable to sensory feedback from whisker movements. Finally, when periods with and without movement were compared, 70-75% of barrel activity was movement-related. These results confirm the importance of sensory feedback from movements in driving activity in sensorimotor cortex and underscore the necessity of monitoring sleep-wake states to ensure accurate assessments of the contributions of the sensory periphery to activity in developing somatosensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glanz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-generated whisker movements drive state-dependent sensory input to developing barrel cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divided Attention in Perception:A Unified Analysis of Dual-Task Deficits and Congruency Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How well can one perceive simultaneous stimuli at two widely spaced visual locations? Are the stimuli processed independently? If not, does the dependency affect perception, disrupt signals in later stages, or both? To address these questions, we measured effects of divided attention using a dual-task paradigm with stimuli presented in noise on either side of fixation. This paradigm was applied to detecting Gabor patches and to the semantic categorization of words. We measured dual-task deficits which are a decline in mean performance for a dual task compared to a single task. There was such a deficit for categorizing two words but relatively little deficit for detecting two Gabors. We also measured congruency effects which are when performance at one location depends on whether the stimulus at the other location requires the same response. There was such a congruency effect for detecting two Gabors but relatively little congruency effect for categorizing two words. Further experiments were consistent with the dual-task deficit in word categorization being perceptual, but the congruency effect in Gabor detection being due to later processes. Results of additional experiments showed that the congruency effect was consistent with either graded selection errors or with all-or-none selection followed by graded interactive processing. To answer our opening question: for Gabor detection, perceptual processes were largely independent but later processes caused congruency effects; for word categorization, perceptual processes had capacity limits but even in combination with later processes caused relatively little congruency effects. In summary, there was evidence for two different kinds of dependency. Such complementary dependencies are inconsistent with theories of divided attention that depend on a single dependency such as a single resource or single source of interactive processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boynton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.917492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divided Attention in Perception:A Unified Analysis of Dual-Task Deficits and Congruency Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Buildup and bistability in auditory streaming as an evidence accumulation process with saturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A repeating triplet-sequence ABA_ of non-overlapping brief tones, A and B, is a valued paradigm for studying auditory stream formation and the cocktail party problem. The stimulus is "heard" either as a galloping pattern (integration) or as two interleaved streams (segregation); the initial percept is typically integration then followed by spontaneous alternations between segregation and integration, each being dominant for a few seconds. The probability of segregation grows over seconds, from near-zero to a steady value, defining the buildup function, BUF. Its stationary level increases with the difference in tone frequencies, DF, and the BUF rises faster. Percept durations have DF -dependent means and are gamma-like distributed. Behavioral and computational studies usually characterize triplet streaming either during alternations or during buildup. Here, our experimental design and modeling encompass both. We propose a pseudo-neuromechanistic model that incorporates spiking activity in primary auditory cortex, A1, as input and resolves perception along two network-layers downstream of A1. Our model is straightforward and intuitive. It describes the noisy accumulation of evidence against the current percept which generates switches when reaching a threshold. Accumulation can saturate either above or below threshold; if below, the switching dynamics resemble noise-induced transitions from an attractor state. Our model accounts quantitatively for three key features of data: the BUFs, mean durations, and normalized dominance duration distributions, at various DF values. It describes perceptual alternations without competition per se, and underscores that treating triplets in the sequence independently and averaging across trials, as implemented in earlier widely cited studies, is inadequate.

Author summarySegregation of auditory objects (auditory streaming) is widely studied using ambiguous stimuli. A sequence of repeating triplets ABA_ of non-overlapping brief pure tones, A and B, frequency-separated, is a valued stimulus. Studies typically focus on one of two behavioral phases: the early (say, ten seconds) buildup of segregation from the default integration or later spontaneous alternations (bistability) between seconds-long integration and segregation percepts. Our experiments and modeling encompass both. Our novel, data-driven, evidence-accumulation model accounts for key features of the observations, taking as input recorded spiking activity from primary auditory cortex (as opposed to most existing, more abstract, models). Our results underscore that assessing individual triplets independently and averaging across trials, as in some earlier studies, is inadequate (lacking neuronal-accountability for percept duration statistics, the underlying basis of buildup). Further, we identify fresh parallels between evidence accumulation and competition as potential dynamic processes for choice in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.917799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Buildup and bistability in auditory streaming as an evidence accumulation process with saturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of zebrafish periderm enhancers facilitates identification of a regulatory variant near human KRT8/18 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies for non-syndromic orofacial cleft (OFC) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at loci where the presumed risk-relevant gene is expressed in oral periderm. The functional subsets of such SNPs are difficult to predict because the sequence underpinnings of periderm enhancers are unknown. We applied ATAC-seq to models of human palate periderm, including zebrafish periderm, mouse embryonic palate epithelia, and a human oral epithelium cell line, and to complementary mesenchymal cell types. We identified sets of enhancers specific to the epithelial cells and trained gapped-kmer support-vector-machine classifiers on these sets. We used the classifiers to predict the effect of 14 OFC-associated SNPs at 12q13 near KRT18. All the classifiers picked the same SNP as having the strongest effect, but the significance was highest with the classifier trained on zebrafish periderm. Reporter and deletion analyses support this SNP as lying within a periderm enhancer regulating KRT18/KRT8 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helverson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbellay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of zebrafish periderm enhancers facilitates identification of a regulatory variant near human KRT8/18]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.933754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated with Improved Cardiometabolic Health and Regulates Blood Pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.933754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White fat stores excess energy, while brown and beige fat dissipate energy as heat1. These thermogenic adipose tissues markedly improve glucose and lipid homeostasis in mouse models, though the extent to which brown adipose tissue (BAT) influences metabolic and cardiovascular disease in humans is unclear2, 3, 4. Here, we categorized 139,224 18F-FDG PET/CT scans from 53,475 patients by presence or absence of BAT and used propensity score matching to assemble a study cohort. Individuals with BAT showed lower prevalences of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, BAT independently correlated with lower odds of type II diabetes, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. These findings were supported by improved glucose, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein values. The effects of BAT were more pronounced in overweight and obesity, indicating that BAT can offset the deleterious effects of obesity. Strikingly, we also found lower rates of hypertension among patients with BAT. Studies in a mouse model with genetic ablation of beige fat demonstrated elevated blood pressure due to increased sensitivity to angiotensin II in peripheral resistance arteries. In addition to highlighting a role for BAT in promoting overall cardiometabolic health, this study reveals a new link between thermogenic adipose tissue and blood pressure regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanisamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wibmer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Gaudio, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Lorenzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.933754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated with Improved Cardiometabolic Health and Regulates Blood Pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Importin-9 regulates chromosome segregation and packaging in Drosophila germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ cells undergo distinct nuclear processes as they differentiate into gametes. While these events must be coordinated to ensure proper maturation, the stage-specific transport of proteins in and out of germ cell nuclei remains incompletely understood.

Our efforts to genetically characterize Drosophila genes that exhibit enriched expression in germ cells led to the finding that loss of the highly-conserved Importin {beta}/karyopherin family member Importin-9 (Ipo9) results in female and male sterility.

Immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that Ipo9KO mutants display chromosome condensation and segregation defects during meiosis. In addition, Ipo9KO mutant males form abnormally structured sperm and fail to properly exchange histones for protamines. Ipo9 physically interacts with proteasome proteins and Ipo9 mutant males exhibit loss of nuclear ubiquitination and disruption of the nuclear localization of several proteasome components. Thus, Ipo9 coordinates the nuclear import of functionally related factors necessary for the completion of gametogenesis.

HighlightsDrosophila Importin-9 functions in female and male meiosis

Loss of Importin-9 disrupts the histone to protamine transition during spermiogenesis Importin-9 physically interacts with components of the proteasome

Importin-9 is required for the efficient nuclear transport of proteasome proteins during spermiogenesis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palacios, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buszczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Importin-9 regulates chromosome segregation and packaging in Drosophila germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the clear association between myocardial injury, heart failure and depressed myocardial energetics, little is known about upstream signals responsible for remodeling myocardial metabolism after pathological stress. We found increased mitochondrial calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activation and left ventricular dilation in mice one week after myocardial infarction (MI) surgery. In contrast, mice with genetic mitochondrial CaMKII inhibition were protected from left ventricular dilation and dysfunction after MI. Mice with myocardial and mitochondrial CaMKII over-expression (mtCaMKII) had severe dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased ATP that caused elevated cytoplasmic resting (diastolic) Ca2+ concentration and reduced mechanical performance. We mapped a metabolic pathway that allowed us to rescue disease phenotypes in mtCaMKII mice, providing new insights into physiological and pathological metabolic consequences of CaMKII signaling in mitochondria. Our findings suggest myocardial dilation, a disease phenotype lacking specific therapies, can be prevented by targeted replacement of mitochondrial creatine kinase, or mitochondrial-targeted CaMKII inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, M.-l. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umapathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation (AF) are major unsolved public health problems, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for AF in patients. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this clinical association is unknown. Elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation (OGN) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased in diabetic hearts, and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) is a proarrhythmic signal that may be activated by OGN (OGN-CaMKII) and ROS (ox-CaMKII). We induced type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a portfolio of genetic mouse models capable of dissecting the role of OGN and ROS at CaMKII and the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), an intracellular Ca2+ channel implicated as an important downstream mechanism of CaMKII- mediated arrhythmias. Here we show that T1D and T2D significantly increased AF, similar to observations in patients, and this increase required CaMKII. While T1D and T2D both require ox-CaMKII to increase AF, they respond differently to loss of OGN-CaMKII or OGN inhibition. Collectively, our data affirm CaMKII as a critical proarrhythmic signal in diabetic AF, and suggest ROS primarily promotes AF by ox-CaMKII, while OGN promotes AF by diverse mechanisms and targets, including CaMKII and RyR2. The proarrhythmic consequences of OGN- and ox-CaMKII differ between T1D and T2D. These results provide new and unanticipated insights into the mechanisms for increased AF in diabetes mellitus, and suggest successful future therapies will need to be different for AF in T1D and T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokita, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrens, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel Nav1.5 Peak and Late Currents by NAD+ Precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThe cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, encoded by SCN5A, produces the rapidly inactivating depolarizing current INa that is responsible for the initiation and propagation of the cardiac action potential. Acquired and inherited dysfunction of NaV1.5 results in either decreased peak INa or increased residual late INa (INa,L), leading to tachy/bradyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Previous studies have shown that increased cellular NAD+ and NAD+/NADH ratio increase INa through suppression of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and PKC-mediated NaV1.5 phosphorylation. In addition, NAD+-dependent deacetylation of NaV1.5 at K1479 by Sirtuin 1 increases NaV1.5 membrane trafficking and INa. The role of NAD+ precursors in modulating INa remains unknown.

ObjectiveTo determine whether and by which mechanisms the NAD+ precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide (NAM) affect peak INa and INa,L in vitro and cardiac electrophysiology in vivo.

Methods and ResultsThe effects of NAD+ precursors on the NAD+ metabolome and electrophysiology were studied using HEK293 cells expressing wild-type and mutant NaV1.5, rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNCMs), and mice. NR increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing NaV1.5 (500 M: 51 {+/-} 18%, p=0.02, 5 mM: 59 {+/-} 22%, p=0.03) and RNCMs (500 {micro}M: 60 {+/-} 26%, p=0.02, 5 mM: 75 {+/-} 39%, p=0.03) while reducing INa,L at the higher concentration (RNCMs, 5 mM: -45 {+/-} 11%, p=0.04). NR (5 mM) decreased NaV1.5 K1479 acetylation but increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing a mutant form of NaV1.5 with disruption of the acetylation site (NaV1.5-K1479A). Disruption of the PKC phosphorylation site abolished the effect of NR on INa. Furthermore, NAM (5 mM) had no effect on INa in RNCMs or in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type NaV1.5, but increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing NaV1.5-K1479A. Dietary supplementation with NR for 10-12 weeks decreased QTc in C57BL/6J mice (0.35% NR: -4.9 {+/-} 2.0%, p=0.26; 1.0% NR: -9.5 {+/-} 2.8%, p=0.01).

ConclusionsNAD+ precursors differentially regulate NaV1.5 via multiple mechanisms. NR increases INa, decreases INa,L, and warrants further investigation as a potential therapy for arrhythmic disorders caused by NaV1.5 deficiency and/or dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLendon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel Nav1.5 Peak and Late Currents by NAD+ Precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms preventing Break-Induced Replication during repair of two-ended DNA double-strand breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA synthesis during homologous recombination (HR) is highly mutagenic and prone to template switches. Two-ended DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are usually repaired by gene conversion with a short patch of DNA synthesis, thus limiting the mutation load to the vicinity of the DSB. Single-ended DSBs are repaired by Break-Induced Replication (BIR) that involve extensive and mutagenic DNA synthesis spanning even hundreds of kilobases. It remains unknown how mutagenic BIR is suppressed at two-ended DSBs. Here we demonstrate that BIR is suppressed at two-ended DSBs by several proteins coordinating the usage of both DSB ends: ssDNA annealing protein Rad52 and Rad59, D-loop unwinding helicase Mph1, and DSB ends tethering Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex. Finally, BIR is also suppressed when a normally heterochromatic repair template is silenced by Sir2. These findings suggest several mechanisms restricting mutagenic BIR during repair of two-ended DSBs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms preventing Break-Induced Replication during repair of two-ended DNA double-strand breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal learning among prefrontal and striatal ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral flexibility requires the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Here, we investigate neuronal ensembles in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) during one form of behavioral flexibility: learning a new temporal interval. We studied corticostriatal neuronal activity as rodents trained to respond after a 12-second fixed interval (FI12) learned to respond at a shorter 3-second fixed interval (FI3). On FI12 trials, we discovered time-related ramping was reduced in the MFC but not in the DMS in two-interval vs. one-interval sessions. We also found that more DMS neurons than MFC neurons exhibited differential interval-related activity on the first day of two-interval performance. Finally, MFC and DMS ramping was similar with successive days of two-interval performance but DMS temporal decoding increased on FI3 trials. These data suggest that the MFC and DMS play distinct roles during temporal learning and provide insight into corticostriatal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiuffa Tunes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal learning among prefrontal and striatal ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risk of preeclampsia in patients with genetic predisposition to common medical conditions: a case-control study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess whether women with a genetic predisposition to medical conditions known to increase preeclampsia risk have an increased risk of preeclampsia in pregnancy.

DesignCase-control study.

Setting and populationPreeclampsia cases (n=498) and controls (n=1864) of European ancestry from 5 US sites genotyped on a cardiovascular gene-centric array.

MethodsSignificant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 21 traits in 7 disease categories (cardiovascular, inflammatory/autoimmune, insulin resistance, liver, obesity, renal, thrombophilia) with published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used to create a genetic instrument for each trait. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association of each continuous, scaled genetic instrument with preeclampsia. Odds of preeclampsia were compared across quartiles of the genetic instrument and evaluated for significance using a test for trend.

Main Outcome Measurespreeclampsia.

ResultsAn increasing burden of risk alleles for elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and increased body mass index (BMI) were associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (DBP: overall OR 1.11 (1.01-1.21), p=0.025; BMI: OR 1.10 (1.00-1.20), p=0.042), while risk alleles associated with elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were protective (OR 0.89 (0.82-0.97), p=0.008), driven primarily by pleiotropic effects of variants in the FADS gene region. The effect of DBP genetic loci was even greater in early-onset (<34 weeks) preeclampsia cases (OR 1.30 (1.08-1.56), p=0.005). For all other traits, the genetic instrument was not robustly associated with preeclampsia risk.

ConclusionsThese results suggest that the underlying genetic architecture of preeclampsia is shared with other disorders, specifically hypertension and obesity.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACTGenetic predisposition to increased diastolic blood pressure and obesity increases the risk of preeclampsia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacheva, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzakhani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjonnes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almoguera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingles, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockwood, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElrath, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norwitz, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karumanchi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.976472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risk of preeclampsia in patients with genetic predisposition to common medical conditions: a case-control study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.981795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of anatomy ontology data with protein-protein interaction networks improves the candidate gene prediction accuracy for anatomical entities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.981795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIdentification of genes responsible for anatomical entities is a major requirement in many fields including developmental biology, medicine, and agriculture. Current wet-lab techniques used for this purpose, such as gene knockout, are high in resource and time consumption. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks are frequently used to predict disease genes for humans and gene candidates for molecular functions, but they are rarely used to predict genes for anatomical entities. This is because PPI networks suffer from network quality issues, which can be a limitation for their usage in predicting candidate genes for anatomical entities. We developed an integrative framework to predict candidate genes for anatomical entities by combining existing experimental knowledge about gene-anatomy relationships with PPI networks using anatomy ontology annotations. We expected this integration to improve the quality of the PPI networks and be better optimized to predict candidate genes for anatomical entities. We used existing Uberon anatomy entity annotations for zebrafish and mouse genes to construct gene networks by calculating semantic similarity between the genes. These  anatomy-based gene networks are semantic networks, as they are constructed based on the Uberon anatomy ontology annotations that are obtained from the experimental data in the literature. We integrated these anatomy-based gene networks with mouse and zebrafish PPI networks retrieved from the STRING database, and we compared the performance of their network-based candidate gene predictions.

ResultsAccording to candidate gene prediction performance evaluations tested under four different semantic similarity calculation methods (Lin, Resnik, Schlicker, and Wang), the integrated networks showed better receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision-recall curve performances than PPI networks for both zebrafish and mouse.

ConclusionIntegration of existing experimental knowledge about gene-anatomical entity relationships with PPI networks via anatomy ontology improves the network quality, which makes them better optimized for predicting candidate genes for anatomical entities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabee, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.07.981795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of anatomy ontology data with protein-protein interaction networks improves the candidate gene prediction accuracy for anatomical entities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.984443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The superoxide dismutase mimetic GC4419 enhances tumor killing when combined with stereotactic ablative radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.984443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The penta-aza macrocyclic manganese compound GC4419 is in phase 3 clinical trials as a modifier of mucositis in H&N cancer treated by radio-chemotherapy based upon its properties as a superoxide dismutase mimetic. In studies to address the potential for tumor radioprotection, a significant anti-tumor effect was identified in tumors generated from the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H1299, when GC4419 was combined with radiation. This effect was directly related to the size of the radiation dose as demonstrated by greater efficacy in tumor growth delay when biologically equivalent irradiation regimens using a limited number of dose fractions was substantially more effective compared to regimens where the fraction number was higher and dose per fraction decreased. Furthermore, a TCD50 assay using H1299 tumors that tested the combination of GC4419 with radiation revealed a Dose Enhancement Factor of 1.67. Based upon these results the hypothesis that GC4419 was generating cytotoxic levels of hydrogen peroxide during the superoxide dismutation process. Peroxide flux did increase in cells exposed to GC4419 as did the expression of the oxidative stress markers 4-HNE and 3-NT. H1299 cells that overexpressed catalase were then challenged as tumors by the combination of radiation and GC4419 and the tumoricidal effect was nearly eliminated. The enhanced radiation response was not specific to NSCLC as similar findings were observed in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenografts. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that GC4419, in addition to generating high levels of hydrogen peroxide in irradiated cells, alters inflammatory and differentiation signaling in the tumor following irradiation. Together, these findings provide abundant evidence that the radioprotector GC4419 has dual functionality and will increase tumor response rates when combined with agents that generate high levels of superoxide like stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SAbR). Combining SAbR with GC4419 may be an effective strategy to enhance tumor response in general but may also allow for fully potent radiation doses to tumors that might not necessarily be able to tolerate such doses. The potential for protection of organs at risk may also be exploitable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sishc, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Story, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.984443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The superoxide dismutase mimetic GC4419 enhances tumor killing when combined with stereotactic ablative radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.995589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host shifting and host sharing in a genus of specialist flies diversifying alongside their sunflower hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.995589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congeneric parasites are unlikely to specialize on the same tissues of the same host species, likely because of strong multifarious selection against niche overlap. Exceptions where multiple congeneric species overlap on the same tissues may therefore reveal important insights into the ecological factors underlying the origins and maintenance of diversity. Larvae of sunflower maggot flies in genus Strauzia feed on the pith of plants in the family Asteraceae. Although Strauzia tend to be host specialists, some species overlap in their host use. To resolve the origins of host sharing among these specialist flies, we used reduced representation genomic sequencing to infer the first multi-locus phylogeny of genus Strauzia. Our results show that Helianthus tuberosus and Helianthus grosseserratus each host three different fly species, and that the flies co-occurring on a host are not one anothers closest relatives. Though this pattern implies that host sharing is most likely the result of host shifts, these may not be host shifts in the conventional sense of an insect moving onto an entirely new plant. Many hosts of Strauzia belong to a young (1-2 MYA) clade of perennial sunflowers noted for their frequent introgression and hybrid speciation events. In at least one case, flies may have converged upon a host after their respective ancestral host plants hybridized to form a new sunflower species (H. tuberosus). Broadly, we suggest that rapid and recent adaptive introgression and speciation in this group of plants may have instigated the diversification of their phytophagous fly associates, including the convergence of >1 species onto the same shared host plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisowski, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norrbom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.995589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host shifting and host sharing in a genus of specialist flies diversifying alongside their sunflower hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gatekeeper transcription factors regulate switch between lineage preservation and cell plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency by repressing lineage-instructive transcription factors (TFs) alone has not been pursued because lineage specification is thought to be regulated by transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) comprising of multiple TFs rather than by single pivotal "gatekeeper" TFs. Utilizing an intra-species somatic cell hybrid model, we identified Snai2 and Prrx1 as the most critical determinants of mesenchymal commitment in rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs) and demonstrate that siRNA-mediated knockdown of either of these master regulators is adequate to convert REFs into functional adipocytes, chondrocytes or osteocytes without requiring exogenous TFs or small molecule cocktails. Furthermore, knockdown of Snai2 alone proved sufficient to transform REFs to dedifferentiated pluripotent stem-like cells (dPSCs) that formed embryoid bodies capable of triple germ-layer differentiation. These findings suggest that inhibition of a single gatekeeper TF in a lineage committed cell is adequate for acquisition of cell plasticity and reprogramming without requiring permanent genetic modification.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=143 SRC="FIGDIR/small/999433v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1acdb83org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17fb3ddorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f994c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@197541e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Schematic diagram depicting transdifferentiation of REFs into adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and dedifferentiation into MSCs on individual treatment with siSnai2 or siPrrx1. dPSCs were generated only in the siSnai2 group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulla, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gatekeeper transcription factors regulate switch between lineage preservation and cell plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptically silent synapses are modulated by the density of surrounding astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The astrocyte, a major glial cell type, is involved in formation and maturation of synapses, and thus contributes to sustainable synaptic transmission between neurons. Given that the animals in the higher phylogenetic tree have brains with higher density of glial cells with respect to neurons, there is a possibility that the relative astrocytic density directly influences synaptic transmission. However, the notion has not been tested thoroughly. Here we addressed it, by using a primary culture preparation where single hippocampal neurons are surrounded by a variable but countable number of cortical astrocytes in dot-patterned microislands, and recording synaptic transmission by patch-clamp electrophysiology. Neurons with a higher astrocytic density showed a higher amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) than that of neurons with a lower astrocytic density. The size of readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles per neuron was significantly higher. The frequency of spontaneous synaptic transmission (miniature EPSC) was higher, but the amplitude was unchanged. The number of morphologically identified glutamatergic synapses was unchanged, but the number of functional ones was increased, indicating a lower ratio of presynaptically silent synapses. Taken together, the higher astrocytic density enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by increasing the number of functional synapses through presynaptic un-silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oyabu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsurabayashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptically silent synapses are modulated by the density of surrounding astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.004739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL8 Drives an Elaborate Signal Transduction Process for CD38 to Produce NAADP from NAAD and NADP+ in Endolysosomes to Effect Cell Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.004739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is an obligate driver of calcium signaling whose formation from other metabolites of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has remained elusive. In vitro, CD38-mediated NAADP synthesis requires an acidic pH and a nonphysiological concentration of nicotinic acid (NA). We discovered that the type II membrane form of CD38 catalyzes synthesis of NAADP by exchanging the nicotinamide moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) for the NA group of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) inside endolysosomes of interleukin 8 (IL8)-treated lymphokine-activated killer cells. Upon IL8 stimulation, cytosolic NADP+ is transported to acidified endolysosomes via connexin 43 via cAMP-EPAC-RAP1-PP2A signaling. Luminal CD38 then performs a base exchange reaction with the donor NA group deriving from NAAD, produced by newly described endolysosomal activities of NA phosphoribosyltransferase and NMN adenyltransferase 3. Thus, the membrane organization of endolysosomal CD38, a signal-mediated transport system for NADP+ and luminal NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes integrate signals from a chemokine and cAMP to specify the spatiotemporal mobilization of calcium to drive cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nam, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rah, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, T.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, U.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.004739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL8 Drives an Elaborate Signal Transduction Process for CD38 to Produce NAADP from NAAD and NADP+ in Endolysosomes to Effect Cell Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-selective inhibition of the motor system following unexpected and expected infrequent events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor inhibition is a key control mechanism that allows humans to rapidly adapt their actions in response to environmental events. One of the hallmark signatures of rapidly exerted, reactive motor inhibition is the non-selective suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE): unexpected sensory stimuli lead to a suppression of CSE across the entire motor system, even in muscles that are inactive. Theories suggest that this reflects a fast, automatic, and broad engagement of inhibitory control, which facilitates behavioral adaptations to unexpected changes in the sensory environment. However, it is an open question whether such non-selective CSE suppression is truly due to the unexpected nature of the sensory event, or whether it is sufficient for an event to be merely infrequent (but not unexpected). Here, we report data from two experiments in which human subjects experienced both unexpected and expected infrequent events during a simple reaction time task while CSE was measured from a task-unrelated muscle. We found that expected infrequent events can indeed produce non-selective CSE suppression - but only when they occur during movement initiation. In contrast, unexpected infrequent events produce non-selective CSE suppression even in the absence of movement initiation. Moreover, CSE suppression due to unexpected events occurs at shorter latencies compared to expected infrequent events. These findings demonstrate that unexpectedness and stimulus infrequency have qualitatively different suppressive effects on the motor system. They also have key implications for studies that seek to disentangle neural and psychological processes related to motor inhibition and stimulus detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iacullo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesburg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-selective inhibition of the motor system following unexpected and expected infrequent events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Novel PP2A Regulator, WNK1, as Critical For Uterine Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNK1 is an atypical kinase protein ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice. A mutation in its encoding gene causes hypertension in humans which is associated with abnormal ion homeostasis. Our earlier findings demonstrated that WNK1 is critical for in vitro decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells – pointing towards an unrecognized role of WNK1 in female reproduction. Here, we employed a mouse model with conditional WNK1 ablation from the female reproductive tract to define its in vivo role in uterine biology. Loss of WNK1 altered uterine morphology, causing endometrial epithelial hyperplasia, adenomyosis and a delay in embryo implantation, ultimately resulting in compromised fertility. Combining transcriptomic, proteomic and interactomic analyses revealed a novel regulatory pathway whereby WNK1 represses AKT phosphorylation through the phosphatase PP2A in endometrial cells from both humans and mice. We show that WNK1 interacts with PPP2R1A, an isoform of the PP2A scaffold subunit. This interaction stabilizes the PP2A complex, which then dephosphorylates AKT. Therefore, loss of WNK1 reduced PP2A activity, causing AKT hypersignaling. Using FOXO1 as a readout of AKT activity, we demonstrate that there was escalated FOXO1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion, leading to a disruption in the regulation of genes that are crucial for embryo implantation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, R.-p. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMayo, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Novel PP2A Regulator, WNK1, as Critical For Uterine Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The NAD Metabolome is Functionally Depressed in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-related Liver Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and related coenzymes play critical roles in liver function. Though hepatic alcohol metabolism depresses NAD+, current understanding of the NAD+ metabolome in alcohol-related liver disease (ArLD) is based on animal models. We used human liver samples to quantify the NAD+ metabolome in ArLD with samples obtained at the time of liver transplantation or resection at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHB). The severity of steatohepatitis in liver from patients with ArLD was assessed with standard liver function tests (LFT) and histology. NAD-targeted quantitative metabolomic analysis of liver tissue was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Seventy-two human liver specimens were analyzed including 43 with ArLD. The NAD+ metabolome differed significantly between different types of liver disease (two-way ANOVA p = 0.001). ArLD liver tissue showed markedly depressed concentrations of NAD+ (432 M vs. 616 M in NL) and precursor molecules nicotinic acid and nicotinamide riboside. There was a significant overall difference in the NAD+ metabolome between ArLD samples with and without steatohepatitis (two-way ANOVA p = 0.018). After correcting for multiple comparisons, a significant difference for individual components of the metabolome was observed for the concentration of NAD+ (mean 451 M vs. 381 M, p = 0.045). NAD+ concentration was inversely related to serum bilirubin concentration (r2 -0.127, p = 0.04) and positively correlated with myeloperoxidase activity (r2 0.31, p = 0.003). The concentration of NAD+ and its precursor molecules are significantly reduced in ArLD and are associated with disease activity. Conclusion: Liver samples from people with ArLD show depressed NAD+ and precursor levels as well as depressed myeloperoxidase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.013581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The NAD Metabolome is Functionally Depressed in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-related Liver Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While de novo mutations (DNMs) are known to increase risk of congenital defects, DNMs have not been fully explored regarding orofacial clefts (OFCs), one of the most common human birth defects. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of 756 case-parent trios of European, Colombian, and Taiwanese ancestry was performed to determine the contributions of coding DNMs to OFC risk. Overall, we identified a significant excess of loss-of-function DNMs in genes highly expressed in craniofacial tissues, as well as genes associated with known autosomal dominant OFC syndromes. This analysis also revealed roles for zinc-finger homeobox domain and SOX2-interacting genes in OFC etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Uribe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Ramirez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo Muneton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Chou, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.019927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neuroanatomy of Speech Processing: A Large-Scale Lesion Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural basis of language has been studied for centuries, yet the networks critically involved in simply identifying or understanding a spoken word remain elusive. Several functional-anatomical models of critical neural substrates of receptive speech have been proposed, including (1) auditory-related regions in the left mid-posterior superior temporal lobe, (2) motor-related regions in the left frontal lobe (in normal and/or noisy conditions), the left anterior superior temporal lobe, or (4) bilateral mid-posterior superior temporal areas. One difficulty in comparing these models is that they often focus on different aspects of the sound-to-meaning pathway and are supported by different types of stimuli and tasks. Two auditory tasks that are typically used in separate studies--syllable discrimination and word comprehension--often yield different conclusions. We assessed syllable discrimination (words and nonwords) and word comprehension (clear speech and with a noise masker) in 158 individuals with focal brain damage: left (n=113) or right (n=19) hemisphere stroke, left (n=18) or right (n=8) anterior temporal lobectomy, and 26 neurologically-intact controls. Discrimination and comprehension tasks are doubly dissociable both behaviorally and neurologically. In support of a bilateral model, clear speech comprehension was near ceiling in 95% of left stroke cases and right temporal damage impaired syllable discrimination. Lesion-symptom mapping analyses for the syllable discrimination and noisy word comprehension tasks each implicated most of the left superior temporal gyrus (STG). Comprehension but not discrimination tasks also implicated the left pMTG, while discrimination but not comprehension tasks also implicated more dorsal sensorimotor regions in posterior perisylvian cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogalsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basilakos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keator, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neuroanatomy of Speech Processing: A Large-Scale Lesion Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common Fronto-temporal Effective Connectivity in Humans and Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive pathways supporting human language and declarative memory are thought to have uniquely evolutionarily differentiated in our species. However, cross-species comparisons are missing on site-specific effective connectivity between regions important for cognition. We harnessed a new approach using functional imaging to visualize the impact of direct electrical brain stimulation in human neurosurgery patients. Applying the same approach with macaque monkeys, we found remarkably comparable patterns of effective connectivity between auditory cortex and ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and parahippocampal cortex in both species. Moreover, in humans electrical tractography revealed rapid evoked potentials in vlPFC from stimulating auditory cortex and speech sounds drove vlPFC, consistent with prior evidence in monkeys of direct projections from auditory cortex to vocalization responsive regions in vlPFC. The results identify a common effective connectivity signature that from auditory cortex is equally direct to vlPFC and indirect to the hippocampus (via parahippocampal cortex) in human and nonhuman primates.

HighlightsO_LIPrivileged human auditory to inferior frontal connectivity, linked to monkeys
C_LIO_LICommon auditory to parahippocampal effective connectivity in both species
C_LIO_LIGreater lateralization in human effective connectivity, more symmetrical in monkeys
C_LIO_LIHuman fronto-temporal network function rooted in evolutionarily conserved signature
C_LI

eTOC short summaryFunctional connectivity between regions crucial for language and declarative memory is thought to have substantially differentiated in humans. Using a new technique to similarly visualize directional effective connectivity in humans and monkeys, we found remarkably comparable connectivity patterns in both species between fronto-temporal regions crucial for cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balezeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocsis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinschneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlouhy, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common Fronto-temporal Effective Connectivity in Humans and Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.007948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POMK Regulates Dystroglycan Function via LARGE-mediated Elongation of Matriglycan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.007948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matriglycan [-GlcA-{beta}1,3-Xyl-1,3-]n serves as a scaffold in many tissues for extracellular matrix proteins containing laminin-G domains including laminin, agrin, and perlecan. Like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (LARGE) synthesizes and extends matriglycan on -dystroglycan (-DG) during skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration; however, the mechanisms which regulate matriglycan elongation are unknown. Here, we show that Protein O-Mannose Kinase (POMK), which phosphorylates mannose of core M3 (GalNac-{beta}1,3-GlcNac-{beta}1,4-Man) preceding matriglycan synthesis, is required for LARGE-mediated generation of full-length matriglycan on -DG ([~]150 kDa). In the absence of POMK, LARGE synthesizes a very short matriglycan resulting in a [~]90 kDa -DG in mouse skeletal muscle which binds laminin but cannot prevent eccentric contraction-induced force loss or muscle pathology. Solution NMR spectroscopy studies demonstrate that LARGE directly interacts with core M3 and binds preferentially to the phosphorylated form. Collectively, our study demonstrates that phosphorylation of core M3 by POMK enables LARGE to elongate matriglycan on -DG, thereby preventing muscular dystrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walimbe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonekawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venzke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devereaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuellar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Campo Landa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muntoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.007948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POMK Regulates Dystroglycan Function via LARGE-mediated Elongation of Matriglycan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.035261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MgrA regulates interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with mucin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.035261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTo defend the lungs, mucus adheres to bacterial cells and facilitates their removal by ciliary transport. Our goals were to measure the affinity of mucus for the respiratory pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and identify bacterial genes that regulate this interaction.

MethodsS. aureus was added to pig tracheas to determine whether it binds mucus or epithelial cells. To quantify its affinity for mucus, we developed a competition assay in microtiter plates. Mucin was added over a dose range as an inhibitor of bacterial attachment. We then examined how transcriptional regulator MgrA and cell wall transpeptidase sortase (SrtA) affect bacterial interaction with mucin.

ResultsIn pig tracheas, S. aureus bound mucus strands from submucosal glands more than epithelial cells. In microtiter plate assays, {Delta}srtA failed to attach even in the absence of mucin. Mucin blocked wild type S. aureus attachment in a dose-dependent manner. Higher concentrations were needed to inhibit binding of {Delta}mgrA. Co-deletion of ebh and sraP, which encode surface proteins repressed by MgrA, suppressed the {Delta}mgrA binding phenotype. No differences between {Delta}mgrA and wild type were observed when methylcellulose or heparin sulfate were substituted for mucin, indicating specificity.

ConclusionsMucin decreases attachment of S. aureus to plastic, consistent with its physiologic role in host defense. S. aureus deficient in MgrA has decreased affinity for mucin. Ebh and SraP, which are normally repressed by MgrA, may function as inhibitors of attachment to mucin. These data show that specific bacterial factors may regulate the interaction of S. aureus with mucus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanrock, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaly, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiecinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horswill, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.035261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MgrA regulates interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with mucin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing Rev1 Catalyze Protein-template DNA Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During DNA replication, replicative DNA polymerases may encounter DNA lesions, which can stall replication forks. One way to prevent replication fork stalling is through the recruitment of specialized translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases that have evolved to incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions. Rev1 is a specialized TLS polymerase that bypasses abasic sites as well as minor-groove and exocyclic guanine adducts. It does this by using a unique protein-template mechanism in which the template base is flipped out of the DNA helix and the incoming dCTP hydrogen bonds with an arginine side chain. To observe Rev1 catalysis at the atomic level, we employed time-lapse X-ray crystallography. We found that Rev1 flips out the template base prior to binding the incoming nucleotide. Binding the incoming nucleotide changes the conformation of the DNA substrate to orient it for nucleotidyl transfer, and this is not coupled to large structural changes in the protein like those observed with other DNA polymerases. Moreover, we found that following nucleotide incorporation, Rev1 converts the pyrophosphate product to two mono-phosphates, which drives the reaction in the forward direction. Following nucleotide incorporation, the hydrogen bonds between the incorporated nucleotide and the arginine side chain are broken, but the templating base remains extrahelical. These post-catalytic changes prevent potentially mutagenic processive synthesis by Rev1 and facilitate dissociation of the DNA product from the enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing Rev1 Catalyze Protein-template DNA Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic stimulation of the basolateral amygdala-medial entorhinal cortex pathway after spatial training has sex-specific effects on downstream activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous work from our laboratory suggests that projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) are a critical pathway by which the BLA modulates the consolidation of spatial learning. Posttraining optogenetic stimulation of this pathway enhances retention of spatial memories. Evidence also indicates that intra-BLA administration of memory-enhancing drugs increases protein levels of activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (ARC) in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and that blocking ARC in the DH impairs spatial memory consolidation. Yet, whether optical manipulations of the BLA-mEC pathway after spatial training also alter ARC in the DH is unknown. To address this question, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received optogenetic stimulation of the BLA-mEC pathway immediately after spatial training using a Barnes maze and, 45 min later, were sacrificed for ARC analysis. Initial experiments found that spatial training increased ARC levels in the DH of rats above those observed in control rats and rats that underwent a cued-response version of the task. Optogenetic stimulation of the BLA-mEC pathway following spatial training, using parameters effective at enhancing spatial memory consolidation, enhanced ARC protein levels in the DH of male rats without affecting ARC levels in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) or somatosensory cortex. In contrast, similar optical stimulation decreased ARC protein levels in the DLS of female rats without altering ARC in the DH or somatosensory cortex. Together, the present findings suggest a mechanism by which BLA-mEC stimulation enhances spatial memory consolidation in rats and reveals a possible sex-difference in this mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wahlstrom, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Dieppa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaLumiere, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic stimulation of the basolateral amygdala-medial entorhinal cortex pathway after spatial training has sex-specific effects on downstream activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected sounds non-selectively inhibit active visual stimulus representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains capacity to process unexpected events is key to cognitive flexibility. The most well-known effect of unexpected events is the interruption of attentional engagement (distraction). We tested whether unexpected events interrupt attentional representations by activating a neural mechanism for inhibitory control. This mechanism is most well-characterized within the motor system. However, recent work showed that it is automatically activated by unexpected events and can explain some of their non-motor effects (e.g., on working memory representations). Here, human participants attended to lateralized flickering visual stimuli, producing steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) in the scalp-electroencephalogram. After unexpected sounds, the SSVEP was rapidly suppressed. Using a functional localizer (stop-signal) task and independent component analysis, we then identified a fronto-central EEG source whose activity indexes inhibitory motor control. Unexpected sounds in the SSVEP task also activated this source. Using single-trial analyses, we found that sub-components of this source differentially relate to sound-related SSVEP changes: while its N2 component predicted the subsequent suppression of the attended-stimulus SSVEP, the P3 component predicted the suppression of the SSVEP to the unattended stimulus. These results shed new light on the processes underlying fronto-central control signals and have implications for phenomena such as distraction and the attentional blink.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected sounds non-selectively inhibit active visual stimulus representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronavirus Infection and PARP Expression Dysregulate the NAD Metabolome: A Potentially Actionable Component of Innate Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) superfamily members covalently link either a single ADP-ribose (ADPR) or a chain of ADPR units to proteins using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as the source of ADPR. While the well-known poly-ADP-ribosylating (PARylating) PARPs primarily function in the DNA damage response, many non-canonical mono-ADP-ribosylating (MARylating) PARPs are associated with cellular antiviral responses. We recently demonstrated robust upregulation of several PARPs following infection with Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV), a model coronavirus. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection strikingly upregulates MARylating PARPs and induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes for salvage NAD synthesis from nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), while downregulating other NAD biosynthetic pathways. We show that overexpression of PARP10 is sufficient to depress cellular NAD and that the activities of the transcriptionally induced enzymes PARP7, PARP10, PARP12 and PARP14 are limited by cellular NAD and can be enhanced by pharmacological activation of NAD synthesis. We further demonstrate that infection with MHV induces a severe attack on host cell NAD+ and NADP+. Finally, we show that NAMPT activation, NAM and NR dramatically decrease the replication of an MHV virus that is sensitive to PARP activity. These data suggest that the antiviral activities of noncanonical PARP isozyme activities are limited by the availability of NAD, and that nutritional and pharmacological interventions to enhance NAD levels may boost innate immunity to coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heer, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, Y. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trammell, S. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.047480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronavirus Infection and PARP Expression Dysregulate the NAD Metabolome: A Potentially Actionable Component of Innate Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSV Forms an HCMV-like Viral Assembly Center in Neuronal Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neuroinvasive virus that has been used as a model organism for studying common properties of all herpesviruses. HSV induces host organelle rearrangement and forms dispersed assembly compartments in epithelial cells, which complicates the study of HSV assembly. In this study, we show that HSV forms a visually distinct unitary cytoplasmic viral assembly center (cVAC) in both cancerous and primary neuronal cells that concentrates viral structural proteins and is the site of capsid envelopment. The HSV cVAC also concentrates host membranes that are important for viral assembly, such as Golgi- and recycling endosome-derived membranes. Lastly, we show that HSV cVAC formation and/or maintenance depends on an intact microtubule network and a viral tegument protein, pUL51. Our observations suggest that the neuronal cVAC is a uniquely useful model to study common herpesvirus assembly pathways, and cell-specific pathways for membrane reorganization.

SummaryThis study shows that HSV forms a viral assembly center in neuronal cells by reorganization of host membranes. This system is a novel and powerful tool to study herpesvirus assembly pathways and host cell membrane dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSV Forms an HCMV-like Viral Assembly Center in Neuronal Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous expression of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 receptor ACE2 in the human respiratory tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundZoonotically transmitted coronaviruses are responsible for three disease outbreaks since 2002, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its efficient transmission and range of disease severity raise questions regarding the contributions of virus-receptor interactions. ACE2 is a host ectopeptidase and the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports describe ACE2 mRNA abundance and tissue distribution; however, mRNA abundance is not always representative of protein levels. Currently, there is limited data evaluating ACE2 protein and its correlation with other SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility factors.

Materials and methodsWe systematically examined the human upper and lower respiratory tract using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry to determine receptor expression and evaluated its association with risk factors for severe COVID-19.

FindingsOur results reveal that ACE2 protein is highest within regions of the sinonasal cavity and pulmonary alveoli, sites of presumptive viral transmission and severe disease development, respectively. In the lung parenchyma, ACE2 protein was found on the apical surface of a small subset of alveolar type II cells and colocalized with TMPRSS2, a cofactor for SARS-CoV2 entry. ACE2 protein was not increased by pulmonary risk factors for severe COVID-19.

Additionally, ACE2 protein was not reduced in children, a demographic with a lower incidence of severe COVID-19.

InterpretationThese results offer new insights into ACE2 protein localization in the human respiratory tract and its relationship with susceptibility factors to COVID-19.

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSPrevious studies of ACE2 mRNA transcript abundance in the human respiratory tract have suggested a possible association between ACE2 expression and age, sex, and the presence of comorbidities. However, these studies have provided conflicting results, as well as a lack of protein validation. Previous ACE2 protein studies have been limited by a paucity of lung tissue samples and reports that have produced contradictory results.

Added value of this studyUsing a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry, we describe ACE2 expression in the human respiratory tract. Staining protocols were optimized and validated to show consistent apical localization and avoid non-specific staining. We show ACE2 protein is found in subsets of airway cells and is highest within regions of the sinonasal cavity and pulmonary alveoli, sites of presumptive viral transmission and severe disease development for COVID-19, respectively. We show age, sex, and comorbidities do not increase ACE2 protein expression in the human respiratory tract.

Implications of all the available evidenceACE2 protein abundance does not correlate with risk factors for severe clinical outcomes, but in some cases showed an inversed relationship. Features driving COVID-19 susceptibility and severity are complex, our data suggests factors other than ACE2 protein abundance as important determinants of clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz Bezara, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klesney-Tait, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlford-Lenane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.056127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous expression of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 receptor ACE2 in the human respiratory tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locally-invasive, castrate-resistant prostate cancer in a Pten/Trp53 double knockout mouse model of prostate cancer monitored with non-invasive bioluminescent imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we have improved an existing mouse model of prostate cancer based on prostate-specific deletion of Pten and Trp53 by incorporating a Cre-activatable luciferase reporter. By coupling the deletion of those genes to the activation of a luciferase reporter, we were able to monitor tumor burden non-invasively over time. We show that, consistent with previous reports, deletion of both Pten and Trp53 on a C57BL/6 background accelerates tumor growth and results in both the loss of androgen receptor expression and castrate resistant tumors as compared with loss of Pten alone. Loss of Trp53 results in the development of sarcomatoid histology and the expression of markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Zeb1 and vimentin, with kinetics and penetrance dependent on whether one or both alleles of Trp53 were deleted. Homozygous deletion of Trp53 and Pten resulted in uniformly lethal disease by 25 weeks. While we were able to detect locally invasive disease in the peritoneal cavity in aggressive tumors from the double knockout mice, we were unable to detect lymphatic or hematogenous metastatic disease in lymph nodes or at distant sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locally-invasive, castrate-resistant prostate cancer in a Pten/Trp53 double knockout mouse model of prostate cancer monitored with non-invasive bioluminescent imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Characterization of Fbxl22, a novel skeletal muscle atrophy-promoting E3 ubiquitin ligase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified in muscle atrophy-inducing conditions. The purpose of the current study was to explore the functional role of Fbxl22, and a newly identified splice variant (Fbxl22-193), in skeletal muscle homeostasis and neurogenic muscle atrophy. In mouse C2C12 muscle cells, promoter fragments of the Fbxl22 gene were cloned and fused with the secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter gene to assess the transcriptional regulation of Fbxl22. The tibialis anterior muscles of male C57/BL6 mice (12-16 weeks old) were electroporated with expression plasmids containing the cDNA of two Fbxl22 splice variants and tissues collected after 7, 14 and 28 days. Gastrocnemius muscles of wild type and MuRF1 knockout mice were electroporated with an Fbxl22 RNAi or empty plasmid, denervated three days post-transfection, and tissues collected 7 days post-denervation. The full-length gene and novel splice variant are transcriptionally induced early (after 3 days) during neurogenic muscle atrophy. In vivo overexpression of Fbxl22 isoforms in mouse skeletal muscle lead to evidence of myopathy/atrophy suggesting that both are involved in the process of neurogenic muscle atrophy. Knockdown of Fbxl22 in MuRF1 KO muscles resulted in significant additive muscle sparing at 7 days of denervation. Targeting two E3 ubiquitin ligases appears to have a strong additive effect on protecting muscle mass loss with denervation and these findings have important implications in the development of therapeutic strategies to treat muscle atrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Characterization of Fbxl22, a novel skeletal muscle atrophy-promoting E3 ubiquitin ligase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regular physical activity reduces the percentage of spinally projecting neurons that express mu-opioid receptors from the RVM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular physical activity/exercise is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for individuals with chronic pain. Central inhibitory mechanisms, involving serotonin and opioids, are critical to analgesia produced by regular physical activity. The RVM sends projections to the spinal cord to inhibit or facilitate nociceptive neurons and plays a key role in exercise-induced analgesia. The goal of these studies was to examine if regular physical activity modifies RVM-spinal cord circuitry. Male and female mice received Fluoro-Gold placed on the spinal cord to identify spinally projecting neurons from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and the nucleus raphe obscuris/nucleus raphe pallidus (NRO/NRP), dermorphin-488 into caudal medulla to identify mu-opioid receptors, and were immunohistochemically stained for either phosphorylated-N-methyl-D-aspartate subunit NR1 (p-NR1) to identify excitatory neurons or tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) to identify serotonin neurons. The percentage of dermorphin-488-positive cells that stained for p-NR1 (or TPH), and the percentage of dermorphin-488-positive cells that stained for p-NR1 (or TPH) and Fluoro-Gold was calculated.

Physically active animals were provided running wheels in their cages for 8 weeks and compared to sedentary animals without running wheels. Animals with chronic muscle pain, induced by two intramuscular injections of pH 4.0, were compared to sham controls (pH 7.2). Physically active animals had less mu-opioid expressing neurons projecting to the spinal cord when compared to sedentary animals in the RVM, but not the NRO/NRP. No changes were observed for TPH. These data suggest that regular exercise alters central facilitation so that there is less descending facilitation to result in a net increase in inhibition.

Summary StatementPhysically active animals has less mu-opioid expressing neurons projecting to the spinal cord in the RVM, but not the NRO/NRP, when compared to sedentary animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regular physical activity reduces the percentage of spinally projecting neurons that express mu-opioid receptors from the RVM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VCFdbR: A method for expressing biobank-scale Variant Call Format data in a SQLite database using R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As exome and whole-genome sequencing cohorts grow in size, the data they produce strains the limits of current tools and data structures. The Variant Call Format (VCF) was originally created as part of the 1,000 Genomes project. Flexible and concise enough to describe the genetic variations of thousands of samples in a single flat file, the VCF has become the standard for communicating the results of large-scale sequencing experiments. Because of its static and text-based structure, VCFs remain cumbersome to parse and filter in an interactive way, even with the aid of indexing. Iterating on previous concepts, we propose here a pipeline for converting VCFs to simple SQLite databases, which allow for rapid searching and filtering of genetic variants while minimizing memory overhead. Code can be found at https://github.com/tkoomar/VCFdbR
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koomar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VCFdbR: A method for expressing biobank-scale Variant Call Format data in a SQLite database using R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invasive freshwater snails form novel microbial symbioses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resident microbes (microbiota) can shape host organismal function and adaptation in the face of environmental change. Invasion of new habitats exposes hosts to novel selection pressures, but little is known about the impact of invasion on microbiota and the host-microbiome relationship after this transition (e.g., how rapidly symbioses are formed, whether microbes influence invasion success). We used high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of New Zealand (native) and European (invasive) populations of the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and found that while invaders do carry over some core microbial taxa from New Zealand, most of their microbial community is distinct. This finding highlights that invasions can result in the formation of novel symbioses. We further show that the native microbiome is composed of fewer core microbes than the microbiome of invasive snails, suggesting that the microbiota is streamlined to essential members. Together, our findings demonstrate that microbiota comparisons across native and invasive populations can reveal the impact of a long coevolutionary history and specialization of microbes in the native host range, as well as new associations occurring after invasion. We lay essential groundwork for understanding how microbial relationships affect invasion success and how microbes may be utilized in the control of invasive hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bankers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian-Tucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invasive freshwater snails form novel microbial symbioses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Loss-of-Function Mutations in COCH Cause Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Deafness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COCH is the most abundantly expressed gene in the cochlea. Unsurprisingly, mutations in COCH underly deafness in mice and humans. Two forms of deafness are linked to mutations in COCH, the well-established autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss, with or without vestibular dysfunction (DFNA9) via a gain-of-function/dominant-negative mechanism, and more recently autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNB110) via nonsense variants. Using a combination of targeted gene panels, exome sequencing and functional studies, we identified four novel pathogenic variants (two nonsense variants, one missense and one inframe deletion) in COCH as the cause of autosomal recessive hearing loss in a multi-ethnic cohort. To investigate whether the non-truncating variants exert their effect via a loss-of-function mechanism, we used mini-gene splicing assays. Our data showed both the missense and inframe deletion variants altered RNA-splicing by creating an exon splicing silencer and abolishing an exon splicing enhancer, respectively. Both variants create frameshifts and are predicted to result in a null allele. This study confirms the involvement of loss-of-function mutations in COCH in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss, expands the mutational landscape of DFNB110 to include coding variants that alter RNA-splicing, and highlights the need to investigate the effect of coding variants on RNA-splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovey, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renkes, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahzad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riazuddin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Loss-of-Function Mutations in COCH Cause Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Deafness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathologic α-Synuclein Species Activate LRRK2 in Pro-Inflammatory Monocyte and Macrophage Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene that lead to LRRK2 kinase hyperactivity can cause Parkinsons disease (PD). The link between LRRK2 and -synuclein aggregation in PD remains enigmatic. Numerous reports suggest critical LRRK2 functions in microglial responses. Herein, we find that LRRK2-positive immune cells in the brain represent CD68-positive pro-inflammatory, monocyte-derived macrophages, distinct from microglia. Rod -synuclein fibrils stimulate LRRK2 kinase activity in monocyte-derived macrophages, and LRRK2 mutations lead to enhanced recruitment of classical monocytes into the midbrain in response to -synuclein. LRRK2 kinase inhibition blocks -synuclein fibril induction of LRRK2 protein in both human and murine macrophages, with human cells demonstrating much higher LRRK2 levels and kinase activity than equivalent murine cells. Further, interferon-{gamma} strongly induces LRRK2 kinase activity in primary human macrophages in comparison to weak effects observed in murine cells. These results highlight peripheral immune responses in LRRK2-linked paradigms that further connect two central proteins in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelmotilib, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokratian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonhoff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmsen, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krendelshchikova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathologic α-Synuclein Species Activate LRRK2 in Pro-Inflammatory Monocyte and Macrophage Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.072793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited time window for retinal gene therapy in a preclinical model of ciliopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.072793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal degeneration is a common clinical feature of ciliopathies, a group of genetic diseases linked to ciliary dysfunction, and gene therapy is an attractive treatment option to prevent vision loss. Although the efficacy of retinal gene therapy is well established by multiple proof-of-concept preclinical studies, its long-term effect, particularly when treatments are given at advanced disease stages, is controversial. Incomplete treatment and intrinsic variability of gene delivery methods may contribute to the variable outcomes. Here, we used a genetic rescue approach to "optimally" treat retinal degeneration at various disease stages and examined the long-term efficacy of gene therapy in a mouse model of ciliopathy. We used a Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 17 (BBS17) mouse model, in which the gene-trap that suppresses Bbs17 (also known as Lztfl1) expression can be removed by tamoxifen administration, restoring normal gene expression systemically. Our data indicate that therapeutic effects of retinal gene therapy decrease gradually as treatments are given at later stages. These results suggest the presence of limited time window for successful gene therapy in certain retinal degenerations. Our study also implies that the long-term efficacy of retinal gene therapy may depend on not only the timing of treatment but also other factors such as the function of mutated genes and residual activities of mutant alleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffcorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.072793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited time window for retinal gene therapy in a preclinical model of ciliopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating age-related cortical trajectories in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behaviour. Previous research has shown that deriving robust estimates of age-related brain morphometric changes requires large-scale studies. In response, we conducted a large-scale analysis of cortical thickness in 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years by pooling data through the Lifespan Working group of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to characterize age-related trajectories in cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma (LMS) method. Inter-individual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Overall, cortical thickness peaked in childhood and had a steep decrease during the first 2-3 decades of life; thereafter, it showed a gradual monotonic decrease which was steeper in men than in women particularly in middle-life. Notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar and anterior cingulate cortices. Inter-individual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results reconcile uncertainties about age-related trajectories of cortical thickness; the centile values provide estimates of normative variance in cortical thickness, and may assist in detecting abnormal deviations in cortical thickness, and associated behavioural, cognitive and clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.077834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalised on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine the age-related morphometric trajectories of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum early in life; the volume of the basal ganglia showed a gradual monotonic decline thereafter while the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus remained largely stable (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life followed by a steep decline thereafter. The lateral ventricles showed a trajectory of continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Significant age-related increase in inter-individual variability was found for the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to derive risk predictions for the early identification of diverse clinical phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, host ranges, and potential drivers of speciation among the inquiline enemies of oak gall wasps. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals that exploit an extended phenotype (e.g., residences, resources, etc.) of other animals are called inquilines. Not strictly parasites, inquilines may nevertheless possess specialized traits that adapt them to particular dimensions of the extended phenotype of their "host". These adaptations to host traits can in turn lead to fitness tradeoffs that restrict the host range of an inquiline such that shifts to novel hosts might trigger inquiline diversification. Speciation via host shifting has been studied in many animal parasites, but we know far less about the role of host shifts in inquiline speciation. Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) is a speciose but taxonomically-challenging group of inquilines that feed on the tissue of galls induced by oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Currently too little is known about Nearctic Synergus diversity or host associations to evaluate whether and how host use affects their diversification. Here, we report on a large collection of Synergus reared from galls of 33 oak gall wasp species in the upper Midwestern United States. We integrated DNA barcodes, morphology, ecology, and phenology to delimit putative species of Synergus and describe their host ranges. We find evidence of at least 23 Synergus species associated with the 33 gall wasp hosts. At least five previously described Synergus species are each a complex of two to five species, while three species fit no prior description. We also find strong evidence that oak tree section and host gall morphology define axes of specialization for Synergus. Without over-interpreting our singlegene tree, it is clear that the North American Synergus have experienced several transitions among gall hosts and tree habitats and that host-use is correlated with reproductive isolation, though it remains too early to tell whether shifts to new hosts are the initiators of speciation events in Synergus inquilines of oak gall wasps, or if host shifts occur after reproductive isolation has already evolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, host ranges, and potential drivers of speciation among the inquiline enemies of oak gall wasps.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A putative long noncoding RNA-encoded micropeptide maintains cellular homeostasis in pancreatic β-cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micropeptides (microproteins) encoded by transcripts previously annotated as long noncoding RNA (IncRNAs) are emerging as important mediators of fundamental biological processes in health and disease. Here we applied two computational tools to identify putative micropeptides encoded by lncRNAs that are expressed in the human pancreas. We experimentally verified one such micropeptide encoded by a {beta}-cell- and neural cell-enriched lncRNA TUNAR (also known as TUNA, HI-LNC78 or LINC00617). We named this highly conserved 48-amino-acid micropeptide Beta cell- and Neural cell-regulin (BNLN). BNLN contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and localized at the endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic {beta}-cells. Overexpression of BNLN lowered ER calcium levels, increased cytosolic calcium levels, and maintained ER homeostasis in response to high glucose challenge. To determine the physiological and pathological roles of BNLN, we assessed the BNLN expression in islets from mice fed with a high-fat diet and a regular diet, and found that BNLN is suppressed by diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, overexpression of BNLN elevated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Lastly, BNLN overexpression enhanced insulin secretion in islets from lean and obese mice as well as from humans. Taken together, our study provides the first evidence that lncRNA-encoded micropeptides play a critical role in pancreatic {beta}-cell function and provides a foundation for future comprehensive analyses of micropeptide function and pathophysiological impact on diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, A.-V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebag, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A putative long noncoding RNA-encoded micropeptide maintains cellular homeostasis in pancreatic β-cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise interventions alter the DNA methylation profile in skeletal muscle, yet little is known about the role of the DNA methylation machinery in exercise capacity. In this study, we found that in oxidative red muscle, DNMT3A expression increases greatly following a bout of endurance exercise. Mice lacking Dnmt3a in skeletal muscle fibers had reduced tolerance to endurance exercise, accompanied by reduced oxidative capacity and reduced mitochondrial counts. Moreover, during exercise, the knockout muscles overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are major contributors to muscle dysfunction. In mechanistic terms, we demonstrated that Aldh1l1 is a key target of repression by DNMT3A in red muscles. DNMT3A directly regulated the Aldh1l1 transcription by binding to the Aldh1l1 promoter region and altering DNA methylation and histone modification. Enforcing ALDH1L1 expression, leading to elevated NADPH, led to overproduction of ROS by the NADPH oxidase complex (NOX) in myotubes, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial defects. Moreover, both genetic inhibition of ALDH1L1 and pharmacological inhibition of NOX rescued oxidative stress and mitochondrial decline in Dnmt3a-deficient myotubes, confirming the essential role of ALDH1L1-dependent ROS generation as a downstream effector of DNMT3A loss of function. Together, our results reveal that DNMT3A in skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in endurance exercise by controlling intracellular oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villivalam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human es-fMRI Resource: Concurrent deep-brain stimulation and whole-brain functional MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the causal effects of one brain region on another (effective connectivity) is a challenging problem in neuroscience, since it requires invasive direct manipulation of brain function, together with whole-brain measurement of the effects produced. Here we establish a unique resource and present data from 26 human patients who underwent electrical stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (es-fMRI). The patients had medically refractory epilepsy requiring surgically implanted intracranial electrodes in cortical and subcortical locations. One or multiple contacts on these electrodes were stimulated while simultaneously recording BOLD-fMRI activity in a block design. Multiple runs exist for patients with different stimulation sites. We describe the resource, data collection process, preprocessing using the fMRIPrep analysis pipeline and management of artifacts, and provide end-user analyses to visualize distal brain activation produced by site-specific electrical stimulation. The data are organized according to the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) specification, and are available for analysis or future dataset contributions on openneuro.org including both raw and preprocessed data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human es-fMRI Resource: Concurrent deep-brain stimulation and whole-brain functional MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abl kinase deficiency promotes AKT pathway activation and prostate cancer progression and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abl family kinases function as proto-oncogenes in various leukemias, and pro-tumor functions have been discovered for Abl kinases in solid tumors as well. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that Abl kinases can function to suppress tumor cell proliferation, motility, and in vivo tumor growth in some settings. To investigate the role of Abl kinases in prostate cancer, we generated Abl-deficient cells in a pre-clinical model of spontaneously metastatic, androgen-indifferent prostate cancer. Loss of Abl family kinase expression resulted in a highly aggressive, metastatic phenotype in vivo that was associated with AKT pathway activation, increased growth on 3D collagen matrix, and enhanced cell motility in vitro. Treatment of Abl kinase-expressing cells with the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib phenocopied the malignant phenotypes observed in Abl-deficient tumor cells. In addition, inhibiting AKT pathway signaling abolished the increased 3D growth of Abl-deficient cells. Our data reveal that Abl family kinases can function as suppressors of prostate cancer progression and metastasis by restraining AKT signaling, a signaling pathway known to be associated with emergence of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marchal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzavand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stipp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abl kinase deficiency promotes AKT pathway activation and prostate cancer progression and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-dependent local protein synthesis is critical for synapse-specific, persistent plasticity. Abnormalities in local protein synthesis have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. We have recently identified the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme as a novel mediator of protein synthesis at activated synapses. Additionally, mice lacking translin/trax exhibit some of the behavioral abnormalities found in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Therefore, identifying signaling pathways interacting with translin/trax to support persistent synaptic plasticity is a translationally relevant goal. Here, as a first step to achieve this goal, we have assessed the requirement of translin/trax for multiple hippocampal synaptic plasticity paradigms that rely on distinct molecular mechanisms. We found that mice lacking translin/trax exhibited selective impairment in a form of persistent hippocampal plasticity, which requires postsynaptic PKA activity. In contrast, enduring forms of plasticity that are dependent on presynaptic PKA were unaffected. Furthermore, these mice did not display exaggerated metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term synaptic depression, a hallmark of the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that translin/trax mediates long-term synaptic plasticity that is dependent on postsynaptic PKA signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.104364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal cortical surface cooling is a novel and safe method for intraoperative functional brain mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.104364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveElectrical cortical stimulation (ECS) has been the gold standard for intraoperative functional mapping in neurosurgery, yet it carries the risk of induced seizures. Here we assess the safety of focal cortical cooling (CC) as a potential alternative to ECS for functional brain mapping.

MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 40 consecutive subjects (n=13 tumor, 27 mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) resection) who underwent intraoperative CC during craniotomy at the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics from 2007 through 2019 (CC group). Thirty-eight of the 40 subjects had ECS performed along with CC during the same procedure. To assess the safety of CC, intra- and post-operative seizure incidence and post-operative neurological deficits were collected together with new post-operative radiographic findings not related to the surgical procedure itself (i.e. non-mapping portions). As a control cohort, we collected 55 consecutive subjects (n=21 MTLE, 34 tumor/vascular pathology) who underwent awake ECS mapping without CC between 2006 and 2019 (ECS-alone group). To evaluate potential long term effects of mapping techniques (CC and/or ECS), we separately collected another 25 consecutive subjects who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy(ATL) without CC nor ECS between 2007 and 2019 (No ECS/No CC-ATL group).

ResultsA total of 79 brain sites were cooled in the 40 CC subjects, including inferior frontal gyrus (44%), precentral gyrus (39%), postcentral gyrus (6%), subcentral gyrus (4%) and superior temporal gyrus (6%). No intraoperative seizures were reported in the CC group, whereas 3.6% of ECS-alone group had intraoperative seizures. The incidence of seizure(s) within the first post-operative week did not significantly differ amongst CC (7.9%), ECS-alone (9.0%) and No ECS/No CC-ATL groups (12%). There was no significante difference in the incidence of postoperative radiographic change between CC (7.5%) and ECS-alone groups (5.5 %). The long term seizure outcome for MTLE subjects did not statistically differ regarding  good outcomes (Engel I+II): CC group (80%), ECS-alone (83.3%) and No ECS/No CC-ATL group (83.3%).

ConclusionsCortical cooling when used as an intraoperative mapping technique is safe, and may complement traditional electrical cortical stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.104364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal cortical surface cooling is a novel and safe method for intraoperative functional brain mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The p150 Isoform of ADAR1 Blocks Sustained RLR signaling and Apoptosis during Influenza Virus Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling through retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) is tightly regulated, with activation occurring upon sensing of viral nucleic acids, and suppression mediated by negative regulators. Under homeostatic conditions aberrant activation of melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (MDA5) is prevented through editing of endogenous dsRNA by RNA editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR1). In addition, ADAR1 is postulated to play proviral and antiviral roles during viral infections that are dependent or independent of RNA editing activity. Here, we investigated the importance of ADAR1 isoforms in modulating influenza A virus (IAV) replication and revealed the opposing roles for ADAR1 isoforms, with the nuclear p110 isoform restricting versus the cytoplasmic p150 isoform promoting IAV replication. Importantly, we demonstrate that p150 is critical for preventing sustained RIG-I signaling, as p150 deficient cells showed increased IFN-{beta} expression and apoptosis during IAV infection, independent of RNA editing activity. Taken together, the p150 isoform of ADAR1 is important for preventing sustained RIG-I induced IFN-{beta} expression and apoptosis during viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.111419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The p150 Isoform of ADAR1 Blocks Sustained RLR signaling and Apoptosis during Influenza Virus Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSP90 inhibition modulates NFB signaling in airway goblet cell metaplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goblet cell metaplasia and mucus hyper-production are key features of chronic muco-obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. Various mechanisms lead to goblet cell metaplasia in the airways; the driving mechanism for goblet cell metaplasia in a specific patient may be unknown. We recently found that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is important for both IL-13- and IL-17- induced airway goblet cell metaplasia. HSP90 interacts with multiple clients that are important in goblet cell metaplasia including Akt, Jak/STAT, IRS, Notch, and various kinases involved in NF{kappa}B signaling. Here, we used a targeted phospho-proteomic approach to identify candidate HSP90 clients modulated by the HSP90-inhibitor geldanamycin. NF{kappa}B family members were enriched amongst the top candidate targets of HSP90 inhibition in IL-13 an organotypic model of human airway epithelia. We hypothesized that HSP90 inhibition modulated goblet cell metaplasia by interfering with NF{kappa}B signaling. We used transcription factor activation, nuclear translocation, and phospho-specific immunofluorescence assays to investigate how IL-13 exposure and HSP90 inhibition modulated NF{kappa}B. We found that HSP90 inhibition prevented goblet cell metaplasia by non-canonically blocking NF{kappa}B p100/p52 function in human airway epithelia. NF{kappa}B modulation via its interaction with HSP90 is a pharmaceutically feasible therapeutic target for goblet cell metaplasia; this approach may enable treatment of patients with chronic muco-inflammatory lung diseases with both known or unidentified disease-driving mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tudas, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSP90 inhibition modulates NFB signaling in airway goblet cell metaplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.115634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age- and Sex-Specific Fear Conditioning Deficits in Mice Lacking Pcdh10, an Autism Associated Gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.115634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PCDH10 is a gene associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is involved in the growth of thalamocortical projections and dendritic spine elimination. Previously, we characterized mice Pcdh10 haploinsufficient mice (Pcdh10+/- mice) and found male-specific social deficits that are rescued by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) partial agonist d-cycloserine, increased ultrasonic vocalizations in pups, and dark phase hypoactivity. In addition, we determined that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of these mice exhibited increased dendritic spine density of immature morphology, decreased NMDAR expression, and decreased gamma synchronization. Here, we further characterize Pcdh10+/- mice by testing for fear memory, which relies upon BLA function. We used both male and female Pcdh10+/- mice and their wild-type littermates at two ages, juvenile and adult, and in two learning paradigms, cued and contextual fear conditioning. We found that males at both ages and in both assays exhibited fear conditioning deficits, but females were only impaired as adults in the cued condition. These data are further evidence for male-specific alterations in BLA-related behaviors in Pcdh10+/- mice, and suggest that these mice may be a useful model for dissecting male specific brain and behavioral phenotypes relevant to social and emotional behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferri, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.115634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age- and Sex-Specific Fear Conditioning Deficits in Mice Lacking Pcdh10, an Autism Associated Gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule long-read sequencing reveals a conserved selection mechanism determining intact long RNA and miRNA profiles in sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sperm contributes diverse RNAs to the zygote. While sperm small RNAs have been shown to be shaped by paternal environments and impact offspring phenotypes, we know little about long RNAs in sperm, including mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. Here, by integrating PacBio single-molecule long reads with Illumina short reads, we found 2,778 sperm intact long transcript (SpILT) species in mouse. The SpILTs profile is evolutionarily conserved between rodents and primates. mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins are enriched in SpILTs, and in mice they are sensitive to early trauma. Mouse and human SpILT profiles are determined by a post-transcriptional selection process during spermiogenesis, and are co-retained in sperm with base pair-complementary miRNAs. In sum, we have developed a bioinformatics pipeline to define intact transcripts, added SplLTs into the "sperm RNA code" for use in future research and potential diagnosis, and uncovered selection mechanism(s) controlling sperm RNA profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule long-read sequencing reveals a conserved selection mechanism determining intact long RNA and miRNA profiles in sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups using 1 degree of freedom (1df) interaction and 2df joint tests. Primary multi-ancestry analyses in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified 3 novel loci that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2, including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) showing significant 1df interactions with long sleep duration and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) showing significant 1df interactions with short sleep duration (Pint < 5x10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific two-stage analyses and combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified 23 novel loci that need external replication, including 3 and 5 loci showing significant 1df interactions with long and short sleep duration, respectively (Pint < 5x10-8). Multiple genes mapped to our 26 novel loci have known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. We also identified new gene by long sleep interactions near five known BP loci ([&le;]1Mb) including NME7, FAM208A, MKLN1, CEP164, and RGL3/ELAVL3 (Pint < 5x10-8). This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpelainen, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierenberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munroe, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifactorial and closed head impact traumatic brain injuries cause distinct tactile hypersensitivity profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent one of the greatest financial burdens and sources of suffering in society today. A substantial number of these patients suffer from post-traumatic headache (PTH), which is typically associated with tactile allodynia. Unfortunately, this phenomenon has been under-studied, in large part due to the lack of well-characterized laboratory animal models. We have addressed this gap in the field by characterizing the tactile sensory profile of two non-penetrating models of PTH. We show that multifactorial TBI, consisting of aspects of impact, acceleration/deceleration, and blast wave exposure, produces long term tactile hypersensitivity and central sensitization, phenotypes reminiscent of PTH in patients, in both cephalic and extracephalic regions. By contrast, closed head injury induces only transient cephalic tactile hypersensitivity, with no extracephalic consequences. Both models show more severe phenotype with repetitive daily injury for three days, compared to either one or three successive injuries in a single day, providing new insight into patterns of injury that may place patients at greater risk of developing PTH. Importantly, even after recovery from transient cephalic tactile hypersensitivity, mice subjected to closed head injury had persistent hypersensitivity to established migraine triggers, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor. Our results offer new tools for studying PTH, as well as preclinical support for a pathophysiologic role of CGRP in this condition.

SummaryTwo models of post-traumatic headache after traumatic brain injury provide novel laboratory tools and insights in relative risks of injury and therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wattiez, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rea, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintron-Perez, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Rosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifactorial and closed head impact traumatic brain injuries cause distinct tactile hypersensitivity profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.106815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANGPTL4 from adipose, but not liver, is responsible for regulating plasma triglyceride partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.106815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated plasma triglyceride levels are associated with metabolic disease. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) regulates plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Our aim was to investigate the role of tissue-specific ANGPTL4 expression in the setting of high fat diet. Adipocyte- and hepatocyte-specific ANGPTL4 deficient mice were fed a high fat diet (60% kCal from fat) for either 12 weeks or 6 months. We performed plasma metabolic measurements, triglyceride clearance and uptake assays, LPL activity assays, and assessed glucose homeostasis. Mice lacking adipocyte ANGPTL4 recapitulated the triglyceride phenotypes of whole-body ANGPTL4 deficiency, whereas mice lacking hepatocyte ANGPTL4 had few triglyceride phenotypes. When fed a high fat diet (HFD), mice deficient in adipocyte ANGPTL4 gained more weight, had enhanced adipose LPL activity, and initially had improved glucose and insulin sensitivity. However, this improvement was largely lost after 6 months on HFD. Conversely, mice deficient in hepatocyte ANGPTL4 initially displayed no differences in glucose homeostasis, but began to manifest improved glucose tolerance after 6 months on HFD. We conclude that it is primarily adipocyte-derived ANGPTL4 that is responsible for regulating plasma triglyceride levels. Deficiency in adipocyte- or hepatocyte-derived ANGPTL4 may confer some protections against high fat diet induced dysregulation of glucose homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushing, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvers-Davie, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.106815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANGPTL4 from adipose, but not liver, is responsible for regulating plasma triglyceride partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.132340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring PBMC responses to prevent CHIKV infection-specific monocyte subset redistribution and cytokine responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.132340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection with the mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes acute or chronic arthritis in humans. Inflammatory responses mediated by monocytes, the primary target cells of CHIKV infection in the blood, are considered to play an important role in CHIKV pathogenesis. A recent study revealed that the acute phase of CHIKV infection is characterized by a monocyte-driven response, with an expansion of the intermediate monocyte (IM) subset. In this study, we adopted a previously established in vitro model of CHIKV infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, to elucidate the mechanism and relevance of IM expansion in CHIKV replication and associated inflammatory responses. Our data show that infectious but not replication-incompetent CHIKV increases the frequency of IM and to a lesser extent, non-classical (NM) monocytes while reducing the number of classical monocytes (CM). The increase of IM or NM frequency coincided with the activation of inflammatory response and occurred in the absence of lymphocytes implying that monocyte-derived cues are sufficient to drive this effect. Importantly, priming of monocytes with LPS prevented expansion of IM and NM but had no effect on viral replication. It did however alter CHIKV-induced cytokine signature. Taken together, our data delineate the role of IM in CHIKV infection-specific innate immune responses and provide insight for the development of therapeutic strategies that may focus on rewiring monocyte immune responses to prevent CHIKV-mediated arthralgia and arthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar Briseno, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauzuolis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenhuis-Zybert, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.132340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring PBMC responses to prevent CHIKV infection-specific monocyte subset redistribution and cytokine responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates skeletal muscle cell size, intracellular signalling, adiposity and glucose metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of skeletal muscle is beneficial in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Mechanical stimulation can regulate skeletal muscle differentiation, growth and metabolism, however the molecular mechanosensor remains unknown. Here, we show that SWELL1 (LRRC8a) functionally encodes a swell-activated anion channel that regulates PI3K-AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR signaling, muscle differentiation, myoblast fusion, cellular oxygen consumption, and glycolysis in skeletal muscle cells. SWELL1 over-expression in SWELL1 KO myotubes boosts PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling to supra-normal levels and fully rescues myotube formation. Skeletal muscle targeted SWELL1 KO mice have smaller myofibers, generate less force ex vivo, and exhibit reduced exercise endurance, associated with increased adiposity under basal conditions, and glucose intolerance and insulin resistance when raised on a high-fat diet, compared to WT mice. These results reveal that the SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates insulin-PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling in skeletal muscle to influence skeletal muscle differentiation in vitro and skeletal myofiber size, muscle function, adiposity and systemic metabolism in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minerath, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates skeletal muscle cell size, intracellular signalling, adiposity and glucose metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.116145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UBR5 knockdown in human myotubes in-vitro and mouse skeletal muscle tissue in-vivo determines its pertinent role in anabolism and hypertrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.116145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
UBR5 is an E3-ubiquitin-ligase positively associated with anabolism, hypertrophy and recovery from atrophy in skeletal muscle. The precise mechanisms underpinning UBR5s role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remain unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate these mechanisms by silencing the UBR5 gene in-vitro and in-vivo. The siRNA-induced reduction (-77%) in UBR5 gene expression in human myotubes was prevented by mechanical loading, suggesting that UBR5 gene expression may be regulated via mechano-transduction signalling. Therefore, we electroporated a UBR5-RNAi plasmid into mouse tibialis anterior muscle in-vivo to investigate the impact of reduced UBR5 on mechano-transduction signalling MEK/ERK/p90RSK and Akt/p70S6K/4E-BP1/rpS6 pathways. Seven days post UBR5 RNAi electroporation, while reductions in overall muscle mass were not detected, mean CSA of GFP-positive fibers was reduced (-9.5%) and the number of large fibers was lower versus the control. Importantly, UBR5-RNAi significantly reduced total RNA, muscle protein synthesis, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. Whilst p90RSK phosphorylation significantly increased, total p90RSK protein levels demonstrated a 45% reduction with UBR5-RNAi. Finally, these early signalling events after 7 days of UBR5 knockdown culminated in significant reductions in muscle mass (-4.6%) and larger reductions in fiber CSA (-18.5%) after 30 days. This was associated with increased levels of the phosphatase, PP2Ac, and inappropriate chronic elevation of p70S6K and rpS6 between 7 and 30 days, and corresponding reductions in eIF4e. This study demonstrates UBR5 plays an important role in anabolism/hypertrophy, whereby knockdown of UBR5 culminates in skeletal muscle atrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaborne, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viggars, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorski, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharples, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.116145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UBR5 knockdown in human myotubes in-vitro and mouse skeletal muscle tissue in-vivo determines its pertinent role in anabolism and hypertrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.130815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CBP KIX domain regulates long-term memory and circadian activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.130815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CREB-dependent transcription necessary for long-term memory is driven by interactions with CREB-binding protein (CBP), a multi-domain protein that binds numerous transcription factors. Identifying specific domain functions for multi-action proteins is essential to understand processes necessary for healthy living including cognitive function and a robust circadian clock. We investigated the function of the CBP KIX domain in hippocampal memory and gene expression using CBPKIX/KIX mice with mutations that prevent phospho-CREB (Ser133) binding. We found that CBPKIX/KIX mice were impaired in long-term, but not short-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Using an unbiased analysis of gene expression after training for hippocampus-dependent memory, we discovered dysregulation of CREB and CLOCK target genes and downregulation of circadian genes in CBPKIX/KIX mice. With our finding that the CBP KIX domain was important for transcription of circadian genes, we profiled circadian activity in CBPKIX/KIX mice. CBPKIX/KIX mice exhibited delayed activity peaks after light offset and longer free-running periods in constant dark, although phase resetting to light was comparable to wildtype. These studies provide insight into the significance of the CBP KIX domain by defining targets of CBP transcriptional co-activation in memory and the role of the CBP KIX domain in vivo on circadian rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelakos, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poplawski, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Anthony, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcari, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassel, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutillier, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.130815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CBP KIX domain regulates long-term memory and circadian activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential causal involvement of human auditory and frontal cortices in vocal motor control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech motor control requires integration of sensory and motor information. Bidirectional communication between frontal and auditory cortices is crucial for speech production, self-monitoring and motor control. We used cortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) to functionally dissect audio-motor interactions underlying speech production and motor control. Eleven neurosurgical patients performed a visually cued vocal task in which a short auditory feedback perturbation was introduced during vocalization. We evaluated the effect of DES on vocal initiation, voice fundamental frequency (F0) and feedback-dependent motor control. DES of frontal sites modulated vocal onset latencies. Stimulation of different inferior frontal gyrus sites elicited either shortening or prolongation of vocal latencies. DES distinctly modulated voice F0 at different vocalization stages. Frontal and temporal areas played an important role in setting voice F0 in the first 250 ms of an utterance, while Heschls gyrus was involved later when auditory input is available for self-monitoring. Vocal responses to pitch-shifted auditory feedback were mostly reduced by DES of non-core auditory cortices. Overall, we demonstrate that vocal planning and initiation are driven by frontal cortices, while feedback-dependent control relies predominantly on non-core auditory cortices. Our findings represent direct evidence of the role played by different auditory and frontal regions in vocal motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behroozmand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocsis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipoly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.139881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential causal involvement of human auditory and frontal cortices in vocal motor control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.107078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP-2γ is Required for Maintenance of Pluripotent Mammary Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.107078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammary gland ductal morphogenesis depends on the differentiation of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) into basal and luminal lineages. The AP-2{gamma} transcription factor, encoded by Tfap2c, has a central role in mammary gland development but its effect in mammary lineages and specifically MaSCs is largely unknown. Herein, we utilized an inducible, conditional knockout of Tfap2c to elucidate the role of AP-2{gamma} in maintenance and differentiation of MaSCs. Loss of AP-2{gamma} in the basal epithelium profoundly altered the transcriptomes and decreased the number of cells within several clusters of mammary epithelial cells, including adult MaSCs and luminal progenitors.

AP-2{gamma} regulated the expression of genes known to be required for mammary development including C/EBP{beta}, I{kappa}B, and Rspo1. As a result, AP-2{gamma}-deficient mice exhibited repressed mammary gland ductal outgrowth and inhibition of regenerative capacity. The findings demonstrate that AP-2{gamma} is required for maintenance of pluripotent MaSCs and their ability to develop mammary gland structures.

HighlightsO_LIAP-2{gamma}-deficient mice exhibited repressed ductal outgrowth and regenerative capacity
C_LIO_LILoss of AP-2{gamma} reduced the number of mammary stem and luminal progenitor cells
C_LIO_LIAP-2{gamma} target genes, including C/EBP{beta}, I{kappa}B, and Rspo1, regulate mammary development
C_LIO_LIAP-2{gamma} is required for maintenance of pluripotent mammary stem cells
C_LI

eTOC blurbGu, Cho and colleagues utilized a conditional knockout of Tfap2c to examine transcriptional effects of AP-2{gamma} on mammary stem cells. Single cell analysis demonstrated that AP-2{gamma}-deficient mice have decreased numbers of mammary stem cells and alteration of genes required for mammary development including C/EBP{beta}, I{kappa}B, and Rspo1. They demonstrate that AP-2{gamma} is necessary for maintenance of pluripotent mammary stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassady, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulak, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.107078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP-2γ is Required for Maintenance of Pluripotent Mammary Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillatory correlates of auditory working memory examined with human electrocorticography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work examines how sounds are held in auditory working memory (AWM) in humans by examining oscillatory local field potentials (LFPs) in candidate brain regions. Previous fMRI studies by our group demonstrated blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response increases during maintenance in auditory cortex, inferior frontal cortex and the hippocampus using a paradigm with a delay period greater than 10s. The relationship between such BOLD changes and ensemble activity in different frequency bands is complex, and the long delay period raised the possibility that long-term memory mechanisms were engaged. Here we assessed LFPs in different frequency bands in six subjects with recordings from all candidate brain regions using a paradigm with a short delay period of 3 s. Sustained delay activity was demonstrated in all areas, with different patterns in the different areas. Enhancement in low frequency (delta) power and suppression across higher frequencies (beta/gamma) were demonstrated in primary auditory cortex in medial Heschls gyrus (HG) whilst non-primary cortex showed patterns of enhancement and suppression that altered at different levels of the auditory hierarchy from lateral HG to superior- and middle-temporal gyrus. Inferior frontal cortex showed increasing suppression with increasing frequency. The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus showed low frequency increases and high frequency decreases in oscillatory activity. The work demonstrates sustained activity patterns that can only be explained by AWM maintenance, with prominent low-frequency increases in medial temporal lobe regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillatory correlates of auditory working memory examined with human electrocorticography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Succinate accumulation links mitochondrial MnSOD depletion to aberrant nuclear DNA methylation and altered cell fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies showed that human cell line HEK293 lacking mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) exhibited decreased succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and mice lacking MnSOD displayed significant reductions in SDH and aconitase activities. Since MnSOD has significant effects on SDH activity, and succinate is a key regulator of TET enzymes needed for proper differentiation, we hypothesized that SOD2 loss would lead to succinate accumulation, inhibition of TET activity, and impaired erythroid precursor differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we genetically disrupted the SOD2 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic strategy in a human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL 92.1.7) capable of induced differentiation toward an erythroid phenotype. Cells obtained in this manner displayed significant inhibition of SDH activity and ~10-fold increases in cellular succinate levels compared to their parent cell controls. Furthermore, SOD2-/- cells exhibited significantly reduced TET enzyme activity concomitant with decreases in genomic 5-hmC and corresponding increases in 5-mC. Finally, when stimulated with {delta}-aminolevulonic acid ({delta}-ALA), SOD2-/- HEL cells failed to properly differentiate toward an erythroid phenotype, likely due to failure to complete the necessary global DNA demethylation program required for erythroid maturation. Together, our findings support the model of an SDH/succinate/TET axis and a role for succinate as a retrograde signaling molecule of mitochondrial origin that significantly perturbs nuclear epigenetic reprogramming and introduce MnSOD as a governor of the SDH/succinate/TET axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cramer-Morales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heer, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapuskar, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domann, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Succinate accumulation links mitochondrial MnSOD depletion to aberrant nuclear DNA methylation and altered cell fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of MRE-11 to complex DNA damage is modulated by meiosis-specific chromosome organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most dangerous assaults on the genome, and yet their natural and programmed production are inherent to life. When DSBs arise close together (clustered) they are particularly deleterious, and their repair may require an altered form of the DNA damage response. Our understanding of how clustered DSBs are repaired in the germline is unknown. Using UV laser microirradiation, we examine early events in the repair of clustered DSBs in germ cells within whole, live, Caenorhabditis elegans. We use precise temporal resolution to show how the recruitment of MRE-11 to complex damage is regulated, and that clustered DNA damage can recruit proteins from various repair pathways. Abrogation of non-homologous end joining or COM-1 attenuates the recruitment of MRE-11 through distinct mechanisms. The synaptonemal complex plays both positive and negative regulatory roles in these mutant contexts. These findings together indicate that MRE-11 is regulated by modifying its accessibility to chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolikove, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of MRE-11 to complex DNA damage is modulated by meiosis-specific chromosome organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RPA complexes in Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis; unique roles in replication, meiotic recombination and apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) is critical complex that acts in replication and promotes homologous recombination by allowing recombinase recruitment to processed DSB ends. Most organisms possess three RPA subunits (RPA1, RPA2, RPA3) that form a trimeric complex critical for viability. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes for RPA-1, RPA-2 and an RPA-2 paralog RPA-4. In our analysis, we determine that RPA-2 is critical for germline replication, and normal repair of meiotic DSBs. Interestingly, RPA-1 but not RPA-2 is essential for replication, contradictory to what is seen in other organisms, that require both subunits. In the germline, both RPA-1/2 and RPA-1/4 complexes form, but RPA-1/4 is less abundant and its formation is repressed by RPA-2. While RPA-4 does not participate in replication or recombination, we find that RPA-4 inhibit RAD-51 filament formation and promotes apoptosis on a subset of damaged nuclei. Altogether these findings point to sub-functionalization and antagonistic roles of RPA complexes in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hefel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolikove, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.174912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RPA complexes in Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis; unique roles in replication, meiotic recombination and apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.172460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-ictal generalized EEG suppression and seizure-induced mortality are reduced by enhancing dorsal raphe serotonergic neurotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.172460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in patients with refractory epilepsy. A proposed risk marker for SUDEP is the duration of post-ictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES). The mechanisms underlying PGES are unknown. Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in SUDEP pathophysiology. Seizures suppress activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). We hypothesized that suppression of DRN 5-HT neuron activity contributes to PGES and increasing 5-HT neurotransmission or stimulating the DRN before a seizure would decrease PGES duration. Adult C57BL/6 and Pet1-Cre mice received EEG/EMG electrodes, a bipolar stimulating/recording electrode in the right basolateral amygdala, and either a microdialysis guide cannula or an injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) allowing expression of channelrhodopsin2 plus an optic fiber into the DRN. Systemic application of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram (20 mg/kg) decreased PGES duration from seizures induced during wake (n = 23) and NREM sleep (n = 13) whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) pretreatment decreased PGES duration following seizures induced from wake (n = 11), but not NREM sleep (n = 9). Focal chemical (n = 6) or optogenetic (n = 8) stimulation of the DRN reduced PGES duration following kindled seizures and reduced morality following maximal electroshock seizures (n = 6) induced during wake. During PGES, animals exhibited immobility and suppression of EEG activity that was reduced by citalopram pretreatment. These results indicate that 5-HT and the DRN may regulate PGES and seizure-induced mortality.

Highlights- PGES consistently follows seizures induced by amygdala stimulation in amygdala-kindled mice.
- Seizure-induced dysregulation of 5-HT neurotransmission from the dorsal raphe nucleus may contribute to PGES.
- Systemic administration of 5-HT enhancing drugs and stimulation of the DRN reduces PGES duration.
- PGES is associated with post-ictal immobility in kindled mice that can be reduced by pretreatment with citalopram.
- Recovery of EEG frequencies to baseline occurs in a stepwise manner with the lowest frequencies recovering first.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrucci, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyal, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vencer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.172460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-ictal generalized EEG suppression and seizure-induced mortality are reduced by enhancing dorsal raphe serotonergic neurotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique actions of GABA arising from cytoplasmic chloride microdomains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental, cellular, and subcellular variations in the direction of neuronal Cl- currents elicited by GABAA receptor activation have been frequently reported, and we found a corresponding variance in the reversal potential (EGABA) for individual interneurons synapsing on a single pyramidal cell. These findings suggest a corresponding variance in the cytoplasmic concentration of Cl- ([Cl-i]). We determined [Cl-]i by: 1) two-photon imaging of the Cl- sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon (sCLM); 2) Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) of the Cl- sensitive fluorophore MEQ; and 3) electrophysiological measurements of EGABA. These methods collectively demonstrated stable [Cl-]i microdomains in individual neurons in vivo. Fluorometric and electrophysiological estimates of local [Cl-]i were highly correlated. [Cl-]i microdomains persisted after pharmacological inhibition of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) but steadily decreased after inhibiting the polymerization of the anionic macromolecule actin. These studies highlight the existence of functionally significant neuronal Cl- microdomains that modify the impact of GABAergic inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normoyle, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glykys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhala, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillis, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahle, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raiyyani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique actions of GABA arising from cytoplasmic chloride microdomains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlating cell function and morphology by performing fluorescent immunocytochemical staining on the light-microscope stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCorrelation of fluorescence signals from functional changes in live cells with those from immunocytochemical indicators of their morphology following chemical fixation can be highly informative with regard to function-structure relationship. Such analyses can be technically challenging because they need consistently aligning the images between imaging sessions. Existing solutions include introducing artificial spatial landmarks and modifying the microscopes. However, these methods can require extensive changes to the experimental systems.

New methodHere we introduce a simple approach for aligning images. It is based on two procedures: performing immunocytochemistry while a specimen stays on a microscope stage (on-stage), and aligning images using biological structures as landmarks after they are observed with transmitted-light optics in combination with fluorescence-filter sets.

ResultsWe imaged a transient functional signal from a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and mapped it to neurites based on immunocytochemical staining of a structural marker. In the same preparation, we could identify presynaptically silent synapses, based on a lack of labeling with an indicator for synaptic vesicle recycling and on positive immunocytochemical staining for a structural marker of nerve terminals. On-stage immunocytochemistry minimized lateral translations and eliminated rotations, and transmitted-light images of neurites were sufficiently clear to enable spatial registration, effective at a single-pixel level.

Comparison with existing methodsThis method aligned images with minimal change or investment in the experimental systems.

ConclusionsThis method facilitates information retrieval across multiple imaging sessions, even when functional signals are transient or local, and when fluorescent signals in multiple imaging sessions do not match spatially.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakazu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwabuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlating cell function and morphology by performing fluorescent immunocytochemical staining on the light-microscope stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling the Intratumoral Immune Landscapes of Primary and Syngeneic Kras-driven Sarcoma Mouse Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe introduction of immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and fueled interest in the immune cell composition of preclinical tumor models. Both genetically-engineered mouse models and syngeneic cell transplant approaches use immunocompetent mice to study mechanisms driving immunotherapy response and resistance. Due to their rapid and reproducible nature, there has been an expanded interest in developing new syngeneic tools from established primary tumor models. However, there are few analyses directly comparing the immune profiles of primary models with their derived syngeneic counterparts. Here we report comprehensive immunophenotyping of primary tumors from two well-established sarcoma models and four syngeneic allografts derived from these models. We observed that cell lines derived from the same type of genetically engineered primary tumor form allografts with significantly different levels of immune infiltration and intratumoral immune cell composition. Most notable are the differences in the T cell compartment of the syngeneic models, including CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and regulatory T cell populations – each of which have well-documented roles in tumor response to immunotherapy. Our findings highlight the importance of thorough characterization of syngeneic models prior to their use in preclinical studies in order to maintain scientific rigor and to increase the translatability of findings from bench to bedside.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGivney, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper-Adrian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roughton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling the Intratumoral Immune Landscapes of Primary and Syngeneic Kras-driven Sarcoma Mouse Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory ultrapotent chemogenetics activate dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrapotent chemogenetics, including the chloride-permeable inhibitory PSAM4-GlyR receptor, were recently proposed as a powerful strategy to selectively control neuronal activity in awake, behaving animals. We aimed to validate the inhibitory function of PSAM4-GlyR in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) in the ventral striatum. Activation of PSAM4-GlyR with the uPSEM792 ligand enhanced rather than suppressed the activity of D1-MSNs in vivo as indicated by increased c-fos expression in D1-MSNs. Whole-cell recordings in mouse brain slices showed that activation of PSAM4-GlyR did not inhibit firing of action potentials in D1-MSNs. Activation of PSAM4-GlyR depolarized D1-MSNs, attenuated GABAergic inhibition, and shifted the reversal potential of PSAM4-GlyR current to more depolarized potentials, perpetuating the depolarizing effect of receptor activation. The data show that  inhibitory PSAM4-GlyR chemogenetics may actually activate certain cell types, and highlight the pitfalls of utilizing chloride conductances to inhibit neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gantz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belilos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moussawi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory ultrapotent chemogenetics activate dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity patterns of task-specific brain networks allow individual prediction of cognitive symptom dimension of schizophrenia and link to molecular architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the marked inter-individual variability in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, it remains unclear the extent to which individual dimensions of psychopathology may be reflected in variability across the collective set of functional brain connections. Here, we address this question using network-based predictive modeling of individual psychopathology along four data-driven symptom dimensions. Follow-up analyses assess the molecular underpinnings of predictive networks by relating them to neurotransmitter-receptor distribution patterns.

MethodsWe investigated resting-state fMRI data from 147 schizophrenia patients recruited at seven sites. Individual expression along negative, positive, affective, and cognitive symptom dimensions was predicted using relevance vector machine based on functional connectivity within 17 meta-analytic task-networks following a repeated 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-site-out analyses. Results were validated in an independent sample. Networks robustly predicting individual symptom dimensions were spatially correlated with density maps of nine receptors/transporters from prior molecular imaging in healthy populations.

ResultsTen-fold and leave-one-site-out analyses revealed five predictive network-symptom associations. Connectivity within theory-of-mind, cognitive reappraisal, and mirror neuron networks predicted negative, positive, and affective symptom dimensions, respectively. Cognitive dimension was predicted by theory-of-mind and socio-affective-default networks. Importantly, these predictions generalized to the independent sample. Intriguingly, these two networks were positively associated with D1 dopamine receptor and serotonin reuptake transporter densities as well as dopamine-synthesis-capacity.

ConclusionsWe revealed a robust association between intrinsic functional connectivity within networks for socio-affective processes and the cognitive dimension of psychopathology. By investigating the molecular architecture, the present work links dopaminergic and serotonergic systems with the functional topography of brain networks underlying cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffstaedter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatansever, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derntl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity patterns of task-specific brain networks allow individual prediction of cognitive symptom dimension of schizophrenia and link to molecular architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofeedback Training of Auditory Selective Attention Enhances Speech-in-noise Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective attention enhances cortical responses to attended sensory inputs while suppressing others, which can be an effective strategy for speech-in-noise (SiN) understanding. Here, we introduce a training paradigm designed to reinforce attentional modulation of auditory evoked responses. Subjects attended one of two speech streams while our EEG-based attention decoder provided online feedback. After four weeks of this neurofeedback training, subjects exhibited enhanced cortical response to target speech and improved performance during a SiN task. Such training effects were not found in the Placebo group that underwent attention training without neurofeedback. These results suggest an effective rehabilitation for SiN deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emory, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.188045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofeedback Training of Auditory Selective Attention Enhances Speech-in-noise Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation in anesthesia success in a New Zealand freshwater snail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraspecific genetic variation can drive phenotypic variation even across very closely related individuals. Here, we demonstrate that genetic differences between snails are a major contributor to wide variation in menthol anesthesia success in an important freshwater snail model system, Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Anesthesia is used to immobilize organisms for experiments and surgical procedures and to humanely mitigate pain. This is the first example of which we are aware of a role for genetic variation in anesthesia success in a mollusk. These findings highlight the fact that using only one strain or lineage for many experiments will not provide a full picture of phenotypic variation, demonstrate the importance of optimizing biomedically relevant techniques and protocols across a variety of genetic backgrounds, illuminate a potential mechanism underlying previously documented challenges in molluscan anesthesia, and set the stage for powerful and humane manipulative experiments in P. antipodarum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiudong Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Magnuson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marissa Roseman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Jalinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurine Neiman</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.194050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation in anesthesia success in a New Zealand freshwater snail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switch-like control of helicase processivity by single-stranded DNA binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helicases utilize the energy of NTP hydrolysis to translocate along single-stranded nucleic acids (NA) and unwind the duplex. In the cell, helicases function in the context of other NA-associated proteins which regulate helicase function. For example, single-stranded DNA binding proteins are known to enhance helicase activity, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. F. acidarmanus XPD helicase serves as a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of Superfamily 2B helicases, and previous work has shown that its activity is enhanced by the cognate single-stranded DNA binding protein RPA2. Here, single-molecule optical trap measurements of the unwinding activity of a single XPD helicase in the presence of RPA2 reveal a mechanism in which XPD interconverts between two states with different processivities and transient RPA2 interactions stabilize the more processive state, activating a latent "processivity switch" in XPD. These findings provide new insights on mechanisms of helicase regulation by accessory proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbara Stekas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masayoshi Honda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Spies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yann R. Chemla</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.194779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switch-like control of helicase processivity by single-stranded DNA binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.198242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ndr/LATS kinase Cbk1 regulates a specific subset of Ace2 functions and suppresses the hyphae-to-yeast transition in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.198242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Regulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis (RAM) pathway is an important regulatory network in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The RAM pathways two most well-studied components, the NDR/Lats kinase Cbk1 and its putative substrate, the transcription factor Ace2, have a wide range of phenotypes and functions. It is not clear, however, which of these functions are specifically due to the phosphorylation of Ace2 by Cbk1. To address this question, we first compared the transcriptional profiles of CBK1 and ACE2 deletion mutants. This analysis indicates that, of the large number of genes whose expression is affected by deletion of CBK1 and ACE2, only 5.5% of those genes are concordantly regulated. Our data also suggest that Ace2 directly or indirectly represses a large set of genes during hyphal morphogenesis. Second, we generated strains containing ACE2 alleles with alanine mutations at the Cbk1 phosphorylation sites. Phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of these ace2 mutants indicates that, as in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cbk1 regulation is important for daughter cell localization of Ace2 and cell separation during yeast phase growth. In contrast, Cbk1 phosphorylation of Ace2 plays a minor role in C. albicans yeast-to-hyphae transition. We have, however, discovered a new function for the Cbk1-Ace2 axis. Specifically, Cbk1 phosphorylation of Ace2 prevents the hyphae-to-yeast transition. To our knowledge, this is one of the first regulators of the C. albicans hyphae-to-yeast transition to be described. Finally, we present an integrated model for the role of Cbk1 in the regulation of hyphal morphogenesis in C. albicans.

ImportanceRegulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis (RAM) pathway is a key regulatory network that plays a role in many aspects of C. albicans pathobiology. In addition to characterizing the transcriptional effects of this pathway, we discovered that Cbk1 and Ace2, a key RAM pathway regulator-effector pair, mediate a specific set of the overall functions of the RAM pathway. We have also discovered a new function for the Cbk1-Ace2 axis; suppression of the hyphae-to-yeast transition. Very few regulators of this transition have been described and our data indicate that maintenance of hyphal morphogenesis requires suppression of yeast phase growth by Cbk1-regulated Ace2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohan S Wakade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura C Ristow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark A Stamnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anuj Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian J Krysan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.198242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ndr/LATS kinase Cbk1 regulates a specific subset of Ace2 functions and suppresses the hyphae-to-yeast transition in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MITF reprograms the extracellular matrix and focal adhesion in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) is a critical regulator of melanocyte development and differentiation. It also plays an important role in melanoma where it has been described as a molecular rheostat that, depending on activity levels, allows reversible switching between different cellular states. Here we show that MITF directly represses the expression of genes associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and focal adhesion pathways in human melanoma cells as well as of regulators of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) such as CDH2, thus affecting cell morphology and cell-matrix interactions. Importantly, we show that these effects of MITF are reversible, as expected from the rheostat model. The number of focal adhesion points increased upon MITF knockdown, a feature observed in drug resistant melanomas. Cells lacking MITF are similar to the cells of minimal residual disease observed in both human and zebrafish melanomas. Our results suggest that MITF plays a critical role as a repressor of gene expression and is actively involved in shaping the microenvironment of melanoma cells in a cell-autonomous manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dilshat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fock, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritsen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasseur, R. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichhoff, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travnickova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigurbjornsdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einarsdottir, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Tayrac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusdottir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogmundsdottir, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steingrimsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MITF reprograms the extracellular matrix and focal adhesion in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysozyme resistance in C. difficile is dependent on two peptidoglycan deacetylases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections leading to antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C. difficile exhibits a very high level of resistance to lysozyme. Bacteria commonly resist lysozyme through modification of the cell wall. In C. difficile {sigma}V is required for lysozyme resistance and {sigma}V is activated in response to lysozyme. Once activated {sigma}V, encoded by csfV, directs transcription of genes necessary for lysozyme resistance. Here we analyze the contribution of individual genes in the csfV regulon to lysozyme resistance. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis we constructed in-frame deletions of single genes in the csfV operon. We find pdaV, which encodes a peptidoglycan deacetylase, is partially responsible for lysozyme resistance. We then performed CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi) to identify a second peptidoglycan deacetylase, pgdA, that is important for lysozyme resistance. Deletion of either pgdA or pdaV resulted in modest decreases in lysozyme resistance. However, deletion of both pgdA and pdaV resulted in a 1000-fold decrease in lysozyme resistance. Further, muropeptide analysis revealed loss of either PgdA or PdaV had modest effects on peptidoglycan deacetylation but loss of both PgdA and PdaV resulted in almost complete loss of peptidoglycan deacetylation. This suggests that PgdA and PdaV are redundant peptidoglycan deacetylases. We also use CRISPRi to compare other lysozyme resistance mechanisms and conclude that peptidoglycan deacetylation is the major mechanism of lysozyme resistance in C. difficile.

ImportanceClostridioides difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. C. difficile is highly resistant to lysozyme. We previously showed that the csfV operon is required for lysozyme resistance. Here we use CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis and CRISPRi knockdown to show that peptidoglycan deacetylation is necessary for lysozyme resistance and is the major lysozyme resistance mechanism in C. difficile. We show that two peptidoglycan deacetylases in C. difficile are partially redundant and are required for lysozyme resistance. PgdA provides an intrinsic level of deacetylation and PdaV, encoded as part of the csfV operon, provides lysozyme-induced peptidoglycan deacetylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaus, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popham, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysozyme resistance in C. difficile is dependent on two peptidoglycan deacetylases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.209445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer cells are uniquely susceptible to accumulation of MMBIR mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.209445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR) is a mechanism of polymerase template switching at microhomology, which can produce complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs), underlies neurological and metabolic diseases, and contributes to cancer development. Yet, the extent of MMBIR activity in genomes is poorly understood due to difficulty in directly identifying MMBIR events by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Here, by using our newly developed MMBSearch software, we directly detect MMBIR events in human genomes and report substantial differences in frequency and complexity of MMBIR events between normal and cancer cells. MMBIR events appear only as germline variants in normal human fibroblast cells but readily accumulate de novo across several cancer types. Detailed analysis of MMBIR mutations in lung adenocarcinomas revealed MMBIR-initiated chromosome fusions that disrupted potential tumor suppressor genes and induced CGRs. Our findings document MMBIR as a trigger for widespread genomic instability and highlight MMBIR as a potential driver of tumor evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsulaiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.209445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer cells are uniquely susceptible to accumulation of MMBIR mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.192310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Coronaviruses use lysosomal organelles for cellular egress. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.192310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-Coronaviruses are a family of positive-strand enveloped RNA viruses that include the severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV2 (SARS-CoV2). While much is known regarding their cellular entry and replication pathways, their mode of egress remains uncertain; however, this is assumed to be via the biosynthetic secretory pathway by analogy to other enveloped viruses. Using imaging methodologies in combination with virus-specific reporters, we demonstrate that {beta}-Coronaviruses utilize lysosomal trafficking for egress from cells. This pathway is regulated by the Arf-like small GTPase Arl8b; thus, virus egress is insensitive to inhibitors of the biosynthetic secretory pathway. Coronavirus infection results in lysosome deacidification, inactivation of lysosomal degradation and disruption of antigen presentation pathways. This coronavirus-induced exploitation of lysosomes provides insights into the cellular and immunological abnormalities observed in patients and suggests new therapeutic modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altan-Bonnet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altan-Bonnet, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellibovi-Ragheb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takvorian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.25.192310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Coronaviruses use lysosomal organelles for cellular egress.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bro1 directly stimulates Vps4 activity to promote Intralumenal Vesicle Formation during Multivesicular Body biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT-0, -I, -II, -III) execute cargo sorting and intralumenal vesicle (ILV) formation during conversion of endosomes to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The AAA-ATPase Vps4 regulates the ESCRT-III polymer to facilitate membrane remodeling and ILV scission during MVB biogenesis. Here we show that the conserved V domain of ESCRT-associated protein Bro1 (the yeast homolog of mammalian proteins ALIX and HD-PTP) directly stimulates Vps4. This activity is required for MVB cargo sorting. Furthermore, the Bro1 V domain alone supports Vps4/ESCRT-driven ILV formation in vivo without efficient MVB cargo sorting. These results reveal a novel activity of the V domains of Bro1 homologs in licensing ESCRT-III-dependent ILV formation and suggest a role in coordinating cargo sorting with membrane remodeling during MVB sorting. Moreover, ubiquitin binding enhances V domain stimulation of Vps4 to promote ILV formation via the Bro1/Vps4/ESCRT-III axis, uncovering a novel role for ubiquitin during MVB biogenesis in addition to facilitating cargo recognition.

SummaryCargo sorting is coordinated with intralumenal vesicle budding during ESCRT-mediated multivesicular body biogenesis. Bro1 V domain stimulates Vps4 to promote ESCRT-III-driven intralumenal vesicle formation in a manner required for this coordinated process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katzmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azmi, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staffenhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odorizzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bro1 directly stimulates Vps4 activity to promote Intralumenal Vesicle Formation during Multivesicular Body biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.222828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biallelic mutation of CLRN2 causes non-syndromic hearing loss in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.222828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deafness, the most frequent sensory deficit in humans, is extremely heterogenous with hundreds of genes probably involved. Clinical and genetic analyses of an extended consanguineous family with pre-lingual, moderate-to-profound autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss, allowed us to identify CLRN2, encoding a tetraspan protein as a new deafness gene. Homozygosity mapping followed by exome sequencing identified a 15.2 Mb locus on chromosome 4p15.32p15.1 containing a missense pathogenic variant in CLRN2 (c.494C>A, NM_001079827.2) segregating with the disease. Using in vitro RNA splicing analysis, we show that the CLRN2 c.494C>A mutation leads to two events: 1) the substitution of a highly conserved threonine (uncharged amino acid) to lysine (charged amino acid) at position 165, p.(Thr165Lys), and 2) aberrant splicing, with the retention of intron 2 resulting in a stop codon after 26 additional amino acids, p.(Gly146Lysfs*26). Expression studies and phenotyping of newly produced zebrafish and mouse models deficient for clarin 2 further confirm that clarin 2, expressed in the inner ear hair cells, is essential for normal organization and maintenance of the auditory hair bundles, and for hearing function. Together, our findings identify CLRN2 as a new deafness gene, which will impact future diagnosis and treatment for deaf patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vona, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazaheri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maroofian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagramam, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shariati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VijayKumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haaf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Amraoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowl, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galehdari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.222828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biallelic mutation of CLRN2 causes non-syndromic hearing loss in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.227769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of low-frequency coding variants on human facial shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.227769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contribution of low-frequency variants to the genetic architecture of normal-range facial traits is unknown. We studied the influence of low-frequency coding variants (MAF < 1%) on multi-dimensional facial shape phenotypes in 2329 healthy Europeans. We used MultiSKAT o scan the exome for face-associated low-frequency variants in a gene-based manner. Seven genes (AR, CARS2, FTSJ1, HFE, LTB4R, TELO2, NECTIN1) were significantly associated with shape variation of the cheek, chin, nose and mouth areas. These genes displayed a wide range of phenotypic effects, with some impacting the full face and others affecting localized regions. The missense variant rs142863092 in NECTIN1 had a significant effect on chin morphology, and was predicted bioinformatically to be deleterious. NECTIN1 is an established craniofacial gene that underlies a human syndrome that includes a mandibular phenotype. We further showed that nectin1a mutations can affect zebrafish craniofacial development, with the size and shape of the mandibular cartilage altered in mutant animals. These Findings highlighted the role of low-frequency coding variants in normal-range facial variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhazmi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heike, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roosenboom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.227769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of low-frequency coding variants on human facial shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates endothelial AKT-eNOS-mTOR signaling and vascular function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endothelium responds to a multitude of chemical and mechanical factors in regulating vascular tone, angiogenesis, blood pressure and blood flow. The endothelial volume regulatory anion channel (VRAC) has been proposed to be mechano-sensitive, to activate in response to fluid flow/hydrostatic pressure and putatively regulate vascular reactivity and angiogenesis. Here, we show that the Leucine Rich Repeat Containing Protein 8a, LRRC8a (SWELL1) functionally encodes VRAC in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelial SWELL1 (SWELL1) expression positively regulates AKT-eNOS signaling while negatively regulating mTOR signaling, via a SWELL1-GRB2-Cav1-eNOS signaling complex. Endothelium-restricted SWELL1 KO (SWELL1 KO) mice exhibit enhanced tube formation from ex-vivo aortic ring explants in matrigel angiogenesis assays, develop hypertension in response to chronic angiotensin II infusion and have impaired retinal blood flow with both diffuse and focal blood vessel narrowing in the setting of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). These data demonstrate that SWELL1 antithetically regulates AKT-eNOS and mTOR signaling in endothelium and is required for maintaining vascular function, particularly in the setting of T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot-Hudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minerath, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates endothelial AKT-eNOS-mTOR signaling and vascular function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel method for tri-clustering dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) identifies significant schizophrenia effects across multiple states in distinct subgroups of individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBrain imaging data collected from individuals are highly complex with unique variation; however, such variation is typically ignored in approaches that focus on group averages or even supervised prediction. State-of-the-art methods for analyzing dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) subdivide the entire time course into several (possibly overlapping) connectivity states (i.e., sliding window clusters). Though, such an approach does not factor in the homogeneity of underlying data and may end up with a less meaningful subgrouping of the dataset.

MethodsDynamic-N-way tri-clustering (dNTiC) incorporates a homogeneity benchmark to approximate clusters that provide a more apples-to-apples comparison between groups within analogous subsets of time-space and subjects. dNTiC sorts the dFNC states by maximizing similarity across individuals and minimizing variance among the pairs of components within a state.

ResultsResulting tri-clusters show significant differences between schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy control (HC) in distinct brain regions. Compared to HC, SZ in most tri-clusters show hypoconnectivity (low positive) among subcortical, default mode, cognitive control but hyper-connectivity (high positive) between sensory networks. In tri-cluster 3, HC subjects show significantly stronger connectivity among sensory networks and anticorrelation between subcortical and sensory networks compared to SZ. Results also provide statistically significant difference in reoccurrence time between SZ and HC subjects for two distinct dFNC states.

ConclusionsOutcomes emphasize the utility of the proposed method for characterizing and leveraging variance within high-dimensional data to enhance the interpretability and sensitivity of measurements in the study of a heterogeneous disorder like schizophrenia and in unconstrained experimental conditions such as resting fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel method for tri-clustering dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) identifies significant schizophrenia effects across multiple states in distinct subgroups of individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
K18-hACE2 Mice for Studies of COVID-19 Treatments and Pathogenesis Including Anosmia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. While much has been learned in the first months of the pandemic, many features of COVID-19 pathogenesis remain to be determined. For example, anosmia is a common presentation and many patients with this finding show no or only minor respiratory signs. Studies in animals experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, provide opportunities to study aspects of the disease not easily investigated in human patients. COVID-19 severity ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. Most experimental infections provide insights into mild disease. Here, using K18-hACE2 mice that we originally developed for SARS studies, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes severe disease in the lung, and in some mice, the brain. Evidence of thrombosis and vasculitis was detected in mice with severe pneumonia. Further, we show that infusion of convalescent plasma (CP) from a recovered COVID-19 patient provided protection against lethal disease. Mice developed anosmia at early times after infection. Notably, while treatment with CP prevented significant clinical disease, it did not prevent anosmia. Thus K18-hACE2 mice provide a useful model for studying the pathological underpinnings of both mild and lethal COVID-19 and for assessing therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WONG, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz Bezara, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlford-Lenane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.242073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[K18-hACE2 Mice for Studies of COVID-19 Treatments and Pathogenesis Including Anosmia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel, CaV1.3, causes deficits in motor performance and associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels are important regulators of neuronal activity and are widely expressed throughout the brain. One of the major L-type voltage-gated calcium channel isoforms in the brain is CaV1.3. Mice lacking CaV1.3 are reported to have impairments in fear conditioning and depressive-like behaviors, which have been linked to CaV1.3 function in the hippocampus and amygdala. Genetic variation in CaV1.3 has been linked to a variety of psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia, which are associated with altered motor learning, associative learning, and social function. Here, we explored whether CaV1.3 plays a role in these behaviors. We found that CaV1.3 knockout mice have deficits in rotarod learning despite normal locomotor function. Deletion of CaV1.3 is also associated with impaired gait adaptation and associative learning on the Erasmus Ladder. We did not observe any impairments in CaV1.3 knockout mice on assays of anxiety-like, depression-like, or social preference behaviors. Our results suggest an important role for CaV1.3 in neural circuits involved in motor learning and concur with previous data showing its involvement in associative learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel, CaV1.3, causes deficits in motor performance and associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matching a snail's pace: Successful use of environmental DNA techniques to detect early stages of invasion by the destructive New Zealand mud snail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early detection of invasive species allows for a more rapid and effective response. Restoration of the native ecosystem after an invasive population has established is expensive and difficult but more likely to succeed when invasions are detected early in the invasion process. Containment efforts to prevent the spread of known invasions also benefit from earlier knowledge of invaded sites. Environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques have emerged as a tool that can identify invasive species at a distinctly earlier time point than traditional methods of detection. Due to expected range expansion in eastern North America, we focus on the destructive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (NZMS) invasion. We collected water samples from eight sites that prior evidence indicated were not yet invaded by the NZMS. After filtering these samples to collect eDNA, we used a species-specific probe with qPCR to identify NZMS eDNA. We found evidence for NZMS invasion at five of the eight sites, with later physical confirmation of mud snails at one of these sites. This study is the first example of successful detection of a previously unidentified invasive population of NZMS, setting the stage for further monitoring of at-risk sites to detect and control new invasions of this destructive snail. This study also shows potential opportunities for invasion monitoring offered by using low-cost efforts and methods that are adaptable for citizen science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woodell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levri, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matching a snail's pace: Successful use of environmental DNA techniques to detect early stages of invasion by the destructive New Zealand mud snail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk.

METHODSWe conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders, using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and iPSYCH.

RESULTSAcross disorders, genome-wide significant SNP-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815; p=3.2x10-8), that interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase enzymes implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p<1x10-6) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p=1.6x10-7; rs73033497, p=8.8x10-7; rs7914279, p=6.4x10-7) implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p=8.97x10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282; p=1.5x10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509; p=1.1x10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling in MDD (pFDR<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn the largest genome-wide GxS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development, immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway enrichment levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooney, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steixner-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-vulnerable and -resilient trajectories of specific motor circuit function in oxidation- and temperature-stressed Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examined several sensory-motor processing circuits in Drosophila across the lifespan and uncovered distinctive age-resilient and age-vulnerable trajectories in their established functional properties. We observed relatively little deterioration toward the end of lifespan in the giant-fiber (GF) and downstream circuit elements responsible for the jump-and-flight escape reflex. In contrast, we found substantial age-dependent modifications in the performance of GF inputs and other circuits driving flight motoneuron activities. Importantly, in high temperature (HT)-reared flies (29 {degrees}C), the characteristic age-dependent progression of these properties was largely maintained, albeit over a compressed time scale, lending support for the common practice of expediting Drosophila aging studies by HT rearing. We discovered shortened lifespans in Cu2+/Zn2+ Superoxide Dismutase 1 (Sod) mutant flies were accompanied by alterations distinct from HT-reared flies, highlighting differential effects of oxidative vs temperature stressors. This work also establishes several age-vulnerable parameters that may serve as quantitative neurophysiological landmarks for aging in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-vulnerable and -resilient trajectories of specific motor circuit function in oxidation- and temperature-stressed Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMS bursts can modulate local and networks oscillations during lower-limb movement in elderly subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionLower-limb motor functions involve processing information via both motor and cognitive control networks. Measuring oscillations is a key element in communication within and between cortical networks during high order motor functions. Increased midfrontal theta oscillations are related to improved lower-limb motor performances in patients with movement disorders. Non-invasive neuromodulation approaches have not been explored extensively to understand the oscillatory mechanism of lower-limb motor functions. This study aims to examine the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on local and network EEG oscillations in healthy elderly subjects.

MethodsEleven healthy elder subjects (67-73 years) were recruited via advertisements, and underwent both active and sham stimulation procedures in a random, counterbalanced design. TMS bursts ({theta}-TMS; 4 pulses/sec) were applied over the midfrontal lead (vertex) before a GO-Cue pedaling task, and signals were analyzed using time-frequency methods.

ResultsTMS bursts increase the theta activity in the local (p=0.02), as well as the associated network during the lower-limb pedaling task (p = 0.02). Furthermore, after task-related TMS burst sessions, increased resting-state alpha activity was observed in the midfrontal region (p= 0.01).

ConclusionOur study suggests the ability of midfrontal TMS bursts to directly modulate local and network oscillations in a frequency manner during lower-limb motor task. TMS burst-induced modulation may provide insights into the functional roles of oscillatory activity during lower-limb movement in normal and disease conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMS bursts can modulate local and networks oscillations during lower-limb movement in elderly subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.255968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PACAP induces light aversion in mice by an inheritable mechanism independent of CGRP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.255968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropeptides CGRP and PACAP have emerged as mediators of migraine, yet the potential overlap of their mechanisms remains unknown. Infusion of PACAP, like CGRP, can cause migraine in people, and both peptides share similar vasodilatory and nociceptive functions. In this study, we have used light aversion in mice as a surrogate for migraine-like photophobia to compare CGRP and PACAP and ask whether CGRP or PACAP actions were dependent on each other. Similar to CGRP, PACAP induced light aversion in outbred CD-1 mice. The light aversion was accompanied by increased resting in the dark, but not anxiety in a light-independent open field assay. Unexpectedly, about a third of the CD-1 mice did not respond to PACAP, which was not seen with CGRP. The responder and nonresponder phenotypes were stable, inheritable, and not sex-linked, although there was generally a trend for greater responses among male mice. RNA-seq analysis of trigeminal ganglia yielded hieriechial clustering of responder and nonresponder mice and revealed a number of candidate genes, including greater expression of pituitary hormones and receptors in a subset of responder mice. Importantly, an anti-PACAP monoclonal antibody could block PACAP-induced light aversion but not CGRP-induced light aversion. Conversely, an anti-CGRP antibody could not block PACAP-induced light aversion. Thus, we propose that CGRP and PACAP act by independent convergent pathways that cause a migraine-like symptom in mice.

SignificanceThe relationship between the neuropeptides CGRP and PACAP in migraine is relevant given that both peptides can induce migraine in people, yet to date only drugs that target CGRP are available. Using an outbred strain of mice, we were able to show that most, but not all, mice respond to PACAP in a preclinical photophobia assay. Our finding that CGRP and PACAP monoclonal antibodies do not cross-inhibit the other peptide indicates that CGRP and PACAP actions are independent and suggests that PACAP-targeted drugs may be effective in patients who do not respond to CGRP-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuburas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan Loomis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Martinez, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.255968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PACAP induces light aversion in mice by an inheritable mechanism independent of CGRP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell state diversity promotes metastasis through heterotypic cluster formation in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In melanoma, transcriptional profiling has revealed multiple co-existing cell states, including proliferative versus invasive sub-populations that have been posited to represent a "go or grow" tradeoff. Both of these populations are maintained in tumors, but how they physically interact to promote metastasis is unknown. We demonstrate that these subpopulations form spatially structured heterotypic clusters that cooperate in the seeding of metastasis. We unexpectedly found that INV cells were tightly adherent to each other, and formed clusters with a rim of PRO cells. Intravital imaging demonstrated cooperation between these populations, in which the INV cells facilitated the spread of less metastatic PRO cells. We identified the TFAP2 neural crest transcription factor as a master regulator of both clustering and the PRO/INV states. Our data suggest a framework for the co-existence of these two divergent cell populations, in which differing cell states form heterotypic clusters that promote metastasis via cell-cell cooperation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deforet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nsengimana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton-Bishop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.265140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell state diversity promotes metastasis through heterotypic cluster formation in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Click evoked Middle Ear Muscle Reflex: Implications for Medial Olivocochlear System Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study describes a time series-based method of middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) detection using bilateral clicks. Although many methods can detect changes in the OAE evoking stimulus to monitor the MEMR, they do not discriminate between true MEMR-mediated vs. artifactual changes in the stimulus. We measured MEMR in 20 young clinically normal hearing individuals using 1-second-long click trains presented at six levels (65 to 95 dB peak-to-peak SPL in 6 dB steps). Changes in the stimulus levels over the 1 second period were well-approximated by two-term exponential functions. The magnitude of ear canal pressure changes due to MEMR increased monotonically as a function of click level but non-monotonically with frequency when separated into 1/3rd-octave wide bands between 1 and 3.2 kHz. MEMR thresholds estimated using this method were lower than that obtained from a clinical tympanometer in [~]94% of the participants. A time series-based method, along with statistical tests, may provide additional confidence in detecting the MEMR. MEMR effects were smallest at 2 kHz, between 1 and 3.2 kHz, which may provide avenues for minimizing the MEMR influence while measuring other responses (e.g., the medial olivocochlear reflex).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boothalingam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.265462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Click evoked Middle Ear Muscle Reflex: Implications for Medial Olivocochlear System Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long Period Modeling SARS-CoV-2 Infection of in Vitro Cultured Polarized Human Airway Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates throughout human airways. The polarized human airway epithelium (HAE) cultured at an airway-liquid interface (HAE-ALI) is an in vitro model mimicking the in vivo human mucociliary airway epithelium and supports the replication of SARS-CoV-2. However, previous studies only characterized short-period SARS-CoV-2 infection in HAE. In this study, continuously monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 infection in HAE-ALI cultures for a long period of up to 51 days revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was long lasting with recurrent replication peaks appearing between an interval of approximately 7-10 days, which was consistent in all the tested HAE-ALI cultures derived from 4 lung bronchi of independent donors. We also identified that SARS-CoV-2 does not infect HAE from the basolateral side, and the dominant SARS-CoV-2 permissive epithelial cells are ciliated cells and goblet cells, whereas virus replication in basal cells and club cells was not detectable. Notably, virus infection immediately damaged the HAE, which is demonstrated by dispersed Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression without clear tight junctions and partial loss of cilia. Importantly, we identified that SARS-CoV-2 productive infection of HAE requires a high viral load of 2.5 x 105 virions per cm2 of epithelium. Thus, our studies highlight the importance of a high viral load and that epithelial renewal initiates and maintains a recurrent infection of HAE with SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorhies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.271130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long Period Modeling SARS-CoV-2 Infection of in Vitro Cultured Polarized Human Airway Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gEAR portal (gene Expression Analysis Resource, umgear.org) is an open access community-driven tool for multi-omic and multi-species data visualization, analysis and sharing. The gEAR supports visualization of multiple RNA-seq data types (bulk, sorted, single cell/nucleus) and epigenomics data, from multiple species, time points and tissues in a single-page, user-friendly browsable format. An integrated scRNA-seq workbench provides access to raw data of scRNA-seq datasets for de novo analysis, as well as marker-gene and cluster comparisons of pre-assigned clusters. Users can upload, view, analyze and privately share their own data in the context of previously published datasets. Short, permanent URLs can be generated for dissemination of individual or collections of datasets in published manuscripts. While the gEAR is currently curated for auditory research with over 90 high-value datasets organized in thematic profiles, the gEAR also supports the BRAIN initiative (via nemoanalytics.org) and is easily adaptable for other research domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottfried, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matern, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 modulate the basal TAZ/YAP transcriptional program by recruiting the ATAC histone acetyltransferase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a vascular sarcoma that metastasizes early and lacks an effective medical therapy. The TAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 fusion proteins are chimeric transcription factors and initiating oncogenic drivers of EHE. A combined proteomic/genetic screen identified YEATS2 and ZZZ3, components of the Ada2a-containing histone acetyltransferase (ATAC) complex, as key interactors of both TAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 despite the dissimilarity of the C terminal fusion partners CAMTA1 and TFE3. An integrative next generation sequencing approach showed the fusion proteins drive expression of a unique transcriptome distinct from TAZ and YAP by simultaneously hyperactivating a TEAD-based transcriptional program and modulating the chromatin environment via interaction with the ATAC complex. Interaction of the ATAC complex with both TAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 indicates the histone acetyltransferase complex is an oncogenic driver in EHE and potentially other sarcomas. Furthermore, the ATAC complex is an enzymatic transcriptional cofactor required for both fusion proteins in EHE, representing a unifying therapeutic target for this sarcoma. Gene fusions are the most common genetic alterations activating TAZ and YAP in cancer, and this study serves as a template for identifying epigenetic modifiers recruited by the C terminal fusion partners of other TAZ/YAP gene fusions occurring in gliomas, carcinomas, and other sarcomas.

SummaryTAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 alter the TAZ/YAP transcriptional program by recruiting the ATAC complex and modifying the chromatin landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merritt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullenkamp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAZ-CAMTA1 and YAP-TFE3 modulate the basal TAZ/YAP transcriptional program by recruiting the ATAC histone acetyltransferase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glypican4 mediates Wnt transport between germ layers via signaling filopodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glypicans influence signaling pathways by regulating morphogen trafficking and reception. However, the underlying mechanisms in vertebrates are poorly understood. In zebrafish, Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is required for convergence and extension (C&E) of both the mesoderm and endoderm. Here we show that transgenic expression of GFP-Gpc4 in the endoderm of gpc4 mutants rescues C&E defects in all germ layers. The rescue of mesoderm was likely mediated by Wnt5b and Wnt11f2, and depended on signaling filopodia rather than on cleavage of the Gpc4 GPI anchor. Gpc4 bound Wnt5b and regulated formation of the filopodia that transport Wnt5b to neighboring cells. Blocking signaling filopodia that extend from endodermal cells suppressed this rescue. Thus, endodermal signaling filopodia that expressed GFP-Gpc4 transported Wnt5b, and likely Wnt11f2, to other germ layers, rescuing the C&E defects caused by a gpc4 deficiency. Our study reveals a new mechanism that could explain in vivo morphogen distribution involving Gpc4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakkerla Balaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhaib, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glypican4 mediates Wnt transport between germ layers via signaling filopodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latency and amplitude of the stop-signal P3 event-related potential are related to inhibitory GABAa activity in primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By stopping actions even after their initiation, humans can adapt their ongoing behavior rapidly to changing environmental circumstances. The neural processes underlying the implementation of rapid action-stopping are still controversially discussed. In the early 1990s, a fronto-central P3 event-related potential (ERP) was identified in the human EEG response following stop-signals in the classic stop-signal task, accompanied by the proposal that this ERP reflects the "inhibitory" side of the purported horse-race underlying successful action-stopping. Later studies have lent support to this interpretation by finding that the amplitude and onset of the stop-signal P3 relate to both overt behavior and to movement-related EEG activity in ways predicted by the race model. However, such studies are limited by the ability of EEG to allow direct inferences about the presence (or absence) of true, physiologically inhibitory signaling at the neuronal level. To address this, we here present a cross-modal individual differences investigation of the relationship between the features stop-signal P3 ERP and GABAergic neurotransmission in primary motor cortex (M1, as measured by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation). Following recent work, we measured short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a marker of inhibitory GABAa activity in M1, in a group of 41 human participants who also performed the stop-signal task while undergoing EEG recordings. In line with the P3-inhibition hypothesis, we found that subjects with stronger inhibitory GABA activity in M1 also showed both faster onsets and larger amplitudes of the stop-signal P3. This provides direct evidence linking the properties of this ERP to a true physiological index of motor system inhibition. We discuss these findings in the context of recent theoretical developments and empirical findings regarding the neural implementation of inhibitory control during action-stopping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hynd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.298711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latency and amplitude of the stop-signal P3 event-related potential are related to inhibitory GABAa activity in primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), a ten-item screener for alcohol use disorder (AUD), have elucidated novel loci for alcohol consumption and misuse. However, these studies also revealed that GWASs can be influenced by numerous biases (e.g., measurement error, selection bias), which have led to inconsistent genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and AUD, as well as paradoxically negative genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and psychiatric disorders/medical conditions. To explore these unexpected differences in genetic correlations, we conducted the first item-level and largest GWAS of AUDIT items (N=160,824), and applied a multivariate framework to mitigate previous biases. In doing so, we identified novel patterns of similarity (and dissimilarity) among the AUDIT items, and found evidence of a correlated two-factor structure at the genetic level (Consumption and Problems, rg=.80). Moreover, by applying empirically-derived weights to each of the AUDIT items, we constructed an aggregate measure of alcohol consumption that is strongly associated with alcohol dependence (rg=.67) and several other psychiatric disorders, and no longer positively associated with health and positive socioeconomic outcomes. Lastly, by performing polygenic analyses in three independent cohorts that differed in their ascertainment and prevalence of AUD, we identified novel genetic associations between alcohol consumption, alcohol misuse, and human health. Our work further emphasizes the value of AUDIT for both clinical and genetic studies of AUD, and the importance of using multivariate methods to study genetic associations that are more closely related to AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Geus, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.304196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CREB is Required in Excitatory Neurons in the Forebrain to Sustain Wakefulness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular and intracellular signaling processes that control sleep and wake states remain largely unknown. A consistent observation is that the cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), an activity-dependent transcription factor, is differentially activated during sleep and wakefulness. CREB is phosphorylated by the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling pathway as well as other kinases, and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) promotes transcription of target genes. Genetic studies in flies and mice suggest that CREB signaling influences sleep/wake states by promoting and stabilizing wakefulness. However, it remains unclear where in the brain CREB is required to drive wakefulness. In rats, CREB phosphorylation increases in the cerebral cortex during wakefulness and decreases during sleep, but it is not known if this change is functionally relevant to the maintenance of wakefulness. Here, we used the cre/lox system to conditionally delete CREB in the forebrain and in the locus coereleus (LC), two regions known to be important for the production of arousal and wakefulness. We used polysomnography to measure sleep/wake levels and sleep architecture in conditional CREB mutant mice and control littermates. We found that forebrain-specific deletion of CREB decreased wakefulness and increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Mice lacking CREB in the forebrain were unable sustain normal periods of wakefulness. On the other hand, deletion of CREB from LC neurons did not change sleep/wake levels or sleep/wake architecture. Taken together, these results suggest that CREB is required in neurons within the forebrain but not in the LC to promote and stabilize wakefulness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CREB is Required in Excitatory Neurons in the Forebrain to Sustain Wakefulness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Maintenance of Muscle Mass Is Independent of Testosterone in Adult Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testosterone is considered a potent anabolic agent in skeletal muscle with a well-established role in adolescent growth and development in males. However, alterations in the role of testosterone in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and function throughout the lifespan has yet to be established. While some studies suggest that testosterone is important for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass, an understanding of the role this hormone plays in young, adult, and old males with normal and low serum testosterone levels is lacking. We investigated the role testosterone plays in the maintenance of muscle mass by examining the effect of orchiectomy-induced testosterone depletion in C57Bl6 male mice at ages ranging from early postnatal through old age; the age groups we used included 1.5-, 5-, 12-, and 24-month old mice. Following 28 days of testosterone depletion, we assessed mass and fiber cross-sectional-area (CSA) of the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps muscles. In addition, we measured global rates of protein synthesis and degradation using the SuNSET method, western blots, and enzyme activity assays. 28 days of testosterone depletion resulted in smaller muscle mass in the two youngest cohorts but had no effect in the two older ones. Mean CSA decreased only in the youngest cohort and only in the tibialis anterior muscle. Testosterone depletion resulted in a general increase in proteasome activity at all ages. We did not detect changes in protein synthesis at the terminal time point. This data suggest that within physiological serum concentrations, testosterone is not important for the maintenance of muscle mass in mature male mice; however, in young mice testosterone is crucial for normal growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Maintenance of Muscle Mass Is Independent of Testosterone in Adult Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CARMIL3 is important for cell migration and morphogenesis during early development in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration is important during early animal embryogenesis. Cell migration and cell shape are controlled by actin assembly and dynamics, which depend on capping proteins, including the barbed-end heterodimeric actin capping protein (CP). CP activity can be regulated by capping-protein-interacting (CPI) motif proteins, including CARMIL (capping protein Arp2/3 myosin-I linker) family proteins. Previous studies of CARMIL3, one of the three highly conserved CARMIL genes in vertebrates, have largely been limited to cells in culture. Towards understanding CARMIL function during embryogenesis in vivo, we analyzed zebrafish lines carrying mutations of carmil3. Maternal-zygotic mutants show impaired endodermal migration during gastrulation, along with defects in dorsal forerunner cell (DFC) cluster formation, affecting the morphogenesis of Kupffers vesicle (KV). Mutant KVs are smaller and display decreased numbers of cilia, leading to defects in left/right (L/R) patterning with variable penetrance and expressivity. The penetrance and expressivity of the KV phenotype in carmil3 mutants correlated well with the L/R heart positioning defect at the end of embryogenesis. This first in vivo animal study of CARMIL3 reveals its new role for CARMIL3 during morphogenesis of the vertebrate embryo. This role involves migration of endodermal cells and DFCs, along with subsequent morphogenesis of the KV and L/R asymmetry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stark, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnica-Krezel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CARMIL3 is important for cell migration and morphogenesis during early development in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consolidation and maintenance of Drosophila long-term memory require LIM homeodomain protein Apterous in distinct brain neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factor Apterous (Ap) and its cofactor Chip (Chi) form a complex that regulates various developmental events in Drosophila. Although Ap continues to be expressed in the adult brain, the functions of the centrally expressed Ap remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Ap and Chi in the Drosophila memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs), are indispensable for long-term memory (LTM) maintenance, whereas Ap in a subset of clock neurons [large ventral-lateral neurons (l-LNvs)] plays a crucial role in memory consolidation in a Chi-independent manner. Ex vivo imaging revealed that Ap, but not Chi, in l-LNvs is essential for the appropriate Cl- responses to GABA. Furthermore, knockdown of GABAA receptor in l-LNvs compensated for the impairment of memory consolidation in ap null mutant flies. Our results indicate that Drosophila Ap functions differently in l-LNvs and MBs, and it contributes to the consolidation and maintenance of LTM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consolidation and maintenance of Drosophila long-term memory require LIM homeodomain protein Apterous in distinct brain neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perilipin2 down-regulation in beta cells impairs insulin secretion under nutritional stress and damages mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is the lipid droplet (LD) protein in {beta} cells that increases under nutritional stress. Down-regulation of PLIN2 is often sufficient to reduce LD accumulation. To determine whether PLIN2 positively or negatively affects {beta} cell function under nutritional stress, PLIN2 was down-regulated in mouse {beta} cells, INS1 cells, and human islet cells. {beta} cell specific deletion of PLIN2 in mice on a high fat diet reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vivo and in vitro. Down-regulation of PLIN2 in INS1 cells blunted GSIS after 24 h incubation with 0.2 mM palmitic acids. Down-regulation of PLIN2 in human pseudoislets cultured at 5.6 mM glucose impaired both phases of GSIS, indicating that PLIN2 is critical for GSIS. Down-regulation of PLIN2 decreased specific OXPHOS proteins in all three models and reduced oxygen consumption rates in INS1 cells and mouse islets. Moreover, we found that PLIN2 deficient INS1 cells increased the distribution of a fluorescent oleic acid analog to mitochondria and showed signs of mitochondrial stress as indicated by susceptibility to fragmentation and alterations of acyl-carnitines and glucose metabolites. Collectively, PLIN2 in {beta} cells have an important role in preserving insulin secretion, {beta} cell metabolism and mitochondrial function under nutritional stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perilipin2 down-regulation in beta cells impairs insulin secretion under nutritional stress and damages mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The X-linked intellectual disability gene product and E3 ubiquitin ligase KLHL15 degrades doublecortin proteins to constrain neuronal dendritogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper brain development and function requires finely controlled mechanisms for protein turnover and disruption of genes involved in proteostasis is a common cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. Kelch-like 15 (KLHL15) is a substrate adaptor for cullin3 (Cul3)-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases and KLHL15 gene mutations were recently described as a cause of severe X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we used a bioinformatics approach to identify a family of neuronal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) as KLHL15 substrates, which are themselves critical for early brain development. We biochemically validated doublecortin (DCX), also an X-linked disease gene, and doublecortin-like kinases 1 and 2 (DCLK1/2) as bona fide KLHL15 interactors and mapped KLHL15 interaction regions to their tandem DCX domains. Shared with two previously identified KLHL15 substrates, a FRY tripeptide at the C-terminal edge of the second DCX domain is necessary for KLHL15-mediated ubiquitination of DCX and DCLK1/2 and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Conversely, silencing endogenous KLHL15 markedly stabilizes these DCX domain-containing proteins and prolongs their half-life. Functionally, overexpression of KLHL15 in the presence of wild-type DCX reduces dendritic complexity of cultured hippocampal neurons, whereas neurons expressing FRY-mutant DCX are resistant to KLHL15. Collectively, our findings highlight the critical importance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor KLHL15 in proteostasis of neuronal MAPs and identify a regulatory network important for development of the mammalian nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usachev, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The X-linked intellectual disability gene product and E3 ubiquitin ligase KLHL15 degrades doublecortin proteins to constrain neuronal dendritogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimerization of a membrane transporter is driven by differential energetics of lipid solvation of dissociated and associated states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over two-thirds of integral membrane proteins of known structure assemble into oligomers. Yet, the forces that drive the association of these proteins remain to be delineated, as the lipid bilayer is a solvent environment that is both structurally and chemically complex. In this study we reveal how the lipid solvent defines the dimerization equilibrium of the CLC-ec1 Cl-/H+ antiporter. Integrating experimental and computational approaches, we show that monomers associate to avoid a thinned-membrane defect caused by their exposed dimerization interfaces. In this defect, lipids are strongly tilted and less densely packed than in the bulk, with a larger degree of entanglement between opposing leaflets and greater water penetration into the bilayer interior. Dimerization restores the membrane to a near-native state and therefore, appears to be driven by the larger free-energy cost of lipid solvation of the dissociated protomers. Supporting this theory, we demonstrate that addition of short-chain lipids strongly shifts the dimerization equilibrium towards the monomeric state, and show that the cause of this effect is that these lipids preferentially solvate the defect. Importantly, we show that this shift requires only minimal quantities of short-chain lipids, with no measurable impact on either the macroscopic physical state of the membrane or the proteins biological function. Based on these observations, we posit that free-energy differentials for local lipid solvation define membrane-protein association equilibria. With this, we argue that preferential lipid solvation is a plausible cellular mechanism for lipid regulation of oligomerization processes, as it can occur at low concentrations and does not require global changes in membrane properties.

IMPACT STATEMENTDifferences in the lipid solvation energetics of associated and dissociated states is a primary driving force for membrane protein oligomerization, presenting a molecular mechanism for lipid regulation in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Ley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsythe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimerization of a membrane transporter is driven by differential energetics of lipid solvation of dissociated and associated states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.322883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has impaired fear memory, which is rescued by lithium treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.322883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles present on most cells that regulate many physiological processes, ranging from maintaining energy homeostasis to renal function. However, the role of these structures in the regulation of behavior remains unknown. To study the role of cilia in behavior, we employ mouse models of the human ciliopathy, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS). Here, we demonstrate that BBS mice have significant impairments in context fear conditioning, a form of associative learning. Moreover, we show that postnatal deletion of BBS gene function, as well as congenital deletion, specifically in the forebrain, impairs context fear conditioning. Analyses indicated that these behavioral impairments are not the result of impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation. However, our results indicate that these behavioral impairments are linked to impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. Two-week treatment with lithium chloride partially restores the proliferation of hippocampal neurons which leads to a rescue of context fear conditioning. Overall, our results identify a novel role of cilia genes in hippocampal neurogenesis and long-term context fear conditioning.

Author summaryThe primary cilium is a microtubule-based membranous projection on the cell that is involved in multiple physiological functions. Patients who have cilia dysfunction commonly have intellectual disability. However, it is not known how cilia affect learning and memory. Studying mouse models of a cilia-based intellectual disability can provide insight into learning and memory. One such cilia-based intellectual disability is Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), which is caused by homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations of BBS genes. We found that a mouse model of BBS (Bbs1M390R/M390R mice) has learning and memory defects. In addition, we found that other mouse models of BBS have similar learning and memory defects. These BBS mouse models have difficulty associating an environment with an aversive stimulus, a task designed to test context fear memory. This type of memory involves the hippocampus. We found that Bbs1M390R/M390R mice have decreased cell production in the hippocampus. Treating Bbs1M390R/M390R mice with a compound (lithium) that increases cell production in the hippocampus improved the learning and memory deficits. Our results demonstrate a potential role for cilia in learning and memory, and indicate that lithium is a potential treatment, requiring further study, for the intellectual disability phenotype of BBS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taugher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cychosz, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.322883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has impaired fear memory, which is rescued by lithium treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated erythrocyte senescence causes dose-limiting anemia of antimalarial enolase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis controls cellular energy, redox balance, and biosynthesis. Antiglycolytic therapies are under investigation for treatment of obesity, cancer, aging, autoimmunity, and microbial diseases. Interrupting glycolysis is highly valued as a therapeutic strategy, because glycolytic disruption is generally tolerated in mammals. Unfortunately, anemia is a known dose-limiting side effect of these inhibitors and presents a major caveat to development of antiglycolytic therapies. We developed specific inhibitors of enolase - a critical enzyme in glycolysis - and validated their metabolic and cellular effects on human erythrocytes. Enolase inhibition increases erythrocyte susceptibility to oxidative damage and induces rapid and premature erythrocyte senescence, rather than direct hemolysis. We apply our model of red cell toxicity to address questions regarding erythrocyte glycolytic disruption in the context of Plasmodium falciparum malaria pathogenesis. Our study provides a framework for understanding red blood cell homeostasis under normal and disease states and clarifies the importance of erythrocyte reductive capacity in malaria parasite growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culp-Hill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barekatain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom John, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.331728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated erythrocyte senescence causes dose-limiting anemia of antimalarial enolase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A class of synaptic signaling molecules required for homeostatic potentiation also tunes homeostatic depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses and circuits rely on homeostatic forms of regulation in order to transmit meaningful information. The Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a well-studied synapse that shows robust homeostatic control of function. Most prior studies of homeostatic plasticity at the NMJ have centered on presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP). PHP happens when postsynaptic muscle neurotransmitter receptors are impaired, triggering retrograde signaling that causes an increase in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. As a result, normal levels of evoked excitation are maintained. The counterpart to PHP at the NMJ is presynaptic homeostatic depression (PHD). Overexpression of the Drosophila vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut) causes an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous events. PHD happens when the synapse responds to the challenge by decreasing quantal content during evoked neurotransmission - again, resulting in normal levels of postsynaptic excitation.

We hypothesized that there may exist a class of molecules that affects both PHP and PHD. Impairment of any such molecule could hurt a synapses ability to respond to any significant homeostatic challenge. We conducted an electrophysiology-based screen for blocks of PHD. We did not observe a block of PHD in the genetic conditions screened, but we did find loss-of-function conditions that led to a substantial deficit in evoked amplitude when combined with VGlut overexpression. The conditions causing this phenotype included a double heterozygous loss-of-function condition for genes encoding the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R - itpr) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). IP3Rs and RyRs gate calcium release from intracellular stores. Pharmacological agents targeting IP3R and RyR recapitulated the genetic losses of these factors, as did lowering calcium levels from other sources. Our data are consistent with the idea that the homeostatic signaling process underlying PHD is especially sensitive to levels of calcium at the presynapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeates, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A class of synaptic signaling molecules required for homeostatic potentiation also tunes homeostatic depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny, morphology, and ecology resurrect previously synonymized species of North American Stereum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stereum is an exceedingly common but taxonomically confounding genus of basidiomycete fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution. Lack of consensus about morphological and geographic boundaries of many Stereum species has resulted in a lack of consistency in identification of physical specimens, a problem that cascades to their associated published DNA sequences. A critical initial step towards addressing these issues is determining the scope of the problem. Here, we first use integrative taxonomy to delimit species in the North American Stereum ostrea complex. We use morphological and ecological characters, alongside ITS rDNA sequences of specimens from midwestern and eastern North America to show that "Stereum ostrea" in this region is a complex of at least three reproductively isolated sister species: S. lobatum, S. fasciatum, and S. subtomentosum. We then extend lessons from this case study to a set of publicly available Stereum ITS sequences to assess the accuracy of species names represented by existing sequence data. ASAP species delimitation successfully discriminates among the three newly revealed species in the S. ostrea species complex, but also reveals considerable cryptic diversity across global Stereum and widespread inconsistency in application of species names. Though ITS alone should not be used to delimit species or describe evolutionary relationships, its application here helps direct new hypotheses and suggests several areas of Stereum taxonomy that require revision. The critical future work of disentangling Stereum taxonomy and evolution should combine a multilocus genetic approach with morphology, ecology, and a global sampling strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLong-Duhon, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny, morphology, and ecology resurrect previously synonymized species of North American Stereum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lentiviral vectors transduce lung stem cells without disrupting plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life-long expression of a gene therapy agent likely requires targeting stem cells. Here we ask the question: does viral vector transduction or ectopic expression of a therapeutic transgene preclude airway stem cell function? We used a lentiviral vector containing a GFP or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) transgene to transduce primary airway basal cells from human cystic fibrosis (CF) or non-CF lung donors and monitored expression and function after differentiation. Ussing chamber measurements confirmed CFTR-dependent chloride channel activity in CF donor cells. Immunostaining, quantitative real-time PCR, and single-cell sequencing analysis of cell-type markers indicated that vector transduction or CFTR expression does not alter the formation of pseudostratified, fully-differentiated epithelial cell cultures or cell type distribution. These results have important implications for use of gene addition or gene editing strategies as life-long curative approaches for lung genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooney, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lentiviral vectors transduce lung stem cells without disrupting plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of how novel color traits evolve in aposematic taxa is based largely on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here we show that the importance of these mechanisms can differ if selective processes are considered in larval stage instead. By integrating population genomic data, predation experiments and phenotypic measurements of larvae and their host plants, we show that novel white alleles in Neodiprion lecontei (pine sawfly) larvae spread via selection rather than drift. The cost of being rare was not offset by an enhanced aposematic display or immune function. Instead, bottom-up selection via host plants may drive divergence among populations as white larvae were disproportionately abundant on a pine species with a reduced carotenoid content relative to other pine hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindstedt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing variability and midfrontal ~4 Hz rhythms correlate with cognition in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with Parkinsons disease (PD) can have significant cognitive dysfunction; however, the mechanisms for these cognitive symptoms are unknown. Here, we used scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the cortical basis for PD-related cognitive impairments during interval timing, which requires participants to estimate temporal intervals of several seconds. Time estimation is an ideal task demand for investigating cognition in PD because it is simple, requires medial frontal cortical areas, and recruits basic executive processes such as working memory and attention.

However, interval timing has never been systematically studied in PD patients with cognitive impairments. We report three main findings. First, 71 PD patients had increased temporal variability compared to 37 demographically-matched controls, and this variability correlated with cognitive dysfunction as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Second, PD patients had attenuated ~4 Hz EEG oscillatory activity at midfrontal electrodes in response to the interval-onset cue, which was also predictive of MOCA. Finally, trial-by-trial linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that cue-triggered ~4 Hz power predicted subsequent temporal estimates as a function of PD and MOCA. Our data suggest that impaired cue-evoked midfrontal ~4 Hz activity predicts increased timing variability that is indicative of cognitive dysfunction in PD. These findings link PD-related cognitive dysfunction with cortical mechanisms of cognitive control, which could advance novel biomarkers and neuromodulation for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing variability and midfrontal ~4 Hz rhythms correlate with cognition in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.360131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fusion peptide proximal region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins regulates exposure of immunogenic epitopes at the trimer base 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.360131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The error-prone replication machinery of HIV-1 continuously generates new variants of the envelope glycoproteins (Envs). Antibody selection pressures applied in the host can limit their persistence. The target specificity of antibodies elicited in different hosts varies considerably. Whether some specificities are shared and have affected the population-level evolution of Env structure is still unclear. We examined the historical changes in amino acid sequence of the gp41 fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR), which is not exposed on the Env trimer. For three FPPR positions, the residue found in the clade B ancestor was mainly replaced by alanine. However, the changes in alanine frequency at these positions between 1979 and 2016 followed different patterns; two positions maintained a historically-constant frequency whereas the third showed a gradual increase. To understand these patterns, we introduced alanine substitutions in the FPPR of primary HIV-1 strains and examined their fitness and antigenicity relative to the clade-ancestral form. The evolutionary patterns could not be explained by effects on Env fitness. Instead, the FPPR variants with a historically-constant alanine frequency exhibited a unique open-at-the-base conformation of the trimer that exposes partially-cryptic epitopes. These Envs were modestly but significantly more sensitive to poorly-neutralizing sera from HIV-infected individuals than the clade-ancestral form. Our findings suggest that weakly-neutralizing antibodies targeting the base of the trimer are commonly elicited. Such low-level antibody pressures do not exert catastrophic effects on the emerging variants but rather determine their set-point frequency in the population and historical patterns of change.

IMPORTANCEHIV-1 infection elicits antibodies that target the Env proteins of the virus. The specific targets of these antibodies vary between infected individuals. It is unclear whether some target specificities are shared between the antibody responses of different individuals. Our data suggest that antibodies against the base of the Env protein are commonly elicited during infection and are contained in sera with low neutralization efficacy. Such antibody pressures are weak. As a result, they do not completely eliminate the sensitive Env forms from the population, but rather maintain their frequency at a low level that has not increased during the past 40 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas Chavez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.360131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fusion peptide proximal region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins regulates exposure of immunogenic epitopes at the trimer base]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification of HIV-1 RNA evades RIG-I-mediated sensing to suppresses type-I interferon induction in monocytic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent RNA modification that plays a key role in regulating eukaryotic cellular mRNA functions. RNA m6A modification is regulated by two groups of cellular proteins, writers and erasers that add or remove m6A, respectively. HIV-1 RNA contains m6A modifications that modulate viral infection and gene expression in cells. However, it remains unclear whether m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA modulate innate immune responses in cells or HIV-1-infected individuals. Here we show that m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA suppresses the expression of antiviral cytokine type-I interferon (IFN-I) in human monocytic cells. Transfection of differentiated monocytic cells with HIV-1 RNA fragments containing a single m6A-modification significantly reduced IFN-I mRNA expression relative to their unmodified RNA counterparts. We generated HIV-1 with altered RNA m6A levels by manipulating the expression of the m6A erasers or pharmacological inhibition of m6A addition in virus-producing cells. RNA transfection and viral infection of differentiated monocytic cells demonstrated that HIV-1 RNA with decreased m6A levels enhanced IFN-I expression, whereas HIV-1 RNA with increased m6A modifications had opposite effects. Our mechanistic studies revealed that m6A of HIV-1 RNA escaped the RIG-I-mediated RNA sensing and activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 that drive IFN-I gene expression. Moreover, RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 viremic patients showed increased m6A levels that correlated with increased IFN-I mRNA expression compared to levels from HIV-1-suppressed patients on antiretroviral therapy. Together, our results suggest that RNA m6A modifications regulate viral replication and antiviral innate immune responses in HIV-1-infected individuals.

Author SummaryHIV-1 is known as a weak inducer of antiviral cytokines including IFN-I, but it is unclear how HIV-1 evades innate immunity. Different types of RNA modifications including m6A within the HIV-1 genome modulate viral replication; however, the role of m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA in regulating innate immune responses remains elusive. In this study, we found that HIV-1 RNA modified with m6A suppresses the expression of IFN-I in differentiated monocytic cells by avoiding innate immune detection of viral RNA mediated by RIG-I, an RNA sensor in host cells. We also observed significantly increased RNA m6A modifications of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 viremic patients compared to virally suppressed patients on combined antiretroviral therapy, suggesting a functional link between m6A modifications and antiretroviral treatment. Investigating the functions of m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA in regulating innate immune sensing and IFN-I induction in monocytic cells can help understand the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirumuru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification of HIV-1 RNA evades RIG-I-mediated sensing to suppresses type-I interferon induction in monocytic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.368704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRAF6 and TAK1 contribute to SAMHD1-mediated negative regulation of NF-kB signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.368704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile alpha motif and HD-domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts HIV-1 replication by limiting the intracellular dNTP pool. SAMHD1 also suppresses the activation of NF-{kappa}B in response to viral infections and inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanisms by which SAMHD1 negatively regulates this pathway remain unclear. Here we show that SAMHD1-mediated suppression of NF-{kappa}B activation is modulated by two key mediators of NF-{kappa}B signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-{beta}-activated kinase-1 (TAK1). We compared NF-{kappa}B activation stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1{beta} in monocytic THP-1 control and SAMHD1 knockout (KO) cells with and without partial TRAF6 knockdown (KD), or in cells treated with TAK1 inhibitors. Relative to control cells, IL-1{beta}-treated SAMHD1 KO cells showed increased phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-{kappa}B (I{kappa}B), an indication of pathway activation, and elevated levels of TNF- mRNA. Moreover, SAMHD1 KO combined with TRAF6 KD or pharmacological TAK1 inhibition reduced I{kappa}B phosphorylation and TNF- mRNA to the level of control cells. SAMHD1 KO cells infected with single-cycle HIV-1 showed elevated infection and TNF- mRNA levels compared to control cells, and the effects were significantly reduced by TRAF6 KD or TAK1 inhibition. We further demonstrated that overexpressed SAMHD1 inhibited TRAF6-stimulated NF-{kappa}B reporter activity in HEK293T cells in a dose-dependent manner. SAMHD1 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS), but an NLS-defective SAMHD1 exhibited a suppressive effect similar to the wild-type protein. Our data suggest that the TRAF6-TAK1 axis contributes to SAMHD1-mediated suppression of NF-{kappa}B activation and HIV-1 infection.

ImportanceCells respond to pathogen infection by activating a complex innate immune signaling pathway, which culminates in the activation of transcription factors and secretion of a family of functionally and genetically related cytokines. However, excessive immune activation may cause tissue damage and detrimental effects on the host. Therefore, in order to maintain host homeostasis, the innate immune response is tightly regulated during viral infection. We have reported SAMHD1 as a novel negative regulator of the innate immune response. Here, we provide new insights into SAMHD1-mediated negative regulation of the NF-{kappa}B pathway at the TRAF6-TAK1 checkpoint. We show that SAMHD1 inhibits TAK1 activation and TRAF6 signaling in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Interestingly, TRAF6 knockdown in SAMHD1-deficient cells significantly inhibited HIV-1 infection and activation of NF-{kappa}B induced by virus infection. Our research reveals a new negative regulatory mechanism by which SAMHD1 participates in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis during HIV-1 infection and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espada, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Gelais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maksimova, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.368704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRAF6 and TAK1 contribute to SAMHD1-mediated negative regulation of NF-kB signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Development of a Novel Nanobody Therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires potent and low-cost therapeutics. We identified a novel series of single-domain antibodies (i.e., nanobody), Nanosota-1, from a camelid nanobody phage display library. Structural data showed that Nanosota-1 bound to the oft-hidden receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, blocking out viral receptor ACE2. The lead drug possessing an Fc tag (Nanosota-1C-Fc) bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD with a Kd of 15.7picomolar ([~]3000 times more tightly than ACE2 did) and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with an ND50 of 0.16microgram/milliliter ([~]6000 times more potently than ACE2 did). Administered at a single dose, Nanosota-1C-Fc demonstrated preventive and therapeutic efficacy in hamsters subjected to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unlike conventional antibody drugs, Nanosota-1C-Fc was produced at high yields in bacteria and had exceptional thermostability. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Nanosota-1C-Fc documented a greater than 10-day in vivo half-life efficacy and high tissue bioavailability. Nanosota-1C-Fc is a potentially effective and realistic solution to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact statementPotent and low-cost Nanosota-1 drugs block SARS-CoV-2 infections both in vitro and in vivo and act both preventively and therapeutically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drelich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempaiah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.386532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Development of a Novel Nanobody Therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of local spatial information in the human medial temporal lobe duringmemory-guided navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus (HC) and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortical regions play a critical role in spatial navigation and episodic memory. However, it remains unclear how the interaction between the HCs conjunctive coding and mnemonic differentiation contributes to neural representations of spatial environments. Multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses enable examination of how human HC and MTL cortical regions encode multidimensional spatial information to support memory-guided navigation. We combined high-resolution fMRI with a virtual navigation paradigm in which participants relied on memory of the environment to navigate to goal locations in two different virtual rooms. Within each room, participants were cued to navigate to four learned locations, each associated with one of two reward values. Pattern similarity analysis revealed that when participants successfully arrived at goal locations, activity patterns in HC and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) represented room-goal location conjunctions and activity patterns in HC subfields represented room-reward-location conjunctions. These results add to an emerging literature revealing hippocampal conjunctive representations during goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favila, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailenson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of local spatial information in the human medial temporal lobe duringmemory-guided navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.399394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced virus detection and metagenomic sequencing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.399394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meningitis and encephalitis are leading causes of central nervous system (CNS) disease and often result in severe neurological compromise or death. Traditional diagnostic workflows largely rely on pathogen-specific diagnostic tests, sometimes over days to weeks. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a high-throughput platform that profiles all nucleic acid in a sample. We prospectively enrolled 68 patients from New England with known or suspected CNS infection and performed mNGS from both RNA and DNA to identify potential pathogens. Using a computational metagenomic classification pipeline based on KrakenUniq and BLAST, we detected pathogen nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 22 subjects. This included some pathogens traditionally diagnosed by serology or not typically identified in CSF, including three transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks (Powassan virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum). Among 24 subjects with no clinical diagnosis, we detected enterovirus in two subjects and Epstein Barr virus in one subject. We also evaluated two methods to enhance detection of viral nucleic acid, hybrid capture and methylated DNA depletion. Hybrid capture nearly universally increased viral read recovery. Although results for methylated DNA depletion were mixed, it allowed detection of varicella zoster virus DNA in two samples that were negative by standard mNGS. Overall, mNGS is a promising approach that can test for multiple pathogens simultaneously, with similar efficacy to pathogen-specific tests, and can uncover geographically relevant infectious CNS disease, such as tick-borne infections in New England. With further laboratory and computational enhancements, mNGS may become a mainstay of workup for encephalitis and meningitis.

ImportanceMeningitis and encephalitis are leading global causes of central nervous system (CNS) disability and mortality. Current diagnostic workflows remain inefficient, requiring costly pathogen-specific assays and sometimes invasive surgical procedures. Despite intensive diagnostic efforts, 40-60% of people with meningitis or encephalitis have no clear cause of their CNS disease identified. As diagnostic uncertainty often leads to costly inappropriate therapies, the need for novel pathogen detection methods is paramount. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) offers the unique opportunity to circumvent these challenges using unbiased laboratory and computational methods. Here, we performed comprehensive mNGS from 68 patients with suspected CNS infection, and define enhanced methods to improve the detection of CNS pathogens, including those not traditionally identified in the CNS by nucleic acid detection. Overall, our work helps elucidate how mNGS can become a mainstay in the diagnostic toolkit for CNS infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukerji, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjilal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummins, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosh, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.399394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced virus detection and metagenomic sequencing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigations into modifications of neuromuscular physiology by axonal transport disruptions in Drosophila SOD1 mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the maintenance of oxidative homeostasis, and missense mutations in the human SOD1 gene are associated with the motor neuron degenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster SOD1 gene (Sod) shorten fly lifespan, attenuate motor function, and induce developmental mortality. We have previously found morphological and physiological defects at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of hypomorphic Sodn108 and ALS model SodG85R mutant larvae. Here, we report genetic interactions causing striking modifications of Sod mutant phenotypes by mutations in the gene Prickle (Pk), which are linked to planar cell polarity, epilepsy, and axonal transport disruptions. Pk is expressed as two isoforms prickle-spiny-legs (sple) and prickle-prickle (pk), which are each suppressed by specific hypomorphic mutations (sple1 and pk1). Interestingly, Sod phenotypes are distinctly modified depending on both the Pk isoform suppressed, and whether said suppression is heterozygous or homozygous. Heterozygous sple1 and pk1 improved the developmental survival of Sod mutants, whereas homozygous sple1 and pk1 drastically increased mortality. Further, only heterozygous sple1 and pk1 clearly ameliorated morphological defects at the neuromuscular junctions of Sod mutant larvae. Pharmacological treatment of Sod mutants reveals allele-specific motor neuron terminal hyperexcitability, characterized by synaptic transmissions of extended duration and abnormal presynaptic Ca2+ transients. Heterozygous sple1 mutation suppresses this Sod mutant terminal hyperexcitability, but pk1 does not. We reversed this suppressive effect of sple1 by pharmacological blockade of Ca2+-activated K+ channel slowpoke. Altogether, this study builds on our prior knowledge of Sod mutant development and physiology to show that axonal transport-linked gene mutations strikingly modify Sod mutant phenotypes, providing strong evidence for a role of intracellular transport in alterations of neuromuscular morphology and physiology by SOD1 mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Harrow, T. C. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.399956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigations into modifications of neuromuscular physiology by axonal transport disruptions in Drosophila SOD1 mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Tweezers with Magnetic Flux Density Feedback Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we present a single-pole magnetic tweezers (MT) device designed for integration with substrate deformation tracking microscopy (DTM) and/or traction force microscopy (TFM) experiments intended to explore extracellular matrix rheology and human epidermal keratinocyte mechanobiology. Assembled from commercially available off-the-shelf electronics hardware and software, the MT device is amenable to replication in the basic biology laboratory. In contrast to conventional solenoid current-controlled MT devices, operation of this instrument is based on real-time feedback control of the magnetic flux density emanating from the blunt end of the needle core using a cascade control scheme and a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Algorithms that compensate for an apparent spatially non-uniform remnant magnetization of the needle core that develops during actuation are implemented into the feedback control scheme. Through optimization of PID gain scheduling, the MT device exhibits magnetization and demagnetization response times of less than 100 ms without overshoot over a wide range of magnetic flux density setpoints. Compared to current-based control, magnetic flux density-based control allows for more accurate and precise magnetic actuation forces by compensating for temperature increases within the needle core due to heat generated by the applied solenoid currents. Near field calibrations validate the ability of the MT device to actuate 4.5 m-diameter superparamagnetic beads with forces up to 25 nN with maximum relative uncertainties of {+/-}30% for beads positioned between 2.5 and 40 m from the needle tip.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moghram, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Tweezers with Magnetic Flux Density Feedback Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of Magnetic Tweezers and Traction Force Microscopy for the Exploration of Matrix Rheology and Keratinocyte Mechanobiology: Model Force- and Displacement-Controlled Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work we demonstrate the integration of magnetic tweezers (MT) with substrate deformation tracking microscopy (DTM) and traction force microscopy (TFM) for the investigation of extracellular matrix rheology and human epidermal keratinocyte mechanobiology in the context of human blistering skin diseases. Two model bead-on-gel experiments are described in which an MT device is used to apply a prescribed force or displacement waveform to a fibronectin-coated superparamagnetic bead attached to a type I collagen gel containing a layer of covalently attached red-fluorescent microspheres. Serial fast time-lapse DIC and epifluorescence image acquisitions are used to capture displacements of the bead and microspheres, respectively, in response to the applied force or displacement. Due to the large number of acquired images and the dynamic behavior of substrate microspheres observed during the experiment, new quantitative methods are developed for the tracking and filtering of microsphere displacement data, the selection of L2 regularization parameters used for TFM analysis, and the identification of time intervals within the overall image set that can be approximated as being subject to elastostatic conditions. Two major proof-of-concept applications are described in which integrated MT-DTM/TFM experiments are used to (i) estimate the elastic properties of a fibrillar type I collagen gel substrate and (ii) demonstrate how a force applied to a focal adhesion contact on the apical surface of a living keratinocyte is directly transmitted to basal cell-matrix anchoring junctions as observed by substrate deformations and incremental traction stresses that develop within the collagen subjacent to the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moghram, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeLune, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of Magnetic Tweezers and Traction Force Microscopy for the Exploration of Matrix Rheology and Keratinocyte Mechanobiology: Model Force- and Displacement-Controlled Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with genetic risk factors defined by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania, depression and circadian rhythm abnormalities. While lithium is an effective drug for BD, 30-40% of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that lithium affects the expression of "clock genes" and that lithium responders (Li-R) can be distinguished from non-responders (Li-NR) by differences in circadian rhythms. However, rhythm abnormalities in BD have not been evaluated in neurons and it is unknown if neuronal rhythms differ between Li-R and Li-NR. We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to culture neuronal precursor cells (NPC) and glutamatergic neurons from BD patients and controls. We identified strong circadian rhythms in Per2-luc expression in NPCs and neurons from controls and Li-R. NPC rhythms in Li-R had a shorter circadian period. Li-NR rhythms were low-amplitude and profoundly weakened. In NPCs and neurons, expression of PER2 was higher in both BD groups compared to controls. In neurons, PER2 protein expression was higher in BD than controls, especially in Li-NR samples. In single cells, NPC and neuron rhythms in both BD groups were desynchronized compared to controls. Lithium lengthened period in Li-R and control neurons but failed to alter rhythms in Li-NR. In contrast, temperature entrainment increased amplitude across all groups, and partly restored rhythms in Li-NR neurons. We conclude that neuronal circadian rhythm abnormalities are present in BD and most pronounced in Li-NR. Rhythm deficits in BD may be partly reversible through stimulation of entrainment pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenburgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coryell, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oedegaard, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory coding of limb kinematics in developing primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary motor cortex (M1) undergoes protracted development in mammals, functioning initially as a sensory structure. Throughout the first postnatal week in rats, M1 is strongly activated by self-generated forelimb movements--especially by the twitches that occur during active sleep. Here, we quantify the kinematic features of forelimb movements to reveal receptive-field properties of individual units within the forelimb region of M1. At postnatal day (P) 8, nearly all units were strongly modulated by movement amplitude, especially during active sleep. By P12, only a minority of units continued to exhibit amplitude-tuning, regardless of behavioral state. At both ages, movement direction also modulated M1 activity, though to a lesser extent. Finally, at P12, M1 population-level activity became more sparse and decorrelated, along with a substantial alteration in the statistical distribution of M1 responses to limb movements. These findings reveal a transition toward a more complex and informationally rich representation of movement long before M1 develops its motor functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glanz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory coding of limb kinematics in developing primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical neuronal hyperexcitability in a mouse model of mitochondrial pyruvate import deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal excitation imposes a high demand of ATP in neurons. Most of the ATP derives primarily from pyruvate-mediated oxidative phosphorylation, a process that relies on import of pyruvate into mitochondria occuring exclusively via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). To investigate whether deficient oxidative phosphorylation impacts neuron excitability, we generated a mouse strain carrying a conditional deletion of MPC1, an essential subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, specifically in adult glutamatergic neurons. We found that, despite decreased levels of oxidative phosphorylation in these excitatory neurons, mice were normal at rest. Paradoxically, in response to mild inhibition of GABA mediated synaptic activity, they rapidly developed severe seizures and died, whereas under similar conditions the behaviour of control mice remained unchanged. We show that neurons with a deficient MPC are intrinsically hyperexcitable as a consequence of impaired calcium homeostasis, which reduces M-type potassium channel activity. Provision of ketone bodies restores energy status, calcium homeostasis and M-channel activity and attenuates seizures in animals fed a ketogenic diet. Our results provide an explanation for the paradoxical seizures that frequently accompany a large number of neuropathologies, including cerebral ischemia and diverse mitochondriopathies, in which neurons experience an energy deficit.

One Sentence SummaryDecreased OXPHOS and Ca2+-mediated neuronal hyperexcitability lead to seizure in a mouse model of mitochondrial pyruvate import deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De La Rossa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laporte, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marissal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montessuit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheshadri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Fernández, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quairiaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>carleton, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinou, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical neuronal hyperexcitability in a mouse model of mitochondrial pyruvate import deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.423848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological Correlations and Confounding Variables for Quantification of Retinal Ganglion Cells Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Using Diversity Outbred Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.423848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDespite popularity of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma studies, its unclear how well OCT-derived metrics compare to traditional measures of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) abundance. Here, Diversity Outbred (J:DO) mice are used to directly compare ganglion cell complex (GCC)-thickness measured by OCT to metrics of retinal anatomy measured ex vivo with retinal wholemounts or optic nerve cross sections.

MethodsJ:DO mice (n = 48) underwent OCT and fundoscopic exams, with GCC-thickness measured using automated segmentation. Following euthanasia, RGC axons were quantified from para-phenylenediamine-stained optic nerve cross sections and RGC somas from BRN3A-immunolabeled retinal wholemounts with total cellularity assessed by TO-PRO or hematoxylin nuclear staining.

ResultsJ:DO tissues lacked overt disease. GCC-thickness (62.4 {+/-} 3.7 {micro}m), RGC abundance (3,097 {+/-} 515 BRN3A+ nuclei/mm2; 45,533 {+/-} 9,077 axons), and total inner retinal cell abundance (6,952 {+/-} 810 nuclei/mm2) varied broadly. GCC-thickness correlated significantly to RGC somal density (r = 0.46) and axon number (r = 0.49), whereas total inner retinal cellularity did not. Retinal area (20.3 {+/-} 2.4 mm2) and optic nerve (0.09 {+/-} 0.02 mm2) cross-sectional area varied widely. Sex did not significantly influence any of these metrics. In bilateral comparisons, GCC-thickness (r = 0.89), inner retinal cellularity (r = 0.47), and RGC axon abundance (r = 0.72) all correlated significantly.

ConclusionsAmongst outbred mice with widely variable phenotypes, OCT-derived measurements of GCC thickness correlate significantly to RGC abundance and axon number. The extensive phenotypic variability exhibited by J:DO mice make them a powerful resource for studies of retinal anatomy using quantitative genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Heide, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soukup, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramoff, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.423848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological Correlations and Confounding Variables for Quantification of Retinal Ganglion Cells Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Using Diversity Outbred Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome evolution in a putatively asexual wasp 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asexual lineages are destined for extinction--a result predicted by theory and revealed in practice. Short-term benefits of asexuality are eventually outstripped by their fitness costs: losses of sex and recombination are together expected to reduce efficacy of selection, increase mutation load, and thus, lower fitness. We characterized genomic patterns of accumulating mutations in Diachasma muliebre, a parasitic wasp that has apparently lost sex, an inference supported by many decades of field collections of 1000s of individuals in which only females were found. The split between D. muliebre and its closest sexual relative, Diachasma ferrugineum, is quite recent, allowing us to observe initial events in the evolution of this putative asexual species. First, we find a faster rate of molecular evolution across the D. muliebre genome. In addition, we observed a marked excess of replacement nucleotide substitutions in orthologous genes in the putatively asexual D. muliebre when compared to D. ferrugineum. This pattern directly indicates genome-wide relaxed selection in this young, putatively asexual species, the resulting mutational load from which is expected to ultimately lead to extinction. However, these genomic effects occur in the presence of genomic recombination initially detected by a previous study and also supported by analyses of genome-wide substitution rates within codons. In addition, following completion of the genome sequence and its analysis, we discovered two D. muliebre males, suggesting the possibility of rare sex in this species. Haplodiploid animals, including the sexual ancestors of D. muliebre, bear small genetic loads, likely making their initial transitions to asexuality relatively benign. Paradoxically, an elevated rate of mutation accumulation resulting from asexuality, when accompanied by retention of recombination and/or rare sex, could actually be beneficial: we hypothesize that the novel variation introduced by mutation along with limited shuffling of genes may facilitate initial adaptation and extend persistence of such lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tvedte, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trendle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome evolution in a putatively asexual wasp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADH5-mediated NO Bioactivity Maintains Metabolic Homeostasis in Brown Adipose Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity is tightly regulated by cellular redox status but the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are incompletely understood. Protein S-nitrosylation, the nitric oxide-mediated cysteine thiol modification of proteins, plays important roles in cellular redox regulation. Here we show that both diet-induced obesity (DIO) and acute cold exposure elevates protein S-nitrosylation of BAT proteins, including UCP1, to regulate thermogenesis. This effect in BAT is regulated largely by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR, ADH5), a denitrosylase that balances the intracellular nitroso-redox status. Loss of ADH5 specifically in BAT impairs UCP1-dependent thermogenesis during acute cold challenge and worsens metabolic dysfunction during diet-induced obesity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Adh5 expression in BAT is controlled by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and administration of an HSF1 activator to the BAT of mice with DIO increased Adh5 expression and significantly improved UCP1-mediated mitochondrial respiration. Together, these data demonstrate that ADH5 controls BAT nitroso-redox homeostasis to regulate adipose thermogenesis which may be therapeutically targeted to improve metabolic health.

HighlightsO_LIThermogenesis induces protein S-nitrosylation modification in the BAT;
C_LIO_LIADH5, a major cellular denitrosylase, is required for maintaining BAT metabolic homeostasis under both overnutrition and cold stress conditions;
C_LIO_LIDiet-induced obesity suppresses HSF1-mediated activation of Adh5 in the BAT;
C_LIO_LIADH5 overexpression in BAT improves whole-body glucose homeostasis in obesity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebag, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartelt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.27.424489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADH5-mediated NO Bioactivity Maintains Metabolic Homeostasis in Brown Adipose Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration longevity among geriatric and adult special needs patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aimed to describe the survival trajectory of dental restorations placed in an outpatient population of geriatric and adult special needs patients over a 15-year span, with particular interest in longevity of subsequent restorations in teeth that received multiple restorations over time. Dental restorations of different types and sizes in patients age [&ge;]65 years treated between 2000-14 at the University of Iowa, College of Dentistry were followed until they incurred an event (i.e., restoration replacement, extraction of the tooth, or endodontic treatment of the tooth). Survival analysis and extended Cox regression models were used to generate hazards ratios for selected predictor variables. A total of 9184 restorations were followed in 1551 unique patients. During the follow-up period, 28.7% of these restorations incurred an event; and overall the restorations had a median lifespan of 6.25 years. In multivariable regression models, after controlling for gender and age, composite restorations and greater number of restoration surfaces were associated with higher risks of failure; and the initial restoration recorded in the database for each subject tended to have lower risk of failure than restorations placed later that included any of those same surfaces. This information potentially could be helpful to elderly patients considering various restorative treatment options during the dental treatment planning and informed consent process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caplan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration longevity among geriatric and adult special needs patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPA1 Deletion in Brown Adipose Tissue Improves Thermoregulation and Systemic Metabolism via FGF21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes alters mitochondrial dynamics, including proteolytic processing of the mitochondrial fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). However, direct mechanisms linking OPA1 to brown adipose tissue (BAT) physiology are incompletely understood. By deleting OPA1 selectively in BAT (OPA1 BAT KO), we demonstrate that OPA1 is required for cold-induced thermogenesis. Unexpectedly, OPA1 deficiency induced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a BATokine in an activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)- dependent manner. BAT-derived FGF21 mediates an adaptive response in OPA1 BAT KO mice, by inducing browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), increasing resting metabolic rates, and improving thermoregulation. However, FGF21 does not mediate the resistance to diet-induced obesity observed in these animals. These findings reveal a requirement for OPA1 in BAT thermogenesis, and uncovers a homeostatic mechanism of BAT-mediated metabolic protection governed by an ATF4-FGF21 axis, that is activated independently of BAT thermogenic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvera, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadinada, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westphal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewezi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui Tran, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, L. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souvenir, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mital, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPA1 Deletion in Brown Adipose Tissue Improves Thermoregulation and Systemic Metabolism via FGF21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPRSS2 structure-phylogeny repositions Avoralstat for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs targeting host proteins can act prophylactically to reduce viral burden early in disease and limit morbidity, even with antivirals and vaccination. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a human protease required for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and may represent such a target.1-3 We hypothesized drugs selected from proteins related by their tertiary structure, rather than their primary structure, were likely to interact with TMPRSS2. We created a structure-based phylogenetic computational tool 3DPhyloFold to systematically identify structurally similar serine proteases with known therapeutic inhibitors and demonstrated effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo.4,5 Several candidate compounds, Avoralstat, PCI-27483, Antipain, and Soybean-Trypsin-Inhibitor, inhibited TMPRSS2 in biochemical and cell infection assays. Avoralstat, a clinically tested Kallikrein-related B1 inhibitor,6 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in human airway epithelial cells. In an in vivo proof of principle,5 Avoralstat significantly reduced lung tissue titers and mitigated weight-loss when administered prophylactically to SARS-CoV-2 susceptible mice indicating its potential to be repositioned for COVID-19 prophylaxis in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPRSS2 structure-phylogeny repositions Avoralstat for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KERA: Analysis Tool for Multi-Process, Multi-State Single-Molecule Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular machines within cells dynamically assemble, disassemble, and reorganize. Molecular interactions between their components can be observed at the single-molecule level and quantified using colocalization single-molecule spectroscopy (CoSMoS), in which individual labeled molecules are seen transiently associating with a surface-tethered partner, or other total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) approaches in which the interactions elicit changes in fluorescence in the labeled surface-tethered partner. When multiple interacting partners can form ternary, quaternary and higher order complexes, the types of spatial and temporal organization of these complexes can be deduced from the order of appearance and reorganization of the components. Time evolution of complex architectures can be followed by changes in the fluorescence behavior in multiple channels. Here, we describe the kinetic event resolving algorithm (KERA), a software tool for organizing and sorting the discretized fluorescent trajectories from a range of single-molecule experiments. KERA organizes the data in groups by transition patterns, and displays exhaustive dwell-time data for each interaction sequence. Enumerating and quantifying sequences of molecular interactions provides important information regarding the underlying mechanism of the assembly, dynamics and architecture of the macromolecular complexes. We demonstrate KERAs utility by analyzing conformational dynamics of two DNA binding proteins: RPA and XPD helicase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tibbs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoneim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzynski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabei, S. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KERA: Analysis Tool for Multi-Process, Multi-State Single-Molecule Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant and nondominant distal radius microstructure: predictors of asymmetry and effects of a unilateral mechanical loading intervention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most information about distal radius microstructure is based on the non-dominant forearm, with little known about the factors that contribute to bilateral asymmetries in the general population, or what factors may influence bilateral changes over time. Here, we analyzed bilateral longitudinal high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) data collected over a 12-month period as part of a clinical trial that prescribed a well-controlled, compressive loading task to the nondominant forearm. Baseline data from 102 women age 21-40, and longitudinal data from 66 women who completed the 12-month trial, were examined to determine factors responsible for side-to-side asymmetries in bone structure and change in structure over time. Cross-sectionally, the dominant radius had 2.4%-2.7% larger cross-sectional area, trabecular area, and bone mineral content than the nondominant radius, but no other differences were noted. Those who more strongly favored their dominant arm had significantly more, thinner, closely spaced trabecular struts in their dominant versus nondominant radius. Individuals assigned to a loading intervention had significant bilateral gains in total bone mineral density (2.0% and 1.2% in the nondominant versus dominan sides), and unilateral gains in cortical area (3.1%), thickness (3.0%), bone mineral density (1.7%) and inner trabecular density (1.3%). Each of these gains were significantly predicted by loading dose, a metric that included bone strain, number of cycles, and strain rate. Within individuals, change was negatively associated with age, meaning that women closer to age 40 experienced less of a gain in bone versus those closer to age 21. We believe that dominant/nondominant asymmetries in bone structure reflect differences in habitual loads during growth and past ability to adapt, while response to loading reflects current individual physiologic capacity to adapt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant and nondominant distal radius microstructure: predictors of asymmetry and effects of a unilateral mechanical loading intervention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant adenovirus causes prolonged mobilization of macrophages in the anterior chamber of mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeOcular tissues of mice have been studied in many ways using replication deficient species C type 5 adenoviruses (Ad5) as tools for manipulating gene expression. While refinements to injection protocols and tropism have led to several advances in targeting cells of interest, there remains a relative lack of information concerning how Ad5 may influence other ocular cell types capable of confounding experimental interpretation. Here, a slit-lamp is used to thoroughly photodocument the sequelae of intraocular Ad5 injections over time in mice, with attention to potentially confounding indices of inflammation.

MethodsA cohort of C57BL/6J mice was randomly split into 3 groups (Virus, receiving unilateral intracameral injection with 5x107 pfu of a cargo-less Ad5 construct; Saline, receiving unilateral balanced salt solution injection; and Naive, receiving no injections). From this initial experiment, a total of 52 eyes from 26 mice were photodocumented via slit-lamp at four time points (baseline, 1, 3, and 10 weeks following initiation of the experiment) by an observer masked to treatments and other parameters of the experimental design. Following the last in vivo exam, tissues were collected. Based on the slit-lamp data, tissues were studied via immunostaining with the macrophage marker F4/80. Subsequently, three iterations of the original experiment were performed with otherwise identical experimental parameters testing the effect of age, intravitreal injection, and A195 buffer, adding slit-lamp photodocumentation of an additional 32 eyes from 16 mice.

ResultsThe masked investigator was able to use the sequential images from each mouse in the initial experiment to assign each mouse into its correct treatment group with near perfect fidelity. Virus injected eyes were characterized by corneal damage indicative of intraocular injection and a prolonged mobilization of clump cells on the surface of the iris. Saline injected eyes had only transient corneal opacities indicative of intraocular injections, and Naive eyes remained normal. Immunostaining with F4/80 was consistent with ascribing the clump cells visualized via slit-lamp imaging as a type of macrophage. Experimental iterations using Ad5 indicate that all virus injected eyes had the distinguishing feature of a prolonged presence of clump cells on the surface of the iris regardless of injection site. Mice receiving an intraocular injection of Ad5 at an advanced age displayed a protracted course of corneal cloudiness that prevented detailed visualization of the iris at the last time point.

ConclusionsBecause the eye is often considered an "immune privileged site", we suspect that several studies have neglected to consider that the presence of Ad5 in the eye might evoke strong reactions from the innate immune system. Ad5 injection caused a sustained mobilization of clump cells, i.e. macrophages. This change is likely a consequence of either direct macrophage transduction or a secondary response to cytokines produced locally by other transduced cells. Regardless of how these cells were altered, the important implication is that the adenovirus led to long lasting changes in the environment of the anterior chamber. Thus, these findings describe a caveat of Ad5-mediated studies involving macrophage mobilization, which we encourage groups to use as a bioassay in their experiments and consider in interpretation of their ongoing experiments using adenoviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomernackas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soukup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingert, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant adenovirus causes prolonged mobilization of macrophages in the anterior chamber of mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency is sufficient to promote melanoma initiation and metastasis, acting as a non-canonical tumor suppressor. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly modulates PTEN expression, and PI3K signaling, to drive tumor initiation and progression. Collectively our results reveal that somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.

SIGNIFICANCEHere, we report frequent mono-allelic loss of the transcription factor BRN2 in human cutaneous melanoma metastases. We developed a mouse model for Brn2-deficient melanoma based on the most common alterations (BrafV600E and Pten loss) in human melanoma and established the role of Brn2 as a functional regulator of tumor initiation, tumor growth, and the formation of metastases in vivo. Mechanistically, BRN2 loss increases PI3K-signaling through PTEN repression, either via MITF induction or not. Overall, we describe a novel tumor suppressor of high prevalence in human melanoma that regulates several steps of in vivo melanomagenesis through two previously unknown molecular mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Coz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesbert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aktary, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarasin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellacosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-del-Campo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosteo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steingrimsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A processing pipeline for image reconstructed fNIRS analysis using both MRI templates and individual anatomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimWe demonstrate a pipeline with accompanying code to allow users to clean and prepare optode location information, prepare and standardize individual anatomical images, create the light model, run the 3D image reconstruction, and analyze data in group space.

ApproachWe synthesize a combination of new and existing software packages to create a complete pipeline, from raw data to analysis.

ResultsThis pipeline has been tested using both templates and individual anatomy, and on data from different fNIRS data collection systems. We show high temporal correlations between channel-based and image-based fNIRS data. In addition, we demonstrate the reliability of this pipeline with a sample dataset that included 74 children as part of a longitudinal study taking place in Scotland. We demonstrate good correspondence between data in channel space and image reconstructed data.

ConclusionsThe pipeline presented here makes a unique contribution by integrating multiple tools to assemble a complete pipeline for image reconstruction in fNIRS. We highlight further issues that may be of interest to future software developers in the field.

SignificanceImage reconstruction of fNIRS data is a useful technique for transforming channel-based fNIRS into a volumetric representation and managing spatial variance based on optode location. We present a novel integrated pipeline for image reconstruction of fNIRS data using either MRI templates or individual anatomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forbes, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggebrecht, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A processing pipeline for image reconstructed fNIRS analysis using both MRI templates and individual anatomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial electrical stimulation alters meso-scale network integration as a function of network topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain dynamics are organized into a multi-scale network structure that contains multiple tight-knit, meso-scale communities. Recent work has demonstrated that many psychological capacities, as well as impairments in cognitive function secondary to damage, can be mapped onto organizing principles at this mesoscopic scale. However, we still dont know the rules that govern the dynamic interactions between regions that are constrained by the topology of the broader network. In this preregistered study, we utilized a unique human dataset in which whole brain BOLD-fMRI activity was recorded simultaneously with intracranial electrical stimulation, to characterize the effects of direct neural stimulation on the dynamic reconfiguration of the broader network. Direct neural stimulation increased the extent to which the stimulation sites own mesoscale community integrated with the rest of the brain. Further, we found that these network changes depended on the topological role of the stimulation site itself: stimulating regions with high participation coefficients led to global integration, whereas stimulating sites with low participation coefficients integrated that regions own community with the rest of the brain. These findings provide direct causal evidence for how network topology shapes and constrains inter-regional coordination, and suggest applications for targeted therapeutic interventions in patients with deep-brain stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.426941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial electrical stimulation alters meso-scale network integration as a function of network topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential requirement of NPHP1 for compartmentalized protein localization during photoreceptor outer segment development and maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nephrocystin (NPHP1) is a ciliary transition zone protein and its ablation causes nephronophthisis (NPHP) with partially penetrant retinal dystrophy. However, the precise requirements of NPHP1 in photoreceptors are not well understood. Here, we characterize retinal degeneration in a mouse model of NPHP1 and show that NPHP1 is required to prevent infiltration of inner segment plasma membrane proteins into the outer segment during the photoreceptor maturation. We demonstrate that Nphp1 gene-trap mutant mice, which were previously described as null, are in fact hypomorphs due to the production of a small quantity of functional mRNAs derived from nonsense-associated altered splicing and skipping of two exons including the one harboring the gene-trap. In homozygous mutant animals, inner segment plasma membrane proteins such as syntaxin-3 (STX3), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25), and interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 2 (IMPG2) accumulate in the outer segment when outer segments are actively elongating. This phenotype, however, is spontaneously ameliorated after the outer segment elongation is completed. Retinal degeneration also occurs temporarily during the photoreceptor maturation but stops afterward. We further show that Nphp1 genetically interacts with Cep290, another NPHP gene, and that a reduction of Cep290 gene dose results in retinal degeneration that continues until adulthood in Nphp1 mutant mice. These findings demonstrate that NPHP1 is required for the confinement of inner segment plasma membrane proteins during the outer segment development, but its requirement diminishes as photoreceptors mature. Our study also suggests that additional mutations in other NPHP genes may influence the penetrance of retinopathy in human NPHP1 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cribbs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential requirement of NPHP1 for compartmentalized protein localization during photoreceptor outer segment development and maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab11a mediates cell-cell spread and reassortment of influenza A virus genomes via tunneling nanotubes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) genomes comprise eight negative strand RNAs packaged into virions in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Rab11a plays a crucial role in the transport of vRNPs from the nucleus to the plasma membrane via microtubules, allowing assembly and virus production. Here, we identify a novel function for Rab11a in the inter-cellular transport of IAV vRNPs using tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) as molecular highways. TNTs are F-Actin rich tubules that link the cytoplasm of nearby cells. In IAV-infected cells, Rab11a was visualized together with vRNPs in these actin-rich intercellular connections. To better examine viral spread via TNTs, we devised an infection system in which conventional, virion-mediated, spread was not possible. Namely, we generated HA-deficient reporter viruses which are unable to produce progeny virions but whose genomes can be replicated and trafficked. In this system, vRNP transfer to neighboring cells was observed and this transfer was found to be dependent on both actin and Rab11a. Generation of infectious virus via TNT transfer was confirmed using donor cells infected with HA-deficient virus and recipient cells stably expressing HA protein. Mixing donor cells infected with genetically distinct IAVs furthermore revealed the potential for Rab11a and TNTs to serve as a conduit for genome mixing and reassortment in IAV infections. These data therefore reveal a novel role for Rab11a in the IAV life cycle, which could have significant implications for within-host spread, genome reassortment and immune evasion.

Author SummaryInfluenza A viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract in humans. Infection is propagated by the generation of viral particles from infected cells, which disseminate within the tissue. Disseminating particles can encounter obstacles in the extracellular environment, including mucus, ciliary movement, antibody neutralization and uptake by phagocytic immune cells. An alternative mode of spread, which avoids these hazards, involves direct transport of viral components between cells. This cell-cell spread of infection is not a well understood process. In this study we demonstrate that the host factor Rab11a mediates the transport of viral genomes in the cell-cell spread of infection. Rab11a is already known to play a pro-viral role in the transport of viral genomes to the plasma membrane for assembly into virus particles. Here, we see that this same transport mechanism is co-opted for direct cell-cell spread through cellular connections called tunneling nanotubes. We show that complexes of Rab11a and viral components can be trafficked across tunneling nanotubes, transmitting infection without the formation of virus particles. Importantly, this route of spread often seeds viral genomes from multiple donor cells into recipient cells, which in turn increases viral genetic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab11a mediates cell-cell spread and reassortment of influenza A virus genomes via tunneling nanotubes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance of a scalable extraction-free RNA-seq method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing enables high-contents/high-complexity measurements in small molecule screens performed on biological samples. Whereas the costs of DNA sequencing and the complexity of RNA-seq library preparation and analysis have decreased consistently, RNA extraction remains a significant bottleneck for RNA-seq of hundreds of samples in parallel. Direct use of cell lysate for RNA-seq library prep is common in single cell RNA-seq but not in bulk RNA-seq protocols. Recently published protocols suggest that direct lysis is compatible with simplified RNA-seq library prep. Here, we evaluate the performance of a bulk RNA-seq library prep protocol optimized for analysis of many samples of adherent cultured cells in parallel. We combine a low-cost direct lysis buffer compatible with cDNA synthesis ("in-lysate cDNA synthesis") with Smart-3SEQ and examine the effects of calmidazolium and fludrocortisone-induced perturbation of primary human dermal fibroblasts. We compared this method to normalized purified RNA inputs from matching samples followed by Smart-3SEQ or Illumina TruSeq library prep. Our results show that whereas variable RNA inputs for each sample in the in-lysate cDNA synthesis protocol result in variable sequencing depth, this had minimal effect on data quality, measurement of gene expression patterns, or generation of differentially expressed gene lists. We found that in-lysate cDNA synthesis combined with Smart-3SEQ RNA-seq library prep allows generation of high-quality data when compared to library prep with extracted RNA, or when compared to Illumina TruSeq. Our data show that small molecule screens using RNA-seq are feasible at low reagent and time costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance of a scalable extraction-free RNA-seq method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L-WNK1 is required for BK channel activation in intercalated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BK channels expressed in intercalated cells (ICs) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) mediate flow-induced K+ secretion. In the ASDN of mice and rabbits, IC BK channel expression and activity increase with a high K+ diet. In cell culture, the long isoform of the kinase WNK1 (L-WNK1) increases BK channel expression and activity. Apical L-WNK1 expression is selectively enhanced in ICs in the ASDN of rabbits on a high K+ diet, suggesting that L-WNK1 contributes to BK channel regulation by dietary K+. We examined the role of IC L-WNK1 expression in enhancing BK channel activity in response to a high K+ diet. Mice with an IC-selective deletion of L-WNK1 (IC-L-WNK1-KO) and littermate control mice were placed on a high K+ (5% K+ as KCl) diet for at least 10 days. IC-L-WNK1-KO mice exhibited higher blood K+ concentrations ([K+]) than controls. BK channel-dependent whole-cell currents in ICs from cortical collecting ducts of high K+ fed IC-L-WNK1-KO mice were reduced compared to controls. Six-hour urinary K+ excretion in response a saline load was similar in IC-L-WNK1-KO mice and controls. The observations that IC-L-WNK1-KO mice have higher blood [K+] and reduced IC BK channel currents are consistent with impaired urinary K+ secretion, and suggest that IC L-WNK1 has a role in the renal adaptation to a high K+ diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrisoza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bataineh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciszyn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkashama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfrey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, c.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanya, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satlin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L-WNK1 is required for BK channel activation in intercalated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal transfer of neutralizing antibodies to OspA after oral vaccination of the rodent reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme Disease presents unique challenges for public health efforts. We hypothesized that transfer of protective antibodies between mothers and offspring should occur after oral vaccination of C3H-HeN mice with E. coli overexpressing OspA. We present new evidence for maternal transfer of vaccine induced neutralizing anti-OspA IgG antibodies to mouse pups through ingestion of colostrum. Protective levels of OspA antibodies in pups were present from 2-5 weeks after birth and they persisted in some mice until 9 weeks of age. This was corroborated by detection of neutralizing antibodies in the serum of all pups at 2-3 weeks after birth and in some mice at 9 weeks of age. A clear association was found between robust antibody responses in mothers and the length of antibody persistence in the respective pups using a novel longitudinal Bayesian model. These factors are likely to impact the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi when reservoir targeted OspA-based vaccination interventions are implemented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes-Solecki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal transfer of neutralizing antibodies to OspA after oral vaccination of the rodent reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a devastating disease that kills over half a million people each year1. Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes into mammalian hosts undergo a clinically silent phase of obligatory development and replication in hepatocytes before initiating the life-threatening blood-stage of malaria2. Thus, understanding the immune responses elicited by Plasmodium infection in the liver is key to controlling clinical malaria and transmission3,4. Here, we show that Plasmodium DNA can be detected by AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) sensors in the infected hepatocytes, resulting in Caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell-death. However, Caspase-1 was observed to undergo only partial cleavage in hepatocytes, limiting pyroptosis, and the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines classically associated with Caspase-1 activation. We discovered that the extent of Caspase-1 cleavage in cells is determined by the expression of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). ASC expression is inherently low in hepatocytes, and transgenically enhancing it in the hepatocytes induced complete processing of Caspase-1, efficient secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced pyroptotic cell-death, and markedly improved control of malaria infection in the liver. In addition to describing a novel pathway of natural immunity to malaria, our findings uncover a key aspect of liver biology that may have been exploited during evolution by successful hepatotropic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques-da-Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peissig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancox, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pewe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanneganti, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurup, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.427517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene network module changes associated with the vertebrate fin to limb transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary phenotypic transitions, such as the fin to limb transition in vertebrate evolution, result from changes in associated genes and their interactions, often in response to changing environment. Identifying the associated changes in gene networks is vital to achieve a better understanding of these transitions. Previous experimental studies have been typically limited to manipulating a small number of genes. To expand the number of analyzed genes and hence, biological knowledge, we computationally isolated and compared the gene modules for paired fins (pectoral fin, pelvic fin) of fishes (zebrafish) to those of the paired limbs (forelimb, hindlimb) of mammals (mouse) using quality-enhanced gene networks from zebrafish and mouse. We ranked module genes according to their weighted-degrees and identified the highest-ranking hub genes, which were important for the module stability. Further, we identified genes conserved during the fin to limb transition and investigated the fates of zebrafish-specific and mouse-specific module genes in relation to their involvements in newly emerged or lost anatomical structures during the aquatic to terrestrial vertebrate transition. This paper presents the results of our investigations and demonstrates a general network-based computational workflow to study evolutionary phenotypic transitions involving diverse model organisms and anatomical entities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabee, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene network module changes associated with the vertebrate fin to limb transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.428939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTHFD2 is a Metabolic Checkpoint Controlling Effector and Regulatory T Cell Fate and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.428939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic stimulation promotes T cells metabolic reprogramming to meet increased biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling demands. We show that the one-carbon (1C) metabolism enzyme Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase-2 (MTHFD2) is highly expressed in inflammatory diseases and induced in activated T cells to promote proliferation and produce inflammatory cytokines. In pathogenic Th17 cells, MTHFD2 also prevented aberrant upregulation of FoxP3 and suppressive capacity. Conversely, MTHFD2-deficiency enhanced lineage stability of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mechanistically, MTHFD2 maintained cellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate for de novo purine synthesis and MTHFD2 inhibition led to accumulation of the intermediate 5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide that was associated with decreased mTORC1 signaling. MTHFD2 was also required for proper histone de-methylation in Th17 cells. Importantly, inhibiting MTHFD2 in vivo reduced disease severity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. MTHFD2 induction is thus a metabolic checkpoint for pathogenic effector cells that suppresses anti-inflammatory Treg cells and is a potential therapeutic target within 1C metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrejeva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Canaveras, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.428939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTHFD2 is a Metabolic Checkpoint Controlling Effector and Regulatory T Cell Fate and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and the dynamics of the S gene furin cleavage site in primary human airway epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the devastating ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which poses a great threat to global public health. The spike (S) polypeptide of SARS-CoV-2 consists of the S1 and S2 subunits and is processed by cellular proteases at the S1/S2 boundary. The inclusion of the 4 amino acids (PRRA) at the S1/S2 boundary forms a furin cleavage site (FCS), 682RRAR{downarrow}S686, distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from its closest relative, the SARS-CoV. Various deletions surrounding the FCS have been identified in patients. When SARS-CoV-2 propagated in Vero cells, the virus acquired various deletions surrounding the FCS. In the present study, we studied the viral transcriptome in SARS-CoV-2 infected primary human airway epithelia (HAE) cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) with an emphasis on the viral genome stability at the S1/S2 boundary using RNA-seq. While we found overall the viral transcriptome is similar to that generated from infected Vero cells, we identified a high percentage of mutated viral genome and transcripts in HAE-ALI. Two highly frequent deletions were found at the S1/S2 boundary of the S gene: one is a deletion of 12 amino acids, 678TNSPRRAR{downarrow}SVAS689, which contains the FCS, another is a deletion of 5 amino acids, 675QTQTN679, which is two amino acids upstream of the FCS. Further studies on the dynamics of the FCS deletions in apically released virions revealed that the selective pressure for the FCS maintains the S gene stability in HAE-ALI but with exceptions, in which the FCS deletions are remained at a high rate. Thus, our study presents evidence for the role of unique properties of human airway epithelia in the dynamics of the FCS region during infection of human airways, which is donor-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumlin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salathe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and the dynamics of the S gene furin cleavage site in primary human airway epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-infection treatment with a protease inhibitor increases survival of mice with a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to be a serious global public health threat. The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a virus protease encoded by SARS-CoV-2, which is essential for virus replication. We have previously reported a series of small molecule 3CLpro inhibitors effective for inhibiting replication of human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and in animal models. Here we generated a series of deuterated variants of a 3CLpro inhibitor, GC376, and evaluated the antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2. The deuterated GC376 displayed potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the enzyme and the cell-based assays. The K18-hACE2 mice develop mild to lethal infection commensurate with SARS-CoV-2 challenge doses and was proposed as a model for efficacy testing of antiviral agents. We treated lethally infected mice with a deuterated derivative of GC376. Treatment of K18-hACE2 mice at 24 hr post infection with a derivative (compound 2) resulted in increased survival of mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. Lung virus titers were decreased, and histopathological changes were ameliorated in compound 2-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. Structural investigation using high-resolution crystallography illuminated binding interactions of 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with deuterated variants of GC376. Taken together, deuterated GC376 variants have excellent potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dampalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashipathy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaile, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groutas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-infection treatment with a protease inhibitor increases survival of mice with a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortico-subcortical β burst dynamics underlying movement cancellation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominant neuroanatomical models hold that humans regulate their movements via loop-like cortico-subcortical networks, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), thalamus, and sensorimotor cortices (SMC). Inhibitory commands across these networks are purportedly sent via transient, burst-like signals in the {beta} frequency (15-29Hz). However, since human depth-recording studies are typically limited to one recording site, direct evidence for this proposition is hitherto lacking. Here, we present simultaneous multi-site depth-recordings from SMC and either STN or thalamus in humans performing the stop-signal task. In line with their purported function as inhibitory signals, subcortical {beta}-bursts were increased on successful stop-trials and were followed within 50ms by increased {beta}-bursting over SMC. Moreover, between-site comparisons (including in a patient with simultaneous recordings from all three sites) confirmed that {beta}-bursts in STN precede thalamic {beta}-bursts. This provides first empirical evidence for the role of {beta}-bursts in conveying inhibitory commands along long-proposed cortico-subcortical networks underlying movement regulation in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diesburg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.06.430074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortico-subcortical β burst dynamics underlying movement cancellation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Binge Drinking During College on Resting State Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThe current study aimed to examine the longitudinal effects of standard binge drinking (4+/5+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) and extreme binge drinking (8+/10+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) on resting state functional connectivity.

Method119 college students with distinct alcohol bingeing patterns (35 non-bingeing controls, 44 standard bingers, and 40 extreme bingers) were recruited to ensure variability in bingeing frequency. Resting state fMRI scans were obtained at time 1 when participants were college freshmen and sophomores and again approximately two years later. On four occasions during the 2-year period between scans, participants reported monthly standard and extreme binge drinking for the past 6 months. Association between bingeing and change in functional connectivity was studied using both network-level and edge-level analysis. Network connectivity was calculated by aggregating multiple edges (a functional connection between any two brain regions) affiliated with the same network. The network-level analysis used mixed-effects models to assess the association between standard/extreme binge drinking and change in network connectivity, focusing on canonical networks often implicated in substance misuse. On the other hand, the edge-level analysis tested the relationship between bingeing and change in whole-brain connectivity edges using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM).

ResultsFor network-level analysis, higher standard bingeing was associated with a decrease in connectivity between Default Mode Network-Ventral Attention Network (DMN-VAN) from time 1 to time 2, controlling for the initial binge groups at time 1, longitudinal network changes, in-scanner motion and other demographic covariates. For edge-level analysis, the CPM failed to identify a generalizable predictive model of cumulative standard/extreme bingeing from change in connectivity edges.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest that binge drinking is associated with abnormality in networks implicated in attention allocation and self-focused processes, which, in turn, have been implicated in rumination, craving, and relapse. More extensive alterations in functional connectivity might be observed with heavier or longer binge drinking pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langbehn, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OLeary, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Binge Drinking During College on Resting State Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac Specific Overexpression of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) in Normal Hearts Induces Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy and Lethal Cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TFEB promotes lysosomal biogenesis, autophagy, and lysosomal exocytosis. The present study characterized the consequence of inducible TFEB overexpression in cardiomyocytes in vivo. We generated cardiomyocyte-specific doxycycline inducible (Tet off) mice to achieve spatial and temporal control of TFEB overexpression, by crossing TFEB transgenic mice with mice harboring the tTA transgene (TFEB/tTA). Two weeks after doxycycline removal, an 8-fold increase in TFEB protein expression was observed in transgenic hearts. Heart weight normalized to tibia length was increased by 2.5-fold following TFEB overexpression (TFEB/tTA), characterized by induction of markers of pathological hypertrophy, such as Nppa, Nppb and Acta1, progressive contractile dysfunction and cardiac dilatation. Overexpression of TFEB resulted in premature death, associated with high degree AV block. Reversal of TFEB overexpression normalized cardiac structure and function. Mitochondrial respiration and ATP levels were preserved after 2-weeks of TFEB induction, despite reduced mitochondrial (OXPHOS) protein expression, mtDNA content, and altered mitochondrial morphology. Signaling through mTOR was induced in TFEB/tTA mice, and when inhibited by rapamycin treatment for 4 weeks, partially offset left ventricular dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis revealed early suppression of mitochondrial metabolic pathways, induction of fibrosis and altered calcium signaling. MCOLN1, a lysosomal calcium release channel, the calcineurin target RCAN1.4, and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) were strikingly induced in TFEB/tTA mice. In summary, persistent overexpression of TFEB at high levels (8-fold protein upregulation) in cardiomyocytes promotes pathologic cardiac hypertrophy via suppression of mitochondrial bioenergetic pathways and activation of pro-fibrotic and calcium regulatory pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allamargot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesalla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLendon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romac, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharafuddin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac Specific Overexpression of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) in Normal Hearts Induces Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy and Lethal Cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWIn humans and other mammals, the stillness of sleep is punctuated by bursts of rapid eye movements (REMs) and myoclonic twitches of the limbs [1]. Contrary to the notion that twitches are mere by-products of dreams, sensory feedback arising from twitching limbs provides a rich and unique source of activation to the developing sensorimotor system [2]. In fact, it is partly because of the behavioral activation of REM sleep that this state is also called active sleep (AS), in contrast with the behavioral quiescence that gives quiet sleep (QS)--the second major stage of sleep--its name. In human infants, for which AS occupies eight or more hours of each day [3], limb twitching is one among several components that help to identify the state [4-7]; nonetheless, we know relatively little about the structure and functions of twitching across development. Recently, in sleeping infants over the first seven postnatal months [8], we documented a pronounced shift in the temporal expression of twitching beginning around three months of age that suggested a qualitative shift in how twitches are produced. Here, we combine behavioral assessments of twitching with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and demonstrate that this shift reflects the developmental emergence of limb twitches during QS. Twitches during QS are not only unaccompanied by REMs, but they also occur synchronously with sleep spindles, a hallmark of QS. As QS-related twitching increases with age, sleep spindle rate also increases along the sensorimotor strip. The emerging synchrony between subcortically generated twitches and cortical oscillations suggests the development of functional connectivity among distant sensorimotor structures, with potential implications for detecting and explaining atypical developmental trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glanz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickerson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apfelbaum, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL AGE AND SEVERITY OF OROFACIAL CLEFTS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESThis study aims to investigate the relationship between paternal age, maternal age, and both on the severity of orofacial clefts.

DESIGNThis was a retrospective study of cases which were subjects clinically diagnosed with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). Data was obtained from the AFRICRAN project database on Nigerian non-syndromic orofacial cleft cases.

SETTINGThe samples for cases in this study were obtained at the Cleft clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos.

OUTCOMEPrimary outcome measure is severity of orofacial clefts and secondary outcome measure is to evaluate the effect of parental age in determining the incidence of left or right sided orofacial clefts.

RESULTSThere is no statistical significant association between type of CL {+/-} P and parental age in young fathers (p=0.93). When old fathers are considered, percentage of complete (more severe) CL {+/-} P cases increases especially in old mothers and this was statistically significant (p=0.036). In old fathers, the risk of CL {+/-} P is increased (OR: 2.66, CI: 1.04-6.80) and also there is increased risk of developing right sided CL {+/-} P (OR: 1.61, CI: 1.0-2.59). There is reduced risk of isolated cleft palate in young fathers (OR: 0.36, CI: 0.07-1.71) but the risk increases when considering complete types (more severe) of isolated cleft palates (OR: 1.63, CI: 0.71-3.7)

CONCLUSIONThe study shows a higher risk of CL {+/-} P is associated with increase fathers age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adamson, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladugba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awotoye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fashina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olotu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sule, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunlewe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL AGE AND SEVERITY OF OROFACIAL CLEFTS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline activity of the heat shock factor HSF-1 programs the insulin-receptor daf-2 in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which maternal stress alters offspring phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here we report that the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1, activated in the C. elegans maternal germline upon stress, epigenetically programs the insulin-like receptor daf-2 by increasing repressive H3K9me2 levels throughout the daf-2 gene. This increase occurs by the recruitment of the C. elegans SETDB1 homolog MET-2 by HSF-1. Increased H3K9me2 levels at daf-2 persist in offspring to downregulate daf-2, activate the C. elegans FOXO ortholog DAF-16 and enhance offspring stress resilience. Thus, HSF-1 activity in the mother promotes the early life programming of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway and determines the strategy of stress resilience in progeny.

One Sentence SummaryHSF-1 recruits MET-2 to silence daf-2 and mediate early life programming of C. elegans upon stress
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline activity of the heat shock factor HSF-1 programs the insulin-receptor daf-2 in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovarian Tumor Mitochondria Exhibit Abnormal Phenotypes and Blunted Associations with Biobehavioral Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor cells exhibit mitochondrial alterations and are also influenced by biobehavioral processes, but the intersection of biobehavioral factors and tumor mitochondria remains unexplored. Here we examined multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in benign and cancerous ovarian tissue in parallel with exploratory analyses of biobehavioral factors. First, analysis of a publicly-available database (n=1,435) showed that gene expression of specific mitochondrial proteins in ovarian tumors is associated with survival. Quantifying multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in 51 benign and 128 high-grade epithelial ovarian tumors revealed that compared to benign tissue, tumors exhibit 3.3-8.4-fold higher mitochondrial content and respiratory chain enzymatic activities (P<0.001) but similar mitochondrial DNA levels (-3.1%), documenting abnormal mitochondrial phenotypes in tumors. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was also associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in ascites. In benign tissue, negative biobehavioral factors were inversely correlated with mitochondrial content and respiratory chain activities, whereas positive biobehavioral factors tended to be positively correlated with mitochondrial measures, although effect sizes were small to medium (r=-0.43 to 0.47). In contrast, serous tumors showed less pronounced biobehavioral-mitochondrial correlations. These results document abnormal mitochondrial functional phenotypes in ovarian tumors and warrant further research on the link between biobehavioral factors and mitochondria in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bindra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahmoush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodheart, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutgendorf, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.432917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovarian Tumor Mitochondria Exhibit Abnormal Phenotypes and Blunted Associations with Biobehavioral Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a two-stage model of action-stopping: Attentional capture explains motor inhibition during early stop-signal processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to stop an already initiated action is paramount to adaptive behavior. Most scientific debate in the field of human action-stopping currently focuses on two interrelated questions. First: Which mental and neural processes underpin the implementation of inhibitory control, and which reflect the attentional detection of salient stop-signals instead? Second: Why do physiological signatures of inhibition occur at two different latencies after stop-signals (for visual signals, either before or after [~]150ms)? Here, we address both questions via two pre-registered experiments that combined transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and multi-variate pattern analysis of whole-scalp electroencephalography. Using a stop-signal task that also contained a second type of salient signal that did not require stopping, we found that both signals induced equal amounts of early-latency inhibitory activity, whereas only later signatures (after 175ms) distinguished the two. These findings resolve ongoing debates in the literature and strongly suggest a two-step model of action-stopping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a two-stage model of action-stopping: Attentional capture explains motor inhibition during early stop-signal processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.432901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule SWELL1-LRRC8 complex induction improves glycemic control and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in murine Type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.432901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion from the pancreatic {beta}-cell, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). SWELL1 (LRRC8a) ablation impairs adipose and skeletal muscle insulin-pAKT2 signaling, {beta}-cell insulin secretion and glycemic control - suggesting that SWELL1-LRRC8 complex dysfunction contributes to T2D pathogenesis. Here, we show that ICl,SWELL and SWELL1 protein are reduced in adipose and {beta}-cells in murine and human T2D. Combining cryo-electron microscopy, molecular docking, medicinal chemistry, and functional studies, we define a structure activity relationship to rationally-designed active derivatives (SN-40X) of a SWELL1 channel inhibitor (DCPIB/SN-401), that bind the SWELL1-LRRC8 hexameric complex, restore SWELL1-LRRC8 protein, plasma membrane trafficking, signaling and islet insulin secretion via SWELL1-dependent mechanisms. In vivo, SN-401 and active SN-40X compounds restore glycemic control and prevents NAFLD by improving insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in murine T2D. These findings demonstrate that small molecule SWELL1 modulators restore SWELL1-dependent insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in T2D and may represent a first-in-class therapeutic approach for T2D and NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunasekar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chheda, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>My-Ta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzesik, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot-Hudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.28.432901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule SWELL1-LRRC8 complex induction improves glycemic control and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in murine Type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.431341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroanatomical organization and functional roles of PVN MC4R pathways in physiological and behavioral regulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.431341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) is an integrative center in the brain orchestrating a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses. While the PVN melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) signaling (PVNMC4R+) is undoubtedly involved in feeding regulation, the neuroanatomical organization of PVNMC4R+ pathway and its role in diverse physiological and behavioral regulations have not been fully understood. Here we aimed to better characterize the input-output organization of PVNMC4R+ neurons and further test their potential functional roles beyond feeding.

MethodsUsing a combination of viral tools, we performed a comprehensive mapping of PVNMC4R+ circuits and tested the effects of chemogenetic activation of PVNMC4R+ neurons on thermogenesis, cardiovascular control and other behavioral regulations beyond feeding.

ResultsWe found that PVNMC4R+ neurons broadly innervate many different brain regions known to be important not only for feeding but also for neuroendocrine and autonomic control of thermogenesis and cardiovascular function, including but not limited to preoptic area, median eminence, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, nucleus of solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla and thoracic spinal cord. Contrary to broad efferent projections, PVNMC4R+ neurons receive monosynaptic inputs from limited brain regions, including medial preoptic nucleus, arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, and supraoptic nucleus. Consistent with broad efferent projections, chemogenetic activation of PVNMC4R+ neurons not only suppressed feeding but also led to an apparent increase in heart rate, blood pressure and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Strikingly, these physiological changes accompanied an unexpected repetitive bedding-removing behavior followed by hypoactivity and resting-like behavior.

ConclusionsOur results clarify the neuroanatomical organization of PVNMC4R+ circuits and shed new light on the roles of PVNMC4R+ pathways in autonomic control of thermogenesis, cardiovascular function and other behavioral regulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodeghiero, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingman, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.431341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroanatomical organization and functional roles of PVN MC4R pathways in physiological and behavioral regulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects on neuromuscular physiology between Sod loss-of-function mutation and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is thought to be a major contributor to aging processes. Here, we report differential effects on neurotransmission caused by loss-of-function mutations of Superoxide dismutase (Sod) and by paraquat (PQ) feeding in Drosophila. We demonstrated alterations in Sod mutants; the larval neuromuscular junction displayed supernumerary discharges and the adult giant-fiber escape pathway showed increased latency and poor response to repetitive high-frequency stimulation. Even though the concentrations used led to motor coordination defects and lethality, PQ feeding failed to reproduce such performance deficits in these larval and adult preparations, indicating mechanistic distinctions between genetic and pharmacological manipulation of oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects on neuromuscular physiology between Sod loss-of-function mutation and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measles virus exits human airway epithelia via infectious center sloughing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus (MeV) is the most contagious human virus, but we do not fully understand why. Unlike most respiratory viruses, MeV does not infect the airway epithelium immediately. MeV traverses the epithelium within immune cells that carry it to lymphatic organs where amplification occurs. Infected immune cells then synchronously deliver large amounts of virus to the airways. However, our understanding of MeV replication in airway epithelia is limited. To model it, we use well-differentiated primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells (HAE) from lung donors. In HAE, MeV spreads directly cell-to-cell forming infectious centers that grow for [~]3-5 days, are stable for a few days, and then disappear. Transepithelial electrical resistance remains intact during the entire course of HAE infection, thus we hypothesized that MeV infectious centers may slough off while preserving epithelial function. After documenting by confocal microscopy that infectious centers progressively detach from HAE, we recovered apical washes and separated cell-associated from cell-free virus by centrifugation. Virus titers were about 10 times higher in the cell-associated fraction than in the supernatant. In sloughed infectious centers, ciliary beating persisted and apoptotic markers were not readily detected, suggesting that they retain functional metabolism. Cell-associated MeV infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, modeling the first stage of infection in a new host. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified wound healing, cell growth, and cell differentiation as biological processes relevant for infectious center sloughing. 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining located proliferating cells underneath infectious centers. Thus, cells located below infectious centers divide and differentiate to repair the extruded infected epithelial patch. As an extension of these studies, we postulate that expulsion of infectious centers through coughing and sneezing could contribute to MeVs strikingly high reproductive number by allowing the virus to survive longer in the environment and by delivering a high infectious dose to the next host.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMeasles virus (MeV) is a respiratory pathogen that infects millions worldwide each year. Although sometimes mischaracterized as an innocuous childhood disease, measles remains a leading cause of death for children under five. MeV is the most contagious human virus and requires vaccination rates above 90% to maintain herd immunity. Global decreases in vaccination rates over the past ten years contributed to recent, widespread MeV outbreaks. We uncover here a novel mechanism by which MeV exits the human airways that may explain why it is much more contagious than other viruses. We document that infected cells containing cell-associated virus slough en masse from the airway epithelial sheet. These expelled infectious centers are metabolically active and can transmit infection to primary human monocyte-derived macrophages more efficiently than cell-free virus particles. Thus, cell-associated MeV can transmit host-to-host, a new paradigm for efficient respiratory virus transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattaneo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measles virus exits human airway epithelia via infectious center sloughing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of micropatterned topographical and biochemical cues to direct neurite growth from spiral ganglion neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional outcomes with neural prosthetic devices, such as cochlear implants, are limited in part due to physical separation between the stimulating elements and the neurons they stimulate. One strategy to close this gap aims to precisely guide neurite regeneration to position the neurites in closer proximity to electrode arrays. Here, we explore the ability of micropatterned biochemical and topographic guidance cues, singly and in combination, to direct the growth of spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) neurites, the neurons targeted by cochlear implants. Photopolymerization of methacrylate monomers was used to form unidirectional topographical features of ridges and grooves in addition to multidirectional patterns with 90{degrees} angle turns. Microcontact printing was also used to create similar uni- and multi-directional patterns of peptides on polymer surfaces. Biochemical cues included peptides that facilitate (laminin, LN) or repel (EphA4-Fc) neurite growth. On flat surfaces, SGN neurites preferentially grew on LN-coated stripes and avoided EphA4-Fc-coated stripes. LN or EphA4-Fc was selectively adsorbed onto the ridges or grooves to test the neurite response to a combination of topographical and biochemical cues. Coating the ridges with EphA4-Fc and grooves with LN lead to enhanced SGN alignment to topographical patterns. Conversely, EphA4-Fc coating on the grooves or LN coating on the ridges tended to disrupt alignment to topographical patterns. SGN neurites respond to combinations of topographical and biochemical cues and surface patterning that leverages both cues enhance guided neurite growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholomew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guymon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of micropatterned topographical and biochemical cues to direct neurite growth from spiral ganglion neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-directional flow of the funny current (If) during the pacemaking cycle in murine sinoatrial node myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) act as cardiac pacemaker cells by firing spontaneous action potentials (APs) that initiate each heartbeat. The funny current, If, is critical for the generation of these spontaneous APs; however, its precise role during the pacemaking cycle remains unresolved. We used the AP-clamp technique to quantify If during the cardiac cycle in mouse SAMs. We found that If is persistently active throughout the sinoatrial AP, with surprisingly little voltage-dependent gating. As a consequence, it carries both inward and outward current around its reversal potential of -30 mV. Despite operating at only 2-5% of its maximal conductance, If carries a substantial fraction of both depolarizing and repolarizing net charge movement during the firing cycle. We also show that {beta}-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases the percentage of net depolarizing charge moved by If, consistent with a contribution of If to the fight-or-flight increase in heart rate. These properties were confirmed by heterologously-expressed HCN4 channels and by mathematical models of If. Modelling further suggested that the slow activation and deactivation of the HCN4 isoform underlie the persistent activity of If during the sinoatrial AP. These results establish a new conceptual framework for the role of If in pacemaking, in which it operates at a very small fraction of maximal activation but nevertheless drives membrane potential oscillations in SAMs by providing substantial driving force in both inward and outward directions.

Significance StatementCardiac pacemaker cells trigger each heartbeat by virtue of spontaneous oscillations in their membrane voltage. Although the funny current (If) is critical for these oscillations and for setting heart rate, its precise role remains an enigma because it activates mostly outside of the physiological voltage range and quite slowly relative to the pacemaker cycle. Here we show that If is persistently active in pacemaker cells; once opened, the small fraction of ion channels that conduct If do not re-close. Consequently, If flows both inward and outward to help propel the voltage oscillations and it paradoxically conducts a large fraction of the net charge movement. These results establish a new conceptual framework for the role of If in driving cardiac pacemaking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peters, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proenza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-directional flow of the funny current (If) during the pacemaking cycle in murine sinoatrial node myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney-Specific WNK1 Amplifies NCC Responsiveness to Potassium Imbalance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To maintain potassium homeostasis, the kidneys distal convoluted tubule (DCT) converts small changes in blood [K+] into robust effects on salt reabsorption. This process requires NaCl cotransporter (NCC) activation by WNK kinases. During hypokalemia, the Kidney-Specific WNK1 isoform (KS-WNK1) scaffolds the DCT-expressed WNK signaling pathway within biomolecular condensates of unknown function termed WNK bodies. Here, we show that KS-WNK1 amplifies the dynamic range of NCC activity in response to potassium imbalance, in part via WNK bodies. Targeted condensate disruption traps the WNK pathway, causing renal salt-wasting that is more pronounced in females. In humans, WNK bodies accumulate as plasma potassium falls below 4.0mmol/L, suggesting avid condensate-mediated salt reabsorption even when [K+] is low-normal. These data identify WNK bodies as signal amplifiers that mediate tubular potassium responsiveness, nephron sexual dimorphism, and blood pressure salt-sensitivity. Our results illustrate how condensate specialization can optimize a mammalian physiologic stress response that impacts human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beacham, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkashama, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Querry, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciszyn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanya, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney-Specific WNK1 Amplifies NCC Responsiveness to Potassium Imbalance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicotinamide riboside alleviates Parkinson's disease symptoms but downregulates dopamine metabolism upon lactacystin-induced proteostasis failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of mitochondrial metabolism and proteostasis with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinsons disease (PD). However, despite recently started clinical trials, studies on NR in animal models of PD are scarce. In this study, we investigated the effect of NR in multiple models of PD. In transgenic C. elegans overexpressing -synuclein, a protein of which aggregation is believed to promote PD, NR rescued PD-like phenotypes including mitochondrial dysfunction and motility defects, decreased oxidative stress, and age-related dopamine (DA) neuron loss. We found that NR eased symptoms of disease by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) via the transcription factor atfs-1. Similarly, in a proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, -induced mouse model of PD, NR rescued mitochondrial dysfunction and behavioural deficits caused by lactacystin lesion. However, long-term NR supplementation, in conjunction with proteasome inhibition, resulted in decreased DA levels in both the lesioned and unlesioned sides of the substantia nigra with concomitant downregulation of key genes in DA metabolism. Our results suggest specific endpoints that should be monitored in ongoing NR clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turconi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SenGupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirnes-Karhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olfat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mätlik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano-Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiskanen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piepponen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmberg, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andressoo, J.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirinen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicotinamide riboside alleviates Parkinson's disease symptoms but downregulates dopamine metabolism upon lactacystin-induced proteostasis failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-related remapping of temporal encoding by striatal ensembles. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal control of action is key for a broad range of behaviors and is disrupted in human diseases such as Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia. A brain structure that is critical for temporal control is the dorsal striatum. Experience and learning can influence dorsal striatal neuronal activity, but it is unknown how these neurons change with experience in contexts which require precise temporal control of movement. We investigated this question by recording from medium-spiny neurons (MSNs) in the dorsal striatum of mice as they gained experience controlling their actions in time. We leveraged an interval timing task optimized for mice which required them to "switch" response ports after enough time had passed without receiving a reward. We report three main results. First, we found that time-related ramping activity and response-related activity increased with more experience. Second, temporal decoding by MSN ensembles improved with experience and was predominantly driven by time-related ramping activity. Finally, we found that some MSNs had differential modulation on error trials. These findings enhance our understanding of dorsal striatal temporal processing by demonstrating how MSN ensembles can evolve with experience. Our results can be linked to temporal habituation and illuminate striatal flexibility during interval timing, which may be relevant for human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-related remapping of temporal encoding by striatal ensembles.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are established biomarkers of brain pathology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Structural covariance networks (SCN) constructed from CT and SA may represent developmental associations, or unique interactions between brain regions, possibly influenced by a common causal antecedent. The ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working Group aggregated PTSD and control subjects data from 29 cohorts in five countries (n=3439).

MethodsUsing Destrieux Atlas, we built SCNs and compared centrality measures between PTSD subjects and controls. Centrality is a graph theory measure derived using SCN.

ResultsNotable nodes with higher CT-based centrality in PTSD compared to controls were left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. We found sex-based centrality differences in bilateral frontal lobe regions, left anterior cingulate, left superior occipital cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Comorbid PTSD and MDD showed higher CT-based centrality in the right anterior cingulate gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and lower SA-based centrality in left insular gyrus.

ConclusionUnlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes ([&le;]318), our study found differences in centrality measures using a sample size of 3439 subjects. This is the first cross-sectional study to examine SCN interactions with age, sex, and comorbid MDD. Although limited to group level inferences, centrality measures offer insights into a nodes relationship to the entire functional connectome unlike approaches like seed-based connectivity or independent component analysis. Nodes having higher centrality have greater structural or functional connections, lending them invaluable for translational treatments like neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winternitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.432212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography-dependent gene expression and function of common cell archetypes in large and small porcine airways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small airways of humans are affected early in several lung diseases. However, because they are relatively inaccessible, little is known about the epithelial cells that line these airways. We performed a single cell RNA-seq census of small and large airways of wild-type pigs and pigs with disrupted cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The sequencing data showed that small airway epithelia had similar major cell types as large airways but no ionocytes; moreover, lack of CFTR expression had minimal effect on the transcriptome. Small airway epithelial cells expressed a different transcriptome than large airway cells. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed that small airway basal cells participate in epithelial barrier function. Finally, sequencing data and in vitro electrophysiologic studies suggest that small airway epithelia have a water and ion transport advantage. Our data highlight the archetypal nature of basal, secretory, and ciliated airway cells with location-dependent gene expression and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villacreses, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano-Ibarra, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoltz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornell, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography-dependent gene expression and function of common cell archetypes in large and small porcine airways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RABL6A promotes pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are difficult-to-treat neoplasms whose incidence is rising. Greater understanding of pNET pathogenesis is needed to identify new biomarkers and targets for improved therapy. RABL6A, a novel oncogenic GTPase, is highly expressed in patient pNETs and required for pNET cell proliferation and survival in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of RABL6A in pNET progression in vivo using a well-established model of the disease. RIP-Tag2 (RT2) mice develop functional pNETs (insulinomas) due to SV40 large T-antigen expression in pancreatic islet {beta} cells. RABL6A loss in RT2 mice significantly delayed pancreatic tumor formation, reduced tumor angiogenesis and mitoses, and extended survival. Those effects correlated with upregulation of anti-angiogenic p19ARF and downregulation of proangiogenic c-Myc in RABL6A-deficient islets and tumors. Our findings demonstrate that RABL6A is a bona fide oncogenic driver of pNET angiogenesis and development in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaemmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muniz, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauchle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamba, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbro, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RABL6A promotes pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Central Importance of Hub Proteins in a Disease-Gene Network Model: A New Paradigm of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Disease Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe network biology of disease-gene association provides a holistic framework to decipher the intrinsic complexity of disease signaling pathways into cellular communication level. Different types of studies including large-scale genome-wide association, multifactor dimensional reduction analysis, whole genome, or exome-based sequencing strategies of diseases are striving to connect genes to diseases. Indeed, these approaches have had some accomplishments, but the cellular communication level needs a more streamlining outcome to understand the mechanistic impact of context. The higher-order combination of disease-gene interaction has a great potential to decipher the intricateness of diseases. The molecular interaction pattern of diseases at the genomic and proteomic level offers a revolutionized platform not only to understand the complexity of particular disease modules and pathways but also leading towards design novel therapeutics.

ResultsThe enrichment and topology analysis was performed by JEPETTO a plugin of Cytoscape software. We identified the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) disease signaling pathways that appeared first in the ranking order based on XD-score among the bone, breast, and colon genes set and second at kidney and liver. This result validates the highest proximity between CML and five cancerous tissue gene set clusters. The topology analysis also supports the results while (p<0.0001) is considered to be extremely significant between CML and fives cancerous tissues genes set. Enrichment analysis identified that abl-gene acts as an overlapping node which is the major gene for inducing various mutations in CML. Amazingly, we identified 56 common path expansion/added genes among these five cancerous tissues which can be considered the direct cofactors of CML disease. By relative node degree, resolution, possible ligand, stoichiometry, Q-mean, and Z-score analysis we found 11 hubs proteins like SMAD3, GRB2, TP53, SMAD4, RB1, HDAC1, RAF1, ABL1, SHC1, TGFBR1, RELA which can be regarded for further drug target identification.

ConclusionsOur proposed network analysis reflects on the gene set interaction pattern of disease signaling pathways of humans. The integrated multidrug computational and experimental approaches boost up to improve the novel drug target approach. Besides, such a trove can yield unprecedented insights to lead to an enhanced understanding of potential application both in drug target optimization and for drug dislodging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, K. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.21.436331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Central Importance of Hub Proteins in a Disease-Gene Network Model: A New Paradigm of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Disease Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuriteNet: A Convolutional Neural Network for determining morphological differences in neurite growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring development or regeneration, neurons extend processes (i.e., neurites) via mechanisms that can be readily analyzed in culture. However, defining the impact of a drug or genetic manipulation on such mechanisms can be challenging due to the complex arborization and heterogeneous patterns of neurite growth in vitro.

New MethodNeuriteNet is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) sorting model that uses a novel adaptation of the XRAI saliency map overlay, which is a region-based attribution method. NeuriteNet compares neuronal populations based on differences in neurite growth patterns, sorts them into respective groups, and overlays a saliency map indicating which areas differentiated the image for the sorting procedure.

ResultsIn this study, we demonstrate that NeuriteNet effectively sorts images corresponding to dissociated neurons into control and treatment groups according to known morphological differences. Furthermore, the saliency map overlay highlights the distinguishing features of the neuron when sorting the images into treatment groups. NeuriteNet also identifies novel morphological differences in neurites of neurons cultured from control and genetically modified mouse strains.

Comparison with Existing MethodsUnlike other neurite analysis platforms, NeuriteNet does not require manual manipulations, such as segmentation of neurites prior to analysis, and is more accurate than experienced researchers for categorizing neurons according to their pattern of neurite growth.

ConclusionsNeuriteNet can be used to effectively screen for morphological differences in a heterogeneous group of neurons and to provide feedback on the key features distinguishing those groups via the saliency map overlay.

HighlightsO_LINeuriteNet is a machine learning model developed to identify differences in control and experimental groups of cultured neurons based on morphological criteria.
C_LIO_LINeuriteNets saliency map highlights the features of the image that associate the neuron with a particular group.
C_LIO_LINeuriteNet outperforms trained researchers in assigning neurons to control or experimental groups with a known morphological difference as well as those with no previously described difference.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vecchi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuriteNet: A Convolutional Neural Network for determining morphological differences in neurite growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host Factor Rab11a is Critical for Efficient Assembly of Influenza A Virus Genomic Segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well documented that influenza A viruses selectively package 8 distinct viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) into each virion; however, the role of host factors in genome assembly is not completely understood. To evaluate the significance of cellular factors in genome assembly, we generated a reporter virus carrying a tetracysteine tag in the NP gene (NP-Tc virus) and assessed the dynamics of vRNP localization with cellular components by fluorescence microscopy. At early time points, vRNP complexes were preferentially exported to the MTOC; subsequently, vRNPs associated on vesicles positive for cellular factor Rab11a and formed distinct vRNP bundles that trafficked to the plasma membrane on microtubule networks. In Rab11a deficient cells, however, vRNP bundles were smaller in the cytoplasm with less co-localization between different vRNP segments. Furthermore, Rab11a deficiency increased the production of non-infectious particles with higher RNA copy number to PFU ratios, indicative of defects in specific genome assembly. These results indicate that Rab11a+ vesicles serve as hubs for the congregation of vRNP complexes and enable specific genome assembly through vRNP:vRNP interactions, revealing the importance of Rab11a as a critical host factor for influenza A virus genome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manivasagam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host Factor Rab11a is Critical for Efficient Assembly of Influenza A Virus Genomic Segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates is needed to combat the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we developed a subunit nanovaccine by conjugating SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) to the surface of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes. We evaluated the humoral and cellular responses of mice immunized with these surface-decorated polymersomes (RBDsurf) compared to RBD-encapsulated polymersomes (RBDencap) and unformulated RBD (RBDfree), using monophosphoryl lipid A-encapsulated polymersomes (MPLA PS) as an adjuvant. While all three groups produced high titers of RBD-specific IgG, only RBDsurf elicited a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 comparable to that of human convalescent plasma. Moreover, RBDsurf was the only group to significantly increase the proportion of RBD-specific germinal center B cells in the vaccination-site draining lymph nodes. Both RBDsurf and RBDencap drove similarly robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that produced multiple Th1-type cytokines. We conclude that multivalent surface display of Spike RBD on polymersomes promotes a potent neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, while both antigen formulations promote robust T cell immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnorenberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.438884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown.

Methodology/Principal FindingsWe examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with very mild or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia.

Conclusions/SignificanceTogether, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.

AUTHOR SUMMARYSand flies transmit Leishmania parasites between infected dogs and humans leading to the life-threatening tropical disease Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Identifying which dogs transmit parasites well to sand flies is important to curb disease spread. The offspring of both dogs and humans can also be infected vertically while in utero. Despite this, the infectiousness of dogs that receive parasites in utero to sand flies has not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, we allowed sand flies to feed on a group of vertically infected dogs at varying stages of VL disease severity and measured sand fly parasite uptake. We found vertically infected dogs were readily able to transmit parasites to the sand flies. Dogs that were most infectious had moderate clinical disease and relatively high levels of parasite infection in their blood and skin. However, the level of skin infection was significantly higher than that observed in the blood, and the skin parasite load had the strongest correlation with sand fly parasite uptake. This implicates the skin may be an underappreciated driver of canine infectiousness to the sand fly vector. In addition, this work highlights that vertically infected dogs are very important parts of the transmission cycle and must be considered in all public health efforts addressing VL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scorza, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahachi, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toepp, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal Lima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar Kushwaha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menenses, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholomay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamhawi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.438940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification and image-derived phenotyping of retinal ganglion cell nuclei in the nee mouse model of congenital glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nee mouse model exhibits characteristic features of congenital glaucoma, a common cause of childhood blindness. The current study of nee mice had two components. First, the time course of neurodegeneration in nee retinal flat-mounts was studied over time using a retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-marker, BRN3A; a pan-nuclear marker, TO-PRO-3; and H&E staining. Based on segmentation of nuclei using ImageJ and RetFM-J, this analysis identified a rapid loss of BRN3A+ nuclei from 4-15 weeks of age, with the first statistically significant difference in average density compared to age-matched controls detected in 8-week-old cohorts (49% reduction in nee). Consistent with a model of glaucoma, no reductions in BRN3A- nuclei were detected, but the combined analysis indicated that some RGCs lost BRN3A marker expression prior to actual cell loss. These results have a practical application in the design of experiments using nee mice to study mechanisms or potential therapies for congenital glaucoma. The second component of the study pertains to a discovery-based analysis of the large amount of image data with 748,782 segmented retinal nuclei. Using the automatedly collected region of interest feature data captured by ImageJ, we tested whether RGC density of glaucomatous mice was significantly correlated to average nuclear area, perimeter, Feret diameter, or MinFeret diameter. These results pointed to two events influencing nuclear size. For variations in RGC density above approximately 3,000 nuclei/mm2 apparent spreading was observed, in which BRN3A- nuclei--regardless of genotype--became slightly larger as RGC density decreased. This same spreading occurred in BRN3A+ nuclei of wild-type mice. For variation in RGC density below 3,000 nuclei/mm2, which only occurred in glaucomatous nee mutants, BRN3A+ nuclei became smaller as disease was progressively severe. These observations have relevance to defining RGCs of relatively higher sensitivity to glaucomatous cell death and the nuclear dynamics occurring during their demise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Heide, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification and image-derived phenotyping of retinal ganglion cell nuclei in the nee mouse model of congenital glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic GABAergic inhibition controlled by Shh signaling-dependent stellate cell pool is critical for motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar inhibitory interneurons are important regulators of neural circuit activity for diverse motor and non-motor functions. The molecular layer interneurons (MLI), consisting of basket cells (BCs) and stellate cells (SCs), provide dendritic and somatic inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje cells, respectively. They are sequentially generated in an inside-out pattern from Pax2+ immature interneurons which migrate from the prospective white matter to the ML of the cortex. However, little is known as to how MLI subtype identities and pool sizes are determined, nor are their contributions to motor learning well understood. Here, we show that GABAergic progenitors fated to generate both BCs and SCs respond to the Shh signal. Conditional abrogation of Shh signaling inhibited proliferation of GABAergic progenitors and reduced the number of Pax2+ cells, whereas persistent Shh pathway activation increased their numbers. These changes, however, did not affect early-born BC numbers but selectively altered the SC pool size. Moreover, genetic depletion of GABAergic progenitors when BCs are actively generated also resulted in a specific reduction of SCs, suggesting that the specification of MLI subtypes is independent of Shh signaling and their birth order and likely occurs after Pax2+ cells settle into their laminar positions in an inside-out sequence. Mutant mice with reduced SC numbers displayed decreased dendritic inhibitory synapses and neurotransmission onto Purkinje cells, resulting in an impaired acquisition of eyeblink conditioning. These findings also reveal an essential role of Shh signaling-dependent SCs in regulating inhibitory dendritic synapses and motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brignola, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavalin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rex, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>heiney, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojaczynski, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic GABAergic inhibition controlled by Shh signaling-dependent stellate cell pool is critical for motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eicosanoid signaling as a therapeutic target in middle-aged mice with severe COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is especially severe in aged populations1. Resolution of the COVID-19 pandemic has been advanced by the recent development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, but vaccine efficacy is partly compromised by the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmissibility2. The emergence of these variants emphasizes the need for further development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies, especially in aged populations. Here, we describe the isolation of a new set of highly virulent mouse-adapted viruses and use them to test a novel therapeutic drug useful in infections of aged animals. Initially, we show that many of the mutations observed in SARS-CoV-2 during mouse adaptation (at positions 417, 484, 501 of the spike protein) also arise in humans in variants of concern (VOC)2. Their appearance during mouse adaptation indicates that immune pressure is not required for their selection. Similar to the human infection, aged mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 develop more severe disease than young mice. In murine SARS, in which severity is also age-dependent, we showed that elevated levels of an eicosanoid, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and of a phospholipase, PLA2G2D, contributed to poor outcomes in aged mice3,4. Using our virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, we show that infection of middle-aged mice lacking expression of DP1, a PGD2 receptor, or PLA2G2D are protected from severe disease. Further, treatment with a DP1 antagonist, asapiprant, protected aged mice from a lethal infection. DP1 antagonism is one of the first interventions in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals that specifically protects aged animals, and demonstrates that the PLA2G2D-PGD2/DP1 pathway is a useful target for therapeutic interventions. (Words: 254)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelmsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz Bezara, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szachowicz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumpp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aswad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narumiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eicosanoid signaling as a therapeutic target in middle-aged mice with severe COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inclusion of environmentally themed search terms improved Elastic Net regression nowcasts of regional Lyme disease rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is the most widely reported vector-borne disease in the United States. 95% of human cases are reported in the Northeast and upper Midwest. Human cases typically occur in the spring and summer months when an infected nymph Ixodid tick takes a blood meal. Current federal surveillance strategies report data on an annual basis, leading to nearly a year lag in national data reporting. These lags in reporting make it difficult for public health agencies to assess and plan for the current burden of Lyme disease. Implementation of a nowcasting model, using historical data to predict current trends, provides a means for public health agencies to evaluate current Lyme disease burden and make timely priority-based budgeting decisions. The objective of this study was to develop and compare the performance of nowcasting models using free data from Google Trends and Centers of Disease Control and Prevention surveillance reports for Lyme Disease. We developed two sets of elastic net models for five regions of the United States first using monthly proportional hit data from 21 disease symptoms and tick related terms and second using monthly proportional hit data from all terms identified via Google correlate plus 21 disease symptom and vector terms. Elastic net models using the larger term list were highly accurate (Root Mean Square Error: 0.74, Mean Absolute Error: 0.52, R2: 0.97) for four of the five regions of the United States. Including these more environmental terms improved accuracy 1.33-fold while reducing error 0.5-fold compared to predictions from models using disease symptom and vector terms alone. Models using Google data similar to this could help local and state public health agencies accurately monitor Lyme disease burden during times of reporting lag from federal public health reporting agencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kontowicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inclusion of environmentally themed search terms improved Elastic Net regression nowcasts of regional Lyme disease rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of individual differences in speech-in-noise performance in a large cohort of cochlear implant users 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesUnderstanding speech in noise (SiN) is a complex task that recruits multiple cortical subsystems. Individuals vary in their ability to understand SiN. This cannot be explained by simple peripheral hearing profiles, but recent work by our group (Kim et al., 2021, Neuroimage) highlighted central neural factors underlying the variance in SiN ability in normal hearing (NH) subjects. The current study examined neural predictors of speech-in-noise ability in a large cohort of cochlear-implant (CI) users, with the long-term goal of developing a simple electrophysiological correlate that could be implemented in clinics.

DesignWe recorded electroencephalography (EEG) in 114 post-lingually deafened CI users while they completed the California Consonant Test (CCT): a word-in-noise task. In many subjects, data were also collected on two other commonly used clinical measures of speech perception: a word-in-quiet task (Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant [CNC]) word and a sentence-in-noise task (AzBio sentences). Neural activity was assessed at a single vertex electrode (Cz), to maximize generalizability to clinical situations. The N1-P2 complex of event-related potentials (ERPs) at this location were included in multiple linear regression analyses, along with several other demographic and hearing factors as predictors of speech in noise performance.

ResultsIn general, there was a good agreement between the scores on the three speech perception tasks. ERP amplitudes did not predict AzBio performance which was predicted by the duration of device use, low-frequency hearing thresholds, and age. However, ERP amplitudes were strong predictors for performance for both word recognition tasks: the CCT (which was conducted simultaneously with EEG recording), and the CNC (conducted offline). These correlations held even after accounting for known predictors of performance including residual low-frequency hearing thresholds. In CI-users, better performance was predicted by an increased cortical response to the target word, in contrast to previous reports in normal-hearing subjects in whom speech perception ability was accounted for by the ability to suppress noise.

ConclusionsThese data indicate a neurophysiological correlate of speech-in-noise performance that can be relatively easily captured within the clinic, thereby revealing a richer profile of an individuals hearing performance than shown by psychoacoustic measures alone. These results also highlight important differences between sentence and word recognition measures of performance and suggest that individual differences in these measures may be underwritten by different mechanisms. Finally, the contrast with prior reports of NH listeners in the same task suggests CI-users performance may be explained by a different weighting of neural processes than NH listeners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwalje, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, Y.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of individual differences in speech-in-noise performance in a large cohort of cochlear implant users]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fascin limits Myosin activity within Drosophila border cells to control substrate stiffness and promote migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key regulator of collective cell migrations, which drive development and cancer metastasis, is substrate stiffness. Increased substrate stiffness promotes migration and is controlled by Myosin. Using Drosophila border cell migration as a model of collective cell migration, we identify, for the first time, that the actin bundling protein Fascin limits Myosin activity in vivo. Loss of Fascin results in: increased activated Myosin on the border cells and their substrate, the nurse cells; decreased border cell Myosin dynamics; and increased nurse cell stiffness as measured by atomic force microscopy. Reducing Myosin restores on-time border cell migration in fascin mutant follicles. Further, Fascins actin bundling activity is required to limit Myosin activation. Surprisingly, we find that Fascin regulates Myosin activity in the border cells to control nurse cell stiffness to promote migration. Thus, these data shift the paradigm from a substrate stiffness-centric model of regulating migration, to uncover that collectively migrating cells play a critical role in controlling the mechanical properties of their substrate in order to promote their own migration. This new means of mechanical regulation of migration is likely conserved across contexts and organisms, as Fascin and Myosin are common regulators of cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaluarachchi, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansakara, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tivanski, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fascin limits Myosin activity within Drosophila border cells to control substrate stiffness and promote migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Programming during thymic development sets the stage for optimal function in effector T cells via DNA demethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repressive effect of DNA methylation at promoters is well-known. However, its role within conserved sequences in intragenic and intergenic regions is less clear. Using Cd4 as a model gene, here we show that DNA methylation regulates the function of stimulus-responsive regulatory elements in effector T cells. Two cis-elements orchestrate intra-and intergenic DNA demethylation of the Cd4 gene during thymic development, which in turn licenses a stimulus-responsive element, E4a, for its later function in effector cells. Deficiency in DNA demethylation leads to impaired E4a function, reduced H3K4me3 promoter levels and an inability to repel de novo DNA methylation during replication, ultimately leading to gene silencing. This physiological reduction in CD4 expression leads to a defect in Th1 polarization during cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Similar patterns of regulation were observed in a broad number of genes, highlighting an essential role for DNA demethylation during thymic development in modulating the function of stimulus-responsive elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teghanemt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulipati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keen, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maretzky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issuree, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Programming during thymic development sets the stage for optimal function in effector T cells via DNA demethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TISON: a next-generation multi-scale modeling theatre for in silico systems oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-scale models integrating biomolecular data from genetic, transcriptional, and translational levels, coupled with extracellular microenvironments can assist in decoding the complex mechanisms underlying system-level diseases such as cancer. To investigate the emergent properties and clinical translation of such cancer models, we present Theatre for in silico Systems Oncology (TISON, https://tison.lums.edu.pk), a next-generation web-based multi-scale modeling and simulation platform for in silico systems oncology. TISON provides a "zero-code" environment for multi-scale model development by seamlessly coupling scale-specific information from biomolecular networks, microenvironments, cell decision circuits, in silico cell lines, and organoid geometries. To compute the temporal evolution of multi-scale models, a simulation engine and data analysis features are also provided. Furthermore, TISON integrates patient-specific gene expression data to evaluate patient-centric models towards personalized therapeutics. Several literature-based case studies have been developed to exemplify and validate TISONs modeling and analysis capabilities. TISON provides a cutting-edge multi-scale modeling pipeline for scale-specific as well as integrative systems oncology that can assist in drug target discovery, repositioning, and development of personalized therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gondal, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awan, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanveer, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khawar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jami, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qazi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishaq, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabi, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderbauwhede, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wajid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehwana, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faisal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TISON: a next-generation multi-scale modeling theatre for in silico systems oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Azole resistance is mediated by integration of sterol gene regulation and membrane transporter production by the zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Upc2A in Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most commonly used antifungal drugs are the azole compounds that interfere with biosynthesis of the fungal-specific sterol: ergosterol. The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata commonly acquires resistance to azole drugs like fluconazole via mutations in a gene encoding a transcription factor called PDR1. These PDR1 mutations lead to overproduction of drug transporter proteins like the ATP-binding cassette transporter Cdr1. In other Candida species, mutant forms of a transcription factor called Upc2 are associated with azole resistance, owing to the important role of this protein in control of expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Recently, the C. glabrata Upc2A factor was demonstrated to be required for normal azole resistance, even in the presence of a hyperactive mutant form of PDR1. Using genome-scale approaches, we define the network of genes bound and regulated by Upc2A. By analogy to a previously described hyperactive UPC2 mutation found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we generated a similar form of Upc2A in C. glabrata called G898D Upc2A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with Next Generation Sequencing (ChIP-seq) demonstrated that wild-type Upc2A binding to target genes was strongly induced by fluconazole while G898D Upc2A bound similarly, irrespective of drug treatment. We also carried out RNA-seq analysis to determine the genes that were direct or indirect targets of Upc2A transcriptional control. In addition to the well-described ERG genes as Upc2A transcriptional targets, we found a large group of genes encoding components of the translational apparatus along with membrane proteins. These Upc2A-regulated membrane protein-encoding genes are often targets of the Pdr1 transcription factor, demonstrating the high degree of overlap between these two regulatory networks. Finally, we provide evidence that Upc2A impacts the Pdr1-Cdr1 system during the anaerobic response and also modulates resistance to caspofungin. These studies provide a new perspective of Upc2A as a master regulator of lipid and membrane protein biosynthesis.

Author summaryIn the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, expression of the genes encoding enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway is controlled by the transcription factor Upc2A. C. glabrata has a low intrinsic susceptibility to azole therapy and acquires fluconazole resistance at high frequency. These azole resistant mutants typically contain substitution mutations in a gene encoding the transcription factor Pdr1. Pdr1 does not appear to regulate ergosterol genes and instead induces expression of genes encoding drug transport proteins like CDR1. Here we establish that extensive overlap exists between the regulatory networks defined by Upc2A and Pdr1. Genomic approaches are used to describe the hundreds of genes regulated by Upc2A that far exceed the well-described impact of this factor on genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. The overlap between Upc2A and Pdr1 is primarily described by co-regulation of genes encoding membrane transporters like CDR1. We provide evidence that Upc2A impacts the transcriptional control of the FKS1 gene, producing a target of a second major class of antifungal drugs, the echinocandins. Our data are consistent with Upc2A playing a role as a master regulator coordinating the synthesis of membrane structural components, both at the level of lipids and proteins, to produce properly functional biological membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Azole resistance is mediated by integration of sterol gene regulation and membrane transporter production by the zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Upc2A in Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Surface Glycan Engineering Reveals that Matriglycan Alone can Recapitulate Dystroglycan Binding and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Dystroglycan (-DG) is uniquely modified on O-mannose sites by a repeating disaccharide (-Xyl1,3-GlcA{beta}1,3-)n termed matriglycan, which is a receptor for laminin-G domain-containing proteins and employed by old-world arenaviruses for infection. Using chemoenzymatically synthesized matriglycans printed as a microarray, we demonstrated length-dependent binding to Laminin, Lassa virus GP1, and the clinically-important antibody IIH6. Utilizing an enzymatic engineering approach, an N-linked glycoprotein was converted into a IIH6-positive Laminin-binding glycoprotein. Engineering of the surface of cells deficient for either -DG or O-mannosylation with matriglycans of sufficient length recovered infection with a Lassa-pseudovirus. Finally free matriglycan in a dose and length dependent manner inhibited viral infection of wildtype cells. These results indicate that matriglycan alone is necessary and sufficient for IIH6 staining, Laminin and LASV GP1 binding, and Lassa-pseudovirus infection and support a model in which it is a tunable receptor for which increasing chain length enhances ligand-binding capacity. O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY Graphical Abstract

C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capicciotti, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praissman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moremen, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boons, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Surface Glycan Engineering Reveals that Matriglycan Alone can Recapitulate Dystroglycan Binding and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropsychological evidence of multi-domain network hubs in the human thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hubs in the human brain support behaviors that arise from brain network interactions. Previous studies have identified hub regions in the human thalamus that are connected with multiple functional networks. However, the behavioral significance of thalamic hubs has yet to be established. Our framework predicts that thalamic subregions with strong hub properties are broadly involved in functions across multiple cognitive domains. To test this prediction, we studied human patients with focal thalamic lesions in conjunction with network analyses of the human thalamocortical functional connectome. In support of our prediction, lesions to thalamic subregions with stronger hub properties were associated with widespread deficits in executive, language, and memory functions, whereas lesions to thalamic subregions with weaker hub properties were associated with more limited deficits. These results highlight how a large-scale network model can broaden our understanding of thalamic function for human cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Shine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropsychological evidence of multi-domain network hubs in the human thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Construction of a 3-color prism-based TIRF microscope to study the interactions and dynamics of macromolecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy allows for real-time visualization of macromolecular dynamics and complex assembly. Prism-based TIRF microscopes (prismTIRF) are relatively simple to operate and can be easily modulated to fit the needs of a wide variety of experimental applications. While building a prismTIRF microscope without expert assistance can pose a significant challenge, the components needed to build a prismTIRF microscope are relatively affordable and, with some guidance, the assembly can be completed by a determined novice. Here, we provide an easy-to-follow guide for the design, assembly, and operation of a 3-color prismTIRF microscope which can be utilized for the study macromolecular complexes, including the multi-component protein-DNA complexes responsible for DNA repair, replication, and transcription. Our hope is that this article can assist laboratories that aspire to implement single-molecule TIRF techniques, and consequently expand the application of this technology to a broader spectrum of scientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fairlamb, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Construction of a 3-color prism-based TIRF microscope to study the interactions and dynamics of macromolecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fly seizure EEG: field potential activity in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypersynchronous neural activity is a characteristic feature of seizures. Although many Drosophila mutants of epilepsy-related genes display clear behavioral spasms and motor unit hyperexcitability, field potential measurements of aberrant hypersynchronous activity across brain regions during seizures have yet to be described. Here, we report a straightforward method to observe local field potentials (LFPs) from the Drosophila brain to monitor ensemble neural activity during seizures in behaving tethered flies. High frequency stimulation across the brain reliably triggers a stereotypic sequence of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) spike discharges readily detectable in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) and coupled with behavioral spasms. During seizure episodes, the LFP signal displayed characteristic large-amplitude oscillations with a stereotypic temporal correlation to DLM flight muscle spiking. ECS-related LFP events were clearly distinct from rest- and flight-associated LFP patterns. We further characterized the LFP activity during different types of seizures originating from genetic and pharmacological manipulations. In the  bang-sensitive sodium channel mutant bangsenseless (bss), the LFP pattern was prolonged, and the temporal correlation between LFP oscillations and DLM discharges was altered. Following administration of the pro-convulsant GABAA blocker picrotoxin, we uncovered a qualitatively different LFP activity pattern, which consisted of a slow (1-Hz), repetitive, waveform, closely coupled with DLM bursting and behavioral spasms. Our approach to record brain LFPs presents an initial framework for electrophysiological analysis of the complex brain-wide activity patterns in the large collection of Drosophila excitability mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fly seizure EEG: field potential activity in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils do not affect interval timing in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One hallmark feature of Parkinsons disease (PD) is Lewy body pathology associated with misfolded alpha-synuclein. Previous studies have shown that striatal injection of alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) can induce misfolding and aggregation of native alpha-synuclein in a prion-like manner, leading to cell death and motor dysfunction in mouse models. Here, we tested whether alpha-synuclein PFFs injected into the medial prefrontal cortex results in cognitive deficits in mouse models as measured by interval timing, which is reliably disrupted in PD patients and in rodent models. We injected human alpha-synuclein PFF or monomers in the medial prefrontal cortex pre-injected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) overexpressing human alpha-synuclein. Despite notable medial prefrontal cortical synucleinopathy, we did not observe consistent deficits in fixed-interval timing. These results suggest that cortical alpha-synuclein does not reliably disrupt interval timing in rodent models.

HighlightsCortical injection of alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) induces diffuse synucleinopathy

Cortical injection of PFFs does not affect interval timing in mice

Medial prefrontal cortical synucleinopathy does not reliably disrupt interval timing
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelmotilib, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keomanivong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils do not affect interval timing in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intravital imaging of Candida albicans identifies differential in vitro and in vivo filamentation phenotypes for transcription factor deletion mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is an important cause of human fungal infections. A widely studied virulence trait of C. albicans is its ability to undergo filamentation to hyphae and pseudohyphae. Although yeast, pseudohyphae and hyphae are present in pathological samples of infected mammalian tissue, it has been challenging to characterize the role of regulatory networks and specific genes during in vivo filamentation. In addition, the phenotypic heterogeneity of C. albicans clinical isolates is becoming increasingly recognized and correlating this heterogeneity with pathogenesis remains an important goal. Here, we describe the use of an intravital imaging approach to characterize C. albicans filamentation in a mammalian model of infection by taking advantage of the translucence of mouse pinna (ears). Using this model, we have found that the in vitro and in vivo filamentation phenotypes of different C. albicans isolates can vary significantly, particularly when in vivo filamentation is compared to solid agar-based assays. We also show that the well-characterized transcriptional regulators Efg1 and Brg1 appear to play important roles both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, Ume6 is much more important in vitro than in vivo. Finally, strains that are dependent on Bcr1 for in vitro filamentation are able to form filaments in vivo. This intravital imaging approach provides a new approach to the systematic characterization of this important virulence trait during mammalian infection. Our initial studies provide support for the notion that the regulation and initiation of C. albicans filamentation in vivo is distinct from in vitro induction.

ImportanceCandida albicans is one of the most common causes of fungal infections in humans. C. albicans undergoes a transition from a round yeast form to a filamentous form during infection which is critical for its ability to cause disease. Although this transition has been studied in the laboratory for years, methods to do so in an animal model of infection have been limited. We have developed a microscopy method to visualize fluorescently labeled C. albicans undergoing this transition in the subcutaneous tissue of mice. Our studies indicate that the regulation of C. albicans filamentation during infection is distinct from that observed in laboratory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>huang, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intravital imaging of Candida albicans identifies differential in vitro and in vivo filamentation phenotypes for transcription factor deletion mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice lacking the cAMP effector protein POPDC1 show enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive research has uncovered diverse forms of synaptic plasticity and a wide array of molecular signaling mechanisms that act as positive or negative regulators. Specifically, cAMP-dependent signaling pathways have been crucially implicated in long-lasting synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examine the role of POPDC1 (or BVES), a cAMP effector protein expressed in brain, in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Unlike other cAMP effectors, such as PKA and EPAC, POPDC1 is membrane-bound and the sequence of the cAMP-binding cassette differs from canonical cAMP-binding domains. These properties suggest that POPDC1 may have a unique role in cAMP-mediated signaling underlying synaptic plasticity. Our results show that POPDC1 is enriched in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes. Acute hippocampal slices from Popdc1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by a variety of stimulation paradigms, particularly in response to weak stimulation paradigms that in slices from wildtype mice induce only transient LTP. Furthermore, Popdc1 KO mice did not display any further enhancement in forskolin-induced LTP observed following inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), suggesting a possible modulation of cAMP-PDE signaling by POPDC1. Taken together, these data reveal POPDC1 as a novel player in the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and as a potential target for cognitive enhancement strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, R. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice lacking the cAMP effector protein POPDC1 show enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and cellular transcriptome foundations of human brain disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes associated with risk for brain disease exhibit characteristic expression patterns that reflect both anatomical and cell type relationships. Brain-wide transcriptomic patterns of disease risk genes provide a molecular based signature for identifying disease association, often differing from common phenotypic classification. Analysis of adult brain-wide transcriptomic patterns associated with 40 human brain diseases identified five major transcriptional patterns, represented by tumor-related, neurodegenerative, psychiatric and substance abuse, and two mixed groups of diseases. Brain disease risk genes exhibit unique anatomic transcriptomic signatures, based on differential co-expression, that often uniquely identify the disease. For cortical expressing diseases, single nucleus data in the middle temporal gyrus reveals cell type expression gradients separating neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and substance abuse diseases. By homology mapping of cell types across mouse and human, transcriptomic disease signatures are found largely conserved, but with psychiatric and substance abuse related diseases showing important specific species differences. These results describe the structural and cellular transcriptomic landscape of disease in the adult brain, highlighting significant homology with the mouse yet indicating where human data is needed to further refine our understanding of disease-associated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and cellular transcriptome foundations of human brain disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered hippocampal transcriptome dynamics following sleep deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread sleep deprivation is a continuing public health problem in the United States and worldwide affecting adolescents and adults. Acute sleep deprivation results in decrements in spatial memory and cognitive impairments. The hippocampus is vulnerable to acute sleep deprivation with changes in gene expression, cell signaling, and protein synthesis. Sleep deprivation also has long lasting effects on memory and performance that persist after recovery sleep, as seen in behavioral studies from invertebrates to humans. Although previous research has shown that acute sleep deprivation impacts gene expression, the extent to which sleep deprivation affects gene regulation remains unknown. Using an unbiased deep RNA sequencing approach, we investigated the effects of acute sleep deprivation on gene expression in the hippocampus. We identified 1,146 genes that were significantly dysregulated following sleep deprivation with 507 genes upregulated and 639 genes downregulated, including protein coding genes and long non-coding RNAs not previously identified as impacted by sleep deprivation. Notably, genes significantly upregulated after sleep deprivation were associated with RNA splicing and the nucleus. In contrast, downregulated genes were associated with cell adhesion, dendritic localization, the synapse, and postsynaptic membrane. These results clearly demonstrate that sleep deprivation differentially regulates gene expression on multiple transcriptomic levels to impact hippocampal function.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=180 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/445021v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e611eborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a26aa2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6e8e2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a388f0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered hippocampal transcriptome dynamics following sleep deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused an unprecedented global crisis, and curtailing its spread requires an effective vaccine which elicits a diverse and robust immune response. We have previously shown that vaccines made of a polymeric glyco-adjuvant conjugated to an antigen were effective in triggering such a response in other disease models and hypothesized that the technology could be adapted to create an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The core of the vaccine platform is the copolymer p(Man-TLR7), composed of monomers with pendant mannose or a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Thus, p(Man-TLR7) is designed to target relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via mannose-binding receptors and then activate TLR7 upon endocytosis. The p(Man-TLR7) construct is amenable to conjugation to protein antigens such as the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, yielding Spike-p(Man-TLR7). Here, we demonstrate Spike-p(Man-TLR7) vaccination elicits robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses in mice. In adult and elderly wild-type mice, vaccination with Spike-p(Man-TLR7) generates high and long-lasting titers of anti-Spike IgGs, with neutralizing titers exceeding levels in convalescent human serum. Interestingly, adsorbing Spike-p(Man-TLR7) to the depot-forming adjuvant alum, amplified the broadly neutralizing humoral responses to levels matching those in mice vaccinated with formulations based off of clinically-approved adjuvants. Additionally, we observed an increase in germinal center B cells, antigen-specific antibody secreting cells, activated T follicular helper cells, and polyfunctional Th1-cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that Spike-p(Man-TLR7) is an attractive, next-generation subunit vaccine candidate, capable of inducing durable and robust antibody and T cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AxonDeep: Automated Optic Nerve Axon Segmentation in Mice with Deep Learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeOptic nerve damage is the principal feature of glaucoma and contributes to vision loss in many diseases. In animal models, nerve health has traditionally been assessed by human experts that grade damage qualitatively or manually quantify axons from sampling limited areas from histologic cross sections of nerve. Both approaches are prone to variability and are time consuming. First-generation automated approaches have begun to emerge, but all have significant shortcomings. Here, we seek improvements through use of deep-learning approaches for segmenting and quantifying axons from cross sections of mouse optic nerve.

MethodsTwo deep-learning approaches were developed and evaluated: (1) a traditional supervised approach using a fully convolutional network trained with only labeled data and (2) a semi-supervised approach trained with both labeled and unlabeled data using a generative-adversarial-network framework.

ResultsFrom comparisons with an independent test set of images with manually marked axon centers and boundaries, both deep-learning approaches outperformed an existing baseline automated approach and similarly to two independent experts. Performance of the semi-supervised approach was superior and implemented into AxonDeep.

ConclusionAxonDeep performs automated quantification and segmentation of axons from healthy appearing nerves, and those with mild to moderate degrees of damage, similar to that of experts without the variability and constraints associated with manual performance.

Translational RelevanceUse of deep learning for axon quantification provides rapid, objective, and higher throughput analysis of optic nerve that would otherwise not be possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soukup, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AxonDeep: Automated Optic Nerve Axon Segmentation in Mice with Deep Learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo complex haploinsufficiency-based genetic analysis identifies a transcription factor circuit regulating Candida albicans oropharyngeal infection and epithelial cell endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common infection that complicates a wide range of medical conditions which can cause either mild or severe disease depending on the patient. The pathobiology of OPC shares many features with candidal biofilms of abiotic surfaces. The transcriptional regulation of C. albicans formation of biofilms on abiotic surfaces has been extensively characterized and involves six key transcription factors (Efg1, Ndt80, Rob1, Bcr1, Brg1, and Tec1). To determine whether this same in vitro biofilm transcriptional regulatory network played a role in OPC, we have carried out the first systematic genetic interaction analysis in a mouse model of C. albicans infection. Whereas all six transcription factors are required for in vitro biofilm formation, only three homozygous deletion mutants (tec1{Delta}{Delta}, bcr1{Delta}{Delta}, and rob1{Delta}{Delta}) and one heterozygous mutant (tec1{Delta}/TEC1) have reduced infectivity in a mouse model of OPC, indicating the network is more robust in vivo than in vitro. Although single mutants (heterozygous or homozygous) of BRG1 and EFG1 have no effect on fungal burden, the double heterozygous and homozygous mutants have dramatically reduced infectivity, indicating a critical genetic interaction between these two transcription factors. Using epistasis analysis, we have formulated a genetic circuit [EFG1+BRG1][-&gt;]TEC1[-&gt;]BCR1 that is required for OPC infectivity and oral epithelial cell endocytosis. Surprisingly, we also found transcription factor mutants with in vitro defects in filamentation such as efg1{Delta}{Delta} and brg1{Delta}{Delta} filament during oral infection and that decreased filamentation did not correlate with decreased infectivity. Taken together, these data indicate that key in vitro biofilm transcription factors are involved in OPC but that the network characteristics and functional connections are remodeled significantly during interactions with tissues.

Author SummaryThe pathology of oral candidiasis has features of biofilm formation, a well-studied process in vitro. Based on that analogy, we hypothesized that network of transcription factors that regulates in vitro biofilm formation might have similarities and differences in during oral infection. To test this, we employed the first systematic genetic interaction analysis of C. albicans in a mouse model of oropharyngeal infection. This revealed that the six regulators involved in in vitro biofilm formation played roles in vivo but that the functional connections between factors were quite distinct. Surprisingly, we also found that, while many of the factors are required for filamentation in vitro, none of the transcription factor deletion mutants was deficient for this key virulence trait in vivo. These observations clearly demonstrate that C. albicans regulates key aspects of its biology differently in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solis, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollinger, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo complex haploinsufficiency-based genetic analysis identifies a transcription factor circuit regulating Candida albicans oropharyngeal infection and epithelial cell endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective interferon (IFN)-lambda treatment regimen to control lethal MERS-CoV infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective broad-spectrum antivirals are critical to prevent and control emerging human coronavirus (hCoV) infections. Despite considerable progress made towards identifying and evaluating several synthetic broad-spectrum antivirals against hCoV infections, a narrow therapeutic window has limited their success. Enhancing the endogenous interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) response is another antiviral strategy known for decades. However, the side effects of pegylated type-I IFNs (IFN-Is) and the pro-inflammatory response detected after delayed IFN-I therapy have discouraged their clinical use. In contrast to IFN-Is, IFN-{lambda}, a dominant IFN at the epithelial surface, is shown to be less pro-inflammatory. Consequently, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of IFN-{lambda} in hCoV infected airway epithelial cells and mice. Human primary airway epithelial cells treated with a single dose of IFN-I (IFN-) and IFN-{lambda} showed similar ISG expression, whereas cells treated with two doses of IFN-{lambda} expressed elevated levels of ISG compared to IFN-a treated cells. Similarly, mice treated with two dose IFN-{lambda} were better protected compared to mice receiving a single dose, and a combination of prophylactic and delayed therapeutic regimens completely protected mice from lethal MERS-CoV-infection. A two dose IFN-{lambda} regimen significantly reduced lung viral RNA and inflammatory cytokine levels with marked improvement in lung inflammation. Collectively, we identify an ideal regimen for IFN-{lambda} use and demonstrate the protective efficacy of IFN-{lambda} in MERS-CoV infected mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dijkman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channappanavar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective interferon (IFN)-lambda treatment regimen to control lethal MERS-CoV infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MK2a inhibitor CMPD1 abrogates chikungunya virus infection by modulating actin remodeling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemics around the world have created public health concern with the unavailability of effective drugs and vaccines. This emphasizes the need for molecular understanding of host-virus interactions for developing effective targeted antivirals. Microarray analysis was carried out using CHIKV strain (Prototype and Indian) infected Vero cells and two host isozymes, MK2 and MK3 were selected for further analysis. Gene silencing and drug treatment were performed in vitro and in vivo to unravel the role of MK2/MK3 in CHIKV infection. Gene silencing of MK2 and MK3 abrogated around 58% CHIKV progeny release from the host cell and a MK2 activation (a) inhibitor (CMPD1) treatment demonstrated 68% inhibition of viral infection suggesting a major role of MAPKAPKs during the late phase of CHIKV infection in vitro. Further, it was observed that the inhibition in viral infection is primarily due to the abrogation of lamellipodium formation through modulation of factors involved in the actin cytoskeleton remodeling pathway that is responsible for releasing the virus from the infected cells. Moreover, CHIKV-infected C57BL/6 mice demonstrated reduction in the viral copy number, lessened disease score and better survivability after CMPD1 treatment. In addition, reduction in expression of key pro-inflammatory mediators such as CXCL13, RAGE, FGF, MMP9 and increase in HGF (a CHIKV infection recovery marker) was observed indicating the effectiveness of this drug against CHIKV. Additionally, CMPD1 also inhibited HSV1 and SARS CoV2-19 infection in vitro. Taken together it can be proposed that MK2 and MK3 are crucial host factors for CHIKV infection and can be considered as key targets for developing effective anti-CHIKV strategies in future.

Author summaryChikungunya virus has been a dreaded disease from the first time it occurred in 1952 Tanzania. Since then it has been affecting the different parts of the world at different time periods in large scale. It is typically transmitted to humans by bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Although, studies have been undertaken to combat the disease still there are no effective strategies like vaccines or antivirals against it. Therefore it is essential to understand the virus and host interaction to overcome this hurdle. In this study two host factors MK2 and MK3 have been taken into consideration to see how they regulate the multiplication of the virus. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that inhibition of MK2 and MK3 restricted viral infection Further, it was observed that this is due to the blocking of lamellipodium formation by modifying the factors involved in the actin cytoskeleton remodeling pathway that is responsible for releasing the virus from the infected cells. Besides, decreased disease score as well as better survivability was noticed in the in vivo experiments with mice. Therefore, MK2 and MK3 could be considered as the key targets for controlling CHIKV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MK2a inhibitor CMPD1 abrogates chikungunya virus infection by modulating actin remodeling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female mice exhibit a more sensitive automated squint response to pain induced by CGRP and amylin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed an automated squint assay using both black C57BL/6J and white CD1 mice that measured the interpalpebral fissure area between the upper and lower eyelids as an objective quantification of pain. In C57BL/6J mice, we observed a squint response to increasing doses of a migraine trigger, the neuropeptide CGRP, including a significant response in female mice at a dose below detection by the manual grimace scale. Using the automated software, both C57BL/6J and CD1 mice lacked a detectable photic blink response. The CGRP-related peptide amylin induced squinting behavior in female mice, but not males. These data demonstrate that an automated squint assay can be used as an objective, real-time continuous-scale measure of pain that provides higher precision and real-time analysis compared to manual grimace assessments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rea, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattiez, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poolman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardon, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female mice exhibit a more sensitive automated squint response to pain induced by CGRP and amylin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectome reorganization relates to post-stroke motor recovery and structural disconnection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor recovery following ischemic stroke is contingent on the ability of surviving brain networks to compensate for damaged tissue. In rodent models, sensory and motor cortical representations have been shown to remap onto intact tissue around the lesion site, but remapping to more distal sites (e.g. in the contralesional hemisphere) has also been observed. Resting state functional connectivity (FC) analysis has been employed to study compensatory network adaptations in humans, but mechanisms and time course of motor recovery are not well understood. Here, we examine longitudinal FC in 23 first-episode ischemic pontine stroke patients (34-74 years old; 8 female, 15 male) and utilize a graph matching approach to identify patterns of regional functional connectivity reorganization during recovery. We quantified functional reorganization between several intervals ranging from 1 week to 6 months following stroke, and demonstrated that the areas that undergo functional reorganization most frequently are in cerebellar/subcortical networks. Brain regions with more structural connectome disruption due to the stroke also had more functional remapping over time. Finally, we show that the amount of functional reorganization between time points is correlated with the extent of motor recovery observed between those time points in the early to late subacute phases, and, furthermore, individuals with greater baseline motor impairment demonstrate more extensive early subacute functional reorganization (from one to two weeks post-stroke) and this reorganization correlates with better motor recovery at 6 months. Taken together, these results suggest that our graph matching approach can quantify recovery-relevant, whole-brain functional connectivity network reorganization after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olafson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuceyeski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectome reorganization relates to post-stroke motor recovery and structural disconnection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a scientific research standard for producing nanometer-resolution ultrastructural images of subcellular components within cells and tissues. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and autophagosomes are organelles of particular interest to those investigating metabolic disorders. However, there is no clear consensus amongst regarding the best methods for quantifying the features of organelles in TEM images. In this protocol, we propose a standardized approach to accurately measure the morphology of these important subcellular structures using the free program ImageJ, developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Specifically, we detail procedures for obtaining mitochondrial length, width, area, and circularity, in addition to assessing cristae morphology. We further provide methods for measuring interactions between the mitochondria and ER and measuring the length and width of lysosomes and autophagosomes. This standardized method can be used to quantify key features of organelle morphology, allowing investigators to produce accurate and reproducible measurements of organelle structures in their experimental samples.

1 SUMMARYWe discuss a standardized method for measuring and quantifying organelle features using transmission electron microscopy and accessing for interactions between subcellular structures; organelles of focus include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and autophagosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ring Finger Protein 213 Assembles into a Sensor for ISGylated Proteins with Antimicrobial Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, ubiquitin-like protein that can conjugate to substrate proteins (ISGylation) to counteract microbial infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we used a viral-like particle trapping technology to identify ISG15-binding proteins and discovered Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213) as an ISG15 interactor and cellular sensor of ISGylated proteins. RNF213 is a poorly-characterized, interferon-induced megaprotein that is frequently mutated in Moyamoya disease, a rare cerebrovascular disorder. We found that interferon induces ISGylation and oligomerization of RNF213 on lipid droplets, where it acts as a sensor for ISGylated proteins. We showed that RNF213 has broad antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, counteracting infection with Listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and we observed a striking co-localization of RNF213 with intracellular bacteria. Together, our findings provide novel molecular insights into the ISGylation pathway and reveal RNF213 as a key antimicrobial effector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thery, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeyn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moschonas, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, Q. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessely, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leandro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggermont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sutter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochepied, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festjens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callewaert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermaut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knobeloch, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyckerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ring Finger Protein 213 Assembles into a Sensor for ISGylated Proteins with Antimicrobial Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Alanine Aminotransferase is Required for Polysaccharide Regulation and Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms to Echinocandin Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alanine metabolism has been suggested as an adaptation strategy to oxygen limitation in organisms ranging from plants to mammals. Within the pulmonary infection microenvironment A. fumigatus forms biofilms with steep oxygen gradients defined by regions of oxygen limitation. A significant increase in alanine levels was observed in A. fumigatus cultured under oxygen limiting conditions. An alanine aminotransferase, AlaA, was observed to function in alanine catabolism and is required for several aspects of A. fumigatus biofilm physiology. Loss of alaA, or its catalytic activity, results in decreased adherence of biofilms through a defect in the maturation of the extracellular matrix polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG). Additionally, exposure of cell wall polysaccharides is also impacted by loss of alaA and loss of AlaA catalytic activity confers increased biofilm susceptibility to echinocandin treatment which is correlated with enhanced fungicidal activity. The increase in echinocandin susceptibility is specific to biofilms and chemical inhibition of alaA by the alanine aminotransferase inhibitor {beta}-chloro-L-alanine is sufficient to sensitize A. fumigatus biofilms to echinocandin treatment. Finally, loss of alaA increases susceptibility of A. fumigatus to in vivo echinocandin treatment in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Our results provide insight into the interplay of metabolism, biofilm formation, and antifungal drug resistance in A. fumigatus and describes a mechanism of increasing susceptibility of A. fumigatus biofilms to the echinocandin class of antifungal drugs.

eLife DigestAspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus that causes an array of diseases depending on the immune status of an individual, collectively termed aspergillosis. Antifungal therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is limited and too often ineffective. This is in part due to A. fumigatus biofilm formation within the infection environment and the resulting emergent properties, particularly increased antifungal resistance. Thus, insights into biofilm formation and mechanisms driving increased antifungal drug resistance are critical for improving existing therapeutic strategies and development of novel antifungals. In this work, we describe an unexpected observation where alanine metabolism, via the alanine aminotransferase AlaA, is required for several aspects of A. fumigatus biofilm physiology including resistance of A. fumigatus biofilms to the echinocandin class of antifungal drugs. Importantly, we observed that chemical inhibition of alanine aminotransferases is sufficient to increase echinocandin susceptibility and that loss of alaA increases susceptibility to echinocandin treatment in a murine model of IPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerkaert, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Mauff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Cramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Alanine Aminotransferase is Required for Polysaccharide Regulation and Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms to Echinocandin Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asexual freshwater snails make poor mate choice decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Once-useful traits that no longer contribute to fitness tend to decay over time. Here, we address whether the expression of mating-related traits that increase the fitness of sexually reproducing individuals but are likely less useful or even costly to asexual counterparts seems to exhibit decay in the latter. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a New Zealand freshwater snail characterized by repeated transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The frequent coexistence of sexual and asexual lineages makes P. antipodarum an excellent model for the study of mating-related trait loss. We used a mating choice assay including sexual and asexual P. antipodarum females and conspecific (presumed better choice) vs. heterospecific (presumed worse choice) males to evaluate the loss of behavioral traits related to sexual reproduction. We found that sexual females engaged in mating behaviors with conspecific mating partners more frequently and for a greater duration than with heterospecific mating partners. By contrast, asexual females mated at similar frequency and duration as sexual females, but did not mate more often or for longer duration with conspecific vs. heterospecific males. These results are consistent with a scenario where selection acting to maintain mate choice in asexual P. antipodarum is weak or ineffective relative to sexual females and, thus, where asexual reproduction contributes to the evolutionary decay of mating-related traits in this system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stork, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asexual freshwater snails make poor mate choice decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP-2α and AP-2β cooperatively function in the craniofacial surface ectoderm to regulate chromatin and gene expression dynamics during facial development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The facial surface ectoderm is essential for normal development of the underlying cranial neural crest cell populations, providing signals that direct appropriate growth, patterning, and morphogenesis. Despite the importance of the ectoderm as a signaling center, the molecular cues and genetic programs implemented within this tissue are understudied. Here we show that removal of two members of the AP-2 transcription factor family, AP-2 and AP-2{beta}, within the early embryonic ectoderm leads to major alterations in the mouse craniofacial complex. Significantly, there are clefts in both the upper face and mandible, accompanied by fusion of the upper and lower jaws in the hinge region. Comparison of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses between controls and mutants revealed significant changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression centered on multiple AP-2 binding motifs associated with enhancer elements within these ectodermal lineages. In particular, loss of these AP-2 proteins affects both skin differentiation as well as multiple signaling pathways, most notably the WNT pathway. The role of reduced Wnt signaling throughput in the mutant phenotype was further confirmed using reporter assays and rescue experiments involving Wnt1 ligand overexpression. Collectively, these findings highlight a conserved ancestral function for AP-2 transcription factors in ectodermal development and signaling, and provide a framework from which to understand the gene regulatory network operating within this tissue that directs vertebrate craniofacial development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Otterloo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP-2α and AP-2β cooperatively function in the craniofacial surface ectoderm to regulate chromatin and gene expression dynamics during facial development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidylserine Receptors Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection: AXL as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AUTHOR SUMMARYPhosphatidylserine (PS) receptors are PS binding proteins that mediate uptake of apoptotic bodies. Many enveloped viruses utilize this PS/PS receptor mechanism to adhere to and internalize into the endosomal compartment of cells and this is termed apoptotic mimicry. For viruses that have a mechanism(s) of endosomal escape, apoptotic mimicry is a productive route of virus entry. We evaluated if PS receptors serve as cell surface receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and found that the PS receptors, AXL, TIM-1 and TIM-4, facilitated virus infection when low concentrations of the SARS-CoV-2 cognate receptor, ACE2, was present. Consistent with the established mechanism of PS receptor utilization by other viruses, PS liposomes competed with SARS-CoV-2 for binding and entry. We demonstrated that this PS receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 binding to and infection of an array of human lung cell lines and is an under-appreciated but potentially important host factor facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddredine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briseno, J. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokowy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micklem, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausdal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorens, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidylserine Receptors Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection: AXL as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Gi/o protein-coupled receptor signaling blocks HER2-induced breast cancer development and enhances HER2-targeted therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most desirable drug targets for human disease. Although GPCR dysfunction drives the development and progression of many tumors including breast cancer (BC), targeting individual GPCRs has limited efficacy as a cancer therapy because numerous GPCRs are activated. In this study, we sought a new way of blocking GPCR activation in HER2+-BC by targeting a subgroup of GPCRs that couple to Gi/o proteins (Gi/o-GPCRs). Using cell lines and transgenic mouse models, we showed in mammary epithelial cells, HER2 hyperactivation altered GPCR expression, particularly, Gi/o-GPCRs. Gi/o-GPCR stimulation transactivated EGFR and HER2, which in turn activated the PI3K/AKT and Src pathways. Uncoupling Gi/o-GPCRs from cognate Gi/o proteins by pertussis toxin (PTx) inhibited BC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and suppressed HER2-driven tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, targeting Gi/o-GPCR signaling via PTx, PI3K, or Src inhibitors enhanced HER2-targeted therapy. These results indicate that HER2 hyperactivation in BC cells drives aberrant Gi/o-GPCR signaling, and Gi/o-GPCR signals converge on PI3K/AKT and Src signaling pathways to promote cancer progression and the development of resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. Our findings suggest a new way to pharmacologically deactivate GPCR signaling to block tumor growth and enhance therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lensing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Gi/o protein-coupled receptor signaling blocks HER2-induced breast cancer development and enhances HER2-targeted therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Communication between the mediodorsal thalamus and prelimbic cortex regulates timing performance in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting when future events will occur and adjusting behavior accordingly is critical to adaptive behavior. Despite this, little is known about the brain networks that encode time and how this ultimately impacts decision-making. One established finding is that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its non-human analogues (e.g., the rodent prelimbic cortex; PL) mediate timing. This provides a starting point for exploring the networks that support temporal processing by identifying areas that interact with the PFC during timing tasks. For example, substantial work has explored the role of frontostriatal circuits in timing. However, other areas are undoubtedly involved. The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) is an excellent candidate region. It shares dense, reciprocal connections with PFC-areas in both humans and non-human species and is implicated in cognition. However, causal data implicating MD-PFC interactions in cognition broadly is still sparse, and their role in timing specifically is currently unknown. To address this, we trained male rats on a time-based, decision-making task referred to as the  peak-inter- val procedure. During the task, presentation of a cue instructed the rats to respond after a specific interval of time elapsed (e.g., tone-8 seconds). We incorporated two cues; each requiring a response after a distinct time-interval (e.g., tone-8 seconds / light-16 seconds). We tested the effects of either reversibly inactivating the MD or PL individually or functionally disconnecting them on performance. All manipulations caused a comparable timing deficit. Specifically, responses showed little organization in time, as if primarily guided by motivational systems. These data expand our understanding of the networks that support timing and suggest that MD-PL interactions specifically are a core component. More broadly, our results suggest that timing tasks provide a reliable assay for characterizing the role of MD-PL interactions in cognition using rodents, which has been difficult to establish in the past.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Corte, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.449036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Communication between the mediodorsal thalamus and prelimbic cortex regulates timing performance in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell culture evolution of a HSV-1/VZV UL34/ORF24 chimeric virus reveals novel functions for HSV genes in capsid nuclear egress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HSV and VZV are both members of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, but are of different genera. Substitution of the HSV-1 UL34 coding sequence with that of its VZV homolog, ORF24, results in a virus that has defects in viral growth, spread, capsid egress, and nuclear lamina disruption very similar to those seen in a UL34-null virus despite normal interaction between ORF24 protein and HSV pUL31 and proper localization of the NEC at the nuclear envelope. Minimal selection for growth in cell culture resulted in viruses that grew and spread much more efficiently that the parental chimeric virus. These viruses varied in their ability to support nuclear lamina disruption, normal NEC localization and capsid de-envelopment. Single mutations that suppress the growth defect were mapped to the coding sequences of ORF24, ICP22 and ICP4 and one virus carried single mutations in each of the ICP22 and US3 coding sequences. The phenotypes of these viruses support a role for ICP22 in nuclear lamina disruption and a completely unexpected role for the major transcriptional regulator, ICP4, in capsid nuclear egress.

ImportanceInteractions among virus proteins are critical for assembly and egress of virus particles, and such interactions are attractive targets for antiviral therapy. Identification of critical functional interactions can be slow and tedious. Capsid nuclear egress of herpesviruses is a critical event in the assembly and egress pathway and is mediated by two proteins that are conserved among herpesviruses, pUL31 and pUL34. Here we describe a cell culture evolution approach to identify other viral gene products that functionally interact with pUL34.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugo-Crooks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.449081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell culture evolution of a HSV-1/VZV UL34/ORF24 chimeric virus reveals novel functions for HSV genes in capsid nuclear egress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple mechanisms impact fluconazole resistance of mutant Erg11 proteins in Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azoles, the most commonly used antifungal drugs, specifically inhibit the fungal lanosterol -14 demethylase enzyme, which is referred to as Erg11. Inhibition of Erg11 ultimately leads to a reduction in ergosterol production, an essential fungal membrane sterol. Many Candida species, such as Candida albicans, develop mutations in this enzyme which reduces the azole binding affinity and results in increased resistance. Candida glabrata is also a pathogenic yeast that has low intrinsic susceptibility to azole drugs and easily develops elevated resistance. These azole resistant mutations typically cause hyperactivity of the Pdr1 transcription factor and rarely lie within the ERG11 gene. Here, we generated C. glabrata ERG11 mutations that were analogous to azole resistance alleles from C. albicans ERG11. Three different Erg11 forms (Y141H, S410F, and the corresponding double mutant (DM)) conferred azole resistance in C. glabrata with the DM Erg11 form causing the strongest phenotype. The DM Erg11 also induced cross-resistance to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Resistance caused by the DM allele of ERG11 imposed a fitness cost that was not observed with hyperactive PDR1 alleles. Crucially, the presence of the DM ERG11 allele was sufficient to activate the Pdr1 transcription factor in the absence of azole drugs. Our data indicate that azole resistance linked to changes in ERG11 activity can involve cellular effects beyond an alteration in this key azole target enzyme. Understanding the physiology linking ergosterol biosynthesis with Pdr1-mediated regulation of azole resistance is crucial for ensuring the continued efficacy of azole drugs against C. glabrata.

ImportanceAzole drugs target the Erg11 enzyme and lead to a reduction in fungal ergosterol, a vital sterol in yeast. Mutations in Erg11 are common among azole resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates, but not in C. glabrata, a major human pathogen. In this study, we showed that ERG11 mutations were tolerated in C. glabrata, and these mutations could confer azole resistance. We found that the strongest azole-resistant allele of ERG11 led to induction of the Pdr1 transcription factor and Cdr1 ATP-binding cassette transporter protein in the absence of drug. ERG11 mutations can cause azole resistance via altered enzymatic properties but also by triggering induction of other resistance systems owing to impacts on ergosterol biosynthesis. These data illustrate the deep connections between ergosterol biosynthesis and regulation of membrane transporter proteins via Pdr1 and the ergosterol-responsive transcription factor Upc2A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple mechanisms impact fluconazole resistance of mutant Erg11 proteins in Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Cerebral Edema after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Cerebral edema following TBI is known to play a critical role in injury severity and prognosis. In the current study we used multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess cerebral edema 24 hours after unilateral contusive TBI in male and female rats. We then directly quantified brain water content in the same subjects ex vivo. We found that both males and females had similarly elevated T2 values after TBI compared with sham controls. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was more variable than T2 and did not show significant injury effects in males or females. Brain water was elevated in male TBI rats compared with sham controls, but there was no difference between female TBI and sham groups. Notably, MRI biomarkers of edema were more closely correlated with brain water in male rats; female rats did not show any relationship between brain water and T2 or ADC. These observations raise questions about the interpretation of radiological findings traditionally interpreted as edema in female TBI patients. A better understanding of sex differences and similarities in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic edema is needed to help improve patient management and the development of effective treatment strategies for men and women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minchew, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keselman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Cerebral Edema after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental onset of a cerebellar-dependent forward model of movement in motor thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To execute complex behavior with temporal precision, adult animals use internal models to predict the sensory consequences of self-generated movement. Here, taking advantage of the unique kinematic features of twitches--the brief, discrete movements of active sleep--we captured the developmental onset of a cerebellar-dependent internal model. Using rats at postnatal days (P) 12, P16, and P20, we compared neural activity in two thalamic structures: the ventral posterior (VP) and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei, both of which receive somatosensory input but only the latter of which receives cerebellar input. At all ages, twitch-related activity in VP lagged behind movement, consistent with sensory processing; similar activity was observed in VL through P16. At P20, however, VL activity precisely mimicked the twitch itself, a pattern of activity that depended on cerebellar input. Altogether, these findings implicate twitches in the development and refinement of internal models of movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental onset of a cerebellar-dependent forward model of movement in motor thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive approach for artifact-free sample preparation and assessment of mitochondrial morphology in tissue and cultured cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, and the formation of nanotunnels) and morphology are very sensitive to the cellular environment. Mitochondria may be adversely affected by oxidative stress, changes in calcium levels, and hypoxia. Investigating the precise relationship between organelle structure and function requires methods that can adequately preserve mitochondria while providing accurate, quantitative measurements of morphological attributes. Here, we demonstrate a practical approach for preserving and measuring fine structural changes using two-dimensional, high-resolution electron micrographs. This approach is further applicable for three-dimensional volume renderings, obtained using serial block-face and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, highlighting the specific advantages of these techniques. Additionally, this study defines a set of quantifiable metrics that can be applied to measure mitochondrial architecture and other organellar structures. Finally, we validated specimen preparation methods that avoid the introduction of morphological artifacts that may interfere with mitochondrial appearance and do not require whole-animal perfusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geroux, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmonds, R. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dajles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacevac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive approach for artifact-free sample preparation and assessment of mitochondrial morphology in tissue and cultured cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation reduces the density of individual spine subtypes in a branch-specific fashion in CA1 neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation has a negative impact on hippocampus-dependent memory, which are thought to depend on cellular plasticity. We previously found that five hours of sleep deprivation robustly decreases dendritic spine density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in adult male mice. However, recent work by others suggests that sleep deprivation increases the density of certain spine types on specific dendritic branches. Based on these recent findings and our previous work, we conducted a more in-depth analysis of different spine types on branches 1, 2 and 5 of both apical and basal dendrites to assess whether five hours of sleep deprivation may have previously unrecognized spine-type and branch-specific effects. This analysis shows no spine-type specific changes on branch 1 and 2 of apical dendrites after sleep deprivation. In contrast, sleep deprivation decreases the number of mushroom and branched spines on branch 5. Likewise, sleep deprivation reduces thin, mushroom, and filopodia spine density on branch 5 of the basal dendrites, without affecting spines on branch 1 and 2. Our findings indicate that sleep deprivation leads to local branch-specific reduction in the density of individual spine types, and that local effects might not reflect the overall impact of sleep deprivation on CA1 structural plasticity. Moreover, our analysis underscores that focusing on a subset of dendritic branches may lead to potential misinterpretation of the overall impact of in this case sleep deprivation on structural plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolsius, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meerlo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havekes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep deprivation reduces the density of individual spine subtypes in a branch-specific fashion in CA1 neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy with features distinct from but also overlapping with Alzheimer disease (AD). While both exhibit Alzheimer-type temporal lobe neurofibrillary degeneration alongside amnestic cognitive impairment, PART develops independently of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) deposition in plaques. The pathogenesis of PART is unknown, but evidence suggests it is associated with genes that promote tau pathology as well as others that protect from A{beta} toxicity. Here, we performed a genetic association study in an autopsy cohort of individuals with PART (n=647) using Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage as a quantitative trait adjusting for sex, age, genotyping platform, and principal components. We found significant associations with some candidate loci associated with AD and progressive supranuclear palsy, a primary tauopathy (SLC24A4, MS4A6A, HS3ST1, MAPT and EIF2AK3). Genome-wide association analysis revealed a novel significant association with a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 4 (rs56405341) in a locus containing three genes, including JADE1 which was significantly upregulated in tangle-bearing neurons by single-soma RNA-seq. Immunohistochemical studies using antisera targeting JADE1 protein revealed localization within tau aggregates in autopsy brain from tauopathies containing isoforms with four microtubule-binding domain repeats (4R) and mixed 3R/4R, but not with 3R exclusively. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct and specific binding of JADE1 protein to tau containing four (4R) and no N-terminal inserts (0N4R) in post-mortem human PART brain tissue. Finally, knockdown of the Drosophila JADE1 homolog rhinoceros (rno) enhanced tau-induced toxicity and apoptosis in vivo in a humanized 0N4R mutant tau knock-in model as quantified by rough eye phenotype and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in the fly brain. Together, these findings indicate that PART has a genetic architecture that partially overlaps with AD and other tauopathies and suggests a novel role for JADE1 as a mediator of neurofibrillary degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton-Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoor, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcora, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayalon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesulam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woltjer,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical gaze patterns in autism are heterogeneous across subjects but reliable within individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have atypical gaze onto both static visual images 1,2 and dynamic videos 3,4 that could be leveraged for diagnostic purposes 5,6. Eye tracking is important for characterizing ASD across the lifespan 7 and nowadays feasible at home (e.g., from smartphones 8). Yet gaze-based classification has been difficult to achieve, due to sources of variance both across and within subjects. Here we test three competing hypotheses: (a) that ASD could be successfully classified from the fact that gaze patterns are less reliable or noisier than in controls, (b) that gaze patterns are atypical and heterogeneous across ASD subjects but reliable over time within a subject, or (c) that gaze patterns are individually reliable and also homogenous among individuals with ASD. Leveraging dense eye tracking data from two different full-length television sitcom episodes in a total of over 150 subjects (N = 53 ASD, 107 controls) collected at two different sites, we demonstrate support for the second of these hypotheses. The findings pave the way for the investigation of autism subtypes, and for elucidating the specific visual features that best discriminate gaze patterns -- directions that will also inform neuroimaging and genetic studies of this complex disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keles, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliemann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarimaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical gaze patterns in autism are heterogeneous across subjects but reliable within individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53-mediated neurodegeneration in the absence of the nuclear protein Akirin2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper gene regulation is critical for both neuronal development and maintenance as the brain matures. We previously demonstrated that Akirin2, an essential nuclear protein that interacts with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes, is required for the embryonic formation of the cerebral cortex. Here we show that Akirin2 plays a mechanistically distinct role in maintaining healthy neurons during cortical maturation. Restricting Akirin2 loss to excitatory cortical neurons resulted in progressive neurodegeneration via necroptosis and severe cortical atrophy with age. Comparing transcriptomes from Akirin2-null postnatal neurons and cortical progenitors revealed that targets of the tumor suppressor p53, a regulator of both proliferation and cell death encoded by Trp53, were consistently upregulated. Heterozygous deletion of Trp53 rescued neurodegeneration in Akirin2-null neurons. These data: 1) implicate Akirin2 as a critical neuronal maintenance protein; 2) identify p53 pathways as mediators of Akirin2 functions; and 3) suggest Akirin2 dysfunction may be relevant to neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peek, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manak, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53-mediated neurodegeneration in the absence of the nuclear protein Akirin2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential impact of Kv8.2 loss on rod and cone signaling and degeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heteromeric Kv2.1/Kv8.2 channels are voltage-gated potassium channels localized to the photoreceptor inner segment. They carry IKx, which is largely responsible for setting the photoreceptor resting membrane potential. Mutations in Kv8.2 result in childhood-onset Cone Dystrophy with Supernormal Rod Response (CDSRR). We generated a Kv8.2 knockout (KO) mouse and examined retinal signaling and photoreceptor degeneration to gain deeper insight into the complex phenotypes of this disease. Using electroretinograms we show that there were delayed or reduced signaling from rods depending on the intensity of the light stimulus, consistent with reduced capacity for light-evoked changes in membrane potential. The delayed response was not seen ex vivo where extracellular potassium levels were controlled by the perfusion buffer, so we propose the in vivo alteration is influenced by genotype-associated ionic imbalance. We observed mild retinal degeneration. Signaling from cones was reduced but there was no loss of cone density. Loss of Kv8.2 altered responses to flickering light with responses attenuated at high frequencies and altered in shape at low frequencies. The Kv8.2 KO line on an all-cone retina background had reduced cone-driven ERG b wave amplitudes and underwent degeneration. Altogether, we provide insight into how a deficit in the dark current affects the health and function of photoreceptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inamdar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankford, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solessio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefalov, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential impact of Kv8.2 loss on rod and cone signaling and degeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autoimmunity increases susceptibility to and mortality from sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our prior publication detailing how sepsis influences subsequent development of EAE presented a conceptual advance in understanding the post-sepsis chronic immunoparalysis state (Jensen et al., 2020). However, the reverse scenario (autoimmunity prior to sepsis) defines a high-risk patient population whose susceptibility to sepsis remains poorly defined. Herein, we present a retrospective analysis of University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics patients demonstrating increased sepsis incidence among MS, relative to non-MS, patients. To interrogate how autoimmune disease influences host susceptibility to sepsis well-established murine models of MS and sepsis, EAE and CLP, respectively, were utilized. EAE, relative to non-EAE, mice were highly susceptible to sepsis-induced mortality with elevated cytokine storms. These results were further recapitulated in LPS and S. pneumoniae sepsis models. This work highlights both the relevance of identifying highly susceptible patient populations and expands the growing body of literature that host immune status at the time of septic insult is a potent mortality determinant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonagill, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badovinac, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autoimmunity increases susceptibility to and mortality from sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic RABL6A promotes NF1-associated MPNST progression in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive sarcomas that display complex molecular and genetic alterations. Powerful tumor suppressors CDKN2A and TP53 are commonly disrupted in these lesions along with NF1, a gene that encodes a negative regulator of Ras. Many additional factors have been implicated in MPNST pathogenesis. A greater understanding of critical drivers of the disease is needed to guide more informed targeted therapies for patients. RABL6A is a newly identified driver of MPNST cell survival and proliferation whose in vivo role in the disease is unknown.

MethodsUsing CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of Nf1+Cdkn2a or Nf1+Tp53 in the sciatic nerve to form de novo MPNSTs, we investigated the biological significance of RABL6A in MPNST development. Molecular evaluation of terminal tumors (western blot, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry) yielded several insights.

ResultsMice lacking Rabl6 displayed slower tumor growth and extended survival relative to wildtype animals in both genetic contexts. YAP oncogenic activity was selectively downregulated in RABL6A-null, Nf1+Cdkn2a lesions but not in RABL6A-null, Nf1+Tp53 tumors. Regardless of genetic context, loss of RABL6A caused upregulation of the CDK inhibitor, p27 in tumors. Paradoxically, both models displayed elevated Myc protein expression and Ki67 staining in terminal tumors lacking RABL6A.

ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate RABL6A is required for optimal tumor progression of NF1 mutant MPNSTs in vivo in both Cdkn2a and p53 inactivated settings. However, sustained RABL6A loss may provide selective pressure for molecular alterations, such as Myc upregulation, that ultimately promote an unwanted, hyper-proliferative tumor phenotype akin to drug resistant lesions.

Importance of the StudyMPNSTs are aggressive, deadly, and challenging to treat tumors due to location around nerves and high mutational burden. Many factors implicated in MPNST genesis have yet to be fully tested for biological significance in disease formation. We establish a critical physiological role for a new oncoprotein, RABL6A, in promoting NF1-associated MPNST progression. We identify novel RABL6A-regulated pathways that likely contribute to tumor growth, specifically YAP and Myc signaling, and found that sustained RABL6A loss eventually yields more proliferative tumors. We liken RABL6A deficient tumors to those being treated with therapies targeting RABL6A effectors, such as CDKs. Therefore, those lesions should provide a powerful platform to uncover key mediators of drug resistance. Our data suggest oncogenic YAP and Myc could be such mediators of resistance. This study provides a novel system to examine one of the most pressing clinical challenges, drug resistant tumor growth and relapse, in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohlmeyer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaemmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic RABL6A promotes NF1-associated MPNST progression in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A specific relationship between musical sophistication and auditory working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musical engagement may be associated with better listening skills, such as the perception of and working memory for notes, in addition to the appreciation of musical rules. The nature and extent of this association is controversial. In this study we assessed the relationship between musical engagement and both sound perception and working memory.

We developed a task to measure auditory perception and working memory for sound using a behavioural measure for both, precision. We measured the correlation between these tasks and musical sophistication based on a validated measure (the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index) that can be applied to populations of both musicians and non-musicians. The data show that musical sophistication accounts for 21% of the variance in the precision of working memory for frequency in an analysis that accounts for age and non-verbal intelligence. Musical sophistication was not significantly associated with the precision of working memory for amplitude modulation rate or with the precision of perception of either acoustic feature.

The work supports a specific association between musical sophistication and working memory for sound frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A specific relationship between musical sophistication and auditory working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacteria are responsible for the majority of complex carbohydrate digestion in the human colon. Since the identities and amounts of dietary polysaccharides directly impact the gut microbiota, determining which microorganisms consume specific nutrients is central to defining the relationship between diet and gut microbial ecology. Using a custom phenotyping array, we determined carbohydrate utilization profiles for 354 members of the Bacteroidetes, a dominant saccharolytic phylum. There was wide variation in the numbers and types of substrates degraded by individual bacteria, but phenotype-based clustering grouped members of the same species indicating that each species performs characteristic roles. The ability to utilize dietary polysaccharides and endogenous mucin glycans was negatively correlated, suggesting exclusion between these niches. By analyzing related Bacteroides ovatus/xylanisolvens strains that vary in their ability to utilize mucin glycans, we addressed whether gene clusters that confer this complex, multi-locus trait are being gained or lost in individual strains. Pangenome reconstruction of these strains revealed a remarkably mosaic architecture in which genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism are highly variable and bioinformatics data provide evidence of interspecies gene transfer that might explain this genomic heterogeneity. Global transcriptomic analyses suggest that the ability to utilize mucin has been lost in some lineages of B. ovatus and B. xylanisolvens, which still harbor residual gene clusters that are involved in mucin utilization by strains that still actively express this phenotype. Our data provide insight into the breadth and complexity of carbohydrate metabolism in the microbiome and the underlying genomic events that shape these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pudlo, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrapon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huntington's disease age at motor onset is modified by the tandem hexamer repeat in TCERG1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuntingtons disease is caused by an expanded CAG tract in HTT. The length of the CAG tract accounts for over half the variance in age at onset of disease, and is influenced by other genetic factors, mostly implicating the DNA maintenance machinery. We examined a single nucleotide variant, rs79727797, on chromosome 5 in the TCERG1 gene, previously reported to be associated with Huntingtons disease and a quasi-tandem repeat (QTR) hexamer in exon 4 of TCERG1 with a central pure repeat.

MethodsWe developed a novel method for calling perfect and imperfect repeats from exome sequencing data, and tested association between the QTR in TCERG1 and residual age at motor onset (after correcting for the effects of CAG length in the HTT gene) in 610 individuals with Huntingtons disease via regression analysis.

ResultsWe found a significant association between age at onset and the sum of the repeat lengths from both alleles of the QTR (p = 2.1x10-9), with each added repeat hexamer reducing age at onset by one year (95% confidence interval [0.7, 1.4]). This association explained that previously observed with rs79727797.

ConclusionsThe association with age at onset in the genome-wide association study is due to a QTR hexamer in TCERG1, translated to a glutamine/alanine tract in the protein. We could not distinguish whether this was due to cis-effects of the hexamer repeat on gene expression or of the encoded glutamine/alanine tract in the protein. These results motivate further study of the mechanisms by which TCERG1 modifies onset of HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobanov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade-Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landwehrmeyer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosser, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>REGISTRY Investigators of the European Huntington's disease network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PREDICT-HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huntington's disease age at motor onset is modified by the tandem hexamer repeat in TCERG1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chloride oscillation in pacemaker neurons regulates circadian rhythms through a chloride-sensing WNK kinase signaling cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central pacemaker neurons regulate circadian rhythms and undergo diurnal variation in electrical activity in mammals and flies. In mammals, circadian variation in the intracellular chloride concentration of pacemaker neurons has been proposed to influence the response to GABAergic neurotransmission through GABAA receptor chloride channels. However, results have been contradictory, and a recent study demonstrated circadian variation in pacemaker neuron chloride without an effect on GABA response. Therefore, whether and how intracellular chloride regulates circadian rhythms remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate a signaling role for intracellular chloride in the Drosophila ventral lateral (LNv) pacemaker neurons. In control flies, intracellular chloride increases in LNv neurons over the course of the morning. Chloride transport through the sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and potassium-chloride (KCC) cotransporters is a major determinant of intracellular chloride concentrations. Drosophila melanogaster with loss-of-function mutations in the NKCC encoded by Ncc69 have abnormally low intracellular chloride six hours after lights on, and a lengthened circadian period. Loss of kcc, which is expected to increase intracellular chloride, suppresses the long-period phenotype of Ncc69 mutant flies. Activation of a chloride-inhibited kinase cascade, consisting of the WNK (With No Lysine (K)) kinase and its downstream substrate, Fray, is necessary and sufficient to prolong period length. Fray activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Irk1, is also required for the long-period phenotype. These results indicate that the NKCC-dependent rise in intracellular chloride in Drosophila LNv pacemaker neurons restrains WNK-Fray signaling and overactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel to maintain normal circadian period length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schellinger, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleinis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercenne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenfluh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chloride oscillation in pacemaker neurons regulates circadian rhythms through a chloride-sensing WNK kinase signaling cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6 required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters GABA and monoamines. Pathogenic variants in PNPO have been repeatedly identified in patients with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and early-onset epilepsy. These patients often exhibit different types of seizures and variable comorbidities, including developmental impairment and intellectual disability. It is unclear how seizure types and associated comorbidities are linked to specific PNPO alleles and to what degree diet can modify their expression. Furthermore, the molecular characteristics of PNPO variants have not been examined in model systems. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated four knock-in Drosophila alleles, hWT, hR116Q, hD33V, and hR95H, in which the endogenous Drosophila PNPO (sugarlethal) was replaced by wild-type human PNPO cDNA and epilepsy-associated variants corresponding to R116Q, D33V, and R95H, respectively. We examined these knock-in flies at the molecular, circuitry, and behavioral levels. Collectively, we found a wide range of phenotypes in an allele- and diet-dependent manner. Specifically, the D33V mutation reduces the mRNA level, R95H reduces the protein stability, and R116Q alters the protein localization of PNPO in the brain. D33V and R95H mutations lead to partial and complete lethality during development, respectively and R116Q and D33V mutations shorten lifespan. At the behavioral level, hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygous flies are hypoactive on all tested diets whereas hR116Q flies show diet-dependent locomotor activities. At the circuitry level, hD33V homozygotes show rhythmic burst firing and hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygotes exhibit spontaneous seizure discharges. In hR95H homozygotes rescued with PLP supplementation, we uncovered that PLP deficiency abolishes development and causes extreme seizures in adults. Lastly, genetic and electrophysiological analyses demonstrate that hWT/hR95H heterozygous flies are prone to seizures due to a dominant-negative effect of hR95H on hWT, highlighting the possibility that human R95H carriers may also be susceptible to epilepsy. Together, this study demonstrates that human PNPO variants interact with diet to contribute to phenotypic variations; and that the knock-in Drosophila model offers a powerful approach to systematically examine clinical manifestations and the underlying mechanisms of human PNPO deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear Functional Network Connectivity In Resting fMRI Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we focus on explicitly nonlinear relationships in functional networks. We introduce a technique using normalized mutual information (MI), that calculates the nonlinear correlation between different brain regions. We demonstrate our proposed approach using simulated data, then apply it to a dataset previously studied in (Damaraju et al., 2014). This resting-state fMRI data included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We first decomposed these data using group independent component analysis (ICA) and yielded 47 functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. Our analysis showed a modularized nonlinear relationship among brain functional networks that was particularly noticeable in the sensory and visual cortex. Interestingly, the modularity appears both meaningful and distinct from that revealed by the linear approach. Group analysis identified significant differences in nonlinear dependencies between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls particularly in visual cortex, with controls showing more nonlinearity in most cases. Certain domains, including cognitive control, and default mode, appeared much less nonlinear, whereas links between the visual and other domains showed evidence of substantial nonlinear and modular properties. Overall, these results suggest that quantifying nonlinear dependencies of functional connectivity may provide a complementary and potentially important tool for studying brain function by exposing relevant variation that is typically ignored.

Further, we propose a method that captures both linear and nonlinear effects in a  boosted approach. This method increases the sensitivity to group differences in comparison to the standard linear approach, at the cost of being unable to separate linear and nonlinear effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Motlaghian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.452982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear Functional Network Connectivity In Resting fMRI Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caldendrin represses neurite regeneration via a sex-dependent mechanism in sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caldendrin is a calmodulin-like Ca2+ binding protein that is expressed primarily in neurons and regulates multiple effectors including Cav1 L-type Ca2+ channels. Here, we tested the hypothesis that caldendrin regulates Cav1-dependent pathways that repress neurite growth in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). By immunofluorescence, caldendrin was localized in medium- and large-diameter DRGNs. Consistent with an inhibitory effect of caldendrin on neurite growth, neurite initiation and growth was enhanced in dissociated DRGNs from caldendrin knockout (KO) mice compared to those from wild type (WT) mice. In an in vitro axotomy assay, caldendrin KO DRGNs grew longer neurites via a mechanism that was more sensitive to inhibitors of transcription as compared to WT DRGNs. Strong depolarization, which normally represses neurite growth through activation of Cav1 channels, had no effect on neurite growth in DRGN cultures from female caldendrin KO mice. Remarkably, DRGNs from caldendrin KO males were no different from those of WT males in terms of depolarization-dependent neurite growth repression. We conclude that caldendrin opposes neurite regeneration and growth, and this involves coupling of Cav1 channels to growth-inhibitory pathways in DRGNs of females but not males. Our findings suggest that caldendrin KO mice represent an ideal model in which to interrogate the transcriptional pathways controlling neurite regeneration and how these pathways may differ in males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caldendrin represses neurite regeneration via a sex-dependent mechanism in sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.454047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANTH domains within CALM, HIP1R, and Sla2 recognize ubiquitin internalization signals. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.454047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin (Ub) serves as a signal for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by engaging Ub-binding proteins with the internalization apparatus. Ub is a versatile internalization signal because it can be added to a wide variety of membrane proteins, expanding the capacity of cells to use a variety of regulatory mechanisms to specify the conditions under which a particular protein will be internalized. Several candidate adaptors that can recognize ubiquitinated membrane proteins have been identified that work in endocytic processes that are both clathrin-dependent and independent. These include Epsin and Eps15, which bind and help sort Ub-cargo into internalization sites. Here we identify additional components of the endocytosis apparatus that bind Ub. The N-terminal ANTH domains found in CALM, AP180, HIP1R and yeast Sla2 all bind monoubiquitin with {micro}M affinity. ANTH domains belong to a larger superfamily of domains including ENTH and VHS domains, many of which have Ub-binding regions outside of their VHS/ENTH/ANTH domains that enable them to mediate Ub-dependent sorting events throughout the cell. Solution NMR studies combined with a crystal structure of the CALM ANTH domain in a complex with Ub show that Ub binds to a C-terminal region of the ANTH domain that is not present in ENTH domains. Combined loss of Ub-binding by ANTH-domain proteins and other Ub-binding domains within the internalization apparatus of yeast caused defects in the Ub-dependent internalization of the GPCR Ste2 but had no effect on internalization of Ste2 via other internalization signals. These studies define new components of the internalization machinery that work collectively with Epsin and Eps15 to specify recognition of Ub as an internalization signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pashkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winistorfer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.454047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANTH domains within CALM, HIP1R, and Sla2 recognize ubiquitin internalization signals.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain structure and function predict adherence to an exercise intervention in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individualized and precision medicine approaches to exercise for cognitive and brain health in aging have the potential to improve intervention efficacy. Predicting adherence to an exercise intervention in older adults prior to its commencement will allow for adaptive and optimized approaches that could save time (no need to demonstrate failure before changing course) and money (cost of de-implementing approaches that do not work for certain individuals) which ultimately could improve health outcomes (e.g., preventative medicine approaches prior to the onset of symptoms). Individual differences in brain structure and function in older adults are potential proxies of brain and brain reserve or maintenance and may provide strong predictions of adherence. We hypothesized that brain-based measures would predict adherence to a six-month randomized controlled trial of exercise in older adults, alone and in combination with psychosocial, cognitive and health measures. In 131 older adults (aged 65.79 {+/-} 4.65 years, 63% female) we found, using regularized elastic net regression within a nested cross-validation framework, that brain structure (cortical thickness and cortical surface area) in somatosensory, inferior temporal, and inferior frontal regions and functional connectivity (degree count) in primary information processing (somatosensory, visual), executive control, default, and attentional networks, predicted exercise adherence (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.001). Traditional survey and clinical measures such as gait and walking self-efficacy, biological sex and perceived stress also predicted adherence (R2 = 0.06, p = 0.001) but a combined multimodal model achieved the highest predictive strength (R2 = 0.22, p <0.001). Neuroimaging features alone can predict adherence to a structured group-based exercise intervention in older adults which suggests there is substantial utility of these measures for future research into precision medicine approaches. The best performing model contained multimodal features suggesting that each modality provided independent relevant information in the prediction of exercise adherence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burzynska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gothe, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain structure and function predict adherence to an exercise intervention in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid droplets regulate actin remodeling via prostaglandin signaling during Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key factor controlling oocyte quality and fertility is lipids. Even though lipid droplets (LDs) are crucial regulators of lipid metabolism, their roles in fertility are poorly understood. During Drosophila oogenesis, LD accumulation in nurse cells coincides with dynamic actin remodeling necessary for late-stage follicle morphogenesis and fertility. Loss of the LD-associated Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) disrupts both actin bundle formation and cortical actin integrity, an unusual phenotype also seen when Pxt, the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, is missing. Dominant genetic interactions and PG treatment of follicles in vitro reveal that ATGL and Pxt act in the same pathway to regulate actin remodeling, with ATGL upstream of Pxt. Further, lipidomic analysis detects arachidonic acid (AA) containing triglycerides in ovaries. Because AA is the substrate for Pxt, we propose that ATGL releases AA from LDs to drive PG synthesis necessary for follicle development. We also find that exogenous AA is toxic to follicles in vitro, and LDs modulate this toxicity. This leads to the model that LDs both sequester AA to limit toxicity, and release AA via ATGL to drive PG production. We speculate that the same pathways are conserved across organisms to regulate oocyte development and promote fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giedt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomalla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welte, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid droplets regulate actin remodeling via prostaglandin signaling during Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited variation between SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals in domain specificity and relative potency of the antibody response against the spike glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is arranged as a trimer on the virus surface, composed of three S1 and three S2 subunits. Infected and vaccinated individuals generate antibodies against spike, which can neutralize the virus. Most antibodies target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1; however, antibodies against other regions of spike have also been isolated. The variation between infected individuals in domain specificity of the antibodies and in their relative neutralization efficacy is still poorly characterized. To this end, we tested serum and plasma samples from 85 COVID-19 convalescent subjects using 7 immunoassays that employ different domains, subunits and oligomeric forms of spike to capture the antibodies. Samples were also tested for their neutralization of pseudovirus containing SARS-CoV-2 spike and of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. We observed strong correlations between the levels of NTD- and RBD-specific antibodies, with a fixed ratio of each type to all anti-spike antibodies. The relative potency of the response (defined as the measured neutralization efficacy relative to the total level of spike-targeting antibodies) also exhibited limited variation between subjects, and was not associated with the overall amount of anti-spike antibodies produced. Accordingly, the ability of immunoassays that use RBD, NTD and different forms of S1 or S1/S2 as capture antigens to estimate the neutralizing efficacy of convalescent samples was largely similar. These studies suggest that host-to-host variation in the polyclonal response elicited against SARS-CoV-2 spike is primarily limited to the quantity of antibodies generated rather than their domain specificity or relative neutralization potency.

IMPORTANCEInfection by SARS-CoV-2 elicits antibodies against various domains of the spike protein, including the RBD, NTD and S2. Different infected individuals generate vastly different amounts of anti-spike antibodies. By contrast, as we show here, there is a remarkable similarity in the properties of the antibodies produced. Different individuals generate the same proportions of antibodies against each domain of the spike protein. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of anti-spike antibodies produced and their neutralization efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 is highly conserved. Therefore, the observed variation in the neutralizing activity of the antibody response in COVID-19 convalescent subjects is caused by differences in the amounts of antibodies rather than their recognition properties or relative antiviral activity. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccine strategies that focus on enhancing the overall level of the antibodies will likely elicit a more uniformly efficacious protective response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Ert, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Chavez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempewolf, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwery, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevcik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited variation between SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals in domain specificity and relative potency of the antibody response against the spike glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of HCN1 as a 14-3-3 client 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 (HCN1) is expressed throughout the nervous system and is critical for regulating neuronal excitability, with mutations being associated with multiple forms of epilepsy. Adaptive modulation of HCN1 has been observed as has pathogenic dysregulation. While the mechanisms underlying this modulation remain incompletely understood, regulation of HCN1 has been shown to include phosphorylation. A candidate phosphorylation-dependent regulator of HCN1 channels is 14-3-3. We used bioinformatics to identify three potential 14-3-3 binding sites in HCN1. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that recombinant 14-3-3 binds all three phospho-peptides with low micromolar affinity. We confirmed that 14-3-3 could pull down HCN1 from multiple tissue sources and used HEK293 cells to detail the interaction. Two binding sites in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of HCN1 were necessary and sufficient for a phosphorylation-dependent interaction with 14-3-3. The same region of HCN1 containing the 14-3-3 binding sites is required for phosphorylation-independent protein degradation. We propose a model in which phosphorylation of S810 and S867 (human S789 and S846) recruits 14-3-3 to inhibit a yet unidentified factor signaling for protein degradation, thus increasing the half-life of HCN1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lankford, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of HCN1 as a 14-3-3 client]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FtsN protein of Escherichia coli and other proteobacteria is an essential and highly conserved bitopic membrane protein that triggers the inward synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) during cell division. Previous work has shown that the activation of sPG synthesis by FtsN involves a series of interactions of FtsN with other divisome proteins and the cell wall. Precisely how FtsN achieves this role is unclear, but a recent study has shown that FtsN promotes the relocation of the essential sPG synthase FtsWI from an FtsZ-associated track (where FtsWI is inactive) to an sPG-track (where FtsWI engages in sPG synthesis). Whether FtsN works by displacing FtsWI from the Z-track or capturing/retaining FtsWI on the sPG-track is not known. Here we use single-molecule imaging and genetic manipulation to investigate the organization and dynamics of FtsN at the septum and how they are coupled to sPG synthesis activity. We found that FtsN exhibits a spatial organization and dynamics distinct from those of the FtsZ-ring. Single FtsN molecules move processively as a single population with a speed of [~] 9 nm s-1, similar to the speed of active FtsWI molecules on the sPG-track, but significantly different from the [~] 30 nm s-1 speed of inactive FtsWI molecules on the FtsZ-track. Furthermore, the processive movement of FtsN is independent of FtsZs treadmilling dynamics but driven exclusively by active sPG synthesis. Importantly, only the essential domain of FtsN, a three-helix bundle in the periplasm, is required to maintain the processive complex containing both FtsWI and FtsN on the sPG-track. We conclude that FtsN activates sPG synthesis by forming a processive synthesis complex with FtsWI exclusively on the sPG-track. These findings favor a model in which FtsN captures or retains FtsWI on the sPG-track rather than one in which FtsN actively displaces FtsWI from the Z-track.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaus, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Sclerosis Patients have an Altered Gut Mycobiome and Increased Fungal to Bacterial Richness Running Title: RRMS Patients have Gut Fungal Dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trillions of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses exist in the healthy human gut microbiome. Although gut bacterial dysbiosis has been extensively studied in multiple sclerosis (MS), the significance of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) is an understudied and neglected part of the intestinal microbiome in MS. The aim of this study was to characterize the gut mycobiome of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), compare it to healthy controls, and examine its association with changes in the bacterial microbiome. We characterized and compared the mycobiome of 20 RRMS patients and 33 healthy controls (HC) using Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and compared mycobiome interactions with the bacterial microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results demonstrate an altered mycobiome in RRMS patients compared with HC. RRMS patients showed an increased abundance of Basidiomycota and decreased Ascomycota at the phylum level with an increased abundance of Candida and Epicoccum genera along with a decreased abundance of Saccharomyces compared to HC. We also observed an increased ITS2/16S ratio, altered fungal and bacterial associations, and altered fungal functional profiles in MS patients compared to HC.

This study demonstrates that RRMS patients had a distinct mycobiome with associated changes in the bacterial microbiome compared to HC. There is an increased fungal to bacterial ratio as well as more diverse fungal-bacterial interactions in RRMS patients compared to HC. Our study is the first step towards future studies in delineating the mechanisms through which the fungal microbiome can influence MS disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrode, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paullus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherwin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamholz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Sclerosis Patients have an Altered Gut Mycobiome and Increased Fungal to Bacterial Richness Running Title: RRMS Patients have Gut Fungal Dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ISL1 is an essential determinant of structural and functional tonotopic representation of sound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cardinal feature of the auditory pathway is frequency selectivity, represented in a tonotopic map from the cochlea to the cortex. The molecular determinants of the auditory frequency map are unknown. Here, we discovered that the transcription factor ISL1 regulates the molecular and cellular features of auditory neurons, including the formation of the spiral ganglion and peripheral and central processes that shape the tonotopic representation of the auditory map. We selectively knocked out Isl1 in auditory neurons using Neurod1Cre strategies. In the absence of Isl1, spiral ganglion neurons migrate into the central cochlea and beyond, and the cochlear wiring is profoundly reduced and disrupted. The central axons of Isl1 mutants lose their topographic projections and segregation at the cochlear nucleus. Transcriptome analysis of spiral ganglion neurons shows that Isl1 regulates neurogenesis, axonogenesis, migration, neurotransmission-related machinery, and synaptic communication patterns. We show that peripheral disorganization in the cochlea affects the physiological properties of hearing in the midbrain and auditory behavior. Surprisingly, auditory processing features are preserved despite the significant hearing impairment, revealing central auditory pathway resilience and plasticity in Isl1 mutant mice. Mutant mice have a reduced acoustic startle reflex, altered prepulse inhibition, and characteristics of compensatory neural hyperactivity centrally. Our findings show that ISL1 is one of the obligatory factors required to sculpt auditory structural and functional tonotopic maps. Still, upon Isl1 deletion, the ensuing central compensatory plasticity of the auditory pathway does not suffice to overcome developmentally induced peripheral dysfunction of the cochlea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Filova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pysanenko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vochyanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohuslavova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benesova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valihrach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamoah, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlinkova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ISL1 is an essential determinant of structural and functional tonotopic representation of sound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Structure Prediction Using a Maximum Likelihood Formulation of a Recurrent Geometric Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Only [~]40% of the human proteome has structural coordinates available from experiment (i.e., X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or cryo-EM) or homology modeling with quality templates (i.e., 30% sequence identity or greater), leaving most of the proteome structurally unsolved. Deep learning (DL) methods for predicting protein structure can help close knowledge gaps where experimental and homology models are difficult to obtain. Recent advances in these DL methods have shown promising results in expanding structural coverage to the scale of the entire human proteome, providing researchers with more complete protein structural information. Here, we improve upon an existing DL algorithm for protein structure prediction, the Recurrent Geometric Network (RGN). We first expand the training dataset to include experimental uncertainty data in the form of atomic displacement parameters, then derive a maximum likelihood loss function that incorporates this uncertainty data into model training. Compared to the original RGN, our novel maximum likelihood model improves the rate of convergence of initial model training and ultimately results in more accurate structure prediction according to the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of backbone atoms, the Global Distance Test (GDT), the Global Distance Test High Accuracy (GDT-HA), and the Template-Modeling Score (TM-Score). Our model also predicts structures with more favorable backbone torsions, which provide more accurate starting coordinates for downstream physics-based simulations. Based on these results, our maximum likelihood reformulation provides a framework for improving existing or future machine learning algorithms for protein structure prediction. The augmented dataset, data collection scripts, reformulated RGN source code, and a series of trained models are publicly available at https://github.com/SchniedersLab/likelihood-rgn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollefson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Structure Prediction Using a Maximum Likelihood Formulation of a Recurrent Geometric Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Extended Coatomer Binding Motif in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 hijack coatomer protein-I (COPI) for spike protein retrograde trafficking to the progeny assembly site in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). However, limited residue-level details are available into how the spike interacts with COPI. Here we identify an extended COPI binding motif in the spike that encompasses the canonical K-x-H dibasic sequence. This motif demonstrates selectivity for COPI subunit. Guided by an in silico analysis of dibasic motifs in the human proteome, we employ mutagenesis and binding assays to show that the spike motif terminal residues are critical modulators of complex dissociation, which is essential for spike release in ERGIC. COPI residues critical for spike motif binding are elucidated by mutagenesis and crystallography and found to be conserved in the zoonotic reservoirs, bats, pangolins, camels, and in humans. Collectively, our investigation on the spike motif identifies key COPI binding determinants with implications for retrograde trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Extended Coatomer Binding Motif in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Angiotensin II Inhibits the A-type K+ Current of Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons in Rats with Heart Failure: Role of MAPK-ERK1/2 Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ANGII-mediated sympathohumoral activation constitutes a key pathophysiological mechanism in heart failure (HF). While the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is recognized as a major site mediating ANGII effects in HF, the precise mechanisms by which ANGII influences sympathohumoral outflow from the PVN remain unknown. ANGII activates the ubiquitous intracellular MAPK signaling cascades and recent studies revealed a key role for ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in ANGII-mediated sympathoexcitation in HF rats. Importantly, ERK1/2 was reported to inhibit the transient outward potassium current (IA) in hippocampal neurons. Given that IA is a critical determinant of the PVN neuronal excitability, and that downregulation of IA in the brain has been reported in cardiovascular disease states, including HF, we investigated here whether ANGII modulates IA in PVN neurons via the MAPK-ERK pathway, and, whether these effects are altered in HF rats. Patch-clamp recordings from identified magnocellular neurosecretory (MNNs) and presympathetic (PS) PVN neurons revealed that ANGII inhibited IA in both PVN neuronal types, both in sham and HF rats. Importantly, ANGII effects were blocked by inhibiting MAPK-ERK signaling as well as by inhibiting EGFR, a gateway to MAPK-ERK signaling. While no differences in basal IA magnitude were found between sham and HF rats under normal conditions, MAPK-ERK blockade resulted in significantly larger IA in both PVN neuronal types in HF rats. Taken together, our studies show that ANGII-induced ERK1/2 activity inhibits IA and increases the excitability of presympathetic and neuroendocrine PVN neurons, contributing to the neurohumoral overactivity than promotes progression of the HF syndrome.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=184 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/459939v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (18K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4ec4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c54be0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f86529org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b98aa2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira-Neto, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felder, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Angiotensin II Inhibits the A-type K+ Current of Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons in Rats with Heart Failure: Role of MAPK-ERK1/2 Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-based untargeted metabolomics in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis revealed the testable therapeutic target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic aberrations impact the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and possibly can provide clues for new treatment strategies. Using untargeted metabolomics, we measured serum metabolites from 35 relapsing-remitting patients and 14 healthy age-matched controls. Out of 632 known metabolites detected, 60 were significantly altered in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Bioinformatics analysis identified an altered "metabotype" in RRMS patients, represented by 4 changed metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipid, citrate cycle, sphingolipid, and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, the common upstream metabolic pathway feeding these 4 pathways is the glycolysis pathway. Real-time bioenergetic analysis of the patient derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells, showed enhanced glycolysis, supporting the altered metabolic state of immune cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice treated with the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose ameliorated the disease progression and inhibited the disease pathology significantly by promoting the anti-inflammatory phenotype of monocytes/macrophage in the central nervous system. Our study suggests that targeting glycolysis offers a potential target for MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahoor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhail, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerghet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-based untargeted metabolomics in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis revealed the testable therapeutic target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Derangement in Polycystic Kidney Disease Mouse Models Is Ameliorated by Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressively enlarging cysts. Here we elucidate the interplay between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic derangement using two mouse models of PKD1 mutation, PKD1RC/null and PKD1RC/RC. Mouse kidneys with PKD1 mutation have decreased mitochondrial complexes activity. Targeted proteomics analysis shows a significant decrease in proteins involved in the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), respiratory complexes, and endogenous antioxidants. Overexpressing mitochondrial-targeted catalase (mCAT) using adeno-associated virus reduces mitochondrial ROS, oxidative damage, ameliorates the progression of PKD and partially restores expression of proteins involved in FAO and the TCA cycle. In human ADPKD cells, inducing mitochondrial ROS increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decreased AMPK phosphorylation, whereas the converse was observed with increased scavenging of ROS in the mitochondria. Treatment with the mitochondrial protective peptide, SS31, recapitulates the beneficial effects of mCAT, supporting its potential application as a novel therapeutic for ADPKD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daneshgar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baguley, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, P.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinter, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavides, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darley-Usmar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Derangement in Polycystic Kidney Disease Mouse Models Is Ameliorated by Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single shot detector application for image disease localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bounding box algorithms are useful in localization of image patterns. Recently, utilization of convolutional neural networks on X-ray images has proven a promising disease prediction technique. However, pattern localization over prediction has always been a challenging task with inconsistent coordinates, sizes, resolution and capture positions of an image. Several model architectures like Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), You only look once (YOLO), Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks (R-FCN), Single Shot Detector (SSD), etc. are used for object detection and localization in modern-day computer vision applications. SSD and region-based detectors like Fast R-CNN or Faster R-CNN are very similar in design and implementation, but SSD have shown to work efficiently with larger frames per second (FPS) and lower resolution images. In this article, we present a unique approach of SSD with a VGG-16 network as a backbone for feature detection of bounding box algorithm to predict the location of an anomaly within chest X-ray image.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>pawar, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single shot detector application for image disease localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple sites may be biased by site- specific profiles in participants demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as MRI acquisition protocols and scanning platforms. We compared the impact of four different harmonization methods on results obtained from analyses of cortical thickness data: (1) linear mixed-effects model (LME) that models site-specific random intercepts (LMEINT), (2) LME that models both site-specific random intercepts and age-related random slopes (LMEINT+SLP), (3) ComBat, and (4) ComBat with a generalized additive model (ComBat-GAM). Our test case for comparing harmonization methods was cortical thickness data aggregated from 29 sites, which included 1,343 cases with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2-81.8 years old) and 2,067 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (6.3-85.2 years old). We found that, compared to the other data harmonization methods, data processed with ComBat-GAM were more sensitive to the detection of significant case-control differences in regional cortical thickness (X2(3) = 34.339, p < 0.001), and case-control differences in age-related cortical thinning (X2(3) = 15.128, p = 0.002). Specifically, ComBat-GAM led to larger effect size estimates of cortical thickness reductions (corrected p-values < 0.001), smaller age-appropriate declines (corrected p-values < 0.001), and lower female to male contrast (corrected p-values < 0.001) in cases compared to controls relative to other harmonization methods. Harmonization with ComBat-GAM also led to greater estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness (corrected p-values < 0.001) in both cases and controls compared to other harmonization methods. Our results support the use of ComBat-GAM for harmonizing cortical thickness data aggregated from multiple sites and scanners to minimize confounds and increase statistical power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopolous, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tyr is Responsible for the Cctq1a QTL and Links Developmental Environment to Central Corneal Thickness Determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central corneal thickness is a quantitative trait with important associations to human health. In a phenotype-driven approach studying corneal thickness of congenic derivatives of C57BLKS/J and SJL/J mice, the critical region for a quantitative trait locus influencing corneal thickness, Cctq1a, was delimited to a 10-gene interval. Exome sequencing, RNAseq, and studying independent mutations eliminated multiple candidate genes and confirmed one. Though the causative gene, Tyr, has no obvious direct function in the transparent cornea, studies with multiple alleles on matched genetic backgrounds, both in isolation and genetic complementation crosses, confirmed allelism of Tyr-Cctq1a; albino mice lacking Tyr function had thin corneas. Albino mice also had increased axial length. Because albinism exposes eyes to increased light, the effect of dark-rearing was tested and found to rescue central corneal thickness. In sum, the results point to an epiphenomenon; developmental light exposure interacts with genotype as an important determinate of adult corneal thickness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Heide, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutca, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomernackas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansaray, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradee, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheetz, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tyr is Responsible for the Cctq1a QTL and Links Developmental Environment to Central Corneal Thickness Determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperglycemia-induced alteration of ER redox homeostasis delays ER export of proinsulin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in the pancreatic {beta}-cells secretion system are well-described in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and include impaired proinsulin processing and a deficit in mature insulin-containing secretory granules; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying these defects and the contribution of hyperglycemia to this process remain poorly understood. Here, we used an in situ fluorescent pulse-chase strategy and proximity labeling-based quantitative proteomics analysis to study proinsulin trafficking and demonstrate a direct link to glucose metabolism via the production of redox intermediates that facilitate proinsulin export from the ER. We show that ER export of proinsulin is delayed in T2D models resulting in decreased insulin granule formation and further demonstrate this process can be regulated by NADPH and reducing equivalent availability. Together, these data highlight a critical role for nutrient metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the maladaptive remodeling of the {beta}-cells secretory pathway in the decline of {beta}-cell function in T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohli, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearrows, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauchle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperglycemia-induced alteration of ER redox homeostasis delays ER export of proinsulin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammals adjust diel activity across gradients of urbanization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time is a fundamental component of ecological processes. How animal behavior changes over time has been explored through well-known ecological theories like niche partitioning and predator-prey dynamics. Yet, changes in animal behavior within the shorter 24-hour light-dark cycle have largely gone unstudied. Understanding if an animal can adjust their temporal activity to mitigate or adapt to environmental change has become a recent topic of discussion and is important for effective wildlife management and conservation. While spatial habitat is a fundamental consideration in wildlife management and conservation, temporal habitat is often ignored. We formulated a temporal resource selection model to quantify the diel behavior of eight mammal species across ten U.S. cities. We found high variability in diel activity patterns within and among species and species-specific correlations between diel activity and human population density, impervious land cover, available greenspace, vegetation cover, and mean daily temperature. We also found that some species may modulate temporal behaviors to manage both natural and anthropogenic risks. Our results highlight the complexity with which temporal activity patterns interact with local environmental characteristics, and suggest that urban mammals may use time along the 24-hour cycle to reduce risk, adapt, and therefore persist in human-dominated ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlers, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstmann, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concilio, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrer, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Clair, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salsbury, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankowich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belaire, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammals adjust diel activity across gradients of urbanization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practices for Measuring 3D Organelle Morphology and Generating Surfaces with Amira 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of 3D structures is of paramount importance in cellular biology. Although light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have remained staples for imaging cellular structures, they lack the ability to image in 3D. However, recent technological advances, such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), have allowed researchers to observe cellular ultrastructure in 3D. Here, we propose a standardized protocol using the visualization software Amira to quantify organelle morphologies in 3D; this method allows researchers to produce accurate and reproducible measurements of cellular structure characteristics. We demonstrate this applicability by utilizing SBF-SEM and Amira to quantify mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/461807v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c40041org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ecde92org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10870daorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1290c3b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practices for Measuring 3D Organelle Morphology and Generating Surfaces with Amira]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Transmission Electron Microscopy-Based Identification of Cellular Degradation Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many interconnected degradation machineries including autophagosomes, lysosomes, and endosomes work in tandem to conduct autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Altered autophagy contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cancers and metabolic diseases. Although many studies have investigated autophagy to elucidate disease pathogenesis, identification of specific components of the autophagy machinery has been challenging. The goal of this paper is to describe an approach to reproducibly identify and distinguish subcellular structures involved in macro autophagy. We provide methods that help avoid common pitfalls, including a detailed explanation for distinguishing lysosomes and lipid droplets and discuss differences between autophagosomes and inclusion bodies. These methods are based on using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), capable of generating nanometer-scale micrographs of cellular degradation components in a fixed sample. We also utilize serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to offer a protocol for visualizing 3D morphology of degradation machinery. In addition to TEM and 3D reconstruction, we discuss other imaging techniques, such as immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling that can be utilized to reliably and accurately classify cellular organelles. Our results show how these methods may be used to accurately quantify the cellular degradation machinery under various conditions, such as treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum stressor thapsigargin or ablation of the dynamin-related protein 1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.26.461841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Transmission Electron Microscopy-Based Identification of Cellular Degradation Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Brain Tumor Glutamine Metabolism Reveal Sex-Specific Vulnerabilities to Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in normal metabolism are well described, but whether they persist in cancerous tissue is unknown. We assessed metabolite abundance in glioblastoma surgical specimens and found that male glioblastomas are enriched for amino acids, including glutamine. Using PET imaging, we found that gliomas in male patients exhibit significantly higher glutamine uptake. These sex differences were well-modeled in murine transformed astrocytes, in which male cells imported and metabolized more glutamine and were more sensitive to glutaminase 1 (GLS1) inhibition. The sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition in males was driven by their dependence on glutamine-derived glutamate for -ketoglutarate synthesis and TCA cycle replenishment. Females were resistant to GLS1 inhibition through greater pyruvate carboxylase-mediated TCA cycle replenishment. Thus, clinically important sex differences exist in targetable elements of metabolism. Recognition of sex-biased metabolism is an opportunity to improve treatments for all patients through further laboratory and clinical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sponagel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankfater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinkum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gass, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauguen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grkovski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.461531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Brain Tumor Glutamine Metabolism Reveal Sex-Specific Vulnerabilities to Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Severe distortion in the representation of foveal visual image locations in short term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foveal visual image region provides the human visual system with the highest acuity. However, it is unclear whether such a high fidelity representational advantage is maintained when foveal image locations are committed to short term memory. Here we describe a paradoxically large distortion in foveal target location recall by humans. We briefly presented small, but high contrast, points of light at eccentricities ranging from 0.1 to 12 deg, while subjects maintained their line of sight on a stable target. After a brief memory period, the subjects indicated the remembered target locations via computer controlled cursors. The biggest localization errors, in terms of both directional deviations and amplitude percentage overshoots or undershoots, occurred for the most foveal targets, and such distortions were still present, albeit with qualitatively different patterns, when subjects shifted their gaze to indicate the remembered target locations. Foveal visual images are severely distorted in short term memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willeke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafed, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Severe distortion in the representation of foveal visual image locations in short term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Video-evoked fMRI BOLD responses are highly consistent across different data acquisition sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic imaging paradigms, in which participants view complex videos in the scanner, are increasingly used in human cognitive neuroscience. Videos evoke temporally synchronized brain responses that are similar across subjects as well as within subjects, but the reproducibility of these brain responses across different data acquisition sites has not yet been quantified. Here we characterize the consistency of brain responses across independent samples of participants viewing the same videos in fMRI scanners at different sites (Indiana University and Caltech). We compared brain responses collected at these different sites for two carefully matched datasets with identical scanner models, acquisition, and preprocessing details, along with a third unmatched dataset in which these details varied. Our overall conclusion is that for matched and unmatched datasets alike, video-evoked brain responses have high consistency across these different sites, both when compared across groups and across pairs of individuals. As one might expect, differences between sites were larger for unmatched datasets than matched datasets. Residual differences between datasets could in part reflect participant-level variability rather than scanner- or data-related effects. Altogether our results indicate promise for the development and, critically, generalization of video fMRI studies of individual differences in healthy and clinical populations alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliemann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyszka, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Video-evoked fMRI BOLD responses are highly consistent across different data acquisition sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of nucleoid expanded conformation by toxic aberrant proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoglycoside antibiotics interfere with selection of cognate tRNAs during translation, resulting in the production of aberrant proteins that are the ultimate cause of the antibiotic bactericidal effect. To determine if these aberrant proteins are recognized as substrates by the cells protein quality control machinery, we studied whether the heat shock (HS) response was activated following exposure of Escherichia coli to the aminoglycoside kanamycin (Kan). Levels of the HS transcription factor {sigma}32 increased about 10-fold after exposure to Kan, indicating that at least some aberrant proteins were recognized as substrates by the molecular chaperone DnaK. To investigate whether toxic aberrant proteins therefore might escape detection by the QC machinery, we studied model aberrant proteins that had a bactericidal effect when expressed in E. coli from cloned genes. As occurred following exposure to Kan, levels of {sigma}32 were permanently elevated following expression of an acutely toxic 48-residue protein (ARF48), indicating that toxic activity and recognition by the QC machinery are not mutually exclusive properties of aberrant proteins, and that the HS response was blocked in these cells at some step downstream of {sigma}32 stabilization. This block could result from halting of protein synthesis or from radial condensation of nucleoids, both of which occurred rapidly following ARF48 induction. Nucleoids were similarly condensed following expression of toxic aberrant secretory proteins, suggesting that transertion of inner membrane proteins, a process that expands nucleoids into an open conformation that promotes growth and gene expression, was disrupted in these cells. The 48-residue ARF48 protein would be well-suited for structural studies to further investigate the toxic mechanism of aberrant proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tawde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimuth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of nucleoid expanded conformation by toxic aberrant proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sensitive and specific genetically encodable biosensor for potassium ions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Potassium ions (K+) play a critical role as an essential electrolyte in all biological systems. Here we report the crystal structure-guided optimization and directed evolution of an improved genetically encoded fluorescent K+ biosensor, GINKO2. GINKO2 is highly sensitive and specific for K+ and enables in vivo detection of K+ dynamics in multiple species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serre, N. B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laursen, C. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rancic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballanyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedergaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fendrych, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sensitive and specific genetically encodable biosensor for potassium ions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function ROX1 mutations suppress the fluconazole susceptibility of upc2AΔ mutation in Candida glabrata, implicating additional positive regulators of ergosterol biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two of the major classes of antifungal drugs in clinical use target ergosterol biosynthesis. Despite its importance, our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes in pathogenic fungi is essentially limited to the role of hypoxia and sterol-stress induced transcription factors such as Upc2 and Upc2A as well as homologs of Sterol Response Element Binding (SREB) factors. To identify additional regulators of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida glabrata, an important human fungal pathogen with reduced susceptibility to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors relative to other Candida spp., we used a serial passaging strategy to isolate suppressors of the fluconazole hypersusceptibility of a upc2A{Delta} deletion mutant. This led to the identification of loss of function mutants in two genes: ROX1, the homolog of a hypoxia gene transcriptional suppressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and CST6, a transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of carbon dioxide response in C. glabrata. Here, we describe a detailed analysis of the genetic interaction of ROX1 and UPC2A. In the presence of fluconazole, loss of Rox1 function restores ERG11 expression to the upc2A{Delta} mutant and inhibits the expression of ERG3 and ERG6, leading to increased levels or ergosterol and decreased levels of the toxic sterol, 14 methyl-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3{beta}, 6-diol, relative to upc2A{Delta}. Our observations establish that Rox1 is a negative regulator of ERG gene biosynthesis and indicate that a least one additional positive transcriptional regulator of ERG gene biosynthesis must be present in C. glabrata.

ImportanceCandida glabrata is one of the most important human fungal pathogens and has reduced susceptibility to azole class inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis. Although ergosterol is the target of two of the three classes of antifungal drugs, relatively little is known about the regulation of this critical cellular pathway. Sterols are both essential components of the eukaryotic plasma membrane and potential toxins; therefore, sterol homeostasis is critical for cell function. Here, we identified two new negative regulators of C. glabrata of ergosterol (ERG) biosynthesis gene expression. Our results also indicate that in addition to Upc2A, the only known activator of ERG genes, additional positive regulators of this pathway must exist.s
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ollinger, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murante, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonicova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doorley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function ROX1 mutations suppress the fluconazole susceptibility of upc2AΔ mutation in Candida glabrata, implicating additional positive regulators of ergosterol biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma lipids are heritable modifiable causal factors for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death globally. Despite the well-described monogenic and polygenic bases of dyslipidemia, limitations remain in discovery of lipid-associated alleles using whole genome sequencing, partly due to limited sample sizes, ancestral diversity, and interpretation of potential clinical significance. Increasingly larger whole genome sequence datasets with plasma lipids coupled with methodologic advances enable us to more fully catalog the allelic spectrum for lipids. Here, among 66,329 ancestrally diverse (56% non-European ancestry) participants, we associate 428M variants from deep-coverage whole genome sequences with plasma lipids. Approximately 400M of these variants were not studied in prior lipids genetic analyses. We find multiple lipid-related genes strongly associated with plasma lipids through analysis of common and rare coding variants. We additionally discover several significantly associated rare non-coding variants largely at Mendelian lipid genes. Notably, we detect rare LDLR intronic variants associated with markedly increased LDL-C, similar to rare LDLR exonic variants. In conclusion, we conducted a systematic whole genome scan for plasma lipids expanding the alleles linked to lipids for multiple ancestries and characterize a clinically-relevant rare non-coding variant model for lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reupena, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The power of peer networking for improving STEM faculty job applications: a successful pilot program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to successfully obtain a faculty position, postdoctoral fellows or  postdocs, must submit an application which requires considerable time and effort to produce. These job applications are often reviewed by mentors and colleagues, but rarely are postdocs offered the opportunity to solicit feedback multiple times from reviewers with the same breadth of expertise often found on an academic search committee. To address this gap, this manuscript describes an international peer reviewing program for small groups of postdocs with a broad range of expertise to reciprocally and iteratively provide feedback to each other on their application materials. Over 145 postdocs have participated, often multiple times, over three years. A survey of participants in this program revealed that nearly all participants would recommend participation in such a program to other faculty applicants. Furthermore, this program was more likely to attract participants who struggled to find mentoring and support elsewhere, either because they changed fields or because of their identity as a woman or member of an underrepresented population in STEM. Participation in programs like this one could provide early career academics like postdocs with a diverse and supportive community of peer mentors during the difficult search for a faculty position. Such psychosocial support and encouragement has been shown to prevent attrition of individuals from these populations and programs like this one target the largest  leak in the pipeline, that of postdoc to faculty. Implementation of similar peer reviewing programs by universities or professional scientific societies could provide a valuable mechanism of support and increased chances of success for early-career academics in their search for independence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guardia, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. A. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The power of peer networking for improving STEM faculty job applications: a successful pilot program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment with IFB-088 improves neuropathy in CMT1A and CMT1B mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charcot Marie Tooth diseases type 1A (CMT1A), caused by duplication of Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 (PMP22) gene, and CMT1B, caused by mutations in myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene are the two most common forms of demyelinating CMT (CMT1) and no treatments are available for either. Prior studies of the MpzSer63del mouse model of CMT1B have demonstrated that protein misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) contributed to the neuropathy. Heterozygous patients with an arginine to cysteine mutation in MPZ (MPZR98C) develop a severe infantile form of CMT1B which is modeled by MpzR98C/+ mice that also show ER-stress and an activated UPR. C3-PMP22 mice are considered to effectively model CMT1A. Altered proteostasis, ER-stress and activation of the UPR have been demonstrated in mice carrying Pmp22 mutations. To determine whether enabling the ER-stress/UPR and readjusting protein homeostasis would effectively treat these models of CMT1B and CMT1A we administered Sephin1/IFB-088/icerguestat, a UPR modulator which showed efficacy in the MpzS63del model of CMT1B, to heterozygous MpzR98C and C3-PMP22 mice. Mice were analyzed by behavioral, neurophysiological, morphological and biochemical measures. Both MpzR98C/+ and C3-PMP22 mice improved in motor function and neurophysiology. Myelination, as demonstrated by g-ratios and myelin thickness, improved in CMT1B and CMT1A mice and markers of UPR activation returned towards wild type values. Taken together our results demonstrate the capability of IFB-088 to treat a second mouse model of CMT1B and a mouse model of CMT1A, the most common form of CMT. Given the recent benefits of IFB-088 treatment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis animal models, these data demonstrate its potential in managing UPR and ER-stress for multiple mutations in CMT1 as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpi, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>scapin, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrangelo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touvier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Carro, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miniou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment with IFB-088 improves neuropathy in CMT1A and CMT1B mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Genes Encode Effectors of Long-Term Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying memory loss associated with Alzheimers disease and related dementias (ADRD) remain unclear, and no effective treatments exist. Fundamental studies have shown that a set of transcriptional regulatory proteins of the nuclear receptor 4a (Nr4a) family serve as molecular switches for long-term memory. Here, we show that Nr4a proteins regulate the transcription of a group of genes encoding chaperones that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which function to traffic plasticity-related proteins to the cell surface during long lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and memory. Nr4a transcription factors and ER chaperones are linked to ADRD in human samples as well as mouse models, and overexpressing Nr4a1 or the ER chaperone Hspa5 ameliorates the long-term memory deficits in a tau-based mouse model of ADRD, pointing towards novel therapeutic approaches for treating memory loss. Thus, our findings establish protein folding in the ER as a novel molecular concept underlying long-term memory, providing new insights into the mechanistic basis of cognitive deficits in dementia.

One-Sentence SummaryMolecular approaches establish protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum as a novel molecular concept underlying synaptic plasticity and memory, serving as a switch to regulate protein folding and trafficking, and driving cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Genes Encode Effectors of Long-Term Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distribution of multi-unit pitch responses recorded intracranially from human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perception of pitch requires the abstraction of stimulus properties related to the spectrotemporal structure of sound. Previous studies utilizing both animal electrophysiology and human imaging have indicated the presence of a center for pitch representation in the auditory cortex. Recent data from our own group - examining local field potentials (LFPs) in humans - indicate more widely distributed pitch-associated responses within the auditory cortex (Gander et al., 2019). To probe this with greater spatial resolution, we examined multi-unit activity related to three different auditory stimuli, in seven epilepsy patients who were implanted with high-impedance electrodes in auditory cortex for the clinical purpose of localizing seizures. The stimuli were regular-interval noise (RIN) with a pitch strength that is related to the temporal regularity, and pitch value determined by repetition rate, and harmonic complexes with missing fundamentals. We demonstrated increases in spiking activity in 69 of 104 (66%) responsive multiunit activity in auditory cortex due to pitch-associated stimuli. Importantly, these responses were distributed across the entire extent of Heschls gyrus (HG), in both primary and non-primary areas, rather than isolated to a specific region, and this finding was evident regardless of the stimulus presented. These findings are the first multi-unit pitch responses recorded from humans, and align with a recent study in macaques (Kikuchi et al., 2019) demonstrating that both local field potential and unit responses to pitch-inducing stimuli are distributed throughout auditory cortex.

Significance StatementThe perception of pitch is a fundamental acoustic attribute that is mediated by the auditory system. Despite its importance, there is still debate as to the precise areas responsible for its encoding, which may be due to differences in the recording measures and choices of stimuli used in previous studies. Here, we present the first study to measure multi-unit pitch responses in the auditory cortices of intracranially-implanted humans. Importantly, we demonstrate reliable responses to three different pitch-inducing paradigms that are distributed throughout Heschls gyrus, rather than being localized to a particular region. These data provide a bridge across animal and human studies, and aid in our understanding of the processing of a critical attribute of acoustic stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distribution of multi-unit pitch responses recorded intracranially from human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): another generalist that should not be a generalist is not a generalist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent reappraisals of supposed generalist parasite species have revealed hidden complexes of species, each with considerably narrower host ranges. Parasitic wasps that attack gall-forming insects on plants have life history strategies that are thought to promote specialization, and though many species are indeed highly specialized, others have been described as generalist parasites. Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is one such apparent generalist, with rearing records spanning more than 65 host galls associated with a diverse set of oak tree species and plant tissues. We pair a molecular approach with morphology, host ecology, and phenological data from across a wide geographic sample to test the hypothesis that this supposed generalist is actually a complex of several more specialized species. We find 16-18 putative species within the morphological species O. labotus, each reared from only 1-6 host gall types, though we identify no single unifying axis of specialization. We also find cryptic habitat specialists within two other named Ormyrus species. Our study suggests that caution should be applied when considering host ranges of parasitic insects described solely by morphological traits, particularly given their importance as biocontrol organisms and their role in biodiversity and evolutionary studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): another generalist that should not be a generalist is not a generalist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating outcomes from the clinical setting to preclinical models: chronic pain and functionality in chronic musculoskeletal pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP), tenderness, and fatigue, which interferes with daily functioning and quality of life. In clinical studies, this symptomology is assessed, while preclinical models of CWP are limited to nociceptive assays. The aim of the study was to investigate the human-to-model translatability of clinical behavioral assessments for pain and muscle function in a preclinical model of CWP. We assessed correlations between pain behaviors and muscle function in a preclinical model of CWP and in women with fibromyalgia to examine whether similar relationships between outcomes existed in both settings, for usability of clinical assays in model systems. For preclinical measures, the acidic saline model of FM which induces widespread muscle pain, was used in adult female mice. Two gastrocnemius injections of acidic or physiological pH saline were given following baseline measures, five days apart. An array of adapted pain measures and functional assays were assessed for three weeks. For clinical measures, pain and functional assays were assessed in adult women with FM. For both preclinical and clinical outcomes, movement-evoked pain (MEP) was associated with mechanical pain sensitivity. Mechanical sensitivity was correlated to shifts in weight-bearing preclinically and was predictive of functionality in patients. Preclinically, it is imperative to expand how the field assesses pain behaviors when studying multi- symptom disorders like FM. Targeted pain assessments to match those performed clinically is an important aspect of improving preclinical to clinical translatability of animal models.

SummaryPreclinical assessments of chronic musculoskeletal pain recapitulate several outcome measures for clinical assessment of patients with FM, particularly prolonged resting pain, and MEP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lenert, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakel, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriwether, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating outcomes from the clinical setting to preclinical models: chronic pain and functionality in chronic musculoskeletal pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired lamin localization to the nuclear envelope is responsible for nuclear damage in LMNA mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LMNA gene encodes the nuclear envelope proteins Lamins A and C, which comprise a major part of the nuclear lamina, provide mechanical support to the nucleus, and participate in diverse intracellular signaling. LMNA mutations give rise to a collection of diseases called laminopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (LMNA-DCM) and muscular dystrophies. Although nuclear deformities are a hallmark of LMNA-DCM, the role of nuclear abnormalities in the pathogenesis of LMNA-DCM remains incompletely understood. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from LMNA mutant patients and healthy controls, we show that LMNA mutant iPSC-CM nuclei have altered shape or increased size compared to healthy control iPSC-CM nuclei. The LMNA mutation exhibiting the most severe nuclear deformities, R249Q, additionally caused reduced nuclear stiffness and increased nuclear fragility. Importantly, for all cell lines, the degree of nuclear abnormalities corresponded to the degree of Lamin A/C and Lamin B1 mislocalization from the nuclear envelope. The mislocalization was likely due to altered assembly of Lamin A/C. Collectively, these results point to the importance of correct lamin assembly at the nuclear envelope in providing mechanical stability to the nucleus and suggest that defects in nuclear lamina organization may contribute to the nuclear and cellular dysfunction in LMNA-DCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacita, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallrath, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammerding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired lamin localization to the nuclear envelope is responsible for nuclear damage in LMNA mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Cochlear Implantation with and without Electric Stimulation in a Mouse Model Induces Robust Cochlear Influx of CX3CR1+/GFP Macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCochlear implantation is an effective auditory rehabilitation strategy for those with profound hearing loss, including those with residual low frequency hearing through use of hybrid cochlear implantation techniques. Post-mortem studies demonstrate the nearly ubiquitous presence of intracochlear fibrosis and neo-ossification following cochlear implantation. Current evidence suggests post-implantation intracochlear fibrosis is associated with delayed loss of residual acoustic hearing in hybrid cochlear implant (CI) recipients and may also negatively influence outcomes in traditional CI recipients. This study examined the contributions of surgical trauma, foreign body response and electric stimulation to intracochlear fibrosis and the innate immune response to cochlear implantation and the hierarchy of these contributions.

MethodsNormal hearing CX3CR1+/GFP mice underwent either round window opening (sham), acute CI insertion or chronic CI insertion with no, low- or high-level electric stimulation. Electric stimulation levels were based on neural response telemetry (NRT), beginning post-operative day 7 for 4 hours per day. Subjects (n=3 per timepoint) were sacrificed at 4 hours, 1,4,7,8,11,14 and 21 days. An unimplanted group (n=3) served as controls. Cochleae were harvested at each time-point and prepared for immunohistochemistry with confocal imaging. The images were analyzed to obtain CX3CR1+ macrophage cell number and density in the lateral wall (LW), scala tympani (ST) and Rosenthals canal (RC).

ResultsA ST peri-implant cellular infiltrate and fibrosis occurred exclusively in the chronically implanted groups starting on day 7 with a concurrent infiltration of CX3CR1+ macrophages not seen in the other groups. CX3CR1+ macrophage infiltration was seen in the LW and RC in all experimental groups within the first week, being most prominent in the 3 chronically implanted groups during the second and third week. There were no significant differences in macrophage infiltration related to levels of electric stimulation.

ConclusionsThe cochlear immune response was most prominent in the presence of chronic cochlear implantation, regardless of electric stimulation level. Further, the development of intracochlear ST fibrosis was dependent on the presence of the indwelling CI foreign body. An innate immune response was evoked by surgical trauma alone (sham and acute CI groups) to a lesser degree. These data suggest that cochlear inflammation and intrascalar fibrosis after cochlear implantation are largely dependent on the presence of a chronic indwelling foreign body and are not critically dependent on electrical stimulation. Also, these data support a role for surgical trauma in inciting the initial innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claussen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vielman Quevedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taifur Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Cochlear Implantation with and without Electric Stimulation in a Mouse Model Induces Robust Cochlear Influx of CX3CR1+/GFP Macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cone-driven retinal responses are shaped by rod but not cone HCN1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal integration of converging neural circuits is poorly understood. One example is in the retina where the integration of rod and cone signaling is responsible for the large dynamic range of vision. The relative contribution of rods versus cones is dictated by a complex function involving background light intensity and stimulus temporal frequency. One understudied mechanism involved in coordinating rod and cone signaling onto the shared retinal circuit is the hyperpolarization activated current (Ih) mediated by HCN1 channels. Ih opposes membrane hyperpolarization driven by activation of the phototransduction cascade and modulates the strength and kinetics of the photoreceptor voltage response. We examined conditional knockout of HCN1 from rods using electroretinography. In the absence of HCN1, rod responses are prolonged in dim light which altered the response to slow modulation of light intensity both at the level of retinal signaling and behavior. Under brighter intensities, cone-driven signaling was suppressed. To our surprise, conditional knockout of HCN1 from cones had no effect on cone-mediated signaling. We propose that Ih is dispensable in cones due to the high level of temporal control of cone phototransduction. Thus, HCN1 is required for cone-driven retinal signaling only indirectly by modulating the voltage response of rods to limit their output.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=101 SRC="FIGDIR/small/467151v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aa760borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2be292org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1280235org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a8f487_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lankford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefalov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solessio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cone-driven retinal responses are shaped by rod but not cone HCN1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.466897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.466897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of spoken and written language is a capacity that is unique to humans. Individual differences in reading- and language-related skills are influenced by genetic variation, with twin-based heritability estimates of 30-80%, depending on the trait. The relevant genetic architecture is complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial, and yet to be investigated with well-powered studies. Here, we present a multicohort genome-wide association study (GWAS) of five traits assessed individually using psychometric measures: word reading, nonword reading, spelling, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition, with total sample sizes ranging from 13,633 to 33,959 participants aged 5-26 years (12,411 to 27,180 for those with European ancestry, defined by principal component analyses). We identified a genome-wide significant association with word reading (rs11208009, p=1.098 x 10-8) independent of known loci associated with intelligence or educational attainment. All five reading-/language-related traits had robust SNP-heritability estimates (0.13-0.26), and genetic correlations between them were modest to high. Using genomic structural equation modelling, we found evidence for a shared genetic factor explaining the majority of variation in word and nonword reading, spelling, and phoneme awareness, which only partially overlapped with genetic variation contributing to nonword repetition, intelligence and educational attainment. A multivariate GWAS was performed to jointly analyse word and nonword reading, spelling, and phoneme awareness, maximizing power for follow-up investigation. Genetic correlation analysis of multivariate GWAS results with neuroimaging traits identified association with cortical surface area of the banks of the left superior temporal sulcus, a brain region with known links to processing of spoken and written language. Analysis of evolutionary annotations on the lineage that led to modern humans showed enriched heritability in regions depleted of Neanderthal variants. Together, these results provide new avenues for deciphering the biological underpinnings of these uniquely human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eising, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza-Schreiber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zeeuw, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegrini, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapland, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigg, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagoz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gialluisi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbondanza, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Donkelaar, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blokland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceroni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFries, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayiou-Thomas, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.- J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koomar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landerl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.466897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperativity mediates drug resistance and metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to control the global malaria health crisis are undermined by antimalarial resistance. Iden-tifying mechanisms of resistance will uncover the underlying biology of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites that allow evasion of our most promising therapeutics and may reveal new drug targets. We utilized fosmidomycin (FSM) as a chemical inhibitor of plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis through the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. We have thus identified an unusual metabolic regulation scheme in the malaria parasite through the essential glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Two parallel genetic screens converged on independent but functionally analogous resistance alleles in GAPDH. Metabolic profiling of FSM-resistant gapdh mutant parasites indicates that neither of these mutations disrupt overall glycolytic output. While FSM-resistant GAPDH variant proteins are catalytically active, they have reduced assembly into the homotetrameric state favored by wild-type GAPDH. Disrupted oligomerization of FSM-resistant GAPDH variant proteins is accompanied by altered enzymatic cooperativity and reduced susceptibility to inhibition by free heme. Together, our data identifies a new genetic biomarker of FSM-resistance and reveals the central role of GAPDH cooperativity in MEP pathway control and antimalarial sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guggisberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremichael, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom John, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperativity mediates drug resistance and metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Open Perimetry Initiative: a framework for cross-platform development for the new generation of portable perimeters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Open Perimetry Initiative is fully open source and consists of the Open Perimetry Interface (OPI) and an accompanying package (visualFields) with analytical tools. The OPI package contains an ever-growing number of drivers for commercially available perimeters, head-mounted devices, and virtual reality headsets. The visualFields package contains tools for the analysis and visualization of visual field data, including methods to compute deviation values and probability maps. The use of the OPI and visualFields is shown through a custom static automated perimetry test for the full visual field (up to 50{degrees} nasally and 80{degrees} temporally) developed with the OPI driver for the Octopus 900 and using visualFields for statistical analysis. Its potential for the development of cross-platform apps for driving and testing portable devices is demonstrated with an OPI driver for an Android-based headset. With more than 55 citations in clinical and translational science as listed in Scopus, this initiative has contributed significantly to expanding the knowledge base in perimetry and clinical vision research at large, and with clinical translation. The continued support of researchers, clinicians, industry, and public institutions are key in transforming perimetry research from closed to open science. The Open Perimetry Initiative provides framework to achieve this.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin-Franch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artes, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKendrick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alawa, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Open Perimetry Initiative: a framework for cross-platform development for the new generation of portable perimeters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pentameric assembly of the Kv2.1 tetramerization domain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Kv family of voltage-gated potassium channels regulate neuronal excitability. The biophysical characteristic of Kv channels can be matched to the needs of different neurons by forming homotetrameric or heterotetrameric channels within one of four subfamilies. The cytoplasmic tetramerization (T1) domain plays a major role in dictating the compatibility of different Kv subunits. The only Kv subfamily missing a representative structure of the T1 domain is the Kv2 family. We used X-ray crystallography to solve the structure of the human Kv2.1 T1 domain. The structure is similar to other T1 domains but surprisingly formed a pentamer instead of a tetramer. In solution the Kv2.1 T1 domain also formed a pentamer as determined with in-line SEC-MALS-SAXS and negative stain EM. The Kv2.1 T1-T1 interface involves electrostatic interactions including a salt bridge formed by the negative charges in a previously described CDD motif, and inter-subunit coordination of zinc. We show that zinc binding is important for stability. In conclusion, the Kv2.1 T1 domain behaves differently from the other Kv T1 domains which may reflect the versatility of Kv2.1, the only Kv subfamily that can assemble with the regulatory KvS subunits and scaffold ER-plasma membrane contacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pentameric assembly of the Kv2.1 tetramerization domain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrosomal Enrichment and Proteasomal Degradation of SYS-1/-β-catenin Requires the Microtubule Motor Dynein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The C. elegans Wnt/{beta}-catenin Asymmetry (W{beta}A) pathway utilizes asymmetric regulation of SYS- 1/{beta}-catenin and POP-1/TCF coactivators. W{beta}A differentially regulates gene expression during cell fate decisions, specifically by asymmetric localization of determinants in mother cells to produce daughters biased towards their appropriate cell fate. Despite the induction of asymmetry, {beta}-catenin localizes symmetrically to mitotic centrosomes in both mammals and C. elegans. Due to the mitosis-specific localization of SYS-1 to centrosomes and enrichment of SYS-1 at kinetochore microtubules when SYS-1 centrosomal loading is disrupted, we investigated active trafficking in SYS-1 centrosomal localization. Here, we demonstrate that trafficking by microtubule motor dynein is required to maintain SYS-1 centrosomal enrichment, by dynein RNAi-mediated decreases in SYS-1 centrosomal enrichment and by temperature-sensitive allele of the dynein heavy chain. Conversely, we observe depletion of microtubules by nocodazole treatment or RNAi of dynein-proteasome adapter ECPS-1 exhibits increased centrosomal enrichment of SYS-1. Moreover, disruptions to SYS-1 or negative regulator microtubule trafficking are sufficient to significantly exacerbate SYS-1 dependent cell fate misspecifications. We propose a model whereby retrograde microtubule-mediated trafficking enables SYS-1 enrichment at centrosomes, enhancing its eventual proteasomal degradation. These studies support the link between centrosomal localization and enhancement of proteasomal degradation, particularly for proteins not generally considered  centrosomal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes Michel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrosomal Enrichment and Proteasomal Degradation of SYS-1/-β-catenin Requires the Microtubule Motor Dynein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic assessment of lipid profiles for the discovery of tissue contributors to the circulating lipid pool in cold exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma lipid levels are altered in chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as acute stresses such as fasting and cold exposure. Advances in mass spectrometry based lipidomics have uncovered the complexity of the plasma lipidome which includes over 500 lipids that serve functional roles including energy substrate and signaling molecule. The plasma lipid pool is maintained through regulation of tissue production, secretion, and uptake. A major challenge is establishing the tissues of origin and uptake for various plasma lipids, which is necessary to determine the lipid function. Using cold exposure as an acute stress, we performed global lipidomics on the plasma and nine tissues that may contribute to the circulating pool. We found that numerous species of plasma acylcarnitines (ACars) and ceramides were significantly changed with cold exposure. Through computational assessment, we identified the liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as major contributors and consumers of circulating ACars, in agreement with our previous work. We further identified the kidney and intestine as novel contributors to the circulating ACar pool and validated these findings with gene expression analysis. Regression analysis also identified that the BAT and kidney as regulators of the plasma ceramide pool. These studies provide an adaptable computational tool to assess tissue contribution to the plasma lipid pool. Our findings have implications in understanding the function of plasma ACars and ceramides, which are elevated in metabolic diseases.

SummaryThere are over 500 identified lipids in circulating plasma, many without known origin or function. Using untargeted lipidomics on plasma and nine other tissues of cold exposed mice, we identified novel regulation of circulating acylcarnitines through the kidney and intestine, and a multiorgan system that regulates plasma ceramides. Our findings offer new targets for the study and functional characterization of circulating lipids in acute cold exposure and a computational resource for other investigators to explore multi-tissue lipidome remodeling during cold exposure.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

HighlightsO_LIGlobal lipidomics atlas of 9 tissues and plasma demonstrate dynamic shift with cold exposure.
C_LIO_LIAdaptive resource for the selection of extraction method, data processing, and data analysis of multi-tissue global lipidomics data.
C_LIO_LIRegression analysis identified the liver, BAT, intestine, and kidney as regulators of the plasma acylcarnitine pool that are not apparent by lipid levels alone.
C_LIO_LIAcute cold exposure increases plasma ceramide levels, with the BAT and kidney as major contributors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaurasia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic assessment of lipid profiles for the discovery of tissue contributors to the circulating lipid pool in cold exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A recurrent circuit links antagonistic cerebellar modules during associative motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural architecture of the cerebellum is thought to be specialized for performing supervised learning: specific error-related climbing fiber inputs are used to teach sensorimotor associations to small ensembles of Purkinje cells located in functionally distinct modules that operate independently of each other in a purely feedforward manner. Here, we test whether the basic operation of the cerebellum complies with this basic architecture in mice that learned a simple sensorimotor association during eyeblink conditioning. By recording Purkinje cells in different modules and testing whether their responses rely on recurrent circuits, our results reveal three operational principles about the functional organization of the cerebellum that stand in stark contrast to the conventional view: (1) Antagonistic organization, (2) Recurrent network dynamics, and (3) Intermodular communication. We propose that the neural architecture of the cerebellum implements these three operational principles to achieve optimal performance and solve a number of problems in motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohmae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmae, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A recurrent circuit links antagonistic cerebellar modules during associative motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus ffmA encodes a C2H2-containing transcriptional regulator that modulates azole resistance and is required for normal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The production of a collection of disruption mutant strains corresponding to a large number of transcription factors from the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has permitted rapid identification of transcriptional regulators involved in a range of different processes. Here we characterize a gene designated ffmA (favors fermentative metabolism) as an C2H2-containing transcription factor that is required for azole drug resistance and normal growth. Loss of ffmA caused cells to exhibit significant defects in growth, either under untreated or azole-challenged conditions. Loss of FfmA caused a reduction in expression of the AbcG1 ATP-binding cassette transporter, previousy shown to contribute to azole resistance. Strikingly, overproduction of the AtrR transcription factor gene restored a wild-type growth phenotype to a ffmA{Delta} strain. Overexpression of AtrR also suppressed the defect in AbcG1 expression caused by loss of FfmA. Replacement of the ffmA promoter with a doxycycline-repressible promoter restored near normal growth in the absence of doxycycline. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that FfmA bound to its own promoter as well as to the abcG1 promoter. These data imply that FfmA and AtrR interact both with respect to abcG1 expression and also more broadly to regulate hyphal growth.

ImportanceInfections associated with azole-resistant forms of the primary human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, are associated with poor outcomes in patient populations. This makes analysis of the mechanisms underlying azole resistance of A. fumigatus a high priority. In this work, we describe characterization of a gene designated ffmA that encodes a sequence-specific transcriptional regulator. We identified ffmA in a screen of a collection of gene disruption mutant strains made in A. fumigatus. Loss of ffmA caused sensitivity to azole drugs and also a large reduction in normal growth. We found that overproduction of the AtrR transcription factor was able to restore growth to ffmA null cells. We provide evidence that FfmA can recognize promoters of genes involved in azole resistance as well as the ffmA promoter itself. Our data indicate that FfmA and AtrR interact to support azole resistance and normal growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspergillus fumigatus ffmA encodes a C2H2-containing transcriptional regulator that modulates azole resistance and is required for normal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesion in male singing behavior predicts group reproductive output in a social songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All social groups require organization to function optimally. Group organization is often shaped by social  rules, which function to manage conflict, discourage cheating, or promote cooperation1-5. If social rules promote effective social living, then the ability to learn and follow these rules may be expected to influence individual and group-level fitness. However, such links can rarely be tested, due to the complexity of the factors mediating social systems and the difficulty of gathering data across multiple groups. Songbirds offer an opportunity to investigate the link between social rules and reproductive output because most of their social interactions are mediated by song, a well-studied and readily quantifiable behavior6,7. Using observations from 19 groups of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) studied across 15 years, we find evidence for a previously undocumented social rule: cohesive group transitions between dominance- and courtship-related singing. Comparing across groups, the degree of cohesion in male singing behavior predicts the reproductive output of their group. Experimental manipulation of group structure via the introduction of juvenile males to captive flocks reduced group cohesion and adult male reproductive success. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cohesion in group behavioral states can affect both individual and group-level reproductive success, suggesting that selection can act not only on individual-level traits, but also on an individuals ability and opportunity to participate effectively in organized social interactions. Social cohesion could therefore be an unappreciated force affecting social evolution in many diverse systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, H. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros-Louis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesion in male singing behavior predicts group reproductive output in a social songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TFAP2 paralogs pioneer chromatin access for MITF and directly inhibit genes associated with cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In developing melanocytes and in melanoma cells, multiple paralogs of the Activating-enhancer-binding Protein 2 family of transcription factors (TFAP2) contribute to expression of genes encoding pigmentation regulators, but their interaction with Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a master regulator of these cells, is unclear. Supporting the model that Tfap2 facilitates MITFs ability to activate expression of pigmentation genes, single-cell seq analysis of zebrafish embryos revealed that pigmentation genes are only expressed in the subset of mitfa- expressing cells that also express Tfap2 paralogs. To test this model in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells we deleted the two TFAP2 paralogs with highest expression, TFAP2A and TFAP2C, creating TFAP2 knockout (TFAP2-KO) cells. We then assessed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, binding of TFAP2A and of MITF, and the chromatin marks H3K27Ac and H3K27Me3 which are characteristic of active enhancers and silenced chromatin, respectively. Integrated analyses of these datasets indicate TFAP2 paralogs directly activate enhancers near genes enriched for roles in pigmentation and proliferation, and directly repress enhancers near genes enriched for roles in cell adhesion. Consistently, compared to WT cells, TFAP2-KO cells proliferate less and adhere to one another more. TFAP2 paralogs and MITF co-operatively activate a subset of enhancers, with the latter necessary for MITF binding and chromatin accessibility. By contrast, TFAP2 paralogs and MITF do not appear to co-operatively inhibit enhancers. These studies reveal a mechanism by which TFAP2 profoundly influences the set of genes activated by MITF, and thereby the phenotype of pigment cells and melanoma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilshat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Otterloo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonde, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helverson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steingrimsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TFAP2 paralogs pioneer chromatin access for MITF and directly inhibit genes associated with cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionWorking with multiple mentors is a critical way for students to expand their network, gain opportunities, and better prepare for future scholastic or professional ventures. However, students from underrepresented groups (UR) are less likely to be mentored or have access to mentors, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. We developed and implemented a workshop, to provide the necessary foundation for students to be better prepared for establishing future mentorships throughout graduate and professional school.

MethodsFaculty well-versed in the area of effective mentorship from multiple universities developed and delivered a 1.5-hour workshop to address the roles of a mentor, especially when it comes to UR students, and how students may effectively work with multiple mentors. This workshop was delivered to a group of students from the HBCU Winston Salem State University, and a pre/post-Likert scale-based survey was administered.

ResultsWe analyzed the raw data with nonparametric tests for comparison within paired samples. Wilcoxon matched-pairs and signed-rank tests showed statistically significant growth in student self-ratings related to the workshop learning objectives.

ConclusionsThe "How to Handle More than One Mentor to Achieve Excellence" workshop was well received as a component of pre-graduate and pre-professional training. Incorporating workshops like this may increase student preparedness around developing and cultivating healthy mentorship relationships throughout STEM training.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESBy the end of this workshop, learners will be able to:

O_LIDescribe the role of mentors in developing the next generation of trainees.
C_LIO_LIDescribe current research on mentorship among underrepresented populations.
C_LIO_LIApply skills on effective communication needed in the development of successful mentorship relationships.
C_LIO_LIWork with multiple mentors at one time while maintaining solid professional and personal relationships.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite efforts to increase diversity, a glaring underrepresentation of minorities (URM) persists in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Graduate school can be a stressful step in the STEM pipeline, especially for students previously unaware of the structure and challenges of post-graduate education. To promote successful minority participation in STEM and prepare prospective students for the impending challenges of graduate school, we developed a workshop based on the mentoring and fostering of a champion-oriented mindset entitled, "The Trials and Tribulations of Graduate School: How Do You Make an Impact?". We administered the workshop to a cohort of university undergraduates and conducted pre- and post-workshop surveys to measure students perceived need for instruction on specific workshop topics. The results suggest that the workshop was well received by the students and provided information that they considered helpful to help navigate the graduate school process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent ethanol drinking promotes hyperalgesia, neuroinflammation and serotonergic deficits in mice that persist into adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent alcohol use can permanently alter brain function and lead to poor health outcomes in adulthood. Emerging evidence suggests that alcohol use predispose to pain disorders or exacerbate existing pain conditions, but the neural mechanisms are currently unknown. Here we report that mice exposed to adolescent intermittent access to ethanol (AIE) exhibit increased pain sensitivity and depressive-like behaviors that persist after alcohol cessation and are accompanied by elevated CD68 expression in microglia and reduced numbers of serotonin (5-HT)-expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). 5-HT expression was also reduced in the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala as well as the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord. We then found that chronic minocycline administration after AIE alleviated hyperalgesia and social deficits, while chemogenetic activation of microglia in the DRN of Cx3cr1-cre-GFP mice reproduced the effects of AIE on pain and social interaction. Taken together, these results indicate that microglial activation in the DRN may be a primary driver of pain and negative affect after AIE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierlein-De La Rosa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggerstaff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pushpavathi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent ethanol drinking promotes hyperalgesia, neuroinflammation and serotonergic deficits in mice that persist into adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate autoregressive model estimation for high dimensional intracranial electrophysiological data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental to elucidating the functional organization of the brain is the assessment of causal interactions between different brain regions. Multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) modeling techniques applied to multisite electrophysiological recordings are a promising avenue for identifying such causal links. They estimate the degree to which past activity in one or more brain regions is predictive of another regions present activity, while simultaneously accounting for the mediating effects of other regions. Including in the model as many mediating variables as possible has the benefit of drastically reducing the odds of detecting spurious causal connectivity. However, effective bounds on the number of MVAR model coefficients that can be estimated reliably from limited data make exploiting the potential of MVAR models challenging. Here, we utilize well-established dimensionality-reduction techniques to fit MVAR models to human intracranial data from {bsim}100 - 200 recording sites spanning dozens of anatomically and functionally distinct cortical regions. First, we show that high dimensional MVAR models can be successfully estimated from long segments of data and yield plausible connectivity profiles. Next, we use these models to generate synthetic data with known ground-truth connectivity to explore the utility of applying principal component analysis and group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to reduce the number of parameters (connections) during model fitting to shorter data segments. We show that group LASSO is highly effective for recovering ground truth connectivity in the limited data regime, capturing important features of connectivity for high-dimensional models with as little as 10 s of data. The methods presented here have broad applicability to the analysis of high-dimensional time series data in neuroscience, facilitating the elucidation of the neural basis of sensation, cognition, and arousal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Endemann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Veen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate autoregressive model estimation for high dimensional intracranial electrophysiological data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of nucleotide discrimination by the translesion synthesis polymerase Rev1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rev1 is a translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerase involved in the bypass of adducted-guanine bases and abasic sites during DNA replication. During damage bypass, Rev1 utilizes a protein-template mechanism of DNA synthesis, where the templating DNA base is evicted from the Rev1 active site and replaced by an arginine side chain that preferentially binds incoming dCTP. Here, we utilize X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations to obtain structural insight into the dCTP specificity of Rev1. We show the Rev1 R324 protein-template forms sub-optimal hydrogen bonds with incoming dTTP, dGTP, and dATP that prevents Rev1 from adopting a catalytically competent conformation. Additionally, we show the Rev1 R324 protein-template forms optimal hydrogen bonds with incoming rCTP. However, the incoming rCTP adopts an altered sugar pucker, which prevents the formation of a catalytically competent Rev1 active site. This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms for nucleotide discrimination by the TLS polymerase Rev1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Click, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of nucleotide discrimination by the translesion synthesis polymerase Rev1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-inflammatory therapy protects spiral ganglion neurons after aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hair cell loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSpiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) relay auditory information from cochlear hair cells to the central nervous system. After hair cells are destroyed by aminoglycoside antibiotics, SGNs gradually die. However, the reasons for this cochlear neurodegeneration are unclear. We used microarray gene expression profiling to assess transcriptomic changes in the spiral ganglia of kanamycin-deafened and age-matched control rats and found that many of the genes upregulated after deafening are associated with immune/inflammatory responses. In support of this, we observed increased numbers of macrophages in the spiral ganglion of deafened rats. We also found, via CD68 immunoreactivity, an increase in activated macrophages after deafening. An increase in CD68-associated nuclei was observed by postnatal day 23, a time before significant SGN degeneration is observed. Finally, we show that the immunosuppressive drugs dexamethasone and ibuprofen, as well as the NAD salvage pathway activator P7C3, provide at least some neuroprotection post-deafening. Ibuprofen and dexamethasone also decreased the degree of macrophage activation. These results suggest that activated macrophages specifically, and perhaps a more general neuroinflammatory response, are actively contributing to SGN degeneration after hair cell loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manak, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.470945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-inflammatory therapy protects spiral ganglion neurons after aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hair cell loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal immunization with a vaccinia virus vaccine vector expressing pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike fully protected mice against lethal challenge with the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30 strain of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, Omicron spike is mutated at 5 positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493 and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501YMA30, contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at 4 of the 5 positions in Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493 and N501). In this manuscript we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against disease and death from SARS2-N501YMA30. Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus, administered without parenteral injection can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kibler, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczerba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal immunization with a vaccinia virus vaccine vector expressing pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike fully protected mice against lethal challenge with the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30 strain of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite an increase in programming to promote persons excluded by their ethnicity or race (PEER) scholars, minorities remain underrepresented in many STEM programs. The academic pipeline is largely leaky for underrepresented minority (URM) scholars due to a lack of effective mentorship. Many URM students experience microaggressions and discrimination from their mentors due to a lack of quality mentorship training. In this workshop, we provide a framework for how to be an effective mentor to URM trainees. Mentees, especially URM trainees, can flourish in effective mentoring environments where they feel welcomed and can comfortably develop new ideas without feeling threatened by external factors. Effective mentoring environments provide motivational support, empathy, cultural competency, and training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slit-Robo Signalling Establishes a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Gradient to Polarise Fin Mesenchyme and Establish Fin Morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immigration of mesenchymal cells into the growing fin and limb buds drives distal outgrowth, with subsequent tensile forces between these cells essential for fin and limb morphogenesis. Morphogens derived from the apical domain of the fin, orientate limb mesenchyme cell polarity, migration, division and adhesion. The zebrafish mutant stomp displays defects in fin morphogenesis including blister formation and associated loss of orientation and adhesion of immigrating fin mesenchyme cells. Positional cloning of stomp identified a mutation in the gene encoding the axon guidance ligand, Slit3. We provide evidence that Slit ligands derived from immigrating mesenchyme act via Robo receptors at the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) to promote release of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P subsequently diffuses back to the mesenchyme to promote their polarisation, orientation, positioning and adhesion to the interstitial matrix of the fin fold. We thus demonstrate coordination of the Slit-Robo and S1P signalling pathways in fin fold morphogenesis. Our work introduces a mechanism regulating the orientation, positioning and adhesion of its constituent cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahabaleshwar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P.V., A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, T. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slit-Robo Signalling Establishes a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Gradient to Polarise Fin Mesenchyme and Establish Fin Morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentoring success is derived from active and respectful listening and the willingness to learn and accept opportunities for personal growth. Mentoring shapes every trainee and their career path in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Productive mentoring relationships cultivate rapport, stimulate moments of introspection, and provide constructive feedback. Effective mentoring in STEM allows trainees, especially underrepresented minorities (URMs), to flourish in welcoming and supportive environments. However, URM trainees often experience inadequate mentoring due to their mentors inexperience with URM groups, poor mentorship training, or a lack of understanding of their mentees journey. To promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM education and research, it is essential for mentors and mentees to work together with creativity, authenticity, and networking. In this workshop, we will focus on mentees perspective on how mentors can enhance their training, professional and career development, and improve their focus. We analyzed data on feedback obtained from students interested in pursuing graduate education who attended a recent workshop. Our results show that despite low initial expectations for the workshop, many students were satisfied with the knowledge they learned. The future of increasing the URM representation in STEM lies in providing adequate community support and mentorship throughout the careers of URM professionals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza- Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid hydroperoxides promote muscle atrophy through lysosomal amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation is a cardinal feature of skeletal muscle atrophy. ROS refers to a collection of radical molecules whose cellular signals are vast, and it is unclear which downstream consequences of ROS are responsible for the loss of muscle mass and strength. Here we show that lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) are increased with age and disuse, and the accumulation of LOOH by deletion of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is sufficient to augment muscle atrophy. LOOH promoted atrophy in a lysosomal-dependent, proteasomal-independent manner. In young and old mice, genetic and pharmacologic neutralization of LOOH or their secondary reactive lipid aldehydes robustly prevented muscle atrophy and weakness, indicating that LOOH-derived carbonyl stress mediate age- and disuse-induced muscle dysfunction. Our findings provide novel insights for the role of LOOH in sarcopenia including a therapeutic implication by pharmacologic suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eshima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siripoksup, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahtout, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmassani, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkerke, A. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrocelli, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid hydroperoxides promote muscle atrophy through lysosomal amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MERS-CoV endoribonuclease and accessory proteins jointly evade host innate immunity during infection of lung and nasal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged into humans in 2012, causing highly lethal respiratory disease. The severity of disease may be in part because MERS-CoV is adept at antagonizing early innate immune pathways - interferon (IFN) production and signaling, protein kinase R (PKR), and oligoadenylate synthetase ribonuclease L (OAS/RNase L) - generated in response to viral double-stranded (ds)RNA generated during genome replication. This is in contrast to SARS-CoV-2, which we recently reported activates PKR and RNase L and to some extent, IFN signaling. We previously found that MERS-CoV accessory proteins NS4a (dsRNA binding protein) and NS4b (phosphodiesterase) could weakly suppress these pathways, but ablation of each had minimal effect on virus replication. Here we investigated the antagonist effects of the conserved coronavirus endoribonuclease (EndoU), in combination with NS4a or NS4b. Inactivation of EndoU catalytic activity alone in a recombinant MERS-CoV caused little if any effect on activation of the innate immune pathways during infection. However, infection with recombinant viruses containing combined mutations with inactivation of EndoU and deletion of NS4a or inactivation of the NS4b phosphodiesterase promoted robust activation of the dsRNA-induced innate immune pathways. This resulted in ten-fold attenuation of replication in human lung derived A549 and primary nasal cells. Furthermore, replication of these recombinant viruses could be rescued to the level of WT MERS-CoV by knockout of host immune mediators MAVS, PKR, or RNase L. Thus, EndoU and accessory proteins NS4a and NS4b together suppress dsRNA-induced innate immunity during MERS-CoV infection in order to optimize viral replication.

ImportanceMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes highly lethal respiratory disease. MERS-CoV encodes several innate immune antagonists, accessory proteins NS4a and NS4b unique to the merbeco lineage and the nsp15 protein endoribonuclease (EndoU), conserved among all coronaviruses. While mutation of each antagonist protein alone has little effect on innate immunity, infections with recombinant MERS-CoVs with mutations of EndoU in combination with either NS4a or NS4b, activate innate signaling pathways and are attenuated for replication. Our data indicate that EndoU and accessory proteins NS4a and NS4b together suppress innate immunity during MERS-CoV infection, to optimize viral replication. This is in contrast to SARS-CoV-2 which activates these pathways and consistent with greater mortality observed during MERS-CoV infection compared to SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfannenstiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MERS-CoV endoribonuclease and accessory proteins jointly evade host innate immunity during infection of lung and nasal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.472607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.472607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin is a key regulator of human metabolism, and its dysfunction leads to diseases such as type 2 diabetes. It remains unknown how proinsulin is targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to secretory storage granules as no cargo receptor has been identified. Chromogranin proteins (CGs) are central regulators of granule biosynthesis, and it was proposed that their aggregation is critical for this process. However, the molecular mechanism by which these molecules facilitate sorting at the TGN is poorly understood. Here, we show that CGs undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at low pH independently of divalent cations, such as calcium. Liquid CG condensates, but not aggregates, recruit and sort proinsulin and other granule-destined cargo molecules towards secretory granules. Cargo selectivity is independent of sequence or structural elements but is based on the size and concentration of the client molecules at the TGN. Finally, electrostatic interactions and the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain of chromogranin B facilitate LLPS and are critical for granule formation. We propose that phase-separated CGs act as a "cargo sponge" within the TGN lumen, gathering soluble client proteins into the condensate independently of specific sequence or structural elements, facilitating receptor-independent sorting. These findings challenge the canonical TGN sorting models and provide insights into granule biosynthesis in insulin-secreting {beta}-cells.

One sentence summaryLiquid Chromogranin condensates recruit cargo molecules at the TGN for their delivery to secretory storage granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PARCHURE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearrows, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohli, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazanov, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Blume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.472607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the inverted U: A meta-analysis of prefrontal dopamine, D1-receptors, and working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine in the prefrontal cortex can be disrupted in human disorders that affect cognitive function such as Parkinsons disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Dopamine has a powerful effect on prefrontal circuits via the D1-type dopamine receptor (D1DR). It has been proposed that prefrontal dopamine has "inverted U-shaped" dynamics, with optimal dopamine and D1DR signaling required for optimal cognitive function. However, the quantitative relationship between prefrontal dopamine and cognitive function is not clear. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of published manipulations of prefrontal dopamine and the effects on working memory, a high-level executive function in humans, primates, and rodents that involves maintaining and manipulating information over seconds to minutes. We reviewed 646 papers and found that 75 studies met criteria for inclusion. Our quantification of effect sizes for dopamine, D1DRs, and behavior revealed a negative quadratic slope. This is consistent with the proposed inverted U-shape of prefrontal dopamine and D1DRs and working memory performance, explaining 10% of the variance. Of note, the inverted quadratic fit was much stronger for prefrontal D1DRs alone, explaining 26% of the variance, compared to prefrontal dopamine alone, explaining 10% of the variance. Taken together, these data, derived from a variety of manipulations and systems, demonstrate that optimal prefrontal dopamine signalling is linked with higher cognitive function. Our results provide insight into the fundamental dynamics of prefrontal dopamine, which could be useful for pharmacological interventions targeting prefrontal dopaminergic circuits, and into the pathophysiology of human brain disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutt, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ten Eyck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the inverted U: A meta-analysis of prefrontal dopamine, D1-receptors, and working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.473689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear localization and transactivation of SYS-1/β-catenin is the result of serial gene duplications and subfunctionalizations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.473689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-catenin is a multifunctional protein capable of mediating cell adhesion via E-cadherin and transactivation of target genes of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. The nematode, C. elegans contains four paralogs of {beta}-catenin which are highly specific in their functions. Though similar in overall structure, the four beta-catenins are functionally distinct, each regulating different aspects of development. Of the four, SYS-1 is a key player in Wnt dependent asymmetric cell division (ACD). In ACD, a polarized mother will give rise to a daughter with high nuclear SYS-1 and another with low nuclear SYS-1. Despite sequence dissimilarity, SYS-1 shares a close structural resemblance with human {beta}-catenin where it retains an unstructured amino-terminus (NTD) and 12 armadillo repeats. Using existing genome sequence data from several nematode species, we find that the four {beta}-catenin paralogs result from 3 sequential gene duplications and neofunctionalizations during nematode evolution. SYS-1, however, lacks an unstructured carboxyl-terminus (CTD) that is essential for human {beta}-catenin transactivation processes. This work supports the hypothesis that SYS-1 compensated for the lack of CTD by acquiring novel transactivation domains with cryptic nuclear localization signals in the NTD and the first four armadillo repeats, as shown by transactivation assays in worms and yeast. Furthermore, SYS-1 regulatory domains are not localized to the NTD as in canonical {beta}-catenin and instead spans the entire length of the protein. Truncating SYS-1 abolishes the classical SYS-1 nuclear asymmetry, resulting in daughter cells with symmetrical SYS-1 truncation localization. A screen for SYS-1 physical interactors followed by in vivo cell fate and SYS-1 localization analyses suggest that proper SYS-1 nuclear export is facilitated by XPO-1, while an interaction with IMB-3, an importin {beta}-like protein, suggests import mechanisms. Interestingly, XPO-1 is especially required for lowering SYS-1 in the Wnt-unsignaled nucleus, suggesting a distinct mechanism for regulating asymmetric nuclear SYS-1. In summary, we provide insights on the mechanism of {beta}-catenin evolution within nematodes and inform SYS-1 transactivation and nuclear transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams-Phillips, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.473689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear localization and transactivation of SYS-1/β-catenin is the result of serial gene duplications and subfunctionalizations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Nuclei Transcriptome Reveals Perturbed Brain Vascular Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is well-known in Alzheimers disease (AD), but the precise molecular changes contributing to its pathophysiology are unclear. To understand the transcriptional changes in brain vascular cells, we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) of temporal cortex tissue in 24 AD and control brains resulting in 79,751 nuclei, 4,604 of which formed three distinct vascular clusters characterized as activated pericytes, endothelia and resting pericytes. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their enriched pathways in these clusters and detected the most transcriptional changes within activated pericytes. Using our data and a knowledge-based predictive algorithm, we discovered and prioritized molecular interactions between vascular and astrocyte clusters, the main cell types of the gliovascular unit (GVU) of the BBB. Vascular targets predicted to interact with astrocytic ligands have biological functions in signalling, angiogenesis, amyloid {beta} metabolism and cytoskeletal structure. Top astrocytic and vascular interacting molecules include both novel and known AD risk genes such as APOE, APP and ECE1. Our findings provide information on transcriptional changes in predicted vascular-astrocytic partners at the GVU, bringing insights to the molecular mechanisms of BBB breakdown in AD.

Graphical AbstractPericytes (yellow), endothelia (salmon) and astrocytes (purple) that form the gliovascular unit (GVU) at the blood brain barrier (BBB) were interrogated for their differentially expressed genes (DEG) and vascular cell (pericyte or endothelia) to astrocyte interactions using single nucleus RNA sequencing (RNAseq) transcriptome obtained from brains of Alzheimers disease (AD) patients and controls. We identified many upregulated (red) or downregulated (blue) DEGs in AD brains in these cell types. These genes have known biological functions in amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) clearance, immune modulation, astrogliosis and neuronal death. Novel predicted interactions were identified between vascular cells and astrocytic DEGs. Collectively, our findings highlight the vast transcriptome changes that occur at the GVU and provide mechanistic insights into BBB dysfunction in AD. This figure was created with Biorender.com.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/474255v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f48748org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ddc3f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6bfa5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1024506_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Is, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quicksall, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis-Tuffin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutor-New, F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnwath, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malphrus, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Nuclei Transcriptome Reveals Perturbed Brain Vascular Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles for Mitochondrial Complex I subunits in regulating synaptic transmission and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To identify conserved components of synapse function that are also associated with human diseases, we conducted a genetic screen. We used the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model. We employed RNA interference (RNAi) on selected targets and assayed synapse function and plasticity by electrophysiology. We focused our screen on genetic factors known to be conserved from human neurological or muscle functions (300 Drosophila lines screened). From our screen, knockdown of a Mitochondrial Complex I (MCI) subunit gene (ND-20L) lowered levels of NMJ neurotransmission. Due to the severity of the phenotype, we studied MCI function further. Knockdown of core MCI subunits concurrently in neurons and muscle led to impaired neurotransmission. We localized this neurotransmission function to the muscle. Pharmacology targeting MCI phenocopied the impaired neurotransmission phenotype. Finally, MCI subunit knockdowns or pharmacological inhibition led to profound cytological defects, including reduced NMJ growth and altered NMJ morphology. Mitochondria are essential for cellular bioenergetics and produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Five multi-protein complexes achieve this task, and MCI is the largest. Impaired Mitochondrial Complex I subunits in humans are associated with disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Leigh syndrome, and cardiomyopathy. Together, our data present an analysis of Complex I in the context of synapse function and plasticity. We speculate that in the context of human MCI dysfunction, similar neuronal and synaptic defects could contribute to pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles for Mitochondrial Complex I subunits in regulating synaptic transmission and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission is essential to maintain cristae morphology and bioenergetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are both dynamic signaling organelles that constantly undergo fission. While mitochondrial fission is known to coordinate cellular metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis, the physiological relevance of peroxisome dynamics and the implications for cell fate are not fully understood. DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1) is an essential GTPase that executes both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Patients with de novo heterozygous missense mutations in the gene that encodes DRP1, DNM1L (Dynamin 1 Like), present with encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission (EMPF1). EMPF1 is a devastating neurodevelopmental disease with no effective treatment. To interrogate the mechanisms by which DRP1 mutations cause cellular dysfunction, we used human-derived fibroblasts from patients with mutations in DRP1 who present with EMPF1. As expected, patient cells display elongated mitochondrial morphology and lack of fission. Patient cells display a lower coupling efficiency of the electron transport chain, increased proton leak, and upregulation of glycolysis. In addition to these metabolic abnormalities, mitochondrial hyperfusion results in aberrant cristae structure and hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, both of which are tightly linked to the changes in metabolism. Peroxisome structure is also severely elongated in patient cells and results in a potential functional compensation of fatty acid oxidation. Understanding the mechanism by which DRP1 mutations cause these metabolic changes will give insight into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cristae maintenance and the metabolic capacity of the cell, as well as the disease mechanism underlying EMPF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission is essential to maintain cristae morphology and bioenergetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal larval neuromuscular junction morphology and physiology in Drosophila Prickle isoform mutants with defective axonal transport and adult seizure behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have demonstrated that mutations of the Drosophila planar cell polarity gene prickle (pk) result in altered microtubule-mediated vesicular transport in larval motor axons, as well as adult neuronal circuit hyperexcitability and epileptic behavior. It is also known that mutant alleles of the prickle-prickle (pkpk) and prickle-spiny-legs (pksple) isoforms differ in phenotype but display isoform counterbalancing effects in heteroallelic pkpk/pksple flies to ameliorate adult motor circuit and behavioral hyperexcitability. We have further investigated the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and uncovered robust phenotypes in both pkpk and pksple alleles (heretofore referred to as pk and sple alleles, respectively), including synaptic terminal overgrowth, as well as irregular motor axon terminal excitability, poor vesicle release synchronicity, and altered efficacy of synaptic transmission. We observed significant increase in whole-cell excitatory junctional potential (EJP) in pk homozygotes, which was restored to near WT level in pk/sple heterozygotes. We further examined motor terminal excitability sustained by presynaptic Ca2+ channels, under the condition of pharmacological blockade of Na+ and K+ channel function. Such manipulation revealed extreme Ca2+ channel-dependent nerve terminal excitability in both pk and sple mutants. However, when combined in pk/sple heterozygotes, such terminal hyper-excitability was restored to nearly normal. Focal recording from individual synaptic boutons revealed asynchronous vesicle release in both pk and sple homozygotes, which nevertheless persisted in pk/sple heterozygotes without indications of isoform counter-balancing effects. Similarly, the overgrowth at NMJs was not compensated in pk/sple heterozygotes, exhibiting an extremity comparable to that in pk and sple homozygotes. Our observations uncovered differential roles of the pk and sple isoforms and their distinct interactions in the various structural and functional aspects of the larval NMJ and adult neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Harrow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehaideb, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manak, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal larval neuromuscular junction morphology and physiology in Drosophila Prickle isoform mutants with defective axonal transport and adult seizure behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.475008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic rescue ameliorates mitochondrial encephalo-cardiomyopathy in murine and human iPSC models of Leigh syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.475008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice with deletion of complex I subunit Ndufs4 develop mitochondrial encephalomyopathy resembling Leigh syndrome (LS). We report that LS mice also develop severe cardiac bradyarrhythmia and diastolic dysfunction. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) with Ndufs4 deletion recapitulate LS cardiomyopathy. Mechanistically, we demonstrate a direct link between complex I deficiency, decreased intracellular NAD+/ NADH and bradyarrhythmia, mediated by hyperacetylation of the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, particularly at K1479 site. Neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellar and midbrain regions in LS mice was associated with hyperacetylation of p53 and activation of microglia. Targeted metabolomics revealed increases in several amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates, likely due to impairment of NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases, and a substantial decrease in reduced Glutathione (GSH). Metabolic rescue by nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation increased intracellular NAD+/ NADH, restored metabolic derangement, reversed protein hyperacetylation through NAD+-dependent Sirtuin deacetylase, and ameliorated cardiomyopathic phenotypes, concomitant with improvement of NaV1.5 current and SERCA2a function measured by Ca2+- transients. NR also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation in the LS brain and human iPS-derived neurons with Ndufs4 deletion. Our study reveals direct mechanistic explanations of the observed cardiac bradyarrhythmia, diastolic dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis in mouse and human iPSC models of LS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshgar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.475008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic rescue ameliorates mitochondrial encephalo-cardiomyopathy in murine and human iPSC models of Leigh syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
unc-37/Groucho and lsy-22/AES repress Wnt target genes in C. elegans asymmetric cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental mechanism of cell fate specification and adult tissue homeostasis. In C. elegans, the Wnt/{beta}-catenin asymmetry (W{beta}A) pathway regulates ACDs throughout embryonic and larval development. Under control of Wnt ligand-induced polarity, the transcription factor POP-1/TCF functions with the coactivator SYS-1/{beta}-catenin to activate gene expression in the signaled cell or, in absence of the coactivator, to repress Wnt target genes in the unsignaled daughter cell. To date, investigation of Groucho function in W{beta}A is lacking, and the function of LSY-22/AES has only been evaluated in C. elegans neurons. Further, conflicting evidence shows TCF utilizing Groucho-mediated repression may be either aided or repressed by AES addition. Here we demonstrate a genetic interaction between Groucho corepressors and POP-1/TCF in the distal tip cells (DTCs), seam cells (SCs) and embryonic endoderm development. In the DTCs, signaled cell fate increases after individual and double Groucho loss of function, representing the first demonstration of Groucho function in wildtype W{beta}A ACDs. Further, W{beta}A target gene misexpression occurs more frequently than DTC fate changes, suggesting derepression generates an intermediate cell fate. In the SCs, loss of UNC-37/Groucho or LSY-22/AES in a POP-1/TCF hypomorphic background enhances SC expansion and target gene misregulation. Moreover, while POP-1/TCF depletion in lsy-22/AES nulls yielded an expected increase in SCs we observed a surprising SC decrease in unc-37/Groucho nulls subjected to POP-1/TCF depletion. This phenotype correlates with UNC-37/Groucho regulation of pop-1/tcf expression since POP-1/TCF levels are increased in unc-37/Groucho null SCs. Lastly, Groucho functions in embryonic endoderm development since we observe ectopic endoderm transgene expression in unc-37/Groucho and lsy-22/AES knockdown in a HDA-1 background. Together, these data indicate Groucho-mediated modulation of cell fate via regulation of POP-1/TCF repression is widespread in W{beta}A ACDs and suggests a novel role of LSY-22/AES as a bona fide TCF repressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bekas, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[unc-37/Groucho and lsy-22/AES repress Wnt target genes in C. elegans asymmetric cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dorsal hippocampus' role in context-based timing in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To act proactively, we must predict when future events will occur. Individuals generate temporal predictions using cues that indicate an event will happen after a certain duration elapses. Neural models of timing focus on how the brain represents these cue-duration associations. However, these models often overlook the fact that situational factors frequently modulate temporal expectations. For example, in realistic environments, the intervals associated with different cues will often covary due to a common underlying cause. According to the  common cause hypothesis, observers anticipate this covariance such that, when one cues interval changes, temporal expectations for other cues shift in the same direction. Furthermore, as conditions will often differ across environments, the same cue can mean different things in different contexts. Therefore, updates to temporal expectations should be context-specific. Behavioral work supports these predictions, yet their underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. Here, we asked whether the dorsal hippocampus mediates context-based timing, given its broad role in context-conditioning. Specifically, we trained rats with either hippocampal or sham lesions that two cues predicted reward after either a short or long duration elapsed (e.g., tone-8s / light-16s). Then, we moved rats to a new context and extended the long-cues interval (e.g., light-32s). This caused rats to respond later to the short cue, despite never being trained to do so. Importantly, when returned to the initial training context, sham rats shifted back toward both cues original intervals. In contrast, lesion rats continued to respond at the long cues newer interval. Surprisingly, they still showed contextual modulation for the short cue, responding earlier like shams. These data suggest the hippocampus only mediates context-based timing if a cue is explicitly paired and/or rewarded across distinct contexts. Furthermore, as lesions did not impact timing measures at baseline or acquisiton for the long cues new interval, our data suggests that the hippocampus only modulates timing when context is relevant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Corte, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dorsal hippocampus' role in context-based timing in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The voltage-gated Cav Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ-4 is required for locomotor behavior and sensorimotor gating in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated Cav Ca2+ channels are critical for the development and mature function of the nervous system. Variants in the CACNA2D4 gene encoding the 2{delta}-4 auxiliary subunit of these channels are associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. 2{delta}-4 is prominently expressed in the retina and is crucial for vision, but extra-retinal functions of 2{delta}-4 have not been investigated. Here, we sought to fill this gap by analyzing the behavioral phenotypes of 2{delta}-4 knockout (KO) mice. 2{delta}-4 KO mice (both males and females) exhibited significant impairments in prepulse inhibition that were unlikely to result from the modestly elevated auditory brainstem response thresholds. Whereas 2{delta}-4 KO mice of both sexes were hyperactive in various assays, only females showed impaired motor learning/coordination in the rotarod assay. Female but not male 2{delta}-4 KO mice exhibited anxiolytic and anti-depressive behaviors in the elevated plus maze and tail suspension tests, respectively. Our results reveal an unexpected role for 2{delta}-4 in cognitive and motor function and identify 2{delta}-4 KO mice as a novel model for studying the pathophysiology associated with CACNA2D4 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klomp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omichi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usachev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The voltage-gated Cav Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ-4 is required for locomotor behavior and sensorimotor gating in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the human brain recorded with intracranial electrocorticography: First-in-human study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used as a noninvasive technique for neuromodulation in research and clinical applications, yet its mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we present the first in-human study evaluating the effects of TMS using intracranial electrocorticography (iEEG) in neurosurgical patients. We first evaluated safety in a gel-based phantom. We then performed TMS-iEEG in 20 neurosurgical participants with no adverse events. Next, we evaluated brain-wide intracranial responses to single pulses of TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) (N=10, 1414 electrodes). We demonstrate that TMS preferentially induces neuronal responses locally within the dlPFC at sites with higher electric field strength. Evoked responses were also noted downstream in the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortex, regions functionally connected to the dlPFC. These findings support the safety and promise of TMS-iEEG in humans to examine local and network-level effects of TMS with higher spatiotemporal resolution than currently available methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitermarkt, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the human brain recorded with intracranial electrocorticography: First-in-human study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of Bbs10 results in lack of cone electrical function and progressive retinal degeneration of rods and cones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in at least 22 different genes. A constant feature is early onset retinal degeneration leading to blindness, with variable central obesity, polydactyly, renal failure, and developmental anomalies. BBS type 10 (BBS10) is a common form caused by mutations in the BBS10 gene encoding a chaperonin-like protein. There are currently no treatments for the progressive vision loss. To aid in treatment development, a BBS10 mouse model was developed by knocking out the Bbs10 gene. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography (ERG), and a visually guided swim assay (VGSA), we demonstrate that Bbs10-/- mice have progressive retinal degeneration. Cone electrical function was absent although cones were anatomically present on histology and retained partial function based on VGSA. The retinal outer nuclear layer (photoreceptor nuclei) progressively thinned as demonstrated on OCT and histology, and rod electrical activity decreased over time on ERG. These phenotypes are more rapidly progressive than retinal degeneration in the Bbs1M390R/M390R knock-in mouse. They are consistent with a cone-rod dystrophy distinct from typical rod-cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa and recapitulate aspects of retinal degeneration observed in humans with BBS10. This study has implications for BBS10 gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothapalli, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherascu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drack, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of Bbs10 results in lack of cone electrical function and progressive retinal degeneration of rods and cones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tonic GluD1 channel current is independent of G protein activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPreviously, using electrophysiological recordings from adult male and female mouse brain slices containing the dorsal raphe nucleus, we showed that GluD1R channels carry ionic current and are modulated via activation of Gq-coupled 1-adrenergic receptors (1-AR) in a GTP-dependent manner (Gantz et al., 2020). GluD1R channels also carry a tonic cation current, generally ~-20 pA at subthreshold membrane potentials (Gantz et al., 2020). The origin of tonic GluD1R channel current is unknown. Here, using the same preparation, we show there is no role of on-going G protein-coupled receptor activity in generating or sustaining tonic GluD1R channel current. Neither augmentation nor disruption of G protein activity had an effect on tonic GluD1R current. These results reveal that tonic GluD1R current arises from a mechanism separate from on-going activity of G protein-coupled receptors. Under current clamp, block of GluD1R channels hyperpolarized the membrane by ~10 mV at subthreshold potentials leading to reduced excitability. Thus, GluD1R channels carry a G protein-independent tonic current that contributes to subthreshold drive of action potential firing in the dorsal raphe nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copeland, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tonic GluD1 channel current is independent of G protein activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delimiting the cryptic diversity and host preferences of Sycophila parasitoid wasps associated with oak galls using phylogenomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic species diversity is a major challenge for the species-rich community of parasitoids attacking oak gall wasps due to a high degree of sexual dimorphism, morphological plasticity, small size, and poorly known biology. As such, we know very little about the number of species present, nor the evolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity. One hypothesis is that trait diversity in the gall wasps, including the morphology of the galls they induce, has evolved in response to selection imposed by the parasitoid community, with reciprocal selection driving diversification of the parasitoids. Using a rare, continental-scale data set of Sycophila parasitoid wasps reared from 44 species of cynipid galls from 18 species of oak across the US, we combined mitochondrial DNA barcodes, Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs), morphological, and natural history data to delimit putative species. Using these results, we generate the first large-scale assessment of ecological specialization and host association in this species-rich group, with implications for evolutionary ecology and biocontrol. We find most Sycophila target specific subsets of available cynipid host galls with similar morphologies, and generally attack larger galls. Our results suggest that parasitoid wasps such as Sycophila have adaptations allowing them to exploit particular host trait combinations, while hosts with contrasting traits are resistant to attack. These findings support the tritrophic niche concept for the structuring of plant-herbivore-parasitoid communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melika, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delimiting the cryptic diversity and host preferences of Sycophila parasitoid wasps associated with oak galls using phylogenomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CGRP Administration into the Cerebellum Evokes Migraine-like Behaviors Predominately in Female Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a major player in migraine pathophysiology. Previous preclinical studies demonstrated that intracerebroventricular administration of CGRP caused migraine-like behaviors in mice, but the sites of action in the brain remain unidentified. The cerebellum has the most CGRP binding sites in the central nervous system and is increasingly recognized as both a sensory and motor integration center. The objective of this study was to test whether the cerebellum, particularly the medial cerebellar nuclei (MN), might be a site of CGRP action. In this study, CGRP was directly injected into the right MN of C57BL/6J mice via a cannula. A battery of behavioral tests was done to assess migraine-like behaviors. CGRP caused light aversion measured as decreased time in the light zone even with dim light. The mice also spent more time resting in the dark zone, but not the light, along with decreased rearing and transitions between zones. These behaviors were similar for both sexes. In contrast, significant responses to CGRP were seen only with female mice in the open field assay, von Frey test, and automated squint assay, indicating anxiety, tactile hypersensitivity, and spontaneous pain, respectively. In male mice, the responses had the same trend as females but did not reach statistical significance. No detectable effect of CGRP on gait was observed in either sex. These results suggest that CGRP in the MN causes light aversion in males, while in females, light aversion is accompanied by increased anxiety, tactile hypersensitivity, and spontaneous pain. A caveat is that we cannot exclude contributions from other cerebellar regions in addition to the MN due to diffusion of the injected peptide. These results reveal the cerebellum as a new site of CGRP actions that may contribute to migraine pathophysiology and possibly its prevalence in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rea, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CGRP Administration into the Cerebellum Evokes Migraine-like Behaviors Predominately in Female Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of Cep290-mediated retinal degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in CEP290 cause up to 30% of cases of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), a severe childhood blindness resulting from abnormalities in the photoreceptor connecting cilia that lead to rapid retinal degeneration. Like many genetic diseases, CEP290-LCA has considerable variable expressivity, indicating the presence of other factors that influence phenotypic outcome. Here, we have undertaken a phenotype-driven approach in mice to identify genetic modifiers of CEP290-mediated retinal degeneration through backcrosses and intercrosses between BXD24-Cep290rd16 mice and the genetically distinct inbred CAST strain to introduce genetic variation. Optical coherence tomography was used to quantitatively measure retinal thickness as a surrogate indication of photoreceptor degeneration in the resulting rd16-mutant mice. It was readily apparent that CEP290-mediated retinal degeneration in the resulting mice is sensitive to genetic background, with some mice exhibiting relatively thick laminated retinas and others having thin retinas with advanced disease. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified multiple genomic loci capable of influencing the retinal degeneration phenotype in Cep290-mutant mice that together account for 71.7% of the phenotypic variation in retinal thickness observed in our population. Following the QTL analysis, two suppressor loci were studied in detail through a combination of physical and molecular approaches to narrow the critical region for each QTL and identify the probable causative genetic variations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnight, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladele-Ajose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheetz, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of Cep290-mediated retinal degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex and critical roles for the AtrR transcription factor in control of cyp51A expression in Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is the major filamentous fungal pathogen in humans. The gold standard treatment of A. fumigatus is based on azole drug use but the appearance of azole-resistant isolates is increasing at an alarming rate. The cyp51A gene encodes the enzymatic target of azole drugs and azole-resistant alleles of cyp51A often have an unusual genetic structure containing a duplication of a 34 or 46 bp region in the promoter causing enhanced gene transcription. These tandem repeats are called TR34/TR46 and produce duplicated binding sites for the SrbA and AtrR transcription factors. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that both the SrbA (sterol response element: SRE) and AtrR binding sites (AtrR response element: ATRE) are required for normal cyp51A gene expression. Loss of either the SRE or ATRE from the distal 34 bp repeat of the TR34 promoter (further 5 from the transcription start site) caused loss of expression of cyp51A and decreased voriconazole resistance. Surprisingly, loss of these same binding sites from the proximal 34 or 46 bp repeat led to increased cyp51A expression and voriconazole resistance. These data indicate that these duplicated regions in the cyp51A promoter function differently. Our findings suggest that the proximal 34 or 46 bp repeat in cyp51A recruits a corepressor that requires multiple factors to act while the distal repeat is free of this repression and provides the elevated cyp51A expression caused by these promoter duplications.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is the most common human filamentous fungal pathogen. Azole drugs are the current therapy of choice for A. fumigatus but the prevalence of azole resistance is increasing. The main genetic alteration causing azole resistance is a change in the cyp51A gene that encodes the target of these drugs. Azole-resistant cyp51A alleles routinely contain duplications in their promoter regions that cause increased gene transcription. Here, we demonstrate that clinical isolates containing a 34 or 46 bp duplication in the cyp51A promoter required the presence of the transcription factor-encoding atrR gene to exhibit elevated azole resistance. Elimination of transcription factor binding sites in the cyp51A gene have differential actions on expression of the resulting mutant allele. These data dissect the molecular inputs to cyp51A transcription and reveal a complicated function of the promoter of this gene that is critical in azole resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchers, W. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex and critical roles for the AtrR transcription factor in control of cyp51A expression in Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Classification Method Based on Dynamic Ensemble Selection and its Application to Predict Variance Patterns in HIV-1 Env 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutics that target the envelope glycoproteins (Envs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) effectively reduce virus levels in patients. However, due to mutations, new Env variants are frequently generated, which may be resistant to the treatments. The appearance of such sequence variance at any Env position is seemingly random. A better understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of variance across Env may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that, at any time point in a patient, positions with sequence variance are clustered on the three-dimensional structure of Env. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether variance at any Env position can be predicted by the variance measured at adjacent positions. Sequences from 300 HIV-infected patients were applied to a new algorithm we developed. The k-best classifiers (KBC) method is a dynamic ensemble selection technique that identifies the best classifier(s) within the neighborhood of a new observation. It applies bootstrap resampling to generate out-of-bag samples that are used with the resampled set to evaluate each classifier. For many positions of Env, primarily in the CD4-binding site, KBC accurately predicted variance based on the variance at their adjacent positions. KBC improved performance compared to the initial learners, static ensemble, and other baseline models. KBC also outperformed other algorithms for predicting variance at multi-position footprints of therapeutics on Env. These understandings can be applied to refine models that predict future changes in HIV-1 Env. More generally, we propose KBC as a new high-performance dynamic ensemble selection technique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trettin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Classification Method Based on Dynamic Ensemble Selection and its Application to Predict Variance Patterns in HIV-1 Env]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of Volatility Across the Spike Protein Accurately Predict the Emergence of Mutations within SARS-CoV-2 Lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 allow the virus to probe the sequence space in search of higher-fitness states. New sublineages of SARS-CoV-2 variants-of-concern (VOCs) continuously emerge with such mutations. Interestingly, the sites of mutation in these sublineages vary between the VOCs. Whether such differences reflect the random nature of mutation appearance or distinct evolutionary spaces of spike in the VOCs is unclear. Here we show that each position of spike has a lineage-specific likelihood for mutations to appear and dominate descendent sublineages. This likelihood can be accurately estimated from the lineage-specific mutational profile of spike at a protein-wide level. The mutability environment of each position, including adjacent sites on the protein structure and neighboring sites on the network of comutability, accurately forecast changes in descendent sublineages. Mapping of imminent changes within the VOCs can contribute to the design of immunogens and therapeutics that address future forms of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicar, I. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of Volatility Across the Spike Protein Accurately Predict the Emergence of Mutations within SARS-CoV-2 Lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions, namely the dorsal morula, yolk syncytial layer, and distal hypoblast/anterior visceral endoderm (in amphibians, teleosts and mammals, respectively), require the localised stabilisation of nuclear Beta-catenin (Ctnnb1), implying that localised Wnt/Beta-catenin signalling activity is critical in their establishment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the stabilisation of Beta-catenin in this context may be initiated independently of secreted Wnt growth factor activity. In Xenopus, dorsal Beta-catenin stabilisation is initiated by a requisite microtubule-mediated symmetry-breaking event in the fertilised egg: "cortical rotation". Vegetally-localised wnt11b mRNA has been implicated upstream of Beta-catenin in this context, as has the dorsal enrichment of Wnt ligand-independent activators of Beta-catenin, but the extent that each of these processes contribute to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here we describe a maternal effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L, generated by CRISPR mutagenesis. We demonstrate a maternal requirement for timely and complete gastrulation morphogenesis and a zygotic requirement for proper left-right asymmetry. We also show that a subset of maternal wnt11b mutants have axis and dorsal gene expression defects, but that Wnt11b likely does not act through the Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 or through Dishevelled, which we additionally show (using exogenous constructs) do not exhibit patterns of activity consistent with roles in early Beta-catenin stabilisation. Instead, we find that microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs, leading to less organised and directed vegetal microtubule arrays. In conclusion, we propose that Wnt11b signals to the cytoskeleton in the egg or early zygote to enable robust cortical rotation, and thus acts in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than as a component or effector of the determinants themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppenrath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wlizla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horb, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blocking Gi/o-coupled signaling eradicates cancer stem cells and sensitizes breast tumors to HER2-targeted therapies to inhibit tumor relapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors that are resistant to anti-tumor therapies, making them a likely origin of tumor relapse after treatment. In many cancers including breast cancer, CSC function is regulated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), making GPCR signaling an attractive target for new therapies designed to eradicate CSCs. Yet, CSCs overexpress multiple GPCRs that are redundant in maintaining CSC function, so it is unclear how to target all the various GPCRs to prevent relapse. Here, in a model of HER2+ breast cancer (i.e., transgenic MMTV-Neu mice), we were able to block tumorsphere- and tumor-forming capability of CSCs by targeting GPCRs coupled to Gi/o proteins (Gi/o-GPCRs). Similarly, in HER2+ breast cancer cells, blocking signaling downstream of Gi/o-GPCRs in the PI3K/AKT and Src pathways also enhanced HER2-targeted elimination of CSCs. In a proof-of-concept study, when CSCs were selectively ablated (via a suicide gene construct), loss of CSCs from HER2+ breast cancer cell populations mimicked the effect of targeting Gi/o-GPCR signaling, suppressing their capacity for tumor initiation and progression and enhancing HER2-targeted therapy. Thus, targeting Gi/o-GPCR signaling in HER2+ breast cancer is a promising approach for eradicating CSCs, enhancing HER2+ targeted therapy and blocking tumor reemergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.05.479272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blocking Gi/o-coupled signaling eradicates cancer stem cells and sensitizes breast tumors to HER2-targeted therapies to inhibit tumor relapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.06.479292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional geometry of auditory cortical resting state networks derived from intracranial electrophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.06.479292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding central auditory processing critically depends on defining underlying auditory cortical networks and their relationship to the rest of the brain. We addressed these questions using resting state functional connectivity derived from human intracranial electroencephalography. Mapping recording sites into a low-dimensional space where proximity represents functional similarity revealed a hierarchical organization. At fine scale, a group of auditory cortical regions excluded several higher order auditory areas and segregated maximally from prefrontal cortex. On mesoscale, the proximity of limbic structures to auditory cortex suggested a limbic stream that parallels the classically described ventral and dorsal auditory processing streams. Identities of global hubs in anterior temporal and cingulate cortex depended on frequency band, consistent with diverse roles in semantic and cognitive processing. On a macro scale, observed hemispheric asymmetries were not specific for speech and language networks. This approach can be applied to multivariate brain data with respect to development, behavior, and disorders.

BlurbWe describe the organization of human neocortex on multiple spatial scalesbased on resting state intracranial electrophysiology. We focus on cortical regions involved in auditory processing and examine inter-regional hierarchical relationships, network topology, and hemispheric lateralization. This work introduces a powerful analytical tool to examine mechanisms of altered arousal states, brain development, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinschneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.06.479292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional geometry of auditory cortical resting state networks derived from intracranial electrophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Expansion and Divergence of the Hyr/Iff-like (Hil) Adhesin Family in Pathogenic Yeasts Including Candida auris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opportunistic yeast pathogens evolved multiple times in the Saccharomycetes class, including the recently emerged, multidrug-resistant Candida auris. We show that homologs of a known yeast adhesin family in Candida albicans, the Hyr/Iff-like (Hil) family, are enriched in distinct clades of Candida species as a result of multiple, independent expansions. Following gene duplication, the tandem repeat-rich region in these proteins diverged extremely rapidly and generated large variations in length and {beta}-aggregation potential, both of which were known to directly affect adhesion. The conserved N-terminal effector domain was predicted to adopt a {beta}-helical fold followed by an -crystallin domain, making it structurally similar to a group of unrelated bacterial adhesins. Nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution rate analysis of the effector domain in C. auris revealed relaxed selective constraint and signatures of positive selection, suggesting functional diversification after gene duplication. Lastly, we found the Hil family genes to be enriched at chromosomal ends, which likely contributed to their expansion via ectopic recombination and break-induced replication. We hypothesize that the expansion and diversification of adhesin families are a key step toward the emergence of fungal pathogens and also generate variation in adhesion and virulence within and between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Expansion and Divergence of the Hyr/Iff-like (Hil) Adhesin Family in Pathogenic Yeasts Including Candida auris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems biology approach to elucidate the post-translational regulome of coronary artery disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary Artery Disease is a major killer in India and world at large but the molecular regulators which modulate clinically relevant pathways are not completely understood. This study was aimed at identifying essential post-translational modifications (PTM) regulome network and its master regulator modulating the CAD associated pathways. 995 CAD associated genes were taken from InCardiome database (www.tri-incardiome.org) were analyzed for all possible PTMs. Two important interdependent molecular processes which define the function of a protein are protein-protein interactions and PTMs of which PTMs play regulatory role. Using PTMCode2 we evaluated the co-evolving amino acid residues for important PTMs and found that serine-serine phosphorylation is highly represented combinatorial regulator in these set of proteins. Furthermore, in the CAD associated pathways we again found that serine phosphorylation was dominant player in all the processes of atherosclerosis. In order to identify the master regulator kinase, we further assessed the kinome network associated with CAD and identified 5 most important kinases namely GSK3B, PRKCA, PRKCD, SRC and PRKACA which might modulate clinically important pathways. GSK3B with the highest network parameters (node degree and betweenness centrality) was identified as master regulator and 1 U/l increase of phsophoGSK3B (on a log scale) increased the odds ratio (OR) by 4.07 fold (AUC 0.620) and 6.27 fold (AUC 0.752) upon addition of conventional risk factors (CRFs).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangala, R. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems biology approach to elucidate the post-translational regulome of coronary artery disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic, genomic and evolutionary properties of crossover distribution in Drosophila yakuba 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of crossovers and their location across genomes are highly regulated during meiosis, yet the key components controlling them are fast evolving, hindering our understanding of the mechanistic causes and evolutionary consequences of changes in crossover rates. Drosophila melanogaster has been a model species to study meiosis for more than a century, with an available high-resolution crossover map that is, nonetheless, missing for closely related species, thus preventing evolutionary context. Here, we applied a novel and highly efficient approach to generate whole-genome high-resolution crossover maps in D. yakuba and tackle multiple questions that benefit from being addressed collectively within an appropriate phylogenetic framework, in our case the D. melanogaster species subgroup. The genotyping of more than 1,600 individual meiotic events allowed us to identify several key distinct properties relative to D. melanogaster. We show that together with higher crossover rates than D. melanogaster, D. yakuba has a stronger centromere effect and stronger crossover assurance than any Drosophila species analyzed to date. We also report the presence of an active crossover-associated meiotic drive mechanism for the X chromosome that results in the preferential inclusion in oocytes of chromatids with crossovers. Our evolutionary and genomic analyses suggest that the genome-wide landscape of crossover rates in D. yakuba has been fairly stable and captures a significant signal of the ancestral crossover landscape for the whole D. melanogaster subgroup, even informative for the D. melanogaster lineage. Contemporary crossover rates in D. melanogaster, on the other hand, do not recapitulate ancestral crossovers landscapes. As a result, the temporal stability of crossover landscapes observed in D. yakuba makes this species an ideal system for applying population genetic models of selection and linkage, given that these models assume temporal constancy in linkage effects. Our studies emphasize the importance of generating multiple high-resolution crossover rate maps within a coherent phylogenetic context to broaden our understanding of crossover control during meiosis and to improve studies on the evolutionary consequences of variable crossover rates across genomes and time.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMeiotic recombination is a fundamental cellular process required for the formation of gametes in most eukaryotic organisms. Recombination also plays a fundamental role in evolution, increasing rates of adaptation. Paradoxically for such an essential process, key components evolve fast, and model organisms differ vastly in number of recombination events and distribution across chromosomes. This variation has limited our understanding of how recombination is controlled or why it can vary according to environmental cues. D. melanogaster has been a model species to study meiosis and recombination for more than a century and, in this study, we applied a new and highly efficient whole-genome genotyping scheme to identify recombination properties for a closely species, D. yakuba, thus providing an informative counterpoint and needed phylogenetic context. Our results describe important differences relative to D. melanogaster, including the first description of a mechanism favoring the segregation of recombinant chromatids to the functional egg pole under benign conditions. We argue that such a mechanism may also be active in other species. Moreover, our studies suggest that D. yakuba has maintained its recombination landscape for a longer time than D. melanogaster, indicating that the former species may be more adequate for evolutionary analyses. Combined, we show the importance of tackling the current siloed approach that focuses on model species with a more comprehensive analysis that requires the inclusion of closely related species when studying the causes and consequences of recombination variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pettie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llopart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic, genomic and evolutionary properties of crossover distribution in Drosophila yakuba]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased prevalence of a frontoparietal brain state at rest is associated with better motor recovery in individuals with pontine stroke affecting dominant-hand corticospinal tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strokes cause lesions that damage brain tissue, disrupt normal brain activity patterns and can lead to impairments in motor function. Although modulation of cortical activity is central to stimulation-based rehabilitative therapies, aberrant and adaptive patterns of brain activity after stroke have not yet been fully characterized. Here, we apply a brain dynamics analysis approach to study longitudinal brain activity patterns in individuals with ischemic pontine stroke. We first found 4 commonly occurring brain states largely characterized by high amplitude activations in the visual, frontoparietal, default mode, and motor networks. Stroke subjects spent less time in the frontoparietal state compared to controls. For individuals with dominant-hand CST damage, more time spent in the frontoparietal state from 1 week to 3-6 months post-stroke was associated with better motor recovery over the same time period, an association which was independent of baseline impairment. Furthermore, the amount of time spent in brain states was linked empirically to functional connectivity. This work suggests that when the dominant-hand CST is compromised in stroke, resting state configurations may include increased activation of the frontoparietal network, which may facilitate compensatory neural pathways that support recovery of motor function when traditional motor circuits of the dominant-hemisphere are compromised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olafson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuceyeski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased prevalence of a frontoparietal brain state at rest is associated with better motor recovery in individuals with pontine stroke affecting dominant-hand corticospinal tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the frequency of shifts to new host plants within diverse clades of specialist herbivorous insects is critically important to understand whether and how host shifts contribute to the origin of species. Oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) comprise a tribe of ~1000 species of phytophagous insects that induce gall formation on various organs of trees in the family Fagacae, -- primarily the oaks (genus Quercus; ~435 sp). The association of oak gall wasps with oaks is ancient (~50 my), and most oak species are galled by one or more gall wasp species. Despite the diversity of both gall wasp species and their plant associations, previous phylogenetic work has not identified a strong signal of host plant shifting among oak gall wasps. However, most emphasis has been on the Western Palearctic and not the Nearctic where both oaks and oak gall wasps are considerably more species rich and where oaks are more phylogenetically diverse. We collected 86 species of Nearctic oak gall wasps from 10 of the 14 major clades of Nearctic oaks and sequenced >1000 Ultra Conserved Elements (UCEs) and flanking sequences to infer wasp phylogenies. We assessed the relationships of Nearctic gall wasps to one another and, by leveraging previously published UCE data, to the Palearctic fauna. We then used phylogenies to infer historical patterns of shifts among host tree species and tree organs. Our results indicate that oak gall wasps have moved between the Palearctic and Nearctic at least four times, that some Palearctic clades have their proximate origin in the Nearctic, and that gall wasps have shifted within and between oak tree sections, subsections, and organs considerably more often than the analysis of previous data have suggested. Given that host shifts have been demonstrated to drive reproductive isolation between host-associated populations in other phytophagous insects, our analyses of Nearctic gall wasps suggest that host shifts are key drivers of speciation in this clade, especially in hotspots of oak diversity. Though formal assessment of this hypothesis requires further study, two putatively oligophagous gall wasp species in our dataset show signals of host-associated genetic differentiation unconfounded by geographic distance, suggestive of barriers to gene flow associated with the use of alternative host plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of Sorbs2 in Cardiomyocytes Leads to Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2.RationaleSorbs2 is a cardiomyocyte-enriched, cytoskeletal adaptor protein, and given some evidence for its dysregulated expression in failing hearts, there is growing interest in understanding its roles in cardiac biology and disease. While Sorbs2 global knockout mice display lethal cardiomyopathy with severe arrhythmias, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and whether this results from intrinsic loss of Sorbs2 in cardiomyocytes is unknown, as Sorbs2 is also well-expressed in the nervous system and vasculature. In addition, the potential relevance of Sorbs2 in human cardiomyopathy remains underexplored.

ObjectiveTo characterize the effects and potential underlying mechanisms of cardiomyocyte- specific deletion of Sorbs2 on cardiac structure and function in mice, and to further examine Sorbs2 dysregulation in failing hearts and explore potential links between Sorbs2 genetic variations and human cardiovascular disease phenotypes.

Methods and ResultsWe report that myocardial Sorbs2 expression is consistently upregulated in humans with ischemic and idiopathic cardiomyopathies, and in experimental animal models of heart failure (HF). We generated mice with cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Sorbs2 (Sorbs2-cKO) and found early atrial and ventricular conduction abnormalities, despite unaltered expression of primary action potential ion channels and gap junction proteins. At mid-life, Sorbs2-cKO mice exhibit impaired cardiac contractility with cardiomyofibers failing to maintain adequate mechanical tension. As a result, these mice develop progressive diastolic and systolic dysfunction, enlarged cardiac chambers, and die with congestive HF at approximately one year of age. Comprehensive survey of potential underlying mechanisms revealed that Sorbs2-cKO hearts exhibit defective microtubule polymerization and compensatory upregulation of structural proteins desmin, vinculin, and tubulins. Finally, consistent with our observations in mice, we identified suggestive links between Sorbs2 genetic variants and related human cardiac phenotypes, including conduction abnormalities, atrial enlargement, and dilated cardiomyopathy.

ConclusionsOur studies show that Sorbs2 is essential for maintaining cytoskeletal structural integrity in cardiomyocytes likely through strengthening the interactions between microtubules and other structural proteins at crosslink sites. Overall, this study provides key insights into the critical role for Sorbs2 in cardiomyocytes and likely other cell types in maintaining normal cardiac structure and function and highlights its potential clinical relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLendon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadayappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of Sorbs2 in Cardiomyocytes Leads to Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelin lipids as nervous system energy reserves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal functions and impulse propagation depend on the continuous supply of glucose1,2. Surprisingly, the mammalian brain has no obvious energy stores, except for astroglial glycogen granules3. Oligodendrocytes make myelin for rapid axonal impulse conduction4 and also support axons metabolically with lactate5-7. Here, we show that myelin itself, a lipid-rich membrane compartment, becomes a local energy reserve when glucose is lacking. In the mouse optic nerve, a model white matter tract, oligodendrocytes survive glucose deprivation far better than astrocytes, by utilizing myelin lipids which requires oxygen and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Importantly, fatty acid oxidation also contributes to axonal ATP and basic conductivity. This metabolic support by fatty acids is an oligodendrocyte function, involving mitochondria and myelin-associated peroxisomes, as shown with mice lacking Mfp2. To study reduced glucose availability in vivo without physically starving mice, we deleted the Slc2a1 gene from mature oligodendrocytes. This caused a significant decline of the glucose transporter GLUT1 from the myelin compartment leading to myelin sheath thinning. We suggest a model in which myelin turnover under low glucose conditions can transiently buffer axonal energy metabolism. This model may explain the gradual loss of myelin in a range of neurodegenerative diseases8 with underlying hypometabolism9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asadollahi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevisiol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looser, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dibaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhwedel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballabio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassmann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirrlinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelin lipids as nervous system energy reserves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals RBMS3 as a Promoter of Malignant Progression of BRAFV600E-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis." 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutationally-activated BRAFV600E is detected in ~2% of all human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), and serves as a predictive biomarker for treatment of patients with FDA-approved pathway-targeted therapies that inhibit signaling by the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase. In genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, expression of BRAFV600E in alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes initiates the development of benign lung tumors that, without additional genetic alterations, rarely progress to malignant lung adenocarcinomas. To identify genes that might cooperate with BRAFV600E for malignant lung cancer progression we employed Sleeping Beauty (SB)-mediated transposon mutagenesis, which dramatically accelerated the onset of lethal lung adenocarcinomas. Amongst the diverse group of genes identified by this in vivo screen was Rbms3 (RNA binding motif single-stranded interacting protein 3), an RNA-binding protein implicated as a possible tumor suppressor. Using CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing we confirmed that RBMS3 silencing cooperated with BRAFV600E to promote progression of malignant lung cancer with a distinct micropapillary architecture. Moreover, RBMS3 silencing also cooperated with BRAFV600E to promote the growth of lung organoids in vitro. BRAFV600E/RBMS3Null lung tumors displayed elevated expression of b-catenin (CTNNB1), suggesting that RBMS3 silencing may result in elevated signaling through the WNT>CTNNB1>c-MYC pathway. Finally, analyses of patient samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that the region of chromosome 3 encompassing RBMS3 is frequently lost in NSCLC and correlates with poor patient prognosis. Collectively, SB-mediated transposon mutagenesis has revealed the ability of a novel tumor suppressor, RBMS3, to cooperate with BRAFV600E to promote lung carcinogenesis, and suggests that RBMS3 silencing may contribute to malignant progression of numerous human lung cancers.

SIGNIFICANCEThe BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase is a potent initiator of benign lung tumorigenesis, but is insufficient to elicit malignant lung adenocarcinoma without additional cooperating alterations. Sleeping Beauty-mediated transposon mutagenesis has revealed a number of genes that cooperate with BRAFV600E to promote lung cancer progression, in particular Rbms3, which encodes an RNA binding protein. Hence, this genetic screen provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BRAFV600E-driven lung carcinogenesis, and is an important step improving our ability to successfully target this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaishnavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanVeen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmura, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Weyden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newberg, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals RBMS3 as a Promoter of Malignant Progression of BRAFV600E-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis."]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promising Antimalarials targeting Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which contains an essential non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast. A single DNA polymerase, apPOL, is targeted to the apicoplast, where it replicates and repairs the genome. apPOL has no direct orthologs in mammals and is considered a promising drug target for the treatment and/or prevention of malaria. We previously reported screening the Malaria Box to identify MMV666123 as an inhibitor of apPOL. Herein we extend our studies and report structure-activity relationships for MMV666123 and identify key structural motifs necessary for inhibition. Although attempts to crystallize apPOL with the inhibitor were not fruitful, kinetic analysis and crystal structure determinations of WT and mutant apo-enzymes, facilitated model building and provided insights into the putative inhibitor binding site. Our results validate apPOL as an antimalarial target and provide an avenue for the design of high potency, specific inhibitors of apPOL and other A-family DNA polymerases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honzatko, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promising Antimalarials targeting Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lingering neural representations of past task features adversely affect future behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During goal-directed behavior, humans purportedly form and retrieve so called  event files - conjunctive representations that link context-specific information about stimuli, their associated actions, and the expected action-outcomes. The automatic formation - and later retrieval - of such conjunctive  event file representations can substantially facilitate efficient action selection. However, recent behavioral work suggests that these event-files may also adversely affect future behavior, especially when action requirements have changed between successive instances of the same task context (e.g., during task-switching). Here, we directly tested this hypothesis through a recently developed method that allows measuring the strength of the neural representations of context-specific stimulus-action conjunctions (i.e., event files). Thirty-five male and female adult humans performed a task-switching paradigm while undergoing EEG recordings. Replicating previous behavioral work, we found that changes in action requirements between two spaced repetitions of the same task incurred a significant reaction time cost. By combining multi-variate pattern analysis and representational similarity analysis of the EEG recordings with linear mixed-effects modeling of trial-to-trial behavior, we then found that the magnitude of this behavioral cost was directly proportional to the strength of the conjunctive representation formed during the most recent previous exposure to the same task - i.e., the most recent  event file. This confirms that the formation of conjunctive representations of specific task contexts, stimuli, and actions in the brain can indeed adversely affect future behavior. Moreover, these findings demonstrate the potential of neural decoding of complex task set representations towards the prediction of behavior beyond the current trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangel, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazeltine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lingering neural representations of past task features adversely affect future behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for APE1 processing DNA damage in the nucleosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic DNA is continually exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors that promote DNA damage. Eukaryotic genomic DNA is packaged into nucleosomes, which present a barrier to accessing and effectively repairing DNA damage. The mechanisms by which DNA repair proteins overcome this barrier to repair DNA damage in the nucleosome and protect genomic stability is unknown. Here, we determine how the base excision repair (BER) endonuclease AP-endonuclease 1 (APE1) recognizes and cleaves DNA damage in the nucleosome. Kinetic assays determined that APE1 cleaves solvent-exposed AP sites in the nucleosome with 3 - 6 orders of magnitude higher efficiency than occluded AP sites. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of APE1 bound to a nucleosome containing a solvent-exposed AP site identified that APE1 uses a DNA sculpting mechanism for AP site recognition, where APE1 bends the nucleosomal DNA to access the AP site. Notably, additional biochemical and structural characterization of occluded AP sites identified contacts between the nucleosomal DNA and histone octamer that prevent efficient processing of the AP site by APE1. These findings provide a rationale for the position-dependent activity of BER proteins in the nucleosome and suggests the ability of BER proteins to sculpt nucleosomal DNA drives efficient BER in chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoitsma, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for APE1 processing DNA damage in the nucleosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic interaction analysis reveals that Cryptococcus neoformans utilizes multiple acetyl-CoA-generating pathways during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is an important human fungal pathogen for which the external environment is its primary niche. To cause infection and disease, C. neoformans must adapt to a plethora of conditions and stresses inherent to the host environment. Of these stresses, the role of central carbon metabolism has been of interest not only at the level of fundamental pathobiology but also as a potential target for new antifungal drug therapy. Previous work has shown that two non-essential acetyl-CoA metabolism enzymes, ATP-citrate lyase (ACL1) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1), play important roles in C. neoformans infection. Here, we took a genetic interaction approach to studying the interplay between these two enzymes along with an enzyme initially called ACS2 but which we have found is an acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase; we have renamed the gene 2-ketobutyryl CoA synthetase 1 (KBC1) based on its biochemical activity and the systematic name of its substrate. ACL1 and ACS1 represent a synthetic lethal pair of genes based on our genetic interaction studies. Double mutants of KBC1 with either ACS1 or ACL1 do not have significant synthetic phenotypes in vitro, although we find that deletion of any one of these enzymes reduces fitness within macrophages. Importantly, the acs1{Delta} kbc1{Delta} double mutant has significantly reduced fitness in the CNS relative to either single mutant as well as WT (~2 log10 CFU reduction in fungal burden), indicating the important role these enzymes play during infection. The expression of both ACS1 and KBC1 is increased in vivo relative to in vitro conditions. The acs1{Delta} mutant is hypersusceptible to fluconazole in vivo despite its minimal in vitro phenotypes. These data not only provide insights into the in vivo mechanism of action for a new class of antifungal Acs inhibitors but also into metabolic adaptations of C. neoformans to the host environment.

Author SummaryThe adaptation of environmental fungal pathogens to the mammalian host is critical to pathogenesis. Of these adaptations, the remodeling of carbon metabolism is particularly important. Here, we generated a focused set of double mutants of non-essential genes (ACL1, ACS1, KBC1) involved in acetyl-CoA metabolism and examined their fitness in vitro and during CNS infection. From these studies, we found that all three enzymes play important roles during infection but that the role of ACS1/KBC1 was minimal in vitro. Consistent with these observations, the expression of ACS1 and KBC1 was increased in vivo relative to standard in vitro conditions. Furthermore, strains lacking both ACL1 and ACS1 were not viable. These data clearly show that C. neoformans employs multiple carbon metabolism pathways to adapt to the host environment. They also provide insights into the potential mechanism of action for anti-cryptococcal Acs inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic interaction analysis reveals that Cryptococcus neoformans utilizes multiple acetyl-CoA-generating pathways during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucagon Receptor Signaling at White Adipose Tissue Does Not Regulate Lipolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveAlthough the physiologic role of glucagon receptor signaling in the liver is well defined, the impact of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling at white adipose tissue (WAT) continues to be debated. While numerous studies propose glucagon stimulates WAT lipolysis, we lack evidence that physiological concentrations of glucagon regulate WAT lipolysis. Glucagon receptor antagonists are proposed as a treatment to lower blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes, yet concerns on how these treatments may affect lipid homeostasis have led to questions regarding the potential safety and efficacy of such therapeutics. Tight regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis is critical for whole body lipid homeostasis. In turn, we used WAT Gcgr knockout mice to determine if glucagon regulates lipolysis at WAT in the mouse.

MethodsWe assessed the effects of fasting and acute exogenous glucagon administration in wildtype C57BL/6J and Gcgr Adipocyte+/+ vs GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Using an ex vivo lipolysis protocol, we further examined the direct effects of glucagon on physiologically (fasted) and pharmacologically stimulated lipolysis.

ResultsAdipocyte Gcgr expression did not affect fasting induced lipolysis or hepatic lipid accumulation in lean or diet induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute glucagon administration did not affect serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, or adiponectin concentration, but did increase serum glucose and FGF21, regardless of genotype. Glucagon did not affect ex vivo lipolysis in explants from either Gcgr Adipocyte+/+ or GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis from WAT explants. Moreover, glucagon receptor signaling at WAT does not affect body weight or glucose homeostasis in lean or DIO mice.

ConclusionsWe have established that glucagon does not regulate WAT lipolysis, either directly or indirectly. Unlike the crucial role of hepatic glucagon receptor signaling in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, we observed no metabolic consequence of WAT glucagon receptor deletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasileva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.485051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucagon Receptor Signaling at White Adipose Tissue Does Not Regulate Lipolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSV Tegument Protein pUL51 Interacts with Host Dynactin for Viral Spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynein motors are microtubule associated protein complexes that mediate multiple essential cellular processes, such as long-distance cargo trafficking and stabilization of the microtubule organization center. Most of these functions and their regulations depend on the dynein motor subunit dynactin. By using an infection-inducible system, we disrupted dynein motor function after HSV entry by overexpressing a dominant-negative inhibitor of dynein, resulting in a 5-fold growth defect in Vero cells and 1000-fold growth defect in CAD neuronal cells. Also, we found that in infected CAD cells, the dynein complex was recruited to viral assembly sites regardless of microtubule polymerization. Based on these observations, we then identified a novel interaction between conserved HSV-1 tegument protein pUL51 and p150Glued. pUL51 is a palmitoylated Golgi membrane-associated protein that is required for efficient virus assembly and spread. Overexpression of pUL51 alone was sufficient to recruit p150Glued to Golgi membranes. Sequences that are important and sufficient for pUL51-p150Glued interaction were mapped to residues 90 to 124 in pUL51 and residues 548 to 911 in p150Glued. Deletion of a.a 90-124 in pUL51 resulted in a moderate viral growth defect, a profound spread defect, and failure to accumulate both dynactin and the viral spread factor glycoprotein E (gE) at cell-cell junctions. A synthetic peptide that contains pUL51 a.a 90-125 could also inhibit viral growth and spread in pUL51-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that the proper function of pUL51 in efficient viral assembly and spread depends on its interaction with p150Glued.

Author SummaryDuring their life-long infections, herpesviruses can spread within the human body in spite of a powerful immune response that includes antibodies that inactivate the virus. The virus accomplishes this by targeting its newly made infectious particles to junctions where infected cells meet their uninfected neighbors. Junctional targeting of virus particles requires that the virus hijack normal cellular machinery used for moving large cargoes within the cell, a process that is only partially understood. In this study, we have discovered a critical interaction between a virus protein that is present in all herpesviruses and a host cell cargo-moving protein that is required for virus spread between cells and shown that this interaction is common to several medically important human herpesviruses. We have also identified a short piece of this virus protein that is responsible for the interaction and shown that this short piece can be used to interrupt the interaction and prevent spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cultured cells. Our study provides prove-of-concept evidence that the spread pathway of HSV, and possibly other herpesviruses, can be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSV Tegument Protein pUL51 Interacts with Host Dynactin for Viral Spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Reconstructions of Mouse Skeletal Muscle and Heart Muscle Reveal a Decrease in the MICOS Complex and Altered Mitochondrial Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring aging, muscle gradually undergoes loss of function including sarcopenia, losing mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity. While mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, the genes associated with morphological changes in mitochondria during aging still require further elucidation. Furthermore, it is not completely understood how 3D mitochondrial structures are altered during aging in skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues.

MethodsWe measured changes in mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial complexity during the aging of murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues using serial block face- scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. Lipidomic and metabolomic analysis elucidated concomitant changes associated with aging. We also used qPCR, transmission electron microscopy quantification, Seahorse Analyzer, and metabolomics to evaluate changes in mitochondria morphology and function upon loss of the MICOS complex.

ResultsWe identified significant changes in 3D mitochondrial size and network configuration in murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissue during aging. These changes were concomitant with loss of mitochondria contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) gene expression during aging. Mitochondrial morphology was similar between aged mice and young mice. We show an age-related loss of the MICOS complex (Chchd3, chchd6, and Mitofilin) while their knockout results in alterations in mitochondrial morphology. Given the critical role of mitochondria in maintaining cellular metabolism, we perform cellular metabolic profiling of young and aged tissues. Metabolomics and lipidomics showed profound alterations, including in membrane integrity, that support our observations of age-related changes in these muscle tissues.

DiscussionIn tandem, our data suggest a relationship between the MICOS complex and aging, which could be linked to disease states with further 3D reconstruction studies. Our study highlights the importance of understanding tissue-dependent 3D mitochondrial phenotypical changes which occur across aging with evolutionary conservation between Drosophila and murine models.

Graphical Abstract
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Reconstructions of Mouse Skeletal Muscle and Heart Muscle Reveal a Decrease in the MICOS Complex and Altered Mitochondrial Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypomorphism of a novel long ERα isoform causes severe reproductive dysfunctions in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-mediated estrogen signaling play a pivotal role in both reproductive and non-reproductive functions. Transcriptional regulation of ER gene is highly complex, with multiple transcript variants being differentially produced across the tissues. However, tissue-specific variation and physiological specificity of the ER variants are not yet fully understood. In an attempt to generate a Cre-dependently restorable ER-null mice for functional investigation of the genetic sufficiency, we unexpectedly produced ER hypomorphic mice with biased downregulation of a previously unappreciated long ER isoform that is enriched in the female reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries) and the pituitary but minimally expressed in the brain. Female homozygous mutant mice were capable of pregnancy but displayed irregular estrus cycle and rarely maintained alive newborns without significant morphological and pathological changes in reproductive system and the disruption of body weight homeostasis, indicating the vital role of this long isoform in female reproductive function. Collectively, our results define a tissue-specifically enriched long ER isoform and its preferential role in female reproductive function over body weight homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodeghiero, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypomorphism of a novel long ERα isoform causes severe reproductive dysfunctions in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gender gap in academic career achievements and the mediation effect of work-family conflict and partner support 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parenthood has long been associated with gender disparities in academia. Yet, the underlying mechanism of how parenting is associated with career achievement gaps of academics remains unclear. Using data from a large-scale survey distributed to 7,764 scholars and their publication profiles from the Web of Science database, we analyze the gender differences in parenthood, academic achievements, and the mediation effect of work-family conflict and partner support in these gender gaps. Our results suggest that gender gaps in academic achievements are in fact "parenthood gaps". Specifically, we found significant gender gaps exist in all measures of objective and subjective career achievements of academics in the parent group but not in the non-parent group. Additionally, mothers are more likely than fathers to experience higher levels of work-family conflict, and receive lower levels of partner support, contributing significantly to the gender gaps in objective and subjective career achievements for the parent group. Findings from this study identify the forms and the impact of parenthood on gender disparities in career achievements of academics and shed light on possible interventions and actions for mitigating gender inequalities in academia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gender gap in academic career achievements and the mediation effect of work-family conflict and partner support]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FKS1 is required for Cryptococcus neoformans fitness in vivo: application of copper-regulated gene expression to mouse models of cryptococcosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for new antifungals to treat cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, a leading cause of mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS. An important aspect of antifungal drug development is the validation of targets to determine whether they are required for the survival of the organism in animal models of disease. In Cryptococcus neoformans, a copper-regulated promoter (pCTR4-2) has been used to modulate gene expression in vivo previously. The premise for these experiments is that copper concentrations vary depending on the host niche. Here, we directly test this premise and confirm that the expression of CTR4, the promoter used to regulate gene expression, is much lower in the mouse lung compared to the brain. To further explore this approach, we applied to the gene encoding 1,3-{beta}-glucan synthase, FKS1. In vitro, reduced expression of FKS1 has little effect on growth but does activate the cell wall integrity stress response and increase susceptibility to caspofungin, a direct inhibitor of Fks1. These data suggest that compensatory pathways that reduce C. neoformans resistance do so through post-transcriptional effects. In vivo, however, a less pronounced reduction in FKS1 expression leads to a much more significant reduction in lung fungal burden (~1 log10 CFU), indicating that the compensatory responses to a reduction in FKS1 expression are not as effective in vivo as they are in vitro. In summary, use of copper-regulated expression of putative drug targets in vitro and in vivo can provide insights into the biological consequences of reduced activity of the target during infection.

ImportanceConditional expression systems are widely used to genetically validate antifungal drug targets in mouse models of infection. Copper-regulated expression using the promoter of the CTR4 gene has been sporadically used for this purpose in C. neoformans. Here, we show that CTR4 expression is low in the lung and high in the brain, establishing the basic premise behind this approach. We applied it to the study of FKS1, the gene encoding for the target of the echinocandin class of 1,3-{beta}-glucan synthase inhibitors. Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that C. neoformans tolerates extremely low levels of FKS1 expression. This observation provides a potential explanation for the poor activity of 1,3-{beta}-glucan synthase inhibitors toward C. neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristow, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FKS1 is required for Cryptococcus neoformans fitness in vivo: application of copper-regulated gene expression to mouse models of cryptococcosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex and genetic specific effects on behavioral, but not metabolic, responses to a high fat diet in heterogeneous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a growing epidemic associated with a range of comorbidities, including anxiety and depression. Genetics and environmental factors such as diet contribute to both adiposity and anxiety/depression. Heterogeneous stock (HS) rats are an outbred colony and useful for genetic mapping of complex traits. We have previously shown that HS male rats exhibit worsened metabolic and behavioral health in response to high fat diet (HFD). This study aims to determine if females have similar response to diet and if response to diet interacts with genetic background. We measured multiple metabolic (body weight, fat pad weight, glucose tolerance, fasting glucose and insulin) and behavioral (elevated plus maze, open field test, and forced swim test) outcomes in a large cohort of male and female rats on either HFD or low fat diet (LFD). We estimated overall heritability as well as heritability of response to diet for each outcome. Both sexes showed worsened metabolic measures when fed HFD compared to LFD. In contrast, only males exhibited altered behavioral responses to HFD relative to LFD, with no effect in females. Most metabolic and behavioral measures showed overall heritability in both sexes. In contrast, although there was some evidence for gene by diet (GxD) interactions for behavioral measures in males, GxD interactions were generally not found for the metabolic measures. These data demonstrate an important role of diet, sex and genetics in metabolic and behavioral phenotypes in HS rats, with a potential role of gene by diet interactions for behavioral outcomes only in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deal, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalanczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockerham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risemberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozimek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langefeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg Woods, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex and genetic specific effects on behavioral, but not metabolic, responses to a high fat diet in heterogeneous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans filamentation does not require the cAMP-PKA pathway in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens. Its ability to transition between budding yeast and filamentous morphological forms (pseudohyphae and hyphae) is tightly associated with its pathogenesis. Based on in vitro studies, the cAMP-Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway is a key regulator of C. albicans morphogenesis. Using an intravital imaging approach, we investigated the role of the cAMP-PKA pathway during infection. Consistent with their roles in vitro, the downstream effectors of the cAMP-PKA pathway Efg1 and Nrg1 function, respectively, as an activator and a repressor of in vivo filamentation. Surprisingly, strains lacking the adenylyl cyclase, CYR1, showed only slightly reduced filamentation in vivo despite being completely unable to filament in RPMI+10% serum at 37{degrees}C. Consistent with these findings, deletion of the catalytic subunits of PKA (Tpk1 and Tpk2), either singly or in combination, generated strains that also filamented in vivo but not in vitro. In vivo transcription profiling of C. albicans isolated from both ear and kidney tissue showed that the expression of a set of 184 environmentally responsive correlated well with in vitro filamentation (R2 0.62-0.68) genes. This concordance suggests that the in vivo and in vitro transcriptional responses are similar but that the upstream regulatory mechanisms are distinct. As such, these data emphatically emphasize that C. albicans filamentation is a complex phenotype that occurs in different environments through an intricate network of distinct regulatory mechanisms.

ImportanceThe fungus Candida albicans causes a wide range of disease in humans from common diaper rash to life-threatening infections in patients with compromised immune systems. As such, the mechanisms for its ability to cause disease are of wide interest. An intensely studied virulence property of C. albicans is its ability to switch from a round yeast form to filament-like forms (hyphae and pseudohyphae). Surprisingly, we have found that a key signaling pathway that regulates this transition in vitro, the protein kinase A pathway, is not required for filamentation during infection of the host. Our work not only demonstrates that the regulation of filamentation depends upon the specific environment C. albicans inhabits but also underscores the importance of studying these mechanisms during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans filamentation does not require the cAMP-PKA pathway in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated ethanol exposure and withdrawal alters ACE2 expression in discrete brain regions: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence suggests that people with alcohol use disorders are at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors for cellular entry. While ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes are upregulated in the cortex of alcohol-dependent individuals, information on expression in specific brain regions and neural populations implicated in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, particularly monoaminergic neurons, is limited. We sought to clarify how chronic alcohol exposure affects ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in monoaminergic brainstem circuits and other putative SARS-CoV-2 entry points. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor for 4 weeks and brains were examined using immunofluorescence. We observed increased ACE2 levels in the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus following CIE, which are known to mediate SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. Total ACE2 immunoreactivity was also elevated in the raphe magnus (RMG), raphe obscurus (ROB), and locus coeruleus (LC), while in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), ROB, and LC we observed increased colocalization of ACE2 with monoaminergic neurons. ACE2 also increased in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and decreased in the amygdala. Whereas ACE2 was detected in most brain regions, TMPRSS2 was only detected in the olfactory bulb and DRN but was not significantly altered after CIE. Our results suggest that previous alcohol exposure may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and render brain circuits involved in cardiovascular and respiratory function as well as emotional processing more vulnerable to infection, making adverse outcomes more likely. Additional studies are needed to define a direct link between alcohol use and COVID-19 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pushpavathi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated ethanol exposure and withdrawal alters ACE2 expression in discrete brain regions: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The WalRK Two-component system is Essential for Proper Cell Envelope Biogenesis in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The WalR-WalK two-component regulatory system (TCS) is found in all Firmicutes, where it regulates the expression of multiple genes required for remodeling the cell envelope during growth and division. Unlike most TCSs, WalRK is essential for viability, so it has attracted interest as a potential antibiotic target. Here we used overexpression of WalR and CRISPR interference to investigate the Wal system of Clostridioides difficile, a major cause of hospital-associated diarrhea in high-income countries. We confirmed the wal operon is essential and identified morphological defects and cell lysis as the major terminal phenotypes of altered wal expression. We also used RNA-seq to identify over 150 genes whose expression changes in response to WalR levels. This gene set is enriched in cell envelope genes and includes several predicted PG hydrolases and proteins that could regulate PG hydrolase activity. A distinct feature of the C. difficile cell envelope is the presence of an S-layer and we found WalR affects expression of several genes which encode S-layer proteins. An unexpected finding was that some Wal-associated phenotypic defects were inverted in comparison to what has been reported in other Firmicutes. For example, down-regulation of Wal signaling caused C. difficile cells to become longer rather than shorter, as in Bacillus subtilis. Likewise, down-regulation of Wal rendered C. difficile more sensitive to vancomycin, whereas reduced Wal activity is linked to increased vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.

ImportanceThe WalRK two-component system (TCS) is essential for coordinating synthesis and turnover of peptidoglycan in Firmicutes. Here we investigate the WalRK TCS in Clostridioides difficile, an important bacterial pathogen with an atypical cell envelope. We confirmed that WalRK is essential and regulates cell envelope biogenesis, although several of the phenotypic changes we observed were opposite to what has been reported in other Firmicutes. We also identified over 150 genes whose expression is controlled either directly or indirectly by WalR. Overall, our findings provide a foundation for future investigations of an important regulatory system and potential antibiotic target in C. difficile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The WalRK Two-component system is Essential for Proper Cell Envelope Biogenesis in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral dysregulation and monoaminergic deficits precede memory impairments in human tau-overexpressing (htau) mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) poses an ever-increasing public health concern as the population ages, affecting more than 6 million Americans. AD patients present with mood and sleep changes in the prodromal stages that may be partly driven by loss of monoaminergic neurons in brainstem, but a causal relationship has not been firmly established. The goal of the present study was to evaluate depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in a mouse model of human tauopathy (htau mice) at 4 and 6 months of age prior to the onset of cognitive impairments and correlate these behavior changes with tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and monoaminergic dysregulation in the DRN and LC. We observed depressive-like behaviors at 4 months of age in male and female htau mice and hyperlocomotion in male htau mice. At 6 months, male htau mice developed anxiety-like behavior in the EZM, whereas hyperlocomotion had resolved by this time point. Depressive-like behaviors in the social interaction test persisted at 6 months but were resolved in the sucrose preference test. There was also a significant reduction in number and density of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons in the rostral DRN in htau mice at 4 months and 5-HT neuronal density was negatively correlated with the intensity of phosphorylated tau staining in this subregion. Additionally, we found evidence of microglial activation in the mid and caudal DRN and astrocytic activation in the rostral DRN. 5-HT neuronal activity was reduced in the DRN and accompanied by downregulation of Tph2 and Sert, whereas genes that promote neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation were upregulated. Finally, there was enhanced ptau202/205 staining and microglial activity in the LC of htau mice and reduced TH optical density, although the number and density of TH+ neurons were not altered. In total, these results suggest that tau pathology in the DRN and the resulting loss of serotonergic neurotransmission may drive depressive-like behaviors in the early stages of AD, whereas anxiety-like behaviors develop later and may result from neurodegeneration in other regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvakumar, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral dysregulation and monoaminergic deficits precede memory impairments in human tau-overexpressing (htau) mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice expressing P301S mutant human tau have deficits in interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interval timing is a key executive process that involves estimating the duration of an interval over several seconds or minutes. Patients with Alzheimers disease (AD) have deficits in interval timing. Since temporal control of action is highly conserved across mammalian species, studying interval timing tasks in animal AD models may be relevant to human disease. Amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles are hallmark features of AD. While rodent models of amyloid pathology are known to have interval timing impairments, to our knowledge, interval timing has not been studied in models of tauopathy. Here, we evaluate interval timing performance of P301S transgenic mice, a widely studied model of tauopathy that overexpresses human tau with the P301S mutation. We employed the switch interval timing task, and found that P301S mice consistently underestimated temporal intervals compared to wild-type controls, responding early in anticipation of the target interval. Our study indicating timing deficits in a mouse tauopathy model could have relevance to human tauopathies such as AD.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIWe examined interval timing behavior in mice expressing P301S mutant tau
C_LIO_LIP301S mice responded earler than littermate controls
C_LIO_LIThese data provide insight into animal models of tauopathy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice expressing P301S mutant human tau have deficits in interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEUROeSTIMator: Using Deep Learning to Quantify Neuronal Activation from Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity-dependent transcription directs molecular processes that regulate synaptic plasticity, brain circuit development, behavioral adaptation, and long-term memory. Single cell RNA-sequencing technologies (scRNAseq) are rapidly developing and allow for the interrogation of activity-dependent transcription at cellular resolution. Here, we present NEUROeSTIMator, a deep learning model that integrates transcriptomic signals to estimate neuronal activation in a way that we demonstrate is associated with Patch-seq electrophysiological features and that is robust against differences in species, cell type, and brain region. We demonstrate this methods ability to accurately detect neuronal activity in previously published studies of single cell activity-induced gene expression. Further, we applied our model in a spatial transcriptomic study to identify unique patterns of learning-induced activity across different brain regions. Altogether, our findings establish NEUROeSTIMator as a powerful and broadly applicable tool for measuring neuronal activation, whether as a critical covariate or a primary readout of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsadany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEUROeSTIMator: Using Deep Learning to Quantify Neuronal Activation from Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning aromatic contributions by site-specific encoding of fluorinated phenylalanine residues in bacterial and mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aromatic side-chains of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan interact with their environments via both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Determining the extent to which these contribute to protein function and stability is not possible with conventional mutagenesis. Serial fluorination of a given aromatic is a validated method in vitro and in silico to specifically alter electrostatic characteristics, but this approach is restricted to a select few experimental systems. Here, we report a new group of pyrrolysine-based aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs that enable the site-specific encoding of a varied spectrum of fluorinated phenylalanine amino acids in E. coli and mammalian (HEK 293T) cells. By allowing the cross-kingdom expression of proteins bearing these unnatural amino acids at biochemical scale, these tools will enable deconstruction of biological mechanisms which utilize aromatic-pi interactions in structural and cellular contexts.

Statement of SignificanceThe aromatic side-chains of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are crucial for protein function and pharmacology due to their hydrophobic and electrostatic contributions to catalytic centers and ligand-binding pockets. However, few experimental approaches can chemically assess the functional roles of aromatics in cellular environments. The accepted computational method for aromatic interrogation is via serial fluorination, which lacks an experimental correlate in bacterial or mammalian cell systems. We have identified a family of synthetases to encode multiple different types of fluorinated phenylalanine residues in E. coli and HEK cells via nonsense suppression. The efficiency of these synthetases is sufficient to support biochemical characterization and structural determination of proteins with site-specific incorporation of unnatural phenylalanine analogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galles, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infield, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manikandan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning aromatic contributions by site-specific encoding of fluorinated phenylalanine residues in bacterial and mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representational integration and differentiation in the human hippocampus following goal-directed navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we learn, dynamic memory processes build structured knowledge across our experiences. Such knowledge enables the formation of internal models of the world that we use to plan, make decisions, and act. Recent theorizing posits that mnemonic mechanisms of differentiation and integration - which at one level may seem to be at odds - both contribute to the emergence of structured knowledge. We tested this possibility using fMRI as human participants learned to navigate within local and global virtual environments over the course of three days. Pattern similarity analyses on entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex patterns revealed evidence that differentiation and integration work concurrently to build local and global environmental representations, and that variability in integration relates to differences in navigation efficiency. These results offer new insights into the neural machinery and the underlying mechanisms that translate experiences into structured knowledge that allows us to navigate to achieve goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representational integration and differentiation in the human hippocampus following goal-directed navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immediate neural network impact after the loss of a semantic hub 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain extracts meaning from the world using an extensive neural system for semantic knowledge. Whether such broadly distributed systems1-3 crucially depend on or can compensate for the loss of one of their highly interconnected hubs4-6 is controversial4. The strongest level of causal evidence for the role of a brain hub is to evaluate its acute network-level impact following disconnection and any rapid functional compensation that ensues. We report rare neurophysiological data from two patients who underwent awake intracranial recordings during a speech prediction task immediately before and after neurosurgical treatment that required disconnection of the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL), a crucial hub for semantic knowledge4-6. Informed by a predictive coding framework, we tested three sets of hypotheses including diaschisis causing disruption in interconnected sites7 and incomplete or complete compensation by other language-critical and speech processing sites8-10. Immediately after ATL disconnection, we observed highly specific neurophysiological alterations in the recorded fronto-temporal network, including abnormally magnified high gamma responses to the speech sounds in auditory cortex. We also observed evidence for rapid compensation, seen as focal increases in effective connectivity involving language-critical sites in the inferior frontal gyrus and speech processing sites in auditory cortex. However, compensation was incomplete, in part because after ATL disconnection speech prediction signals were depleted in auditory cortex. This study provides direct causal evidence for a semantic hub in the human brain and shows striking neural impact and a rapid attempt at compensation in a neural network after the loss of one of its hubs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocsis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenison, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calmus, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immediate neural network impact after the loss of a semantic hub]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vegetation formation in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis inversely correlates with RNAIII and sarA expression in invasive clonal complex 5 (CC5) isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infective endocarditis (IE) is one of the most feared and lethal diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Once established, the infection is fast-progressing and tissue destructive. S. aureus of the clonal complex 5 (CC5) commonly cause IE yet are severely understudied. IE results from bacterial colonization and formation of tissue biofilms (known as vegetations) on injured or inflamed cardiac endothelium. S. aureus IE is promoted by adhesins, coagulases, and superantigens, with the exotoxins and exoenzymes likely contributing to tissue destruction and dissemination. Expression of the large repertoire of virulence factors required for IE and sequelae is controlled by complex regulatory networks. We investigated the temporal expression of the global regulators agr (RNAIII), rot, sarS, sarA, sigB, and mgrA in 8 invasive CC5 isolates and established intrinsic expression patterns associated with IE outcomes. We show that vegetation formation, as tested in the rabbit model of IE, inversely correlates with RNAIII and sarA expression during growth in Todd-Hewitt broth (TH). Large vegetations with severe sequelae arise from strains with high-level expression of colonization factors but slower transition towards expression of the exotoxins. Overall, strains proficient in vegetation formation, a hallmark of IE, exhibit lower expression of RNAIII and sarA. Simultaneous high expression of RNAIII, sarA, sigB, and mgrA is the one phenotype assessed in this study that fails to promote IE. Thus, RNAIII and sarA expression that provides for rheostat control of colonization and virulence genes, rather than an on and off switch, promote both vegetation formation and lethal sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinney, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stach, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulhankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado-Pabon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vegetation formation in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis inversely correlates with RNAIII and sarA expression in invasive clonal complex 5 (CC5) isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-17A controls CNS autoimmunity by regulating gut microbiota and inducing regulatory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A disrupted equilibrium among gut microbiota, IL-17A-producing CD4 T-cells (Th17), and regulatory CD4 T-cells (Treg) have been linked with the pathobiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). While gut microbiota can regulate both Treg and Th17 cells, the impact of IL-17A on this gut-immune connection remains unclear. Utilizing HLA-DR3 transgenic mouse model of MS, we show that IL-17A deficiency (HLA-DR3.IL17A-/-) resulted in milder disease characterized by increased Tregs and expansion of Treg-promoting gut microbes, including Prevotella. Cohousing HLA-DR3 mice with HLA-DR3.IL17A-/- transferred the milder disease phenotype and associated microbiota changes to DR3 mice, highlighting the dominant role of gut microbiota in Treg induction and disease amelioration. DR3.IL17A-/- mice also showed a higher abundance of functional pathways linked with short-chain fatty acid synthesis and elevated IL-10 in dendritic cells. Enrichment of the Treg-promoting PPAR signaling pathway expression in the colon of HLA-DR3.IL17A-/- mice and following Prevotella administration in HLA-DR3 mice underscores the importance of gut microbiota in IL-17A-mediated immune regulation. Thus, our study uncovers a previously unappreciated role for IL-17A in shaping gut microbiota and immune regulation, with far-reaching implications for MS treatment.

One-Sentence SummaryIL-17A modulates Treg and gut microbiota to control EAE
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandikar, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-17A controls CNS autoimmunity by regulating gut microbiota and inducing regulatory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MICOS Complex and Mitochondria Morphology Changes Across Aging in Cardiac Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTWith sparse treatment options, cardiac disease remains a significant cause of death among humans. As a person ages, mitochondria break down and the heart becomes less efficient. Heart failure is linked to many mitochondria-associated processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, insulin signaling, autophagy, and oxidative stress. The roles of key mitochondrial complexes that dictate the ultrastructure, such as the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), in aging cardiac muscle are poorly understood. To better understand the cause of age-related alteration in mitochondrial structure in cardiac muscle, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to quantitatively analyze the 3D networks in cardiac muscle samples of male mice at aging intervals of 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Here, we present the loss of cristae morphology, the inner folds of the mitochondria, across age. In conjunction with this, the 3D volume of mitochondria decreased. These findings mimicked observed phenotypes in murine cardiac fibroblasts with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of Mitofilin, Chchd3, Chchd6 (some members of the MICOS complex), and Opa1, which showed poorer oxidative consumption rate and mitochondria with decreased mitochondrial length and volume. In combination, these data show the need to explore if loss of the MICOS complex in the heart may be involved in age-associated mitochondrial and cristae structural changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.23.489291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MICOS Complex and Mitochondria Morphology Changes Across Aging in Cardiac Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The arthropod associates of 155 North American cynipid oak galls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identities of most arthropod associates of cynipid-induced oak galls in the western Palearctic are generally known. However, a comprehensive accounting of associates has been performed for only a small number of the galls induced by the estimated 700 species of cynipid gall wasp in the Nearctic. This gap in knowledge stymies many potential studies of diversity, coevolution, and community ecology, for which oak gall systems are otherwise ideal models. We report rearing records of insects and other arthropods from more than 527,306 individual galls representing 201 different oak gall types collected from 32 oak tree species in North America. Of the 201 gall types collected, 155 produced one or more animals. A total of 151,075 animals were found in association with these 155 gall types, and of these 61,044 (40.4%) were gall wasps while 90,031 (59.6%) were other arthropods. We identified all animals to superfamily, family, or, where possible, to genus. We provide raw numbers and summaries of collections, alongside notes on natural history, ecology, and previously published associations for each taxon. For eight common gall-associated genera (Synergus, Ceroptres, Euceroptres, Ormyrus, Torymus, Eurytoma, Sycophila, and Euderus), we also connect rearing records to gall wasp phylogeny, geography, and ecology - including host tree and gall location (host organ), and their co-occurrence with other insect genera. Though the diversity of gall wasps and the large size of these communities is such that many Nearctic oak gall-associated insects still remain undescribed, this large collection and identification effort should facilitate the testing of new and varied ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in Nearctic oak galls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busbee, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadley-Dunphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milks, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shzu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The arthropod associates of 155 North American cynipid oak galls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the Coordination of APE1 and DNA Polymerase β During Base Excision Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base Excision Repair (BER) is carried out by a series of DNA repair proteins that function in a step-by-step process to identify, remove, and replace DNA damage. As DNA damage is processed during BER, the DNA transitions through various intermediate states, called BER intermediates, which if left exposed can develop into double-strand DNA breaks and trigger programmed cell death signaling. Previous studies have proposed that in order to minimize exposure of the BER intermediates, each protein may remain bound to its product prior to the next protein binding. Thus, a short-lived complex consisting of the BER intermediate, the incoming enzyme, and the outgoing enzyme may form between each step of the BER pathway. The transfer of BER intermediates between enzymes, known as BER coordination, has yet to be directly visualized and the mechanistic details of the process remain unclear. Here, we utilize single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to investigate the mechanism of BER coordination between apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and DNA polymerase {beta} (Pol {beta}). When preformed complexes comprised of APE1 and the incised AP-site product were subsequently bound by Pol {beta}, the Pol {beta} enzyme dissociated shortly after binding in a majority of the observations. In the events where Pol {beta} binding was followed by APE1 dissociation (i.e., DNA hand-off), Pol {beta} had remained bound for a longer period of time to allow disassociation of APE1. Our results indicate that, in the absence of other BER factors, transfer of the BER intermediate from APE1 to Pol {beta} during BER is dependent on the dissociation kinetics of APE1 and the duration that Pol {beta} remains bound near the APE1-5 nick complex. These findings provide insight into how APE1 and Pol {beta} coordinate the transfer of DNA within the BER pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fairlamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the Coordination of APE1 and DNA Polymerase β During Base Excision Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right inferior frontal cortex damage impairs the initiation of inhibitory control, but not its implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory control is one of the most important control functions in the human brain. Much of our understanding of its neural basis comes from seminal work showing that lesions to the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) increase stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), a latent variable that expresses the speed of inhibitory control. However, recent work has identified substantial limitations of the SSRT method. Notably, SSRT is confounded by trigger failures: stop-signal trials in which inhibitory control was never initiated. Such trials inflate SSRT, but are typically indicative of attentional, rather than inhibitory deficits. Here, we used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to identify stop-signal trigger failures in human rIFC lesion patients, non-rIFC lesion patients, and healthy comparisons. Furthermore, we measured scalp-EEG to detect {beta}-bursts, a neurophysiological index of inhibitory control. rIFC lesion patients showed a more than five-fold increase in trigger failure trials and did not exhibit the typical increase of stop-related frontal {beta}- bursts. However, on trials in which such {beta}-bursts did occur, rIFC patients showed the typical subsequent upregulation of {beta} over sensorimotor areas, indicating that their ability to implement inhibitory control, once triggered, is intact. These findings suggest that the role of rIFC in inhibitory control has to be fundamentally reinterpreted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right inferior frontal cortex damage impairs the initiation of inhibitory control, but not its implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive pore opening of a prokaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated ion channels orchestrate electrical activities that drive mechanical functions in contractile tissues such as the heart and gut. In turn, contractions change membrane tension and impact ion channels. Voltage-gated ion channels are mechanosensitive, but the mechanisms of mechanosensitivity remain poorly understood. Here, we leverage the relative simplicity of NaChBac, a prokaryotic sodium channel from Bacillus halodurans, to investigate its mechanosensitivity. In whole-cell experiments on heterologously transfected HEK293 cells, shear stress reversibly altered the kinetic properties of NaChBac and increased its maximum current, comparably to the mechanosensitive eukaryotic sodium channel NaV1.5. In single-channel experiments, patch suction reversibly increased the open probability of a NaChBac mutant with inactivation removed. A simple kinetic mechanism featuring a mechanosensitive pore opening transition explained the overall response to force, whereas an alternative model with mechanosensitive voltage sensor activation diverged from the data. Structural analysis of NaChBac identified a large displacement of the hinged intracellular gate, and mutagenesis at the hinge abolished NaChBac mechanosensitivity, further supporting the proposed mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that NaChBac responds to force because its pore is intrinsically mechanosensitive. This mechanism may apply to other voltage-gated ion channels, including NaV1.5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strege, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcaino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milescu, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrugia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive pore opening of a prokaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of LARGE1 matriglycan polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matriglycan is a linear polysaccharide of alternating xylose and glucuronate that binds extracellular matrix proteins and acts as a receptor for Lassa fever virus. LARGE1 synthesizes matriglycan on dystroglycan and mutations in LARGE1 cause muscular dystrophy with abnormal brain development. However, the mechanism of matriglycan polymerization by LARGE1 is unknown. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of LARGE1. We show that LARGE1 functions as a dimer to polymerize matriglycan by alternating activities between the xylose transferase domain on one protomer and the glucuronate transferase domain on the other protomer. Biochemical analyses using a recombinant Golgi form of dystroglycan reveal that LARGE1 polymerizes matriglycan processively. Our results provide mechanistic insights into LARGE1 function and may facilitate novel therapeutic strategies for treating neuromuscular disorders or arenaviral infections.

One-Sentence SummaryDimeric LARGE1 processively polymerizes matriglycan on dystroglycan using orthogonal active sites on alternate protomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davulcu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venzke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of LARGE1 matriglycan polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.491111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia strains have the potential to cause infective endocarditis: results of GWAS and experimental animal studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.491111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract and KeywordsO_ST_ABSAimsC_ST_ABSInfective endocarditis (IE) complicates 10-20% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). We aimed to determine whether IE strains of S. aureus are genotypically different or behave differently in experimental endocarditis models as compared to non-IE SAB strains.

Methods and ResultsWe conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) of 924 S. aureus genomes from IE (274) and non-IE (650) SAB patients, and tested a subset of strains in two experimental animal models of IE, one studying the early step of bacterial adhesion to inflamed mice valves, the second evaluating the local and systemic developmental process of IE on mechanically damaged rabbit valves. The genetic profile of S. aureus IE and non-IE SAB strains did not differ when considering single nucleotide polymorphisms, coding sequences and k-mers analyses in GWASs. In the inflammation-induced IE model in mice no difference was observed between IE and non-IE SAB strains both in adhesion to the cardiac valves and in the propensity to cause IE; in the mechanical IE-induced rabbit model, there was no difference between IE and non-IE SAB strains regarding vegetation size and CFU.

ConclusionS. aureus isolates from SAB patients with and without IE were indistinguishable, by GWAS and by two in vivo models of IE. Thus, S. aureus strain variation is not the primary determinant of IE. Pending the possible identification of host factors predisposing to IE, all strains of S. aureus must be considered in patients as capable of causing this common, lethal infection once they have accessed the bloodstream.

Translational PerspectiveStaphylococcus aureus endocarditis (IE) is a deadly complication of S. aureus bacteraemia (SAB). Beyond well-identified host related IE risk factors, whether bacterial features may influence the occurrence of IE in the course of bacteraemia remain elusive. We analysed the genomes of 924 S. aureus strains from IE and non-IE SAB and compared some in two in vivo IE models. We demonstrated that the propensity of S. aureus to cause IE in the course of bacteraemia does not depend on the intrinsic genetic or virulence factors of S. aureus. These findings are of importance for the management of S. aureus bacteraemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado-Pabon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasigade, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liesenborghs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couzon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Simoes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Moing, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruun, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhamme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchiat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenesch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.491111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia strains have the potential to cause infective endocarditis: results of GWAS and experimental animal studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stronger sexual dimorphism in fruit flies may be favored when congeners are present and females actively search for mates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why are some species sexually dimorphic while other closely related species are not? When the degree of sexual dimorphism varies within a genus, an integrative phylogenetic approach may help reveal underlying patterns favoring the evolution of dimorphism. While all female flies in genus Strauzia - a genus of true fruit flies - share a multiply-banded wing pattern, males of four species have patterns wherein bands have "coalesced" into a continuous dark streak across much of the wing. We find that the origin of coalesced male wing patterns and pronounced differences in male wing shape correlate with the presumed origin of host plant sharing in this genus. A survey of North American Tephritidae finds just three other genera with specialist species that share host plants. Each has one or more congeners with wing patterns unusual for that genus, and just one genus, Eutreta, has those unusual wing patterns only in the male sex. Eutreta is also the only other genus among this subset wherein, like Strauzia, males hold territories while females search for mates. Sharing the same hosts may result in reproductive character displacement, and when coupled with a biology wherein females actively search for males, may specifically favor sexually dimorphic wing patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norrbom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stronger sexual dimorphism in fruit flies may be favored when congeners are present and females actively search for mates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variational and phase response analysis for limit cycles with hard boundaries, with applications to neuromechanical control problems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor systems show an overall robustness, but because they are highly nonlinear, understanding how they achieve robustness is difficult. In many rhythmic systems, robustness against perturbations involves response of both the shape and the timing of the trajectory. This makes the study of robustness even more challenging.

To understand how a motor system produces robust behaviors in a variable environment, we consider a neuromechanical model of motor patterns in the feeding apparatus of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica (Shaw et al., 2015; Lyttle et al., 2017). We established in (Wang et al., 2021) the tools for studying combined shape and timing responses of limit cycle systems under sustained perturbations and here apply them to study robustness of the neuromechanical model against increased mechanical load during swallowing. Interestingly, we discover that nonlinear biomechanical properties confer resilience by immediately increasing resistance to applied loads. In contrast, the effect of changed sensory feedback signal is significantly delayed by the firing rates hard boundary properties. Our analysis suggests that sensory feedback contributes to robustness in swallowing primarily by shifting the timing of neural activation involved in the power stroke of the motor cycle (retraction). This effect enables the system to generate stronger retractor muscle forces to compensate for the increased load, and hence achieve strong robustness.

The approaches that we are applying to understanding a neuromechanical model in Aplysia, and the results that we have obtained, are likely to provide insights into the function of other motor systems that encounter changing mechanical loads and hard boundaries, both due to mechanical and neuronal firing properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variational and phase response analysis for limit cycles with hard boundaries, with applications to neuromechanical control problems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role for touch neurons in a skin-brain pathway for stress resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social touch can act as a stress buffer, reducing behavioral and physiological responses to stressful scenarios. However, skin-brain touch pathways that promote stress resilience remain unknown. Here, we show that mice with an early life genetic ablation of Mrgprb4-lineage touch neurons display stress vulnerability behaviors in adulthood. Chemogenetic activation of these touch neurons reduced corticosterone levels under mild acute stress conditions. In addition, whole-brain c-Fos activity mapping while chemogenetically turning on these neurons uncovered differential neural activity patterns in brain areas relevant to somatosensation, reward, and affect. To gain mechanistic insight into this skin-brain touch pathway for stress susceptibility, we used multi-circuit neurophysiological recordings across seven brain regions at baseline and after stress in mice that had Mrgprb4-lineage touch neurons ablated in early life. Interestingly, the Mrgprb4-lineage neuron-ablated mice have alterations in local field potential phase directionality and power in the theta frequencies in mesolimbic reward regions, which may underlie our observed stress susceptibility phenotype. Together, these studies revealed that sensory neurons in the skin engage networks across the brain to promote stress resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaffler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blendy, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role for touch neurons in a skin-brain pathway for stress resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol reverses the effects of KCNJ6 (GIRK2) noncoding variants on excitability of human glutamatergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous and noncoding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the KCNJ6 gene, encoding G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK2) channel subunit 2, have been linked with increased electroencephalographic frontal theta event-related oscillations (ERO) in subjects diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD). To identify molecular and cellular mechanisms while retaining the appropriate genetic background, we generated induced excitatory glutamatergic neurons (iN) from iPSCs derived from four AUD-diagnosed subjects with KCNJ6 variants ( Affected: AF) and four control subjects without variants ( Unaffected: UN). Neurons were analyzed for changes in gene expression, morphology, excitability and physiological properties. Single cell RNA sequencing suggests that KCNJ6 AF variant neurons have altered patterns of synaptic transmission and cell projection morphogenesis. Results confirm that AF neurons express lower levels of GIRK2, have greater neurite area, and elevated excitability. Interestingly, exposure to intoxicating concentrations of ethanol induces GIRK2 expression and reverses functional effects in AF neurons. Ectopic overexpression of GIRK2 alone mimics the effect of ethanol to normalize induced excitability. We conclude that KCNJ6 variants decrease GIRK2 expression and increase excitability and that this effect can be minimized or reduced with ethanol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro-Ros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalamea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prytkova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol reverses the effects of KCNJ6 (GIRK2) noncoding variants on excitability of human glutamatergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lesion Localization of Time Disorientation in Patients With Focal Brain Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesTime orientation is a fundamental cognitive process in which ones personal sense of time is matched with a universal reference. Assessment of time orientation is a ubiquitous component of neurological mental status examinations and neuropsychological assessments, yet its neural correlates remain unclear. Large bilateral lesions have been associated with deficits in time orientation, but more specific regions of the brain implicated in time disorientation following focal unilateral damage are relatively unknown. The current study investigates the anatomy of time disorientation and its network correlates in patients with focal brain lesions.

Methods550 patients with acquired, focal brain lesions participated in this study, identified retrospectively from the Iowa Neurological Patient Registry. Time orientation was assessed 3 months or more after lesion onset using the Benton Temporal Orientation Test (BTOT), and 39 patients were identified as having chronic impairment in time orientation defined as a score of 3 or worse on the BTOT. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping and lesion network mapping were used to evaluate the anatomy and networks associated with time disorientation. Performance on a variety of neuropsychological tests was compared between the time oriented and time disoriented group.

Results39 patients were identified as having chronic impairment in time orientation. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping showed that lesions of the posterior cortices were associated with impaired time orientation, including medial temporal lobes, occipitotemporal cortex, and precuneus (r=0.21, p<.001). Individuals with time disorientation tended to have concomitant impairments in memory, visuospatial ability, and naming. Follow-up analyses of individuals with unilateral lesions and those with relatively unimpaired cognition in other domains implicated the precuneus and parahippocampal gyrus in time orientation. Lesion network mapping demonstrated that these regional findings occurred at nodes of the default mode and visual networks. Individuals with time disorientation tended to have concomitant impairments in memory, visuospatial ability, and naming.

DiscussionWe interpret these findings as novel evidence for the role of posteromedial cortices extending from the precuneus to the medial temporal lobe in supporting time orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lesion Localization of Time Disorientation in Patients With Focal Brain Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light touch sensation begins with activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) endings in the skin and propagation of their signals to the spinal cord and brainstem. We found that the clustered protocadherin gamma (Pcdhg) gene locus, which encodes 22 cell-surface homophilic binding proteins, is required in somatosensory neurons for normal behavioral reactivity to a range of tactile stimuli. Developmentally, distinct Pcdhg isoforms mediate LTMR synapse formation through neuron-neuron interactions and peripheral axonal branching through neuron-glia interactions. The Pcdhgc3 isoform mediates homophilic interactions between sensory axons and spinal cord neurons to promote synapse formation in vivo, and is sufficient to induce postsynaptic specializations in vitro. Moreover, loss of Pcdhgs and somatosensory synaptic inputs to the dorsal horn lead to fewer corticospinal synapses onto dorsal horn neurons. These findings reveal essential roles for Pcdhg isoform diversity in somatosensory neuron synapse formation, peripheral axonal branching, and step-wise assembly of central mechanosensory circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Asante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A humanized yeast model reveals dominant-negative properties of neuropathy-associated alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ubiquitously expressed, essential enzymes that ligate tRNA molecules to their cognate amino acids. Heterozygosity for missense variants or small in-frame deletions in five ARS genes causes axonal peripheral neuropathy, a disorder characterized by impaired neuronal function in the distal extremities. These variants reduce enzyme activity without significantly decreasing protein levels and reside in genes encoding homo-dimeric enzymes. These observations raise the possibility of a dominant-negative effect, in which non-functional mutant ARS subunits dimerize with wild-type ARS subunits and reduce overall ARS activity below 50%, breaching a threshold required for peripheral nerve axons. To test for these dominant-negative properties, we developed a humanized yeast assay to co-express pathogenic human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS1) mutations with wild-type human AARS1. We show that multiple loss-of-function, pathogenic AARS1 variants repress yeast growth in the presence of wild-type human AARS1. This growth defect is rescued when these variants are placed in cis with a mutation that reduces dimerization with the wild-type subunit, demonstrating that the interaction between mutant AARS1 and wild-type AARS1 is responsible for the repressed growth. This demonstrates that neuropathy-associated AARS1 variants exert a dominant-negative effect, which supports a common, loss-of-function mechanism for ARS-mediated dominant peripheral neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Schuman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feely, S. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutmou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A humanized yeast model reveals dominant-negative properties of neuropathy-associated alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The outer surface protease, SepM, is required for blp locus activation in three of the four most common pherotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen that primarily resides in the nasopharynx. To persist in this polymicrobial environment, pneumococcus must compete with other members of the bacterial community. Competition is mediated in part by the action of the blp locus which encodes a variable array of bacteriocins and their associated immunity proteins. The locus is controlled by a two-component regulatory system that senses the extracellular concentration of the peptide pheromone, BlpC. There are four major pherotypes of BlpC that can be found in most pneumococcal genomes. Here, we show that the protease, SepM, is required for activation of three of the four major pherotypes. The only SepM independent BlpC type is 9AA shorter than the SepM-dependent peptides, consistent with a cleavage event at the C-terminal end. The processing event occurs following secretion and removal of the C terminal region is required for binding to the histidine kinase receptor. Synthetic truncated peptides or full-length peptides pre-incubated with SepM-expressing bacteria can upregulate the blp locus independent of SepM. We show that SepM-independent peptides accumulate in the supernatant of secreting cells at low levels suggesting a role for the tail in peptide secretion, stability or solubility and demonstrating a significant tradeoff for SepM-independence.

ImportanceStreptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of disease in humans that occurs when the bacteria in the nasopharynx bypasses host defenses to invade deeper tissues. Colonization fitness thus represents an important initial step in pathogenesis. S. pneumoniae produces antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins which provide a competitive advantage over neighboring bacteria in the nasopharynx. The blp locus encodes a variable array of bacteriocins that participate in competition. Here, we demonstrate that activation of the blp locus requires a surface protease that activates the blp signal peptide. There are naturally occurring signal peptides that do not require cleavage, but these are characterized by poor secretion. We describe an additional, previously unappreciated activation step in the control of bacteriocin production in S. pneumoniae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The outer surface protease, SepM, is required for blp locus activation in three of the four most common pherotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.493945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Language exposure and brain myelination in early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.493945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The language environment to which children are exposed has an impact on later language and cognitive abilities as well as on brain development; however, it is unclear how early such impacts emerge. This study investigates the effects of childrens early language environment and socioeconomic status (SES) on brain structure in infancy at both 6 and 30 months of age. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify concentrations of myelin in specific fiber tracts in the brain. Our central question was whether Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) measures from in-home recording devices and SES measures of maternal education and family income predicted myelin concentrations over development. Results show relationships between amount of in-home adult input and myelination in the white matter tracts most associated with language. Right hemisphere regions also show an association with SES, with older children from a higher SES background who were exposed to more adult input showing greater concentrations of myelin in language-related areas. We discuss these results in relation with the current literature and implications for future language research and intervention.

Significance StatementThis is the first study to look at how brain myelination is impacted by language input and socioeconomic status early in development. We find robust relationships of both factors in language-related brain areas at 30 months of age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fibla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.493945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Language exposure and brain myelination in early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse tissue harvest-induced hypoxia rapidly alters the in vivo metabolome, between-genotype metabolite level differences, and 13C-tracing enrichments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism is potently regulated by oxygen as the terminal acceptor of the electron transport chain. Thus, a challenge for capturing the in vivo metabolome of animal tissues is to achieve rapid freezing after dissection-induced loss of perfusion before the onset of hypoxia-driven metabolomic remodeling. However, the timing of the metabolomic changes elicited by post-dissection freezing delays are not well described. We addressed this problem by carefully and systematically assessing broad, genotype-specific, and 13C isotopologue metabolomic change resulting from post-dissection, ex vivo mouse tissue metabolism. Based on experiments with mouse liver, heart muscle, and skeletal muscle, we show that broad metabolomic change is rapid, that both false negative and false positive between genotype differences are induced, and that 13C-isotopologue abundances and enrichment percentages change with post-dissection hypoxia. These findings provide a previously absent, systematic illustration of the extensive and confounding metabolomic changes occurring within the early minutes of delayed tissue freezing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rauckhorst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pape, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scerbo, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse tissue harvest-induced hypoxia rapidly alters the in vivo metabolome, between-genotype metabolite level differences, and 13C-tracing enrichments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of UBE2-Conjugating Enzymes in the Mechanism of MuRF1 Ubiquitylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MuRF1 (Muscle-specific RING finger protein 1; gene name TRIM63) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase, associated with the progression of muscle atrophy. As a RING (Really Interesting New Gene)-type E3 ligase, its unique activity of ubiquitylation is driven by a specific interaction with UBE2 (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme) to ubiquitylate its substrate protein. The understanding of MuRF1 function remains unclear as candidate UBE2 has not been elucidated and thus the mechanism of ubiquitylation is inconclusive. In the present study, we screened human ubiquitin dependent E2s using in-vitro ubiquitylation assays. We found that MuRF1 engages in ubiquitylation/auto-ubiquitylation with UBE2D, UBE2E, UBE2N/V families and UBE2W. Our result indicated that MuRF1 can cause mono-ubiquitylation, K48, and K63 specific poly-ubiquitin chains in a UBE2-dependent manner. Interestingly, we identified a two-step UBE2-dependent mechanism by which UBE2W allows MuRF1 to mono-ubiquitylate which then acts as an anchor for UBE2N/V and UBE2D generated poly-ubiquitin chain formation. Furthermore, MuRF1 was shown to cooperate with the identified interacting UBE2s to directly ubiquitylate substrates Titin (A168-A170), Desmin, and MYLPF (Myosin Light Chain, Phosphorylatable, Fast Skeletal Muscle; also called Myosin Light Regulatory Chain 2). Our work presents a novel insight into the mechanisms that underpin MuRF1 activity by highlighting the diversity of MuRF1 ubiquitylation enabled by different UBE2s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dawson, P. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of UBE2-Conjugating Enzymes in the Mechanism of MuRF1 Ubiquitylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two types of motor inhibition after action errors in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior requires the ability to appropriately react to action errors. Post-error slowing of response times (PES) is one of the most reliable phenomena in cognitive neuroscience. It has been proposed that PES is partially achieved through inhibition of the motor system. However, there is no direct evidence for this link - or indeed, that the motor system is physiologically inhibited after errors altogether. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography to measure cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) across four experiments using a Simon task, in which human participants sometimes committed errors. Errors were followed by reduced CSE at two different time points, and in two different modes. Shortly after error commission (250ms) CSE was broadly suppressed - i.e., even task-unrelated motor effectors were inhibited. During the preparation of the subsequent response, CSE was specifically reduced at task-related effectors only. This latter effect was directly related to PES, with stronger CSE suppression accompanying greater PES. This suggests that PES is achieved through increased inhibitory control during post-error responses. To provide converging evidence, we then re-analyzed an openly-available EEG dataset that contained both Simon- and Stop-signal tasks using independent component analysis. We found that the same neural source component that indexed action-cancellation in the stop-signal task also showed clear PES-related activity during post-error responses in the Simon task. Together, these findings provide clear evidence that post-error adaptation is partially achieved through motor inhibition. Moreover, inhibition is engaged in two modes (first non-selective, then selective), aligning with recent multi-stage theories of error processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two types of motor inhibition after action errors in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cochlear implant material effects on inflammatory cell function and foreign body response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to assess the effects of cochlear implant (CI) biomaterials on the function of macrophages and fibroblasts, two key mediators of the foreign body response (FBR) and to determine how these materials influence fibrous tissue growth and new bone formation within the cochlea.

MethodsMacrophages and fibroblasts were cultured on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and platinum substrates and human CI electrodes in vitro. Cell count, cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cell adhesion were measured. CI electrodes were implanted into murine cochleae for one week without electrical stimulation. Implanted cochleae were harvested for 3D X-ray microscopy with the CI left in-situ. The location of new bone growth within the scala tympani (ST) with reference to different portions of the implant (PDMS vs platinum) was quantified.

ResultsCell counts of macrophages and fibroblasts were significantly higher on platinum substrates and platinum contacts of CI electrodes. Fibroblast proliferation was greater on platinum relative to PDMS, and cells grown on platinum formed more/larger focal adhesions. 3D x-ray microscopy showed neo-ossification in the peri-implant areas of the ST. Volumetric quantification of neo-ossification showed a trend toward greater bone formation adjacent to the platinum electrodes compared to areas opposite or away from the platinum electrode bearing surfaces.

ConclusionsFibrotic reactions are biomaterial specific, as demonstrated by the differences in cell adhesion, proliferation, and fibrosis on platinum and PDMS. The inflammatory reaction to platinum contacts on CI electrodes likely contributes to fibrosis to a greater degree than PDMS, and platinum contacts may influence the deposition of new bone, as demonstrated in the in vivo data. This information can potentially be used to influence the design of future generations of neural prostheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claussen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vielman-Quevado, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cochlear implant material effects on inflammatory cell function and foreign body response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-random distribution of mitochondrial m.3243A>G heteroplasmy in human retina and its impact on cellular phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants within the high copy number mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) can disrupt organelle function and lead to severe multi-system disease. The wide range of manifestations observed in mitochondrial disease patients results from varying fractions of abnormal mtDNA molecules in different cells and tissues, a phenomenon termed heteroplasmy. However, the landscape of heteroplasmy across cell types within tissues and its influence on phenotype expression in affected patients remains largely unexplored. Here, we identify non- random distribution of a pathogenic mtDNA variant across a complex tissue using single-cell RNA sequencing, mitochondrial single-cell ATAC sequencing, and multimodal single-cell sequencing. We profile the transcriptome, chromatin accessibility state, and heteroplasmy in cells from the eyes of a patient with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and healthy control donors. Utilizing the retina as a model for complex multi-lineage tissues, we found that the proportion of the pathogenic m.3243A>G allele was neither evenly nor randomly distributed across diverse cell types. All neuroectoderm- derived neural cells exhibited a high percentage of the mutant variant. However, a subset of mesoderm- derived lineage, namely the vasculature of the choroid, was near homoplasmic for the wildtype allele. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles of cell types with high and low proportions of m.3243A>G implicate mTOR signaling in the cellular response to heteroplasmy. We further found by multimodal single-cell sequencing of retinal pigment epithelial cells that a high proportion of the pathogenic mtDNA variant was associated with transcriptionally and morphologically abnormal cells. Together, these findings show the non- random nature of mitochondrial variant partitioning in human mitochondrial disease and underscore its implications for mitochondrial disease pathogenesis and treatment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=155 SRC="FIGDIR/small/496449v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10b1c41org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6c2d7corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4d09org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153a5a0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamme-Wiese, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzavand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-random distribution of mitochondrial m.3243A>G heteroplasmy in human retina and its impact on cellular phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Immune Responses to Leishmania - a tick borne Co-Infection Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While many Bayesian state-space models for infectious disease processes focus on population infection dynamics (e.g., compartmental models), in this work we examine the evolution of infection processes and the complexities of the immune responses within the host using these techniques. We present a joint Bayesian state-space model to better understand how the immune system contributes to the control of Leishmania infantum infections over the disease course. We use longitudinal molecular diagnostic and clinical data of a cohort of dogs to describe population progression rates and present evidence for important drivers of clinical disease. Among these results, we find evidence for the importance of co-infection in disease progression. We also show that as dogs progress through the infection, parasite load is influenced by their age, ectoparasiticide treatment status, and serology. Furthermore, we present evidence that pathogen load information from an earlier point in time influences its future value and that the size of this effect varies depending on the clinical stage of the dog. In addition to characterizing the processes driving disease progression, we predict individual and aggregate patterns of Canine Leishmaniasis progression. Both our findings and the application to individual-level predictions are of direct clinical relevance, presenting possible opportunities for application in veterinary practice and motivating lines of additional investigation to better understand and predict disease progression. Finally, as an important zoonotic human pathogen, these results may support future efforts to prevent and treat human Leishmaniosis.

1 AUTHOR SUMMARYThe immune system is a complex network that involves organs, cells, and proteins working together with the main purpose of protecting the body against harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins. To explore and study the responses of the host immune system during the course of a disease, we modeled the interaction between pathogen load, antibody responses, and the clinical presentation of this complex system. Specifically, we focused on Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL), a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite that affects internal organs of the body and is known to be fatal if patients remain untreated. In addition, we also considered the impact of possible co-infections with other diseases, which could potentially interact with many disease processes and contribute to different outcomes for infected subjects. With CanL specifically, we consider the presence of Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia,, and Heartworm. In general, one limitation in vaccination strategies is a focus on neutralizing antibodies, without incorporating the broader complexities of immune responses. Here, we explore this complexity by jointly considering the interaction between pathogen and antibody development with the purpose of improving our understanding of the processes of disease progression and natural immunity.

In this paper, we present a Bayesian model specification for immune responses to a Leishmania infection considering a tick-borne co-infection study. The model implementation is based on the general vector autoregressive (VAR) model, adapted to the problem under study. While the methodology around Bayesian VAR models is not new in the literature, in this work we adapt the more general VAR approach in a parsimonious way to a particular subclass of longitudinal problems. We believe our defined Bayesian model is useful to clinicians and veterinarians to better understand the immune responses and Leishmania infection control over time, which makes this work a novel application of Bayesian VAR models. We present evidence that pathogen load information from an earlier point in time influences its future value and that the size of this effect varies depending on the CanL clinical stage of the dog. In addition to characterizing evidence for the processes driving disease progression, we predict individual and aggregate patterns of CanL progression.

The structure of this paper starts in Section 2 with an introduction to CanL infection as well as a discussion of possible co-infection with other pathogens. In Section 3, we include a description of the motivating prospective study along with the measured individual-level variables, a definition of the clinical signs of leishmaniosis infection, and a description of the available data coming from the study. In addition, this section explains the dynamic process and corresponding model specification via Bayesian methodology and a statement of contribution. A summary of prior distributions for model parameters, model implementation details, and convergence diagnostics are also included. In Section 4, we provide summary results from the posterior distribution as well as a summary of the corresponding disease progression forecasts. In Section 5, we discuss the results and describe future considerations to improve and extend the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pabon-Rodriguez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Immune Responses to Leishmania - a tick borne Co-Infection Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.496711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chlamydia trachomatis type III secreted effector protein CteG induces centrosome amplification through interactions with centrin-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.496711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center of the cell and is crucial for mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and cell division. Centrosome duplication is tightly controlled, yet several pathogens, most notably oncogenic viruses, perturb this process leading to increased centrosome numbers. Infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) correlates with blocked cytokinesis, supernumerary centrosomes, and multipolar spindles; however, the mechanisms behind how C.t. induces these cellular abnormalities from the confines of its inclusion, remain largely unknown. Here we show that the type III secreted effector protein, CteG, binds to centrin-2 (CETN2), a key structural component of centrosomes and regulator of centriole duplication. This interaction requires a functional calcium binding EF hand 4 of CETN2, which is recognized via the C-terminus of CteG. Significantly, we show that deletion of CteG, or knockdown of CETN2, significantly impairs chlamydias ability to induce centrosome amplification. Uniquely, we have identified the first bacterial effector to target centrins, crucial regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. These findings have not only allowed us to begin addressing how C.t. induces gross cellular abnormalities during infection, but also indicate that obligate intracellular bacteria may contribute to cellular transformation events that negatively impact host physiology even when the pathogen is long removed. Understanding the consequences of CteG-CETN2 interactions, its impact on centrosome amplification, and the long-term effect this has on host cells could explain why chlamydial infection leads to an increased risk of cervical or ovarian cancer.

Significance StatementThe presence of more than two centrosomes is a hallmark of many types of cancer, including cervical and ovarian cancers of which Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) infection is a significant risk factor. Despite the importance of this problem, how C.t. orchestrates these drastic changes in the host cell remains poorly understood. Here, we describe how C.t. uses a single effector protein, CteG, to drive centrosome amplification via manipulation of a key regulator of centriole duplication, centrin-2. This work begins to define how C.t. induces centrosome amplification to promote its replication while potentially contributing to devastating long-term negative consequences for normal host physiology. Further it may help elucidate why chlamydial infection leads to an increased cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icardi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.496711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chlamydia trachomatis type III secreted effector protein CteG induces centrosome amplification through interactions with centrin-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaMKII binding to GluN2B flips a β-adrenergic switch from synaptic depression to potentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning, memory and cognition are thought to require forms of synaptic plasticity such as hippocampal long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD), and such plasticity can be modulated by {beta}-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol or norepinephrine. For instance, LTP versus LTD is induced by high-versus low-frequency stimulation (HFS versus LFS) but, stimulating {beta}-adrenergic receptors ({beta}ARs) enables LTP induction also by LFS. In contrast to HFS-LTP, such {beta}AR-LTP requires signaling by L-type voltage-gated Ca2+-channels, not NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Surprisingly, we found that {beta}AR-LTP still required a non-ionotropic NMDAR function: the stimulus-induced binding of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) that mediates CaMKII movement to excitatory synapses. In hippocampal neurons, {beta}-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol transformed LTD-type CaMKII movement to LTP-type movement, resulting in CaMKII movement to excitatory instead of inhibitory synapses. Additionally, isoproterenol enabled induction of a major cell-biological feature of LTP in response to LTD stimuli: increased SEP-GluA1 surface expression. Like for the {beta}AR-LTP in hippocampal slices, the effects of isoproterenol on CaMKII movement and SEP-GluA1 surface expression involved L-type Ca2+-channels. Taken together, these results indicate that isoproterenol transforms LTD stimuli to LTP signals by switching CaMKII movement and GluN2B binding to LTP mode.

One Sentence SummaryBuonarati et al. show that {beta}-adrenergic stimulation enables LTP induction in response to LTD stimuli by switching synaptic CaMKII movement to LTP mode.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buonarati, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaMKII binding to GluN2B flips a β-adrenergic switch from synaptic depression to potentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Durability of photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings for reduction of the foreign body response to cochlear implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDurability of photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings on cochlear implant biomaterials was examined to determine viability of these antifouling surfaces during insertion and long-term implant usage. Approach: Tribometry was used to determine the effect of zwitterionic coatings on lubricity of surfaces with varying hydration level, applied normal force, and timeframe. Additionally, flexural resistance was investigated using mandrel bending. Ex vivo durability was assessed by determining coefficient of friction between tissues and treated surfaces. Furthermore, cochlear implantation force was measured using cadaveric human cochleae. Main results: Hydrated zwitterionic hydrogel coatings reduced frictional resistance approximately 20-fold compared to uncoated PDMS, which importantly led to significantly lower mean force experienced by coated cochlear implants during insertion compared to uncoated systems. Under flexural force, zwitterionic films resisted failure for up to 60 minutes of desiccation. The large increase in lubricity was maintained for 20 hours under continual force while hydrated. For loosely crosslinked systems, films remained stable and lubricious even after rehydration following complete drying. All films remained hydrated and functional under frictional force for at least 30 minutes in ambient conditions while drying, with lower crosslink densities showing the greatest longevity. Moreover, photografted zwitterionic hydrogel samples showed no evidence of degradation and nearly identical lubricity before and after implantation. Significance: This work demonstrates that photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings are sufficiently durable to maintain viability before, during, and after implantation. Mechanical properties, including greatly increased lubricity, are preserved after complete drying and rehydration for various applied forces. Additionally, this significantly enhanced lubricity translates to significantly decreased force during insertion of implants which should result in less trauma and scarring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennion, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guymon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Durability of photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings for reduction of the foreign body response to cochlear implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansions and UV irradiation are associated with ferroptosis susceptibility in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), the leading indication for corneal transplantation in the U.S., causes loss of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) and corneal edema leading to vision loss. FECD pathogenesis is linked to impaired response to oxidative stress and environmental ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure. Although UVA is known to cause nonapoptotic oxidative cell death resulting from iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis has not been characterized in FECD. We investigated the roles of genetic background and UVA exposure in causing CEC degeneration in FECD. Using ungenotyped FECD patient surgical samples, we found increased levels of cytosolic ferrous iron (Fe2+) and lipid peroxidation in end-stage diseased tissues compared with healthy controls. Using immortalized and primary cell cultures modeling the TCF4 intronic trinucleotide repeat expansion genotype, we found altered gene and protein expression involved in ferroptosis compared to controls including elevated levels of Fe2+, basal lipid peroxidation, and the ferroptosis-specific marker transferrin receptor 1. Increased cytosolic Fe2+ levels were detected after physiologically relevant doses of UVA exposure, indicating a role for ferroptosis in FECD disease progression. Cultured cells were more prone to ferroptosis induced by RSL3 and UVA than controls, indicating ferroptosis susceptibility is increased by both FECD genetic background and UVA. Finally, cell death was preventable after RSL3 induced ferroptosis using solubilized ubiquinol, indicating a role for anti-ferroptosis therapies in FECD. This investigation demonstrates that genetic background and UVA exposure contribute to iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and cell death in FECD, and provides the basis for future investigations of ferroptosis-mediated disease progression in FECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggleston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevalye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phruttiwanichakun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinkoski, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fautsch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratz, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansions and UV irradiation are associated with ferroptosis susceptibility in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamocortical contribution to cognitive task activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thalamocortical interaction is a ubiquitous functional motif in the mammalian brain. Previously (Hwang et al., 2021), we reported that lesions to network hubs in the human thalamus are associated with multi-domain behavioral impairments in language, memory, and executive functions. Here we show how task-evoked thalamic activity and thalamocortical interactions are organized to support these broad cognitive abilities. To address this question, we analyzed functional MRI data from human subjects that performed 127 tasks encompassing a broad range of cognitive representations. We first investigated the spatial organization of task-evoked activity and found that multi-task thalamic activity converged onto a low-dimensional structure, through which a basis set of activity patterns are evoked to support processing needs of each task. Specifically, the anterior, medial, and posterior-medial thalamus exhibit hub-like activity profiles that are suggestive of broad functional participation. These thalamic task hubs overlapped with network hubs interlinking cortical systems. To further determine the cognitive relevance of thalamocortical interactions, we built a data-driven thalamocortical interaction model to test whether thalamocortical functional connectivity transformed thalamic activity to cortical task activity. The thalamocortical model predicted task-specific cortical activity patterns, and outperformed comparison models built on cortical, hippocampal, and striatal regions. Simulated lesions to low-dimensional, multi-task thalamic hub regions impaired task activity prediction. This simulation result was further supported by profiles of neuropsychological impairments in human patients with focal thalamic lesions. In summary, our results suggest a general organizational principle of how thalamocortical interactions support cognitive task activity.

Impact StatementHuman thalamic activity transformed via thalamocortical functional connectivity to support task representations across functional domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamocortical contribution to cognitive task activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As species ranges shift in response to anthropogenic change, they lose coevolved or coadapted interactions and gain novel ones in recipient communities. Range-expanding species may lose or experience weak antagonistic interactions with competitors and enemies, and traits of interacting species will determine the strength of interactions. We leveraged a poleward range expansion of an oak gall wasp that co-occurs on its host plant with other gall wasp species and interacts with shared natural enemies (largely parasitoid wasps). We created quantitative host-parasitoid interaction networks by sampling galls on 400 trees. We compared network structure and function and traits of hosts and parasitoids in the native and expanded range. Interaction networks were less diverse in the expanded range, with low complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among hosts. While whole networks were more generalized in the expanded range, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized. This was not due to a loss of specialist enemies but weak apparent competition by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages attacking the novel and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range that may contribute to weak apparent competition. Given the rate and extent of anthropogenic-driven range expansions, it is pressing to uncover how complex biotic interactions are reassembled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadley-Dunphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milks, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daughton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic Rac1 controls synaptic strength through the regulation of synaptic vesicle priming. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses contain a limited number of synaptic vesicles (SVs) that are released in response to action potentials (APs). Therefore, sustaining synaptic transmission over a wide range of AP firing rates and timescales depends on SV release and replenishment. Although actin dynamics impact synaptic transmission, how presynaptic regulators of actin signaling cascades control SV release and replenishment remains unresolved. Rac1, a Rho GTPase, regulates actin signaling cascades that control synaptogenesis, neuronal development, and postsynaptic function. However, the presynaptic role of Rac1 in regulating synaptic transmission is unclear. To unravel Rac1s roles in controlling transmitter release, we performed selective presynaptic ablation of Rac1 at the mature mouse calyx of Held synapse. Loss of Rac1 increased synaptic strength, accelerated EPSC recovery after conditioning stimulus trains, and augmented spontaneous SV release with no change in presynaptic morphology or AZ ultrastructure. Analyses with constrained short-term plasticity models revealed faster SV priming kinetics and, depending on model assumptions, elevated SV release probability or higher abundance of tightly docked fusion-competent SVs in Rac1-deficient synapses. We conclude that presynaptic Rac1 is a key regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity mainly by regulating the dynamics of SV priming and potentially SV release probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Yaari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Given, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamasawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.497712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic Rac1 controls synaptic strength through the regulation of synaptic vesicle priming.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injury-related cell death and proteoglycan loss in articular cartilage: Numerical model combining necrosis, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disease that leads to deterioration of articular cartilage, joint pain, and decreased quality of life. When OA develops after a joint injury, it is designated as post-traumatic OA (PTOA). The etiology of PTOA remains poorly understood, but it is known that proteoglycan (PG) loss, cell dysfunction, and cell death in cartilage are among the first signs of the disease. These processes, influenced by biomechanical and inflammatory stimuli, disturb the normal cell-regulated balance between tissue synthesis and degeneration. Previous computational mechanobiological models have not explicitly incorporated the cell-mediated degradation mechanisms triggered by an injury that eventually can lead to tissue-level compositional changes. Here, we developed a 2-D mechanobiological finite element model to predict necrosis, apoptosis following excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1)-driven apoptosis in cartilage explant. The resulting PG loss over 30 days was simulated. Biomechanically triggered PG degeneration, associated with cell necrosis, excessive ROS production, and cell apoptosis, was predicted to be localized near a lesion, while interleukin-1 diffusion-driven PG degeneration was manifested more globally. The numerical predictions were supported by several previous experimental findings. Furthermore, the ROS and inflammation mechanisms had longer-lasting effects (over 3 days) on the PG content than localized necrosis. Interestingly, the model also showed proteolytic activity and PG biosynthesis closer to the levels of healthy tissue when pro-inflammatory cytokines were rapidly inhibited or cleared from the culture medium, leading to partial recovery of PG content. The mechanobiological model presented here may serve as a numerical tool for assessing early cartilage degeneration mechanisms and the efficacy of interventions to mitigate PTOA progression.

Author summaryOsteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases. When osteoarthritis develops after a joint injury, it is designated as post-traumatic osteoarthritis. A defining feature of osteoarthritis is degeneration of articular cartilage, which is partly driven by cartilage cells after joint injury, and further accelerated by inflammation. The degeneration triggered by these biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms is currently irreversible. Thus, early prevention/mitigation of disease progression is a key to avoiding PTOA. Prior computational models have been developed to provide insights into the complex mechanisms of cartilage degradation, but they rarely include cell-level cartilage degeneration mechanisms. Here, we present a novel approach to simulate how the early post-traumatic biomechanical and inflammatory effects on cartilage cells eventually influence tissue composition. Our model includes the key regulators of early post-traumatic osteoarthritis: chondral lesions, cell death, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines. The model is supported by several experimental explant culture findings. Interestingly, we found that when post-injury inflammation is mitigated, cartilage composition can partially recover. We suggest that mechanobiological models including cell-tissue-level mechanisms can serve as future tools for evaluating high-risk lesions and developing new intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskelinen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieminen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodzinsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korhonen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injury-related cell death and proteoglycan loss in articular cartilage: Numerical model combining necrosis, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avian and Human Influenza Viruses Exhibit Distinct Glycoconjugate Receptor Specificities in Human Lung Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IAV utilize sialic acid (Sia) containing cell surface glycoconjugates for host cell infection, and IAV strains from different host species show preferences for structurally distinct Sia at the termini of glycoconjugates. Various types of cell surface glycoconjugates (N-glycans, O-glycans, glycolipids) display significant diversity in both structure and carbohydrate composition. To define the types of glycoconjugates that facilitate IAV infection, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to truncate different types of glycoconjugates, either individually or in combination, by targeting glycosyltransferases essential to glycan biosynthesis in a human lung epithelial cell line. Our studies show that both human and avian IAV strains do not display strict preferences for a specific type of glycoconjugate. Interestingly, truncation of all three types of glycoconjugates significantly decreased the replication of human IAV strains, yet did not impact the replication of avian IAV strains. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that avian IAV strains utilize a broader repertoire of glycoconjugates for host cell infection as compared to human IAV strains.

Author SummaryIt is well known that influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate host cell infection by binding to sialic acid, a sugar molecule present at the ends of various sugar chains called glycoconjugates. These glycoconjugates can vary in chain length, structure, and composition. However, it remains unknown if IAV strains preferentially bind to sialic acid on specific glycoconjugates for host cell infection. Here, we utilized CRISPR gene editing to abolish sialic acid on different glycoconjugate types in human lung cells, and evaluated human versus avian IAV infections. Our studies show that both human and avian IAV strains can infect human lung cells by utilizing any of the three major sialic acid-containing glycoconjugate types, specifically N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids. Interestingly, simultaneous elimination of sialic acid on all three glycoconjugate types in human lung cells dramatically decreased human IAV infection, yet had little effect on avian IAV infection. Our studies indicate that avian IAV strains can utilize a wide variety of glycoconjugates for infection, whereas human IAV strains display restrictions in glycoconjugate type usage. These novel studies show distinct differences in host glycoconjugate preferences between human and avian IAV strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manivasagam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourronc, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avian and Human Influenza Viruses Exhibit Distinct Glycoconjugate Receptor Specificities in Human Lung Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling to short linear motifs creates versatile PME-1 activities in PP2A holoenzyme demethylation and inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzymes target broad substrates by recognizing short motifs via regulatory subunits. PP2A methylesterase 1 (PME-1) is a cancer-promoting enzyme and undergoes methylesterase activation upon binding to the PP2A core enzyme. Here we showed that PME-1 readily demethylates different families of PP2A holoenzymes and blocks substrate recognition in vitro. The high-resolution cryo-EM structure of a PP2A-B56 holoenzyme-PME-1 complex reveals that PME-1 disordered regions, including a substrate-mimicking motif, tether to the B56 regulatory subunit at remote sites. They occupy the holoenzyme substrate-binding groove and allow large structural shifts in both holoenzyme and PME-1 to enable multi-partite contacts at structured cores to activate the methylesterase. B56-interface mutations selectively block PME-1 activity toward PP2A-B56 holoenzymes and affect the methylation of a fraction of total cellular PP2A. The B56-interface mutations allow us to uncover B56-specific PME-1 functions in p53 signaling. Our studies reveal multiple mechanisms of PME-1 in suppressing holoenzyme functions and versatile PME-1 activities derived from coupling substrate-mimicking motifs to dynamic structured cores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravos, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivarsson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikova, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling to short linear motifs creates versatile PME-1 activities in PP2A holoenzyme demethylation and inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α1 adrenergic receptor - PKC - Pyk2 - Src signaling boosts L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 activity and long-term potentiation in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular mechanisms mediating norepinephrine functions in brain to result in behaviors are unknown. We identified the L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) CaV1.2 as a principal target for Gq- coupled 1-adrenergic receptors (ARs). 1AR signaling increased LTCC activity in hippocampal neurons. This regulation required PKC-mediated activation of the tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and, downstream, Src. Pyk2 and Src were associated with CaV1.2. In model neuroendocrine PC12 cells, stimulation of PKC induced tyrosine phosphorylation of CaV1.2, a modification abrogated by inhibition of Pyk2 and Src. Upregulation of LTCC activity by 1AR and formation of a signaling complex with PKC, Pyk2, and Src suggests that CaV1.2 is a central conduit for signaling by norepinephrine. Indeed, a form of hippocampal LTP in young mice requires both the LTCC and 1AR stimulation. Inhibition of Pyk2 and Src blocked this LTP, indicating that enhancement of CaV1.2 activity via 1AR - Pyk2 - Src signaling regulates synaptic strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Man, K. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Cintron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navedo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α1 adrenergic receptor - PKC - Pyk2 - Src signaling boosts L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 activity and long-term potentiation in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backbone amides are key determinants of Cl- selectivity in CLC ion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chloride homeostasis is tightly regulated in cellular compartments by dedicated channels and transporters. Whereas CLC-type channels select for Cl- over other anions, all other  chloride channels are indiscriminate in their anionic permeability. Pore-lining side chains are thought to determine Cl- selectivity in CLC channels. However, orientation and functional roles of these side chains is not conserved among CLCs. All CLC pores are lined by backbone amides in a conserved structural arrangement, suggesting a role of mainchain groups in selectivity. We replaced pore-lining residues in the CLC-0 and bCLC-k channels with their respective -hydroxy acid counterparts using nonsense suppression method. This exchanges peptide-bond amides with ester-bond oxygens, incapable of hydrogen-bonding with permeating anions. Backbone substitutions functionally degrade inter-anion discrimination in a site-specific manner. These effects depend on the presence of a glutamate side chain that competes with ions permeating through the pore. Molecular dynamics simulations show that ion energetics within the bCLC-k pore are primarily determined by interactions with backbone amides. Insertion of an -hydroxy acid significantly alters ion selectivity and global pore hydration. We propose that backbone amides are conserved determinants of Cl- specificity in CLC channels in a mechanism reminiscent of that described for K+ channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leisle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghanighahnaviyeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backbone amides are key determinants of Cl- selectivity in CLC ion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative study of bacterial SPOR domains identifies functionally important differences in glycan binding affinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial SPOR domains target proteins to the divisome by binding septal peptidoglycan (PG) at sites where cell wall amidases have removed stem peptides. These PG structures are referred to as denuded glycans. Although all characterized SPOR domains bind denuded glycans, whether there are differences in affinity is not known. Here we use isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to determine the relative PG glycan binding affinity (Kd) of four Escherichia coli SPOR domains and one Cytophaga hutchinsonii SPOR domain. We found that the Kd values ranged from approximately 1 {micro}M for E. coli DamXSPOR and C. hutchinsonii CHU2221SPOR to about 10 {micro}M for E. coli FtsNSPOR. To ask whether these differences in PG binding affinity are important for SPOR domain protein function, we constructed and characterized a set of DamX and FtsN "swap" proteins. As expected, all SPOR domain swap proteins localized to the division site, and in the case of FtsN all of the heterologous SPOR domains supported cell division. But for DamX only the high-affinity SPOR domain from CHU2221 supported normal function in cell division. In summary, different SPOR domains bind denuded PG glycans with different affinity, which appears to be very important for the function of some SPOR domain proteins (e.g., DamX) but not others (e.g., FtsN).

ImportanceSPOR domain proteins are prominent components of the cell division apparatus in a wide variety of bacteria. The primary function of SPOR domains is to target proteins to the division site, which they accomplish by binding to septal peptidoglycan. But whether SPOR domains have any functions beyond septal targeting is unknown. Here we show that SPOR domains vary in their PG binding affinities and, at least in the case of the E. coli cell division protein DamX, having a high-affinity SPOR domain contributes to proper function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaus, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popham, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative study of bacterial SPOR domains identifies functionally important differences in glycan binding affinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase maintains cardiac immuno-metabolic homeostasis in heart failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe lysosome is a central player in maintaining immuno-metabolic homeostasis. However, mechanistic insights into the regulation of lysosome-dependent immuno-metabolism in the heart are lacking. Lysosomal reductase Gamma Interferon-Inducible Thiol Reductase (GILT) is the only identified lysosomal reductase that controls diverse sets of lysosomal enzymes and cargoes.

MethodsThe role of cardiac GILT was assessed by generating a novel genetic mouse model and employing a multidisciplinary approach including surgical interventions, live in situ high resolution microscopy, whole-tissue respirometry analysis, unbiased transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, and various cell biology and biochemical assays.

ResultsWe found that expression and activity of GILT are reduced in hearts from humans and mice with heart failure (HF). Mice with cardiac specific loss of GILT develop late onset systolic HF at baseline. In the setting of nutrient-overload and experimental left ventricular pressure overload conditions, loss of GILT in cardiomyocytes accelerates the development of heart dysfunction. Transcriptomic and metabolic analyses further revealed that cardiac GILT deficiency alters adaptive immuno-metabolic signatures in the heart. Finally, at the cellular level, cardiac GILT deletion impaired mitochondrial respiration, which was in part due to NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated elevation of mitochondrial oxidative stress.

ConclusionsTogether, these findings identify a causal link between a lysosome-inflammation axis, mitochondrial function and heart failure. Elucidation of these mechanisms will identify novel therapeutic strategies for treating HF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase maintains cardiac immuno-metabolic homeostasis in heart failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity Disrupts Pituitary UPR Leading to NAFLD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is the major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), for which effective cures are lacking. Despite the notion that obesity is associated with aberrant levels and action of pituitary hormones that are essential for maintaining hepatic metabolic and inflammatory states, the intrinsic pituitary endocrine abnormalities and their systemic consequences are incompletely defined. By characterizing the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on the pituitary whole tissue and single cell transcriptome, we demonstrated that obesity disrupts pituitary endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis by suppressing the inositol-requiring enzyme- (IRE1)-mediated adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR). We further showed that defective pituitary UPR by IRE1-deletion in the anterior pituitary strikingly augmented obesity-associated systemic metabolic abnormalities, particularly the NAFLD-associated pathologies. Conversely, enhancing the adaptive UPR in the anterior pituitary, by genetic gain-of-function of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1), ameliorated the systemic and hepatic metabolic defects observed in mice with pituitary IRE1 deletion. Intriguingly, disruption of the UPR in the pituitary resulted in impaired hepatic UPR, which was in part due to a defective thyroid hormone receptor (THR)-mediated activation of hepatic Xbp1. In contrast, activation of the hepatic THR signaling improved obesity-associated glucose intolerance and attenuated the impaired hepatic ER homeostasis in anterior pituitary-IRE1 deficient mice. Together, our study provides the first insight into disruption of endocrine signaling-mediated inter-organ UPR communication drives obesity-associated hepatic pathologies. Unraveling these connections might uncover new therapeutic targets for NAFLD and other obesity-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity Disrupts Pituitary UPR Leading to NAFLD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intense light unleashes male courtship behaviorin wild-type Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila courtship studies have elucidated several principles of the neurogenetic organization of complex behavior. Through an integration across sensory modalities, males perform stereotypic patterns of chasing, courtship song production, and copulation attempts. Here we report a serendipitous finding that intense light not only enhances courtship toward female targets but also triggers unexpected courtship behaviors among male flies. Strikingly, in wild-type male-only chambers, we observed extreme behavioral manifestations, such as "chaining" and "wheeling", resembling previously reported male-male courtship behaviors in fruitless mutants and in transformants with ectopic mini-white+ overexpression. This male-male courtship was greatly diminished in a variety of visual system mutants, including disrupted phototransduction (norpA), eliminated eye-color screening pigments (white), or deletion of the R7 photoreceptor cells (sevenless). However, light-induced courtship was unhampered in wing-cut flies, despite their inability to produce courtship song, a major acoustic signal during courtship. Unexpectedly the olfactory mutants orco and sbl displayed unrestrained male-male courtship. Particularly, orco males attained maximum courtship scores under either dim or intense light conditions. Together, our observations support the notion that the innate male courtship behavior is restrained by olfactory cues under normal conditions but can be unleashed by strong visual stimulation in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzicka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intense light unleashes male courtship behaviorin wild-type Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta bursts over frontal cortex track the surprise of unexpected events in auditory, visual, and tactile modalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the fundamental ways in which the brain regulates and monitors behavior is by making predictions about the sensory environment and adjusting behavior when those expectations are violated. As such, surprise is one of the fundamental computations performed by the human brain. In recent years, it has been well-established that one key aspect by which behavior is adjusted during surprise is inhibitory control of the motor system. Moreover, since surprise automatically triggers inhibitory control without much proactive influence, it can provide unique insights into largely reactive control processes. Recent years have seen tremendous interest in burst-like {beta} frequency events in the human (and non-human) local field potential - especially over (pre)frontal cortex) - as a potential signature of inhibitory control. To date, {beta}-bursts have only been studied in paradigms involving a substantial amount of proactive control (such as the stop-signal task). Here, we used two cross-modal oddball tasks to investigate whether surprise processing is accompanied by increases in scalp-recorded {beta}-bursts. Indeed, we found that unexpected events in all tested sensory domains (haptic, auditory, visual) were followed by low-latency increases in {beta}-bursting over frontal cortex. Across experiments, {beta}-burst rates were positively correlated with estimates of surprise derived from Shannons information theory, a type of surprise that represents the degree to which a given stimulus violates prior expectations. As such, the current work clearly implicates frontal {beta}-bursts as a signature of surprise processing. We discuss these findings in the context of common frameworks of inhibitory and cognitive control after unexpected events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta bursts over frontal cortex track the surprise of unexpected events in auditory, visual, and tactile modalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo functional genomics identifies essentiality of potassium homeostasis in medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of cancer maintenance genes--driver genes essential to tumor survival--is fundamental for developing effective cancer therapy. Transposon-based insertional mutagenesis screens can identify cancer driver genes broadly but not discriminate maintenance from progression or initiation drivers, which contribute to cancer phenotypes and tumorigenesis, respectively. We engineered a nested, double-jumping transposon system to first dysregulate gene expression during tumorigenesis and then restore gene expression following tumor induction, allowing for genome-wide screening of maintenance essentiality in vivo. In a mouse model of medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric malignancy, insertion and remobilization of this nested transposon uncovers potassium channel genes as recurrent maintenance drivers. In human medulloblastoma, KCNB2 is the most overexpressed potassium channel across Group 3, Group 4, and SHH subgroups, and Kcnb2 knockout in mice diminishes the replicative potential of medulloblastoma-propagating cells to mitigate tumor growth. Kcnb2 governs potassium homeostasis to regulate plasma membrane tension-gated EGFR signaling, which drives proliferative expansion of medulloblastoma-propagating cells. Thus, our novel transposon system reveals potassium homeostasis as essential to tumor maintenance through biomechanical modulation of membrane signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrampour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeysundara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusong, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holgado, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadinanos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriarity, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largaespada, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanggou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo functional genomics identifies essentiality of potassium homeostasis in medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pair housing does not alter incubation of craving, extinction, and reinstatement after heroin self-administration in female and male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleEvidence suggests that single housing in rats acts as a chronic stressor, raising the possibilities that it contributes to measures of heroin craving and that pair housing ameliorates such measures.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine whether pair housing after heroin self-administration reduces the incubation of craving, extinction, and reinstatement of heroin seeking.

MethodsSingle-housed female and male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent daily 6-h heroin self-administration, wherein active lever presses produced a heroin infusion paired with light/tone cues. One d after self-administration, rats underwent a baseline cued-seeking test wherein active lever presses only produced light/tone cues. Immediately following this cued-seeking test, rats were either pair-housed with a weight- and sex-matched naive rat or remained single-housed for the rest of the study. For 14 d, rats remained in their homecages, after which they underwent a cued-seeking test to assess the incubation of craving compared to their baseline test. Rats then underwent extinction sessions followed by cue-induced and heroin-primed reinstatements.

ResultsThe findings reveal that pair-housed rats did not differ from single-housed rats in terms of the incubation of craving, extinction, or reinstatement of heroin seeking. Additionally, the results did not reveal any evidence of sex-based differences in the study.

ConclusionsThe present work indicates that pair housing during the forced abstinence period does not alter measures of heroin craving/seeking. These findings suggest that the chronic stress of single housing specifically during forced abstinence does not contribute to the degree of such measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nett, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaLumiere, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pair housing does not alter incubation of craving, extinction, and reinstatement after heroin self-administration in female and male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPHoP: an integrated machine-learning framework to maximize host prediction for metagenome-assembled virus genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extraordinary diversity of viruses infecting bacteria and archaea is now primarily studied through metagenomics. While metagenomes enable high-throughput exploration of the viral sequence space, metagenome-derived genomes lack key information compared to isolated viruses, in particular host association. Different computational approaches are available to predict the host(s) of uncultivated viruses based on their genome sequences, but thus far individual approaches are limited either in precision or in recall, i.e. for a number of viruses they yield erroneous predictions or no prediction at all. Here we describe iPHoP, a two-step framework that integrates multiple methods to provide host predictions for a broad range of viruses while retaining a low (<10%) false-discovery rate. Based on a large database of metagenome-derived virus genomes, we illustrate how iPHoP can provide extensive host prediction and guide further characterization of uncultivated viruses. iPHoP is available at https://bitbucket.org/srouxjgi/iphop, through a Bioconda recipe, and a Docker container.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutinho, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabdoub, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutilh, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayfach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPHoP: an integrated machine-learning framework to maximize host prediction for metagenome-assembled virus genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity in developing prefrontal cortex is shaped by sleep and sensory experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In developing rats, behavioral state exerts a profound modulatory influence on neural activity throughout the sensorimotor system, including primary motor cortex (M1). We hypothesized that similar state-dependent modulation occurs in higher-order cortical areas with which M1 forms functional connections. Here, using 8- and 12-day-old rats cycling freely between sleep and wake, we record neural activity in M1, secondary motor cortex (M2), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). At both ages in all three areas, neural activity increased during active sleep (AS) compared with wake. Regardless of behavioral state, neural activity in M2 and mPFC increased during periods when limbs were moving. This movement-related activity in M2 and mPFC, like that in M1, is driven by sensory feedback. Our results, which diverge from those of previous studies using anesthetized pups, demonstrate that AS-dependent modulation and sensory responsivity extend to prefrontal cortex. These findings expand the range of factors shaping the activity-dependent development of higher-order cortical areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity in developing prefrontal cortex is shaped by sleep and sensory experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic N6-methyladenosine profile of SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic post-transcriptional RNA modification that plays an important role in determining transcript fate. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the virus has been extensively studied. However, how m6A modification of host cell RNAs change during SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been reported. Here we define the epitranscriptomic m6A profile of SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells compared to uninfected controls. Biological pathway analyses revealed that differentially methylated transcripts were significantly associated with cancer-related pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, cell death and proliferation. Upstream regulators predicted to be associated with the proteins encoded by differentially methylated mRNAs include proteins involved in the type I interferon response, inflammation, and cytokine signaling. These data suggest that m6A modification of cellular RNA is an important mechanism of regulating host gene expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espada, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitranscriptomic N6-methyladenosine profile of SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Microparticle Formulation Reverses Muscle Hyperalgesia in Mouse Model of Widespread Muscle Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, there is a need for the generation of non-opioid analgesics for treating chronic pain. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the analgesic effects of testosterone. However, treatment with testosterone is not feasible due to adverse effects. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) were developed to overcome these limitations by minimizing activation of androgenic side effects. First, we demonstrate SARM administration alleviates widespread muscle pain in male and female mice. We then developed a SARM-loaded PLGA microparticle formulation that reverses widespread muscle pain in two injections. In vitro and in vivo release kinetics demonstrate the microparticle formulation had sustained SARM release for 4 weeks. Antagonism of androgen receptors blocked the analgesic effects of the SARM microparticles. SARM treatment had no effect on cardiac or liver enzymes, cardiac histology, and did not produce rewarding behavior. These studies demonstrate SARM microparticles as a potential therapeutic for chronic muscle pain.

One Sentence SummaryA selective androgen receptor modulator microparticle formulation alleviates widespread muscle pain in male and female mice while being non-toxic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lesnak, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phruttiwanichakun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Microparticle Formulation Reverses Muscle Hyperalgesia in Mouse Model of Widespread Muscle Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HD-PTP/PTPN23 hypomorphic mice display lipodystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) drive reverse topology membrane remodeling events including the formation of intralumenal vesicles within multivesicular bodies, the budding of retroviruses from the plasma membrane, and the scission of the cytokinetic bridge. It has been difficult to study the physiological relevance of this machinery in mammals because many contributing components are essential for viability. To bypass this problem we used combinations of knockout (-), hypomorphic (H) and wildtype (+) alleles to generate a series of mice with a gradual reduction of HD-PTP (product of PTPN23), an ESCRT-associated protein known to cause embryonic lethality when fully depleted. Whereas PTPN23-/H mice died shortly after birth, PTPN23H/H mice developed into adulthood but had reduced size, lipodystrophy, and shortened lifespan. Analysis of 14-day inguinal adipose tissue indicated reduced expression of adipogenesis markers, and PTPN23 knockout preadipocytes similarly display reduced adipogenesis in vitro. Defects in insulin-stimulated signaling were apparent in differentiated PTPN23 knockout adipocytes and PTPN23H/H inguinal adipose tissue in vitro, correlating with reduced levels of insulin signaling hallmarks observed in adult PTPN23H/H inguinal adipose tissue in vivo. Whereas the ESCRT machinery have been suggested to downregulate signaling, these results indicate that HD-PTP promotes insulin-induced signaling in, as well as differentiation of, inguinal adipose tissue. These results revealed unexpected roles for HD-PTP in promoting fat accumulation in mammalian cells through supporting insulin signaling, adipogenesis, and lipid droplet formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeganathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmlechner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruin, A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jachim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBrasseur, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Deursen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzmann, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HD-PTP/PTPN23 hypomorphic mice display lipodystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule sequencing of animal mitochondrial genomes reveals chloroplast-like architecture and repeat-mediated recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in long-read sequencing technology have allowed for single-molecule sequencing of entire mitochondrial genomes, opening the door for direct investigation of mitochondrial genome architecture and landscapes of recombination. We used PacBio sequencing to re-assemble mitochondrial genomes from two species of New Zealand freshwater snails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Potamopyrgus estuarinus. These assemblies revealed a [~]1.7 kb structure within the mitochondrial genomes of both species that was previously undetected by assembly of short sequencing reads and likely corresponding to a large non-coding region commonly present in mitochondrial genomes. The overall architecture of these Potamopyrgus mitochondrial genomes is reminiscent of the chloroplast genomes of land plants, harboring a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (SSC) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb). Individual sequencing reads that spanned across the Potamopyrgus IRa-SSC-IRb structure revealed the occurrence of "flip-flop" recombination, apparently mediated by the IRs. We also detected evidence for two distinct IR haplotypes and recombination between them in wild-caught P. estuarinus, as well as extensive inter-molecular recombination between SNPs in the LSC region. Together, these observations suggest that mitochondrial inheritance is not strictly maternal in these snails. The chloroplast-like architecture and repeat-mediated mitochondrial recombination we describe here raise fundamental questions regarding the origins and commonness of such architecture, whether and how recombination mediates mitochondrial genome evolution, and the role of genome architecture in driving cytoplasmic genome biology and the maintenance of cytoplasmic genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharbrough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule sequencing of animal mitochondrial genomes reveals chloroplast-like architecture and repeat-mediated recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RAM signaling pathway links morphology, thermotolerance, and CO2 tolerance in the global fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The environmental pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans claims over 180,000 lives each year. Survival of this basidiomycete at host CO2 concentrations has only recently been considered an important virulence trait. Through screening gene knockout libraries constructed in a CO2-tolerant clinical strain, we found mutations leading to CO2 sensitivity are enriched in pathways activated by heat stress, including calcineurin, Ras1-Cdc24, cell wall integrity, and Regulator of Ace2 and Morphogenesis (RAM). Overexpression of Cbk1, the conserved terminal kinase of the RAM pathway, partially restored defects of these mutants at host CO2 or temperature levels. In ascomycetes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, transcription factor Ace2 is an important target of Cbk1, activating genes responsible for cell separation. However, no Ace2 homolog or any downstream component of the RAM pathway has been identified in basidiomycetes. Through in vitro evolution and comparative genomics, we characterized mutations in suppressors of cbk1{Delta} in C. neoformans that partially rescued defects in CO2 tolerance, thermotolerance, and morphology. One suppressor is the RNA translation repressor Ssd1, which is highly conserved in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The other is a novel ribonuclease domain-containing protein, here named PSC1, which is present in basidiomycetes and humans but surprisingly absent in most ascomycetes. Loss of Ssd1 in cbk1{Delta} partially restored cryptococcal ability to survive and amplify in the inhalation and intravenous murine models of cryptococcosis. Our discoveries highlight the overlapping regulation of CO2 tolerance and thermotolerance, the essential role of the RAM pathway in cryptococcal adaptation to the host condition, and the potential importance of post-transcriptional control of virulence traits in this global pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristow, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RAM signaling pathway links morphology, thermotolerance, and CO2 tolerance in the global fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a novel estrogen- and progesterone-responsive endometrial cancer cell line: HCI-EC-23 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most endometrial cancers express the hormone receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and are driven by excess estrogen signaling. However, evaluation of the estrogen response in endometrial cancer cells has been limited by the availability of hormonally responsive in vitro models, with one cell line, Ishikawa, being used in most studies. Here, we describe a novel, adherent endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) cell line model, HCI-EC-23. We show that HCI-EC-23 retains ER expression and that ER functionally responds to estrogen induction over a range of passages. We also demonstrate that this cell line retains paradoxical activation of ER by tamoxifen, which is also observed in Ishikawa and is consistent with clinical data. The mutational landscape shows that HCI-EC-23 is mutated at many of the commonly altered genes in EEC, has relatively few copy-number alterations, and is microsatellite instable high (MSI-high). In vitro proliferation of HCI-EC-23 is strongly reduced upon combination estrogen and progesterone treatment. HCI-EC-23 exhibits strong estrogen dependence for tumor growth in vivo and tumor size is reduced by combination estrogen and progesterone treatment. Molecular characterization of estrogen induction in HCI-EC-23 revealed hundreds of estrogen-responsive genes that significantly overlapped with those regulated in Ishikawa. Analysis of ER genome binding identified similar patterns in HCI-EC-23 and Ishikawa, although ER exhibited more bound sites in Ishikawa. This study demonstrates that HCI-EC-23 is an estrogen- and progesterone-responsive cell line model that can be used to study the hormonal aspects of endometrial cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rush, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polaski, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahrenkamp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a novel estrogen- and progesterone-responsive endometrial cancer cell line: HCI-EC-23]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The calcineurin regulator Sarah enables acute and chronic forms of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of synapses to maintain physiological levels of evoked neurotransmission is essential for neuronal stability. A variety of perturbations can disrupt neurotransmission, but synapses often compensate for disruptions and work to stabilize activity levels, using forms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) is one such mechanism. PHP is expressed at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse, as well as other NMJs. In PHP, presynaptic neurotransmitter release increases to offset the effects of impairing muscle transmitter receptors. Prior Drosophila work has studied PHP using different ways to perturb muscle receptor function - either acutely (using pharmacology) or chronically (using genetics). Some of our prior data suggested that cytoplasmic calcium signaling was important for expression of PHP after genetic impairment of glutamate receptors. Here we followed up on that observation. We used a combination of transgenic Drosophila RNA interference and overexpression lines, along with NMJ electrophysiology, synapse imaging, and pharmacology to test if regulators of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin are necessary for the normal expression of PHP. We found that either pre- or postsynaptic dysregulation of a Drosophila gene regulating calcineurin, sarah (sra), blocks PHP. Tissue-specific manipulations showed that either increases or decreases in sra expression are detrimental to PHP. Additionally, pharmacologically and genetically induced forms of expression of PHP are functionally separable depending entirely upon which sra genetic manipulation is used. Surprisingly, dual-tissue pre- and postsynaptic sra knockdown or overexpression can ameliorate PHP blocks revealed in single-tissue experiments. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of calcineurin corroborated this latter finding. Our results suggest tight calcineurin regulation is needed across multiple tissue types to stabilize peripheral synaptic outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The calcineurin regulator Sarah enables acute and chronic forms of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies in mice have demonstrated that cardiac-specific innate immune signaling pathways can be reprogrammed to modulate inflammation in response to myocardial injury and improve outcomes. While the echocardiography standard parameters of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and end-diastolic diameter, and others, are used to assess cardiac function, their dependency on loading conditions somewhat limit their utility in completely reflecting the contractile function and global cardiovascular efficiency of the heart. A true measure of global cardiovascular efficiency should include of the interaction between the ventricle and the aorta (ventriculo-vascular coupling, VVC) as well as measures of aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. We measured cardiac Doppler velocities, blood pressures, along with VVC, aortic impedance, and pulse wave velocity to evaluate global cardiac function in mouse model of cardiac-restricted low levels TRAF2 overexpression that conferred cytoprotection in the heart. While previous studies reported that response to myocardial infraction and reperfusion was improved in the TRAF2 overexpressed mice, we found that TRAF2 mice had significantly lower cardiac systolic velocities and accelerations, diastolic atrial velocity, lower aortic pressures and rate-pressure product, lower LV contractility and relaxation, and lower stroke work when compared to littermate control mice. Also, we found significantly longer aortic ejection time, isovolumic contraction and relaxation times, and significantly higher mitral early/atrial ratio, myocardial performance index, and ventricular vascular coupling in the TRAF2 overexpression mice compared to their littermate controls. We found no significant differences in the aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. While the reported tolerance to ischemic insults in TRAF2 overexpression mice may suggest enhanced cardiac reserve, our results indicate a diminished cardiac function in these mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barongan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anudokem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging The Evolving Semantics: A Data Driven Approach to Knowledge Discovery In Biomedicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent progress in biological, medical and health-care technologies, and innovations in wearable sensors provide us with unprecedented opportunities to accumulate massive data to understand disease prognosis and develop personalized treatments and interventions. These massive data supplemented with rapid growth in computing infrastructure has enabled bio-medical researchers to perform more comprehensive experiments and detailed case-studies. At the same time, performing these experiments are not only monetarily expensive but also time consuming. Thus, there is a growing need to provide tools to the researchers that will allow them to pose queries that will assist them in focusing on interesting "hypotheses". However, such a tool would require capabilities to derive inferences based on existing known relationship between medical concepts. In this paper, we tackle this problem as one of non-factoid question answering wherein we try to answer the user-post questions by leveraging both authoritative as well as social media posts. While the former provides us with well knowledge on well researched topics, the latter provides us with real-time feedback on variety of topics like adverse drug effect (ADE), symptoms-drug relationship, etc. The challenge with leveraging the authoritative sources to infer answers for non-factoid question lies in: (a) The effective navigation of the answer search-space for timely response to the queries, (b) Ranking the candidate answers derived in step-(a) to enable non-trivial and novel discoveries, and (c) Being robust to perform confirmatory as well as discovery type of tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging The Evolving Semantics: A Data Driven Approach to Knowledge Discovery In Biomedicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphyloxanthin production by Staphylococcus aureus promotes resistance to oxidative stress to delay diabetic wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that burden patients and health care systems. Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent and abundant in the DFU microbiome, and strain-level differences in S. aureus may drive clinical outcomes. To identify mechanisms underlying strain-specific outcomes in DFU with S. aureus, we performed high-throughput phenotyping screens on a collection of 221 S. aureus cultured isolates from clinically uninfected DFU. Of the 4 phenotypes examined (in vitro biofilm formation and production of staphylokinase, staphyloxanthin, and siderophores), we discovered that isolates from non-healing wounds produced more staphyloxanthin, a carotenoid cell membrane pigment. In a murine diabetic wound healing model, staphyloxanthin-producing isolates delayed wound closure significantly compared to staphyloxanthin-deficient isolates. Staphyloxanthin promoted resistance to oxidative stress in vitro and enhanced bacterial survival in human neutrophils. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of genetically similar clinical isolates with disparate staphyloxanthin phenotypes revealed a mutation in the Sigma B regulatory pathway that resulted in marked differences in stress response gene expression. Our findings suggest that staphyloxanthin production delays wound healing by protecting S. aureus from neutrophil-mediated oxidative stress, and may provide a target for therapeutic intervention in S. aureus-positive wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCready-Vangi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uberoi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovins, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grice, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphyloxanthin production by Staphylococcus aureus promotes resistance to oxidative stress to delay diabetic wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPA1 Downregulation in Skeletal Muscle Induces MERC formation in an ATF4-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) are protein- and lipid-enriched hubs that mediate interorganellar communication by contributing to the dynamic transfer of Ca2+, lipid, and other metabolites between these organelles. Defective MERCs are associated with cellular oxidative stress, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology via mechanisms that are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that skeletal muscle-specific knockdown (KD) of the mitochondrial fusion mediator optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) induced ER stress and correlated with an induction of Mitofusin-2, a known MERC protein. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Opa1 downregulation in skeletal muscle cells alters MERC formation by evaluating multiple myocyte systems, including from mice and Drosophila, and in primary myotubes. Our results revealed that OPA1 deficiency induced tighter and more frequent MERCs in concert with a greater abundance of MERC proteins involved in calcium exchange. Additionally, loss of OPA1 increased the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an integrated stress response (ISR) pathway effector. Reducing Atf4 expression prevented the OPA1-loss-induced tightening of MERC structures. OPA1 reduction was associated with decreased mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum, a specialized form of ER, calcium, which was reversed following ATF4 repression. These data suggest that mitochondrial stress, induced by OPA1 deficiency, regulates skeletal muscle MERC formation in an ATF4-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schickling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacevac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DoKoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, N. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPA1 Downregulation in Skeletal Muscle Induces MERC formation in an ATF4-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofibromin 1 mediates sleep depth in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural regulation of sleep and metabolic homeostasis are critical in many aspects of human health. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence linking sleep dysregulation with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, little is known about the neural and molecular basis for the integration of sleep and metabolic function. The RAS GTPase-activating gene Neurofibromin (Nf1) has been implicated in the regulation of sleep and metabolic rate, raising the possibility that it serves to integrate these processes, but the effects on sleep consolidation and physiology remain poorly understood. A key hallmark of sleep depth in mammals and flies is a reduction in metabolic rate during sleep. Here, we use indirect calorimetry to define the role of Nf1 on sleep-dependent changes in metabolic rate. Flies lacking Nf1 fail to suppress metabolic rate during sleep, raising the possibility that loss of Nf1 prevents flies from integrating sleep and metabolic state. Sleep of Nf1 mutant flies is fragmented with a reduced arousal threshold in Nf1 mutants, suggesting Nf1 flies fail to enter deep sleep. The effects of Nf1 on sleep can be localized to a subset of neurons expressing the GABA receptor Rdl. Selective knockdown of Nf1 in Rdl-expressing neurons increases gut permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut, suggesting a critical role for deep sleep in gut homeostasis. Together, these findings suggest Nf1 acts in GABA-sensitive neurons to modulate sleep depth in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomchik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofibromin 1 mediates sleep depth in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular exercise promotes whole-body health and prevents disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms throughout a whole organism are incompletely understood. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) profiled the temporal transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, lipidome, phosphoproteome, acetylproteome, ubiquitylproteome, epigenome, and immunome in whole blood, plasma, and 18 solid tissues in Rattus norvegicus over 8 weeks of endurance exercise training. The resulting data compendium encompasses 9466 assays across 19 tissues, 25 molecular platforms, and 4 training time points in young adult male and female rats. We identified thousands of shared and tissue- and sex-specific molecular alterations. Temporal multi-omic and multi-tissue analyses demonstrated distinct patterns of tissue remodeling, with widespread regulation of immune, metabolism, heat shock stress response, and mitochondrial pathways. These patterns provide biological insights into the adaptive responses to endurance training over time. For example, exercise training induced heart remodeling via altered activity of the Mef2 family of transcription factors and tyrosine kinases. Translational analyses revealed changes that are consistent with human endurance training data and negatively correlated with disease, including increased phospholipids and decreased triacylglycerols in the liver. Sex differences in training adaptation were widespread, including those in the brain, adrenal gland, lung, and adipose tissue. Integrative analyses generated novel hypotheses of disease relevance, including candidate mechanisms that link training adaptation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular health, and tissue injury and recovery. The data and analysis results presented in this study will serve as valuable resources for the broader community and are provided in an easily accessible public repository (https://motrpac-data.org/).

HighlightsO_LIMulti-tissue resource identifies 35,439 analytes regulated by endurance exercise training at 5% FDR across 211 combinations of tissues and molecular platforms.
C_LIO_LIInterpretation of systemic and tissue-specific molecular adaptations produced hypotheses to help describe the health benefits induced by exercise.
C_LIO_LIRobust sex-specific responses to endurance exercise training are observed across multiple organs at the molecular level.
C_LIO_LIDeep multi-omic profiling of six tissues defines regulatory signals for tissue adaptation to endurance exercise training.
C_LIO_LIAll data are available in a public repository, and processed data, analysis results, and code to reproduce major analyses are additionally available in convenient R packages.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagro Armenteros, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bararpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkayeva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pie</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical identification of a nuclear coactivator protein required for AtrR-dependent gene regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azole drugs represent the primary means of treating infections associated with the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. A central player in azole resistance is the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor AtrR. This factor stimulates expression of the both the cyp51A gene encoding the azole drug target enzyme as well as an ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene called abcG1 (aka cdr1B). We have used a fusion protein between AtrR and the tandem affinity purification (TAP) moiety to purify proteins that associate with AtrR from A. fumigatus. Protein fractions associated with AtrR-TAP were subjected to MudPIT mass spectrometry and one of the proteins identified was encoded by the AFUA_6g08010 gene. We have designated this protein NcaA (Nuclear Co-Activator of AtrR). Loss of ncaA caused a reduction in voriconazole resistance and drug-induced abcG1 expression, although did not impact induction of cyp51A transcription. We confirmed association of AtrR and NcaA by co-immunoprecipitation from otherwise wild-type cells. Expression of fusion proteins between AtrR and NcaA with green fluorescent protein allowed determination that these two proteins were localized in the A. fumigatus nucleus. Together, these data support the view that NcaA is required for nuclear gene transcription controlled by AtrR.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is the major filamentous fungal pathogen in humans and is susceptible to the azole antifungal class of drugs. However, loss of azole susceptibility has been detected with increasing frequency in the clinic and infections associated with these azole resistant isolates linked to treatment failure and worse outcomes. Many of these azole resistant mutant strains contain mutant alleles of the cyp51A gene encoding the azole drug target. A transcription factor essential for cyp51A gene transcription has been identified and designated AtrR. AtrR is required for azole inducible cyp51A transcription but we know little of the regulation of this transcription factor. Using a biochemical approach, we identify a new protein called NcaA that is involved in regulation of AtrR at certain target gene promoters. Understanding the mechanisms controlling AtrR function is an important goal in preventing or reversing azole resistance in this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical identification of a nuclear coactivator protein required for AtrR-dependent gene regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac MAO-A inhibition protects against catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias via enhanced diastolic calcium control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPeople with clinical depression exhibit increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias that could be related to differences in catecholamine metabolism. Emerging studies have implicated a pathophysiologic role for monoamine oxidase (MAO-A), which catalyzes catecholamine metabolism in the heart. MAO-A is the pharmacological target of some classes of anti-depressants. Here, we investigated the relationship between MAO-A activity and arrhythmogenesis.

Methods & ResultsTriNetX database analysis of adult patients with depression (n=11,533) revealed that MAO inhibitor (MAOI) treatment is associated with significantly lower risk of arrhythmias compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment (16.7% vs 18.6%, p=0.0002). To determine a mechanistic link between MAO activity and arrhythmia, we utilized a genetically modified mouse model with cardiomyocyte-specific MAO-A deficiency (cMAO-Adef). Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, cMAO-Adef mice had a significant reduction in the incidence (38.9% vs. 77.8%, p=0.0409) and duration (55.33 {+/-} 26.21s vs.163.1 {+/-} 56.38s, p=0.0360) of catecholamine stress-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). Reduced VT risk and duration were associated with altered cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling in the cMAO-Adef hearts, including a marked increase in Ca2+ reuptake rate, decreased diastolic Ca2+ levels, decreased SR Ca2+ load and reduced Ca2+ spark activity following catecholamine stimulation relative to WT. Further analysis of molecular mechanisms revealed that altered Ca2+ handling in the cMAO-Adef hearts was related to decreased catecholamine-induced phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), and increased phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB).

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that MAO-A inhibition in cardiomyocytes mitigates arrhythmogenesis via enhanced Ca2+ reuptake that lowers diastolic Ca2+ levels thereby diminishing arrhythmic triggers following catecholamine stimulation. Thus, cardiac MAO-A represents a potential target for antiarrhythmic therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac MAO-A inhibition protects against catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias via enhanced diastolic calcium control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynein-mediated trafficking and degradation of nephrin in diabetic podocytopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by increased endocytosis and degradation of nephrin, a protein that comprises the molecular sieve of the glomerular filtration barrier, but the key trafficking mechanism that connects the initial endocytic events and the homeostasis of nephrin is unknown. Our work implicates cytoplasmic dynein, a transport complex that is upregulated in DN, plays a critical role in triaging the endocytosed nephrin between recycling and proteolytic pathways. Using Nephroseq platform, our transcription analysis in public DN databases revealed dynein overexpression in human DN and diabetic mouse kidney, correlated with the severity of hyperglycemia and nephropathy. The increased expression of dynein subunits was confirmed in high glucose-treated podocytes and in glomeruli isolated from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Using live cell imaging, we illustrated that dynein-mediated post-endocytic sorting of nephrin was upregulated, resulting in accelerated nephrin degradation and disrupted nephrin recycling. In diabetic podocytopathy, Dynll1 is one of the most upregulated dynein components that was recruited to endocytosed nephrin. This was corroborated by observing enhanced Dynll1-nephrin colocalization in podocytes of diabetic patients, as well as dynein-mediated trafficking and degradation of nephrin in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Knockdown of Dynll1 attenuated lysosomal degradation of nephrin and promoted its recycling, suggesting the essential role of Dynll1 in dynein-mediated mistrafficking. Defining the role of dynein-mediated mistrafficking of nephrin in diabetes will not only fill the knowledge gap about the early events of DN, but also inspire novel therapeutics that target a broad spectrum of molecular events involved in the dynein-mediated trafficking.

Translational StatementDiabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end stage kidney disease in the United States, is characterized by a podocytopathy with mistrafficking and depletion of the slit diaphragm protein nephrin, which in turn compromises the podocytes function in maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier. There is a critical need to define the trafficking mechanisms underlying the depletion of nephrin. Our work implicates cytoplasmic dynein, a trafficking complex that connects diabetes-triggered endocytosis with proteolytic pathways. Delineation of the dynein-driven pathogenesis of diabetic podocytopathy will inspire new therapies that potentially target a broad spectrum of molecules involved in dynein-mediated trafficking and degradation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allamargot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misurac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nester, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynein-mediated trafficking and degradation of nephrin in diabetic podocytopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetics of post-operative delirium: A genome-wide DNA methylation study of neurosurgery patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsThere is no previous study demonstrating the differences of genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles between patients with and without postoperative delirium (POD). We aimed to discover epigenetic (DNAm) markers that are associated with POD in blood obtained from patients before and after neurosurgery.

MethodsPre- and post-surgical blood DNA samples from 37 patients, including 10 POD cases, were analyzed using the Illumina EPIC array genome-wide platform. We examined DNAm differences in blood from patients with and without POD. Enrichment analysis with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes terms were also conducted.

ResultsWhen POD cases were tested for DNAm change before and after surgery, enrichment analyses showed many relevant signals with statistical significance in immune response related-pathways and inflammatory cytokine related-pathways such as "cellular response to cytokine stimulus", "regulation of immune system process", "regulation of cell activation", and "regulation of cytokine production". Furthermore, after excluding the potential effect of common factors related to surgery and anesthesia between POD cases and non-POD controls, the enrichment analyses showed significant signals such as "immune response" and "T cell activation", which are same pathways previously identified from an independent non-surgical inpatient cohort. Conclusions: Our first genome-wide DNAm investigation of POD showed promising signals related to immune response, inflammatory response and other relevant signals considered to be associated with delirium pathophysiology. Our data supports the hypothesis that epigenetics are playing an important role in pathophysiological mechanism of delirium and suggest the potential usefulness of epigenetics based biomarker of POD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crutchley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandharipande, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetics of post-operative delirium: A genome-wide DNA methylation study of neurosurgery patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UV irradiation remodels the specificity landscape of transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations are highly enriched at transcription factor (TF) binding sites, with the strongest trend being observed for ultraviolet light (UV)-induced mutations in melanomas. One of the main mechanisms proposed for this hyper-mutation pattern is the inefficient repair of UV lesions within TF-binding sites, caused by competition between TFs bound to these lesions and the DNA repair proteins that must recognize the lesions to initiate repair. However, TF binding to UV-irradiated DNA is poorly characterized, and it is unclear whether TFs maintain specificity for their DNA sites after UV exposure. We developed UV-Bind, a high-throughput approach to investigate the impact of UV irradiation on protein-DNA binding specificity. We applied UV-Bind to ten TFs from eight structural families, and found that UV lesions significantly altered the DNA-binding preferences of all TFs tested. The main effect was a decrease in binding specificity, but the precise effects and their magnitude differ across factors. Importantly, we found that despite the overall reduction in DNA-binding specificity in the presence of UV lesions, TFs can still compete with repair proteins for lesion recognition, in a manner consistent with their specificity for UV-irradiated DNA. In addition, for a subset of TFs we identified a surprising but reproducible effect at certain non-consensus DNA sequences, where UV irradiation leads to a high increase in the level of TF binding. These changes in DNA-binding specificity after UV irradiation, at both consensus and non-consensus sites, have important implications for the regulatory and mutagenic roles of TFs in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mielko, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Houten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UV irradiation remodels the specificity landscape of transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within epithelial cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its type three secretion system (T3SS) to escape vacuoles and replicate rapidly in the cytosol. Previously, it was assumed that intracellular subpopulations remaining T3SS-negative (and therefore in vacuoles) were destined for degradation in lysosomes, supported by data showing vacuole acidification. Here, we report in both corneal and bronchial human epithelial cells that vacuole associated-bacteria can persist, sometimes in the same cells as cytosolic bacteria. Using a combination of phase-contrast, confocal, and correlative light and electron microscopy, we also found they can demonstrate biofilm-associated markers: cdrA and cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Vacuolar-associated bacteria, but not cytosolic counterparts, tolerated the cell-permeable antibiotic ofloxacin. Surprisingly, use of mutants showed that both persistence in vacuoles and ofloxacin tolerance were independent of the biofilm-associated protein CdrA or exopolysaccharides (Psl, Pel, alginate). A T3SS mutant ({Delta}exsA) unable to escape vacuoles phenocopied vacuolar-associated sub-populations in wild-type PAO1-infected cells, results revealing that epithelial cell death depended upon bacterial viability. Intra-vital confocal imaging of infected mouse corneas confirmed that P. aeruginosa formed similar intracellular sub-populations within epithelial cells in vivo. Together, these results show that P. aeruginosa differs from other pathogens by diversifying intracellularly into vacuolar and cytosolic sub-populations that both contribute to pathogenesis. Their different gene expression and behavior (e.g., rapid replication versus slow replication/persistence) suggest cooperation favoring both short- and long-term interests and another potential pathway to treatment failure. How this intracellular diversification relates to previously described "acute versus chronic" virulence gene-expression phenotypes of P. aeruginosa remains to be determined.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa can cause sight- and life-threatening opportunistic infections, and its evolving antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. Most P. aeruginosa strains can invade host cells, presenting a challenge to therapies that do not penetrate host cell membranes. Previously, we showed that the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a pivotal role in survival within epithelial cells, allowing escape from vacuoles, rapid replication in the cytoplasm, and suppression of host cell death. Here, we report the discovery of a novel T3SS-negative sub-population of intracellular P. aeruginosa within epithelial cells that persist in vacuoles rather than the cytoplasm, and that tolerate a cell-permeable antibiotic (ofloxacin) that is able to kill cytosolic bacteria. Classical biofilm-associated markers, although demonstrated by this sub-population, are not required for vacuolar persistence or antibiotic tolerance. These findings advance our understanding of how P. aeruginosa hijacks host cells, showing it diversifies into multiple populations with T3SS-negative members enabling persistence whilst rapid replication is accomplished by more vulnerable T3SS-positive siblings. Intracellular P. aeruginosa persisting and tolerating antibiotics independently of the T3SS or biofilm-associated factors could present additional challenges to development of more effective therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroken, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosser, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallsten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metruccio, M. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the Tau Interactome in Human Brain Reveals Isoform-Dependent Interaction with 14-3-3 Family Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau phosphorylation and aggregation is the final common pathway for neuronal toxicity across multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. We have previously shown that the fetal brain expresses high levels of phosphorylated tau, and even tau aggregates, without apparent toxic effects. The mechanisms for this remarkable resilience, however, remain unclear. In order to identify potential mediators of this resilience, we used bead-linked total tau immunoprecipitation in human fetal, adult, and Alzheimer disease brains. We then used heterologous transfection in HEK 293T cells followed by coimmunoprecipitation, mass photometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to further characterize the interaction of tau with one of our top hits, 14-3-3-{beta}. We found significant differences between the tau interactome in fetal and AD brain, with little difference between adult and AD. There were significant differences in tau interaction with 14-3-3 family proteins between fetal and AD brain. We then determined that the 14-3-3 isoform with the highest difference, 14-3-3-{beta}, preferentially interacts with 4R tau in vitro, forming a complex consisting of two 14-3-3-{beta}, and one tau molecule. NMR studies using 15N-labeled phosphorylated tau showed that the binding site for 14-3-3 was in the microtubule binding region of tau, which is truncated in 3R tau through the exclusion of exon 10. Our findings suggest that there are marked differences between the phospho-tau interactome in fetal and Alzheimer disease brain, including differences in interaction with the critical 14-3-3 family of protein chaperones, which may explain, in part, the resilience of fetal brain to tau toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiock, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the Tau Interactome in Human Brain Reveals Isoform-Dependent Interaction with 14-3-3 Family Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infralimbic projections to the nucleus accumbens shell and amygdala regulate the encoding of cocaine extinction learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior evidence indicates that the infralimbic cortex (IL) mediates the ongoing inhibition of cocaine seeking following self-administration and extinction training in rats, specifically through projections to the nucleus accumbens (NA) shell. Our own data indicate that IL activity immediately following an unreinforced lever press is critical for encoding the extinction contingencies in such procedures. Whether extinction encoding requires activity in the IL exclusively or also activity in its outputs, such as those to the NAshell and amygdala, is unknown. To address this issue, we used a closed-loop optogenetic approach in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats to silence IL-NAshell or IL-amygdala activity following an unreinforced lever press during extinction training. Optical illumination (20 s) was given either immediately after a lever press or following a 20 s delay. IL-NAshell inhibition immediately following an unreinforced lever press increased lever pressing during extinction training and impaired retention of extinction learning, as assessed during subsequent extinction sessions without optical inhibition. Likewise, IL-amygdala inhibition given in the same manner impaired extinction retention during sessions without inhibition. Control experiments indicate that critical encoding of extinction learning does not require activity in these pathways beyond the initial 20 s post-lever press period, as delayed IL-NAshell and IL-amygdala inhibition had no effect on extinction learning. These results suggest that a larger network extending from the IL to the NAshell and amygdala is involved in encoding extinction contingencies following cocaine self-administration.

Significance StatementInfralimbic cortex (IL) activity following an unreinforced lever press during extinction learning encodes the extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the larger circuitry controlling such encoding has not been investigated. Using closed-loop optogenetic pathway targeting, we found that inhibition of IL projections to the nucleus accumbens (NA) shell and to the amygdala impaired the extinction of cocaine seeking. Importantly, these effects were only observed when activity was disrupted during the first 20 s post-lever press and not when given following a 20 s delay. These findings suggest that successful cocaine extinction encoding requires activity across a larger circuit beyond simply inputs to the IL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nett, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimbelman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizo Vera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaLumiere, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infralimbic projections to the nucleus accumbens shell and amygdala regulate the encoding of cocaine extinction learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metformin use history and genome-wide DNA methylation profile: potential molecular mechanism for aging and longevity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile there are medications that treat and manage age-related diseases, a compound that prolongs lifespan is yet to be discovered. Nonetheless, metformin, a commonly prescribed anti-diabetic medication, has repeatedly been shown to hinder aging in pre-clinical models and to be associated with lower mortality for humans, even among cancer patients. It is, however, not well understood how metformin can potentially prolong lifespan from a biological standpoint. We hypothesized that metformins potential mechanism of action for longevity is through its epigenetic modifications.

MethodsTo test our hypothesis, we conducted a post-hoc analysis of available genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) data obtained from whole blood collected from inpatients with and without a history of metformin use. We assessed the methylation profile of 171 patients (first run) and only among 63 diabetic patients (second run) and compared the DNAm rates between metformin users and nonusers.

ResultsEnrichment analysis from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) showed pathways relevant to metformins mechanism of action, such as longevity, AMPK, and inflammatory pathways. We also identified several pathways related to delirium whose risk factor is aging. Moreover, top hits from the Gene Ontology (GO) included HIF-1 pathways. However, no individual CpG site showed genome-wide statistical significance (p<5E-08).

ConclusionThis study may elucidate metformins potential role in longevity through epigenetic modifications and other possible mechanisms of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marra, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crutchley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, Z.-E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modukuri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.22.513357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metformin use history and genome-wide DNA methylation profile: potential molecular mechanism for aging and longevity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Junctophilin-2 promotes cardiomyocyte survival by blocking MURF1-mediated Junctin ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsJunctophilin-2 is required for the development, maturation and integrity of the t-tubule system and the gating stability of RyR2 in cardiomyocytes. This study investigated whether and how junctophilin-2 maintained junctin, a scaffold protein stabilizing RyR2, to prevent cardiomyocyte death under stress.

MethodsCardiomyocytes were exposed to conditions of stress including palmitate, doxorubicin, or hypoxia/re-oxygenation. Adenoviral vectors were employed to manipulate expression of junctophilin-2 and junctin in cardiomyocytes. Molecular/cellular/biochemical analyses were conducted.

ResultsDifferent conditions of stress decreased junctophilin-2 expression through aberrant autophagy and concomitantly induced a reduction of junctin protein in cardiomyocytes. Over-expression of junctophilin-2 preserved the protein levels of junctin and attenuated cytosolic Ca2+ and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes under stress. Knockdown of junctophilin-2 reproduced the detrimental phenotypes of stress in cardiomyocytes. Notably, over-expression of junctin prevented cardiomyocyte death under stress whereas knockdown of junctin offset the protective effects conferred by junctophilin-2 over-expression. Mechanistically, junctophilin-2 blocked MURF1-junctin interaction thereby preventing junctin ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Mass spectrometry analysis identified multiple ubiquitination sites on the junctin protein and the non-ubiquitinated junctin mutant (K8A/K102A/K107A/K140A) was resistant to degradation.

ConclusionsThis study uncovers an unrecognized role of junctophilin-2 in preventing junctin ubiquitination and degradation in maintaining cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Both junctophilin-2 and junctin represent two new survival factors of cardiomyocytes and thus, may be new therapeutic targets for cardiac protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Junctophilin-2 promotes cardiomyocyte survival by blocking MURF1-mediated Junctin ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic roles of canonical and alternative RPA in tandem CAG repeat diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem CAG repeat expansion mutations cause >15 neurodegenerative diseases, where ongoing expansions in patients brains are thought to drive disease onset and progression. Repeat length mutations will involve single-stranded DNAs prone to form mutagenic DNA structures. However, the involvement of single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) in the prevention or formation of repeat instability is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the role of two SSBs, canonical RPA (RPA1-RPA2-RPA3) and the related Alternative-RPA (Alt-RPA, RPA1-RPA4-RPA3), where the primate-specific RPA4 replaces RPA2. RPA is essential for all forms of DNA metabolism, while Alt-RPA has undefined functions. RPA and Alt-RPA are upregulated 2- and 10-fold, respectively, in brains of Huntington disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) patients. Correct repair of slipped-CAG DNA structures, intermediates of expansion mutations, is enhanced by RPA, but blocked by Alt-RPA. Slipped-DNAs are bound and melted more efficiently by RPA than by Alt-RPA. Removal of excess slipped-DNAs by FAN1 nuclease is enhanced by RPA, but blocked by Alt-RPA. Protein-protein interactomes (BioID) reveal unique and shared partners of RPA and Alt-RPA, including proteins involved in CAG instability and known modifiers of HD and SCA1 disease. RPA overexpression inhibits rampant CAG expansions in SCA1 mouse brains, coinciding with improved neuron morphology and rescued motor phenotypes. Thus, SSBs are involved in repeat length mutations, where Alt-RPA antagonistically blocks RPA from suppressing CAG expansions and hence pathogenesis. The processing of repeat length mutations is one example by which an Alt-RPA{leftrightarrow}RPA antagonistic interaction can affect outcomes, illuminating questions as to which of the many processes mediated by canonical RPA may also be modulated by Alt-RPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gall-Duncan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurkovic, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leib, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panigrahi, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasolava, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Spada, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisvert, F.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faull, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okazawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic roles of canonical and alternative RPA in tandem CAG repeat diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biasing influence of autism-associated Ube3a gene overdosage at connectomic, behavioral and transcriptomic levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism, affect males more than females. Genomic mechanisms enhancing risk in males may contribute to this sex-bias. The ubiquitin protein ligase E3A gene (Ube3a) exerts pleiotropic effects on cellular homeostasis via control of protein turnover and by acting as transcriptional coactivator with steroid hormone receptors. Overdosage of Ube3a via duplication or triplication of chromosomal region 15q11-13 causes 1-2% of autistic cases. Here, we test the hypothesis that increased dosage of Ube3a may influence autism-relevant phenotypes in a sex-biased manner. We report robust sex-biasing effects on brain connectomics and repetitive behaviors in mice with extra copies of Ube3a. These effects were associated with a profound transcriptional dysregulation of several known autism-associated genes (e.g., FMR1, SCN2A, PTEN, MEF2C, SHANK3, TSC2) as well as differentially-expressed genes identified in human 15q duplication and in autistic patients. Notably, increased Ube3a dosage also affects multiple sex-relevant mechanisms, including genes on the X chromosome, genes influenced by sex steroid hormones, downstream targets of the androgen and estrogen receptors, or genes that are sex-differentially regulated by transcription factors. These results suggest that Ube3a overdosage can critically contribute to sex-bias in neurodevelopmental conditions via influence on sex-differential mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Guzman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbusera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockstat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattioni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozzi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biasing influence of autism-associated Ube3a gene overdosage at connectomic, behavioral and transcriptomic levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ISG15 is required for the dissemination of Vaccinia virus extracellular virions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses have developed many different strategies to counteract immune responses, and Vaccinia virus (VACV) is one of a kind in this aspect. To ensure an efficient infection, VACV undergoes a complex morphogenetic process resulting in the production of two types of infective virions: intracellular mature virus (MV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EV), whose spread depends on different dissemination mechanisms. MVs disseminate after cell lysis, whereas EVs are released or propelled in actin tails from living cells. Here we show that ISG15 participates in the control of VACV dissemination. Infection of Isg15-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts with VACV International Health Department-J (IHD-J) strain resulted in decreased EV production, concomitant with reduced induction of actin tails and the abolition of comet-shaped plaque formation, comparing with Isg15+/+ cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed accumulation of intracellular and a decrease in extracellular virus particles in the absence of Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15), consistent with altered virus egress. Immunoblot and quantitative proteomic analysis of sucrose gradient-purified virions from both genotypes reported differences in protein levels and composition of viral proteins present on virions, suggesting an ISG15-mediated control of viral proteome. Last, the generation of a recombinant IHD-J expressing V5-tagged ISG15 (IHD-J-ISG15) allowed us to identify several viral proteins as potential ISG15 targets, highlighting the proteins A34 and A36, essential for EV formation. Altogether, our results indicate that ISG15 is an important host factor in the regulation of VACV dissemination.

Author SummaryViral infections are a constant battle between the virus and the host. While the hosts only goal is victory, the main purpose of the virus is to spread and conquer new territories at the expense of the hosts resources. Along millions of years of incessant encounters, Poxviruses have developed a unique strategy consisting in the production two specialized "troops": intracellular mature virions (MVs) and extracellular virions (EVs). MVs mediate transmission between hosts, and EVs ensure advance on the battlefield mediating the long-range dissemination.

The mechanism by which the virus  decides to shed from the primary site of infection and its significant impact in viral transmission is not yet fully established. Here, we demonstrate that this process is finely regulated by ISG15/ISGylation, an interferon-induced ubiquitin-like protein with broad antiviral activity. Studying the mechanism that viruses use during infection could result in new ways of understanding our perpetual war against disease and how we might win the next great battle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarrega, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falqui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ISG15 is required for the dissemination of Vaccinia virus extracellular virions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial type 1 cells serve as a cell of origin for lung adenocarcinoma with distinct molecular and phenotypic presentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of cancer arising in the distal lung. LUAD encompasses several pathologic subtypes, each with differing clinical outcomes and biological behaviors. However, the molecular and cellular underpinnings of the different subtypes are largely unknown. Understanding which cell populations in the distal lung contribute to LUAD could provide insights into the marked heterogeneity in pathologic features, clinical presentation and responses to therapy of LUAD. Differential expression analysis of lung adenocarcinoma transcriptomes from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed distinct alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cell signatures within human LUAD with significantly different survival outcomes between tumors expressing AT2 and AT1 gene signatures, suggesting AT1 cells might contribute to a subset of LUAD cases. To address this, we tested the ability of AT1 cells to give rise to LUAD following induction of KrasG12D, a known oncogenic driver of human LUAD. Activation of KrasG12D in Gram-domain containing 2 (Gramd2)+ AT1 cells gave rise to multiple LUAD lesions, primarily of papillary histology. In contrast, activation of KrasG12D in surfactant protein C (Sftpc+) AT2 cells resulted in LUAD lesions of lepidic histology. Immunohistochemistry established that Gramd2:KrasG12D lesions were of primary lung origin and not metastatic events. Spatial transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct pathway alterations within Gramd2- and Sftpc-derived LUAD. Immunofluorescence confirmed differences observed in the spatial transcriptomic analysis in expression patterns and distribution of cell-specific markers depending on cell of origin, while universal upregulation of the Krt8 intermediate cell state marker was observed. Our results are consistent with Gramd2+ AT1 cells serving as a putative cell of origin for LUAD and suggest that LUAD may be a collection of adenocarcinomas that share a common location within the distal lung but arise from different cells of origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flodby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassiouni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jashashvilli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stueve, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, MD, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alveolar epithelial type 1 cells serve as a cell of origin for lung adenocarcinoma with distinct molecular and phenotypic presentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen presentation by discrete class I molecules on brain endothelium dynamically regulates T-cell mediated neuropathology in experimental cerebral malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8 T cell engagement of brain vasculature is a putative mechanism of neuropathology in human cerebral malaria. To define contributions of brain endothelial cell MHC class I antigen-presentation to CD8 T cells in establishing this pathology, we developed novel H-2Kb LoxP and H-2Db LoxP mice crossed with Cdh5-Cre mice to achieve targeted deletion of discrete class I molecules on brain endothelium. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we observe that H-2Kb and H-2Db regulate distinct patterns of disease onset, CD8 T cell infiltration, targeted cell death, and regional blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Strikingly, ablation of H-2Kb or H-2Db from brain endothelial cells resulted in reduced CD8 T cell activation, attenuated T cell interaction with brain vasculature, lessened targeted cell death, preserved BBB integrity, and prevented ECM and the death of the animal. These data demonstrate that interactions of CD8 T cells with discrete MHC class I molecules on brain endothelium regulate development of ECM neuropathology. Therefore, targeting MHC class I interactions therapeutically may hold potential for treatment of cases of severe malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fain, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayasoufi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dropik, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aibaidula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritz, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pewe, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachergus, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parney, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.30.514412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen presentation by discrete class I molecules on brain endothelium dynamically regulates T-cell mediated neuropathology in experimental cerebral malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronized proinsulin trafficking reveals delayed Golgi export accompanies beta-cell secretory dysfunction in a rodent model of hyperglycemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pancreatic islet {beta}-cells preference for release of newly synthesized insulin requires careful coordination of insulin exocytosis with sufficient insulin granule production to ensure that insulin stores exceed peripheral demands for glucose homeostasis. Thus, the cellular mechanisms regulating insulin granule production are critical to maintaining {beta}-cell function. In this report, we utilized the synchronous protein trafficking system, RUSH, in primary {beta}-cells to evaluate proinsulin transit through the secretory pathway leading to insulin granule formation. We demonstrate that the trafficking, processing, and secretion of the proinsulin RUSH reporter, proCpepRUSH, are consistent with current models of insulin maturation and release. Using a rodent dietary model of hyperglycemia and {beta}-cell dysfunction, we show that proinsulin trafficking is impeded at the Golgi and coincides with the decreased appearance of nascent insulin granules at the plasma membrane. Ultrastructural analysis of {beta}-cells from diabetic leptin receptor deficient mice revealed gross morphological changes in Golgi structure, including shortened and swollen cisternae, and partial Golgi vesiculation, which are consistent with defects in secretory protein export. Collectively, this work highlights the utility of the proCpepRUSH reporter in studying proinsulin trafficking dynamics and suggests that altered Golgi export function contributes to {beta}-cell secretory defects in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronized proinsulin trafficking reveals delayed Golgi export accompanies beta-cell secretory dysfunction in a rodent model of hyperglycemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidylethanolamine facilitates mitochondrial pyruvate entry to regulate metabolic flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbohydrates and lipids provide the majority of substrates to fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Metabolic inflexibility, defined as an impaired ability to switch between these fuels, is implicated in a number of metabolic diseases. Here we explore the mechanism by which physical inactivity promotes metabolic inflexibility in skeletal muscle. We developed a mouse model of sedentariness by small mouse cage (SMC) that, unlike other classic models of disuse in mice, faithfully recapitulates metabolic responses that occur in humans. Bioenergetic phenotyping of mitochondria displayed metabolic inflexibility induced by physical inactivity, demonstrated by a reduction in pyruvate-stimulated respiration (JO2) in absence of a change in palmitate-stimulated JO2. Pyruvate resistance in these mitochondria was likely driven by a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) abundance in the mitochondrial membrane. Reduction in mitochondrial PE by deletion of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) was sufficient to induce metabolic inflexibility measured at the whole-body level, as well as at the level of skeletal muscle mitochondria. Low mitochondrial PE was sufficient to increase glucose flux towards lactate. We further implicate that resistance to pyruvate metabolism is due to attenuated mitochondrial entry via mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which mitochondrial PE directly regulates MPC activity to modulate metabolic flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siripoksup, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluntun, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opurum, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmassani, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidylethanolamine facilitates mitochondrial pyruvate entry to regulate metabolic flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigations into hydrogen sulfide-induced suppression of neuronal activity in vivo and calcium dysregulation in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) leads to sudden death and, if survived, lingering neurological disorders. Clinical signs include seizures, loss of consciousness, and dyspnea. The proximate mechanisms underlying H2S-induced acute toxicity and death have not been clearly elucidated. We investigated electrocerebral, cardiac and respiratory activity during H2S exposure using EEG, EKG and plethysmography. H2S suppressed electrocerebral activity and disrupted breathing. Cardiac activity was comparatively less affected. To test whether Ca2+ dysregulation contributes to H2S-induced EEG suppression, we developed an in vitro real-time rapid throughput assay measuring patterns of spontaneous synchronized Ca2+ oscillations in cultured primary cortical neuronal (PCN) networks loaded with the indicator Fluo-4 using the fluorescent imaging plate reader (FLIPR-Tetra(R)). Sulfide >5 ppm dysregulated SCO patterns in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitors of NMDA and AMPA receptors magnified H2S-induced SCO suppression. Inhibitors of L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels prevented H2S-induced SCO suppression. Inhibitors of T-type VGCC, ryanodine receptors, and sodium channels had no measurable influence on H2S-induced SCO suppression. Exposures to >5 ppm sulfide also suppressed neuronal electrical activity in PCN measured by multi-electrode array (MEA), an effect alleviated by pretreatment with the nonselective TRP inhibitor 2-APB. The TRP inhibitor also reduced PCN cell death from sulfide exposure. These results improve our understanding of the role of different Ca2+ channels in acute H2S-induced neurotoxicity and identify TRP channel modulators as novel structures with potential therapeutic benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessah, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbeiha, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigations into hydrogen sulfide-induced suppression of neuronal activity in vivo and calcium dysregulation in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consciousness is indexed by analogous cortical reorganization during sleep and anesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although sleep and anesthesia are predicted to share common neural signatures of transitions into and out of unconsciousness, supportive evidence has been elusive. We identified these signatures using intracranial electroencephalography in neurosurgical patients. We applied diffusion map embedding to map cortical location into a space where proximity indicates functional similarity using a normalized connectivity ( diffusion) matrix, itself a rich source of information about network properties. During reduced consciousness, diffusion matrices exhibited decreased effective dimensionality, reflecting reduced network entropy. Furthermore, functional brain regions exhibited tighter clustering in embedding space with greater distances between regions, corresponding to decreased differentiation and functional integration. These changes were not region-specific, suggesting global network reorganization. These results strongly suggest common neural substrates for loss and recovery of consciousness during anesthesia and sleep, providing a systems-level mechanistic understanding within an intuitive geometric context and laying the foundation for evaluation of cortical state transitions in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consciousness is indexed by analogous cortical reorganization during sleep and anesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxicity impacts on human adipose MSCs acutely exposed to Aroclor and non-Aroclor mixtures of PCBs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PCBs accumulate in adipose where they may impact the growth and function of cells within the tissue. This is particularly concerning during adolescence when adipocytes expand rapidly. Herein we sought to understand how exposure to PCB mixtures found in U.S. schools affects human adipose mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) health and function. We investigated how exposure to Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1254, as well as a newly characterized non-Aroclor mixture that resembles the PCB profile found in cabinets, Cabinet Mixture, affects adipose MSC growth, viability, and function in vitro. We found that exposure to all three mixtures resulted in two distinct types of toxicity. At PCB concentrations >20 M, the majority of MSCs die, while at 1-10 M MSCs remained viable but display numerous alterations to their phenotype. At these sublethal concentrations, MSC rate of expansion slowed, and morphology changed. Further assessment revealed PCB-exposed MSCs had impaired adipogenesis and a modest decrease in immunosuppressive capabilities. Thus, exposure to PCB mixtures found in schools negatively impacts the health and function of adipose MSCs. This work has implications for human health due to MSCs role in supporting the growth and maintenance of adipose tissue.

SYNOPSISPCB mixtures found in schools are toxic to human adipose mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, stunting their growth and altering their function in ways that could contribute to metabolic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behan-Bush, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liszewski, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrodt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vats, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxicity impacts on human adipose MSCs acutely exposed to Aroclor and non-Aroclor mixtures of PCBs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the non-selective effects of motor inhibition using isometric force recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibition is a key cognitive control mechanism. When rapidly exerted, inhibitory control has broad, non-selective motor effects, typically demonstrated using cortico-spinal excitability measurements (CSE) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). For example, during rapid action-stopping, CSE is suppressed at both stopped and task-unrelated muscles. While such TMS-based CSE measurements provide crucial insights into the fronto-basal ganglia circuitry underlying non-selective inhibition, they have several downsides. TMS is contraindicated in many populations (e.g., epilepsy, deep-brain stimulation patients), has limited temporal resolution, produces distracting auditory and haptic stimulation, is difficult to combine with other imaging methods, and necessitates expensive, immobile equipment. Here, we attempted to measure the non-selective motor effects of inhibitory control using a method unaffected by these shortcomings. 30 participants exerted isometric force on a hand-held force transducer while performing a foot-response stop-signal task. Indeed, when foot movements were stopped, force output at the task-irrelevant hand was suppressed as well. Moreover, this non-selective reduction of isometric force was highly correlated with stop-signal performance and showed frequency dynamics similar to established inhibitory signatures typically found in neural and muscle recordings. Together, we demonstrate that isometric force recordings capture the non-selective effects of motor inhibition, enabling many applications that are impossible with TMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangel, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the non-selective effects of motor inhibition using isometric force recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.516669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved high-dimensional multivariate autoregressive model estimation of human electrophysiological data using fMRI priors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.516669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model estimation enables assessment of causal interactions in brain networks. However, accurately estimating MVAR models for high-dimensional electrophysiological recordings is challenging due to the extensive data requirements. Hence, the applicability of MVAR models for study of brain behavior over hundreds of recording sites has been very limited. Prior work has focused on different strategies for selecting a subset of important MVAR coefficients in the model and is motivated by the potential of MVAR models and the data requirements of conventional least-squares estimation algorithms. Here we propose incorporating prior information, such as fMRI, into MVAR model estimation using a weighted group LASSO regularization strategy. The proposed approach is shown to reduce data requirements by a factor of two relative to the recently proposed group LASSO method of Endemann et al. (2022) while resulting in models that are both more parsimonious and have higher fidelity to the ground truth. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated using simulation studies of physiologically realistic MVAR models derived from iEEG data. The robustness of the approach to deviations between the conditions under which the prior information and iEEG data is obtained is illustrated using models from data collected in different sleep stages. This approach will allow accurate effective connectivity analyses over short time scales, facilitating investigations of causal interactions in the brain underlying perception and cognition during rapid transitions in behavioral state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrelts, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Veen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.516669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved high-dimensional multivariate autoregressive model estimation of human electrophysiological data using fMRI priors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau pathology in the dorsal raphe may be a prodromal indicator of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein aggregation in brainstem nuclei is thought to occur in the early stages of Alzheimers disease (AD), but its specific role in driving prodromal symptoms and disease progression is largely unknown. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains a large population of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons that regulate mood, reward-related behavior, and sleep, which are all disrupted in AD. We report here that tau pathology is present in the DRN of individuals 54-80 years old without a known history of dementia and was found at higher frequency than -synuclein and TDP-43. Most AD cases had tau pathology in the DRN (90%), whereas only a subset contained TDP-43 or -synuclein, but not both (30%). To evaluate how early tau pathology impacts behavior, we overexpressed human P301L-tau in the DRN of mice and observed depressive-like behaviors and hyperactivity without any deficits in spatial memory. Tau pathology was predominantly found in neurons relative to glia and colocalized with a significant proportion of Tph2-expressing neurons in the DRN. 5-HT neurons were also hyperexcitable in P301L-tauDRN mice, and there was an increase in the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs), suggestive of increased glutamatergic transmission. Moreover, astrocytic density was elevated in the DRN and accompanied by an increase in IL-1 and Frk expression, which is indicative of inflammation. Additionally, tau pathology was detected in axonal processes in the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and caudate putamen and a significant proportion of this tau pathology colocalized with the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), suggesting that tau may spread in an anterograde manner to regions outside the DRN. Together these results indicate that tau pathology accumulates in the DRN in a subset of individuals over 50 years and may lead to behavioral dysregulation, 5-HT neuronal dysfunction, and activation of local astrocytes which may be prodromal indicators of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betters, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau pathology in the dorsal raphe may be a prodromal indicator of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal IL-17 controls C. elegans developmental diapause through p53/CEP-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During metazoan development, how cell division and metabolic programs are coordinated with nutrient availability remains unclear. Here, we show that nutrient availability signaled by the neuronal cytokine, ILC-17.1 switches C. elegans development between reproductive growth and dormancy by controlling the activity of the tumor suppressor p53 ortholog, CEP-1. Specifically, upon food availability, ILC-17.1 signaling by amphid neurons promotes glucose utilization and suppresses CEP-1/p53 to allow growth. In the absence of ILC-17.1, CEP-1/p53 is activated, upregulates cell-cycle inhibitors, decreases phosphofructokinase and cytochrome C expression, and causes larvae to arrest as stress-resistant, quiescent dauers. We propose a model whereby ILC-17.1 signaling links nutrient availability and energy metabolism to cell cycle progression through CEP-1/p53. These studies describe ancestral functions of IL-17s and the p53-family of proteins and are relevant to our understanding of neuroimmune mechanisms in cancer. They also reveal a DNA damage-independent function of CEP-1/p53 in invertebrate development and support the existence of a previously undescribed C. elegans dauer pathway.

During metazoan development, nutrient availability is coordinated with the division, growth and metabolic activity of individual cells through cell-cell communication. This is also the case in the invertebrate C. elegans, a free-living bacterivore, which displays a dramatic developmental plasticity to ensure that its growth and reproduction match available resources(1-10). When C. elegans larvae hatch under optimal conditions (at 20{degrees}C, low population densities, on abundant food) they develop continuously into reproducing adults. However, if they hatch under suboptimal conditions, such as in the paucity of food, at high population densities, or high ambient temperatures, larvae implement an alternative developmental program and arrest as quiescent, stress-resistant larvae called  dauer  larvae. Dauer larvae display metabolic and organismal phenotypes specialized for dispersal and survival, and can remain arrested in this state for months to resume development into reproductive adults when favorable conditions return(1-10). Previous studies have identified molecular pathways that mediate the dauer decision, showing that growth promoting molecules like insulins, transforming {beta} growth factor (TGF{beta}/DAF-7) and lipid based dafachronic acid hormones are released by sensory neurons and other cells to license continued development; adverse environments inhibit these growth promoting signals and trigger dauer arrest(1-11). A number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) also modulate dauer (12). Yet, how the dauer entry decision results in a coordinated change in cell fates across different tissues and is linked with the systemic shut-down of anabolic pathways remains poorly understood.

An important group of proteins that mediate cell-cell communication and metabolism in metazoa are secreted proteins called cytokines(13, 14). The IL-17 cytokines constitute a family of proinflammatory cytokines, highly conserved across animal phyla. In mammals, these cytokines are released by specialized immune cells to activate immune surveillance, enhance barrier function, promote wound healing, and play crucial immunometabolic roles in maintaining energy homeostasis(15). In humans, IL-17s also promote cancers and autoimmune disease such as psoriasis(16, 17). Here, we show that the C. elegans IL-17 ortholog, ILC-17.1, signals food availability, and coordinates cell division with metabolism by controlling the activity of the C. elegans tumor suppressor p53 ortholog, CEP-1. Specifically, neuronal ILC-17.1 suppresses CEP-1/p53 activity in the presence of food to license growth. Upon the loss of ILC-17.1 signaling, CEP-1/p53 is activated, and remarkably, this switches whole organism development from continuous growth to dormancy. The p53-like tumor suppressor genes are found in all multicellular animals where they prevent the transmission of damaged DNA by activating a multifaceted program that controls cell cycle checkpoints, mediates reversible growth arrest or apoptosis, and controls metabolic flux (18-22). Our studies show that these functions of CEP-1/p53 also act, in the absence of DNA damage, to control developmental quiescence of C. elegans, suggesting that the developmental function of the p53-gene family could have shaped their evolution(23-25).

SignificanceDevelopment in a metazoan requires that the division and differentiation of diverse cells be coordinated with nutrient availability. We show that one mechanism by which this occurs in C. elegans is through signaling by the neuronal IL-17 cytokine, ILC-17.1, and its control over p53/CEP-1. In the presence of food, ILC-17.1 release suppresses p53/CEP-1 and allows reproductive growth; decreased ILC-17.1 signaling activates p53/CEP-1-dependent transcription and metabolic programs, leading to the reversible arrest of larvae as quiescent dauers. Our studies suggest an ancestral function of IL-17 is linking nutrient availability to energy metabolism and growth. They reveal a DNA damage-independent function of p53/CEP-1 in invertebrate development. Finally, our studies support the existence of a previously undescribed dauer pathway in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srijit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Corchado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deonarine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misel-Wuchter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issuree, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal IL-17 controls C. elegans developmental diapause through p53/CEP-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional programs controlling lineages specification of mandibular epithelium during tooth initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tooth development starts with formation of the dental lamina, a localized thickening of the maxillary and mandibular epithelium, at specific location of oral cavity. How this dental lamina is specified within the continuous naive maxillary and mandibular epithelium, remains as a critical and unresolved question. To identify potential genes and transcriptional regulatory networks that controlling dental lamina formation, we utilized single-cell Multiome-seq and Laser Microdissection coupled RNA-seq to profile gene expression and open chromatin of mandibular epithelium during tooth initiation. We comprehensively identified transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways that are differentially expressed among different domains (including dental lamina) along dorsal-ventral axis of mandibular epithelium. Specifically, we found Sox2 and Tfap2a/Tfap2b forming two complementary domains along the dorsal-ventral axis of mandibular epithelium. Furthermore, dental lamina specific or enriched TFs such as Pitx1, Pitx2 and Zfp536 are presented around the interface of Sox2 and Tfap2a/Tfap2b. We also identified correlation between signaling pathways and domain specific TFs. Through computational analysis of single-cell Multiome-seq dataset, we identified potential key/driver TFs and core transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) for lineages (oral, dental, skin) specification during tooth initiation. Our computational analysis also reveals a potential cross repression interactions between different groups of TFs (i.e. Pitx1/Pitx2 and Tfap2a/Tfap2b) that might be essential for dental lamina specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, A.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Otterloo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.518052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional programs controlling lineages specification of mandibular epithelium during tooth initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intravital imaging-based genetic screen reveals the transcriptional network governing Candida albicans filamentation during mammalian infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is one of the most common human fungal pathogens. C. albicans pathogenesis is tightly linked to its ability to under a morphogenetic transition from typically budding yeast to filamentous forms of hyphae and pseudohyphae. Filamentous morphogenesis is the most intensively studied C. albicans virulence traits; however, nearly all of these studies have been based on in vitro induction of filamentation. Using an intravital imaging assay of filamentation during mammalian infection, we have screened a library of transcription factor mutants to identify those that modulate both the initiation and maintenance of filamentation in vivo. We coupled this initial screen with genetic interaction analysis and in vivo transcription profiling to characterize the transcription factor network governing filamentation in infected mammalian tissue. Three core positive (Efg1, Brg1, and Rob1) and two core negative regulators (Nrg1 and Tup1) of filament initiation were identified. No previous systematic analysis of genes affecting the elongation step has been reported and we found that large set of transcription factors affect filament elongation in vivo including four (Hms1, Lys14, War1, Dal81) with no effect on in vitro elongation. We also show that the gene targets of initiation and elongation regulators are distinct. Genetic interaction analysis of the core positive and negative regulators revealed that the master regulator Efg1 primarily functions to mediate relief of Nrg1 repression and is dispensable for expression of hypha-associated genes in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our analysis not only provide the first characterization of the transcriptional network governing C. albicans filamentation in vivo but also revealed a fundamentally new mode of function for Efg1, one of the most widely studied C. albicans transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristow, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intravital imaging-based genetic screen reveals the transcriptional network governing Candida albicans filamentation during mammalian infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing the foreign body response on human cochlear implants and their materials in vivo with photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foreign body response to implanted materials often complicates the functionality of sensitive biomedical devices. For cochlear implants, this response can reduce device performance, battery life and preservation of residual acoustic hearing. As a permanent and passive solution to the foreign body response, this work investigates ultra-low-fouling poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) thin film hydrogels that are simultaneously photo-grafted and photo-polymerized onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The cellular anti-fouling properties of these coatings are robustly maintained even after six-months subcutaneous incubation and over a broad range of cross-linker compositions. On pCBMA-coated PDMS sheets implanted subcutaneously, capsule thickness and inflammation are reduced significantly in comparison to uncoated PDMS or coatings of polymerized poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (pPEGDMA) or poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA). Further, capsule thickness is reduced over a wide range of pCBMA cross-linker compositions. On cochlear implant electrode arrays implanted subcutaneously for one year, the coating bridges over the exposed platinum electrodes and dramatically reduces the capsule thickness over the entire implant. Coated cochlear implant electrode arrays could therefore lead to persistent improved performance and reduced risk of residual hearing loss. More generally, the in vivo anti-fibrotic properties of pCBMA coatings also demonstrate potential to mitigate the fibrotic response on a variety of sensing/stimulating implants.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=75 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518125v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d92121org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e2ca3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@948783org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14ce647_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horne, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shlomo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennion, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guymon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing the foreign body response on human cochlear implants and their materials in vivo with photografted zwitterionic hydrogel coatings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twitching cells use a chemoreceptor to detect bacterial competitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria live in cosmopolitan communities, where the ability to sense and respond to interspecies and environmental signals is critical for survival. We previously showed the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa detects secreted peptides from bacterial competitors and navigates interspecies signal gradients using pilus-based motility. Yet, it remained unknown whether P. aeruginosa utilizes a designated chemosensory system for this behavior. Here, we performed a comprehensive genetic analysis of a putative pilus chemosensory system to reveal behaviors of mutants that retain motility, but are blind to interspecies signals. The enzymes predicted to methylate (PilK) and demethylate (ChpB) the putative pilus chemoreceptor, PilJ, are necessary for cells to control the direction of migration. While these findings implicate PilJ as a bona fide chemoreceptor, such function had yet to be experimentally defined, as PilJ is essential for motility. Thus, we constructed systematic genetic modifications of PilJ and found that without the predicted ligand binding domains or methylation sites cells lose the ability to detect competitor gradients, despite retaining pilus-mediated motility. Collectively, this work uncovers the chemosensory nature of PilJ, providing insight into chemotactic interactions necessary for bacterial survival in polymicrobial communities and revealing putative pathways where therapeutic intervention might disrupt bacterial communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarrington, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendruk, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twitching cells use a chemoreceptor to detect bacterial competitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic profiling identifies biomarkers of COVID-19 severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummarySARS-CoV-2 infection remains a major public health concern, particularly for the aged and those individuals with co-morbidities at risk for developing severe COVID-19. Understanding the pathogenesis and biomarkers associated with responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain critical components in developing effective therapeutic approaches, especially in cases of severe and long-COVID-19. In this study blood plasma protein expression was compared in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluation of an inflammatory protein panel confirms upregulation of proteins including TNF{beta}, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, already associated with severe cytokine storm and progression to severe COVID-19. Importantly, we identify several proteins not yet associated with COVID-19 disease, including mesothelin (MSLN), that are expressed at significantly higher levels in severe COVID-19 subjects. In addition, we find a subset of markers associated with T-cell and dendritic cell responses to viral infection that are significantly higher in mild cases and decrease in expression as severity of COVID-19 increases, suggesting that an immediate and effective activation of T-cells is critical in modulating disease progression. Together, our findings identify new targets for further investigation as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevention of complications of severe COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harriott, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic profiling identifies biomarkers of COVID-19 severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.517361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3.1Cys96 oxidation by mitochondrial ROS promotes chromatin remodeling, breast cancer progression to metastasis and multi-drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.517361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription stability enforces cellular identity and is tightly controlled by restrictions imposed on both transcription factor function and target gene accessibility. Progression of cancer to metastasis and multi-drug resistance requires fluid transcriptional programs that can explore different genomic landscapes to enable clonal expansion of aggressive and treatment resistant phenotypes. Here, we show that increased levels of H2O2 produced in mitochondria leads to H3.1 oxidation at Cys96, a distinctive redox sensitive amino acid residue restricted to this histone variant, in the nucleus. The oxidation of Cys96 promotes the eviction of H3.1 from chromatin and its exchange with H3.3, thereby opening silenced portions of the chromatin. Mutation of Cys96 by an oxidation-resistant serine residue or quenching nuclear H2O2 reversed chemotherapy resistance and drove established metastatic disease into remission. Together, these results show that increased mitochondrial H2O2 production, characteristic of metabolic dysfunction, promotes transcriptional plasticity by removing structural chromatin restrictions imposed by the redox sensitive histone variant H3.1. We suggest that this new regulatory nexus between cancer metabolism and chromatin remodeling controls chromatin states that enable cancer progression and drug resistance acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palma, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogata, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulakanti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daves, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schipma, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furdui, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantner, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonini, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.517361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3.1Cys96 oxidation by mitochondrial ROS promotes chromatin remodeling, breast cancer progression to metastasis and multi-drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Multi-Ancestry and Admixed GWAS Reveals the Complex Genetics behind Human Cranial Vault Shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cranial vault - the portion of the skull surrounding the brain and cerebellum - is highly variable, clinically relevant, and heritable, yet its genetic architecture remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a joint multi-ancestry and admixed multivariate GWAS on 3D cranial vault shape extracted from magnetic resonance images of 6,772 children from the ABCD study cohort, identifying 30 genome-wide significant genetic loci and replicating 20 of these signals in 16,947 additional individuals of the UK Biobank. This joint multi-ancestry GWAS was enriched for genetic components of cranial vault shape shared across ancestral groups and yielded a greater discovery than a European-only GWAS. We present supporting evidence for parietal versus frontal bone localization for several of the identified genes based on expression patterns in E15.5 mice. Collectively, our GWAS loci were enriched for processes related to skeletal development and showed elevated activity in cranial neural crest cells, suggesting a role during early craniofacial development. Among the identified genes, were RUNX2 and several of its upstream and downstream actors, highlighting the prominent role of intramembranous ossification - which takes place at the cranial sutures - in influencing cranial vault shape. We found that mutations in many genes associated with craniosynostosis exert their pathogenicity by modulating the same pathways involved in normal cranial vault development. This was further demonstrated in a non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis case-parent trio dataset of 63 probands (n = 189), where our GWAS signals near BMP2, BBS9, and ZIC2 contributed significantly to disease risk. Moreover, we found strong evidence of overlap with genes influencing the morphology of the face and the brain, suggesting a common genetic architecture connecting these developmentally adjacent structures. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the genetics underlying normal cranial vault shape and its relevance for understanding modern human craniofacial diversity and the etiology of congenital malformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goovaerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musolf, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandermeulen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo-Rogers, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romitti, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyadjiev, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Multi-Ancestry and Admixed GWAS Reveals the Complex Genetics behind Human Cranial Vault Shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HexSDF are Required for Synthesis of a Novel Glycolipid that Mediates Daptomycin and Bacitracin Resistance in C. difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that results in 250,000 infections, 12,000 deaths, and $1 billion in medical costs in the US each year. There has been recent interest in using a daptomycin analog, Surotomycin, to treat C. difficile infections. Daptomycin interacts with both phosphatidylglycerol and Lipid II to disrupt the membrane and halt peptidoglycan synthesis. C. difficile has an unusual lipid membrane composition as it has no phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine, and [~]50% of its membrane is composed of glycolipids, including the unique C. difficile lipid aminohexosyl-hexosyldiradylglycerol (HNHDRG). We identified a two-component system (TCS) HexRK that is required for C. difficile resistance to daptomycin. Using RNAseq we found that HexRK regulates a three gene operon of unknown function hexSDF. Based on bioinformatic predictions, hexS encodes a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, hexD encodes a polysaccharide deacetylase, and hexF encodes an MprF-like flippase. We find that deletion of hexRK leads to a 4-fold decrease in daptomycin MIC, and that deletion of hexSDF leads to an 8-16-fold decrease in daptomycin MIC. The {Delta}hexSDF mutant is also 4-fold less resistant to bacitracin but no other cell wall active antibiotics. Our data indicate that in the absence of HexSDF the phospholipid membrane composition is altered. In WT C. difficile the unique glycolipid, HNHDRG makes up [~]17% of the lipids in the membrane. However, in a {Delta}hexSDF mutant, HNHDRG is completely absent. While it is unclear how HNHDRG contributes daptomycin resistance, the requirement for bacitracin resistance suggests it has a general role in cell membrane biogenesis.

ImportanceClostridioides difficile is a major cause of hospital acquired diarrhea and represents an urgent concern due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the rate of recurrent infections. Little is understood about C. difficile membrane lipids, but a unique glycolipid, HNHDRG, has been previously identified in C. difficile and, currently, has not been identified in other organisms. Here we show that HexSDF and HexRK are required for synthesis of HNHDRG, and that production of HNHDRG impacts resistance to daptomycin and bacitracin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HexSDF are Required for Synthesis of a Novel Glycolipid that Mediates Daptomycin and Bacitracin Resistance in C. difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of sex and physical activity on the local immune response to muscle pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induction of muscle pain triggers a local immune response to produce pain and this mechanism may be sex and activity level dependent. The purpose of this study was to measure the immune system response in the muscle following induction of pain in sedentary and physically active mice. Muscle pain was produced via an activity-induced pain model using acidic saline combined with fatiguing muscle contractions. Prior to induction of muscle pain, mice (C57/BL6) were sedentary or physically active (24hr access to running wheel) for 8 weeks. The ipsilateral gastrocnemius was harvested 24hr after induction of muscle pain for RNA sequencing or flow cytometry. RNA sequencing revealed activation of several immune pathways in both sexes after induction of muscle pain, and these pathways were attenuated in physically active females. Uniquely in females, the antigen processing and presentation pathway with MHC II signaling was activated after induction of muscle pain; activation of this pathway was blocked by physical activity. Blockade of MHC II attenuated development of muscle hyperalgesia exclusively in females. Induction of muscle pain increased the number of macrophages and T-cells in the muscle in both sexes, measured by flow cytometry. In both sexes, the phenotype of macrophages shifted toward a pro-inflammatory state after induction of muscle pain in sedentary mice (M1+M1/2) but toward an anti-inflammatory state in physically active mice (M2+M0). Thus, induction of muscle pain activates the immune system with sex-specific differences in the transcriptome while physical activity attenuates immune response in females and alters macrophage phenotype in both sexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lesnak, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of sex and physical activity on the local immune response to muscle pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical modeling of ion homeostasis & cell volume stabilization: impact of ion transporters, impermeant molecules, & Donnan effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pump-leak mechanism (PLM) first, described by Tosteson and Hoffman (1960), demonstrates how the activity of the Na+ - K+ ATPase (NKA) can counteract the osmotic influx of water stimulated by the presence of impermeant intracellular molecules. We derive analytical solutions for the steady state ion concentrations, voltage, and volume of a cell, by including impermeant extracellular molecules, variable impermeant charge, and Cation-Chloride Co-transporters (CCC). We demonstrate that impermeant extracellular molecules could stabilize a cell without NKA activity but argue that it is unlikely to play a significant role in vivo. Significantly we have shown that the precise form of the NKA is unimportant for determining the steady state in PLMs. We have derived an analytical expression for the steady state of the PLM with one of the Cation-Chloride Co-transporters, either KCC, NCC, or NKCC, active. Notably, we have demonstrated that NCC at high pump rates can destabilize cells, which could account for the rarity of this co-transporter. In addition, we show that the reversal of any of the CCCs is unlikely. Importantly, we link the thermodynamics of the NKA to the PLM to show that there is a natural limit to the energy utilized by the PLM that prevents futile cycles. We show that the average charge on the intracellular impermeant molecules influences ion distributions but has no impact on energy utilization. Our study shows that analytical mathematical solutions from physically well-grounded models provide insight into ion transport systems that could only be obtained from numerical simulations with great difficulty.

Significance StatementThe regulation of cell volume is fundamental to the stability of all tissue. Animal cells regulate their volume by actively pumping sodium and potassium ions, preventing the waters osmotic influx from blowing up the cell. Based on the physical laws that determine ion and water fluxes, we derive equations that allow one to predict how pump rates and ion conductances combine to stabilize cell volume. The action of the sodium pump consumes about 30% of a cells energy budget, and we demonstrate the rate of ion pumping is constrained so that cells do not consume excessive energy. Our work also demonstrates the power of closed-form mathematical equations in characterizing such pump-leak systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aminzare, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical modeling of ion homeostasis & cell volume stabilization: impact of ion transporters, impermeant molecules, & Donnan effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical assessments of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely solely on subjective symptoms and experiences reported by the patient, rather than objective biomarkers of the illness. Recent advances in data-driven computational approaches have been helpful in devising tools to objectively diagnose psychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to classify individuals with PTSD versus controls using heterogeneous brain datasets from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working group.

MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI data from 3,527 structural-MRI; 2,502 resting state-fMRI; and 1,953 diffusion-MRI. First, we identified the brain features that best distinguish individuals with PTSD from controls (TEHC and HC) using traditional machine learning methods. Second, we assessed the utility of the denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) and evaluated its classification performance. Third, we assessed the generalizability and reproducibility of both models using leave-one-site-out cross-validation procedure for each modality.

ResultsWe found lower performance in classifying PTSD vs. controls with data from over 20 sites (60% test AUC for s-MRI, 59% for rs-fMRI and 56% for d-MRI), as compared to other studies run on single-site data. The performance increased when classifying PTSD from HC without trauma history across all three modalities (75% AUC). The classification performance remained intact when applying the DVAE framework, which reduced the number of features. Finally, we found that the DVAE framework achieved better generalization to unseen datasets compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks, albeit performance was slightly above chance.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the promise offered by machine learning methods for the diagnosis of patients with PTSD. The utility of brain biomarkers across three MRI modalities and the contribution of DVAE models for improving generalizability offers new insights into neural mechanisms involved in PTSD.

Significance Classifying PTSD from trauma-unexposed healthy controls (HC) using three imaging modalities performed well ([~]75% AUC), but performance suffered markedly when classifying PTSD from trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using three imaging modalities ([~]60% AUC).
 Using deep learning for feature reduction (denoising variational auto-encoder; DVAE) dramatically reduced the number of features with no concomitant performance degradation.
 Utilizing denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) models improves generalizability across heterogeneous multi-site data compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBellis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deRoon-Cassini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercho, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tobacco smoke exposure results in recruitment of inflammatory airspace monocytes and accelerated growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tobacco smoking doubles the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and accounts for up to 20% of all active TB cases globally. How smoking promotes lung microenvironments permissive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth remains incompletely understood. We investigated primary bronchoalveolar lavage cells from current- and never-smokers by performing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and functional assays. We observed enrichment of immature inflammatory monocytes in the lungs of smokers compared to non-smokers. These monocytes exhibited phenotypes consistent with recent recruitment from blood, ongoing differentiation, increased activation, and states similar to those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using integrative scRNA-seq and flow cytometry, we identify CD93 as a marker for a subset of these newly recruited smoking-associated lung monocytes and further provide evidence that recruitment of monocytes into the lung is mediated by CCL11 binding to CCR2. We also show that these cells exhibit elevated inflammatory responses upon exposure to Mtb and accelerated intracellular growth of Mtb compared to mature macrophages. This elevated Mtb growth could be inhibited with an anti-inflammatory small molecule, providing a direct connection between smoking-induced pro-inflammatory states and permissiveness to Mtb growth. Our findings suggest a model in which smoking leads to recruitment of immature inflammatory monocytes from the periphery to the lung via CCL11-CCR2 interactions, which results in the accumulation of these Mtb permissive cells in the airway. This work defines how smoking may lead to increased susceptibility to Mtb and identifies novel host-directed therapies to reduce the burden of TB among those who smoke.

One Sentence SummaryInflammatory monocytes are recruited to the airways of smokers where they may contribute to more rapid growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corleis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzouanas, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medoff, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tobacco smoke exposure results in recruitment of inflammatory airspace monocytes and accelerated growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native Adiponectin Plays a Role in the Adipocyte Mediated Conversion of Fibroblasts to Myofibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipocytes regulate tissues through production of adipokines that can act both locally and systemically. Adipocytes also have been found to play a critical role in regulating the healing process. To better understand this role, we developed a 3D human adipocyte spheroid system that has an adipokine profile similar to in vivo adipose tissues. Previously, we found that conditioned medium from these spheroids induces human dermal fibroblast conversion into highly contractile, collagen producing myofibroblasts through a transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-{beta}1) independent pathway. Here, we sought to identify how mature adipocytes signal to dermal fibroblasts through adipokines to induce myofibroblast conversion. By using molecular weight fractionation, heat inactivation, and lipid depletion, we determined mature adipocytes secrete a factor that is 30-100 kDa, heat labile, and lipid associated that induces myofibroblast conversion. We also show that depletion of the adipokine adiponectin, which fits those physiochemical parameters, eliminates the ability of adipocyte conditioned media to induce fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion. Interestingly, native adiponectin secreted by cultured adipocytes consistently elicited a stronger level of -SMA expression than exogenously added adiponectin. Thus, adiponectin secreted by mature adipocytes induces fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion and may lead to a phenotype of myofibroblasts distinct from TGF-{beta}1 induced myofibroblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Hattab, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liszewski, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schhrodt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native Adiponectin Plays a Role in the Adipocyte Mediated Conversion of Fibroblasts to Myofibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GDF15 Is Required for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis and Contributes to Improve Systemic Metabolic Health Following Loss of OPA1 in Brown Adipocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously we showed that mice lacking the protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1 BKO) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) have induction of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which promotes fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion as a batokine. FGF21 increases metabolic rates at baseline conditions but is dispensable for the resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) reported in OPA1 BKO mice [1]. To determine alternative mediators of this phenotype, we performed transcriptome analysis, which revealed increased levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in BAT. To determine if ATF4 induction was mediated by the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and to evaluate the contribution of GDF15 to the resistance to DIO, we selectively deleted PERK or GDF15 in OPA1 BKO mice. Mice lacking both OPA1 and PERK in BAT had preserved induction of ATF4. Importantly, simultaneous deletion of OPA1 and GDF15 partially reversed the resistance to diet-induced obesity and abrogated the improvements in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, GDF15 mediated cold-induced thermogenesis, likely via sympathetic activation of iWAT. Taken together, our data indicate that PERK is dispensable for ATF4 induction, but GDF15 contributes to the resistance to DIO, and is required for glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in OPA1 BKO mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, L. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koneru, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GDF15 Is Required for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis and Contributes to Improve Systemic Metabolic Health Following Loss of OPA1 in Brown Adipocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane association is required for Stmn2-mediated axon protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon integrity is essential for functional connectivity in the nervous system. The degeneration of stressed or damaged axons is a common and sometimes initiating event in neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular factors that preserve axon integrity have an important influence on the fate of a damaged axon. Stathmin-2 (Stmn2) is an axon maintenance factor that is depleted in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and replenishment of Stmn2 can restore neurite outgrowth in diseased neurons. Stathmins have a well-documented role in microtubule dynamics during neurodevelopment, yet mechanisms responsible for Stmn2-mediated axon maintenance in injured neurons are not known. We demonstrate that membrane association of Stmn2 is critical for its axon-protective activity. Axonal enrichment of Stmn2 is driven by palmitoylation as well as tubulin interaction. We discover that another Stathmin, Stmn3, co-migrates with Stmn2-containing vesicles and undergoes regulated degradation through DLK-JNK signaling. The Stmn2 membrane targeting domain is both necessary and sufficient for localization to a specific vesicle population and confers sensitivity to DLK-dependent degradation. Our findings reveal a broader role for DLK in tuning the local abundance of palmitoylated Stathmins in axon segments. Moreover, palmitoylation is a critical component of Stathmin-mediated axon protection and defining the Stmn2-containing vesicle population will provide important clues toward mechanisms of axon maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thornburg-Suresh, E. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane association is required for Stmn2-mediated axon protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic reprogramming shapes the cellular landscape of schwannoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell state evolution underlies tumor development and response to therapy1, but mechanisms specifying cancer cell states and intratumor heterogeneity are incompletely understood. Schwannomas are the most common tumors of the peripheral nervous system and are treated with surgery and ionizing radiation2-5. Schwannomas can oscillate in size for many years after radiotherapy6,7, suggesting treatment may reprogram schwannoma cells or the tumor microenvironment. Here we show epigenetic reprogramming shapes the cellular landscape of schwannomas. We find schwannomas are comprised of 2 molecular groups distinguished by reactivation of neural crest development pathways or misactivation of nerve injury mechanisms that specify cancer cell states and the architecture of the tumor immune microenvironment. Schwannoma molecular groups can arise independently, but ionizing radiation is sufficient for epigenetic reprogramming of neural crest to immune-enriched schwannoma by remodeling chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and metabolism to drive schwannoma cell state evolution and immune cell infiltration. To define functional genomic mechanisms underlying epigenetic reprograming of schwannomas, we develop a technique for simultaneous interrogation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression coupled with genetic and therapeutic perturbations in single-nuclei. Our results elucidate a framework for understanding epigenetic drivers of cancer evolution and establish a paradigm of epigenetic reprograming of cancer in response to radiotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey-Clyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinderman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekmezci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva-Meyer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breshears, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam-Galvez, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneed, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodosopoulos, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raleigh, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic reprogramming shapes the cellular landscape of schwannoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMOylation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Modifies Inward Current and Cardiac Excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDecreased peak sodium current (INa) and increased late sodium current (INa,L), through the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5 encoded by SCN5A, cause arrhythmias. Many NaV1.5 post-translational modifications have been reported by us and others. A recent report concluded that acute hypoxia increases INa,L by increasing a Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMOylation) at K442-NaV1.5.

ObjectiveTo determine whether and by what mechanisms SUMOylation alters INa, INa,L and cardiac electrophysiology.

MethodsSUMOylation of NaV1.5 was detected by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. INa was measured by patch clamp with/without SUMO1 overexpression in HEK293 cells expressing wild type (WT) or K442R-NaV1.5 and in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs). SUMOylation effects were studied in vivo by electrocardiograms and ambulatory telemetry using Scn5a heterozygous knockout (SCN5A+/-) mice and the de-SUMOylating protein SENP2 (AAV9-SENP2) or the SUMOylation inhibitor anacardic acid. NaV1.5 trafficking was detected by immunofluorescence.

ResultsNaV1.5 was SUMOylated in HEK293 cells, NRCMs and human heart tissue. HyperSUMOylation at NaV1.5-K442 increased INa in NRCMs and in HEK cells overexpressing WT but not K442R-Nav1.5. SUMOylation did not alter other channel properties including INa,L. AAV9-SENP2 or anacardic acid treatment of SCN5A+/- mice decreased INa, prolonged QRS duration, and produced heart block and ventricular arrhythmias. SUMO1 overexpression enhanced membrane localization of NaV1.5.

ConclusionSUMOylation of K442-Nav1.5 increases peak INa without changing INa,L, at least in part by altering membrane abundance. Our findings do not support SUMOylation as a mechanism for changes in INa,L. Nav1.5 SUMOylation may modify arrhythmic risk in disease states and represents a potential target for pharmacological manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddam, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMOylation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Modifies Inward Current and Cardiac Excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ISG15-modification of the Arp2/3 complex restricts pathogen spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15, can act as a cytokine or can covalently modify host and pathogen-derived proteins. The consequences of ISG15 modification on substrate fate remain unknown. Here we reveal that ISGylation of the Arp2/3 complex slows actin filament formation and stabilizes Arp2/3 dependent structures including cortical actin and lamella. When properly controlled, this serves as an antibacterial and antiviral host defense strategy to directly restrict actin-mediated pathogen spread. However, Listeria monocytogenes takes advantage in models of dysregulated ISGylation, leading to increased mortality due to augmented spread. The underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the ISG15-dependent impact on actin-based motility is due to failed bacterial separation after division. This promotes spread by enabling the formation of multi-headed bacterial "bazookas" with stabilized comet tails that can disseminate deeper into tissues. A bacterial mutant that cannot recruit Arp2/3 or a non-ISGylatable mutant of Arp3 is sufficient to rescue slowed comet tail speed and restrict spread. Importantly, ISG15-deficient neonatal mice have aberrant epidermal epithelia characterized by keratinocytes with diffuse cortical actin, which could underlie observed defects in wound healing in human patients who lack ISG15. Ultimately, our discovery links host innate immune responses to cytoskeletal dynamics with therapeutic implications for viral infection and metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripley, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessely, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwery, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moninger, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stipp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ISG15-modification of the Arp2/3 complex restricts pathogen spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Polyglutamine in Inter- and Intra-molecular Interactions in Med15-dependent Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Med15 is a general transcriptional regulator and member of the tail module of the RNA Pol II Mediator complex. The S. cerevisiae Med15 protein has a well-structured N-terminal KIX domain, three Activator Binding Domains (ABDs) and several naturally variable polyglutamine (poly-Q) tracts (Q1, Q2, Q3) embedded in an intrinsically disordered central region, and a C-terminal Mediator Association Domain (MAD). We investigated how the presence of ABDs and changes in length and composition of poly-Q tracts influences Med15 activity and function using phenotypic, gene expression, and transcription factor interaction assays of truncation, deletion, and synthetic alleles. We found that individual Med15 activities were influenced by the number of activator binding domains (ABDs) and adjacent polyglutamine composition. We also observed that distant glutamine tracts and Med15 phosphorylation affected the activities of the KIX domain, suggesting that intramolecular interactions may be required for KIX domain interactions with transcription factors. We conclude that robust Med15 activity required at least the Q1 tract and that the length of that tract modulates activity in a context-dependent manner. We speculate that the glutamine tract provides a degree of intramolecular flexibility that is needed for Med15 function. Finally, we found that loss of Msn2-dependent transcriptional activation in Med15 Q1 tract variants correlates well with a reduction in Msn2:Med15 interaction strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Polyglutamine in Inter- and Intra-molecular Interactions in Med15-dependent Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory problems are common among older adults with a history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Employing a machine learning framework, the current study investigates the use of multi-domain features to classify individuals with and without alcohol-induced memory problems. A group of 94 individuals (ages 50-81 years) with alcohol-induced memory problems (Memory group) were compared with a matched Control group who did not have memory problems. The Random Forests model identified specific features from each domain that contributed to the classification of Memory vs. Control group (AUC=88.29%). Specifically, individuals from the Memory group manifested a predominant pattern of hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions except some connections involving anterior cingulate cortex which were predominantly hypoconnected. Other significant contributing features were (i) polygenic risk scores for AUD, (ii) alcohol consumption and related health consequences during the past 5 years, such as health problems, past negative experiences, withdrawal symptoms, and the largest number of drinks in a day during the past 12 months, and (iii) elevated neuroticism and increased harm avoidance, and fewer positive "uplift" life events. At the neural systems level, hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions, including the connections across the hippocampal hub regions, in individuals with memory problems may indicate dysregulation in neural information processing. Overall, the study outlines the importance of utilizing multidomain features, consisting of resting-state brain connectivity collected [~]18 years ago, together with personality, life experiences, polygenic risk, and alcohol consumption and related consequences, to predict alcohol-related memory problems that arise in later life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbie Saenz de Viteri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plawecki, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merikangas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brislin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselbrock, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucholz, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuckit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Physical Basis of Osmosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmosis is an important force in all living organisms, yet the molecular basis of osmosis is widely misunderstood as arising from differences in water concentration in solutions of differing osmolarities. In 1923 Debye proposed a physical model for a semipermeable membrane that was hardly noticed at the time and slipped out of view. We show that Debyes analysis of vant Hoffs law for osmotic equilibrium provides a consistent and plausible explanation for osmotic flow. A difference in osmolyte concentrations in solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane generates different pressures at the two water-membrane interfaces. Water is therefore driven through the membrane for exactly the same reason that pure water flows in response to an imposed hydrostatic pressure difference. In this paper we present the Debye model in both equilibrium and flow conditions. We point out its applicability regardless of the nature of the membrane with examples ranging from predominantly convective flow of water through synthetic membranes to purely diffusive flow of independent water molecules through a lipid bilayer and the flow of strongly interacting water molecules in single file across narrow protein channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Physical Basis of Osmosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. Studies report that GLP-1RA induce FGF21. Here, we investigated the mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. We show that liraglutide increases FGF21 levels via neuronal GLP-1R activation. We also demonstrate that lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers partial resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we tested whether the contribution of FGF21 to liraglutide-induced weight loss is dependent on dietary carbohydrate content. In control and liver Fgf21 knockout (LivFgf21-/-) mice fed calorically matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content, we found that only HC-fed LivFgf21-/- mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Similarly, liraglutide-induced weight loss was partially impaired in LivFgf21-/- mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. Lastly, we show that loss of neuronal {beta}-klotho expression also diminishes liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed a HC or HFHS diet, indicating that FGF21 mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss via neuronal FGF21 action. Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in the presence of high dietary carbohydrate content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, T. D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozadjieva-Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggio, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwaba, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal diesel exposure and maternal choline supplementation interactions in fetal and placental immune factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Air pollution causes widespread inflammatory changes in the body and brain. When exposure to air pollution occurs early in development, children exhibit impaired working memory ability (Sunyer et al., 2015). In addition, prenatal exposure to diesel particulate matter (DEP) increases inflammatory cytokine expression in the whole brain of embryonic day 18 (E18) males and leads to adverse long-term negative outcomes (Bolton et al., 2012). In contrast, dietary choline supplementation is negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokine production in adult rats and cultured human cells (Zhang et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2014). When administered as a supplement to pregnant rats, choline also improves working memory in adulthood (Meck et al., 2008; Meck & Williams, 1999; 1997). The current study sought to determine if prenatal dietary choline supplementation protects against the effects of air pollution in the developing brain and in the placenta and fetal liver. These data revealed region-specific microglial morphology alterations in fetal brain and in inflammatory gene expression in the placenta and fetal liver (specifically, Tnf, Tlr2, Tlr4, and Itgam) due to maternal choline supplementation and/or maternal air pollution exposure. We found that DEP led to changes in microglial morphology in the fetal dentate gyrus of E18 male, but not female, fetuses. In the placenta and fetal liver of males, inflammatory gene expression was affected by both DEP and maternal choline supplementation. However, maternal choline supplementation alone upregulated inflammatory gene expression in females, which may indicate an alteration in maturation rate. These data further contribute to the growing literature indicating region- and tissue-specificity in the developmental immune system in the context of maternal exposures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilbo, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal diesel exposure and maternal choline supplementation interactions in fetal and placental immune factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomic identification of key transcriptional regulatory programs during endurance exercise training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in regulating gene expression. We conducted an integrated analysis of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, mRNA expression, protein abundance and phosphorylation across eight tissues in fifty rats of equally represented sexes following endurance exercise training (EET) to identify coordinated epigenomic and transcriptional changes and determine key TFs involved. We uncovered tissue-specific EET associated changes and TF motif enrichment across differentially expressed genes (DEGs), accessible regions (DARs), and methylated regions (DMRs). We discovered distinct routes of EET-induced regulation through either epigenomic alterations providing better access for TFs to affect target genes, or via changes in TF expression or activity enabling target gene responses. We identified TF motifs enriched among correlated epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations, DEGs correlated with exercise-related phenotypic and cell type composition changes, and EET-induced activity changes of TFs whose target genes are enriched for DEGs. This analysis elucidates the unique gene regulatory mechanisms mediating diverse transcriptional responses to EET across tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viggars, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amper, M. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasoya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomic identification of key transcriptional regulatory programs during endurance exercise training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans oropharyngeal infection is an exception to iron-based nutritional immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the most causes of human fungal disease, including mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis and disseminated infections of the bloodstream and deep organs. We directly compared the in vivo transcriptional profile of C. albicans during oral infection and disseminated infection of the kidney to identify niche specific features. Although the expression of a set of environmentally responsive genes were correlated in the two infection sites (Pearson R2, 0.6), XXX genes were differentially expressed. Virulence associated genes such as hyphae-specific transcripts were expressed similarly in the two sites. Genes expressed during growth in a poor carbon source (ACS1 and PCK1) were upregulated in oral tissue relative to kidney. Most strikingly, C. albicans in oral tissue shows the transcriptional hallmarks of an iron-replete state while in the kidney it is in the expected iron starved state. Interestingly, C. albicans expresses genes associated with a low zinc environment in both niches. Consistent with these expression data, deletion of two transcription factors that activate iron uptake genes (SEF1, HAP5) have no effect on virulence in a mouse model of oral candidiasis. During microbial infection, the host sequesters iron and other metal nutrients to suppress growth of the pathogen in a process called nutritional immunity. Our results indicate that C. albicans is subject to iron and zinc nutritional immunity during disseminated infection but is exempted from iron nutritional immunity during oral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solis, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans oropharyngeal infection is an exception to iron-based nutritional immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are adaptable organelles with diverse cellular functions critical to whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While chronic endurance exercise training is known to alter mitochondrial activity, these adaptations have not yet been systematically characterized. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) mapped the longitudinal, multi-omic changes in mitochondrial analytes across 19 tissues in male and female rats endurance trained for 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks. Training elicited substantial changes in the adrenal gland, brown adipose, colon, heart and skeletal muscle, while we detected mild responses in the brain, lung, small intestine and testes. The colon response was characterized by non-linear dynamics that resulted in upregulation of mitochondrial function that was more prominent in females. Brown adipose and adrenal tissues were characterized by substantial downregulation of mitochondrial pathways. Training induced a previously unrecognized robust upregulation of mitochondrial protein abundance and acetylation in the liver, and a concomitant shift in lipid metabolism. The striated muscles demonstrated a highly coordinated response to increase oxidative capacity, with the majority of changes occurring in protein abundance and post-translational modifications. We identified exercise upregulated networks that are downregulated in human type 2 diabetes and liver cirrhosis. In both cases HSD17B10, a central dehydrogenase in multiple metabolic pathways and mitochondrial tRNA maturation, was the main hub. In summary, we provide a multi-omic, cross-tissue atlas of the mitochondrial response to training and identify candidates for prevention of disease-associated mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevener, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rector, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyfault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active Gαi/o mutants accelerate breast tumor metastasis via the c-Src pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constitutively active mutations in the Gi2 and GoA subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have been identified in several human cancers including breast cancer, but their functional significance in tumorigenesis and metastasis has not been well characterized. In this study, we show that expression of the constitutively active GoAR243H and Gi2R179C mutants alone was insufficient to induce mammary tumor formation in mice. However, in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer induced by Neu expression or PTEN loss, we found that the Gi2R179C mutant enhanced spontaneous lung metastasis while having no effect on primary tumor initiation and growth. Additionally, we observed that ectopic expression of the GoAR243H and Gi2R179C mutants in tumor cells promote cell migration in vitro as well as dissemination into multiple organs in vivo by activating c-Src signaling. Thus, our study uncovers a critical function of Gi/o signaling in accelerating breast cancer metastasis via the c-Src pathway. This work is clinically significant, as it can potentially pave the way to personalized therapies for patients who present with active Gi/o mutations or elevated Gi/o signaling by targeting c-Src to inhibit breast cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhimani, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draus, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active Gαi/o mutants accelerate breast tumor metastasis via the c-Src pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics reveals unique gene expression changes in different brain regions after sleep deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation has far-reaching consequences on the brain and behavior, impacting memory, attention, and metabolism. Previous research has focused on gene expression changes in individual brain regions, such as the hippocampus or cortex. Therefore, it is unclear how uniformly or heterogeneously sleep loss affects the brain. Here, we use spatial transcriptomics to define the impact of a brief period of sleep deprivation across the brain. We find that sleep deprivation induced pronounced differences in gene expression across the brain, with the greatest changes in the hippocampus, neocortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Both the differentially expressed genes and the direction of regulation differed markedly across regions. Importantly, we developed bioinformatic tools to register tissue sections and gene expression data into a common anatomical space, allowing a brain-wide comparison of gene expression patterns between samples. Our results suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms acting in discrete brain regions underlie the biological effects of sleep deprivation.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=75 SRC="FIGDIR/small/524406v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@86d135org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1110670org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bdaddeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e1d268_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LISpatial transcriptomics using the Visium platform reveals the transcriptional signature across the brain, recapitulating the anatomy of the mouse brain
C_LIO_LISleep deprivation induces transcriptomic changes unique to each brain region
C_LIO_LIThe hippocampus is the brain region impacted the most by acute sleep deprivation, with most differentially regulated genes significantly downregulated
C_LIO_LIThe neocortex exhibits layer-specific changes in gene expression, with most differentially regulated genes significantly upregulated
C_LIO_LIRegistration of spatial transcriptomic data to a common anatomical reference space (Allen Common Coordinate Framework) allows statistical analysis of gene expression across regions of the brain and for multi-sample analysis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics reveals unique gene expression changes in different brain regions after sleep deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the spatial transcriptomic signature of the hippocampus during memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory consolidation involves discrete patterns of transcriptional events in the hippocampus. Despite the emergence of single-cell transcriptomic profiling techniques, defining learning-responsive gene expression across subregions of the hippocampus has remained challenging. Here, we utilized unbiased spatial sequencing to elucidate transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression in the hippocampus following learning, enabling us to define molecular signatures unique to each hippocampal subregion. We find that each subregion of the hippocampus exhibits distinct yet overlapping transcriptomic signatures. Although the CA1 region exhibited increased expression of genes related to transcriptional regulation, the DG showed upregulation of genes associated with protein folding. We demonstrate the functional relevance of subregion-specific gene expression by genetic manipulation of a transcription factor selectively in the CA1 hippocampal subregion, leading to long-term memory deficits. This work demonstrates the power of using spatial molecular approaches to reveal transcriptional events during memory consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanrobeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the spatial transcriptomic signature of the hippocampus during memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel keto-alkyl-pyridinium antifungal molecules active in models of in vivo Candida albicans vascular catheter infection and ex vivo Candida auris skin colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New antifungal therapies are needed for both systemic, invasive infections as well as superficial infections of mucosal and skin surfaces as well as biofilms associated with medical devices. The resistance of biofilm and biofilm-like growth phases of fungi contributes to the poor efficacy of systemic therapies to non-systemic infections. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel keto-alkyl-pyridinium scaffold with broad spectrum activity (2-16 {micro}g/mL) against medically important yeasts and moulds, including clinical isolates resistant to azoles and/or echinocandins. Furthermore, these keto-alkyl-pyridinium agents retain substantial activity against biofilm phase yeast and have direct activity against hyphal A. fumigatus. Although their toxicity precludes use in systemic infections, we found that the keto-alkyl-pyridinium molecules reduce C. albicans fungal burden in a rat model of vascular catheter infection and reduce Candida auris colonization in a porcine ex vivo model. These initial pre-clinical data suggest that molecules of this class may warrant further study and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaronowaki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eix, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nett, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel keto-alkyl-pyridinium antifungal molecules active in models of in vivo Candida albicans vascular catheter infection and ex vivo Candida auris skin colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial citrate metabolism and efflux regulates trophoblast differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytotrophoblasts fuse to form and renew syncytiotrophoblasts necessary to maintain placental health throughout gestation. During cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, cells undergo regulated metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming. Mitochondria play a critical role in differentiation events in cellular systems, thus we hypothesized that mitochondrial metabolism played a central role in trophoblast differentiation. In this work, we employed static and stable isotope tracing untargeted metabolomics methods along with gene expression and histone acetylation studies in an established cell culture model of trophoblast differentiation. Trophoblast differentiation was associated with increased abundance of the TCA cycle intermediates citrate and -ketoglutarate. Citrate was preferentially exported from mitochondria in the undifferentiated state but was retained to a larger extent within mitochondria upon differentiation. Correspondingly, differentiation was associated with decreased expression of the mitochondrial citrate transporter (CIC). CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of the mitochondrial citrate carrier showed that CIC is required for biochemical differentiation of trophoblasts. Loss of CIC resulted in broad alterations in gene expression and histone acetylation. These gene expression changes were partially rescued through acetate supplementation. Taken together, these results highlight a central role for mitochondrial citrate metabolism in orchestrating histone acetylation and gene expression during trophoblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahr, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nashif, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauckhorst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rome, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchalska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearhart, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernimont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial citrate metabolism and efflux regulates trophoblast differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Representation of Movement Across the Developmental Transition to Continuous Neural Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary motor cortex (M1) exhibits a protracted period of development that includes the establishment of a somatosensory map long before motor outflow emerges. In rats, the sensory representation is established by postnatal day (P) 8 when cortical activity is still "discontinuous." Here, we ask how the representation survives the sudden transition to noisy "continuous" activity at P12. Using neural decoding to predict forelimb movements based solely on M1 activity, we show that a linear decoder is sufficient to predict limb movements at P8, but not at P12; in contrast, a nonlinear decoder effectively predicts limb movements at P12. The change in decoder performance at P12 reflects an increase in both the complexity and uniqueness of kinematic information available in M1. We next show that the representation at P12 is more susceptible to the deleterious effects of "lesioning" inputs and to "transplanting" M1s encoding scheme from one pup to another. We conclude that the emergence of continuous cortical activity signals the developmental onset in M1 of more complex, informationally sparse, and individualized sensory representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glanz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Representation of Movement Across the Developmental Transition to Continuous Neural Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcal secreted cytotoxins are competition sensing signals for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coinfection with two notorious opportunistic pathogens, the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, dominates chronic pulmonary infections. While coinfection is associated with poor patient outcomes, the interspecies interactions responsible for such decline remain unknown. Here, we dissected molecular mechanisms of interspecies sensing between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. We discovered that P. aeruginosa senses S. aureus secreted peptides and, counterintuitively, moves towards these toxins. P. aeruginosa tolerates such a strategy through "competition sensing", whereby it preempts imminent danger/competition by arming cells with type six secretion (T6S) and iron acquisition systems. Intriguingly, while T6S is predominantly described as weaponry targeting Gram-negative and eukaryotic cells, we find that T6S is essential for full P. aeruginosa competition with S. aureus, a previously undescribed role for T6S. Importantly, competition sensing was activated during coinfection of bronchial epithelia, including T6S islands targeting human cells. This study reveals critical insight into both interspecies competition and how antagonism may cause collateral damage to the host environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiedrowski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomenick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomberger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcal secreted cytotoxins are competition sensing signals for Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARHGAP29 is required for keratinocyte proliferation and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDRhoA GTPase plays critical roles in actin cytoskeletal remodeling required for controlling a diverse range of cellular functions including cell proliferation, cell adhesions, migration and changes in cell shape. RhoA cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound form, a process that is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). ARHGAP29 is a GAP expressed in keratinocytes of the skin and is decreased in the absence of Interferon Regulator Factor 6, a critical regulator of cell proliferation and migration. However, the role for ARHGAP29 in keratinocyte biology is unknown.

RESULTSNovel ARHGAP29 knockdown keratinocyte cell lines were generated using both CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA technologies. Knockdown cells exhibited significant reduction of ARHGAP29 protein (50-80%) and displayed increased filamentous actin (stress fibers), phospho-myosin light chain (contractility), cell area and population doubling time. Furthermore, we found that ARHGAP29 knockdown keratinocytes displayed significant delays in scratch wound closure in both single cell and collective cell migration conditions. Particularly, our results show a reduction in path lengths, speed, directionality and persistence in keratinocytes with reduced ARHGAP29. The delay in scratch closure was rescued by both adding back ARHGAP29 or adding a ROCK inhibitor to ARHGAP29 knockdown cells.

CONCLUSIONSThese data demonstrate that ARHGAP29 is required for keratinocyte morphology, proliferation and migration mediated through the RhoA pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reeb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelizzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnica, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnwald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.525978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARHGAP29 is required for keratinocyte proliferation and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils injected into prefrontal cortex primarily impact cortical and subcortical structures and lead to restricted behavioral impacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by diffuse spread of alpha-synuclein (-syn) throughout the brain. Patients with PDD and DLB have a neuropsychological pattern of deficits that include executive dysfunction, such as abnormalities in planning, timing, working memory, and behavioral flexibility. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a major role in normal executive function and often develops -syn aggregates in DLB and PDD. To investigate the consequences of -syn pathology in the cortex, we injected human -syn pre-formed fibrils into the PFC of wildtype mice. We report that PFC PFFs: 1) induced -syn aggregation in multiple cortical and subcortical regions with sparse aggregation in midbrain and brainstem nuclei; 2) did not affect interval timing or spatial learning acquisition but did mildly alter behavioral flexibility as measured by intraday reversal learning; 3) increased open field exploration; and 4) did not affect susceptibility to an inflammatory challenge. This model of cortical-dominant pathology aids in our understanding of how local -syn aggregation might impact some symptoms in PDD and DLB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Choisy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelmotilib, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halhouli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils injected into prefrontal cortex primarily impact cortical and subcortical structures and lead to restricted behavioral impacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubular Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Disruption Elicits Redox Adaptations that Protect from Acute Kidney Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy-intensive kidney reabsorption processes essential for normal whole-body function are maintained by tubular epithelial cell metabolism. Tubular metabolism changes markedly following acute kidney injury (AKI), but which changes are adaptive versus maladaptive remain poorly understood. In publicly available data sets, we noticed a consistent downregulation of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) after AKI, which we experimentally confirmed. To test the functional consequences of MPC downregulation, we generated novel tubular epithelial cell-specific Mpc1 knockout (MPC TubKO) mice. 13C-glucose tracing, steady-state metabolomic profiling, and enzymatic activity assays revealed that MPC TubKO coordinately increased activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glutathione and thioredoxin oxidant defense systems. Following rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, MPC TubKO decreased markers of kidney injury and oxidative damage and strikingly increased survival. Our findings suggest that decreased mitochondrial pyruvate uptake is a central adaptive response following AKI and raise the possibility of therapeutically modulating the MPC to attenuate AKI severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rauckhorst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapuskar, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabla, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda-Orozco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubular Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Disruption Elicits Redox Adaptations that Protect from Acute Kidney Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Connectivity of the Cerebellar Vermis in Bipolar Disorder and Associations with Mood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeStudies of the neural underpinnings of bipolar type I disorder have focused on the emotional control network. However, there is also growing evidence for cerebellar involvement, including abnormal structure, function, and metabolism. Here, we sought to assess functional connectivity of the cerebellum with the cerebrum in bipolar disorder and to assess whether any effects might depend on mood.

MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 128 participants with bipolar type I disorder and 83 control comparison participants who completed a 3T MRI scan, which included anatomical imaging as well as resting state BOLD imaging. Functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis to all other brain regions was assessed. Based on quality control metrics of the fMRI data, 109 participants with bipolar disorder and 79 controls were used to in the statistical analysis comparing connectivity of the vermis as well as associations with mood. Potential impacts of medications were also explored.

ResultsFunctional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis in bipolar disorder was found to differ significantly between brain regions known to be involved in the control of emotion, motor function, and language. While connections with emotion and motor control areas were significantly stronger in bipolar disorder, connection to a region associated language production was significantly weaker. In the participants with bipolar disorder, ratings of depression and mania were inversely associated with vermis functional connectivity. No effect of medications on these connections were observed.

ConclusionTogether the findings suggest cerebellum may play a compensatory role in bipolar disorder and when it can no longer fulfill this role, depression and mania develop. The proximity of the cerebellar vermis to the skull may make this region a potential target for treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saleem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedorowicz, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsotti, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyaputri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Connectivity of the Cerebellar Vermis in Bipolar Disorder and Associations with Mood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Clustered Gamma Protocadherin Pcdhγc4 Isoform Regulates Cortical Interneuron Programmed Cell Death in the Mouse Cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into cortex, where their numbers are adjusted by programmed cell death. Previously, we showed that loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdh{gamma}), but not of genes in the alpha or beta clusters, increased dramatically cIN BAX-dependent cell death in mice. Here we show that the sole deletion of the Pcdh{gamma}c4 isoform, but not of the other 21 isoforms in the Pcdh{gamma} gene cluster, increased cIN cell death in mice during the normal period of programmed cell death. Viral expression of the Pcdh{gamma}c4 isoform rescued transplanted cINs lacking Pcdh{gamma} from cell death. We conclude that Pcdh{gamma}, specifically Pcdh{gamma}c4, plays a critical role in regulating the survival of cINs during their normal period of cell death. This demonstrates a novel specificity in the role of Pcdh{gamma} isoforms in cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancia Leon, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale-Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakela, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breevoort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenstaub, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Buylla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Clustered Gamma Protocadherin Pcdhγc4 Isoform Regulates Cortical Interneuron Programmed Cell Death in the Mouse Cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting 16p11.2 hemi-deletion to study sex-specific striatal phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are polygenic in nature and copy number variants (CNVs) are ideal candidates to study the nature of this polygenic risk. The disruption of striatal circuits is considered a central mechanism in NDDs. The 16p11.2 hemi-deletion (16p11.2 del) is one of the most common CNVs associated with NDD, and 16p11.2 del/+ mice show sex-specific striatum-related behavioral phenotypes. However, the critical genes among the 27 genes in the 16p11.2 region that underlie these phenotypes remain unknown. Previously, we applied a novel strategy to identify candidate genes associated with the sex-specific phenotypes of 16p11.2 del/+ mice and identified 3 genes of particular importance within the deleted region: thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 (Taok2), seizure-related 6 homolog-like 2 (Sez6l2), and major vault protein (Mvp). Using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we generated 3 gene hemi-deletion (3g del/+) mice carrying null mutations inTaok2, Sez6l2, and Mvp. We assessed striatum-dependent phenotypes of these 3g del/+ mice in behavioral, molecular, and imaging studies. Hemi-deletion of Taok2, Sez6l2, and Mvp induces sex-specific behavioral alterations in striatum-dependent behavioral tasks, specifically male-specific hyperactivity and impaired motivation for reward seeking, resembling behavioral phenotypes of 16p11.2 del/+ mice. Moreover, RNAseq analysis revealed that 3g del/+ mice exhibit gene expression changes in the striatum similar to 16p11.2 del/+ mice, but only in males. Pathway analysis identified ribosomal dysfunction and translation dysregulation as molecular mechanisms underlying male-specific, striatum-dependent behavioral alterations. Together, the mutation of 3 genes within the 16p11.2 region phenocopies striatal sex-specific phenotypes of 16p11.2 del/+ mice, unlike single gene mutation studies. These results support the importance of a polygenic approach to study NDDs and our novel strategy to identify genes of interest using gene expression patterns in brain regions, such as the striatum, which are impacted in these disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelvington, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting 16p11.2 hemi-deletion to study sex-specific striatal phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interference with the HNF4-dependent gene regulatory network diminishes ER stress in hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In all eukaryotic cell types, the unfolded protein response (UPR) upregulates factors that promote protein folding and misfolded protein clearance to help alleviate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Yet ER stress in the liver is uniquely accompanied by the suppression of metabolic genes, the coordination and purpose of which is largely unknown. Here, we used unsupervised machine learning to identify a cluster of correlated genes that were profoundly suppressed by persistent ER stress in the liver. These genes, which encode diverse functions including metabolism, coagulation, drug detoxification, and bile synthesis, are likely targets of the master regulator of hepatocyte differentiation HNF4. The response of these genes to ER stress was phenocopied by liver-specific deletion of HNF4. Strikingly, while deletion of HNF4 exacerbated liver injury in response to an ER stress challenge, it also diminished UPR activation and partially preserved ER ultrastructure, suggesting attenuated ER stress. Conversely, pharmacological maintenance of hepatocyte identity in vitro enhanced sensitivity to stress. Several pathways potentially link HNF4 to ER stress sensitivity, including control of expression of the tunicamycin transporter MFSD2A; modulation of IRE1/XBP1 signaling; and regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. Together, these findings suggest that HNF4 activity is linked to hepatic ER homeostasis through multiple mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interference with the HNF4-dependent gene regulatory network diminishes ER stress in hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3Kδ inhibition potentiates glucocorticoids in B-ALL by decreased receptor phosphorylation and enhanced gene regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone and prednisone, are the cornerstone of B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) therapy. Because response to glucocorticoids alone predicts overall outcomes for B-ALL, enhancing glucocorticoid potency is a route to improving outcomes. However, systematic toxicities prevent the use of higher dose and more potent glucocorticoids. We therefore took a functional genomic approach to identify targets to enhance glucocorticoid activity specifically in B-ALL cells. Here we show that inhibition of the lymphoid-restricted PI3K{delta}, signaling through the RAS/MAPK pathway, enhances both prednisone and dexamethasone activity in almost all ex vivo B-ALL specimens tested. This potentiation is most synergistic at sub-saturating doses of glucocorticoids, approaching the EC50. Potentiation correlates with global enhancement of glucocorticoid-induced gene regulation, including regulation of effector genes that drive B-ALL cell death. Idelalisib reduces phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at MAPK1/ERK2 targets S203 and S226, and ablation of these phospho-acceptor sites enhances glucocorticoid potency. We further show that phosphorylation of S226 reduces the affinity of GR for DNA in vitro, which impairs DNA binding. We therefore propose that PI3K{delta} inhibition improves glucocorticoid efficacy in B-ALL in part by decreasing GR phosphorylation, increasing DNA binding affinity, and enhancing downstream gene regulation. The overall enhancement of GR function suggests that idelalisib will provide benefit to most patients with B-ALL by improving outcomes for patients whose disease is less responsive to glucocorticoid-based therapy, including high-risk disease, and allowing less toxic glucocorticoid-sparing strategies for patients with standard-risk disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3Kδ inhibition potentiates glucocorticoids in B-ALL by decreased receptor phosphorylation and enhanced gene regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conflicts are represented in a cognitive space to reconcile domain-general and domain-specific cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control resolves conflicts between task-relevant and -irrelevant information to enable goal-directed behavior. As conflicts can arise from different sources (e.g., sensory input, internal representations), how a limited set of cognitive control processes can effectively address diverse conflicts remains a major challenge. Based on the cognitive space theory, different conflicts can be parameterized and represented as distinct points in a (low-dimensional) cognitive space, which can then be resolved by a limited set of cognitive control processes working along the dimensions. It leads to a hypothesis that conflicts similar in their sources are also represented similarly in the cognitive space. We designed a task with five types of conflicts that could be conceptually parameterized. Both human performance and fMRI activity patterns in the right dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) support that different types of conflicts are organized based on their similarity, thus suggesting cognitive space as a principle for representing conflicts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conflicts are represented in a cognitive space to reconcile domain-general and domain-specific cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation in type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a strongly increased risk for restenosis after angioplasty driven by proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Here, we sought to determine whether and how mitochondrial dysfunction in T2D drives VSMC proliferation with a focus on ROS and intracellular [Ca2+] that both drive cell proliferation, occur in T2D and are regulated by mitochondrial activity.

MethodsUsing a diet-induced mouse model of T2D, the inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (mtCaMKII), a regulator of Ca2+ entry via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter selectively in VSMCs, we performed in vivo phenotyping after mechanical injury and established the mechanisms of excessive proliferation in cultured VSMCs.

ResultsIn T2D, the inhibition of mtCaMKII reduced both neointima formation after mechanical injury and the proliferation of cultured VSMCs. VSMCs from T2D mice displayed accelerated proliferation, reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ entry and membrane potential with elevated baseline [Ca2+]cyto compared to cells from normoglycemic mice. Accelerated proliferation after PDGF treatment was driven by activation of Erk1/2 and its upstream regulators. Hyperactivation of Erk1/2 was Ca2+-dependent rather than mitochondrial ROS-driven Ca2+-dependent and included the activation of CaMKII in the cytosol. The inhibition of mtCaMKII exaggerated the Ca2+ imbalance by lowering mitochondrial Ca2+ entry and increasing baseline [Ca2+]cyto, further enhancing baseline Erk1/2 activation. With inhibition of mtCaMKII, PDGF treatment had no additional effect on cell proliferation. Inhibition of activated CaMKII in the cytosol decreased excessive Erk1/2 activation and reduced VSMC proliferation.

ConclusionsCollectively, our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms of enhanced VSMC proliferation after mechanical injury by mitochondrial Ca2+ entry in T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittauer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ait-Aissa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinchankar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation in type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.527070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the First Turtle Organoids: A Model for Investigating Unique Adaptations with Biomedical Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.527070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Painted turtles are remarkable for their well-developed freeze tolerance and associated resilience to hypoxia/anoxia, oxidative stress, and ability to supercool. They are, therefore, an ideal model for biomedical research on hypoxia-induced injuries (including strokes), tissue cooling during extensive surgeries, and organ cryopreservation. Yet, the seasonal reproduction and slow maturation of turtles hinder basic and applied biomedical research. To overcome these limitations, we developed the first adult stem cell-derived turtle hepatic organoids, which provide 3D self-assembled structures that mimic their original tissue and allow for in vitro testing and experimentation without constantly harvesting donor tissue and screening offspring. Our pioneering work with turtles represents the first for this vertebrate Order and complements the only other organoid lines from non-avian reptiles, derived from snake venom glands. Here we report the isolation and characterization of hepatic organoids derived from painted, snapping, and spiny softshell turtles spanning [~]175 million years of evolution, with a subset being preserved in a biobank. Morphological and transcriptomics revealed organoid cells resembling cholangiocytes, which was then compared to the tissue of origin. Deriving turtle organoids from multiple species and life stages demonstrates that our techniques are broadly applicable to chelonians, permitting the development of functional genomic tools currently missing in most herpetological research. When combined with genetic editing, this platform will further support studies of genome-to-phenome mapping, gene function, genome architecture, and adaptive responses to climate change, among others. We discuss the unique abilities of turtles, including their overwintering potential, which has implications for ecological, evolutionary, and biomedical research.

SIGNIFICANCEHere we developed the first turtle-derived organoid biobank from the liver of multiple chelonians with a subset characterized via histology, RNA sequencing transcriptomics, single-nuclei RNA sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of the 3D organoid model to investigate unique physiological adaptations of turtles which could unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying their overwintering capacity, opening the door for in vitro biomedical studies relevant to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury to organ cryopreservation, beyond fundamental ecology and evolution. This organoid biobank represents a novel resource for the scientific community to support research regarding the unique adaptations of this understudied Order of vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zdyrski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessler, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sifuentes-Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topping, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bista, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamplin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineyro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allenspach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.527070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the First Turtle Organoids: A Model for Investigating Unique Adaptations with Biomedical Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar Morphological Differences in Bipolar Disorder Type I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe neural underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD) remain poorly understood. The cerebellum is ideally positioned to modulate emotional regulation circuitry yet has been understudied in BD. Previous studies have suggested differences in cerebellar activity and metabolism in BD, however findings on cerebellar structural differences remain contradictory.

MethodsWe collected 3T anatomical MRI scans from participants with (N = 131) and without (N = 81) BD type I. Differences in cerebellar volumes were assessed along with factors that influence the results.

ResultsThe cerebellar cortex was smaller bilaterally in participants with BD. Polygenic propensity score (bipolar N = 103, control N = 64) did not predict any cerebellar volumes, suggesting that non-genetic factors may have greater influence on the cerebellar volume difference we observed in BD. Cerebellar white matter volumes increased with more adverse childhood events, but we did not observe any associations with parental psychiatric illness. We also evaluated time from onset and symptom burden and found no associations with cerebellar volumes, suggesting neurodevelopment may differ prior to onset. Finally, we found taking sedatives was associated with larger cerebellar white matter and non-significantly larger cortical volume.

LimitationsThis study was cross-sectional, limiting interpretation of possible mechanisms. Most of our participants were White, which could limit the generalizability. Additionally, we did not account for potential polypharmacy interactions.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that external influences, such as medications, may influence cerebellum structure in BD and may mask underlying differences. Accounting for medication may be critical for consistent findings in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmata, G. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsotti, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casten, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedorowicz, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyaputri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.528549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar Morphological Differences in Bipolar Disorder Type I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia, widely studied for its complex roles in health and disease. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are essential for discerning striatal function, however the relationship between neuronal and hemodynamic activity, critical for interpreting fMRI signals, has not been rigorously examined in striatum. We find that optogenetic stimulation of striatal neurons or afferents evokes negative striatal fMRI responses in rats that can occur despite broad increases in local neuronal activity. Intra-striatal pharmacological manipulations suggest that opioidergic, but not dopaminergic transmission contributes to negative striatal fMRI signals (the latter instead associated with positive signals). Striatal neuronal activity peaks are also associated with negative hemodynamic signals in behaving rats. Negative fMRI responses are observed in human striatum under conditions of anticipated neuronal activity increases. Our results prompt consideration of local cellular and neurochemical environments along with neuronal activity in fMRI signal interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerri, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albaugh, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, T.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonneman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuber, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Changes in Macrophage Polarization during the Resolution Phase of Periodontal Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periodontal inflammation is largely governed by infiltration of myeloid cells, in particular macrophages. Polarization of M{varphi} within the gingival tissues is a well-controlled axis and has considerable consequences for how M{varphi} participate in inflammatory and resolution (tissue repair) phases. We hypothesize that periodontal therapy may instigate a pro-resolution environment favoring M2 M{varphi} polarization and contribute towards resolution of inflammation post-therapy. We aimed to evaluate the markers of macrophage polarization before and after periodontal therapy. Gingival biopsies were excised from human subjects with generalized severe periodontitis, undergoing routine non-surgical therapy. A second set of biopsies were excised after 4-6 weeks to assess the impact of therapeutic resolution at the molecular level. As controls, gingival biopsies were excised from periodontally healthy subjects, undergoing crown lengthening. Total RNA was isolated from gingival biopsies to evaluate pro- and anti-inflammatory markers associated with macrophage polarization by RT-qPCR. Mean periodontal probing depths, CAL and BOP reduced significantly after therapy and corroborated with the reduced levels of periopathic bacterial transcripts after therapy. Compared to heathy and treated biopsies, higher load of Aa and Pg transcripts were observed in disease. Lower expression of M1M{varphi} markers (TNF-, STAT1) were observed after therapy as compared to diseased samples. Conversely, M2M{varphi} markers (STAT6, IL-10) were highly expressed in post-therapy as opposed to pre-therapy, which correlated with clinical improvement. These findings corroborated with murine ligature-induced periodontitis and resolution model, comparing the respective murine M{varphi} polarization markers (M1 M{varphi}: cox2, iNOS2 and M2 M{varphi}: tgm2 and arg1). Our findings suggest that imbalance in M1 and M2 polarized macrophages by assessment of their markers can provide relevant clinical information on the successful response of periodontal therapy and can be used to target non-responders with exaggerated immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uttamani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valverde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Changes in Macrophage Polarization during the Resolution Phase of Periodontal Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational model of MGUS progression to Multiple Myeloma identifies optimum screening strategies and their effects on mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances uncovered therapeutic interventions that might reduce the risk of progression of premalignant diagnoses, such as from Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) to multiple myeloma (MM). It remains unclear how to best screen populations at risk and how to evaluate the ability of these interventions to reduce disease prevalence and mortality at the population level. To address these questions, we developed a computational modeling framework. We used individual-based computational modeling of MGUS incidence and progression across a population of diverse individuals, to determine best screening strategies in terms of screening start, intervals, and risk-group specificity. Inputs were life tables, MGUS incidence and baseline MM survival. We measured MM-specific mortality and MM prevalence following MGUS detection from simulations and mathematical precition modeling. We showed that our framework is applicable to a wide spectrum of screening and intervention scenarios, including variation of the baseline MGUS to MM progression rate and evolving MGUS, in which progression increases over time. Given the currently available progression risk-point estimate of 61% risk, starting screening at age 55 and follow-up screening every 6yrs reduced total MM prevalence by 19%. The same reduction could be achieved with starting age 65 and follow-up every 2yrs. A 40% progression risk reduction per MGUS patient per year would reduce MM-specific mortality by 40%. Generally, age of screening onset and frequency impact disease prevalence, progression risk reduction impacts both prevalence and disease-specific mortality, and screeenign would generally be favorable in high-risk individuals. Screening efforts should focus on specifically identified groups of high lifetime risk of MGUS, for which screening benefits can be significant. Screening low-risk MGUS individuals would require improved preventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altrock, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferlic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational model of MGUS progression to Multiple Myeloma identifies optimum screening strategies and their effects on mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased association and expression studies identify novel genes for tooth development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously reported co-occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and tooth agenesis (TA) and the overlap in disease-associated gene variants suggest involvement of similar molecular pathways. In this study, we took an unbiased approach and tested genome-wide significant CRC-associated variants for association with isolated TA. Thirty single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in CRC-predisposing genes/loci were genotyped in a discovery dataset composed of 440 individuals with and without isolated TA. Genome-wide significant associations were found between TA and DUSP10 rs6687758 (P=1.25 x 10-9) and ATF1 rs11169552 (P=4.36 x 10-10), with strong association found with CASC8 rs10505477 (P=8.2 x 10-5). Additional CRC marker haplotypes were also significantly associated with TA (P<0.0002). Genotyping an independent dataset consisting of 52 cases with TA and 427 controls confirmed the association with CASC8.nnAtf1 and Dusp10 expression was detected in the mouse developing teeth from early bud stages to the formation of the complete tooth, suggesting a potential role for these genes and their encoded proteins in tooth development. Our findings suggest Atf1 and Dusp10 as new tooth development genes, while having a role in colorectal cancer. While their individual contributions in tooth development remain to be elucidated, these genes may be considered additional candidates to be tested in future human genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biguetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Bustillos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshwari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinckan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akyalcin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyguner, Z. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amendt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhrouri, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased association and expression studies identify novel genes for tooth development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage specific histories of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dispersal in Africa and Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a globally distributed, obligate pathogen of humans that can be divided into seven clearly defined lineages. Identifying how the ancestral clone of M.tb spread and differentiated is important for identifying the ecological drivers of the current pandemic. We reconstructed M.tb migration in Africa and Eurasia, and investigated lineage specific patterns of spread. Applying evolutionary rates inferred with ancient M.tb genome calibration, we link M.tb dispersal to historical phenomena that altered patterns of connectivity throughout Africa and Eurasia: trans-Indian Ocean trade in spices and other goods, the Silk Road and its predecessors, the expansion of the Roman Empire and, the European Age of Exploration. We find that Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia have been critical in the dispersal of M.tb. Our results reveal complex relationships between spatial dispersal and expansion of M.tb populations, and delineate the independent evolutionary trajectories of bacterial sub-populations underlying the current pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldholm, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepperell, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage specific histories of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dispersal in Africa and Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Mapping of Emotion Networks in the Human Brain: Framework and Preliminary Findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotions involve many cortical and subcortical regions, prominently including the amygdala. It remains unknown how these multiple network components interact, and it remains unknown how they cause the behavioral, autonomic, and experiential effects of emotions. Here we describe a framework for combining a novel technique, concurrent electrical stimulation with fMRI (es-fMRI), together with a novel analysis, inferring causal structure from fMRI data (causal discovery). We outline a research program for investigating human emotion with these new tools, and provide initial findings from two large resting-state datasets as well as case studies in neurosurgical patients with electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The overarching goal is to use causal discovery methods on fMRI data to infer causal graphical models of how brain regions interact, and then to further constrain these models with direct stimulation of specific brain regions and concurrent fMRI. We conclude by discussing limitations and future extensions. The approach could yield anatomical hypotheses about brain connectivity, motivate rational strategies for treating mood disorders with deep brain stimulation, and could be extended to animal studies that use combined optogenetic fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyszka, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Mapping of Emotion Networks in the Human Brain: Framework and Preliminary Findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical models reveal the relative importance of transporter proteins and impermeant anions in chloride homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast synaptic inhibition in the nervous system depends on the transmembrane flux of Cl- ions based on the neuronal Cl- driving force. Established theories regarding the determinants of Cl- driving force have recently been questioned. Here we present biophysical models of Cl- homeostasis using the pump-leak model. Using numerical and novel analytic solutions, we demonstrate that the Na+/K+-ATPase, ion conductances, impermeant anions, electrodiffusion, water fluxes and cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) play roles in setting the Cl- driving force. Our models, together with experimental validation, show that while impermeant anions can contribute to setting [Cl-]i in neurons, they have a negligible effect on the driving force for Cl- locally and cell-wide. In contrast, we demonstrate that CCCs are well-suited for modulating Cl- driving force and hence inhibitory signalling in neurons. Our findings reconcile recent experimental findings and provide a framework for understanding the interplay of different chloride regulatory processes in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Düsterwald, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondo, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical models reveal the relative importance of transporter proteins and impermeant anions in chloride homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal D1 dopamine-receptor neurons and delta resonance in interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Considerable evidence has shown that prefrontal neurons expressing D1-type dopamine receptors (D1DRs) are critical for working memory, flexibility, and timing. This line of work predicts that frontal neurons expressing D1DRs mediate cognitive processing. During timing tasks, one form this cognitive processing might take is time-dependent ramping activity -- monotonic changes in firing rate over time. Thus, we hypothesized the prefrontal D1DR+ neurons would strongly exhibited time-dependent ramping during interval timing. We tested this idea using an interval-timing task in which we used optogenetics to tag D1DR+ neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex (MFC). While 23% of MFC D1DR+ neurons exhibited ramping, this was significantly less than untagged MFC D1DR+ neurons. By contrast, MFC D1DR+ neurons had strong delta-frequency (1-4 Hz) coherence with other MFC ramping neurons. This coherence was phase-locked to cue onset and was strongest early in the interval. To test the significance of these interactions, we optogenetically stimulated MFC D1DR+ neurons early vs. late in the interval. We found that 2-Hz stimulation early in the interval was particularly effective in rescuing timing-related behavioral performance deficits in dopamine-depleted animals. These findings provide insight into MFC networks and have relevance for disorders such as Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia.nnSignificance StatementPrefrontal D1DRs are involved in cognitive processing and cognitive dysfunction in human diseases such as Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia. We use optogenetics to identify these neurons, as well as neurons that are putatively connected to MFC D1DR+ neurons. We study these neurons in detail during an elementary cognitive task. These data could have relevance for cognitive deficits for Parkinsons disease, schizophrenia, and other diseases involving frontal dopamine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal D1 dopamine-receptor neurons and delta resonance in interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective cell behaviour in mechanosensing of substrate thickness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix stiffness has a profound effect on the behaviour of many cell types. Adherent cells apply contractile forces to the material on which they adhere, and sense the resistance of the material to deformation - its stiffness. This is dependent on both the elastic modulus and the thickness of the material, with the corollary that single cells are able to sense underlying stiff materials through soft hydrogel materials at low (<10 {micro}m) thicknesses. Here, we hypothesised that cohesive colonies of cells exert more force and create more hydrogel deformation than single cells, therefore enabling them to mechanosense more deeply into underlying materials than single cells. To test this, we modulated the thickness of soft (1 kPa) elastic ECM-functionalised polyacrylamide hydrogels adhered to glass substrates and allowed colonies of MG63 cells to form on their surfaces. Cell morphology and deformations of fluorescent fiducial-marker labelled hydrogels were quantified by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging. Single cell spreading increased with respect to decreasing hydrogel thickness, with data fitting to an exponential model with half-maximal response at a thickness of 3.2 m. By quantifying cell area within colonies of defined area, we similarly found that colony-cell spreading increased with decreasing hydrogel thickness but with a greater halfmaximal response at 54 m. Depth-sensing was dependent on ROCK-mediated cellular  contractility. Surface hydrogel deformations were significantly greater on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. In addition, deformations extended greater distances from the periphery of colonies on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. Our data suggest that by acting collectively, cells mechanosense rigid materials beneath elastic hydrogels at greater depths than individual cells. This raises the possibility that the collective action of cells in colonies or sheets may allow cells to sense structures of differing material properties at comparatively large distances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tusan, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarkoob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriotis, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentleman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective cell behaviour in mechanosensing of substrate thickness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex in the wild: why field-based studies play a critical role in resolving the problem of sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why and how sexual reproduction is maintained in natural populations, the so-called "queen of problems", is a key unanswered question in evolutionary biology. Recent efforts to solve the problem of sex have often emphasized results generated from laboratory settings. Here, we use a survey of representative "sex in the wild" literature to review and synthesize the outcomes of empirical studies focused on natural populations. Especially notable results included relatively strong support for mechanisms involving niche differentiation and a near absence of attention to adaptive evolution. Support for a major role of parasites is largely confined to a single study system, and only three systems contribute most of the support for mutation accumulation hypotheses. This evidence for taxon specificity suggests that outcomes of particular studies should not be more broadly extrapolated without extreme caution. We conclude by suggesting steps forward, highlighting tests of niche differentiation mechanisms in both lab and nature and empirical evaluation of adaptive evolution-focused hypotheses in the wild. We also emphasize the value of leveraging the growing body of genomic resources for non-model taxa to address whether the clearance of harmful mutations and spread of beneficial variants in natural populations proceeds as expected under various hypotheses for sex.nnAuthor contributionsSM and MN conceived the paper idea, SM, PM, MN, and TS designed the review strategy, reviewed and analysed the literature, and wrote the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication.nnData archival locationThe results of our literature survey are provided as electronic supplementary material.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meirmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meirmans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex in the wild: why field-based studies play a critical role in resolving the problem of sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consortium genome-wide meta-analysis for childhood dental caries traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior studies suggest dental caries traits in children and adolescents are partially heritable, but there has been no large-scale consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date. We therefore performed GWAS for caries in participants aged 2.5-18.0 years from 9 contributing centers. Phenotype definitions were created for the presence or absence of treated or untreated caries, stratified by primary and permanent dentition. All studies tested for association between caries and genotype dosage (imputed to Haplotype Reference Consortium or 1000 Genomes phase 1 version 3 panels) accounting for population stratification. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed weighted by inverse standard error. Analysis included up to 19,003 individuals (7,530 affected) for primary teeth and 13,353 individuals (5,875 affected) for permanent teeth. Evidence for association with caries status was observed at rs1594318-C for primary teeth (intronic within ALLC, Odds Ratio (OR) 0.85, Effect Allele Frequency (EAF) 0.60, p 4.13e-8) and rs7738851-A (intronic within NEDD9, OR 1.28, EAF 0.85, p 1.63e-8) for permanent teeth. Consortium-wide estimated heritability of caries was low (h2 of 1% [95% CI: 0%:7%] and 6% [95% CI 0%:13%] for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively) compared to corresponding within-study estimates (h2 of 28%, [95% CI: 9%:48%] and 17% [95% CI:2%:31%]) or previously published estimates. This study was designed to identify common genetic variants with modest effects which are consistent across different populations. We found few single variants associated with caries status under these assumptions. Phenotypic heterogeneity between cohorts and limited statistical power will have contributed; these findings could also reflect complexity not captured by our study design, such as genetic effects which are conditional on environmental exposure.nnAuthor summaryDental caries (tooth decay) is a common disease in children. Previous studies suggest genetic factors alter caries risk, but to date there is a gap of knowledge in identifying which specific genetic variants are responsible. We undertook analysis in a consortium including around 19,000 children and investigated whether any of 8 million common genetic variants were associated with risk of caries in primary (milk) or permanent teeth. If identified, these variants are used as  tags to highlight genes which may be involved in a disease. We identified variants in two loci associated with caries status; in the primary (rs1594318) and permanent dentition (rs7738851). The former is intronic in ALLC, a gene with poorly understood function. The latter is an intronic variant within NEDD9, a gene which has several known functions including a role in development of craniofacial structures. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of genetic effects which influence caries larger studies and a better understanding of environmental modifiers or interactions with genetic effects are required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haworth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shungin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Tas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vucic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakimov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feenstra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnelykke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norrisgaard, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppälä, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitakari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudding, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grgic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongkosuwito, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloranta, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, N. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slayton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nohr, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimäki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisgaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühnisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolvius, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consortium genome-wide meta-analysis for childhood dental caries traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate deformations induce directed keratinocyte migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration is an essential part of many (patho)physiological processes in the body, including keratinocyte re-epithelialization of healing wounds. Recent interest in the mechanobiology of tissues suggests that physical forces and mechanical cues from the wound bed (in addition to biochemical signals) may also play an important role in the healing process. Previously, we explored this possibility and found that polyacrylamide (PA) gel stiffness affected primary human keratinocyte behavior and that mechanical deformations in soft (~1.2 kPA) PA gels produced by neighboring cells appeared to influence the process of de novo epithelial sheet formation. In order to clearly demonstrate that keratinocytes do respond to such deformations, we conducted a series of experiments where we observed the response of single keratinocytes to a prescribed local substrate deformation that mimicked a neighboring cell or evolving multicellular aggregate via a servo-controlled microneedle. We also examined the effect of adding either Y27632, a rho kinase inhibitor, or blebbistatin, a non-muscle myosin II inhibitor, on the response of the cells to PA gel deformations. The results of this study indicate that keratinocytes do sense and respond to mechanical signals comparable to those that originate from substrate displacements imposed by neighboring cells, a finding that could have important implications for the process of keratinocyte re-epithelialization that takes place during normal and pathologic wound healing. Furthermore, the Rho/ROCK pathway and the engagement of NM II are both essential to the observed process of substrate deformation-directed keratinocyte migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarkoob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnathambi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate deformations induce directed keratinocyte migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of de novo copy number deletions from targeted sequencing of trios 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo copy number deletions have been implicated in many diseases, but there is no formal method to date however that identifies de novo deletions in parent-offspring trios from capture-based sequencing platforms. We developed Minimum Distance for Targeted Sequencing (MDTS) to fill this void. MDTS has similar sensitivity (recall), but a much lower false positive rate compared to less specific CNV callers, resulting in a much higher positive predictive value (precision). MDTS also exhibited much better scalability, and is available as open source software at github.com/JMF47/MDTS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of de novo copy number deletions from targeted sequencing of trios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Measurements of the Frequency-Dependent Impedance of the Spinal Cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved knowledge of the electrode-tissue impedance will be useful in optimizing the clinical protocols and resulting efficacy of the existing and emerging approaches to spinal cord stimulation. Toward that end, the complex impedance (amplitude and phase) of in vivo ovine spinal cord tissue was measured at the electrode-pial subdural surface interface from 5 Hz to 1 MHz, and with the bi-polar electrodes oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the rostral-caudal axis of the spinal cord. At stimulation frequencies above 10 kHz, most of the impedance then becomes resistive in nature and the phase diference between the stimulation signal and the resulting current drops to {approx} 10{ring}, thus maximizing power transfer to the tissues. Also, at these higher frequencies, the current pulse maintains significantly greater fidelity to the shape of the stimulation signal applied across the electrodes. Lastly, there were lower impedances associated with parallel as opposed to perpendicular orientation of the electrodes, thus reflecting the effects of fiber orientation within the spinal cord. Impedance differences of this kind have not been reported with epidural stimulation because of the electrical shunting effects of the intervening layer of relatively high conductivity cerebrospinal fluid. These observations provide a quantitative basis for improved models of spinal cord stimulation and suggest certain advantages for direct intradural stimulation relative to the standard epidural approaches. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abode-Iyamah, k. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Measurements of the Frequency-Dependent Impedance of the Spinal Cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liability to alcohol dependence (AD) is heritable, but little is known about its complex polygenic architecture or its genetic relationship with other disorders. To discover loci associated with AD and characterize the relationship between AD and other psychiatric and behavioral outcomes, we carried out the largest GWAS to date of DSM - IV diagnosed AD. Genome - wide data on 14,904 individuals with AD and 37,944 controls from 28 case / control and family - based studies were meta - analyzed, stratified by genetic ancestry (European, N = 46,568; African; N = 6,280). Independent, genome - wide significant effects of different ADH1B variants were identified in European (rs1229984; p = 9.8E - 13) and African ancestries (rs2066702; p = 2.2E - 9). Significant genetic correlations were observed with schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and use of cigarettes and cannabis. There was only modest genetic correlation with alcohol consumption and inconsistent associations with problem drinking. The genetic underpinnings of AD only partially overlap with those for alcohol consumption, underscoring the genetic distinction between pathological and non - pathological drinking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docherty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>-,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann-Heimbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanne-Kinnunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti-Pulkkinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligthart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbarek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Novel Forms of ERG Oscillation in Drosophila: Age and Activity Dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over an animals lifespan, neuronal circuits and systems often decline in an inherently heterogeneous fashion. To compare the age-dependent progression of changes in visual behavior with alterations in retinal physiology, we examined phototaxis and electroretinograms (ERGs) in a wild-type D. melanogaster strain (Canton-S) across their lifespan. In aged flies (beyond 50% median lifespan), we found a marked decline in phototaxis, while motor coordination was less disrupted, as indicated by relatively stronger negative geotaxis. These aged flies displayed substantially reduced ERG transient amplitudes while the receptor potentials (RP) remained largely intact. Using a repetitive light flash protocol, we serendipitously discovered two forms of activity-dependent oscillation in the ERG waveforms of young flies: "light-off and "light-on" oscillations. After repeated 500 ms light flashes, light-off oscillations appeared during the ERG off-transients (frequency: 50-120 Hz, amplitude: ~1 mV). Light-on oscillations (100-200 Hz, ~0.3 mV) were induced by a series of 50 ms flashes, and were evident during the ERG on-transients. Both forms of oscillation were observed in other strains of D. melanogaster(Oregon-R, Berlin), additional Drosophila species (funerbris, euronotus, hydei, americana), and were evoked by a variety of light sources. Both light-off and light-on oscillations were distinct from previously described ERG oscillations in visual mutants, such as rosA, in terms of location within the waveform and frequency. However, within rosA mutants, light-off oscillations, but not light-on oscillations could be recruited by the repetitive light flash protocol. Importantly though, we found that both forms of oscillation were rarely observed in aged flies. Although the physiological bases of these oscillations remain to be elucidated, they may provide important clues to age-related changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElree, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Harrow, T. C. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thenuwara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aftab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Novel Forms of ERG Oscillation in Drosophila: Age and Activity Dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelia extrude apoptotic cells to maintain a constant barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vascular system is lined with endothelial cells that, although only existing in a single monolayer, are key in the regulation of vascular barrier function. One of the major challenges these cells face is a routine exposure to environmental stressors that can induce apoptosis. Uncontrolled apoptosis in the endothelial monolayer threatens the ability of the cells to maintain their barrier function, resulting in vascular dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to identify ways in which endothelia maintain a cohesive monolayer during apoptotic events. We found that endothelial cells fated die will undergo a process of apoptotic cellular extrusion, similar to what has been described in the epithelium. We further show that endothelial extrusion uses a conserved S1P-S1PR2-RhoA signaling pathway in order to induce the formation of an actin ring that contracts closed, forcing the dying cell out of the monolayer while simultaneously filling in the gap left behind. Thus, endothelial extrusion successfully removes an apoptotic cell before it compromises the monolayer, preserving the barrier function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mleynek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redd, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelia extrude apoptotic cells to maintain a constant barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera -- not Coleoptera -- is the most speciose animal order 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, are more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps - specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts - allows for estimation of relative richness. We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the "genus-specific parasitoid-host ratio" from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species. Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5 - 3.2x more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmayer, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera -- not Coleoptera -- is the most speciose animal order]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Disease Risk Genes from Sequencing Data in Multiplex Pedigrees Through Sharing of Rare Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated how sharing of rare variants (RVs) in distant affected relatives can be used to identify variants causing a complex and heterogeneous disease. This approach tested whether single RVs were shared by all sequenced affected family members. However, as with other study designs, joint analysis of several RVs (e.g. within genes) is sometimes required to obtain sufficient statistical power. Further, phenocopies can lead to false negatives for some causal RVs if complete sharing among affecteds is required. Here we extend our methodology (Rare Variant Sharing, RVS) to address these issues. Specifically, we introduce gene-based analyses, refine RV definition based on haplotypes, and introduce a partial sharing test based on RV sharing probabilities for subsets of affected family members. RVS also has the desirable features of not requiring external estimates of variant frequency or control samples, provides functionality to assess and address violations of key assumptions, and is available as open source software for genome-wide analysis. Simulations including phenocopies, based on the families of an oral cleft study, revealed the partial and complete sharing versions of RVS achieved similar statistical power compared to alternative methods (RareIBD and the Gene-Based Segregation Test), and had superior power compared to the pedigree Variant Annotation, Analysis and Search Tool (pVAAST) linkage statistic. In studies of multiplex cleft families, analysis of rare single nucleotide variants in the exome of 151 affected relatives from 54 families revealed no significant excess sharing in any one gene, but highlighted different patterns of sharing revealed by the complete and partial sharing tests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacha-Hejazi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey-Wilson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Disease Risk Genes from Sequencing Data in Multiplex Pedigrees Through Sharing of Rare Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processing of Auditory Novelty Across the Cortical Hierarchy: An Intracranial Electrophysiology Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under the predictive coding hypothesis, specific spatiotemporal patterns of cortical activation are postulated to occur during sensory processing as expectations generate feedback predictions and prediction errors generate feedforward signals. Establishing experimental evidence for this information flow within cortical hierarchy has been difficult, especially in humans, due to spatial and temporal limitations of non-invasive measures of cortical activity. This study investigated cortical responses to auditory novelty using the local/global deviant paradigm, which engages the hierarchical network underlying auditory predictive coding over short ( local deviance; LD) and long ( global deviance; GD) time scales. Electrocorticographic responses to auditory stimuli were obtained in neurosurgical patients from regions of interest (ROIs) including auditory, auditory-related and prefrontal cortex. LD and GD effects were assayed in averaged evoked potential (AEP) and high gamma (70-150 Hz) signals, the former likely dominated by local synaptic currents and the latter largely reflecting local spiking activity. AEP LD effects were distributed across all ROIs, with greatest percentage of significant sites in core and non-core auditory cortex. High gamma LD effects were localized primarily to auditory cortex in the superior temporal plane and on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (STG). LD effects exhibited progressively longer latencies in core, non-core, auditory-related and prefrontal cortices, consistent with feedforward signaling. The spatial distribution of AEP GD effects overlapped that of LD effects, but high gamma GD effects were more restricted to non-core areas. High gamma GD effects had shortest latencies in STG and preceded AEP GD effects in most ROIs. This latency profile, along with the paucity of high gamma GD effects in the superior temporal plane, suggest that the STG plays a prominent role in initiating novelty detection signals over long time scales. Thus, the data demonstrate distinct patterns of information flow in human cortex associated with auditory novelty detection over multiple time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinschneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processing of Auditory Novelty Across the Cortical Hierarchy: An Intracranial Electrophysiology Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic sequences are two-dimensional 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In attempting to align divergent homologs of a conserved developmental enhancer, a flaw in the homology concept embedded in gapped alignment (GA) was discovered. To correct this flaw, we developed a methodological approach called maximal homology alignment (MHA). The goal of MHA is to rescue internal microparalogy of biological sequences rather than to insert a pattern of gaps (null characters), which transform homologous sequences into strings of uniform size (1-dimensional lengths). The core operation in MHA is the "cinch", whereby inferred tandem microparalogy is represented in multiple rows across the same span of alignment columns. Thus, MHAs have a second (vertical) paralogy dimension, which re-categorizes most indel mutations as replication slippage and attenuates the indel problem. Furthermore, internally-cinched, inferred microparalogy in a self-MHA can later be relaxed to restore uniformity to 2-dimensional widths in a multiple sequence alignment. This de-cinching operation is used as a first resort before artificial null characters are used. We implement MHA in a program called maximal, which is composed of a series of modules for cinching and cyclelizing divergent tandem repeats. In conclusion, we find that the MHA approach is of higher utility than GA in non-protein-coding regulatory sequences, which are unconstrained by codon-based reading frames and are enriched in dense microparalogical content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic sequences are two-dimensional]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mode of Growth and Temperature Dependence on Expression of Atrazine-degrading Genes in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP Biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is capable of metabolizing atrazine, a synthetic herbicide, and uses atrazine as a sole nitrogen source for growth. The microbe completely mineralizes the substrate in a catabolic pathway comprised of six enzymatic steps. All enzymes, AtzA-AtzF, encoded by corresponding genes, AtzA-AtzF, are located on a self-transmissible plasmid, pADP-1. (Souza, M. L., Wackett, L.P., and Sadowsky, M.J Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 64(6): 2323-2326, 1998) RT-qPCR was used to differentiate gene expression in atrazine-degrading genes in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP cells grown as suspended cells and as biofilms. Relative gene expression was also evaluated for biofilms grown at 25{degrees}C, 30{degrees}C, and 37{degrees}C. Complementary atrazine kinetic data was collected using GC-MS for both modes of growth and temperature variance. No significant difference in expression was observed for all atrazine-degrading genes in biofilm-mediated cells relative to planktonic cells, suggesting neither decreased or increased catabolic activity at the mRNA level. In contrasting experiments concerning biofilm growth, expression was downregulated at 37{degrees}C for genes AtzA, AtzB, and AtzC and upregulated for genes AtzD, AtzE, AtzF, signifying Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP biofilms catabolic activity may change in response to substantial temperature changes. Gradual decreases in atrazine concentration were apparent in cells grown in shake flasks, while biofilm-mediated cells showed transient increases and decreases in reactor effluent. The complex extracellular matrix components, quorum sensing, and genetic transfer may account for accumulation and rapid degradation of atrazine. The data collected suggest biofilm-mediated bioremediation may give insight into catabolic activity and atrazine degradation potential.nnImportanceAtrazine is the second most applied herbicide in the United States. It is applied to crops including sorghum, corn, and sugarcane to prevent the growth of broad-leaved weeds. Once used, it can permeate the soil and contaminate proximal groundwater sources, which provide drinking water for over 90-million people. The Environmental Protection Agency sets the maximum contaminant level at 3 parts per billion for atrazine in drinking water, however this is frequently exceeded in rural regions which presents a public safety concern. Atrazine is an endocrine disruptor compound and a suspected teratogen in humans and freshwater species, respectively. This research is significant in evaluating the use an atrazine-degrading strain, Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, grown in a biofilm mode of growth to increase the degradation potential compared to suspended cells. Our results concerning expression and kinetics will aid the development of biofilm reactors for ex situ bioremediation and understanding environmental biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delcau, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeples, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mode of Growth and Temperature Dependence on Expression of Atrazine-degrading Genes in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP Biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preprocessing of functional MRI (fMRI) involves numerous steps to clean and standardize data before statistical analysis. Generally, researchers create ad hoc preprocessing workflows for each new dataset, building upon a large inventory of tools available for each step. The complexity of these workflows has snowballed with rapid advances in MR data acquisition and image processing techniques. We introduce fMRIPrep, an analysis-agnostic tool that addresses the challenge of robust and reproducible preprocessing for task-based and resting fMRI data. FMRIPrep automatically adapts a best-in-breed workflow to the idiosyncrasies of virtually any dataset, ensuring high-quality preprocessing with no manual intervention. By introducing visual assessment checkpoints into an iterative integration framework for software-testing, we show that fMRIPrep robustly produces high-quality results on a diverse fMRI data collection comprising participants from 54 different studies in the OpenfMRI repository. We review the distinctive features of fMRIPrep in a qualitative comparison to other preprocessing workflows. We demonstrate that fMRIPrep achieves higher spatial accuracy as it introduces less uncontrolled spatial smoothness than commonly used preprocessing tools. FMRIPrep has the potential to transform fMRI research by equipping neuroscientists with a high-quality, robust, easy-to-use and transparent preprocessing workflow which can help ensure the validity of inference and the interpretability of their results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moodie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramuzpe Aliaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durnez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgolewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expert Specification of the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for Genetic Hearing Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to the high genetic heterogeneity of hearing loss, current clinical testing includes sequencing large numbers of genes, which often yields a significant number of novel variants. Therefore, the standardization of variant interpretation is crucial to provide consistent and accurate diagnoses. The Hearing Loss Variant Curation Expert Panel was created within the Clinical Genome Resource to provide expert guidance for standardized genomic interpretation in the context of hearing loss. As one of its major tasks, our Expert Panel has adapted the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants in hearing loss genes. Here, we provide a comprehensive illustration of the newly specified ACMG/AMP hearing loss rules. Three rules remained unchanged, four rules were removed, and the remaining twenty-one rules were specified. Of the specified rules, four had general recommendations, seven were gene/disease considerations, seven had strength-level specifications, and three rules had both gene/disease and strength-level specifications. These rules were further validated and refined using a pilot set of 51 variants assessed by curators. These hearing loss-specific ACMG/AMP rules will help standardize variant interpretation, ultimately leading to better care for individuals with hearing loss.nnGRANT NUMBERSResearch reported in this publication was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) under award number U41HG006834.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiStefano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boczek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmenti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasadsri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Tayoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expert Specification of the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for Genetic Hearing Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RsmV a small non-coding regulatory RNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that sequesters RsmA and RsmF from target mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has distinct genetic programs that favor either acute or chronic virulence gene expression. Acute virulence is associated with twitching and swimming motility, expression of a type III secretion system (T3SS), and the absence of alginate, Psl, or Pel polysaccharide production. Traits associated with chronic infection include growth as a biofilm, reduced motility, and expression of a type VI secretion system (T6SS). The Rsm post-transcriptional regulatory system plays an important role in the inverse control of phenotypes associated with acute and chronic virulence. RsmA and RsmF are RNA-binding proteins that interact with target mRNAs to control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Previous work found that RsmA activity is controlled by at least three small, non-coding regulatory RNAs (RsmW, RsmY, and RsmZ). In this study, we took an in-silico approach to identify additional sRNAs that might function in the sequestration of RsmA and/or RsmF and identified RsmV, a 192 nt transcript with four predicted RsmA/RsmF consensus binding sites. RsmV is capable of sequestering RsmA and RsmF in vivo to activate translation of tssA1, a component of the T6SS, and to inhibit T3SS gene expression. Each of the predicted RsmA/RsmF consensus binding sites contribute to RsmV activity. Electrophoretic mobility shifts assays show that RsmF binds RsmV with >10-fold higher affinity than RsmY and RsmZ. Gene expression studies revealed that the temporal expression pattern of RsmV differs from RsmW, RsmY, and RsmZ. These findings suggest that each sRNA may play distinct roles in controlling RsmA and RsmF activity.nnIMPORTANCEThe role of RsmF in post-transcriptional control of gene expression remains enigmatic. While numerous rsmA-dependent phenotypes are more pronounced in an rsmAF double mutant, deletion of rsmF alone has only modest effects. Understanding mechanisms that control RsmF activity will provide insight into additional roles for RsmF. In the current study we identify RsmV as an sRNA that controls RsmA and RsmF activity, and show that RsmV, RsmW, RsmY, and RsmZ are differentially expressed during growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gode, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RsmV a small non-coding regulatory RNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that sequesters RsmA and RsmF from target mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarity judgments and cortical visual responses reflect different properties of object and scene categories in naturalistic images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous factors have been reported to underlie the representation of complex images in high-level human visual cortex, including categories (e.g. faces, objects, scenes), animacy, and real-world size, but the extent to which this organization is reflected in behavioral judgments of real-world stimuli is unclear. Here, we compared representations derived from explicit similarity judgments and ultra-high field (7T) fMRI of human visual cortex for multiple exemplars of a diverse set of naturalistic images from 48 object and scene categories. Behavioral judgements revealed a coarse division between man-made (including humans) and natural (including animals) images, with clear groupings of conceptually-related categories (e.g. transportation, animals), while these conceptual groupings were largely absent in the fMRI representations. Instead, fMRI responses tended to reflect a separation of both human and non-human faces/bodies from all other categories. This pattern yielded a statistically significant, but surprisingly limited correlation between the two representational spaces. Further, comparison of the behavioral and fMRI representational spaces with those derived from the layers of a deep neural network (DNN) showed a strong correspondence with behavior in the top-most layer and with fMRI in the mid-level layers. These results suggest that there is no simple mapping between responses in high-level visual cortex and behavior - each domain reflects different visual properties of the images and responses in high-level visual cortex may correspond to intermediate stages of processing between basic visual features and the conceptual categories that dominate the behavioral response.nnSignificance StatementIt is commonly assumed there is a correspondence between behavioral judgments of complex visual stimuli and the response of high-level visual cortex. We directly compared these representations across a diverse set of naturalistic object and scene categories and found a surprisingly and strikingly different representational structure. Further, both types of representation showed good correspondence with a deep neural network, but each correlated most strongly with different layers. These results show that behavioral judgments reflect more conceptual properties and visual cortical fMRI responses capture more general visual features. Collectively, our findings highlight that great care must be taken in mapping the response of visual cortex onto behavior, which clearly reflect different information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, I. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarity judgments and cortical visual responses reflect different properties of object and scene categories in naturalistic images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder leading to premature death. Rare genetic variants contribute to disease etiology but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and outcome remains poorly characterized.nnMethodsWe performed two separate genome-wide association studies of PAH using data across 11,744 European-ancestry individuals (including 2,085 patients), one with genotypes from 5,895 whole genome sequences and another with genotyping array data from 5,849 further samples. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival.nnFindingsA locus at HLA-DPA1/DPB1 within the class II major histocompatibility (MHC) region and a second near SOX17 were significantly associated with PAH. The SOX17 locus contained two independent signals associated with PAH. Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. PAH risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity and CRISPR-inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. Analysis of median survival showed that PAH patients with two copies of the HLA-DPA1/DPB1 risk variant had a two-fold difference (>16 years versus 8 years), compared to patients homozygous for the alternative allele.nnInterpretationWe have found that common genetic variation at loci in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 and an enhancer near SOX17 are associated with PAH. Impairment of Sox17 function may be more common in PAH than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Allelic variation at HLA-DPB1 stratifies PAH patients for survival following diagnosis, with implications for future therapeutic trial design.nnFundingUK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, Inserm, Universite Paris-Sud, and French ANR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southgate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadinnapola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girerd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebola, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIHR BioResource Rare Diseases Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK PAH Cohort Study Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>US PAH Biobank Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badesch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakinala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coghlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condliffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Support for the dominance theory in Drosophila transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions among divergent elements of transcriptional networks from different species can lead to misexpression in hybrids through regulatory incompatibilities, some with the potential to generate sterility. Genes with male-biased expression tend to be overrepresented among genes misexpressed in hybrid males. While the possible contribution of faster-male evolution to this misexpression has been explored, the role of the hemizygous X chromosome (i.e., the dominance theory for transcriptomes) remains yet to be determined. Here we study genome-wide patterns of gene expression in females and males of Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea and their hybrids. We used attached-X stocks to specifically test the dominance theory, and we uncovered a significant contribution of recessive alleles on the X chromosome to hybrid misexpression. Our analysis of gene expression patterns suggests that there is a contribution of weakly deleterious regulatory mutations to gene expression divergence in the sex towards which the expression is biased. In the opposite sex (e.g., genes with female-biased expression analyzed in male transcriptomes), we detect stronger selective constraints on gene expression divergence. Although genes with high degree of male-biased expression show a clear signal of faster-X evolution for gene expression divergence, we also detected slower-X evolution of gene expression in other gene classes (e.g. female-biased genes) that is mediated by significant decreases of cis- and trans-regulatory divergence. The distinct behavior of X-linked genes with high degree of male-biased expression is consistent with these genes experiencing a higher incidence of positively selected regulatory mutations than their autosomal counterparts. We propose that both dominance theory and faster-X evolution of gene expression may be major contributors to hybrid misexpression and possibly the large X-effect in these species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llopart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/321455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Support for the dominance theory in Drosophila transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Modulation of Brown Adipose Activity Through Perturbation of White Adipocyte Lipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White adipose tissue (WAT) secretes factors to communicate with other metabolic organs to maintain energy homeostasis. We previously reported that perturbation of adipocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by deletion of fatty acid synthase (FASN) causes expansion of sympathetic neurons within white adipose tissue (WAT) and the appearance of "beige" adipocytes. Here we report evidence that white adipocyte DNL activity is also coupled to neuronal regulation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Induced deletion of FASN in all adipocytes in mature mice (iAdFASNKO) enhanced sympathetic innervation and neuronal activity as well as UCP1 expression in both WAT and BAT. In contrast, selective ablation of FASN in brown adipocytes of mice (iUCP1FASNKO) failed to modulate sympathetic innervation and the thermogenic program in BAT. Surprisingly, DNL in brown adipocytes was also dispensable in maintaining euthermia when UCP1FASNKO mice were cold-exposed. These results indicate that DNL in white adipocytes influences long distance signaling to BAT, which can modify BAT sympathetic innervation and expression of genes involved in thermogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guilherme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henchey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Modulation of Brown Adipose Activity Through Perturbation of White Adipocyte Lipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Its not you, its me: Corollary discharge in precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In week-old rats, somatosensory input arises predominantly from stimuli in the external environment or from sensory feedback associated with myoclonic twitches during active (REM) sleep. A previous study of neural activity in cerebellar cortex raised the possibility that the brainstem motor structures that produce twitches also send copies of motor commands (or corollary discharge, CD) to the cerebellum. Here, by recording from two precerebellar nuclei--the inferior olive and lateral reticular nucleus--we demonstrate that CD does indeed accompany the production of twitches. Within both structures, the CD signal comprises a surprisingly sharp activity peak within 10 ms of twitch onset. In the inferior olive, this sharp peak is attributable to the opening of slow potassium channels. We conclude that a diversity of neural activity is conveyed to the developing cerebellum preferentially during sleep-related twitching, enabling cerebellar processing of convergent input from CD and reafferent signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Its not you, its me: Corollary discharge in precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Wide Interaction Studies Identify Sex-Specific Risk Alleles for Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans and is notable for its apparent sexual dimorphism where approximately twice as many males are affected as females. The sources of this disparity are largely unknown, but interactions between genetic and sex effects are likely contributors. We examined gene-by-sex (G x S) interactions in a worldwide sample of 2,142 NSCL/P cases and 1,700 controls recruited from 13 countries. First, we performed genome-wide joint tests of the genetic (G) and G x S effects genome-wide using logistic regression assuming an additive genetic model and adjusting for 18 principal components of ancestry. We further interrogated loci with suggestive results from the joint test (p < 1.00 x 10-5) by examining the G x S effects from the same model. Out of the 133 loci with suggestive results (p < 1.00 x 10-5) for the joint test, we observed one genome-wide significant G x S effect in the 10q21 locus (rs72804706; p = 6.69 x 10-9; OR = 2.62 [1.89, 3.62]) and 16 suggestive G x S effects. At the intergenic 10q21 locus, the risk of NSCL/P is estimated to increase with additional copies of the minor allele for females, but the opposite effect for males. Our observation that the impact of genetic variants on NSCL/P risk differs for males and females may further our understanding of the genetic architecture of NSCL/P and the sex differences underlying clefts and other birth defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxo Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Uribe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orioli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Wide Interaction Studies Identify Sex-Specific Risk Alleles for Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental \"awakening\" of primary motor cortex to the sensory consequences of movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Before primary motor cortex (M1) develops its motor functions, it functions like a somatosensory area. Here, by recording from neurons in the forelimb representation of M1 in postnatal day (P) 8-12 rats, we demonstrate a rapid shift in its sensory responses. At P8-10, M1 neurons respond overwhelmingly to feedback from sleep-related twitches of the forelimb, but the same neurons do not respond to wake-related movements. By P12, M1 neurons suddenly respond to wake movements, a transition that results from opening the sensory gate in the external cuneate nucleus. Also at P12, few M1 neurons respond to twitches, but the full complement of twitch-related feedback observed at P8 can be unmasked through local disinhibition. Finally, through P12, M1 sensory responses originate in the deep thalamorecipient layers, not primary somatosensory cortex. These findings demonstrate that M1 initially establishes a sensory framework upon which its later-emerging role in motor control is built.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dooley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental \"awakening\" of primary motor cortex to the sensory consequences of movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel method for systematic genetic analysis and visualization of phenotypic heterogeneity applied to orofacial clefts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic heterogeneity is a hallmark of complex traits, and genetic studies may focus on the trait as a whole or on individual subgroups. For example, in orofacial clefting (OFC), three subtypes - cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), and cleft palate (CP) have been studied separately and in combination. It is more challenging, however, to dissect the genetic architecture and describe how a given locus may be contributing to distinct subtypes of a trait. We developed a framework for quantifying and interpreting evidence of subtype-specific or shared genetic effects in complex traits. We applied this technique to create a "cleft map" of the association of 30 genetic loci with three OFC subtypes. In addition to new associations, we found loci with subtype-specific effects (e.g., GRHL3 (CP), WNT5A (CLP)), as well as loci associated with two or all three subtypes. We cross-referenced these results with mouse craniofacial gene expression datasets, which identified promising candidate genes. However, we found no strong correlation between OFC subtypes and expression patterns. In aggregate, the cleft map revealed neither subtype-specific nor shared genetic effects operate in isolation in OFC architecture. Our approach can be easily applied to any complex trait with distinct phenotypic subgroups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Uribe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orioli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saadi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel method for systematic genetic analysis and visualization of phenotypic heterogeneity applied to orofacial clefts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma human organoids share structural and genetic features with primary tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoid systems show great promise for understanding the biological underpinnings of disease and advancing therapeutic precision medicine. Despite the increased use of organoids, the fidelity of molecular features, genetic heterogeneity, and drug response to the tumor of origin remain important unanswered questions limiting their utility. To address this gap in knowledge, we created primary tumor- and PDX-derived organoids, and 2D cultures for in-depth genomic and histopathological comparisons to the primary tumor. Histopathological features and PDAC representative protein markers showed strong concordance. DNA and RNA sequencing of single organoids revealed patient-specific genomic and transcriptomic consistency. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that organoids are primarily a clonal population. In drug response assays, organoids displayed patient-specific sensitivities. Additionally, we examined the in vivo PDX response to FOLFIRINOX and Gemcitabine/Abraxane treatments, which was recapitulated in vitro by organoids. The patient-specific molecular and histopathological fidelity of organoids indicate that they can be used to understand the etiology of the patients tumor and the differential response to therapies and suggests utility for predicting drug responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero Calvo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugolkov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindler, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschmann, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogin, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic adenocarcinoma human organoids share structural and genetic features with primary tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nonsense mutation in Myelin Protein Zero causes congenital hypomyelination neuropathy through altered P0 membrane targeting and gain of abnormal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Zero (P0) is the major structural protein in peripheral myelin and mutations in the Myelin Protein Zero (Mpz) gene produce wide ranging hereditary neuropathy phenotypes. To gain insight in the mechanisms underlying a particularly severe form, congenital hypomyelination (CH), we targeted mouse Mpz to encode P0Q215X, a nonsense mutation associated with the disease, that we show escapes nonsense mediated decay and is expressed in CH patient nerves. The knock-in mice express low levels of the resulting truncated protein, producing a milder phenotype when compared to patients, allowing to dissect the subtle pathogenic mechanisms occurring in otherwise very compromised peripheral myelin. We find that P0Q215X does not elicit an unfolded protein response, which is a key mechanism for other pathogenic MPZ mutations, but is instead aberrantly trafficked to non-myelin plasma membranes and induces defects in radial sorting of axons by Schwann cells (SC). We show that the loss of the C-terminal YAML motif is responsible for P0 mislocalisation, as its addition is able to restore correct P0Q215X trafficking in vitro. Lastly, we show that P0Q215X acts through dose-dependent gain of abnormal function, as wildtype P0 is unable to rescue the hypomyelination phenotype. Collectively, these data indicate that alterations at the premyelinating stage, linked to altered targeting of P0, may be responsible for CH, and that different types of gain of abnormal function produce the diverse neuropathy phenotypes associated with MPZ, supporting future allele-specific therapeutic silencing strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornaghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambroni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltri, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrabetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nonsense mutation in Myelin Protein Zero causes congenital hypomyelination neuropathy through altered P0 membrane targeting and gain of abnormal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maintenance of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction requires continuous IP3-directed signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses and circuits rely on neuroplasticity to adjust output and meet physiological needs. Forms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity impart stability at synapses by countering destabilizing perturbations. The Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a model synapse with robust expression of homeostatic plasticity. At the NMJ, a homeostatic system detects impaired postsynaptic sensitivity to neurotransmitter and activates a retrograde signal that restores synaptic function by adjusting neurotransmitter release. This process has been separated into temporally distinct phases, induction and maintenance. One prevailing hypothesis is that a shared mechanism governs both phases. Here we show the two phases are separable. Combining genetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiology, we find that a signaling system consisting of PLC{beta}, inositol triphosphate (IP3), IP3 receptors, and Ryanodine receptors is required only for the maintenance of homeostatic plasticity. We also find that the NMJ is capable of inducing homeostatic signaling even when its sustained maintenance process is absent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiefelhofer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maintenance of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction requires continuous IP3-directed signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS of QRS Duration Identifies New Loci Specific to Hispanic/Latino Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe electrocardiographically quantified QRS duration measures ventricular depolarization and conduction. QRS prolongation has been associated with poor heart failure prognosis and cardiovascular mortality, including sudden death. While previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 32 QRS SNPs across 26 loci among European, African, and Asian-descent populations, the genetics of QRS among Hispanics/Latinos has not been previously explored.nnMethodsWe performed a GWAS of QRS duration among Hispanic/Latino ancestry populations (n=15,124) from four studies using 1000 Genomes imputed genotype data (adjusted for age, sex, global ancestry, clinical and study-specific covariates). Study-specific results were combined using fixed-effects, inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.nnResultsWe identified six loci associated with QRS (P<5x10-8), including two novel loci: MYOCD, a nuclear protein expressed in the heart, and SYT1, an integral membrane protein. The top association in the MYOCD locus, intronic SNP rs16946539, was found in Hispanics/Latinos with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.04, but is monomorphic in European and African descent populations. The most significant QRS duration association was for intronic SNP rs3922344 (P= 8.56x10-26) in SCN5A/SCN10A. Three additional previously identified loci, CDKN1A, VTI1A, and HAND1, also exceeded the GWAS significance threshold among Hispanics/Latinos. A total of 27 of 32 previously identified QRS duration SNPs were shown to generalize in Hispanics/Latinos.nnConclusionsOur QRS duration GWAS, the first in Hispanic/Latino populations, identified two new loci, underscoring the utility of extending large scale genomic studies to currently under-examined populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swenson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Gairldez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryckman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyerle, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petty, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS of QRS Duration Identifies New Loci Specific to Hispanic/Latino Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant lamins cause mechanically-induced nuclear envelope rupture, DNA damage, and DNA-PK activation in muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the human LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear envelope (NE) proteins lamins A and C, cause autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and other diseases collectively known as laminopathies. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these diseases remain incompletely understood, but the muscle-specific defects suggest that mutations may render nuclei more susceptible to mechanical stress. Using three mouse models of muscle laminopathies, we found that Lmna mutations caused extensive NE abnormalities, consisting of chromatin protrusions into the cytoplasm and transient rupture of the NE in skeletal muscle cells. NE damage was associated with DNA damage, activation of DNA damage response pathways, and reduced viability. Intriguingly, NE damage resulted from nuclear migration in maturing skeletal muscle cells, rather than actomyosin contractility. NE damage and DNA damage was reduced by either depletion of kinesin-1 or disruption of the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. LINC complex disruption rescued myofiber function and viability in Lmna mutant myofibers, indicating that the myofiber dysfunction is the result of mechanically induced NE damage. The extent of NE damage and DNA damage in Lmna mouse models correlated with the disease onset and severity in vivo. Moreover, inducing DNA damage in wild-type muscle cells was sufficient to phenocopy the reduced cell viability of lamin A/C-deficient muscle cells, suggesting a causative role of DNA damage in disease pathogenesis. Corroborating the mouse model data, muscle biopsies from patients with LMNA muscular dystrophy revealed significant DNA damage compared to age-matched controls, particularly in severe cases of the disease. Taken together, these findings point to a new and important role of DNA damage as a pathogenic contributor for LMNA skeletal muscle diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorchak, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isermann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iruvanti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallrath, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammerding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant lamins cause mechanically-induced nuclear envelope rupture, DNA damage, and DNA-PK activation in muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis in UK Biobank identifies over 100 QTLs associated with muscle mass variability in middle age individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle bulk in adult healthy humans is highly variable even after accounting for height, age and sex. Low muscle mass, due to fewer and/or smaller constituent muscle fibers, would exacerbate the impact of muscle loss occurring in aging or disease. Genetic variability substantially influences muscle mass differences, but causative genes remain largely unknown. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on appendicular lean mass (ALM) in a population of 85,750 middle-age (38-49 years) individuals from the UK Biobank (UKB) we found 182 loci associated with ALM (P<5x10-8). We replicated associations for 78% of these loci (P<5x10-8) with ALM in a population of 181,862 elderly (60-74 years) individuals from UKB. We also conducted a GWAS on hindlimb skeletal muscle mass of 1,867 mice from an advanced intercross between two inbred strains (LG/J and SM/J) which identified 23 quantitative trait loci. 38 positional candidates distributed across 5 loci overlapped between the two species. In vitro studies of positional candidates confirmed CPNE1 and STC2 as modifiers of myogenesis. Collectively, these findings shed light on the genetics of muscle mass variability in humans and identify targets for the development of interventions for treatment of muscle loss. The overlapping results between humans and the mouse model GWAS point to shared genetic mechanisms across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis in UK Biobank identifies over 100 QTLs associated with muscle mass variability in middle age individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forecasting autism gene discovery with machine learning and genome-scale data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenes are one of the most powerful windows into the biology of autism, and it has been estimated that perhaps a thousand or more genes may confer risk. However, less than 100 genes are currently viewed as having robust enough evidence to be considered true "autism genes". Massive genetic studies are underway to produce data to implicate additional genes, but this approach, although necessary, is costly and slow-moving.nnMethodsWe approach autism gene discovery as a machine learning problem, rather than a genetic association problem, and use genome-scale data as predictors for identifying further genes that have similar properties in the feature space compared to established autism risk genes. This approach, which we call forecASD, integrates spatiotemporal gene expression, heterogeneous network data, and previous gene-level predictors of autism association into an ensemble classifier that yields a single score that indexes each genes evidence for being involved in the etiology of autism.nnResultsWe demonstrate that forecASD has substantially increased sensitivity and specificity compared to previous gene-level predictors of autism association, including genetic measures such as TADA. On an independent test set, consisting of newly-released pilot data from the SPARK Genomics Consortium, we show that forecASD best predicts which genes will have an excess of likely gene disrupting (LGD) de novo mutations. We further use independent data from a recent post mortem study of case/control gene expression to show that forecASD is also a significant predictor of genes implicated in ASD through differential expression. Using forecASD results, we show which molecular pathways are currently under-represented in the autism literature and likely represent under-appreciated biological mechanisms of autism. Finally, forecASD correctly predicted 12 of 16 genes implicated at FDR=0.2 by the latest ASD gene discovery study, while also identifying the most likely false positives among the candidate genes.nnConclusionsThese results demonstrate that forecASD bridges the gap between genetic- and expression-based ASD gene discovery, and provides a data-driven replacement to much of the manual filtering and curation that is a critical step in ensuring the robustness of gene discovery studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koomar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forecasting autism gene discovery with machine learning and genome-scale data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atropselective Oxidation of 2,2′,3,3′,4,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) to Hydroxylated Metabolites by Human Liver Microsomes: Involvement of Arene Oxide Intermediates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Several neurotoxic congeners display axial chirality and atropselectively affect cellular targets implicated in PCB developmental neurotoxicity; however, only limited information is available regarding the metabolism of these congeners in humans. We hypothesize that the oxidation of 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) by human liver microsomes (HLMs) is atropselective and displays inter-individual variability. To test this hypothesis, PCB 132 (50 M) was incubated with pooled or single donor HLMs for 10, 30 or 120 min at 37 {degrees}C, and levels and enantiomeric fractions of PCB 132 and its metabolites were determined gas chromatographically. The major metabolite formed by different HLM preparations was either 2,2',3,4,4',6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (3'-140) or 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-5'-ol (5'-132). 2,2',3,3',4,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl-4'-ol (4'-132) and 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-4',5'-diol (4',5'-132) were minor metabolites. The second eluting atropisomer of PCB 132 was slightly enriched in some HLM incubations. The formation of the first eluting atropisomer of 3'-140 was nearly enantiospecific (EF > 0.8). The second eluting atropisomer of 5'-132 was enriched in all microsomal preparations investigated. EF values differed slightly between single donor HLM preparations (EF = 0.84 to 0.96 for 3'-140; EF = 0.12 to 0.19 for 5'-132). These findings suggest that there are inter-individual differences in the atropselective biotransformation of PCB 132 to OH-PCBs in humans that may affect neurotoxic outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uwimana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atropselective Oxidation of 2,2′,3,3′,4,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) to Hydroxylated Metabolites by Human Liver Microsomes: Involvement of Arene Oxide Intermediates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Landscape of Enteric Pathogen Exposure of Young Children in Public Domains of Low-Income, Urban Kenya: The Influence of Exposure Pathway and Spatial Range of Play on Multi-Pathogen Exposure Risks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundYoung children are infected by a diverse variety of enteric pathogens in low-income, high-burden countries. Little is known about which conditions pose the greatest risk for enteric pathogen exposure and infection. Young children frequently play in residential public areas around their household, including areas contaminated by human and animal feces, suggesting these exposures are particularly hazardous.nnObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine how the dose of six types of common enteric pathogens, and the probability of exposure to one or multiple enteric pathogens for young children playing at public play areas in Kisumu, Kenya is influenced by the type and frequency of child play behaviors that result in ingestion of soil or surface water, as well as by spatial variability in the number of public areas children are exposed to in their neighborhood.nnMethodsA Bayesian framework was employed to obtain the posterior distribution of pathogen doses for a certain number of contacts. First, a multivariate random effects tobit model was used to obtain the posterior distribution of pathogen concentrations, and their interdependencies, in soil and surface water, based upon empirical data of enteric pathogen contamination in three neighborhoods of Kisumu. Then, exposure doses were estimated using behavioral contact parameters from previous studies, and contrasted under different exposure conditions.nnResultsMulti-pathogen exposure of children at public play areas was common. Pathogen doses and the probability of multi-pathogen ingestion increased with: higher frequency of environmental contact, especially for surface water; larger volume of soil or water ingested; and with play at multiple sites in the neighborhood versus single site play.nnDiscussionChild contact with surface water and soil at public play areas in their neighborhood is an important cause of exposure to enteric pathogens in Kisumu, and behavioral, environmental, and spatial conditions are determinants of exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medgyesi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senesac, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Landscape of Enteric Pathogen Exposure of Young Children in Public Domains of Low-Income, Urban Kenya: The Influence of Exposure Pathway and Spatial Range of Play on Multi-Pathogen Exposure Risks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial dynamics of brain functional domains: A new avenue to study time-varying brain function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of time-varying activity and connectivity patterns (i.e., the chronnectome) using resting-state magnetic resonance imaging has become an important part of ongoing neuroscience discussions. The majority of previous work has focused on variations of temporal coupling among fixed spatial nodes or transition of the dominant activity/connectivity pattern over time. Here, we introduce an approach to capture spatial dynamics within functional domains (FD), as well as temporal dynamics within and between FD. The approach models the brain as a hierarchical functional architecture with different levels of granularity, where lower levels have higher functional homogeneity and less dynamic behavior and higher levels have less homogeneity and more dynamic behavior. First, a high-order spatial independent component analysis is used to approximate functional units. A functional unit is a pattern of regions with very similar functional activity over time. Next, functional units are used to construct FDs. Finally, functional modules (FMs) are calculated from FDs, providing an overall view of brain dynamics. Results highlight the spatial fluidity within FDs, including a broad spectrum of changes in regional associations from strong coupling to complete decoupling. Moreover, FMs capture the dynamic interplay between FDs. Patients with schizophrenia show transient reductions in functional activity and state connectivity across several FDs, particularly the subcortical domain. Activity and connectivity differences convey unique information in many cases (e.g. the default mode) highlighting their complementarity information. The proposed hierarchical model to capture FD spatiotemporal variation provides new insight into the macroscale chronnectome and identifies changes hidden from existing approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarajua, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial dynamics of brain functional domains: A new avenue to study time-varying brain function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Annotation of Histopathology Images from Social Media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologists are responsible for rapidly providing a diagnosis on critical health issues. Challenging cases benefit from additional opinions of pathologist colleagues. In addition to on-site colleagues, there is an active worldwide community of pathologists on social media for complementary opinions. Such access to pathologists worldwide has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and generate broader consensus on next steps in patient care. From Twitter we curate 13,626 images from 6,351 tweets from 25 pathologists from 13 countries. We supplement the Twitter data with 113,161 images from 1,074,484 PubMed articles. We develop machine learning and deep learning models to (i) accurately identify histopathology stains, (ii) discriminate between tissues, and (iii) differentiate disease states. Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic is 0.805-0.996 for these tasks. We repurpose the disease classifier to search for similar disease states given an image and clinical covariates. We report precision@k=1 = 0.7618{+/-}0.0018 (chance 0.397{+/-}0.004, mean{+/-}stdev). The classifiers find texture and tissue are important clinico-visual features of disease. Deep features trained only on natural images (e.g. cats and dogs) substantially improved search performance, while pathology-specific deep features and cell nuclei features further improved search to a lesser extent. We implement a social media bot (@pathobot on Twitter) to use the trained classifiers to aid pathologists in obtaining real-time feedback on challenging cases. If a social media post containing pathology text and images mentions the bot, the bot generates quantitative predictions of disease state (normal/artifact/infection/injury/nontumor, pre-neoplastic/benign/ low-grade-malignant-potential, or malignant) and lists similar cases across social media and PubMed. Our project has become a globally distributed expert system that facilitates pathological diagnosis and brings expertise to underserved regions or hospitals with less expertise in a particular disease. This is the first pan-tissue pan-disease (i.e. from infection to malignancy) method for prediction and search on social media, and the first pathology study prospectively tested in public on social media. We will share data through pathobotology.org. We expect our project to cultivate a more connected world of physicians and improve patient care worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastrian, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritt, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto Pozuelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sener, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annavarapu, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Orozco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirintrapun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Annotation of Histopathology Images from Social Media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet we know little about the specific genetic loci influencing human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants, including structural variants, impacting cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain MRI data from 51,662 individuals. We analysed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specialisations. We identified 255 nominally significant loci (P [&le;] 5 x 10-8); 199 survived multiple testing correction (P [&le;] 8.3 x 10-10; 187 surface area; 12 thickness). We found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci impacting regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signalling pathways, known to influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinsons disease, insomnia, depression and ADHD.nnOne Sentence SummaryCommon genetic variation is associated with inter-individual variation in the structure of the human cortex, both globally and within specific regions, and is shared with genetic risk factors for some neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro-Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzagalli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatokhina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buimer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvy-Duchesne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwarte, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered transfer RNAs for suppression of premature termination codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premature termination codons (PTCs) are responsible for 10-15% of all inherited disease. PTC suppression during translation offers a promising approach to treat a variety of genetic disorders, yet small molecules that promote PTC read-through have yielded mixed performance in clinical trials. We present a high-throughput, cell-based assay to identify anticodon engineered transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNA) which can effectively suppress in-frame PTCs and faithfully encode their cognate amino acid. In total, we identified ACE-tRNA with a high degree of suppression activity targeting the most common human disease-causing nonsense codons. Genome-wide transcriptome ribosome profiling of cells expressing ACE-tRNA at levels which repair PTC indicate that there are limited interactions with translation termination codons. These ACE-tRNAs display high suppression potency in mammalian cells, Xenopus oocytes and mice in vivo, producing PTC repair in multiple genes, including disease causing mutations within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales-Puchalt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infield, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behlke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skach, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered transfer RNAs for suppression of premature termination codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do mechanical strain magnitude and rate drive bone adaptation in adult women? A 12-month prospective study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although there is strong evidence that certain activities can increase bone density and structure in some individuals, it is unclear what specific mechanical factors govern the response. This is important because understanding the effect of mechanical signals on bone could contribute to more effective osteoporosis prevention methods and efficient clinical trial design. The degree to which strain rate and magnitude govern bone adaptation in humans has never been prospectively tested. Here, we studied the effects of a voluntary upper extremity compressive loading task in healthy adult women during a twelve month prospective period. One hundred and two women age 21-40 participated in one of two experiments. (1): low (n=21) and high (n=24) strain magnitude. (2): low (n=21) and high (n=20) strain rate. Control: (n=16): no intervention. Strains were assigned using subject-specific finite element models. Load cycles were recorded digitally. The primary outcome was change in ultradistal integral bone mineral content (iBMC), assessed with QCT. Interim timepoints and secondary outcomes were assessed with high resolution pQCT (HRpQCT). Sixty-six subjects completed the intervention, and interim data were analyzed for 77 subjects. Both the low and high strain rate groups had significant 12-month increases to ultradistal iBMC (change in control: -1.3{+/-}2.7%, low strain rate: 2.7{+/-}2.1%, high strain rate: 3.4{+/-}2.2%), total iBMC, and other measures. "Loading dose" was positively related to 12-month change in ultradistal iBMC, and interim changes to total BMD, cortical thickness and inner trabecular BMD. Subjects who gained the most bone completed, on average, 130 loading bouts of (mean strain) 550 {varepsilon} at 1805 {varepsilon}/s. Those with the greatest gains had the highest loading dose. We conclude that signals related to strain magnitude, rate, and number of loading bouts contribute to bone adaptation in healthy adult women, but only explain a small amount of variance in bone changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do mechanical strain magnitude and rate drive bone adaptation in adult women? A 12-month prospective study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of PknB inhibitors for reactivity and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial serine/threonine kinases are increasingly sought after as drug targets for new antibiotics. PknB, an essential kinase in Mycobacteria tuberculosis, is intensely targeted, and many inhibitors are in the developmental pipeline. These inhibitors typically are derived from screens of known kinase inhibitors and most share similar chemical properties as their parent compounds were all designed for optimal pharmacokinetic properties in the human body. Here, we investigate the reactivity and toxicity of a proposed PknB inhibitor, YH-8, which does not follow traditional drug design rules. We found that the compound is highly reactive with thiolating agents and has appreciable toxicity in a zebrafish animal model. Furthermore, we find minimal anti-mycobacterial activity with non-tubercular mycobacteria strains. These data suggest that further investigation is needed into its efficacy and physiochemical properties if it is to be further developed as an effective antibiotic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wlodarchak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beczkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltenberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striker, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of PknB inhibitors for reactivity and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variants in the fetal genome near pro-inflammatory cytokine genes on 2q13 are associated with gestational duration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The duration of pregnancy is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors. We conducted a fetal genome-wide association meta-analysis of gestational duration, and early preterm, preterm, and postterm birth in 84,689 infants. One locus on chromosome 2q13 was associated with gestational duration; the association was replicated in 9,291 additional infants (combined P = 3.96 x 10-14). Analysis of 15,536 mother-child pairs showed that the association was driven by fetal rather than maternal genotype. Functional experiments showed that the lead SNP, rs7594852, alters the binding of the HIC1 transcriptional repressor. Genes at the locus include several interleukin 1 family members with roles in pro-inflammatory pathways that are central to the process of parturition. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms will be of great public health importance, since giving birth either before or after the window of term gestation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helenius, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wielscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juodakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelezang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkänen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skogstrand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH-BROAD Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appadurai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalliala, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaddoe, V. W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinding, R. K</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variants in the fetal genome near pro-inflammatory cytokine genes on 2q13 are associated with gestational duration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatial chronnectome reveals a dynamic interplay between functional segregation and integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is highly dynamic, reorganizing its activity at different interacting spatial and temporal scales including variation within and between brain networks. The chronnectome is a model of the brain in which nodal activity and connectivity patterns are changing in fundamental and recurring ways through time. Most previous work has assumed fixed spatial nodes/networks, ignoring the possibility that spatial nodes or networks may vary in time, particularly at the level of the voxel. Here, we introduce an approach allowing for a spatially fluid chronnectome (called the spatial chronnectome for clarity), which focuses on the variation in spatiotemporal coupling at the voxel level within each network. We identify a novel set of spatially dynamic features which can be obtained and evaluated under different conditions. Results reveal transient spatially fluid interactions between intra- and inter-network relationships in which brain networks transiently merge and then separate again, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between segregation and integration. We also show that brain networks exhibit distinct spatial patterns with unique temporal characteristics, potentially explaining a broad spectrum of inconsistencies in previous studies which assumed static networks. Moreover, we show for the first time that anticorrelative connections to the default mode network, are transient as opposed to constant across the entire scan. Preliminary assessments of the approach using a multi-site dataset collected from 160 healthy subjects and 149 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) revealed the ability of the approach to obtain new information and nuanced alterations of brain networks that remain undetected during static analysis. For example, patients with SZ display transient decreases in voxel-wise network coupling including within visual and auditory networks that are not detectable in a spatially static analysis. Our approach also enabled calculation of a novel parameter, the intra-domain coupling variability which was higher within patients with SZ. The significant association between spatiotemporal uniformity and attention/vigilance cognitive domain highlights the cognitive relevance of the spatial chronnectome. In summary, the spatial chronnectome represents a new direction of research enabling the study of functional networks that are transient at the voxel level and identification of mechanisms for within and between-subject spatial variability to study functional brain homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaesoubi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatial chronnectome reveals a dynamic interplay between functional segregation and integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbial basis of impaired wound healing: differential roles for pathogens, \"bystanders\", and strain-level diversification in clinical outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic, non-healing wounds are a major complication of diabetes associated with high morbidity and health care expenditures estimated at $9-13 billion annually in the US. Though microbial infection and critical colonization is hypothesized to impair healing and contribute to severe outcomes such as amputation, antimicrobial therapy is inefficacious and the role of microbes in tissue repair, regeneration, and healing remains unclear. Here, in a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 100 subjects with non-infected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), we performed metagenomic shotgun sequencing to elucidate microbial temporal dynamics at strain-level resolution, to investigate pathogenicity and virulence of the DFU microbiome with respect to outcomes, and to determine the influence of therapeutic intervention on the DFU microbiota. Slow healing DFUs were associated with signatures of biofilm formation, host invasion, and virulence. Though antibiotic resistance was widespread at the genetic level, debridement, rather than antibiotic treatment, significantly shifted the DFU microbiome in patients with more favorable outcomes. Primary clinical isolates of S. aureus, C. striatum, and A. faecalis induced differential biological responses in keratinocytes and in a murine model of diabetic wound healing, with the S. aureus strain associated with non-healing wounds eliciting the most severe phenotype. Together these findings implicate strain-level diversification of the wound pathogen S. aureus in chronic wound outcomes, while revealing potential contributions from skin commensals and other previously underappreciated constituents of the wound microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soaita, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grice, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbial basis of impaired wound healing: differential roles for pathogens, \"bystanders\", and strain-level diversification in clinical outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brg1 controls neurosensory cell fate commitment and differentiation in the mammalian inner ear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Otic ectoderm gives rise to almost all cell types of the inner ear; however, the mechanisms that link transcription factors, chromatin, lineage commitment and differentiation capacity are largely unknown. Here we show that Brg1 chromatin-remodeling factor is required for specifying neurosensory lineage in the otocyst and for inducing hair and supporting cell fates in the cochlear sensory epithelium. Brg1 interacts with the critical neurosensory-specific transcription factors Eya1/Six1, both of which simultaneously interact with BAF60a or BAF60c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and ChIP assays demonstrate Brg1 association with discrete regulatory elements at the Eya1 and Six1 loci. Brg1-deficiency leads to markedly decreased Brg1 binding at these elements and loss of Eya1 and Six1 expression. Furthermore, ChIP-seq reveals Brg1-bound promoter-proximal and distal regions near genes essential for inner ear morphogenesis and cochlear sensory epithelium development. These findings uncover essential functions for chromatin-remodeling in the activation of neurosensory fates during inner ear development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brg1 controls neurosensory cell fate commitment and differentiation in the mammalian inner ear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and Selective Remodeling of the DNA Binding Domains of RPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication protein A (RPA) coordinates important DNA metabolic events by stabilizing single-strand DNA (ssDNA) intermediates, activating the DNA damage response, and handing off ssDNA to appropriate downstream players. Six DNA binding domains (DBDs) in RPA promote high affinity binding to ssDNA, but also allow RPA displacement by lower affinity proteins. We have made fluorescent versions of RPA and visualized the conformational dynamics of individual DBDs in the context of the full-length protein. We show that both DBD-A and DBD-D rapidly bind to and dissociate from ssDNA, while RPA as a whole remains bound to ssDNA. The recombination mediator protein Rad52 selectively modulates the dynamics of DBD-D. This demonstrates how RPA interacting proteins, with lower ssDNA binding affinity, can access the occluded ssDNA and remodel individual DBDs to replace RPA.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe choreography of binding and rearrangement of the individual domains of RPA during homologous recombination is revealed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corless, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillison, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and Selective Remodeling of the DNA Binding Domains of RPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparisons of a Novel Air Sampling Filter Material, Wash Buffers and Extraction Methods in the Detection and Quantification of Influenza Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of aerosolized influenza virus is used for determining inhalation exposure. Several bioaerosol samplers and analytical methods have been used; however, the detection and quantification of influenza virus among aerosol samples remains challenging. Therefore, improved viral aerosol measurement methods are needed. This study evaluated influenza virus recovery among three filter types polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride and polystyrene. Polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride are fabricated filter materials and commonly used in the scientific literature to sample for viral aerosols. A novel, electrospun polystyrene filter material may improve viral aerosol recovery during filter-based air sampling. The filter materials were compared across the following conditions: treated with or without air, filter wash buffer (HBSS or PBS), and viral RNA extraction method (QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit or Trizol). Twenty trials were completed in a chamber and samples were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Viral recovery was significantly different (p-value < .0001) by filter type. Polystyrene filter use resulted in recovery of the most viral RNA. Air sampling did not affect the recovery of viral RNA from the filter materials (p-values > 0.05). Viral RNA concentrations were significantly different across extraction methods for all comparisons (p-values < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that the novel polystyrene filter material resulted in the highest concentration of extracted RNA compared to the commonly used polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylchloride, which we speculate may be related to the chemical composition of the filter material (e.g., polystyrene is an aromatic hydrocarbon whereas polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylchloride contain more polar, and thus potentially reactive, carbon-halogen bonds). Air sampling did not have an effect on viral RNA recovery. Using Hanks Balanced Salt Solution with QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, and Phosphate-buffered saline with the Trizol extraction, resulted in the most viral RNA recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thedell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boles, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cwiertny, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonnenmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparisons of a Novel Air Sampling Filter Material, Wash Buffers and Extraction Methods in the Detection and Quantification of Influenza Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Birth weight (BW) variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. These associations have been proposed to reflect the lifelong consequences of an adverse intrauterine environment. In earlier work, we demonstrated that much of the negative correlation between BW and adult cardio-metabolic traits could instead be attributable to shared genetic effects. However, that work and other previous studies did not systematically distinguish the direct effects of an individuals own genotype on BW and subsequent disease risk from indirect effects of their mothers correlated genotype, mediated by the intrauterine environment. Here, we describe expanded genome-wide association analyses of own BW (n=321,223) and offspring BW (n=230,069 mothers), which identified 278 independent association signals influencing BW (214 novel). We used structural equation modelling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic influences on BW, implicating fetal- and maternal-specific mechanisms. We used Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationships between factors influencing BW through fetal or maternal routes, for example, glycemic traits and blood pressure. Direct fetal genotype effects dominate the shared genetic contribution to the association between lower BW and higher type 2 diabetes risk, whereas the relationship between lower BW and higher later blood pressure (BP) is driven by a combination of indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects: indirect effects of maternal BP-raising genotypes act to reduce offspring BW, but only direct fetal genotype effects (once inherited) increase the offsprings later BP. Instrumental variable analysis using maternal BW-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring BP. In successfully separating fetal from maternal genetic effects, this work represents an important advance in genetic studies of perinatal outcomes, and shows that the association between lower BW and higher adult BP is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warrington, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horikoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgeland, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feenstra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, G.-H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaudel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsit, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nodzenski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnurr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafarmand, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grarup, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooijman, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paternoster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huikari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikäinen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavadino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metrustry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousminer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Have, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilor-Tejedor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jos</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calculating the Effects of Autism Risk Gene Variants on Dysfunction of Biological Processes Identifies Clinically-Useful Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that are influenced by genetic factors and encompass a wide-range and severity of symptoms. The details of how genetic variation contributes to variable symptomatology are unclear, creating a major challenge for translating vast amounts of data into clinically-useful information. To determine if variation in ASD risk genes correlates with symptomatology differences among individuals with ASD, thus informing treatment, we developed an approach to calculate the likelihood of genetic dysfunction in Gene Ontology-defined biological processes that have significant overrepresentation of known risk genes. Using whole-exome sequence data from 2,381 individuals with ASD included in the Simons Simplex Collection, we identified likely damaging variants and conducted a clustering analysis to define subgroups based on scores reflecting genetic dysfunction in each process of interest to ASD etiology. Dysfunction in cognition-related genes distinguished a distinct subset of individuals with increased social deficits, lower IQs, and reduced adaptive behaviors when compared to individuals with no evidence of cognition-related gene dysfunction. In particular, a stop-gain variant in the pharmacogene encoding cycloxygenase-2 was associated with having an IQ<70 (i.e. intellectual disability), a key comorbidity in ASD. We expect that screening genes involved in cognition for deleterious variants in ASD cases may be useful for identifying clinically-informative factors that should be prioritized for functional follow-up. This has implications in designing more comprehensive genetic testing panels and may help provide the basis for more informed treatment in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veatch, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzotti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutcliffe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assouline, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malow, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/449819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calculating the Effects of Autism Risk Gene Variants on Dysfunction of Biological Processes Identifies Clinically-Useful Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of genetic variations on the human brain: when and where? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies have found candidates in most of neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, it remains challenging to assess, in which brain region, and when in the brain development, a mutation is more likely to have an impact, especially for intergenic loci. Here we present, BRAVA, a publicly available resource for estimating genetic mutations spatio-temporal context on the human brain. Different contexts were observed for schizophrenia associated loci, suggesting both neurodevelopmental and late onset components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vervier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of genetic variations on the human brain: when and where?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-distance dispersal, ice sheet dynamics, and mountaintop isolation underlie the genetic structure of glacier ice worms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disentangling the contemporary and historical factors underlying the spatial distributions of species is a central goal of biogeography. For species with broad distributions but little capacity to actively disperse, disconnected geographic distributions highlight the potential influence of passive, long-distance dispersal (LDD) on their evolutionary histories. However, dispersal alone cannot completely account for the biogeography of any species, and other factors-e.g., habitat suitability, life history-must also be considered. North American ice worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) are ice-obligate annelids that inhabit coastal glaciers from Oregon to Alaska. Previous studies identified a complex biogeographic history for ice worms, with evidence for genetic isolation, unexpectedly close relationships among geographically disjunct lineages, and contemporary migration across large (> 1,500 km) areas of unsuitable habitat. In this study, we analyzed genome-scale sequence data for most of the known ice worm range. We found clear support for divergence between populations along the Pacific Coast and the inland flanks of the Coast Mountains (mean FST = 0.60), likely precipitated by episodic ice sheet expansion and contraction during the Pleistocene. We also found support for LDD of ice worms from Alaska to Vancouver Island, perhaps mediated by migrating birds. Our results highlight the power of genomic data for disentangling complex biogeographic patterns, including the presence of LDD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hotaling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M., L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisrock, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-distance dispersal, ice sheet dynamics, and mountaintop isolation underlie the genetic structure of glacier ice worms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIM-1 SERVES AS A NONREDUNDANT RECEPTOR FOR EBOLA VIRUS, ENHANCING VIREMIA AND PATHOGENESIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background.T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) is a phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, mediating filovirus entry into cells through interactions with PS on virions. TIM-1 expression has been implicated in Ebola virus (EBOV) pathogenesis; however, it remains unclear whether this is due to TIM-1 serving as a filovirus receptor in vivo or, as others have suggested, TIM-1 induces a cytokine storm elicited by T cell/virion interactions. Here, we use a BSL2 model virus that expresses EBOV glycoprotein and demonstrate the importance of TIM-1 as a virus receptor late during in vivo infection.nnMethodology/Principal findings.We used an infectious, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV GP/rVSV) to assess the role of TIM-1 during in vivo infection. TIM-1-sufficient or TIM-1-deficient BALB/c interferon /{beta} receptor-/- mice were challenged with EBOV GP/rVSV-GFP or G/rVSV-GFP. While G/rVSV caused profound morbidity and mortality in both mouse strains, TIM-1-deficient mice had significantly better survival than TIM-1-expressing mice following EBOV GP/rVSV challenge. EBOV GP/rVSV load in spleen was high and unaffected by expression of TIM-1. However, infectious virus in serum, liver, kidney and adrenal gland was reduced late in infection in the TIM-1-deficient mice, suggesting that virus entry via this receptor contributes to virus load. Consistent with higher virus loads, proinflammatory chemokines trended higher in organs from infected TIM-1-sufficient mice compared to the TIM-1-deficient mice, but proinflammatory cytokines were more modestly affected. To assess the role of T cells in EBOV GP/rVSV pathogenesis, T cells were depleted in TIM-1-sufficient and -deficient mice and the mice were challenged with virus. Depletion of T cells did not alter the pathogenic consequences of virus infection.nnConclusions.Our studies provide evidence that at late times during EBOV GP/rVSV infection, TIM-1 increased virus load and associated mortality, consistent with an important role of this receptor in virus entry. This work suggests that inhibitors which block TIM-1/virus interaction may serve as effective antivirals, reducing virus load at late times during EBOV infection.nnAuthor summaryT cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) is one of a number of phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors that mediate clearance of apoptotic bodies by binding PS on the surface of dead or dying cells. Enveloped viruses mimic apoptotic bodies by exposing PS on the outer leaflet of the viral membrane. While TIM-1 has been shown to serve as an adherence factor/receptor for filoviruses in tissue culture, limited studies have investigated the role of TIM-1 as a receptor in vivo. Here, we sought to determine if TIM-1 was critical for Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated infection using a BSL2 model virus. We demonstrate that loss of TIM-1 expression results in decreased virus load late during infection and significantly reduced virus-elicited mortality. These findings provide evidence that TIM-1 serves as an important receptor for Ebola virus in vivo. Blocking TIM-1/EBOV interactions may be effective antiviral strategy to reduce viral load and pathogenicity at late times of EBOV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouillette, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouls, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIM-1 SERVES AS A NONREDUNDANT RECEPTOR FOR EBOLA VIRUS, ENHANCING VIREMIA AND PATHOGENESIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult Canine Intestinal Derived Organoids: A Novel In Vitro System for Translational Research in Comparative Gastroenterology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge animal models, such as the dog, are increasingly being used over rodent models for studying naturally occurring diseases including gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Dogs share similar environmental, genomic, anatomical, and intestinal physiologic features with humans. To bridge the gap between currently used animal models (e.g. mouse) and humans, and expand the translational potential of the dog model, we developed a three dimensional (3D) canine GI organoid (enteroid and colonoid) system. Organoids have recently gained interest in translational research as this model system better recapitulates the physiological and molecular features of the tissue environment in comparison with two-dimensional cultures.nnResultsOrganoids were propagated from isolation of adult intestinal stem cells (ISC) from whole jejunal tissue as well as endoscopically obtained duodenal, ileal and colonic biopsy samples of healthy dogs and GI cases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal carcinomas. Intestinal organoids were comprehensively characterized using histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, and organoids mimicked the in vivo tissue environment. Physiological relevance of the enteroid system was defined using functional assays such as Optical Metabolic Imaging (OMI), the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) function assay, and Exosome-Like Vesicles (EV) uptake assay, as a basis for wider applications of this technology in basic, preclinical and translational GI research.nnConclusionsIn summary, our findings establish the canine GI organoid systems as a novel model to study naturally occurring intestinal diseases in dogs and humans. Furthermore, canine organoid systems will help to elucidate host-pathogen interactions contributing to GI disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsbury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrosini, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgois-Mochel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wannemuehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinwood, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snella, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Zapico, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jergens, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allenspach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult Canine Intestinal Derived Organoids: A Novel In Vitro System for Translational Research in Comparative Gastroenterology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex and association with depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prevalence of depression is higher in individuals suffering from autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the observed comorbidities are unknown. Epidemiological findings point to a bi-directional relationship - that depression increases the risk of developing an autoimmune disease, and vice-versa. Shared genetic etiology is a plausible explanation for the overlap between depression and autoimmune diseases. In this study we tested whether genetic variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which is associated with risk for autoimmune diseases, is also associated with risk for depression.nnMethodWe fine-mapped the classical MHC (chr6: 29.6-33.1 Mb), imputing 216 Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles and four Complement Component 4 (C4) haplotypes in studies from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) working group and the UK Biobank (UKB). In the 26 PGC-MDD studies, cases met a lifetime diagnosis of MDD, determined by a structured diagnostic interview. In the UKB, cases and controls were identified from an online mental health questionnaire. The total sample size was 45,149 depression cases and 86,698 controls. We tested for association between depression status and imputed MHC variants in each study and performed an inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis across the PGC-MDD and UKB samples, applying both a conservative region-wide significance threshold (3.9-e6) and a candidate threshold (1.6e-4).nnResultsNo HLA alleles or C4 haplotypes were associated with depression at the conservative threshold in the PGC, UKB or meta-analysis. HLA-B*08:01 was associated with modest protection for depression at the candidate threshold in the meta-analysis. Under the conservative threshold, 70 SNPs were detected in the UKB and 143 SNPs were detected in the meta-analysis, mirroring previous findings from highly powered GWAS of depression.nnDiscussionWe found no evidence that HLA alleles, which play a major role in the genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, or C4 haplotypes, which are strongly associated with schizophrenia, confer risk for depression. These results indicate that autoimmune diseases and depression do not share common risk loci of moderate or large effect in the MHC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glanville, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euesden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purves, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Air, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwood, D. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttenschon, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro-Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Direk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Geus, E. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutalik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusson, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuffin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mors, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Myhsok, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninx, B. W. J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation in the Major Histocompatibility Complex and association with depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A xylose-inducible expression system and a CRISPRi-plasmid for targeted knock-down of gene expression in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce plasmids for xylose-regulated expression and repression of genes in Clostridioides difficile. The xylose-inducible expression vector allows for ~100-fold induction of an mCherryOpt reporter gene. Induction is titratable and uniform from cell-to-cell. The gene repression plasmid is a CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) system based on a nuclease-defective, codon-optimized allele of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein (dCas9) that is targeted to a gene of interest by a constitutively-expressed single guide RNA (sgRNA). Expression of dCas9 is induced by xylose, allowing investigators to control the timing and extent of gene-silencing, as demonstrated here by dose-dependent repression of a chromosomal gene for a red fluorescent protein (maximum repression ~100-fold). To validate the utility of CRISPRi for deciphering gene function in C. difficile, we knocked-down expression of three genes involved in biogenesis of the cell envelope: the cell division gene ftsZ, the S-layer protein gene slpA and the peptidoglycan synthase gene pbp-0712. CRISPRi confirmed known or expected phenotypes associated with loss of FtsZ and SlpA, and revealed that the previously uncharacterized peptidoglycan synthase PBP-0712 is needed for proper elongation, cell division and protection against lysis.nnImportanceClostridioides difficile has become the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries. A better understanding of the basic biology of this devastating pathogen might lead to novel approaches for preventing or treating C. difficile infections. Here we introduce new plasmid vectors that allow for titratable induction (Pxyl) or knockdown (CRISPRi) of gene expression. The CRISPRi plasmid allows for easy depletion of target proteins in C. difficile. Besides bypassing the lengthy process of mutant construction, CRISPRi can be used to study the function of essential genes, which are particularly important targets for antibiotic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A xylose-inducible expression system and a CRISPRi-plasmid for targeted knock-down of gene expression in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional heterogeneity in cancer-associated regulatory T cells is predictive of survival. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a population of T cells that exert a suppressive effect on a variety of immune cells and non-immune cells. The suppressive effects of Tregs are detrimental to anti-tumor immunity. Recent investigations into cancer-associated Tregs have identified common expression patterns for tumor-infiltration, however the functional heterogeneity in tumor-infiltrating (TI) Treg is largely unknown. We performed single-cell sequencing on immune cells derived from renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients, isolating 160 peripheral-blood (PB) Tregs and 574 TI Tregs. We identified distinct transcriptional TI Treg cell fates, with a suppressive subset expressing CD177. We demonstrate CD177+ TI-Tregs have preferential suppressive effects in vivo and ex vivo. Gene signatures derived the CD177+ Treg subset had superior ability to predict survival in ccRCC and seven other cancer types. Further investigation into the development and regulation of TI-Treg heterogeneity will be vital to the application of tumor immunotherapies that possess minimal side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klesney-Tait, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/478628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional heterogeneity in cancer-associated regulatory T cells is predictive of survival.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctions among electroconvulsion- and proconvulsant-induced seizure discharges and native motor patterns during flight and grooming: Quantitative spike pattern analysis in Drosophila flight muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, high-frequency electrical stimulation across the brain triggers a highly stereotypic repertoire of spasms known as electroconvulsive seizures (ECS). The distinctive ECS spiking discharges manifest across the nervous system and can be stably assessed throughout the seizure repertoire in the large indirect flight muscles (DLMs). ECS discharges in DLMs have been extensively used to monitor seizure activities, notably in stress ( bang)-sensitive mutants. However, the relationships between ECS-spike patterns and native motor programs, including flight and grooming, are not known and their similarities and distinctions remain to be characterized. We employed quantitative spike pattern analyses including: 1) overall firing frequency, 2) spike timing between contralateral fibers, and 3) short-term variability in spike interval regularity (CV2) and instantaneous firing frequency (ISI-1) to reveal distinctions amongst ECS discharges, flight and grooming motor patterns. We then examined DLM firing phenotypes in well-established mutants in excitatory cholinergic (Cha), inhibitory GABAergic (Rdl) and electrical (ShakB) synaptic transmission. The results provide an initial glimpse on the vulnerability of individual motor patterns to perturbations of respective synaptic transmission systems. We found marked alterations of ECS discharge spike patterns in terms of either seizure threshold, spike frequency or spiking regularity. In contrast, no gross alterations during grooming and only a minor reduction of firing frequency during Rdl mutant flight were observed, suggesting a role for GABAergic modulation of flight motor programs. Picrotoxin (PTX), a known pro-convulsant that inhibits GABAA receptors, induced DLM seizure patterns that displayed some features, e.g. left-right coordination and ISI-1 range, that could be found in flight or grooming, but distinct from ECS discharges. Our results indicate that these quantitative techniques may be employed to reveal overlooked relationships among aberrant motor patterns and native DLM motor programs in genetic and pharmacological analyses of underlying cellular and neural circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctions among electroconvulsion- and proconvulsant-induced seizure discharges and native motor patterns during flight and grooming: Quantitative spike pattern analysis in Drosophila flight muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-is better than connectivity-neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive methods, such as neurofeedback training (NFT), could support cognitive symptom management in Huntingtons disease (HD) by targeting brain regions whose function is impaired. The aim of our single-blind, sham-controlled study was to collect rigorous evidence regarding the feasibility of NFT in HD by examining two different methods, activity and connectivity real-time fMRI NFT. Thirty-two HD gene-carriers completed 16 runs of NFT training, using an optimized real-time fMRI protocol. Participants were randomized into four groups, two treatment groups, one receiving neurofeedback derived from the activity of the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), and another receiving neurofeedback based on the correlation of SMA and left striatum activity (connectivity NFT), and two sham control groups, matched to each of the treatment groups. We examined differences between the groups during NFT training sessions and after training at follow-up sessions. Transfer of training was measured by measuring the participants ability to upregulate NFT target levels without feedback (near transfer), as well as by examining change in objective, a-priori defined, behavioural measures of cognitive and psychomotor function (far transfer) before and at 2 months after training. We found that the treatment group had significantly higher NFT target levels during the training sessions compared to the control group. However, we did not find robust evidence of better transfer in the treatment group compared to controls, or a difference between the two NFT methods. We also did not find evidence in support of a relationship between change in cognitive and psychomotor function and NFT learning success. We conclude that although there is evidence that NFT can be used to guide participants to regulate the activity and connectivity of specific regions in the brain, evidence regarding transfer of learning and clinical benefit was not robust. Although the intervention is non-invasive, given the costs and absence of reliable evidence of clinical benefit, we cannot recommend real-time fMRI NFT as a potential intervention in HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papoutsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magerkurth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephs, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepes, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibitoye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langbehn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabrizi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-is better than connectivity-neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteric Pathogen Diversity in Infant Foods in Low-income Neighborhoods Of Kisumu, Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric diarrheal disease remains the 2nd most common cause of preventable illness and death among children under the age of five, especially in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). However, there is limited information regarding the role of food in pathogen transmission due to measuring infant food contaminations in LMICs. For this study, we examined the frequency of enteric pathogen occurrence and co-occurrence in 127 weaning infant foods in Kisumu, Kenya using a multi-pathogen rt-PCR diagnostic tool, and assessed household food hygiene risk factors for contamination. Bacterial, viral, and protozoa enteric pathogen DNA and RNA were detected in 62% of the infant weaning food samples collected, with 37% of foods containing more than one pathogen type. Multivariable generalized linear mixed model analysis indicated type of infant food best explained the presence and diversity of enteric pathogens in infant food, while most household food hygiene risk factors considered in this study were not significantly associated with pathogen contamination. Specifically, cows milk was significantly more likely to contain a pathogen (adjusted Risk Ratio=14.4; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.78-116.1) and contained 2.35 more types of pathogens (adjusted Risk Ratio=2.35; 95% CI 1.67-3.29) than porridge. Our study demonstrates that infants in this low-income urban setting are frequently exposed to diarrhoeagenic pathogens in food and suggests that interventions are needed to prevent foodborne transmission of pathogens to infants.nnImportanceFood is acknowledged as an important pathway for enteric pathogen infection in young children. Yet, information on enteric pathogen contamination in food in low-and-middle income settings is lacking, especially with respect to weaning foods given to young infants. This study assessed which food-related risk factors were associated with increased presence of and diversity in twenty-seven types of enteric pathogens in a variety of foods provided to infants between three and nine months of age in a low-income neighborhood of Kisumu, Kenya. Feeding infants cow milk emerged as the most important risk factor for food contamination by one or more enteric pathogens. The results indicate public health interventions should focus on improving cow milk safety to prevent foodborne pathogen transmission to infants. However, more research is needed to determine whether infant milk contamination was caused by caregiver hygiene practices versus food contamination passed from upstream sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simiyu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aseyo, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreibelbis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteric Pathogen Diversity in Infant Foods in Low-income Neighborhoods Of Kisumu, Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-dependent differences in pain and sleep in a porcine model of Neurofibromatosis type 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder resulting from germline mutations in the NF1 gene, which encodes neurofibromin. Patients experience a variety of symptoms, but pain in the context of NF1 remains largely underrecognized. Here, we characterize nociceptive signaling and pain behaviors in a miniswine harboring a disruptive NF1 mutation (exon 42 deletion). We explore these phenotypes in relationship to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a known interactor of neurofibromin. Mechanistically, we found two previously unknown phosphorylated residues of CRMP2 in NF1+/ex42del pig dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and replicated increased voltage-gated calcium channel currents in NF1+/ex42del pig DRGs previously described in rodent models of NF1. We present the first characterization of pain-related behaviors in a pig model of NF1, identifying unchanged agitation scores, lower tactile thresholds (allodynia), and decreased response latencies to thermal laser stimulation (hyperalgesia) in the NF1 mutant animals; NF1+/ex42del pigs demonstrated sexually dimorphic behaviors. NF1+/ex42del pigs showed reduced sleep quality and increased resting, two health-related quality of life symptoms found to be comorbid in people with NF1 pain. Finally, we show decreased depolarization-evoked calcium influx in both wildtype and NF1+/ex42del pig DRGs treated with CRMP2 phosphorylation inhibitor (5)-lacosamide. Our data supports use of NF1+/ex42del pigs as an ideal model for studying NF1-associated pain and are a better model for understanding the pathophysiology of NF1 compared to rodents. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that interfering with CRMP2 phosphorylation might be a promising therapeutic strategy for NF1-related pain management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chefdeville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrao de Assis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swier, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellampalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giunta, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbro, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieren, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-dependent differences in pain and sleep in a porcine model of Neurofibromatosis type 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In trans variant calling reveals enrichment for compound heterozygous variants in genes involved in neuronal development and growth. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compound heterozygotes occur when different mutations at the same locus on both maternal and paternal chromosomes produce a recessive trait. Here we present the tool VarCount for the quantification of mutations at the individual level. We used VarCount to characterize compound heterozygous coding variants in patients with epileptic encephalopathy and in the 1000 genomes participants. The Epi4k data contains variants identified by whole exome sequencing in patients with either Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) or Infantile Spasms (IS), as well as their parents. We queried the Epi4k dataset (264 trios) and the phased 1000 genomes data (2504 participants) for recessive variants. To assess enrichment, transcript counts were compared between the Epi4k and 1000 genomes participants using minor allele frequency (MAF) cutoffs of 0.5% and 1.0%, and including all ancestries or only probands of European ancestry. In the Epi4k participants, we found enrichment for rare, compound heterozygous mutations in six genes, including three involved in neuronal growth and development - PRTG (p=0.00086, 1% MAF, combined ancestries), TNC (p=0.0221% MAF, combined ancestries), and MACF1 (p=0.0245, 0.5% MAF, EU ancestry). Due the total number of transcripts considered in these analyses, the enrichment detected was not significant after correction for multiple testing and higher powered or prospective studies are necessary to validate the candidacy of these genes. However, PRTG, TNC, and MACF1 are potential novel recessive epilepsy genes and our results highlight that compound heterozygous mutations should be considered in sporadic epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbro, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/496133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In trans variant calling reveals enrichment for compound heterozygous variants in genes involved in neuronal development and growth.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Episodic evolution of a eukaryotic NADK repertoire of ancient provenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NAD kinase (NADK) is the sole enzyme that phosphorylates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) into NADP+/NADPH, which provides the chemical reducing power in anabolic (biosynthetic) pathways. While prokaryotes typically encode a single NADK, eukaryotes encode multiple NADKs. How these different NADK genes are all related to each other and those of prokaryotes is not known. Here we conduct phylogenetic analysis of NADK genes and identify major clade-defining patterns of NADK evolution. First, almost all eukaryotic NADK genes belong to one of two ancient eukaryotic sister clades corresponding to cytosolic ("cyto") and mitochondrial ("mito") clades. Secondly, we find that the cyto-clade NADK gene is duplicated in connection with loss of the mito-clade NADK gene in several eukaryotic clades or with acquisition of plastids in Archaeplastida. Thirdly, we find that horizontal gene transfers from proteobacteria have replaced mitochondrial NADK genes in only a few rare cases. Last, we find that the eukaryotic cyto and mito paralogs are unrelated to independent duplications that occurred in sporulating bacteria, once in mycelial Actinobacteria and once in aerobic endospore-forming Firmicutes. Altogether these findings show that the eukaryotic NADK gene repertoire is ancient and evolves episodically with major evolutionary transitions.nnAuthor SummaryMetabolic enzymes are central to all living organisms and key to understanding the evolution of life on Earth. One important component of all metabolic pathways is the participation of chemically-reducing cofactors such as the redox system of NAD+ and NADH molecules. All living cells also possess a system for shifting their intracellular pool of NAD+ and NADH into NADP+ and NADPH via phosphorylation by the NAD kinase (NADK). Phosphorylation by NADK allows cells to regulate the use of their main chemical redox system for anabolic growth and the synthesis of basic cellular components. In our study we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the NAD kinase family. We find that eukaryotes possess two ancient NADK gene families of unknown provenance and also find unrelated bacterial families that also possess dual NADK genes. We also find that while NADK evolution has been mostly stable through the eons, this family has evolved substantially in association with the evolution of specific clades of organisms. Altogether these results provide a metabolic picture of the tree of life and its evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vickman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Episodic evolution of a eukaryotic NADK repertoire of ancient provenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validating indicators of CNS disorders in a swine model of neurological disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically modified porcine disease models are becoming increasingly important for studying molecular, physiological and pathological characteristics of human disorders. Given their limited history, there remains a great need for proven reagents in swine tissue. To provide a resource for neurological models of disease, we validated antibodies by immunohistochemistry for use in examining central nervous system (CNS) markers. To validate these tools in a relevant model, we utilized a recently developed miniswine model of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is a tumor predisposition disorder, presenting with different type of tumors. Additionally, neurological associated symptomologies may include chronic pain, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities, making this miniswine model an ideal candidate for validating CNS-relevant antibodies. We validate antibodies implicated in glial inflammation (CD68), oligodendrocyte development (NG2, O4, Olig2, and myelin PLP), and neuron differentiation and neurotransmission (doublecortin, GAD67, and tyrosine hydroxylase) by examining cellular localization and brain region specificity. Additionally, we confirm the utility of anti-GFAP, anti-Iba1, and anti-MBP antibodies, previously validated in swine, by testing their immunoreactivity across multiple brain regions in mutant NF1 samples. These validated immunostaining protocols for CNS markers provide a useful resource, furthering the utility of the genetically modified miniswine for translational and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swier, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chefdeville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieren, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validating indicators of CNS disorders in a swine model of neurological disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A keeper of many crypts: the parasitoid Euderus set manipulates the behavior of a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their hosts behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasites host species range. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp, Euderus set, changes the behavior of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida such that B. pallida chews an incomplete exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and "plugs" that hole with its head. E. set benefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we ask whether this behavioral manipulator is limited to Bassettia hosts. We find that E. set attacks and manipulates the behavior of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each of E. sets hosts has converged upon similarities in the extended phenotypes they induce in their plant hosts: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack by E. set. Behavioral manipulation in this parasitoid system may be less important to its host range than other dimensions of the host-parasitoid interaction, like the hosts physical defenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodor, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A keeper of many crypts: the parasitoid Euderus set manipulates the behavior of a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for novel ASD genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogeneous condition, caused by a combination of rare de novo and inherited variants as well as common variants in at least several hundred genes. However, significantly larger sample sizes are needed to identify the complete set of genetic risk factors. We conducted a pilot study for SPARK (SPARKForAutism.org) of 457 families with ASD, all consented online. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and genotyping data were generated for each family using DNA from saliva. We identified variants in genes and loci that are clinically recognized causes or significant contributors to ASD in 10.4% of families without previous genetic findings. Additionally, we identified variants that are possibly associated with autism in an additional 3.4% of families. A meta-analysis using the TADA framework at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.2 provides statistical support for 34 ASD risk genes with at least one damaging variant identified in SPARK. Nine of these genes (BRSK2, DPP6, EGR3, FEZF2, ITSN1, KDM1B, NR4A2, PAX5 and RALGAPB) are newly emerging genes in autism, of which BRSK2 has the strongest statistical support as a risk gene for autism (TADA q-value = 0.0015). Future studies leveraging the thousands of individuals with ASD that have enrolled in SPARK are likely to further clarify the genetic risk factors associated with ASD as well as allow accelerate autism research that incorporates genetic etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrovskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The SPARK Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Roak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volfovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for novel ASD genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nascent transcript analysis of glucocorticoid crosstalk with TNF defines primary and cooperative inflammatory repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds to specific DNA sequences and directly induces transcription of anti-inflammatory genes that contribute to cytokine repression, frequently in cooperation with NF-kB. Whether inflammatory repression also occurs through local interactions between GR and inflammatory gene regulatory elements remains controversial. Here, using Global Run-on Sequencing (GRO-seq) in human airway epithelial cells, we show that glucocorticoid signaling represses transcription within 10 minutes. Many repressed regulatory regions reside within  hyper-ChIPable genomic regions that are subject to non-specific interactions with some antibodies. When this was accounted for, we determined that transcriptional repression occurs without local GR occupancy. Instead, widespread transcriptional induction through canonical GR binding sites is associated with reciprocal repression of distal TNF-regulated enhancers through a chromatin-dependent process, as evidenced by chromatin accessibility and enhancer-reporter assays. Simultaneously, transcriptional induction of key anti-inflammatory effectors is decoupled from primary repression through cooperation between GR and NF-kB at a subset of regulatory regions. Thus, glucocorticoids exert bimodal restraints on inflammation characterized by rapid primary transcriptional repression without local GR occupancy and secondary anti-inflammatory effects resulting from transcriptional cooperation between GR and NF-kB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasse, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadiyala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gally, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nascent transcript analysis of glucocorticoid crosstalk with TNF defines primary and cooperative inflammatory repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Identification of Cell Types Underlying Brain Complex Traits Yields Novel Insights Into the Etiology of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered hundreds of loci associated with complex brain disorders, and provide the best current insights into the etiology of these idiopathic traits. However, it remains unclear in which cell types these variants may be active, which is essential for understanding disease etiology and for disease modelling. Here we integrate GWAS results with single-cell transcriptomic data from the entire nervous system to systematically identify cell types underlying psychiatric disorders, neurological conditions, and other brain complex traits. We show that psychiatric disorders are predominantly associated with excitatory neurons from the cortex/hippocampus, medium spiny neurons from the striatum, diverse sets of midbrain neurons, and inhibitory neurons from the cortex/hippocampus. Cognitive traits were generally associated with similar cell types but their associations were driven by different genes. Neurological disorders were associated with different cell types, consistent with other lines of evidence. Notably, we found that Parkinsons disease is not only genetically associated with dopaminergic neurons but also with serotonergic neurons and cells from the oligodendrocyte lineage. Using post-mortem brain transcriptomic data, we confirmed alterations in these cells, even at the earliest stages of disease progression. Altogether, our study provides a solid framework for understanding the cellular basis of complex brain disorders and reveals a new unexpected role of oligodendrocytes in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkmann Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogelman, L. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Headache Genetics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjerling-Leffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Identification of Cell Types Underlying Brain Complex Traits Yields Novel Insights Into the Etiology of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huntington's disease onset is determined by length of uninterrupted CAG, not encoded polyglutamine, and is modified by DNA maintenance mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of variable, glutamine-encoding, CAA interruptions indicate that a property of the uninterrupted HTT CAG repeat sequence, distinct from huntingtins polyglutamine segment, dictates the rate at which HD develops. The timing of onset shows no significant association with HTT cis-eQTLs but is influenced, sometimes in a sex-specific manner, by polymorphic variation at multiple DNA maintenance genes, suggesting that the special onset-determining property of the uninterrupted CAG repeat is a propensity for length instability that leads to its somatic expansion. Additional naturally-occurring genetic modifier loci, defined by GWAS, may influence HD pathogenesis through other mechanisms. These findings have profound implications for the pathogenesis of HD and other repeat diseases and question a fundamental premise of the "polyglutamine disorders".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genetic Modifiers of Huntington's Disease (GeM-HD) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loupe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouro Pinto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Elneel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monckton, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landwehrmeyer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huntington's disease onset is determined by length of uninterrupted CAG, not encoded polyglutamine, and is modified by DNA maintenance mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impoverished auditory cues fail to engage brain networks controlling spatial selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial selective attention enables listeners to process a signal of interest in natural settings. However, most past studies on auditory spatial attention used impoverished spatial cues: presenting competing sounds to different ears, using only interaural differences in time (ITDs) and/or intensity (IIDs), or using non-individualized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Here we tested the hypothesis that impoverished spatial cues impair spatial auditory attention by only weakly engaging relevant cortical networks. Eighteen normal-hearing listeners reported the content of one of two competing syllable streams simulated at roughly +30 {degrees} and -30{degrees} azimuth. The competing streams consisted of syllables from two different-sex talkers. Spatialization was based on natural spatial cues (individualized HRTFs), individualized IIDs, or generic ITDs. We measured behavioral performance as well as electroencephalographic markers of selective attention. Behaviorally, subjects recalled target streams most accurately with natural cues. Neurally, spatial attention significantly modulated early evoked sensory response magnitudes only for natural cues, not in conditions using only ITDs or IIDs. Consistent with this, parietal oscillatory power in the alpha band (8-14 Hz; associated with filtering out distracting events from unattended directions) showed significantly less attentional modulation with isolated spatial cues than with natural cues. Our findings support the hypothesis that spatial selective attention networks are only partially engaged by impoverished spatial auditory cues. These results not only suggest that studies using unnatural spatial cues underestimate the neural effects of spatial auditory attention, they also illustrate the importance of preserving natural spatial cues in assistive listening devices to support robust attentional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impoverished auditory cues fail to engage brain networks controlling spatial selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule long-read sequencing reveals the chromatin basis of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and nucleosome occupancy profiles have been widely investigated, while the long-range dynamics remains poorly studied at the single-cell level. Here we present a new experimental approach MeSMLR-seq (methyltransferase treatment followed by single-molecule long-read sequencing) for long-range mapping of nucleosomes and chromatin accessibility at single DNA molecules, and thus achieve comprehensive-coverage characterization of the corresponding heterogeneity. We applied MeSMLR-seq to haploid yeast, where single DNA molecules represent single cells, and thus we could investigate the combinatorics of many (up to 356) nucleosomes at long range in single cells. We illustrated the differential organization principles of nucleosomes surrounding transcription start site for silently- and actively-transcribed genes, at the single-cell level and in the long-range scale. The heterogeneous patterns of chromatin statuses spanning multiple genes were phased. Together with single-cell RNA-seq data, we quantitatively revealed how chromatin accessibility correlated with gene transcription positively in a highly-heterogeneous scenario. Moreover, we quantified the openness of promoters and investigated the coupled chromatin changes of adjacent genes at single DNA molecules during transcription reprogramming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule long-read sequencing reveals the chromatin basis of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClinGen Expert Clinical Validity Curation of 164 Hearing Loss Gene-Disease Pairs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeProper interpretation of genomic variants is critical to successful medical decision making based on genetic testing results. A fundamental prerequisite to accurate variant interpretation is the clear understanding of the clinical validity of gene-disease relationships. The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) has developed a semi-quantitative framework to assign clinical validity to gene-disease relationships.

MethodsThe ClinGen Hearing Loss Gene Curation Expert Panel (HL GCEP) uses this framework to perform evidence-based curations of genes present on testing panels from 17 clinical laboratories in the Genetic Testing Registry. The HL GCEP curated and reviewed 142 genes and 164 gene-disease pairs, including 105 nonsyndromic and 59 syndromic forms of hearing loss.

ResultsThe final outcome included 82 Definitive (50%), 12 Strong (7%), 25 Moderate (15%), 32 Limited (20%), 10 Disputed (6%), and 3 Refuted (2%) classifications. The summary of each curation is date stamped with the HL GCEP approval, is live, and will be kept up-to-date on the ClinGen website (https://search.clinicalgenome.org/kb/gene-validity).

ConclusionThis gene curation approach serves to optimize the clinical sensitivity of genetic testing while reducing the rate of uncertain or ambiguous test results caused by the interrogation of genes with insufficient evidence of a disease link.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiStefano, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oza, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegert, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gant, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzkale, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmenti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Tayoun, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amr, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ClinGen Hearing Loss Clinical Domain Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClinGen Expert Clinical Validity Curation of 164 Hearing Loss Gene-Disease Pairs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Occupation and Parkinson disease in Women's Health Initiative Observational Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThere is a lack of consistency in associations between workplace factors and risk of Parkinson disease (PD), and paucity of such data on women. We took a classic occupational epidemiology approach that assesses associations with occupational groups in order to derive insights about potential occupation-specific exposures that may be causal.

MethodsThe Womens Health Initiative (WHI-OS) is a prospective cohort that enrolled 91,627 postmenopausal women, 50 to 79 years of age from 10/01/93 to 12/31/98, at 40 clinical centers across the US with average follow-up of 11 years, who reported up to three paid jobs held the longest since age 18; these jobs were coded and duration of employment calculated. We defined the case by self-report of doctor-diagnosed PD (at baseline or follow-up), death attributed to PD, or medication consistent with PD.

ResultsAmong 2,590 cases, we report evidence of excess risk among "counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists". There was a suggestion of increase in risk among post-secondary teachers, and "building and grounds cleaning and maintenance". There was also evidence of deficit in risk among women who worked in sales.

Results with ever-employed and duration were similar, except for evidence of excess of risk among "health technologists and technicians" with more than 20 years of employment. Longer duration of life on a farm was associated with higher risk.

ConclusionOur findings paint a largely reassuring picture of occupational risks for PD among US women, especially for trades largely unaffected by recent technological advances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burstyn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Checkoway, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/535732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Occupation and Parkinson disease in Women's Health Initiative Observational Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome of the parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum, an emerging model for ecological speciation and transitions to asexual reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasitoid wasps are among the most speciose animals, yet have relatively few available genomic resources. We report a draft genome assembly of the wasp Diachasma alloeum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a host-specific parasitoid of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a developing model for understanding how ecological speciation can "cascade" across trophic levels. Identification of gene content confirmed the overall quality of the draft genome, and we manually annotated [~]400 genes as part of this study, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation, chemosensation, and reproduction. Through comparisons to model hymenopterans such as the European honeybee Apis mellifera and parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, as well as a more closely related braconid parasitoid Microplitis demolitor, we identified a proliferation of transposable elements in the genome, an expansion of chemosensory genes in D. alloeum and other parasitoid wasps, and the maintenance of several key genes with known roles in sexual reproduction and sex determination. The D. alloeum genome will provide a valuable resource for comparative genomics studies in Hymenoptera as well as specific investigations into the genomic changes associated with ecological speciation and transitions to asexuality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tvedte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/545277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome of the parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum, an emerging model for ecological speciation and transitions to asexual reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Methods to Identify Genetic Correlates of Radiation-Associated Contralateral Breast Cancer in the WECARE Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The purpose of this study is to identify germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that optimally predict radiation-associated contralateral breast cancer (RCBC) and to provide new biological insights into the carcinogenic process. Fifty-two women with contralateral breast cancer and 153 women with unilateral breast cancer were identified within the Womens Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study who were at increased risk of RCBC because they were [&le;] 40 years of age at first diagnosis of breast cancer and received a scatter radiation dose > 1 Gy to the contralateral breast. A previously reported algorithm, preconditioned random forest regression, was applied to predict the risk of developing RCBC. The resulting model produced an area under the curve of 0.62 (p=0.04) on hold-out validation data. The biological analysis identified the cyclic AMP-mediated signaling and Ephrin-A as significant biological correlates, which were previously shown to influence cell survival after radiation in an ATM-dependent manner. The key connected genes and proteins that are identified in this analysis were previously identified as relevant to breast cancer, radiation response, or both. In summary, machine learning/bioinformatics methods applied to genome-wide genotyping data have great potential to reveal plausible biological correlates associated with the risk of RCBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boice, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Methods to Identify Genetic Correlates of Radiation-Associated Contralateral Breast Cancer in the WECARE Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deficiency in SUMOylation Activity Disrupts Multiple Pathways Leading to Neural Tube and Heart Defects in Xenopus Embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdenovirus protein, Gam1, triggers the proteolytic destruction of the E1 SUMO-activating enzyme. Microinjection of an empirically determined amount of Gam1 mRNA into one-cell Xenopus embryos can reduce SUMOylation activity to undetectable, but nonlethal, levels, enabling an examination of the role of this post-translational modification during early vertebrate development.

ResultsWe find that SUMOylation-deficient embryos consistently exhibit defects in neural tube and heart development. We have measured differences in gene expression between control and embryos injected with Gam1 mRNA at three developmental stages: early gastrula (immediately following the initiation of zygotic transcription), late gastrula (completion of the formation of the three primary germ layers), and early neurula (appearance of the neural plate). Although changes in gene expression are widespread and can be linked to many biological processes, three pathways, non-canonical Wnt/PCP, snail/twist, and Ets-1, are especially sensitive to the loss of SUMOylation activity and can largely account for the predominant phenotypes of Gam1 embryos. SUMOylation appears to generate different pools of a given transcription factor having different specificities with this post-translational modification involved in the regulation of more complex, as opposed to housekeeping, processes.

ConclusionsWe have identified changes in gene expression that underlie the neural tube and heart phenotypes resulting from depressed SUMOylation activity. Notably, these developmental defects correspond to the two most frequently occurring congenital birth defects in humans, strongly suggesting that perturbation of SUMOylation, either globally or of a specific protein, may frequently be the origin of these pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertke, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubiak, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deficiency in SUMOylation Activity Disrupts Multiple Pathways Leading to Neural Tube and Heart Defects in Xenopus Embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Insights into Hearing Loss Genetics from Polarizable Protein Repacking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing loss is associated with ~8100 mutations in 152 genes, and within the coding regions of these genes are over 60,000 missense variants. The majority of these variants are classified as  variants of uncertain significance to reflect our inability to ascribe a phenotypic effect to the observed amino acid change. A promising source of pathogenicity information are atomic resolution simulations, although input protein structures often contain defects due to limitations in experimental data and/or only distant homology to a template. Here we combine the polarizable AMOEBA force field, many-body optimization theory and GPU acceleration to repack all deafness-associated proteins and thereby improve average structure resolution from 2.2 [A] to 1.0 [A] based on assessment with MolProbity. We incorporate these data into the Deafness Variation Database to inform deafness pathogenicity prediction, and show that advanced polarizable force fields could now be used to repack the entire human proteome using the Force Field X software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tollefson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wipfler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabe, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollefson, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casavant, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Insights into Hearing Loss Genetics from Polarizable Protein Repacking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male evolution under relaxed selection: Evidence for degeneration in sperm produced by male snails from asexual lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How drastic changes in selective regimes affect trait evolution is an important open biological question. We take advantage of naturally occurring and repeated transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction in a New Zealand freshwater snail species to address how relaxed selection on male-specific traits influences sperm morphology. The occasional production of male offspring by the otherwise all-female asexual lineages allows a unique and powerful opportunity to assess the fate of sperm traits in a context where males are unnecessary. These comparisons revealed that the sperm produced by "asexual" males are markedly distinct from sexual counterparts. In particular, the asexual male sperm harbored markedly higher phenotypic variation and was much more likely to be morphologically abnormal. Together, these data suggest that transitions to asexual reproduction might be irreversible at least in part because male function is likely to be compromised. More broadly, our results are consistent with a scenario where relaxed selection translates into rapid trait degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male evolution under relaxed selection: Evidence for degeneration in sperm produced by male snails from asexual lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both short and long sleep are associated with an adverse lipid profile, likely through different biological pathways. To provide new insights in the biology of sleep-associated adverse lipid profile, we conducted multi-ancestry genome-wide sleep-SNP interaction analyses on three lipid traits (HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides). In the total study sample (discovery + replication) of 126,926 individuals from 5 different ancestry groups, when considering either long or short total sleep time interactions in joint analyses, we identified 49 novel lipid loci, and 10 additional novel lipid loci in a restricted sample of European-ancestry cohorts. In addition, we identified new gene-sleep interactions for known lipid loci such as LPL and PCSK9. The novel gene-sleep interactions had a modest explained variance in lipid levels: most notable, gene-short-sleep interactions explained 4.25% of the variance in triglyceride concentration. Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in sleep-associated adverse lipid profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpeläinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabe, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mook-Kanamori, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajuddin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Spek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikäinen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Vidal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>No</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Src-dependent DBL family members drive resistance to vemurafenib in human melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of selective BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) has produced remarkable outcomes for patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma harboring a BRAFV600E mutation. Unfortunately, the majority of patients eventually develop drug-resistant disease. We employed a genetic screening approach to identify gain-of-function mechanisms of BRAFi resistance in two independent melanoma cell lines. Our screens identified both known and unappreciated drivers of BRAFi resistance, including multiple members of the DBL family. Mechanistic studies identified a DBL/Rac1/Pak signaling axis capable of driving resistance to both current and next-generation BRAF inhibitors. However, we show that the Src inhibitor, saracatinib, can block the DBL-driven resistance. Our work highlights the utility of our straightforward genetic screening method in identifying new drug combinations to combat acquired BRAFi resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feddersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schillo, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzavand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stipp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Src-dependent DBL family members drive resistance to vemurafenib in human melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Invasive Assays of Cochlear Synaptopathy -- Candidates and Considerations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in multiple species, including in post-mortem human tissue, have shown that normal aging and/or acoustic overexposure can lead to a significant loss of afferent synapses innervating the cochlea. Hypothetically, this cochlear synaptopathy can lead to perceptual deficits in challenging environments and can contribute to central neural effects such as tinnitus. However, because cochlear synaptopathy can occur without any measurable changes in audiometric thresholds, synaptopathy can remain hidden from standard clinical diagnostics. To understand the perceptual sequelae of synaptopathy and to evaluate the efficacy of emerging therapies, sensitive and specific non-invasive measures at the individual patient level need to be established. Pioneering experiments in specific mice strains have helped identify many candidate assays. These include auditory brainstem responses, the middle-ear muscle reflex, envelope-following responses, and extended high-frequency audiograms. Unfortunately, because these non-invasive measures can be also affected by extraneous factors other than synaptopathy, their application and interpretation in humans is not straightforward. Here, we systematically examine six extraneous factors through a series of interrelated human experiments aimed at understanding their effects. Using strategies that may help mitigate the effects of such extraneous factors, we then show that these suprathreshold physiological assays exhibit across-individual correlations with each other indicative of contributions from a common physiological source consistent with cochlear synaptopathy. Finally, we discuss the application of these assays to two key outstanding questions, and discuss some barriers that still remain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Invasive Assays of Cochlear Synaptopathy -- Candidates and Considerations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Role for Gαz in regulating seizure susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much about the molecular mechanisms underlying seizure susceptibility remains unknown. A number of studies have indicated that the neurotrophic factor BDNF plays an important role in mediating seizure susceptibility. Recently, we found that the heterotrimeric G - protein, Gz, which is known to endogenously couple to monoaminergic receptors, such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine receptors, regulates BDNF-induced signaling and development in cortical neurons. Interestingly, several of the receptors that Gz endogenously couples to have also been shown to be associated with seizure phenotypes (5HT1A-serotonin and D2 dopamine). Here we characterized seizure susceptibility in Gz-null mice, behaviorally and electrographically, finding that Gz-null mice have increased seizure susceptibility using a modified version of the pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. Local field potential (LFP) data recorded from six brain regions-amygdala, dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and thalamus-showed robust electrographic seizure activity for Gz-null mice compared with low or no seizure activity in wild-type controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boms, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Role for Gαz in regulating seizure susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of tau and Fyn reduces compensatory effects of MAP2 for tau and reveals a Fyn-independent effect of tau on glutamate-induced Ca2+ response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule-associated protein tau associates with Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn. A tau-Fyn double knockout (DKO) mouse was generated to investigate the role of the complex. DKO mice resembled Fyn KO in cognitive tasks and resembled tau KO mice in motor tasks and protection from pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In Ca2+ response, Fyn KO was decreased relative to WT and DKO had a greater reduction relative to Fyn KO, suggesting that tau may have a Fyn-independent role. Since tau KO resembled WT in its Ca2+ response, we investigated whether MAP2 served to compensate for tau, since its level was increased in tau KO but decreased in DKO mice. We found that like tau, MAP2 increased Fyn activity. Moreover, tau KO neurons had increased density of dendritic MAP2-Fyn complexes relative to WT neurons. Therefore, we hypothesize that in the tau KO, the absence of tau would be compensated by MAP2, especially in the dendrites, where tau-Fyn complexes are of critical importance. In the DKO, decreased levels of MAP2 made compensation more difficult, thus revealing the effect of tau in the Ca2+ response.nnSummary StatementThe downstream effect of the interaction between microtubule-associated protein tau and Src family non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn was investigated with a tau/Fyn double KO mouse. We demonstrate that tau has a Fyn-independent role in glutamate-induced calcium response and that MAP2 can compensate for tau in interacting with Fyn in dendrites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rysted, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taugher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usachev, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of tau and Fyn reduces compensatory effects of MAP2 for tau and reveals a Fyn-independent effect of tau on glutamate-induced Ca2+ response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania major degrades murine CXCL1 - an immune evasion strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmaniasis is a global health problem with an estimated report of 2 million new cases every year and more than 1 billion people at risk of contracting this disease in endemic areas. The innate immune system plays a central role in controlling L. major infection by initiating a signaling cascade that results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Upon infection with L. major, CXCL1 is produced locally and plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Herein, we report that L. major specifically targets murine CXCL1 for degradation. The degradation of CXCL1 is not dependent on host factors as L. major can directly degrade recombinant CXCL1 in a cell-free system. Using mass spectrometry, we discovered that the L. major protease cleaves at the C-terminal end of murine CXCL1. Finally, our data suggest that L. major metalloproteases are involved in the direct cleavage and degradation of CXCL1, and a synthetic peptide spanning the CXCL1 cleavage site can be used to inhibit L. major metalloprotease activity. In conclusion, our study has identified an immune evasion strategy employed by L. major to evade innate immune responses in mice, likely reservoirs in the endemic areas, and further highlights that targeting these L. major metalloproteases may be important in controlling infection within the reservoir population and transmittance of the disease.nnAuthors summaryOur study discovered a highly specific role for L. major metalloprotease in cleaving and degrading murine CXCL1. Indeed, L. major metalloprotease did not cleave murine CXCL2 or human CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8. CXCL1 is a critical chemokine required for neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection; thus, we propose that this metalloprotease may have evolved to evade immune responses specifically in the murine host. We have further identified that the C-terminal end on CXCL1 is targeted for cleavage by the L. major metalloprotease. Finally, this cleavage site information was used to design peptides that are able to inhibit CXCL1 degradation by L. major. Our study highlights an immune evasion strategy utilized by L. major to establish infection within a murine host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yorek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazgaeen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania major degrades murine CXCL1 - an immune evasion strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal cortex tracks surprise separately for different sensory modalities but engages a common inhibitory control mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain constantly generates predictions about the environment to guide action. Unexpected events lead to surprise and can necessitate the modification of ongoing behavior. Surprise can occur for any sensory domain, but it is not clear how these separate surprise signals are integrated to affect motor output. By applying a trial-to-trial Bayesian surprise model to human electroencephalography data recorded during a cross-modal oddball task, we tested whether there are separate predictive models for different sensory modalities (visual, auditory), or whether expectations are integrated across modalities such that surprise in one modality decreases surprise for a subsequent unexpected event in the other modality. We found that while surprise was represented in a common frontal signature across sensory modalities (the fronto-central P3 event-related potential), the single-trial amplitudes of this signature more closely conformed to a model with separate surprise terms for each sensory domain. We then investigated whether surprise-related fronto-central P3 activity indexes the rapid inhibitory control of ongoing behavior after surprise, as suggested by recent theories. Confirming this prediction, the fronto-central P3 amplitude after both auditory and visual unexpected events was highly correlated with the fronto-central P3 found after stop-signals (measured in a separate stop-signal task). Moreover, surprise-related and stopping-related activity loaded onto the same component in a cross-task independent components analysis. Together, these findings suggest that medial frontal cortex maintains separate predictive models for different sensory domains, but engages a common mechanism for inhibitory control of behavior regardless of the source of surprise.nnAuthor summarySurprise is an elementary cognitive computation that the brain performs to guide behavior. We investigated how the brain tracks surprise across different senses: Do unexpected sounds make subsequent unexpected visual stimuli less surprising? Or does the brain maintain separate expectations of environmental regularities for different senses? We found that the latter is the case. However, even though surprise was separately tracked for auditory and visual events, it elicited a common signature over frontal cortex in both sensory domains. Importantly, we observed the same neural signature when actions had to be stopped after non-surprising stop-signals in a motor inhibition task. This suggests that this signature reflects a rapid interruption of ongoing behavior when our surroundings do not conform to our expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal cortex tracks surprise separately for different sensory modalities but engages a common inhibitory control mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts greater hippocampal volume and rate of episodic associative learning in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Declining episodic memory is common among otherwise healthy older adults, in part due to negative effects of aging on hippocampal circuits. However, there is significant variability between individuals in severity of aging effects on the hippocampus and subsequent memory decline. Importantly, variability may be influenced by modifiable protective physiological factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). More research is needed to better understand which aspects of cognition that decline with aging benefit most from CRF. The current study evaluated the relation of CRF with learning rate in the Episodic Associative Learning (EAL) task, a task designed specifically to target hippocampal-dependent relational binding and to evaluate learning with repeated occurrences. Results show that higher CRF was associated with larger hippocampal volume and faster learning rate. Larger hippocampal volume was also associated with faster learning rate, and hippocampal volume partially mediated the relationship between CRF and learning rate. Further, to support the distinction between learning item relations and learning higher-order sequences, which declines with aging but is largely reliant on extra-hippocampal learning systems, we found that EAL learning rate was not related to motor sequence learning on the alternating serial reaction time task. Motor sequence learning was also not correlated with hippocampal volume. Thus, for the first time we show that higher CRF in healthy older adults is related to enhanced rate of relational memory acquisition, in part mediated by benefits on the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazeltine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wharff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBose, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigurdsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts greater hippocampal volume and rate of episodic associative learning in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5’-phosphate oxidase deficiency induces seizures in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is a rate-limiting enzyme in converting dietary vitamin B6 (VB6) to pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the biologically active form of VB6, and involved in the synthesis of neuro-transmitters including GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. In humans, PNPO mutations have been increasingly identified in neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and more recently also in early-onset epilepsy. Till now, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying PNPO-deficiency-induced seizures due to the lack of animal models. Previously we identified a c.95 C > A missense mutation in sgll - the Drosophila homolog of human PNPO (hPNPO) and found mutant (sgll95) flies exhibiting a lethal phenotype on a diet devoid of VB6. Here we report the establishment of both sgll95 and ubiquitous sgll knockdown (KD) flies as valid animal models of PNPO-deficiency-induced epilepsy. Both sgll95 and sgll KD flies exhibit spontaneous seizures before they die. Electrophysiological recordings reveal that seizures caused by PNPO deficiency have characteristics similar to that in flies treated with GABA antagonist picrotoxin. Both seizures and lethality are associated with low PLP levels and can be rescued by ubiquitous expression of wild-type sgll or hPNPO, suggesting the functional conservation of the PNPO enzyme between humans and flies. Results from cell type-specific sgll KD further demonstrate that PNPO in the brain is necessary for seizure prevention and survival. Our establishment of the first animal model of PNPO deficiency will lead to better understanding of VB6 biology, the PNPO gene and its mutations discovered in patients, and can be a cost-effective system to test therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoeven-Duif, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyridox(am)ine 5’-phosphate oxidase deficiency induces seizures in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sound-sensitive source of alpha oscillations in human non-primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional organization of human auditory cortex can be probed by characterizing responses to various classes of sound at different anatomical locations. Along with histological studies this approach has revealed a primary field in posteromedial Heschls gyrus (HG) with pronounced induced high-frequency (70-150 Hz) activity and short-latency responses that phase-lock to rapid transient sounds. Low-frequency neural oscillations are also relevant to stimulus processing and information flow, however their distribution within auditory cortex has not been established. Alpha activity (7-14 Hz) in particular has been associated with processes that may differentially engage earlier versus later levels of the cortical hierarchy, including functional inhibition and the communication of sensory predictions. These theories derive largely from the study of occipitoparietal sources readily detectable in scalp electroencephalography. To characterize the anatomical basis and functional significance of less accessible temporal-lobe alpha activity we analyzed responses to sentences in seven human adults (four female) with epilepsy who had been implanted with electrodes in superior temporal cortex. In contrast to primary cortex in posteromedial HG, a non-primary field in anterolateral HG was characterized by high spontaneous alpha activity that was strongly suppressed during auditory stimulation. Alpha-power suppression decreased with distance from anterolateral HG throughout superior temporal cortex, and was more pronounced for clear compared to degraded speech. This suppression could not be accounted for solely by a change in the slope of the power spectrum. The differential manifestation and stimulus-sensitivity of alpha oscillations across auditory fields should be accounted for in theories of their generation and function.nnSignificance StatementTo understand how auditory cortex is organized in support of perception, we recorded from patients implanted with electrodes for clinical reasons. This allowed measurement of activity in brain regions at different levels of sensory processing. Oscillations in the alpha range (7-14 Hz) have been associated with functions including sensory prediction and inhibition of regions handling irrelevant information, but their distribution within auditory cortex is not known. A key finding was that these oscillations dominated in one particular non-primary field, anterolateral Heschls gyrus, and were suppressed when subjects listened to sentences. These results build on our knowledge of the functional organization of auditory cortex and provide anatomical constraints on theories of the generation and function of alpha oscillations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoad, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsrude, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sound-sensitive source of alpha oscillations in human non-primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental light is required for maintenance of long-term memory in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term memory (LTM) is stored as functional modifications of relevant neural circuits in the brain. A large body of evidence indicates that the initial establishment of such modifications through the process known as memory consolidation requires learning-dependent transcriptional activation and de novo protein synthesis. However, it remains poorly understood how the consolidated memory is maintained for a long period in the brain, despite constant turnover of molecular substrates. Using the Drosophila courtship-conditioning assay of adult males as a memory paradigm, here, we show that in Drosophila, environmental light plays a critical role in LTM maintenance. LTM is impaired when flies are kept in constant darkness (DD) during the memory maintenance phase. Because light activates the brain neurons expressing the neuropeptide Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf), we examined the possible involvement of Pdf neurons in LTM maintenance. Temporal activation of Pdf neurons compensated for the DD-dependent LTM impairment, whereas temporal knockdown of Pdf during the memory maintenance phase impaired LTM in light-dark cycles. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is required in the memory center, mushroom bodies (MBs), for LTM maintenance, and Pdf signaling regulates light-dependent transcription via CREB. Our results demonstrate for the first time that universally available environmental light plays a critical role in LTM maintenance by activating the evolutionarily conserved memory modulator CREB in MBs via the Pdf signaling pathway.nnSignificant StatementTemporary memory can be consolidated into long-term memory (LTM) through de novo protein synthesis and functional modifications of neuronal circuits in the brain. Once established, LTM requires continual maintenance so that it is kept for an extended period against molecular turnover and cellular reorganization that may disrupt memory traces. How is LTM maintained mechanistically? Despite its critical importance, the molecular and cellular underpinnings of LTM maintenance remain elusive. This study using Drosophila is significant because it revealed for the first time in any organism that universally available environmental light plays an essential role in LTM maintenance. Interestingly, light does so by activating the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein via peptidergic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental light is required for maintenance of long-term memory in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UBR5 is a Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligase involved in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Recovery from Atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We aimed to investigate a novel and uncharacterised E3 ubiquitin ligase in skeletal muscle atrophy, recovery from atrophy/injury, anabolism and hypertrophy. We demonstrated an alternate gene expression profile for UBR5 versus well characterised E3-ligases, MuRF1/MAFbx, where after atrophy evoked by continuous-low-frequency electrical-stimulation in rats, MuRF1/MAFbx were both elevated yet UBR5 was unchanged. Furthermore, after recovery of muscle mass post tetrodotoxin (TTX) induced-atrophy in rats, UBR5 was hypomethylated and increased at the gene expression level, while a suppression of MuRF1/MAFbx was observed. At the protein level, we also demonstrated a significant increase in UBR5 after recovery of muscle mass from hindlimb unloading in both adult and aged rats, and after recovery from atrophy evoked by nerve crush injury in mice. During anabolism and hypertrophy, UBR5 gene expression increased following acute loading in three-dimensional bioengineered mouse muscle in-vitro, and after chronic electrical-stimulation-induced hypertrophy in rats in-vivo, without increases in MuRF1/MAFbx. Additionally, UBR5 protein abundance increased following functional overload-induced hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle in mice and during differentiation of primary human muscle cells. Finally, in humans, genetic association studies (>700,000 SNPs) demonstrated that the A alleles of rs10505025 and rs4734621 SNPs in the UBR5 gene were strongly associated with larger cross-sectional area of fast-twitch muscle fibres and favoured strength/power versus endurance/untrained phenotypes. Overall, we suggest that UBR5 is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that is inversely regulated to MuRF1/MAFbx, is epigenetically regulated, and is elevated at both the gene expression and protein level during recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy.nnKey PointsO_LIWe have recently identified that a HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, named UBR5, is altered epigenetically (via DNA methylation) after human skeletal muscle hypertrophy, where its gene expression is positively correlated with increasing lean leg mass after training and retraining.nC_LIO_LIIn the present study we extensively investigate this novel and uncharacterised E3 ubiquitin ligase (UBR5) in skeletal muscle atrophy, recovery from atrophy and injury, anabolism and hypertrophy.nC_LIO_LIWe demonstrated that UBR5 was epigenetically via altered DNA methylation during recovery from atrophy.nC_LIO_LIWe also determined that UBR5 was alternatively regulated versus well characterised E3 ligases, MuRF1/MAFbx, at the gene expression level during atrophy, recovery from atrophy and hypertrophy.nC_LIO_LIUBR5 also increased at the protein level during recovery from atrophy and injury, hypertrophy and during human muscle cell differentiation.nC_LIO_LIFinally, in humans, genetic variations of the UBR5 gene were strongly associated with larger fast-twitch muscle fibres and strength/power performance versus endurance/untrained phenotypes.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seaborne, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisov, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larin, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Generozov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmetov, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sue, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharples, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UBR5 is a Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligase involved in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Recovery from Atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An axiomatic basis for maximal homology alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maximal homology alignment is a new biologically-relevant approach to DNA sequence alignment that maps the internal dispersed microhomology of individual sequences onto two dimensions. It departs from the current method of gapped alignment, which uses a simplified binary state model of nucleotide position. In gapped alignment nucleotide positions have either no relationship (1-to-None) or else orthological relationship (1-to-1) with nucleotides in other sequences. Maximal homology alignment, however, allows additional states such as 1-to-Many and Many-to-Many, thus modeling both orthological and paralogical relationships, which together comprise the main homology types. Maximal homology alignment collects dispersed microparalogy into the same alignment columns on multiple rows, and thereby generates a two-dimensional representation of a single sequence. Sequence alignment then proceeds as the alignment of two-dimensional topological objects. The operations of producing and aligning two-dimensional auto-alignments motivate a need for tests of two-dimensional homological integrity. Here, I work out and implement basic principles for computationally testing the two dimensions of positional homology, which are inherent to biological sequences due to replication slippage and related errors. I then show that maximal homology alignment is more informative than gapped alignment in modeling the evolution of genetic sequences. In general, MHA is more suited when small insertions and deletions predominantly originate as local microparalogy. These results show that both conserved and non-conserved genomic sequences are enriched with a signature of replication slippage relative to their random permutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/593228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An axiomatic basis for maximal homology alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simplified transposon mutagenesis method to perform phenotypic forward genetic screens in cultured cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of genome-wide shRNA and CRISPR libraries has facilitated cell-based screens to identify loss-of-function mutations associated with a phenotype of interest. Approaches to perform analogous gain-of-function screens are less common, although some reports have utilized arrayed viral expression libraries or the CRISPR activation system. However, a variety of technical and logistical challenges make these approaches difficult for many labs to execute. In addition, genome-wide shRNA or CRISPR libraries typically contain of hundreds of thousands of individual engineered elements, and the associated complexity creates issues with replication and reproducibility for these methods. Here we describe a simple, reproducible approach using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to perform phenotypic cell-based genetic screens. This approach employs only three plasmids to perform unbiased, whole-genome transposon mutagenesis. We also describe a ligation-mediated PCR method that can be used in conjunction with the included software tools to map raw sequence data, identify candidate genes associated with phenotypes of interest, and predict the impact of recurrent transposon insertions on candidate gene function. Finally, we demonstrate the high reproducibility of our approach by having three individuals perform independent replicates of a mutagenesis screen to identify drivers of vemurafenib resistance in cultured melanoma cells. Collectively, our work establishes a facile, adaptable method that can be performed by labs of any size to perform robust, genome-wide screens to identify genes that influence phenotypes of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feddersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simplified transposon mutagenesis method to perform phenotypic forward genetic screens in cultured cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scopolamine and medial frontal stimulus-processing during interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and Alzheimers disease (AD) involve loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Here, we investigate how cholinergic dysfunction impacts the frontal cortex during interval timing, a process that can be impaired in PD and AD patients. Interval timing requires participants to estimate an interval of several seconds by making a motor response, and depends on the medial frontal cortex (MFC), which is richly innervated by basal forebrain cholinergic projections. Past work has shown that scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, reliably impairs interval timing. We tested the hypothesis that scopolamine would attenuate time-related ramping, a key form of temporal processing in the MFC. We recorded neuronal ensembles from 8 mice during performance of a 12-s fixed-interval timing task, which was impaired by the administration of scopolamine. Consistent with past work, scopolamine impaired timing. To our surprise, we found that time-related ramping was unchanged, but stimulus-related activity was enhanced in the MFC. Principal component analyses revealed no consistent changes in time-related ramping components, but did reveal changes in higher components. Taken together, these data indicate that scopolamine changes stimulus-processing rather than temporal processing in the MFC. These data could help understand how cholinergic dysfunction affects cortical circuits in diseases such as PD, DLB, and AD.nnHighlightsO_LIThe cholinergic muscarinic inhibitor scopolamine impairs interval timing behavior.nC_LIO_LIScopolamine does not change time-related ramping activity in the medial frontal cortex.nC_LIO_LIMedial prefrontal stimulus-related modulation increasednC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scopolamine and medial frontal stimulus-processing during interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer cells resist mechanical destruction in the circulation via RhoA-myosin II axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During metastasis cancer cells are exposed to potentially destructive hemodynamic forces including fluid shear stress (FSS) while en route to distant sites. However, prior work indicates that cancer cells are more resistant to brief pulses of high-level fluid shear stress (FSS) in vitro relative to non-transformed epithelial cells. Herein we identify a mechanism of FSS resistance in cancer cells, and extend these findings to mouse models of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We show that cancer cells acutely isolated from primary tumors are resistant to FSS. Our findings demonstrate that cancer cells activate the RhoA-myosin II axis in response to FSS, which protects them from FSS-induced plasma membrane damage. Moreover, we show that the myosin II activity is protective to CTCs in mouse models. Collectively our data indicate that viable CTCs actively resist destruction by hemodynamic forces and are likely to be more mechanically robust than is commonly thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moose, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krog, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milhem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stipp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowat, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer cells resist mechanical destruction in the circulation via RhoA-myosin II axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interspecies signaling generates exploratory motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes often live in multispecies communities where interactions among community members impact both the individual constituents and the surrounding environment. Here, we developed a system to visualize interspecies behaviors at initial encounters. By imaging two prevalent pathogens known to be coisolated from chronic illnesses, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, we observed P. aeruginosa can modify surface motility in response to secreted factors from S. aureus. Upon sensing S. aureus, P. aeruginosa transitioned from collective to single-cell motility with an associated increase in speed and directedness - a behavior we refer to as  exploratory motility. Through modulation of cAMP, explorer cells moved preferentially towards S. aureus and invaded S. aureus colonies through the action of the type IV pili. These studies reveal previously undescribed motility behaviors and lend insight into how P. aeruginosa senses and responds to other species. Identifying strategies to harness these interactions may open avenues for new antimicrobial strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donegan, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interspecies signaling generates exploratory motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How delayed treatment benefits and harms would impact the optimal timing of statin initiation for cardiovascular primary prevention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic studies suggest that the relative risk reduction (RRR) of statins may increase over time, potentially resulting in much greater long-term benefit if statins are started before cardiovascular (CV) risk is high.nnMethodsWe used a nationally representative sample of American adults to estimate effects of initiating a statin when 10-year CV risk reaches 5%, 10% or 15%. We examined scenarios in which a statins initial RRR (30%) gradually doubles over 10 to 30 years of treatment.nnResultsInitiating a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% resulted in a mean of 20.1 years on a statin before age 75 (8 years more than starting when CV risk reaches 10%). If a statins RRR doubles over 20 years, starting when CV risk is 5% would save about 5.1 to 6.1 additional QALYs per 1000 additional treatment years than starting when CV risk is 10%. Most of this additional benefit was accrued by those who reach a 5% risk at a younger age. Due to the prolonged treatment period, however, early treatment could also result in net harm if the treatment slowly increased a major complication of aging, such as muscular or neurological aging.nnConclusionsIn a thought experiment exploring the impact of delayed effects, we found that if the relative effectiveness of statin therapy gradually doubles over a 10 to 30 year period, starting a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% could have much more long-term benefit than starting a statin when CV risk is 10%. Most of the additional benefit occurred in those at elevated age-adjusted CV risk. Unfortunately, given the long duration of treatment, substantial delayed statin harms, if present, could outweigh these potential benefits and result in substantial net harm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayward, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavieri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How delayed treatment benefits and harms would impact the optimal timing of statin initiation for cardiovascular primary prevention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-related inflammation driven by cellular senescence enhances NAD consumption via activation of CD38+ macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decline in tissue NAD levels during aging is linked to aging and its associated diseases. However, the mechanism for aging-associated NAD decline remains unclear. Here we report that pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages, but not naive or M2 macrophages, accumulate in metabolic tissues including visceral white adipose tissue and the liver during aging. Remarkably, these M1-like macrophages highly express the NAD consuming enzyme CD38 and have enhanced CD38-dependent NADase activity. We also find that senescent cells progressively accumulate in visceral white adipose tissue during aging and that inflammatory cytokines found in the supernatant from senescent cells (Senescence associated secretory proteins, SASP) induce macrophages to proliferate and to express CD38. These results highlight a new causal link between visceral tissue senescence and tissue NAD decline during aging and represent a novel therapeutic opportunity targeting maintenance of NAD levels during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Covarrubias, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Dominguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasler, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, K.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Sahra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-related inflammation driven by cellular senescence enhances NAD consumption via activation of CD38+ macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of number of healthcare visits on study sample selection and prevalence estimates in electronic health record data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionFew studies have addressed how to select a study sample when using electronic health record (EHR) data.nnMethodsYear 2016 EHR data from three health systems was used to examine how alternate definitions of the study sample, based on number of healthcare visits in one year, affected measures of disease period prevalence. Curated collections of ICD-9, ICD-10, and SNOMED codes were used to define three diseases.nnResultsAcross all health systems, increasing the minimum required number of visits to be included in the study sample monotonically increased crude period prevalence estimates. The rate at which prevalence estimates increased with number of visits varied across sites and across diseases.nnConclusionsWhen using EHR data authors must carefully describe how a study sample is identified and report outcomes for a range of sample definitions, so that others can assess the sensitivity of reported results to sample definition in EHR data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen-Torvik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furmanchuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrischilles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of number of healthcare visits on study sample selection and prevalence estimates in electronic health record data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaV3.1 channel pore pseudo-symmetry revealed by selectivity filter mutations in their domains I/II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence indicating that the pore structure of voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) influences gating besides their conductance. Regarding low voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ channels, it has been demonstrated that substitutions of the pore aspartate (D) by a glutamate (D-to-E substitution) in domains III and IV alter channel gating properties such as a positive shift in the channel activation voltage dependence. In the present report, we evaluated the effects of E-to-D substitution in domains I and II on the CaV3.1 channel gating properties. Our results indicate that substitutions in these two domains differentially modify the gating properties of CaV3.1 channels. The channel with a single mutation in domain I (DEDD) presented slower activation and faster inactivation kinetics and a slower recovery from inactivation, as compared with the WT channel. In contrast, the single mutant in domain II (EDDD) presented a small but significant negative shift of activation voltage dependence with faster activation and slower deactivation kinetics. Finally, the double mutant channel (DDDD) presented intermediate properties with respect to the two single mutants but with fastest deactivation kinetics. Overall, our results indicate that single amino acid modification of the selectivity filter of LVA Ca2+ channels in distinct domains differentially influence their gating properties, suggesting a pore pseudo-symmetry.nnStatement of significancePrevious reports of low voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ channels have demonstrated that pore aspartate (D) in domains III and IV equally modulates the channel gating properties, supporting a hypothesis of pore symmetry in LVA Ca2+ channels. In the present report, we evaluated the effects of glutamate (E)-to-D pore substitution in domains I and II on the CaV3.1 channel gating properties. Our results indicate that substitutions in these two domains differentially modify the gating properties of CaV3.1 channels, therefore suggesting a pore pseudo-symmetry in them. Interestingly, our pore mutations affect inactivation of CaV3.1 Ca2+ channels indicating a selectivity filter contribution to this process similar to the recent proposed paradigm for high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darszon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishigaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaV3.1 channel pore pseudo-symmetry revealed by selectivity filter mutations in their domains I/II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and neuroinflammation is increased in the frontopolar cortex of individuals with autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) etiology is a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors, the relative contributions of which varies across patients. Despite complex etiology, researchers observe consistent neurodevelopmental features in ASD patients, notably atypical forebrain cortical development. Growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines are important mediators of forebrain cortical development, but have not been thoroughly examined in brain tissues from individuals with autism. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of RNA and protein expression using frontopolar cortex tissues dissected from individuals with ASD and controls, hypothesizing that ASD patients will exhibit aberrant expression of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines critical for neurodevelopment. We performed group-wise comparisons of RNA expression via RNA-Seq and growth factor, cytokine, and chemokine expression via multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also analyzed single cell sequencing data from the frontopolar cortex of typically developed individuals to identify cell types that express the growth factors we found differentially expressed in ASD. Our RNA-Seq analysis revealed 11 differentially expressed genes in ASD versus control brains, the most significant of which encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). Both RNA and protein levels of VEGF-A were upregulated in ASD brains. Our single cell analysis revealed that VEGF is expressed primarily by non-neuronal cells. We also found that the differentially expressed genes from our RNA-Seq analysis are enriched in microglia. The increased VEGF-A expression we observed in ASD, coupled with the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in microglia, begs the question of the role VEGF-A is playing in ASD. Microglia activation, as indicated by our RNA-Seq results, and the VEGF-A isoform expression we see in the ASD cortex, leads us to conclude that VEGF-A is playing a pro-inflammatory role, perhaps with unwanted long-term consequences for neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnanasekaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelchen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogden, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and neuroinflammation is increased in the frontopolar cortex of individuals with autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticostriatal stimulation compensates for medial frontal inactivation during interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prefrontal dysfunction is a common feature of brain diseases such as schizophrenia and contributes to deficits in executive functions, including working memory, attention, flexibility, inhibitory control, and timing of behaviors. Currently, few interventions can compensate for impaired prefrontal function. Here, we tested whether stimulating the axons of prefrontal neurons in the striatum could compensate for deficits in temporal processing related to prefrontal dysfunction. We used an interval-timing task that requires working memory for temporal rules and attention to the passage of time. Our previous work showed that inactivation of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) impairs interval timing and attenuates ramping activity, a key form of temporal processing in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). We found that 20-Hz optogenetic stimulation of MFC axon terminals in the DMS shifted response times and improved interval-timing behavior. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of terminals modulated time-related ramping of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. These data suggest that corticostriatal stimulation can compensate for deficits caused by MFC inactivation and they imply that frontostriatal projections are sufficient for controlling responses in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticostriatal stimulation compensates for medial frontal inactivation during interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missense mutations in the MLKL brace region lead to lethal neonatal inflammation in mice and are present in high frequency in humans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have isolated a mouse strain with a single missense mutation in the gene encoding MLKL, the essential effector of necroptotic cell death. The resulting substitution lies within the two-helix  brace and confers constitutive, RIPK3 independent, killing activity to MLKL. Mice homozygous for MlklD139V develop lethal inflammation within days of birth, implicating the salivary glands and pericardium as hotspots for necroptosis and inflammatory infiltration. The normal development of MlklD139V homozygotes until birth, and the absence of any overt phenotype in heterozygotes provides important in vivo precedent for the capacity of cells to clear activated MLKL. These observations offer an important insight into the potential disease-modulating roles of three common human MLKL polymorphisms that encode amino acid substitutions within or adjacent to the brace region. Compound heterozygosity of these variants is found at up to 12-fold the expected frequency in patients that suffer from a pediatric autoinflammatory disease, CRMO.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnish, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangatirkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josefsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigbye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripaydonis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scerri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czabotar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannahill, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Graaf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiatarone Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovlovskaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnatz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venhoff</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missense mutations in the MLKL brace region lead to lethal neonatal inflammation in mice and are present in high frequency in humans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal theta and beta oscillations during lower-limb movement in Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMotor and cognitive dysfunction has been linked in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). EEG theta and beta rhythms are reliably associated with cognitive and motor functions, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that PD patients with lower-limb abnormalities would exhibit abnormal beta and theta rhythms in the mid-frontal region during action initiation.nnMethodsWe recruited thirty-nine subjects, including PD patients with FOG (PDFOG+; n=13) and without FOG (PDFOG-; n=13), and demographically-matched healthy subjects (n=13). Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were collected during a lower-limb pedaling motor task, which required intentional initiation and stopping of a motor movement.nnResultsFOG scores were correlated with disease severity and cognition. PDFOG+ patients pedaled with reduced speed and decreased acceleration compared to PDFOG- patients and to controls. PDFOG+ patients exhibited attenuated theta-band (4-8 Hz) power and increased beta-band (13-30 Hz) power at mid-frontal electrode Cz during pedaling. Frontal theta- and beta-band oscillations also correlated with lower-limb movement in PD patients.nnConclusionsFrontal theta and beta oscillations are predictors of lower-limb motor symptoms in PD. These data provide insight into the mechanism of lower-limb dysfunction in PD, and could be used to design neuromodulation for PD-related lower-limb abnormalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/634808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal theta and beta oscillations during lower-limb movement in Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease characterised by scarring of the lung that is believed to result from an atypical response to injury of the epithelium. The mechanisms by which this arises are poorly understood and it is likely that multiple pathways are involved. The strongest genetic association with IPF is a variant in the promoter of MUC5B where each copy of the risk allele confers a five-fold risk of disease. However, genome-wide association studies have reported additional signals of association implicating multiple pathways including host defence, telomere maintenance, signalling and cell-cell adhesion.nnObjectivesTo improve our understanding of mechanisms that increase IPF susceptibility by identifying previously unreported genetic associations.nnMethods and measurementsWe performed the largest genome-wide association study undertaken for IPF susceptibility with a discovery stage comprising up to 2,668 IPF cases and 8,591 controls with replication in an additional 1,467 IPF cases and 11,874 controls. Polygenic risk scores were used to assess the collective effect of variants not reported as associated with IPF.nnMain resultsWe identified and replicated three new genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) signals of association with IPF susceptibility (near KIF15, MAD1L1 and DEPTOR) and confirm associations at 11 previously reported loci. Polygenic risk score analyses showed that the combined effect of many thousands of as-yet unreported IPF risk variants contribute to IPF susceptibility.nnConclusionsNovel association signals support the importance of mTOR signalling in lung fibrosis and suggest a possible role of mitotic spindle-assembly genes in IPF susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Guio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dressen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paynton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraven, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braybrooke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Molina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putman, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahy, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAnulty, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oballa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parfrey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whyte, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatabu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickle, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female meiotic drive preferentially segregates derived metacentric chromosomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A vast diversity of karyotypes exists within and between species, yet the mechanisms that shape this diversity are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of biased meiotic segregation--i.e., meiotic drive--in karyotype evolution. The closely related species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana, provide an ideal system to investigate mechanisms of karyotypic diversification. Since their recent divergence, D. americana has evolved two centromeric fusions: one between the 2nd and 3rd chromosomes, and another between the X and 4th chromosomes. The 2-3 fusion is fixed in D. americana, but the X-4 fusion is polymorphic and varies in frequency along a latitudinal cline. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that these derived metacentric chromosomes segregate preferentially to the egg nucleus during female meiosis in D. americana. Using two different methods, we show that the fused X-4 chromosome is transmitted at an average frequency of ~57%, exceeding expectations of 50:50 Mendelian segregation. Three paracentric inversions are found in the vicinity of the X-4 fusion and could potentially influence chromosome segregation. Using crosses between lines with differing inversion arrangements, we show that the transmission bias persists regardless of inversion status. Transmission rates are also biased in D. americana/D. novamexicana hybrid females, favoring both the X-4 and 2-3 fused arrangements over their unfused homologs. Our results show that meiotic drive influences chromosome segregation in D. americana favoring derived arrangements in its reorganized karyotype. Moreover, the fused centromeres are the facilitators of biased segregation rather than associated chromosomal inversions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed-Braimah, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerne, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female meiotic drive preferentially segregates derived metacentric chromosomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the HTT gene. It is diagnosed following a standardized exam of motor control and often presents with cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Recent studies have detected genetic loci modifying the age at onset of motor symptoms in HD, but genetic factors influencing cognitive and psychiatric presentations are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in HD are influenced by the same common genetic variation as in the general population by constructing polygenic risk scores from large genome-wide association studies of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and of intelligence, and testing for correlation with the presence of psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in a large sample (n=5160) of HD patients. Polygenic risk score for major depression was associated specifically with increased risk of depression in HD, as was schizophrenia risk score with psychosis and irritability. Cognitive impairment and apathy were associated with reduced polygenic risk score for intelligence. In general, polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia, are associated with increased risk of the corresponding psychiatric symptoms in HD, suggesting a common genetic liability. However, the genetic liability to cognitive impairment and apathy appears to be distinct from other psychiatric symptoms in HD. No associations were observed between HD symptoms and risk scores for other neurodegenerative disorders. These data provide a rationale for treatments effective in depression and schizophrenia to be used to treat depression and psychotic symptoms in HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLauchlan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loupe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouro Pinto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elneel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monckton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landwehrmeyer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duijn, E. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickards, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods Matter -- Standard Production Platforms For Recombinant AAV Can Produce Chemically And Functionally Distinct Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different manufacturing approaches have been used in the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). The two leading approaches are transiently transfected human HEK293 cells and live baculovirus infection of Sf9 insect cells. Unexplained differences in vector performance have been seen clinically and preclinically. Thus, we performed for the first time a highly controlled comparative production analysis varying only the host cell species but keeping all other rAAV production parameters the same. We demonstrate that host cell species is critical for determining vector potency. Given these key findings, we then sought to deeply characterize differences in rAAVs when produced by these two manufacturing platforms with multiple analytical approaches including: proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry, isoelectric focusing, cryo-EM, denaturation assays, genomic and epigenomic sequencing of packaged genomes, human cytokine profiling, and comparative functional transduction assessments in vitro and in vivo, including in humanized liver mice. Using these tools weve made two major discoveries: 1) rAAV capsids have post-translational modifications (PTMs) including glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation and deamidation, and these PTMs differ between platforms; 2) rAAV genomes are methylated during production, and these methylation marks are also differentially deposited between platforms. In addition, our data also demonstrate that host cell protein impurities differ between platforms and can have their own PTMs including potentially immunogenic N-linked glycans. We show that human-produced rAAVs are more potent than baculovirus-Sf9 vectors in various cell types in vitro (P < 0.05-0.0001), in various mouse tissues in vivo (P < 0.03-0.0001), and in human liver in vivo (P < 0.005). Collectively, our findings were reproducible across vendors, including commercial manufacturers, academic core facilities, and individual laboratory preparations. These vector differences may have clinical implications for rAAV receptor binding, trafficking, expression kinetics, expression durability, vector immunogenicity as well as cost considerations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rumachik, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poweleit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leib, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirolia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulk, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods Matter -- Standard Production Platforms For Recombinant AAV Can Produce Chemically And Functionally Distinct Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-bursts reveal the trial-to-trial dynamics of movement initiation and cancellation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurophysiological basis of motor processes and their control is of tremendous interest to basic researchers and clinicians alike. Notably, both movement initiation and cancellation are accompanied by prominent field potential changes in the {beta}-frequency band (15-29Hz). In trial-averages, movement initiation is indexed by {beta}-band desynchronization over sensorimotor sites, while movement cancellation is signified by {beta}-power increases over (pre)frontal areas. However, averaging misrepresents the true nature of the {beta}-signal. As recent work has highlighted, raw {beta}-band activity is characterized by short-lasting, burst-like events, rather than by steady modulations. To investigate how such {beta}-bursts relate to movement initiation and cancellation in humans, we investigated scalp-recorded {beta}-band activity in 234 healthy subjects performing the Stop-signal task. Four observations were made: First, both movement initiation and cancellation were indexed by systematic, localized changes in {beta}-bursting. While {beta}-bursting at bilateral sensorimotor sites steadily declined during movement initiation, {beta}-bursting increased at fronto-central sites when Stop-signals instructed movement cancellation. Second, the amount of fronto-central {beta}-bursting clearly distinguished successful from unsuccessful movement cancellation. Third, the emergence of fronto-central {beta}-bursting coincided with the latency of the movement cancellation process, indexed by Stop-signal reaction time. Fourth, individual fronto-central {beta}-bursts during movement cancellation were followed by a low-latency re-instantiation of bilateral sensorimotor {beta}-bursting. These findings suggest that {beta}-bursting is a fundamental signature of the motor system, reflecting a steady inhibition of motor cortex that is suppressed during movement initiation, and can be rapidly re-instantiated by frontal areas when movements have to be rapidly cancelled.nnSignificance StatementMovement-related {beta}-frequency (15-29Hz) changes are among the most prominent features of neural recordings across species, scales, and methods. However, standard averaging-based methods obscure the true dynamics of {beta}-band activity, which is dominated by short-lived, burst-like events. Here, we demonstrate that both movement-initiation and cancellation in humans are characterized by unique trial-to-trial patterns of {beta}-bursting. Movement initiation is characterized by steady reductions of {beta}-bursting over bilateral sensorimotor sites. In contrast, during rapid movement cancellation, {beta}-bursts first emerge over fronto-central sites typically associated with motor control, after which sensorimotor {beta}-bursting re-initiates. These findings suggest a fundamentally novel, non-invasive measure of the neural interaction underlying movement-initiation and -cancellation, opening new avenues for the study of motor control in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-bursts reveal the trial-to-trial dynamics of movement initiation and cancellation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant striatal oscillations after dopamine loss in parkinsonian non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine depletion in Parkinsons disease (PD) is associated with abnormal oscillatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia network. However, the oscillatory pattern of striatal neurons in PD remains poorly defined. Here, we analyzed the local field potentials in one untreated and five MPTP-treated non-human primates (NHP) to model advanced PD. Augmented oscillatory activity in the alpha (8-13 Hz) and low-beta (13-20 Hz) frequency bands was found in the striatum in parallel to the motor cortex and globus pallidus of the NHP-PD model. The coherence analysis showed increased connectivity in the cortico-striatal and striato-pallidal pathways at alpha and low-beta frequency bands, confirming the presence of abnormal 8-20 Hz activity in the cortico-basal ganglia network. The acute L-Dopa injection that induced a clear motor response normalized the amplified 8-20 Hz oscillations. These findings indicate that pathological striatal oscillations at alpha and low-beta bands are concordant with the basal ganglia network changes after dopamine depletion, and thereby support a key role of the striatum in the generation of parkinsonian motor abnormalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant striatal oscillations after dopamine loss in parkinsonian non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Occupancy distributions of membrane proteins in heterogeneous liposome populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measurements of membrane protein structure and function often rely on reconstituting the protein into lipid bilayers through the formation of liposomes. Many measurements conducted in proteoliposomes, e.g. transport rates, single-molecule dynamics, monomer-oligomer equilibrium, require some understanding of the occupancy statistics of the liposome population for correct interpretation of the results. In homogenous liposomes, this is easy to calculate as the act of protein incorporation can be described by the Poisson distribution. However, in reality, liposomes are heterogeneous, which alters the statistics of occupancy in several ways. Here, we determine the liposome occupancy distribution for membrane protein reconstitution while taking into account liposome size heterogeneity. We calculate the protein occupancy for a homogenous population of liposomes with radius r = 200 nm, representing an idealization of vesicles extruded through 400 nm pores and compare it to the right-skewed distribution of 400 nm 2:1 POPE:POPG vesicles. As is the case for E. coli polar lipids, this synthetic composition yields a sub-population of small liposomes, [~]25 nm in radius with a long tail of larger vesicles. Previously published microscopy data of the co-localization of the CLC-ec1 Cl-/H+ transporter with liposomes, and vesicle occupancy measurements using functional transport assays, shows agreement with the heterogeneous 2:1 POPE:POPG population. Next, distributions of 100 nm and 30 nm extruded 2:1 POPE:POPG liposomes are measured by cryo-electron microscopy, demonstrating that extrusion through smaller pores does not shift the peak, but reduces polydispersity arising from large liposomes. Single-molecule photobleaching analysis of CLC-ec1-Cy5 shows the 30 nm extruded population increases the  Poisson-dilution range, reducing the probability of vesicles with more than one protein at higher protein/lipid densities. These results demonstrate that the occupancy distributions of membrane proteins into vesicles can be accurately predicted in heterogeneous populations with experimental knowledge of the liposome size distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cliff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Occupancy distributions of membrane proteins in heterogeneous liposome populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of post-traumatic immune response using anti-IL-1 therapy for improved visual outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye following a blast-mediated TBI (bTBI) model, and to determine if modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). bTBI was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 PSI blast waves, with an interblast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) 4 hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of lL-1{beta}, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared to shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with IBA-1 and GFAP, respectively, 1 week post-blast. Inhibition of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakina, an IL-1RI antagonist. Retinal function and structure were evaluated 4 weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared to saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a tred of decreased suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may partially explain the RGC loss we observed in this model as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and structure.nnSignificance StatementBlast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) affects military members and civilians as a direct result of combat, workplace accidents, or intentional terrorist attacks. The retina is a central nervous system (CNS) tissue that is vulnerable to blast exposure. Individuals with bTBI often report visual dysfunction, but the mechanisms of ocular injury are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that damaging neuroinflammation contributes to retinal injury following blast-mediated TBI. We also identified anakinra, an anti-IL-1 therapy currently utilized for other diseases, as a potential pharmacologic agent that could prevent ocular damage after blast. These findings will aide in the development of novel treatments for vision preservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woll, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hehr, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of post-traumatic immune response using anti-IL-1 therapy for improved visual outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host carbon dioxide concentration is an independent stress for Cryptococcus neoformans that affects virulence and antifungal susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of Cryptococcus neoformans to cause disease in humans varies significantly among strains with highly related genotypes. In general, environmental isolates of pathogenic species such as C. neoformans var. grubii have reduced virulence relative to clinical isolates, despite having no differences in the expression of the canonical virulence traits (high temperature growth, melanization and capsule formation). In this observation, we report that environmental isolates of C. neoformans tolerate host CO2 concentrations poorly compared to clinical isolates and that CO2 tolerance correlates well with the ability of the isolates to cause disease in mammals. Initial experiments also suggest that CO2 tolerance is particularly important for dissemination of C. neoformans from the lung to the brain. Furthermore, CO2 concentrations affect the susceptibility of both clinical and environmental C. neoformans isolates to the azole class of antifungal drugs, suggesting that antifungal testing in the presence of CO2 may improve the correlation between in vitro azole activity and patient outcome.nnImportanceA number of studies comparing either patient outcomes or model system virulence across large collections of Cryptococcus isolates have found significant heterogeneity in virulence even among strains with highly related genotypes. Because this heterogeneity cannot be explained by variations in the three well-characterized virulence traits (growth at host body temperature; melanization; and polysaccharide capsule formation), it has been widely proposed that additional C. neoformans virulence traits must exist. C. neoformans natural niche is in the environment where the carbon dioxide concentration is very low ([~]0.04%); in contrast, mammalian host tissue carbon dioxide concentrations are 125-fold higher (5%). We have found that the ability to grow in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide distinguishes low virulence strains from high virulence strains, even those with a similar genotype. Our findings suggest that carbon dioxide tolerance is a previously un-recognized virulence trait for C. neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host carbon dioxide concentration is an independent stress for Cryptococcus neoformans that affects virulence and antifungal susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CEP290 myosin-tail homology domain is essential for protein confinement between inner and outer segments in photoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in CEP290 cause various ciliopathies involving retinal degeneration. CEP290 proteins localize to the ciliary transition zone and are thought to act as a gatekeeper that controls ciliary protein trafficking. However, precise roles of CEP290 in photoreceptors and pathomechanisms of retinal degeneration in CEP290-associated ciliopathies are not sufficiently understood. Using Cep290 conditional mutant mice, in which the C-terminal myosin-tail homology domain is disrupted after the connecting cilium is assembled, we show that CEP290, more specifically the myosin-tail homology domain of CEP290, is essential for protein confinement between the inner and the outer segments. Inner segment plasma membrane proteins including STX3, SNAP25, and IMPG2 rapidly accumulate in the outer segment upon disruption of the myosin-tail homology domain. In contrast, localization of endomembrane proteins is not altered. Trafficking and confinement of most outer segment-resident proteins appear to be unaffected or only minimally affected in this mouse model. One notable exception is RHO, which exhibits severe mislocalization to inner segments from the initial stage of degeneration. Similar mislocalization phenotypes were observed in rd16 mice. These results suggest that failure of protein confinement at the connecting cilium and consequent accumulation of inner segment membrane proteins in the outer segment combined with insufficient RHO delivery is part of the disease mechanisms that cause retinal degeneration in CEP290-associated ciliopathies. Our study provides insights into the pathomechanisms of retinal degenerations associated with compromised ciliary gates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffcorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CEP290 myosin-tail homology domain is essential for protein confinement between inner and outer segments in photoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies have examined alterations in white matter organization in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using diffusion MRI (dMRI), but the results have been mixed, which may be partially due to relatively small sample sizes among studies. Altered structural connectivity may be both a neurobiological vulnerability for, and a result of, PTSD. In an effort to find reliable effects, we present a multi-cohort analysis of dMRI metrics across 3,049 individuals from 28 cohorts currently participating in the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD working group (a joint partnership between the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis consortium). Comparing regional white matter metrics across the full brain in 1,446 individuals with PTSD and 1,603 controls (2152 males/897 females) between ages 18-83, 92% of whom were trauma-exposed, we report associations between PTSD and disrupted white matter organization measured by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the tapetum region of the corpus callosum (Cohens d=-0.12, p=0.0021). The tapetum connects the left and right hippocampus, structures for which structure and function have been consistently implicated in PTSD. Results remained significant/similar after accounting for the effects of multiple potentially confounding variables: childhood trauma exposure, comorbid depression, history of traumatic brain injury, current alcohol abuse or dependence, and current use of psychotropic medications. Our results show that PTSD may be associated with alterations in the broader hippocampal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menefee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicotinamide riboside augments the human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and induces transcriptomic and anti-inflammatory signatures in aged subjects: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NAD+ is modulated by conditions of metabolic stress and has been reported to decline with aging, but human data are sparse. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation ameliorates metabolic dysfunction in rodents. We aimed to establish whether oral NR supplementation in aged participants can increase the skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome, and questioned if tissue NAD+ levels are depressed with aging. We supplemented 12 aged men with NR 1g per day for 21-days in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Targeted metabolomics showed that NR elevated the muscle NAD+ metabolome, evident by increased nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide clearance products. Muscle RNA sequencing revealed NR-mediated downregulation of energy metabolism and mitochondria pathways. NR also depressed levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines. In an additional study, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based NAD+ measurement in muscle and brain showed no difference between young and aged individuals. Our data establish that oral NR is available to aged human muscle and identify anti-inflammatory effects of NR, while suggesting that NAD+ decline is not associated with chronological aging per se in human muscle or brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elhassan, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluckova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seabright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nightingale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavery, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicotinamide riboside augments the human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and induces transcriptomic and anti-inflammatory signatures in aged subjects: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographic specificity of alpha power during auditory spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual and somatosensory spatial attention both induce parietal alpha (7-14 Hz) oscillations whose topographical distribution depends on the direction of spatial attentional focus. In the auditory domain, contrasts of parietal alpha power for leftward and rightward attention reveal a qualitatively similar lateralization; however, it is not clear whether alpha lateralization changes monotonically with the direction of auditory attention as it does for visual spatial attention. In addition, most previous studies of alpha oscillation did not consider subject-specific differences in alpha frequency, but simply analyzed power in a fixed spectral band. Here, we recorded electroencephalography in human subjects when they directed attention to one of five azimuthal locations. After a cue indicating the direction of an upcoming target sequence of spoken syllables (yet before the target began), alpha power changed in a task specific manner. Subject-specific peak alpha frequencies differed consistently between frontocentral electrodes and parieto-occipital electrodes, suggesting multiple neural generators of task-related alpha. Parieto-occipital alpha increased over the hemisphere ipsilateral to attentional focus compared to the contralateral hemisphere, and changed systematically as the direction of attention shifted from far left to far right. These results showing that parietal alpha lateralization changes smoothly with the direction of auditory attention as in visual spatial attention provide further support to the growing evidence that the frontoparietal attention network is supramodal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographic specificity of alpha power during auditory spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study provides new insights into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of heart failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide1. A small proportion of HF cases are attributable to monogenic cardiomyopathies and existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded only limited insights, leaving the observed heritability of HF largely unexplained2-4. We report the largest GWAS meta-analysis of HF to-date, comprising 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls. We identify 12 independent variant associations with HF at 11 genomic loci, all of which demonstrate one or more associations with coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation, or reduced left ventricular function suggesting shared genetic aetiology. Expression quantitative trait analysis of non-CAD-associated loci implicate genes involved in cardiac development (MYOZ1, SYNPO2L), protein homeostasis (BAG3), and cellular senescence (CDKN1A). Using Mendelian randomisation analysis we provide new evidence supporting previously equivocal causal roles for several HF risk factors identified in observational studies, and demonstrate CAD-independent effects for atrial fibrillation, body mass index, hypertension and triglycerides. These findings extend our knowledge of the genes and pathways underlying HF and may inform the development of new therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjörnsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatemifar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgadottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragam, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ärnlöv, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandimarto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broad AF Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckbinder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regeneron Genetics Center,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chutkow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denaxas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doney, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EchoGen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study provides new insights into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of heart failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic interplay between PHF8 and HER2 signaling contributes to breast cancer development and drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HER2 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and is associated with poor prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancers. Although, anti-HER2 drugs show benefits in breast cancer therapy, de novo or acquired resistance often develop. Epigenetic factors have been increasingly targeted for therapeutic purposes, however, such mechanisms interacting with HER2 signaling are poorly understood. This study reports the synergistic interplay between histone demethylase PHF8 and HER2 signaling, i.e. PHF8 is elevated in HER2-positive breast cancers and is upregulated by HER2; PHF8 plays coactivator roles in regulating HER2 expression and HER2-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and cytokines. The HER2-PHF8-IL-6 regulatory axis was proved both in cell lines and in the newly established MMTV-Her2/MMTV-Cre/Phf8flox/flox models, with which the oncogenic function of Phf8 in breast cancer in vivo was revealed for the first time. Furthermore, PHF8-IL-6 axis contributes to the resistance of Trastuzumab in vitro and may play a critical role in the infiltration of T-cells in HER2-driven breast cancers. This study reveals novel epigenetic mechanisms underlying HER2-driven cancer development and anti-HER2 drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maina, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic interplay between PHF8 and HER2 signaling contributes to breast cancer development and drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic research at the intersection of gender identity, sexual orientation, and mental health: community attitudes and recommendations for researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological sex is an important factor in mental health, and a non-binary view of how variation in sex and gender influence mental health represents a new research frontier that may yield new insights. The recent acceleration of research into sexual orientation, gender identity, and mental health has generally been conducted without sufficient understanding of the opinions of sexual and gender minorities (SGM) toward this research. We surveyed 768 individuals, with an enrichment of LGBTQ+ stakeholders, for their opinions regarding genetic research of SGM and mental health. We found that the key predictors of attitudes toward genetic research specifically on SGM are 1) general attitudes toward genetic and mental health research 2) tolerance of SGM and associated behaviors 3) non-cisgender stakeholder status and 4) age of the respondent. Non-heterosexual stakeholder status was significantly associated with increased willingness to participate in genetic research if a biological basis for gender identity were discovered. We also found that non-stakeholders with a low tolerance for SGM indicated their SGM views would be positively updated if science showed a biological basis for their behaviors and identities. These findings represent an important first step in understanding and engaging the LGBTQ+ stakeholder community in the context of genetic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofammann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic research at the intersection of gender identity, sexual orientation, and mental health: community attitudes and recommendations for researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic mitochondria volumes and complexity of subsynaptic distribution increase during development at a high-fidelity synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The calyx of Held, a large glutamatergic presynaptic terminal in the auditory brainstem undergoes developmental changes to support the high action-potential firing rates required for auditory information encoding. In addition, calyx terminals are morphologically diverse which impacts vesicle release properties and synaptic plasticity. Mitochondria influence synaptic plasticity through calcium buffering and are crucial for providing the energy required for synaptic transmission. Therefore, it has been postulated that mitochondrial levels increase during development and contribute to the morphological-functional diversity in the mature calyx. However, the developmental profile of mitochondrial volumes and subsynaptic distribution at the calyx of Held remains unclear. To provide insight on this, we developed a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HdAd) that expresses the genetically encoded peroxidase marker for mitochondria, mito-APEX2, at the mouse calyx of Held. We developed protocols to detect labeled mitochondria for use with serial block face scanning electron microscopy to carry out semi-automated segmentation of mitochondria, high-throughput whole terminal reconstruction and presynaptic ultrastructure in mice of either sex. Subsequently, we measured mitochondrial volumes and subsynaptic distributions at the immature postnatal day 7 (P7) and the mature (P21) calyx. We found an increase of mitochondria volumes in terminals and axons from P7 to P21 but did not observe differences between stalk and swelling subcompartments in the mature calyx. Based on these findings, we propose that mitochondrial volumes and synaptic localization developmentally increase to support high firing rates required in the initial stages of auditory information processing.nnSignificance StatementElucidating the developmental processes of auditory brainstem presynaptic terminals is critical to understanding auditory information encoding. Additionally, morphological-functional diversity at these terminals is proposed to enhance coding capacity. Mitochondria provide energy for synaptic transmission and can buffer calcium, impacting synaptic plasticity; however, their developmental profile to ultimately support the energetic demands of synapses following the onset of hearing remains unknown. Therefore, we created a helper-dependent adenoviral vector with the mitochondria-targeting peroxidase mito-APEX2 and expressed it at the mouse calyx of Held. Volumetric reconstructions of serial block face electron microscopy data of immature and mature labeled calyces reveal that mitochondrial volumes are increased to support high firing rates upon maturity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musgrove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Given, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamasawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic mitochondria volumes and complexity of subsynaptic distribution increase during development at a high-fidelity synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preprocessed with fMRIPrep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a standard tool to investigate the neural correlates of cognition. fMRI noninvasively measures brain activity, allowing identification of patterns evoked by tasks performed during scanning. Despite the long history of this technique, the idiosyncrasies of each dataset have led to the use of ad-hoc preprocessing protocols customized for nearly every different study. This approach is time-consuming, error-prone, and unsuitable for combining datasets from many sources. Here we showcase fMRIPrep (http://fmriprep.org), a robust tool to prepare human fMRI data for statistical analysis. This software instrument addresses the reproducibility concerns of the established protocols for fMRI preprocessing. By leveraging the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) to standardize both the input datasets --MRI data as stored by the scanner-- and the outputs --data ready for modeling and analysis--, fMRIPrep is capable of preprocessing a diversity of datasets without manual intervention. In support of the growing popularity of fMRIPrep, this protocol describes how to integrate the tool in a task-based fMRI investigation workflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moodie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valabregue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarkoni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgolewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preprocessed with fMRIPrep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary diversification of animals is one of Earths greatest triumphs, yet its origins are still shrouded in mystery. Animals, the monophyletic clade known as Metazoa, evolved wildly divergent multicellular life strategies featuring ciliated sensory epithelia. In many lineages epithelial sensoria became coupled to increasingly complex nervous systems. Currently, different phylogenetic analyses of single-copy genes support mutually-exclusive possibilities that either Porifera or Ctenophora is sister to all other animals. Resolving this dilemma would advance the ecological and evolutionary understanding of the first animals and the evolution of nervous systems. Here we describe a comparative phylogenetic approach based on gene duplications. We computationally identify and analyze gene families with early metazoan duplications using an approach that mitigates apparent gene loss resulting from the miscalling of paralogs. In the transmembrane channel-like (TMC) family of mechano-transducing channels, we find ancient duplications that define separate clades for Eumetazoa (Placozoa + Cnidaria + Bilateria) versus Ctenophora, and one duplication that is shared only by Eumetazoa and Porifera. In the MLX/MLXIP family of bHLH-ZIP regulators of metabolism, we find that all major lineages from Eumetazoa and Porifera (sponges) share a duplication, absent in Ctenophora. These results suggest a new avenue for deducing deep phylogeny by choosing rather than avoiding ancient gene paralogies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erives, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the Extracytoplasmic Function σ factor σP by β-lactams in Bacillus thuringiensis requires the site-2 protease RasP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can utilize alternative {sigma} factors to regulate sets of genes in response to changes in the environment. The largest and most diverse group of alternative {sigma} factors are the Extracytoplasmic Function (ECF) {sigma} factors. {sigma}P is an ECF {sigma} factor found in Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis. Previous work showed {sigma}P is induced by ampicillin, a {beta}-lactam antibiotic, and required for resistance to ampicillin. However, it was not known how activation of {sigma}P is controlled or what other antibiotics may activate {sigma}P. Here we report that activation of {sigma}P is specific to a subset of {beta}-lactams and {sigma}P is required for resistance to these {beta}-lactams. We demonstrate that activation of {sigma}P is controlled by the proteolytic destruction of the anti-{sigma} factor, RsiP, and that degradation of RsiP requires multiple proteases. Upon exposure to {beta}-lactams, the extracellular domain of RsiP is cleaved by an unknown protease, which we predict cleaves at site-1. Following cleavage by the unknown protease, the N-terminus of RsiP is further degraded by the site-2 intramembrane protease, RasP. Our data indicate that RasP cleavage of RsiP is not the rate-limiting step in {sigma}P activation. This proteolytic cascade leads to activation of {sigma}P which induces resistance to {beta}-lactams likely via increased expression of {beta}-lactamases.nnImportanceThe discovery of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has had a dramatic and positive impact on human health. However, shortly after the introduction of a new antibiotic bacteria often develop resistance. The bacterial cell envelope is essential for cell viability and is the target of many of the most commonly used antibiotics including {beta}-lactam antibiotics. Resistance to {beta}-lactams is often dependent upon {beta}-lactamases. In B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and some B. anthracis strains the expression of some {beta}-lactamases is inducible. This inducible {beta}-lactamase expression is controlled by activation of an alternative {sigma} factor called {sigma}P. Here we show that {beta}-lactam antibiotics induce {sigma}P activation by degradation of the anti-{sigma} factor RsiP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauta, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the Extracytoplasmic Function σ factor σP by β-lactams in Bacillus thuringiensis requires the site-2 protease RasP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrocardiographic PR interval reflects atrioventricular conduction, and is associated with conduction abnormalities, pacemaker implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiovascular mortality1,2. We performed multi-ancestry (N=293,051) and European only (N=271,570) genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analyses for the PR interval, discovering 210 loci of which 149 are novel. Variants at all loci nearly doubled the percentage of heritability explained, from 33.5% to 62.6%. We observed enrichment for genes involved in cardiac muscle development/contraction and the cytoskeleton highlighting key regulation processes for atrioventricular conduction. Additionally, 19 novel loci harbour genes underlying inherited monogenic heart diseases suggesting the role of these genes in cardiovascular pathology in the general population. We showed that polygenic predisposition to PR interval duration is an endophenotype for cardiovascular disease risk, including distal conduction disease, AF, atrioventricular pre-excitation, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and coronary heart disease. These findings advance our understanding of the polygenic basis of cardiac conduction, and the genetic relationship between PR interval duration and cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ntalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjornsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung Young, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolcic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polasek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima-Costa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, A. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazona-Santos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Greco M., F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinag</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of diet and gene interactions in Drosophila uncovers the glucose transporter, CG4607, as a diet-responsive gene. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic and environmental factors play a major role in metabolic health. However, they do not act in isolation, as a change in an environmental factor such as diet may exert different effects based on an individuals genotype. Here, we sought to understand how such gene-diet interactions influenced nutrient storage and utilisation, a major determinant of metabolic disease. We subjected the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), comprising 200 genetically divergent inbred fly strains, to diets varying in sugar, fat and protein. We assessed starvation resistance, a holistic phenotype of nutrient storage and utilisation that can be robustly measured. Diet influenced the starvation resistance of each strain, but this effect varied markedly between strains. This demonstrates that genetics plays a major role in the response to diet. Furthermore, heritability analysis revealed that the greatest variability arose from diets either high in sugar or high in protein. To uncover the genetic underpinnings of this variation, we mapped 1,239 diet-responsive SNPs in 534 genes, 325 of which have human orthologues. Using whole-body knockdown, we confirmed that 30 candidate genes were required for glucose tolerance, storage and utilization. In particular, we characterised CG4607, a GLUT6/GLUT8 homolog, as a key protein involved in sugar tolerance. Overall, this provides strong evidence that genetics is a major contributor to how individuals respond to diets of varying nutrient composition. It is likely that a similar principle may be applied to metabolic disease in higher organisms thus supporting the case for nutrigenomics as an important health strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazanfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krycer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geddes, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of diet and gene interactions in Drosophila uncovers the glucose transporter, CG4607, as a diet-responsive gene.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmaco-genetic screen to uncover actin regulators targeted by prostaglandins during Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid signaling molecules with numerous physiologic functions, including pain/inflammation, fertility, and cancer. PGs are produced downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, the targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In numerous systems, PGs regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling, however, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. To address this deficiency, we undertook a pharmaco-genetic interaction screen during late-stage Drosophila oogenesis. Drosophila oogenesis is as an established model for studying both actin dynamics and PGs. Indeed, during Stage 10B, cage-like arrays of actin bundles surround each nurse cell nucleus, and during Stage 11, the cortical actin contracts, squeezing the cytoplasmic contents into the oocyte. Both of these cytoskeletal properties are required for follicle development and fertility, and are regulated by PGs. Here we describe a pharmaco-genetic interaction screen that takes advantage of the facts that Stage 10B follicles will mature in culture and COX inhibitors, such as aspirin, block this in vitro follicle maturation. In the screen, aspirin was used at a concentration that blocks 50% of the wild-type follicles from maturing in culture. By combining this aspirin treatment with heterozygosity for mutations in actin regulators, we quantitatively identified enhancers and suppressors of COX inhibition. Here we present the screen results and initial follow-up studies on three strong enhancers - Enabled, Capping protein, and non-muscle Myosin II Regulatory Light Chain. Overall, these studies provide new insight into how PGs regulate both actin bundle formation and cellular contraction, properties that are not only essential for development, but are misregulated in diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spracklen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmaco-genetic screen to uncover actin regulators targeted by prostaglandins during Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of the mandibular curve of Spee and maxillary compensating curve: A finite element model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The curved planes of the human dentition seen in the sagittal view, the mandibular curve of Spee and the maxillary compensating curve, have clinical importance to modern dentistry and potential relevance to the craniofacial evolution of hominins. However, the mechanism providing the formation of these curved planes is poorly understood. To explore this further, we use a simplified finite element model, consisting of maxillary and mandibular "blocks", developed to simulate tooth eruption, and forces opposing eruption, during simplified masticatory function. We test our hypothesis that curved occlusal planes develop from interplay between tooth eruption, occlusal load, and mandibular movement.nnOur results indicate that our simulation of rhythmic chewing movement, tooth eruption, and tooth eruption inhibition, applied concurrently, results in a transformation of the contacting maxillary and mandibular block surfaces from flat to curved. The depth of the curvature appears to be dependent on the radius length of the rotating (chewing) movement of the mandibular block. Our results suggest mandibular function and maxillo-mandibular spatial relationship may contribute to the development of human occlusal curvature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franciscus, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of the mandibular curve of Spee and maxillary compensating curve: A finite element model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetics biomarkers of delirium: immune response, inflammatory response and cholinergic synaptic involvement evidenced by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of delirious inpatients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe authors previously hypothesized the role of epigenetics in pathophysiology of delirium, and tested DNA methylation (DNAm) change among pro-inflammatory cytokines along with aging in blood, glia and neuron. The authors reported that DNAm level of the TNF-alpha decreases along with aging in blood and glia, but not in neuron; however, DNAm differences between delirium cases and non-delirium controls have not been investigated directly. Therefore, in the present study, DNAm differences in blood between delirium patients and controls without delirium were examined.nnMethodsA case-control study with 92 subjects was conducted. Whole blood samples were collected and genome-wide DNAm was measured by the Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays. The correlation between DNAm levels in the TNF-alpha and age, network analysis, and the correlation between age and DNAm age were tested.nnResultsOnly delirium cases showed 3 CpGs sites in the TNF-alpha significantly correlated to age after multiple corrections. A genome-wide significant CpG site near the gene of LDLRAD4 was identified. In addition, network analysis showed several significant pathways with false discovery rate adjusted p-value < 0.05. The top pathway with GO was immune response, and the second top pathway with KEGG was cholinergic synapse. Although there was no statistically significant difference, DNAm age among non-delirium controls showed "slower aging" compared to delirium cases.nnConclusionsDNAm differences were shown both at gene and network levels between delirium cases and non-delirium controls. This finding indicates that DNAm status in blood has a potential to be used as epigenetic biomarkers for delirium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jellison, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klisares, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetics biomarkers of delirium: immune response, inflammatory response and cholinergic synaptic involvement evidenced by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of delirious inpatients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation change in neurotrophic genes with aging and delirium evidenced from three independent cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONWe previously reported the association between DNA methylation (DNAm) of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and aging. Neurotrophic factors are also known to be associated with aging and neurocognitive disorders. Thus, we hypothesized that DNAm of neurotrophic genes change with aging, especially in delirium patients.nnMETHODSDNAm were analyzed using HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip Kit in 3 independent cohorts; blood from 383 Grady Trauma Project subjects, brain from 21 neurosurgery patients, and blood from 87 inpatients with and without delirium.nnRESULTSBoth blood and brain samples showed that most of the DNAm of neurotrophic genes were positively correlated with aging. Furthermore, DNAm of neurotrophic genes were positively correlated with aging in delirium cases than in non-delirium controls.nnDISCUSSIONThese findings support our hypothesis that the neurotrophic genes may be epigenetically modulated with aging, and this process may be contributing to the pathophysiology of delirium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jellison, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation change in neurotrophic genes with aging and delirium evidenced from three independent cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fascin regulates protrusions and delamination to promote invasive, collective cell migration in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fascin is an actin bundling protein that is essential for developmental cell migrations and promotes cancer metastasis. In addition to bundling actin, Fascin has several actin-independent roles. Border cell migration during Drosophila oogenesis provides an excellent model to study Fascins various roles during invasive, collective cell migration. Border cell migration requires Fascin. Fascin functions not only within the migrating border cells, but also within the nurse cells, the substrate for this migration. Loss of Fascin results in increased, shorter and mislocalized protrusions during migration. Data supports the model that Fascin promotes the activity of Enabled, an actin elongating factor, to regulate migration. Additionally, loss of Fascin inhibits border cell delamination. These defects are partially due to altered E-cadherin localization in the border cells; this is predicted to be an actin-independent role of Fascin. Overall, Fascin is essential for multiple aspects of this invasive, collective cell migration, and functions in both actin-dependent and -independent manners. These findings have implications beyond Drosophila, as border cell migration has emerged as a model to study mechanisms mediating cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anliker, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fascin regulates protrusions and delamination to promote invasive, collective cell migration in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype genetic score analysis in 10,734 mother/infant pairs reveals complex maternal and fetal genetic effects underlying the associations between maternal phenotypes, birth outcomes and adult phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many maternal traits are associated with a neonates gestational duration, birth weight and birth length. These birth outcomes are subsequently associated with late onset health conditions. Based on 10,734 mother/infant duos of European ancestry, we constructed haplotype genetic scores to dissect the maternal and fetal genetic effects underlying these observed associations. We showed that maternal height and fetal growth jointly affect the duration of gestation - maternal height positively influences the gestational duration, while faster fetal growth reduces gestational duration. Fetal growth is influenced by both maternal and fetal effects and can reciprocally influence maternal phenotypes: tall maternal stature and higher blood glucose causally increase birth size; in the fetus, the height and metabolic risk increasing alleles can lead to increased and decreased birth size respectively; birth weight-raising alleles in fetus may reduce gestational duration and increase maternal blood pressure. These maternal and fetal genetic effects can largely explain the observed associations between the studied maternal phenotypes and birth outcomes as well as the life-course associations between these birth outcomes and adult phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navais, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juodakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teramo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feenstra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freathy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey-Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muglia, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype genetic score analysis in 10,734 mother/infant pairs reveals complex maternal and fetal genetic effects underlying the associations between maternal phenotypes, birth outcomes and adult phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPTSD and depression commonly co-occur and have been associated with smaller hippocampal volumes compared to healthy and trauma-exposed controls. However, the hippocampus is heterogeneous, with subregions that may be uniquely affected in individuals with PTSD and depression.nnMethodsWe used random effects regressions and a harmonized neuroimaging protocol based on FreeSurfer (v6.0) to identify sub-structural hippocampal markers of current PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, and the interaction of these conditions across 31 cohorts worldwide (N=3,115; Mage=38.9{+/-}13.9 years). Secondary analyses tested these associations by sex and after modeling the simultaneous effects of remitted PTSD, childhood trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, and alcohol use disorder.nnResultsA significant negative main effect of depression (n=800, vs. no depression, n=1456) was observed in the hippocampal tail ({beta}=-0.13) and CA1 ({beta}=-0.09) after adjusting for covariates and multiple testing (adjusted ps (q)=0.028). A main effect of C-PTSD (n=1042 vs. control, n=1359) was not significant, but an interaction between C-PTSD and depression was significant in the CA1 ({beta}=-0.24, q=0.044). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly smaller CA1 volumes in individuals with C-PTSD+Depression than controls ({beta}=-0.12, q=0.012), C-PTSD-only ({beta}=-0.17, q=0.001), and Depression-only ({beta}=-0.18, q=0.023). Follow-up analyses revealed sex effects in the hippocampal tail of depressed females, and an interaction effect of C-PTSD and depression in the fimbria of males.nnConclusionsCollectively our results suggest that depression is a stronger predictor of hippocampal volumetry than PTSD, particularly in the CA1, and provide compelling evidence of more pronounced hippocampal phenotypes in comorbid PTSD and depression compared to either condition alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sämann, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollifield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy-Krage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 interrogation of the mouse Pcdhg gene cluster reveals a crucial isoform-specific role for Pcdhgc4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian Pcdhg gene cluster encodes a family of 22 cell adhesion molecules, the gamma-Protocadherins ({gamma}-Pcdhs), critical for neuronal survival and neural circuit formation. The extent to which isoform diversity-a{gamma}-Pcdh hallmark-is required for their functions remains unclear. We used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to reduce isoform diversity, targeting each Pcdhg variable exon with pooled sgRNAs to generate an allelic series of 26 mouse lines with 1 to 21 isoforms disrupted via discrete indels at guide sites and/or larger deletions/rearrangements. Analysis of 5 mutant lines indicates that postnatal viability and neuronal survival do not require isoform diversity. Surprisingly, as it is the only {gamma}-Pcdh that cannot independently engage in homophilic trans-interactions, we find that {gamma}C4, encoded by Pcdhgc4, is the only critical isoform. Because the human orthologue is the only PCDHG gene constrained in humans, our results indicate a conserved {gamma}C4 function that likely involves distinct molecular mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcucci, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9 interrogation of the mouse Pcdhg gene cluster reveals a crucial isoform-specific role for Pcdhgc4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based=0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge-eating, AN without binge-eating, and a BN factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Total sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2,400 to ~537,000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg=0.18; false discovery rate q=0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg=0.23; q<0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge-eating (rg=0.27; q=0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three non-diagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge-eating (rgs=-0.19 to -0.23; qs<0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for MDD loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships between these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munn-Chernoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequencing of orofacial cleft trios from the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Consortium identifies a new locus on chromosome 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are one of the most common birth defects worldwide and create a significant health burden. The majority of OFCs are non-syndromic, and the genetic component has been only partially determined. Here, we analyze whole genome sequence (WGS) data for association with risk of OFCs in European and Colombian families selected from a multicenter family-based OFC study. Part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program, this is the first large-scale WGS study of OFC in parent-offspring trios. WGS provides deeper and more specific genetic data than currently available using imputation on single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) marker panels. Here, association analysis of genome-wide single nucleotide variants (SNV) and short insertions and deletions (indels) identified a new locus on chromosome 21 in Colombian families, within a region known to be expressed during craniofacial development. This study reinforces the ancestry differences seen in the genetic etiology of OFCs, and the need for larger samples when for studying OFCs and other birth defects in admixed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketmanski, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Ramirez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequencing of orofacial cleft trios from the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Consortium identifies a new locus on chromosome 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Prediction of Substance Use Disorders in Clinical and Population Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide, polygenic risk scores (PRS) have emerged as a useful way to characterize genetic liability using genotypic data. There is growing evidence that PRS may prove useful to identify those at increased risk for developing certain diseases. The current utility of PRS in relation to alcohol use disorders (AUD) remains an open question. Using data from both a population-based sample [the FinnTwin12 (FT12) study] and a high risk sample [the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA)], we examined the association between PRSs derived from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 1) alcohol dependence/alcohol problems, 2) alcohol consumption, and 3) risky behaviors with AUD and other substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Individuals in the top 20%, 10%, and 5% of PRSs had increasingly greater odds of having an AUD compared to the lower end of the continuum in both COGA (80th % OR = 1.95; 90th % OR = 2.03; 95th % OR = 2.13) and FT12 (80th % OR = 1.77; 90th % OR = 2.27; 95th % OR = 2.39). Those in the top 5% reported greater levels of licit (alcohol and nicotine) and illicit (cannabis) SUD symptoms. PRSs can predict elevated risk for SUD in independent samples. However, clinical utility of these scores in their current form is modest. As these scores become more predictive of SUD, they may become useful to practitioners. Improvement in predictive ability will likely be dependent on increasing the size of well-phenotyped discovery samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksinan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latvala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleive, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuckit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Prediction of Substance Use Disorders in Clinical and Population Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous alginate protects Staphylococcus aureus from killing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected with both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus have worse health outcomes than patients who are mono-infected with either P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. We showed previously that mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa can co-exist with S. aureus in vitro due to transcriptional downregulation of several toxic exoproducts typically produced by P. aeruginosa, including siderophores, rhamnolipids, and HQNO (2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide). Here we demonstrate that exogenous alginate protects S. aureus from P. aeruginosa in both planktonic and biofilm co-culture models under a variety of nutritional conditions. S. aureus protection in the presence of exogenous alginate is due to transcriptional downregulation of pvdA, a gene required for the production of the iron scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, as well as down-regulation of the PQS (Pseudomonas quinolone signal; 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline) quorum sensing system. The impact of exogenous alginate is independent of endogenous alginate production. We further demonstrate that co-culture of mucoid P. aeruginosa with non-mucoid P. aeruginosa can mitigate the killing of S. aureus by the non-mucoid strain of P. aeruginosa, indicating that the mechanism we describe here may function in vivo in the context of mixed infections. Finally, we investigated a panel of mucoid clinical isolates that retain the ability kill S. aureus at late time points, and show that each strain has a unique expression profile, indicating that mucoid isolates can overcome the effects of mucoidy in a strain-specific manner.nnIMPORTANCECF patients are chronically infected by polymicrobial communities of microorganisms. The two dominant bacterial pathogens that infect CF patient lungs are P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, with [~]30% of patients co-infected by both species. Patients infected with both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus have worse outcomes than mono-infected patients, and both species persist within the same physical space in the lungs of CF patients. A variety of host and environmental factors have been demonstrated to promote P. aeruginosa-S. aureus co-existence, despite evidence that P. aeruginosa kills S. aureus when these organisms are co-cultured in vitro. Thus, a better understanding of P. aeruginosa-S. aureus interactions, particularly mechanisms by which these microorganisms are able to co-exist in proximal physical space, will lead to better informed treatments for chronic polymicrobial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous alginate protects Staphylococcus aureus from killing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple separate cases of pseudogenized meiosis genes Msh4 and Msh5 in Eurotiomycete fungi: associations with Zip3 sequence evolution and homothallism, but not Pch2 losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The overall process of meiosis is conserved in many species, including some lineages that have lost various ancestrally present meiosis genes. The extent to which individual meiosis gene losses are independent from or dependent on one another is largely unknown. Various Eurotiomycete fungi were investigated as a case system of recent meiosis gene losses after BLAST and synteny comparisons found Msh4, Msh5, Pch2, and Zip3 to be either pseudogenized or undetected in Aspergillus nidulans yet intact in congeners such as A. fumigatus. Flanking gene-targeted degenerate PCR primers applied to 9 additional Aspergillus species found (i) Msh4, Msh5, and Zip3 pseudogenized in A. rugulosus (sister taxon to A. nidulans) but intact in all other amplified sequences; and (ii) Pch2 not present at the syntenic locus in most of the 9 species. Topology tests suggested two independent Pch2 losses in genus Aspergillus, neither directly coinciding with pseudogenization of the other three genes. The A. nidulans-A. conjunctus clade Pch2 loss was not associated with significant Ka/Ks changes for Msh4, Msh5, or Zip3; this suggests against prior Pch2 loss directly altering sequence evolution constraints on these three genes. By contrast, Zip3 Ka/Ks tended to be elevated in several other Eurotiomycete fungi with independently pseudogenized Msh4 and Msh5 (Talaromyces stipitatus, Eurotium herbariorum). The coinciding Ka/Ks elevation and/or clear pseudogenization of Zip3 in taxa with pseudogenized Msh4 and Msh5 is consistent with some degree of molecular coevolution. Possible molecular, environmental, and life history variables (e.g., homothallism) that may be associated with these numerous independent meiosis gene losses (Msh4: 3, Msh5: 3, Zip3: [&ge;] 1, Pch2: 4) are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savelkoul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toll, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benassi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple separate cases of pseudogenized meiosis genes Msh4 and Msh5 in Eurotiomycete fungi: associations with Zip3 sequence evolution and homothallism, but not Pch2 losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradual decrease in the inter-population diversity of HIV-1 Env among group M lineages worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 group M was transmitted to humans nearly one century ago. The virus has since diversified to form distinct clades, which spread to multiple regions worldwide. Of the different proteins encoded by HIV-1, the envelope glycoproteins (Envs) have diversified most rapidly in all infected populations. We compared the range of variants that emerged during the AIDS pandemic in diverse HIV-1 clades and distinct geographic regions. Our analyses focused on two components of Env that contain multiple epitopes of broadly-neutralizing antibodies: the glycan shield and apex domain. Interestingly, at each Env position, the amino acid in the inferred clade ancestor was replaced by a unique combination of emerging variants. Key antigenic sites and genetic signatures of vaccine protection have gradually evolved toward conserved frequency distributions (FDs) of all amino acids. FDs are specific for position and clade and are highly conserved in populations from different regions. Remarkably, founder effects of Env mutations in distinct clades and recently-infected regions were significantly reduced during the epidemic by evolution of each site toward the position-specific FD. These findings suggest that the selective pressures that guide evolution of Env are conserved in different populations. They are sufficiently strong to reduce founder effects at the clade and regional levels and have significantly altered the distribution of Env forms that circulate worldwide. Consequently, the intra-population diversity of the Env protein continues to increase whereas the inter-population diversity is gradually decreasing.nnImportanceThe Env protein of HIV-1 is the primary target in AIDS vaccine design. Due to frequent mutations, new Env variants continuously emerge in the population. The increasing number of Env forms and apparent randomness of the changes limit our ability to design broadly-effective vaccines. We examined the populations-level changes that occurred in Env during the AIDS epidemic. Each position of the molecule has evolved toward a specific combination of amino acids. Similar changes occurred in different HIV-1 subtypes and geographic regions toward the same sets of forms, often from distinct ancestral sequences. Such conserved patterns of evolution define a new framework for designing vaccines that are tailored to the unique combination of Env variants expected to circulate in each population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kort, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradual decrease in the inter-population diversity of HIV-1 Env among group M lineages worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Cl-and H + pathways underlie transport coupling and gating in CLC exchangers and channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CLC family of anion transporting proteins is comprised of secondary active H+-coupled exchangers and of Cl- channels. Both functional subtypes play key roles in human physiology, and mutations causing their dysfunction lead to numerous genetic disorders. Current models suggest that the CLC exchangers do not utilize a classical  ping-pong mechanism of antiport, where the transporter sequentially interacts with one substrate at a time. Rather, in the CLC exchangers both substrates bind and translocate simultaneously while moving through partially congruent pathways. How ions of opposite electrical charge bypass each other while moving in opposite directions through a shared permeation pathway remains unknown. Here, we use MD simulations in combination with biochemical and electrophysiological measurements to identify a pair of highly conserved phenylalanine residues that form an aromatic pathway, separate from the Cl- pore, whose dynamic rearrangements enable H+ movement. Mutations of these aromatic residues impair H+ transport and voltage-dependent gating in the CLC exchangers. Remarkably, the role of the aromatic pathway is evolutionarily conserved in CLC channels. Using atomic-scale mutagenesis we show that the electrostatic properties and conformational flexibility of these aromatic residues are essential determinants of channel gating. Our results suggest that Cl- and H+ move through physically distinct and evolutionarily conserved routes through the CLC channels and transporters. We propose a unifying mechanism that describes the gating mechanism of CLC exchangers and channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Accardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leisle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berneche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Cl-and H + pathways underlie transport coupling and gating in CLC exchangers and channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess neurofilament light chain (NfL), as a biomarker for Parkinsons disease (PD).

MethodsWe quantified NfL in (1) longitudinal CSF samples from PD, other cognate/neurodegenerative disorders (OND), and healthy controls (HC); (2) a cross-sectional cohort with paired CSF and serum samples from participants with PD, OND, and HC, and (3) a large longitudinal validation cohort with serum samples from PD, OND, HC, prodromal conditions, and mutation carriers.

ResultsIn the longitudinal discovery cohort (1) NfL in CSF was highest in OND and higher in PD vs. HC across all visits (p<0.05) but did not change longitudinally. In the cross-sectional cohort (2) paired CSF and serum NfL samples were highly correlated (Spearmans rank [Formula]; p<10^-6). In the large validation cohort (3) mean baseline serum NfL was higher in PD (13{+/-}7.2pg/ml) vs. HC (12{+/-}6.7pg/ml; p=0.0336) and was highest in OND (18{+/-}7pg/ml; p=0.0351). Serum NfL increased longitudinally in PD vs. HC (p<0.01). Longitudinal motor scores were positively longitudinally associated with NfL, whereas some cognitive scores showed a negative longitudinal association with NfL.

ConclusionsNfL levels in serum samples are increased in PD vs. HC, increase significantly over time, and correlate with clinical measures of PD severity. Although the specificity of NfL in PD is low and more specific biomarkers are needed, serum NfL is the first blood-based biomarker candidate that could support disease stratification (PD vs. OND), track clinical progression, and possibly assess responsiveness to neuroprotective treatments. NfL as a biomarker of response to neuroprotective interventions remains to be determined.

Funding sources for studyPPMI is sponsored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research (MJFF) and is co-funded by MJFF, Abbvie, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Covance, Eli Lilly & Co., F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, MesoScale, Piramal, Pfizer and UCB. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Financial Disclosure/Conflict of Interest concerning the research related to the manuscriptBrit Mollenhauer, Douglas Galasko, Tatiana Foroud, Lana M. Chahine, Christopher S. Coffey, Andrew B. Singleton, Tanya Simuni, Daniel Weintraub, John Seibyl, Arthur W. Toga, and Caroline M. Tanner received funding from The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research.

Mohammed Dakna, Tzu-Ying Liu, Henrik Zetterberg, Sebastian Schade, Roland G. Gera, Wenting Wang, Feng Gao, Niels Kruse, Mark Frasier, Jesse M. Cedarbaum, Samantha J. Hutten, Claudia Trenkwalder, and Danielle Graham report no disclosures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simuni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibyl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieburtz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siderowf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedarbaum, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenkwalder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite therapy guided by liquid biopsy proteomics delays retinal neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating, incurable disorders caused by progressive neuronal cell death. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding neurodegenerative disease that results in retinal photoreceptor cell death and progresses to the loss of the entire neural retinal network. We previously found that proteomic analysis of the adjacent vitreous serves as way to indirectly biopsy the neural retina and identify changes in the retinal proteome. We therefore analyzed protein expression in liquid vitreous biopsies from autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) patients with PDE6A mutations and arRP mice with Pde6[a] mutations. Proteomic analysis of retina and vitreous samples identified molecular pathways affected at the onset of photoreceptor cell death. Based on affected molecular pathways, arRP mice were treated with a ketogenic diet or metabolites involved in fatty-acid synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Dietary supplementation of a single metabolite, [a]-ketoglutarate, increased docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) levels, provided neuroprotection, and enhanced visual function in arRP mice. A ketogenic diet delayed photoreceptor cell loss, while vitamin B supplementation had a limited effect. Finally, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) revealed restoration of key metabolites that correlated with our proteomic findings: pyrimidine and purine metabolism (uridine, dihydrouridine, and thymidine), glutamine and glutamate (glutamine/glutamate conversion), and succinic and aconitic acid (TCA cycle). This study demonstrates that replenishing TCA cycle metabolites via oral supplementation prolongs vision and provides a neuroprotective effect on the photoreceptor cells and inner retinal network.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe study shows protein and metabolite pathways affected during neurodegeneration and that replenishing metabolites provides a neuroprotective effect on the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayalakshmi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite therapy guided by liquid biopsy proteomics delays retinal neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarity protein distribution on the metaphase furrow regulates hexagon dominated plasma membrane organization in syncytial Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells have a polarised distribution of protein complexes on the lateral membrane and are present as a polygonal array dominated by hexagons. Metazoan embryogenesis enables the study of temporal formation of the polygonal array and mechanisms that regulate its distribution. The plasma membrane of the syncytial Drosophila blastoderm embryo is organized as a polygonal array during cortical division cycles with an apical membrane and lateral furrow in between adjacent nuclei. We find that polygonal plasma membrane organization arises in syncytial division cycle 11 and hexagon dominance occurs with increase in furrow length in cycle 12. This is coincident with DE-cadherin and Bazooka enrichment at edges and the septin, Peanut enrichment at vertices of the base of the furrow. DE-cadherin depletion leads to loss of hexagon dominance. Bazooka and Peanut depletion leads to a delay in occurrence of hexagon dominance from nuclear cycle 12 to 13. Hexagon dominance in Bazooka and Peanut mutants occurs with furrow extension and correlates with increase in DE-cadherin in syncytial cycle 13. We conclude that a change in polarity complex distribution leads to loss of furrow stability thereby changing the polygonal organization of the blastoderm embryo.nnHighlight Summary for TOCMetazoan embryogenesis starts with the formation of polygonal epithelial-like cells. We show that hexagon dominance in polygonal epithelial-like plasma membrane organization occurs in nuclear cycle 12 in the syncytial blastoderm Drosophila embryo. DE-cadherin and Bazooka distribution along the lateral furrow regulates this hexagon dominance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rikhy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarity protein distribution on the metaphase furrow regulates hexagon dominated plasma membrane organization in syncytial Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal links between parietal alpha activity and spatial auditory attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both visual and auditory spatial selective attention result in lateralized alpha (8-14 Hz) oscillatory power in parietal cortex: alpha increases in the hemisphere ipsilateral to attentional focus. Brain stimulation studies suggest a causal relationship between parietal alpha and suppression of the representation of contralateral visual space. However, there is no evidence that parietal alpha controls auditory spatial attention. Here, we performed high definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS) on human subjects performing an auditory task in which they attended either spatial or nonspatial features. Alpha (10 Hz) but not theta (6 Hz) HD-tACS of right parietal cortex interfered with attending left but not right auditory space. Parietal stimulation had no effect for nonspatial auditory attention. Moreover, performance in post-stimulation trials returned rapidly to baseline. These results demonstrate a causal, frequency-, hemispheric-, and task-specific effect of parietal alpha brain stimulation on top-down control of auditory spatial attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart, R. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal links between parietal alpha activity and spatial auditory attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tissue-specific collaborative mixed model for jointly analyzing multiple tissues in transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) integrate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) studies with genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to prioritize candidate target genes for complex traits. Several statistical methods have been recently proposed to improve the performance of TWAS in gene prioritization by integrating the expression regulatory information imputed from multiple tissues, and made significant achievements in improving the ability to detect gene-trait associations. The major limitation of these methods is that they cannot be used to elucidate the specific functional effects of candidate genes across different tissues. Here, we propose a tissue-specific collaborative mixed model (TisCoMM) for TWAS, leveraging the co-regulation of genetic variations across different tissues explicitly via a unified probabilistic model. TisCoMM not only performs hypothesis testing to prioritize gene-trait associations, but also detects the tissue-specific role of candidate target genes in complex traits. To make use of widely available GWAS summary statistics, we extend TisCoMM to use summary-level data, namely, TisCoMM-S2. Using extensive simulation studies, we show that type I error is controlled at the nominal level, the statistical power of identifying associated genes is greatly improved, and false positive rate (FPR) for non-causal tissues is well controlled at decent levels. We further illustrate the benefits of our methods in applications to summary-level GWAS data of 33 complex traits. Notably, apart from better identifying potential trait-associated genes, we can elucidate the tissue-specific role of candidate target genes. The follow-up pathway analysis from tissue-specific genes for asthma shows that the immune system plays an essential function for asthma development in both thyroid and lung tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/789396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tissue-specific collaborative mixed model for jointly analyzing multiple tissues in transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of AKAP1 triggers Drp1 dephosphorylation-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and loss in retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impairment of mitochondrial structure and function is strongly linked to glaucoma pathogenesis. Despite the widely appreciated disease relevance of mitochondrial dysfunction and loss, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fragmentation and metabolic stress in glaucoma are poorly understood. We demonstrate here that glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) show loss of A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (AKAP1), activation of calcineurin (CaN) and reduction of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation at serine 637 (Ser637). These findings suggest that AKAP1-mediated phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser637 has a critical role in RGC survival in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Male mice lacking AKAP1 show increases of CaN and total Drp1 level, as well as a decrease of Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser637 in the retina. Ultrastructural analysis of mitochondria shows that loss of AKAP1 triggers mitochondrial fragmentation and loss, as well as mitophagosome formation in RGCs. Loss of AKAP1 deregulates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes (Cxs) by increasing CxII and decreasing CxIII-V, leading to metabolic and oxidative stress. Also, loss of AKAP1 decreases Akt phosphorylation at Serine 473 (Ser473) and threonine 308 (Thr308) and activates the Bim/Bax signaling pathway in the retina. These results suggest that loss of AKAP1 has a critical role in RGC dysfunction by decreasing Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser637, deregulating OXPHOS, decreasing Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308, and activating the Bim/Bax pathway in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Thus, we propose that overexpression of AKAP1 or modulation of Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser637 are potential therapeutic strategies for neuroprotective intervention in glaucoma and other mitochondria-related optic neuropathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowronska-Krawczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zangwill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of AKAP1 triggers Drp1 dephosphorylation-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and loss in retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A physics-based energy function allows the computational redesign of a PDZ domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A powerful approach to understand protein structure and evolution is to perform computer simulations that mimic aspects of evolution. In particular, structure-based computational protein design (CPD) can address the inverse folding problem, exploring a large space of amino acid sequences and selecting ones predicted to adopt a given fold. Previously, CPD has been used to entirely redesign several proteins: all or most of the protein sequence was allowed to mutate freely; among sampled sequences, those with low computed folding energy were selected, and a few percent of them did indeed adopt the correct fold. Those studies used an energy function that was partly or largely knowledge-based, with several empirical terms. Here, we show that a PDZ domain can be entirely redesigned using a "physics-based" energy function that combines standard molecular mechanics and a recent, continuum electrostatic solvent model. Many thousands of sequences were generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Among the lowest-energy sequences, three were chosen for experimental testing. All three could be overexpressed and had native-like circular dichroism and 1D-NMR spectra. Two exhibited an increase in their thermal denaturation curves when a peptide ligand was present, indicating binding and suggesting correctly folded proteins. Evidently, the physical principles that govern molecular mechanics and continuum electrostatics are sufficient to perform whole-protein redesign. This is encouraging, since these methods provide physical insights, can be systematically improved, and are transferable to other biopolymers and ligands of medical or technological interest.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=73 SRC="FIGDIR/small/790667v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (26K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@145ea28org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10ffa2forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f2460eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5691c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Table of Contents GraphicnnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Opuu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbi-Verge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A physics-based energy function allows the computational redesign of a PDZ domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A topological analysis of difference topology experiments of condensin with Topoisomerases II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An experimental technique called difference topology combined with the mathematics of tangle analysis has been used to unveil the structure of DNA bound by the Mu transpososome. However, difference topology experiments can be difficult and time-consuming. We discuss a modification that greatly simplifies this experimental technique. This simple experiment involves using a topoisomerase to trap DNA crossings bound by a protein complex and then running a gel to determine the crossing number of the knotted product(s). We develop the mathematics needed to analyze the results and apply these results to model the topology of DNA bound by 13S condensin and by the condensin MukB.nnSUMMARY STATEMENTTangles are used to model protein-DNA complexes: A 3-dimensional ball represents protein while strings embedded in this ball represent protein-bound DNA. We use this simple model to analyze experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A topological analysis of difference topology experiments of condensin with Topoisomerases II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human iPSC modeling elucidates mutation-specific responses to gene therapy in a genotypically diverse dominant maculopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominantly inherited disorders are not typically considered therapeutic candidates for gene augmentation. Here, we utilized patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iPSC-RPE) to test the potential of gene augmentation to treat Best disease, a dominant macular dystrophy caused by over 200 missense mutations in BEST1. Gene augmentation in iPSC-RPE fully restored BEST1 calcium-activated chloride channel activity and improved rhodopsin degradation in iPSC-RPE models of recessive bestrophinopathy and dominant Best disease caused by two different ion binding domain mutations. A dominant Best disease iPSC-RPE model that did not respond to gene augmentation showed normalization of BEST1 channel activity following CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the mutant allele. We then tested gene editing in all three dominant Best disease iPSC-RPE models, which produced premature stop codons exclusively within the mutant BEST1 alleles. Single-cell profiling demonstrated no adverse perturbation of RPE transcriptional programs in any model, although off-target analysis detected a silent genomic alteration in one model. These results suggest that gene augmentation is a viable first-line approach for some dominant Best disease patients and that non-responders are candidates for alternate approaches such as genome editing. However, testing genome editing strategies for on-target efficiency and off-target events using patient-matched iPSC-RPE model systems is warranted. In summary, personalized iPSC-RPE models can be used to select among a growing list of gene therapy options to maximize safety and efficacy while minimizing time and cost. Similar scenarios likely exist for other genotypically diverse channelopathies, expanding the therapeutic landscape for affected patients.

SignificanceDominantly inherited disorders pose distinct challenges for gene therapies, particularly in the face of extreme mutational diversity. We tested whether a broad gene replacement strategy could reverse the cellular phenotype of Best disease, a dominant blinding condition that targets retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Using RPE generated from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we show that gene replacement functionally overcomes some, but not all, of the tested mutations. In comparison, all dominant Best disease models tested were phenotypically corrected after mutation-specific genome editing, although one off-target genomic alteration was discovered. Our results support a two-tiered approach to gene therapy for Best disease, guided by safety and efficacy testing in iPSC-RPE models to maximize personal and public health value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyer, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiauga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steltzer, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cory, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siahpirani, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattnaik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamm, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human iPSC modeling elucidates mutation-specific responses to gene therapy in a genotypically diverse dominant maculopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Profile Analysis of Brain Inferior Colliculus Following Acute Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous molecule found naturally in the environment, and as an industrial byproduct, and is known to cause acute death and induces long-term neurological disorders following acute high dose exposures. Currently, there is no drug approved for treatment of acute H2S-induced neurotoxicity and/or neurological sequelae. Lack of a deep understanding of pathogenesis of H2S-induced neurotoxicity has delayed the development of appropriate therapeutic drugs that target H2S-induced neuropathology. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of H2S-induced neurodegeneration, and to identify key molecular elements and pathways that contribute to H2S-induced neurotoxicity. C57BL/6J mice were exposed by whole body inhalation to 700 ppm of H2S for either one day, two consecutive days or 4 consecutive days. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan analyses showed H2S exposure induced lesions in the inferior colliculus (IC) and thalamus (TH). This mechanistic study focused on the IC. RNA Sequencing analysis revealed that mice exposed once, twice, or 4 times had 283, 193 and 296 differentially expressed genes (DEG), respectively (q-value < 0.05, fold-change > 1.5). Hydrogen sulfide exposure modulated multiple biological pathways including unfolded protein response, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, hypoxia, calcium signaling, and inflammatory response in the IC. Hydrogen sulfide exposure activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were shown to be potential initiators of the modulated signaling pathways following H2S exposure. Furthermore, microglia were shown to release IL-18 and astrocytes released both IL-1{beta} and IL-18 in response to H2S. This transcriptomic analysis data revealed complex signaling pathways involved in H2S-induced neurotoxicity and may provide important associated mechanistic insights.

HighlightsO_LITranscriptomic profiling analyses following acute exposure to H2S were performed
C_LIO_LIMultiple signaling pathways were dysregulated following H2S exposure
C_LIO_LIPI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways were activated after H2S exposure
C_LIO_LIMRI scan analysis revealed lesions in the IC and TH following H2S exposure
C_LIO_LIAcute H2S exposure induced a neuroinflammatory response
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padhi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thedens, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbreath, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbeiha, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Profile Analysis of Brain Inferior Colliculus Following Acute Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
External and Internal Signal-to-noise Ratios Alter Timing and Location of Cortical Activities During Speech-in-noise Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding speech in noise (SiN) is a complex task that recruits multiple cortical subsystems. There is a variance in individuals ability to understand SiN that cannot be explained by simple hearing profiles, which suggests that central factors may underlie the variance in SiN ability. Here, we elucidated a few cortical functions involved during a SiN task and their contributions to individual variance using both within- and across-subject approaches. Through our within-subject analysis of source-localized electroencephalography, we investigated how acoustic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) alters cortical evoked responses to a target word across the speech recognition areas, finding stronger responses in left supramarginal gyrus (SMG, BA40 the dorsal lexicon area) with quieter noise. Through an individual differences approach, we found that listeners show different neural sensitivity to the background noise and target speech, reflected in the amplitude ratio of earlier auditory-cortical responses to speech and noise, named as an internal SNR. Listeners with better internal SNR showed better SiN performance. Further, we found that the post-speech time SMG activity explains a further amount of variance in SiN performance that is not accounted for by internal SNR. This result demonstrates that at least two cortical processes contribute to SiN performance independently: pre-target time processing to attenuate neural representation of background noise and post-target time processing to extract information from speech sounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwalje, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[External and Internal Signal-to-noise Ratios Alter Timing and Location of Cortical Activities During Speech-in-noise Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandins regulate invasive, collective border cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While prostaglandins (PGs), short-range lipid signals, regulate cell migration, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood in collective migration. To address this, we use Drosophila border cell migration during Stage 9 of oogenesis. The border cells delaminate from the epithelium, and migrate collectively and invasively between the nurse cells. Pxt is the Drosophila cyclooxygenase-like enzyme responsible for all PG synthesis. Loss of Pxt results in both a significant delay in border cell migration during Stage 9 and an increase in cluster length compared to wild-type controls. Contributing to these phenotypes is altered integrin localization. Integrins are enriched on the border cell membranes, and this enrichment is lost in pxt mutants. Active integrins require interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. As we previously found PGs regulate the actin bundler Fascin and Fascin is required for border cell migration, we hypothesized PGs regulate Fascin to control integrins. Supporting this, loss of Fascin results in a pxt-like integrin localization, and dominant genetic interaction studies reveal that co-reduction of Pxt and Fascin results in delayed and elongated border cell clusters. Together these data lead to the model that PG signaling controls Fascin, and thereby integrins, to mediate on-time border cell migration and maintain cluster cohesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melletine, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandins regulate invasive, collective border cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NADPH and glutathione redox link TCA cycle activity to endoplasmic reticulum stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with dysregulated metabolism, but little is known about how the ER responds to metabolic activity. Here, working primarily in mouse hepatocytes, we show that decreasing the availability of substrate for the TCA cycle diminished NADPH production and attenuated ER stress in a manner that depended on glutathione oxidation. ER stress was also alleviated by impairing either TCA-dependent NADPH production or Glutathione Reductase. Conversely, stimulating TCA activity favored NADPH production, glutathione reduction, and ER stress. Validating these findings, we show that deletion of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, which is known to decrease TCA cycle activity and protect the liver from diet-induced injury, also diminished NADPH, elevated glutathione oxidation, and alleviated ER stress. These results provide independent genetic evidence that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is linked to ER homeostasis. Our results demonstrate a novel pathway of communication between mitochondria and the ER, through relay of redox metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCommis, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-McAlpin, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finck, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NADPH and glutathione redox link TCA cycle activity to endoplasmic reticulum stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic development is controlled by the core active zone proteins CAST/ELKS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many presynaptic active zone proteins have multiple regulatory roles that vary during distinct stages of neuronal circuit development. However, our understanding how presynaptic active zone proteins regulate synapse development during neuronal circuit maturation is in its early stages. Although CAST/ELKS are presynaptic active zone core proteins, their roles in synapse development in the mammalian central nervous system remain enigmatic. To unravel CAST/ELKS roles in glutamatergic synapse development, we analyzed how their loss during the early stages of circuit maturation impacted the calyx of Held presynaptic terminal development and function. We found a reduction in presynaptic surface area and volume, but an increase in active zone size. Additionally, we found a reduction in all presynaptic Cav2 channel subtype currents. Surprisingly, these changes did not impair synaptic transmission. We propose that CAST/ELKS are involved in pathways regulating presynaptic morphological properties and Cav2 channel subtype levels during early stages of neuronal circuit maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radulovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goral, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeraraghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesinos, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Given, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamasawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohtuska, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic development is controlled by the core active zone proteins CAST/ELKS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical functional connectivity indexes arousal state during sleep and anesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of cortical connectivity likely contributes to loss of consciousness (LOC) during both sleep and general anesthesia, but the degree of overlap in the underlying mechanisms is unclear. Both sleep and anesthesia comprise states of varying levels of arousal and consciousness, including states of largely maintained consciousness (sleep: N1, REM; anesthesia: sedated but responsive) as well as states of substantially reduced consciousness (sleep: N2/N3; anesthesia: unresponsive). Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) cortical connectivity will reflect clear changes when transitioning into states of reduced consciousness, and (2) these changes are similar for arousal states of comparable levels of consciousness during sleep and anesthesia. Using intracranial recordings from five neurosurgical patients, we compared resting state cortical functional connectivity (as measured by weighted phase lag index) in the same subjects across arousal states during natural sleep [wake (WS), N1, N2, N3, REM] and propofol anesthesia [pre-drug wake (WA), sedated/responsive (S) and unresponsive (U)]. In wake states WS and WA, alpha-band connectivity within and between temporal, parietal and occipital regions was dominant. This pattern was largely unchanged in N1, REM and S. Transitions into states of reduced consciousness N2, N3 and U were characterized by dramatic and strikingly similar changes in connectivity, with dominant connections shifting to frontal cortex. We suggest that shifts from temporo-parieto-occipital to frontal cortical connectivity may reflect impaired sensory processing in states of reduced consciousness. The data indicate that functional connectivity can serve as a biomarker of arousal state and suggest common mechanisms of LOC in sleep and anesthesia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endemann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyken, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical functional connectivity indexes arousal state during sleep and anesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Immune Landscape of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Single-Cell RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune cells within the tumor microenvironment are considered key determinants of response to cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has transformed the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), although the role of specific immune cell states remains unclear. To characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) of ccRCC, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) along with paired T cell receptor sequencing to map the transcriptomic heterogeneity of 24,904 individual CD45+ lymphoid and myeloid cells in matched tumor and blood from patients with ccRCC. We identified multiple distinct immune cell phenotypes for B and T (CD4 and CD8) lymphocytes, natural kill (NK) cells, and myeloid cells. Evaluation of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences revealed limited shared clonotypes between patients, whereas tumor-infiltrating T cell clonotypes were frequently found in peripheral blood, albeit in lower abundance. We further show that the circulating CD4+ T cell clonality is far less diverse than peripheral CD8+. Evaluation of myeloid subsets revealed unique gene programs defining monocytes, dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages. In summary, here we have leveraged scRNA-seq to refine our understanding of the relative abundance, diversity and complexity of the immune landscape of ccRCC. This report represents the first characterization of ccRCC immune landscape using scRNA-seq. With further characterization and functional validation, these findings may identify novel sub-populations of immune cells amenable to therapeutic intervention.nnOne Sentence SummarySingle-cell RNA-sequencing reveals unique lymphoid and myeloid gene programs with putative functions in clear cell renal cancer patients
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepple, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Immune Landscape of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Single-Cell RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiles in brains of mice heterozygous for a DYT1 dystonia-associated mutation in the endogenous Tor1a gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In patients with the brain disorder dystonia, body movement is severely affected - with involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures, causing extensive deterioration of the patients quality of life. The most common inherited form of this disorder is DYT1 dystonia, which is caused by a mutation in TOR1A gene and autosomal dominant. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of the TOR1A mutation on brain function remain unclear. To understand these, we examined the gene expression profiles (transcriptome) in four brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum) in a mouse model, the heterozygous {Delta}E-torsinA knock-in mice which genetically reproduce the mutation in DYT1 dystonia. The samples were obtained at 2 to 3 weeks of age, a period during which synaptic abnormalities have been reported. Pairwise comparisons of brain regions revealed differential gene expression irrespective of genotype. A comparison of heterozygous to wild-type mice failed to reveal genotype-dependent differences in gene expression in any of the four brain regions when examined individually. However, genotype-dependent differences became apparent when the information for all brain regions was combined. These results suggest that any changes in the transcriptome within a brain region were subtle at this developmental stage, but that statistically significant changes occur across all brain regions. Such changes in the transcriptome, although subtle in degree, could underlie the processes that give rise to DYT1 dystonia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, T. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjurson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwabuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudtson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome profiles in brains of mice heterozygous for a DYT1 dystonia-associated mutation in the endogenous Tor1a gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removal of high frequency contamination from motion estimates in single-band fMRI saves data without biasing functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Denoising fMRI data requires assessment of frame-to-frame head motion and removal of the biases motion introduces. This is usually done through analysis of the parameters calculated during retrospective head motion correction (i.e.,  motion parameters). However, it is increasingly recognized that respiration introduces factitious head motion via perturbations of the main (B0) field. This effect appears as higher-frequency fluctuations in the motion parameters (> 0.1 Hz, here referred to as  HF-motion), primarily in the phase-encoding direction. This periodicity can sometimes be obscured in standard single-band fMRI (TR 2.0 - 2.5 s.) due to aliasing. Here we examined (1) how prevalent HF-motion effects are in seven single-band datasets with TR from 2.0 - 2.5 s and (2) how HF-motion affects functional connectivity. We demonstrate that HF-motion is relatively trait-like and more common in older adults, those with higher body mass index, and those with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. We propose a low-pass filtering approach to remove the contamination of high frequency effects from motion summary measures, such as framewise displacement (FD). We demonstrate that in most datasets this filtering approach saves a substantial amount of data from FD-based frame censoring, while at the same time reducing motion biases in functional connectivity measures. These findings suggest that filtering motion parameters is an effective way to improve the fidelity of head motion estimates, even in single band datasets. Particularly large data savings may accrue in datasets acquired in older and less fit participants.

Highlights- Single-band fMRI motion traces show factitious high-frequency content (HF-motion)
- The magnitude of HF-motion relates to age and other demographic factors
- HF-motion elevates framewise displacement (FD) and causes data loss
- Substantial fMRI data can be recovered from censoring by filtering motion traces
- Filtering motion traces reduces motion artifacts in functional connectivity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coalson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wig, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Dominguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removal of high frequency contamination from motion estimates in single-band fMRI saves data without biasing functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein prenylation and Hsp40 in thermotolerance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During its complex life cycle, the malaria parasite survives dramatic changes in environmental temperature. Protein prenylation is required during asexual replication of Plasmodium falciparum, and heat shock protein 40 (HSP40; PF3D7_1437900) is post-translationally modified with a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenyl group. In other organisms, farnesylation of Hsp40 orthologs controls its localization and function, including temperature stress survival. In this work, we find that plastidial isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) synthesis and protein farnesylation are required for malaria parasite survival after cold and heat shock. Furthermore, loss of HSP40 farnesylation alters its membrane attachment and interaction with proteins involved in crucial biological processes, such as glycolysis and cytoskeletal organization. Together, this work reveals that farnesylation of HSP40 in P. falciparum is a novel essential function of plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis. We propose a model by which farnesyl-HSP40 promotes parasite thermotolerance and facilitates vesicular trafficking through its interaction with client proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathews, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom John, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein prenylation and Hsp40 in thermotolerance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derivatives of the antimalarial drug mefloquine are broad spectrum antifungal molecules with activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antifungal pharmacopeia is critically small, particularly in light of the recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens such as Candida auris. Herein, we report that derivatives of the anti-malarial drug mefloquine have broad spectrum antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts and molds. In addition, the mefloquine derivatives have activity against clinical isolates that are resistant to one or more of the three classes of drugs currently used to treat invasive fungal infections, indicating that they have a novel mechanism of action. Importantly, the in vitro toxicity profiles using human cell lines indicate that the mefloquine derivatives are very similar to the parent mefloquine despite being up to 64-fold more active against fungal cells. In addition to direct antifungal activity, sub-inhibitory concentrations of the mefloquine derivatives inhibit the expression of virulence traits including filamentation in C. albicans and capsule formation/melanization in C. neoformans. Mode/mechanism of action experiments indicate that the mefloquine derivatives interfere with both mitochondrial and vacuolar function as part of a multi-target mechanism of action. The broad-spectrum scope of activity, blood-brain-barrier penetration, and large number of previously synthesized analogs available combine to support the further optimization and development of the antifungal activity of this general class of drug-like molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montoya, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derivatives of the antimalarial drug mefloquine are broad spectrum antifungal molecules with activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-induced calcium release in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus within the brainstem that consists of norepinephrine-releasing neurons. It is involved in broad processes including autonomic regulation, and cognitive and emotional functions such as arousal, attention and anxiety. Understanding the mechanisms that control the excitability of LC neurons is important because they innervate widespread regions of the central nervous system. One of the key regulators is the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), the increases in which can be amplified by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from the intracellular calcium stores. Although the electrical activities of LC neurons are regulated by changes in [Ca2+]c, the extent of CICR involvement in this regulation has remained unclear. Here we show that CICR hyperpolarizes acutely dissociated LC neurons of the rat brain and demonstrate the pathway whereby it does this. When CICR was activated by extracellular application of 10 mM caffeine, LC neurons were hyperpolarized in the current-clamp mode of the patch-clamp recording, and the majority of neurons showed an outward current in the voltage-clamp mode. This outward current was accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance, and its reversal potential was close to the K+ equilibrium potential, indicating that it is mediated by the opening of K+ channels. The outward current was generated in the absence of extracellular calcium and was blocked when the calcium stores were inhibited by applying ryanodine. Pharmacological experiments indicated that the outward current was mediated by Ca2+-activated K+ channels of the non-small conductance type. Finally, the application of caffeine led to an increase in the [Ca2+]c in these neurons, as visualized by fluorescence microscopy. These findings delineate a mechanism whereby CICR suppresses the electrical activity of LC neurons, and indicate that it could play a dynamic role in modulating the LC-mediated noradrenergic tone in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-induced calcium release in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Basis of Specific DNA Binding by the BRG1 AT-hook and Bromodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ATP-dependent BAF chromatin remodeling complex plays a critical role in gene regulation by modulating chromatin architecture, and is frequently mutated in cancer. Indeed, subunits of the BAF complex are found to be mutated in >20% of human tumors. The mechanism by which BAF properly navigates chromatin is not fully understood, but is thought to involve a multivalent network of histone and DNA contacts. We previously identified a composite domain in the BRG1 ATPase subunit that is capable of associating with both histones and DNA in a multivalent manner. Mapping the DNA binding pocket revealed that it contains several cancer mutations. Here, we utilize SELEX-seq to identify the DNA specificity of this composite domain and NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling to determine the structural basis of DNA binding. Finally, we demonstrate that cancer mutations in this domain alter the mode of DNA association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wereszczynski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musselman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Basis of Specific DNA Binding by the BRG1 AT-hook and Bromodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose and duration of IFNγ pre-licensing interact with donor characteristics to influence the expression and function of IDO in MSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a leading cell therapy candidate for the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases due to their potent regulation of immune cells. MSC expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) upon interferon gamma exposure has been proposed as both a sentinel marker and key mediator of MSC immunomodulatory potency. Rather than wait for in vivo exposure to cytokines, MSCs can be pre-licensed during manufacturing to enhance IDO expression. In this study, we systematically examine the relative role the dose of interferon gamma, the duration of pre-licensing, and the donor of origin plays in dictating MSC production of functional IDO. We find that across three human MSC donors, MSCs increase their expression of IDO in response to both increased dose of interferon gamma and duration of pre-licensing. However, with extended pre-licensing, the expression of IDO no longer predicts MSCs ability to suppress activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, pre-licensing dose and duration are revealed to be minor modifiers of MSCs inherent potency, and thus cannot be manipulated to boost poor donors to the levels of high-performing donors. Thus, the dose and duration of pre-licensing should be tailored to optimize performance of specific donors and an emphasis on donor selection is needed to realize significant benefits of pre-licensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burand, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose and duration of IFNγ pre-licensing interact with donor characteristics to influence the expression and function of IDO in MSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3dSpAn: an interactive software for 3D segmentation and analysis of dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three dimensional segmentation and analysis of dendritic spines involve two major challenges: 1) how to segment individual spines from the dendrites and 2) how to quantitatively assess the morphology of individual spines. We developed a software named 3dSpAn to address these two issues by implementing our previously published 3D multiscale opening algorithm in shared intensity space and using effective morphological features for individual dendritic spine plasticity analysis. 3dSpAn consists of four modules: Preprocessing and ROI selection, Intensity thresholding and seed selection, Multiscale segmentation and Quantitative morphological feature extraction. We show the results of segmentation and morphological analysis for different observation methods, including in vitro and ex vivo imaging with confocal microscopy, and in vivo samples, using high-resolution two-photon microscopy. The software is freely available, the source code, windows installer, the software manual and video tutorial can be obtained from: https://sites.google.com/view/3dSpAn/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczynska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plewczynski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponimaskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wlodarczyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3dSpAn: an interactive software for 3D segmentation and analysis of dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of the combinatorial code of odorant receptor response patterns in odorant mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perception of odors relies on combinatorial codes consisting of odorant receptor (OR) response patterns to encode odor identity. The modulation of these patterns by odorant interactions at ORs potentially explains several olfactory phenomena: mixture suppression, unpredictable sensory outcomes, and the perception of odorant mixtures as unique objects. We determined OR response patterns to 4 odorants and 3 binary mixtures in vivo in mice, identifying 30 responsive ORs. These patterns typically had a few strongly responsive ORs and a greater number of weakly responsive ORs. The ORs responsive to an odorant were often unrelated sequences distributed across several OR subfamilies. Mixture responses predicted pharmacological interactions between odorants, which were tested in vitro by heterologous expression of ORs in cultured cells. These tests provided independent evidence confirming odorant agonists for 13 ORs and identified both suppressive and additive effects of mixing odorants. This included 11 instances of antagonism of ORs by an odorant, 1 instance of additive responses to a binary mixture, 1 instance of suppression of a strong agonist by a weak agonist, and the discovery of an inverse agonist for an OR. These findings demonstrate that interactions between odorants at ORs are common.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de March, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titlow, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengoku, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunami, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClintock, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of the combinatorial code of odorant receptor response patterns in odorant mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic Treatment with Nicotinamide Riboside is Protective in Three Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: The retina is highly metabolically active, suggesting that metabolic dysfunction could underlie many retinal degenerative diseases. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a cofactor and a co-substrate in several cellular energetic metabolic pathways. Maintaining NAD+ levels may be therapeutic in retinal disease since retinal NAD+ levels decline with age and during retinal damage or degeneration. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether systemic treatment with nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor, is protective in disparate models of retinal damage or degeneration.

MethodsThree mouse models of retinal degeneration were tested: an albino mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) and two models of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), including a mouse line deficient in interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP) gene expression (IRBP KO), and a naturally-occuring cGMP phosphodiesterase 6b mutant mouse model of RP (the Pde6brd10 mouse). Mice were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with PBS or NR at various times relative to damage or degeneration onset. One to two weeks later, retinal function was assessed by electroretinograms (ERGs) and retinal morphology was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Afterwards, retina sections were H&E stained for morphological analysis or by terminal deoxynucleiotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL). Retinal NAD+/NADH levels were enzymatically assayed.

ResultsThe retinal degeneration models exhibited significantly suppressed retinal function, and where examined, severely disrupted photoreceptor cell layer and significantly decreased numbers of nuclei and increased accumulation of DNA breaks as measured by TUNEL-labeled cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). These effects were prevented by various NR treatment regimens. IP treatment with NR also resulted in increased levels of NAD+ in retina.

ConclusionsThis is the first study to report protective effects of NR treatment in mouse models of retinal degeneration. The positive outcomes in several models, coupled with human tolerance to NR dosing, suggest that maintaining retinal NAD+ via systemic NR treatment should be further explored for clinical relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneman, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardot, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrenek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic Treatment with Nicotinamide Riboside is Protective in Three Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily ancient BAH-PHD protein mediates Polycomb silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) is widely recognized as a transcriptionally repressive chromatin modification but the mechanism of repression remains unclear. We devised and implemented a forward genetic scheme to identify factors required for H3K27 methylation-mediated silencing in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and identified a bromo-adjacent homology (BAH)-plant homeodomain (PHD)-containing protein, EPR-1 (Effector of Polycomb Repression 1; NCU07505). EPR-1 associates with H3K27 methylation in vivo and in vitro, and loss of EPR-1 de-represses H3K27-methylated genes without loss of H3K27 methylation. EPR-1 is not fungal-specific; orthologs of EPR-1 are present in a diverse array of eukaryotic lineages, suggesting an ancestral EPR-1 was a component of a primitive Polycomb repression pathway.

SignificancePolycomb group (PcG) proteins are employed by a wide variety of eukaryotes for the maintenance of gene repression. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a multimeric complex of PcG proteins, catalyzes the methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). In the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, H3K27 methylation represses scores of genes, despite the absence of canonical H3K27 methylation effectors that are present in plants and animals. We report the identification and characterization of an H3K27 methylation effector, EPR-1, in N. crassa and demonstrate its widespread presence and early eukaryotic origins with phylogenetic analyses. These findings indicate that an ancient EPR-1 may have been part of a nascent Polycomb repression system in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiles, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNaught, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormsby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musselman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selker, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily ancient BAH-PHD protein mediates Polycomb silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a developmental period in which social interactions become increasingly important. Successful social interactions rely heavily on pragmatic competence, the appropriate use of language in different social contexts, a skill that is still developing in adolescence. In the present study, we used fMRI to characterize the brain networks underlying pragmatic language processing in typically developing adolescents. We used an indirect speech paradigm whereby participants were presented with question/answer dialogues in which the meaning of the answer had to be inferred from the context, in this case the preceding question. Participants were presented with three types of answers: (1) direct replies, i.e., simple answers to open-ended questions, (2) indirect informative replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to add more information to a yes/no question, and (3) indirect affective replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to express polite refusals, negative opinions or to save face in response to an emotionally charged question. We found that indirect affective replies elicited the strongest response in brain areas associated with language comprehension (superior temporal gyri), theory of mind (medial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and precuneus), and attention/working memory (inferior frontal gyri). The increased activation to indirect affective as opposed to indirect informative and direct replies potentially reflects the high salience of opinions and perspectives of others in adolescence. Our results add to previous findings on socio-cognitive processing in adolescents and extend them to pragmatic language comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaridou, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir-Lira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin-Meadow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing number of mutations associated with devastating human diseases are diagnosed by whole-genome/exon sequencing. Recurrent de novo missense mutations have been discovered in B56{delta} (encoded by PPP2R5D), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), that cause intellectual disabilities (ID), macrocephaly, Parkinsonism, and a broad range of neurological symptoms. Single-particle cryo-EM structures show that the PP2A-B56{delta} holoenzyme possesses closed latent and open active forms. In the closed form, the long, disordered arms of B56{delta} termini fold against each other and the holoenzyme core, establishing dual autoinhibition of the phosphatase active site and the substrate-binding protein groove. The resulting interface spans over 190 [A] and harbors unfavorable contacts, activation phosphorylation sites, and nearly all residues with ID-associated mutations. Our studies suggest that this dynamic interface is close to an allosteric network responsive to activation phosphorylation and altered globally by mutations. Furthermore, we found that ID mutations perturb the activation phosphorylation rates, and the severe variants significantly increase the mitotic duration and error rates compared to the wild variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konovolov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swingle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musiyenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honkanen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Voltage-gated sodium channel in Drosophila, Para, localizes to dendrites as well as axons in mechanosensitive chordotonal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has provided important insights into how sensory information is transduced by Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). However, TRP channels alone have not been able to completely model mechanosensitive transduction in mechanoreceptive chordotonal neurons (CN). Here we show that, in addition to TRP channels, the sole voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) in Drosophila, Para, is localized to the dendrites of CNs. Para is localized to the distal tip of the dendrites in all CNs, from embryos to adults, and is colocalized with the mechanosensitive TRP channels No mechanoreceptor potential C (NompC) and Inactive/Nanchung (Iav/Nan). Para localization also demarcates spike initiation zones (SIZ) in axons and the dendritic localization of Para is indicative of a likely dendritic SIZ in fly CNs. Para is not present in the dendrites of other peripheral sensory neurons. In both multipolar and bipolar neurons in the PNS, Para is present in a proximal region of the axon, comparable to the axonal initial segment in vertebrates, 40-60m from the soma in multipolar neurons and 20-40m in bipolar neurons. Whole-cell reduction of para expression using RNAi in CNs of the adult Johnstons organ severely affects sound-evoked potentials. However, the duality of Para localization in the CN dendrites and axons identifies a need to develop resources to study compartment-specific roles of proteins that will enable us to better understand Paras role in mechanosensitive transduction.

Significance StatementSeveral transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been shown to localize to dendrites of Drosophila mechanosensitive chordotonal neurons (CN). Here, we show that the fly voltage-gated sodium channel, Para co-localizes with the TRP channels NompC and iav and a possible dendritic spike initiation zone (SIZ) in CN dendrites. This dendritic localization is unique to CNs, is not seen in other peripheral neurons, and may account for some aspects of mechanotransduction. Para also localizes to a SIZ at an axonal initial segment-like region, which is shared amongst many peripheral neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravenscroft, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Voltage-gated sodium channel in Drosophila, Para, localizes to dendrites as well as axons in mechanosensitive chordotonal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 Expression in Thermogenic Adipocytes is Required for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice via FGF21-Independent Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In brown adipose tissue (BAT), short-term cold exposure induces the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and its downstream target fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Induction of ATF4 in BAT in response to mitochondrial stress is required for thermoregulation, partially via upregulation of FGF21. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Atf4 and Fgf21 induction in BAT are both required for BAT thermogenesis by generating mice selectively lacking either Atf4 (ATF4 BKO) or Fgf21 (FGF21 BKO) in UCP1-expressing adipocytes. After 3 days of cold exposure, core body temperature was significantly reduced in ad-libitum-fed ATF4 BKO mice, which correlated with Fgf21 downregulation in brown and beige adipocytes, and impaired browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Conversely, despite having reduced browning, FGF21 BKO mice had preserved core body temperature after cold exposure. Mechanistically, ATF4, but not FGF21, regulates amino acid import and metabolism in response to cold, likely contributing to BAT thermogenic capacity under ad libitum-fed conditions. Importantly, under fasting conditions, both ATF4 and FGF21 were required for thermogenesis in cold-exposed mice. Thus, ATF4 regulates BAT thermogenesis by activating amino acid metabolism in BAT in a FGF21-independent manner.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=152 SRC="FIGDIR/small/531964v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d2c3fdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@414f5forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c1fa9eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2cc815_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, L. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koneru, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 Expression in Thermogenic Adipocytes is Required for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice via FGF21-Independent Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single C-terminal residue controls SARS-CoV-2 spike trafficking and virion assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is delivered to the virion assembly site in the ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (ERGIC) from both the ER and cis-Golgi in infected cells1-3. However, the relevance and modulatory mechanism of this bidirectional trafficking are unclear. Here, using structure-function analyses, we show that S incorporation into virions and viral fusogenicity are determined by coatomer-dependent S delivery from the cis-Golgi and restricted by S-coatomer dissociation. Although S mimicry of the host coatomer-binding dibasic motif ensures retrograde trafficking to the ERGIC, avoidance of the host-like C-terminal acidic residue is critical for S-coatomer dissociation and therefore incorporation into virions or export for cell-cell fusion. Because this C-terminal residue is the key determinant of SARS-CoV-2 assembly and fusogenicity, our work provides a framework for the export of S protein encoded in genetic vaccines for surface display and immune activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitelegge, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single C-terminal residue controls SARS-CoV-2 spike trafficking and virion assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural context of homomeric interactions in the Ig domain of the MPZ (P0) myelin adhesion protein and relation to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease phenotype variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Myelin Protein Zero (MPZ) account for 5% of Charcot-Marie-Tooth cases and can cause demyelinating or axonal phenotypes, reflecting the diverse roles of MPZ in Schwann cells. MPZ holds the apposing membranes of the myelin sheath together, with the adhesion role fulfilled by the extracellular lmmunoglobulin-like domain (lgMPZ), which can oligomerize. Current knowledge for how the lgMPZ might form oligomeric assemblies involving 3 weakly-interacting interfaces has been extrapolated from a protein crystal structure in which individual rat lgMPZ subunits are packed together under artificial conditions. These interfaces include one that organizes the lgMPZ into tetramers, a  dimer interface that could link tetramers together, and a third hydrophobic interface that could mediate binding to lipid bilayers or the same hydrophobic surface on another lgMPZ domain. There are at present no data confirming whether the proposed lgMPZ interfaces actually mediate oligomerization in solution, whether they are required for the adhesion activity of MPZ, whether they are important for myelination, or whether their loss results in disease. We performed NMR and SAXS analysis of wild-type lgMPZ as well as mutant forms with amino-acid substitutions designed to interrupt its presumptive oligomerization interfaces. Here, we confirm the interface that mediates lgMPZ tetramerization, but find that dimerization is mediated by a distinct interface that has yet to be identified. We next correlated CMT phenotypes to subregions within lgMPZ tetramers. Axonal late-onset disease phenotypes (CMT2l/J) map to surface residues of lgMPZ proximal to the transmembrane domain. Early-onset demyelinating disease phenotypes (CMT1B/Dejerine-Sottas syndrome) map to two groups: one is described by variants that disrupt the stability of the lg-fold itself and are largely located within the core of the lg domain; whereas another describes a surface on the distal outer surface of lgMPZ tetramers. Computational docking studies predict that this latter disease-relevant subregion may mediate dimerization of lgMPZ tetramers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ptak, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural context of homomeric interactions in the Ig domain of the MPZ (P0) myelin adhesion protein and relation to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease phenotype variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHOP drives cells to mutually exclusive cell fates--death and proliferation--during ER stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular stresses elicit signaling cascades that are capable of either mitigating the inciting dysfunction or initiating cell death. During endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the transcription factor CHOP is widely recognized to promote cell death. However, it is not clear whether CHOP also has a beneficial role during adaptation. Here, we have combined a new, versatile, genetically modified Chop allele with single cell analysis and with stresses of physiological intensity, to rigorously examine the contribution of CHOP to cell fate. Paradoxically, we found that CHOP promoted death in some cells, but proliferation--and hence recovery--in others. Strikingly, this function of CHOP conferred to cells a stress-specific competitive growth advantage. The dynamics of CHOP expression and UPR activation at the single cell level suggested that CHOP maximizes UPR activation, which in turn favors stress resolution, subsequent UPR deactivation, and proliferation. Taken together, these findings suggest that CHOPs function can be better described as a "stress test" that drives cells into either of two mutually exclusive fates--adaptation or death--during stresses of physiological intensity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHOP drives cells to mutually exclusive cell fates--death and proliferation--during ER stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DISTINCT ROLES OF VIRAL US3 AND UL13 PROTEIN KINASES IN HERPES VIRUS SIMPLEX TYPE 1 (HSV-1) NUCLEAR EGRESS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpesviruses transport nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by capsid envelopment into the inner nuclear membrane and de-envelopment from the outer nuclear membrane, a process that is coordinated by nuclear egress complex (NEC) proteins, pUL34, and pUL31. Both pUL31 and pUL34 are phosphorylated by the virus-encoded protein kinase, pUS3, and phosphorylation of pUL31 regulates NEC localization at the nuclear rim. pUS3 also controls apoptosis and many other viral and cellular functions in addition to nuclear egress, and the regulation of these various activities in infected cells is not well understood. It has been previously proposed that pUS3 activity is selectively regulated by another viral protein kinase, pUL13 such that its activity in nuclear egress is pUL13-dependent, but apoptosis regulation is not, suggesting that pUL13 might regulate pUS3 activity on specific substrates. We compared HSV-1 UL13 kinase-dead and US3 kinase-dead mutant infections and found that pUL13 kinase activity does not regulate the substrate choice of pUS3 in any defined classes of pUS3 substrates and that pUL13 kinase activity is not important for promoting de-envelopment during nuclear egress. We also find that mutation of all pUL13 phosphorylation motifs in pUS3, individually or in aggregate, does not affect the localization of the NEC, suggesting that pUL13 regulates NEC localization independent of pUS3. Finally, we show that pUL13 co-localizes with pUL31 inside the nucleus in large aggregates, further suggesting a direct effect of pUL13 on the NEC and suggesting a novel mechanism for both UL31 and UL13 in the DNA damage response pathway.

IMPORTANCE

Herpes simplex virus infections are regulated by two virus-encoded protein kinases, pUS3 and pUL13, which each regulate multiple processes in the infected cell, including capsid transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Regulation of the activity of these kinases on their various substrates is poorly understood, but importantly, kinases are attractive targets for the generation of inhibitors. It has been previously suggested that pUS3 activity on specific substrates is differentially regulated by pUL13 and, specifically, that pUL13 regulates capsid egress from the nucleus by phosphorylation of pUS3. In this study, we determined that pUL13 and pUS3 have different effects on nuclear egress and that pUL13 may interact directly with the nuclear egress apparatus with implications both for virus assembly and egress and, possibly, the host cell DNA- damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masoud Bahnamiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DISTINCT ROLES OF VIRAL US3 AND UL13 PROTEIN KINASES IN HERPES VIRUS SIMPLEX TYPE 1 (HSV-1) NUCLEAR EGRESS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial or complete loss of norepinephrine differentially alters contextual fear and catecholamine release dynamics in hippocampal CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contextual fear learning is heavily dependent on the hippocampus. Despite evidence that catecholamines contribute to contextual encoding and memory retrieval, the precise temporal dynamics of their release in the hippocampus during behavior is unknown. In addition, new animal models are required to probe the effects of altered catecholamine synthesis on release dynamics and contextual learning. Utilizing GRABNE and GRABDA sensors, in vivo fiber photometry, and two new mouse models of altered locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) synthesis, we investigate norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) release dynamics in dorsal hippocampal CA1 during contextual fear conditioning. We report that aversive foot-shock increases both NE and DA release in dorsal CA1, while freezing behavior associated with recall of fear memory is accompanied by decreased release. Partial loss of LC-NE synthesis reveals that NE release dynamics are modulated by sex. Moreover, we find that recall of recent fear memory is sensitive to both partial and complete loss of LC-NE synthesis throughout prenatal and postnatal development, similar to prior observations of mice with global loss of NE synthesis beginning postnatally. In contrast, remote recall is compromised only by complete loss of LC-NE synthesis beginning prenatally. Overall, these findings provide novel insights into the role of NE in contextual fear and the precise temporal dynamics of both NE and DA during freezing behavior, and highlight a complex relationship between genotype, sex, and NE signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evsyukova, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilonzo, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciolino, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jensen, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial or complete loss of norepinephrine differentially alters contextual fear and catecholamine release dynamics in hippocampal CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DHODH inhibition enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade by increasing cancer cell antigen presentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis is a druggable metabolic dependency of cancer cells, and chemotherapy agents targeting pyrimidine metabolism are the backbone of treatment for many cancers. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an essential enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway that can be targeted by clinically approved inhibitors. However, despite robust preclinical anticancer efficacy, DHODH inhibitors have shown limited single-agent activity in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Therefore, novel combination therapy strategies are necessary to realize the potential of these drugs. To search for therapeutic vulnerabilities induced by DHODH inhibition, we examined gene expression changes in cancer cells treated with the potent and selective DHODH inhibitor brequinar (BQ). This revealed that BQ treatment causes upregulation of antigen presentation pathway genes and cell surface MHC class I expression. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is 1) strictly dependent on pyrimidine nucleotide depletion, 2) independent of canonical antigen presentation pathway transcriptional regulators, and 3) mediated by RNA polymerase II elongation control by positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFb). Furthermore, BQ showed impressive single-agent efficacy in the immunocompetent B16F10 melanoma model, and combination treatment with BQ and dual immune checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1) significantly prolonged mouse survival compared to either therapy alone. Our results have important implications for the clinical development of DHODH inhibitors and provide a rationale for combination therapy with BQ and immune checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullen, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaika, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBreck, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallareddy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DHODH inhibition enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade by increasing cancer cell antigen presentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new tractable method for generating Human Alveolar Macrophage Like cells in vitro to study lung inflammatory processes and diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are unique lung resident cells that contact airborne pathogens and environmental particulates. The contribution of human AMs (HAM) to pulmonary diseases remains poorly understood due to difficulty in accessing them from human donors and their rapid phenotypic change during in vitro culture. Thus, there remains an unmet need for cost-effective methods for generating and/or differentiating primary cells into a HAM phenotype, particularly important for translational and clinical studies. We developed cell culture conditions that mimic the lung alveolar environment in humans using lung lipids, i.e., Infasurf (calfactant, natural bovine surfactant) and lung-associated cytokines (GM-CSF, TGF-{beta}, and IL-10) that facilitate the conversion of blood-obtained monocytes to an AM-Like (AML) phenotype and function in tissue culture. Similar to HAM, AML cells are particularly susceptible to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. This study reveals the importance of alveolar space components in the development and maintenance of HAM phenotype and function, and provides a readily accessible model to study HAM in infectious and inflammatory disease processes, as well as therapies and vaccines.

IMPORTANCEMillions die annually from respiratory disorders. Lower respiratory track gas-exchanging alveoli maintain a precarious balance between fighting invaders and minimizing tissue damage. Key players herein are resident AMs. However, there are no easily accessible in vitro models of HAMs, presenting a huge scientific challenge. Here we present a novel model for generating AML cells based on differentiating blood monocytes in a defined lung component cocktail. This model is non-invasive, significantly less costly than performing a bronchoalveolar lavage, yields more AML cells than HAMs per donor and retains their phenotype in culture. We have applied this model to early studies of M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. This model will significantly advance respiratory biology research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Arguero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumbreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maselli-Caceres, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrelles, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mart ínez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new tractable method for generating Human Alveolar Macrophage Like cells in vitro to study lung inflammatory processes and diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis in neuroendocrine neoplasm suppressestumor growth in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) originate from enterochromaffin cells in the intestine which synthesize and secrete serotonin. SBNETs express high levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), a key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. Patients with high serotonin level may develop carcinoid syndrome, which can be treated with somatostatin analogues and the Tph1 inhibitor telotristat ethyl in severe cases. Although the active drug telotristat can efficiently reduce serotonin levels, its effect on tumor growth is unclear. This study determined the effect of serotonin inhibition on tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. The levels of Tph1 in various neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) were determined and the biological effects of Tph1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo using genetic and pharmacologic approaches was tested. Gene and protein expression analyses were performed on patient tumors and cancer cell lines. shRNAs targeting TPH1 were used to create stable knockdown in BON cells. Control and knockdown lines were assessed for their growth rates in vitro and in vivo, angiogenesis potential, serotonin levels, endothelial cell tube formation, tumor weight, and tumor vascularity. TPH1 is highly expressed in SBNETs and many cancer types. TPH1 knockdown cells and telotristat treated cells showed similar growth rates as control cells in vitro. However, TPH1 knockdown cells formed smaller tumors in vivo and tumors were less vascularized. Although Tph1 inhibition with telotristat showed no effect on tumor cell growth in vitro, Tph1 inhibition reduced tumor formation in vivo. Serotonin inhibition in combination with other therapies is a promising new avenue for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in NENs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tow, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borbon, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaemmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abusada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadanandam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellizzi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis in neuroendocrine neoplasm suppressestumor growth in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acid enhances salt taste by activating the epithelial sodium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salt is often used to enhance the flavor of foods and drinks, and in turn, some foods and drinks may intensify the taste of salt. For example, highly acidic carbonated beverages sometimes accompany salty snacks, and margaritas made with acidic citrus are served in salt-rimmed glasses. However, whether and how acid might enhance salt taste remain unknown. Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in tongue taste cells detect dietary sodium. We found that acid irreversibly increased ENaC channel activity, with half-maximal activation occurring at pH 2.6. Acid altered ENaC gating by increasing the rate of channel opening and reducing the rate of channel closing. Acidic beverages Coca-Cola(R) and Pepsi(R) (pH 2.2-2.4) also stimulated ENaC current but Diet Coke(R) (pH 3.2) did not. In humans, we found that acid reduced the sodium taste detection threshold. These findings identify a functional interplay between dietary sodium and acid--by modulating ENaC gating, acid enhances salt taste.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collier, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acid enhances salt taste by activating the epithelial sodium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RGS6 mediates exercise-induced recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis, learning, and memory in an Alzheimer's mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimers disease (AD). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is reduced in AD patients. Exercise stimulates AHN in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in AD patients. However, the molecular pathways for exercise-induced AHN and improved cognition in AD are poorly understood. Here, we show that voluntary running in APPSWE mice restores their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice. This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus (DG) neuronal progenitors (NPs), which also abolished running-mediated increases in AHN. AHN was reduced in sedentary APPSWE mice versus control mice, with basal AHN reduced by RGS6 deletion in DG NPs. RGS6 expression is significantly lower in the DG of AD patients. Thus, RGS6 mediates exercise-induced rescue of impaired cognition and AHN in AD mice, identifying RGS6 in DG NPs as a potential target to combat hippocampal neuron loss in AD.

TeaserRGS6 expression in hippocampal NPCs promotes voluntary running-induced neurogenesis and restored cognition in APPSWE mice.

Field CodesRGS6, Alzheimers disease, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neural precursor cells, dentate gyrus, exercise, learning/memory
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spicer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVore, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayar-Atasoy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atasoy, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RGS6 mediates exercise-induced recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis, learning, and memory in an Alzheimer's mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
spotter: A single-nucleotide resolution stochastic simulation model of supercoiling-mediated transcription and translation in prokaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic simulation models have played an important role in efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of prokaryotic transcription and translation. Despite the fundamental linkage of these processes in bacterial cells, however, most simulation models have been limited to representations of either transcription or translation. In addition, the available simulation models typically either attempt to recapitulate data from single-molecule experiments without considering cellular-scale high-throughput sequencing data or, conversely, seek to reproduce cellular-scale data without paying close attention to many of the mechanistic details. To address these limitations, we here present spotter (Simulation of Prokaryotic Operon Transcription & Translation Elongation Reactions), a flexible, user-friendly simulation model that offers highly-detailed combined representations of prokaryotic transcription, translation, and DNA supercoiling. In incorporating nascent transcript and ribosomal profiling sequencing data, spotter provides a critical bridge between data collected in single-molecule experiments and data collected at the cellular scale. Importantly, in addition to rapidly generating output that can be aggregated for comparison with next-generation sequencing and proteomics data, spotter produces residue-level positional information that can be used to visualize individual simulation trajectories in detail. We anticipate that spotter will be a useful tool in exploring the interplay of processes that are crucially linked in prokaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hacker, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[spotter: A single-nucleotide resolution stochastic simulation model of supercoiling-mediated transcription and translation in prokaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Orientationally Averaged Version of the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa Tensor Provides A Fast But Still Accurate Treatment Of Hydrodynamic Interactions In Brownian Dynamics Simulations Of Biological Macromolecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation technique is widely used to model the diffusive and conformational dynamics of complex systems comprising biological macromolecules. For the diffusive properties of macromolecules to be described correctly by BD simulations, it is necessary to include hydrodynamic interactions (HI). When modeled at the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa (RPY) level of theory, for example, the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of isolated macromolecules can be accurately reproduced; when HIs are neglected, however, diffusion coefficients can be underestimated by an order of magnitude or more. The principal drawback to the inclusion of HIs in BD simulations is their computational expense, and several previous studies have sought to accelerate their modeling by developing fast approximations for the calculation of the correlated random displacements. Here we explore the use of an alternative way to accelerate calculation of HIs, i.e., by replacing the full RPY tensor with an orientationally averaged (OA) version which retains the distance dependence of the HIs but averages out their orientational dependence. We seek here to determine whether such an approximation can be justified in application to the modeling of typical proteins and RNAs. We show that the use of an OA RPY tensor allows translational diffusion of macromolecules to be modeled with very high accuracy at the cost of rotational diffusion being underestimated by [~]25%. We show that this finding is independent of the type of macromolecule simulated and the level of structural resolution employed in the models. We also show, however, that these results are critically dependent on the inclusion of a non-zero term that describes the divergence of the diffusion tensor: when this term is omitted from simulations that use the OA RPY model, unfolded macromolecules undergo rapid collapse. Our results indicate that the orientationally averaged RPY tensor is likely to be a useful, fast approximate way of including HIs in BD simulations of intermediate-scale systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tworek, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Orientationally Averaged Version of the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa Tensor Provides A Fast But Still Accurate Treatment Of Hydrodynamic Interactions In Brownian Dynamics Simulations Of Biological Macromolecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increased risk of cardiometabolic disease accompanies persistent systemic inflammation. Yet, the innate and adaptive immune system features in persons who develop these conditions remain poorly defined. Doublets, or cell-cell complexes, are routinely eliminated from flow cytometric and other immune phenotyping analyses, which limits our understanding of their relationship to disease states. Using well-characterized clinical cohorts, including participants with controlled HIV as a model for chronic inflammation and increased immune cell interactions, we show that circulating CD14+ monocytes complexed to CD3+ T cells are dynamic, biologically relevant, and increased in individuals with diabetes after adjusting for confounding factors. The complexes form functional immune synapses with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and greater glucose utilization. Furthermore, in persons with HIV, the CD3+T-cell: CD14+monocyte complexes had more HIV copies compared to matched CD14+ monocytes or CD4+ T cells alone. Our results demonstrate that circulating CD3+T-cell:CD14+monocyte pairs represent dynamic cellular interactions that may contribute to inflammation and cardiometabolic disease pathogenesis and may originate or be maintained, in part, by chronic viral infections. These findings provide a foundation for future studies investigating mechanisms linking T cell-monocyte cell-cell complexes to developing immune-mediated diseases, including HIV and diabetes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/538020v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fdc324org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168fc4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@138a9a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1087108_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LICirculating CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are higher in individuals with diabetes.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes complexes comprise a heterogenous group of functional and dynamic cell-cell interactions.
C_LIO_LIThe proportion of CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes is positively associated with fasting blood glucose and negatively with plasma IL-10 levels and CD4+ T regulatory cells.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are metabolically flexible and can utilize both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for their energy requirements.
C_LIO_LIIn persons with treated HIV, CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes have more detectable HIV DNA than circulating CD4+ T cells alone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nochowivz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watten, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex similarities and dopaminergic differences in interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodent behavioral studies have largely focused on male animals, which has limited the generalizability and conclusions of neuroscience research. Working with humans and rodents, we studied sex effects during interval timing that requires participants to estimate an interval of several seconds by making motor responses. Interval timing requires attention to the passage of time and working memory for temporal rules. We found no differences between human females and males in interval timing response times (timing accuracy) or the coefficient of variance of response times (timing precision). Consistent with prior work, we also found no differences between female and male rodents in timing accuracy or precision. In female rodents, there was no difference in interval timing between estrus and diestrus cycle stages. Because dopamine powerfully affects interval timing, we also examined sex differences with drugs targeting dopaminergic receptors. In both female and male rodents, interval timing was delayed after administration of sulpiride (D2-receptor antagonist), quinpirole (D2-receptor agonist), and SCH-23390 (D1-receptor antagonist). By contrast, after administration of SKF-81297 (D1-receptor agonist), interval timing shifted earlier only in male rodents. These data illuminate sex similarities and differences in interval timing. Our results have relevance for rodent models of both cognitive function and brain disease by increasing represenation in behavioral neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stutt, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bova, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurrin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex similarities and dopaminergic differences in interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auranofin Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase in a Preclinical Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) is a key enzyme in hydroperoxide detoxification through peroxiredoxin enzymes and in thiol-mediated redox regulation of cell signaling. Because cancer cells produce increased steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; i.e., superoxide and hydrogen peroxide), TrxR is currently being targeted in clinical trials using the anti-rheumatic drug, auranofin (AF). AF treatment decreased TrxR activity and clonogenic survival in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines (DMS273 and DMS53) as well as the lung atypical (neuroendocrine tumor) NET cell line H727. AF treatment also significantly sensitized DMS273 and H727 cell lines in vitro to sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor that was shown to decrease intracellular glutathione. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of AF treatment in a mouse SCLC xenograft model was examined to maximize inhibition of TrxR activity without causing toxicity. AF was administered intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg (IP) once (QD) or twice daily (BID) for 1 to 5 days in mice with DMS273 xenografts. Plasma levels of AF were 10-20 M (determined by mass spectrometry of gold) and the optimal inhibition of TrxR (50 %) was obtained at 4 mg/kg once daily, with no effect on glutathione peroxidase 1 activity. When this daily AF treatment was extended for 14 days a significant prolongation of median survival from 19 to 23 days (p=0.04, N=30 controls, 28 AF) was observed without causing changes in animal bodyweight, CBCs, bone marrow toxicity, blood urea nitrogen, or creatinine. These results show that AF is an effective inhibitor of TrxR both in vitro and in vivo in SCLC, capable of sensitizing NETs and SCLC to sorafenib, and supports the hypothesis that AF could be used as an adjuvant therapy with agents known to induce disruptions in thiol metabolism to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Planells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayanbold, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wels, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solst, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ODorisio, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auranofin Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase in a Preclinical Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule analysis of the improved variants of the G-quadruplex recognition protein G4P 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As many as 700,000 unique sequences in the human genome are predicted to fold into G-quadruplexes (G4s), non-canonical structures formed by Hoogsteen guanine-guanine pairing within G-rich nucleic acids. G4s play both physiological and pathological roles in many vital cellular processes including DNA replication, DNA repair and RNA transcription. Several reagents have been developed to visualize G4s in vitro and in cells. Recently, Zhen et al. synthesized a small protein G4P based on the G4 recognition motif from RHAU (DHX36) helicase (RHAU specific motif, RSM). G4P was reported to bind the G4 structures in cells and in vitro, and to display better selectivity towards G4s than the previously published BG4 antibody. To get insight into the G4P-G4 interaction kinetics and selectivity, we purified G4P and its expanded variants, and analyzed their G4 binding using single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and mass photometry. We found that G4P binds to various G4s with affinities defined mostly by the association rate. Doubling the number of the RSM units in the G4P increases the proteins affinity for telomeric G4s and its ability to interact with sequences folding into multiple G4s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule analysis of the improved variants of the G-quadruplex recognition protein G4P]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally organized representations of reward and risk in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe value and uncertainty associated with choice alternatives constitute critical features along which decisions are made. While the neural substrates supporting reward and risk processing have been investigated, the temporal organization by which these computations are encoded remains elusive. Here we leverage the high spatiotemporal precision of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) to uncover how representations of decision-related computations unfold in time. We present evidence of locally distributed representations of reward and risk variables that are temporally organized across multiple regions of interest. Reward outcome representations across wide-spread regions follow a temporally cascading order along the anteroposterior axis of the brain. In contrast, expected value can be decoded from multiple regions at the same time, and error signals in both reward and risk domains reflect a mixture of sequential and parallel encoding. We highlight the role of the anterior insula in generalizing between reward prediction error (RePE) and risk prediction error (RiPE), within which the encoding of RePE in the distributed iEEG signal predicts RiPE. Together our results emphasize the utility of uncovering temporal dynamics in the human brain for understanding how computational processes critical for value-based decisions under uncertainty unfold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Man, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flouty, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally organized representations of reward and risk in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo distillation of thermodynamic affinity from deep learning regulatory sequence models of in vivo protein-DNA binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TF) are proteins that bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner to regulate gene transcription. Despite their unique intrinsic sequence preferences, in vivo genomic occupancy profiles of TFs differ across cellular contexts. Hence, deciphering the sequence determinants of TF binding, both intrinsic and context-specific, is essential to understand gene regulation and the impact of regulatory, non-coding genetic variation. Biophysical models trained on in vitro TF binding assays can estimate intrinsic affinity landscapes and predict occupancy based on TF concentration and affinity. However, these models cannot adequately explain context-specific, in vivo binding profiles. Conversely, deep learning models, trained on in vivo TF binding assays, effectively predict and explain genomic occupancy profiles as a function of complex regulatory sequence syntax, albeit without a clear biophysical interpretation. To reconcile these complementary models of in vitro and in vivo TF binding, we developed Affinity Distillation (AD), a method that extracts thermodynamic affinities de-novo from deep learning models of TF chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments by marginalizing away the influence of genomic sequence context. Applied to neural networks modeling diverse classes of yeast and mammalian TFs, AD predicts energetic impacts of sequence variation within and surrounding motifs on TF binding as measured by diverse in vitro assays with superior dynamic range and accuracy compared to motif-based methods. Furthermore, AD can accurately discern affinities of TF paralogs. Our results highlight thermodynamic affinity as a key determinant of in vivo binding, suggest that deep learning models of in vivo binding implicitly learn high-resolution affinity landscapes, and show that these affinities can be successfully distilled using AD. This new biophysical interpretation of deep learning models enables high-throughput in silico experiments to explore the influence of sequence context and variation on both intrinsic affinity and in vivo occupancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandari, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrikumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weilert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitlinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo distillation of thermodynamic affinity from deep learning regulatory sequence models of in vivo protein-DNA binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human hnRNPA1 reorganizes telomere-bound Replication Protein A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric ssDNA binding protein responsible for many aspects of cellular DNA metabolism. Dynamic interactions of the four RPA DNA binding domains (DBDs) with DNA control replacement of RPA by downstream proteins in various cellular metabolic pathways. RPA plays several important functions at telomeres where it binds to and melts telomeric G-quadruplexes, non-canonical DNA structures formed at the G-rich telomeric ssDNA overhangs. Here, we combine single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (smTIRFM) and mass photometry (MP) with biophysical and biochemical analyses to demonstrate that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) specifically remodels RPA bound to telomeric ssDNA by dampening the RPA configurational dynamics and forming a ternary complex. Uniquely, among hnRNPA1 target RNAs, telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is selectively capable of releasing hnRNPA1 from the RPA-telomeric DNA complex. We speculate that this telomere specific RPA-DNA-hnRNPA1 complex is an important structure in telomere protection.

One Sentence SummaryAt the single-stranded ends of human telomeres, the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) binds to and modulates conformational dynamics of the ssDNA binding protein RPA forming a ternary complex which is controlled by telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wlodarski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human hnRNPA1 reorganizes telomere-bound Replication Protein A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae would be present with aging. We developed a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy approach to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, we investigated the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, we found increases in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/540609v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@96099borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50b4f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@983092org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ceb9b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical Abstract:C_FLOATNO Overview of serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) workflow, data segmentation, and 3D analysis of mitochondria using Amira software for murine interscapular BAT.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-complementation by the RecB nuclease domain of RecBCD enzyme reveals new insight into RecA loading upon χ recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loading of RecA onto ssDNA by RecBCD is an essential step of RecBCD-mediated homologous recombination. RecBCD facilitates RecA-loading onto ssDNA in a {chi}-dependent manner via its RecB nuclease domain (RecBn). Before recognition of {chi}, RecBn is sequestered through interactions with RecBCD. It was proposed that upon {chi}-recognition, RecBn undocks, allowing RecBn to swing out via a contiguous 70 amino acid linker to reveal the RecA-loading surface, and then recruit and load RecA onto ssDNA. We tested this hypothesis by examining the interactions between RecBn (RecB928-1180) and truncated RecBCD (RecB1-927CD) lacking the nuclease domain. The reconstituted complex of RecB1-927CD and RecBn is functional in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that despite being covalently severed from RecB1-927CD, RecBn can still load RecA onto ssDNA, establishing that RecBn does not function at the end of its flexible linker. Instead, RecBCD undergoes a {chi}-induced intramolecular rearrangement to reveal a RecA-loading surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavankumar, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczykowski, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-complementation by the RecB nuclease domain of RecBCD enzyme reveals new insight into RecA loading upon χ recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Evaluation of Stress Vulnerability Network using Single Cell RNA-Seq in mouse Prefrontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased vulnerability to stress is a major risk factor for the manifestation of several mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite the status of MDD as a significant donor to global disability, the complex integration of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the behavioral display of such disorders has made a thorough understanding of related etiology elusive. Recent developments suggest that a brain-wide network approach is needed, taking into account the complex interplay of cell types spanning multiple brain regions. Single cell RNA-sequencing technologies can provide transcriptomic profiling at the single-cell level across heterogenous samples. Furthermore, we have previously used local field potential oscillations and machine learning to identify an electrical brain network that is indicative of a predisposed vulnerability state. Thus, this study combined single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) with electrical brain network measures of the stress-vulnerable state, providing a unique opportunity to access the relationship between stress network activity and transcriptomic changes within individual cell types. We found especially high numbers of differentially expressed genes between animals with high and low stress vulnerability brain network activity in astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons but we estimated that vulnerability network activity depends most on GABAergic neurons. High vulnerability network activity included upregulation of microglia and mitochondrial and metabolic pathways, while lower vulnerability involved synaptic regulation. Genes that were differentially regulated with vulnerability network activity significantly overlapped with genes identified as having significant SNPs by human GWAS for depression. Taken together, these data provide the gene expression architecture of a previously uncharacterized stress vulnerability brain state, enabling new understanding and intervention of predisposition to stress susceptibility.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=91 SRC="FIGDIR/small/540705v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebe036org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cd2131org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13e3519org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1100e62_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturirangan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyche, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velamuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Evaluation of Stress Vulnerability Network using Single Cell RNA-Seq in mouse Prefrontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid, efficient auxin-inducible protein degradation in Candida pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of inducible protein degradation (IPD) systems have been developed as powerful tools for protein functional characterization. IPD systems provide a convenient mechanism for rapid inactivation of almost any target protein of interest. Auxin-inducible degradation (AID) is one of the most common IPD systems and has been established in diverse eukaryotic research model organisms. Thus far, IPD tools have not been developed for use in pathogenic fungal species. Here, we demonstrate that the original AID and the second generation AID2 systems work efficiently and rapidly in the human pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. We developed a collection of plasmids that support AID system use in laboratory strains of these pathogens. These systems can induce >95% degradation of target proteins within minutes. In the case of AID2, maximal degradation was achieved at low nanomolar concentrations of the synthetic auxin analog 5-adamantyl-indole-3-acetic acid (5-Ad-IAA). Auxin-induced target degradation successfully phenocopied gene deletions in both species. The system should be readily adaptable to other fungal species and to clinical pathogen strains. Our results define the AID system as a powerful and convenient functional genomics tool for protein characterization in fungal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milholland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piriz-Antunez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duenas-Santero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazguez de Aldana, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa-Bordes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid, efficient auxin-inducible protein degradation in Candida pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise modulates human hippocampal-cortical ripple dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physical exercise acutely improves hippocampus-dependent memory. Whereas animal studies have offered cellular- and synaptic-level accounts of these effects, human neuroimaging studies show that exercise improves hippocampal-cortical connectivity at the macroscale level. However, the neurophysiological basis of exercise-induced effects on hippocampal-cortical circuits remains unknown. Experimental evidence supports that hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWR) play a critical role in learning and memory. Coupling between SWRs in the hippocampus and neocortex may reflect modulations in inter-regional connectivity required by mnemonic processes. Here, we examine the hypothesis that exercise modulates hippocampal-cortical ripple dynamics in the human brain. We performed intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients undergoing pre-surgical evaluation, during awake resting state, before and after an exercise session. Exercise increased ripple rate in the hippocampus. Exercise also enhanced the coupling and phase-synchrony between cortical ripples in the limbic and the default mode (DM) cortical networks and hippocampal SWRs. Further, higher heart rate during exercise, reflecting exercise intensity, was related to a subsequent increase in resting state ripples across specific cortical networks including the DMN. These results offer the first direct evidence that a single exercise session elicits changes in ripple events, a well-established neurophysiological marker of mnemonic processing. The characterization and anatomical distribution of the described modulation points to hippocampal ripples as a potential mechanism by which exercise elicits its reported short-term effects in cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Villegas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossbach, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise modulates human hippocampal-cortical ripple dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing In Situ Proximity Ligation Assays for Mitochondria, ER, or MERC Markers in Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proximity ligation assays (PLA) use specific antibodies to detect endogenous protein-protein interactions. PLA is a highly useful biochemical technique that allows two proteins within close proximity to be visualized with fluorescent probes amplified by PCR. While this technique has gained prominence, the use of PLA in mouse skeletal muscle (SkM) is novel. In this article, we discuss how the PLA method can be used in SkM to study the protein-protein interactions within mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCs).

Tweetable AbstractProximity Ligation Assays can be used in skeletal muscle tissue and myoblasts to explore the protein-protein interactions involved in MERC sites.

HighlightsO_LISkeletal muscle tissue and cells are plated on glass coverslips for evaluation by proximity ligation assay (PLA).
C_LIO_LIFollowing fixation, cells are probed and stained for Mfn1, Mfn2, mitochondria, and ER and imaged using fluorescence confocal microscopy.
C_LIO_LIThis method shows that PLA can be used in mouse SkM and is adaptable to other models.
C_LIO_LIProtocol for detection of protein-protein interactions using PLA.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=126 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541599v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1021ce7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b78f8borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@31030corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bf0afa_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@169ba8corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@566b30org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@197330dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198ca7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@158b80_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing In Situ Proximity Ligation Assays for Mitochondria, ER, or MERC Markers in Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Components of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Differentiated Through Antibody Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isolation of skeletal muscles allows for the exploration of many complex diseases. Fibroblasts and myoblast play important roles in skeletal muscle morphology and function. However, skeletal muscles are complex and made up of many cellular populations and validation of these populations is highly important. Therefore, in this article, we discuss a comprehensive method to isolate mice skeletal muscle, create satellite cells for tissue culture, and use immunofluorescence to validate our approach.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541600v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@165b34dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1de9976org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d3cfeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff660c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Components of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Differentiated Through Antibody Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creating Optimal Conditions for OPA1 isoforms by Western Blot in Muscle Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OPA1 is a dynamin-related GTPase that modulates various mitochondrial functions and is involved in mitochondrial morphology. There are eight different isoforms of OPA1 in humans and five different isoforms in mice that are expressed as short or long-form isoforms. These isoforms contribute to OPA1s ability to control mitochondrial functions. However, isolating OPA1 all long and short isoforms through western blot has been a difficult task. To address this issue, we outline an optimized western blot protocol to isolate 5 different isoforms of OPA1 on the basis of different antibodies. This protocol can be used to study changes in mitochondrial structure and function.

Tweetable AbstractWestern blot protocol optimization to visualize OPA1 isoforms.

HighlightsO_LIProtocol for isolating OPA1 isoforms in primary skeletal muscle myoblast and myotubes
C_LIO_LISteps for running isolated skeletal muscle cells from muscle tissue on a gel
C_LIO_LIHow to collect samples in preparation for western blotting
C_LIO_LIDetection of OPA1 isoforms
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541601v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc254dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@150d3eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@186ed2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13cc3a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c518ceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@df826borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1eb5bf8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e324e6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8baedc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL Method SummarySamples for western blot analysis are isolated from lysed cells, loaded onto a gel, and ran using optimized conditions to better isolate OPA1 isoforms. Samples are transferred to a membrane for incubation and protein detection using OPA1 antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creating Optimal Conditions for OPA1 isoforms by Western Blot in Muscle Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in human myotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sorting and Assembly Machinery (SAM) Complex is responsible for assembling {beta}-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. Comprising three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, the SAM complex connects the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex. Sam50, in particular, stabilizes the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which is crucial for protein transport, respiratory chain complex assembly, and regulation of cristae integrity. While the role of Sam50 in mitochondrial structure and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unclear, this study aims to investigate its impact. Serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and computer-assisted 3D renderings were employed to compare mitochondrial structure and networking in Sam50-deficient myotubes from mice and humans with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Furthermore, autophagosome 3D structure was assessed in human myotubes. Mitochondrial metabolic phenotypes were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics to explore differential changes in WT and Sam50-deficient myotubes. The results revealed increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation in Sam50-deficient myotubes compared to controls. Metabolomic analysis indicated elevated metabolism of propanoate and several amino acids, including {beta}-Alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, along with increased amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in Sam50-deficient myotubes. Furthermore, impairment of oxidative capacity was observed upon Sam50 ablation in both murine and human myotubes, as measured with the XF24 Seahorse Analyzer. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of Sam50 in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, cristae structure, and mitochondrial metabolism. By elucidating the impact of Sam50-deficiency, this study enhances our understanding of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in human myotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement-based option competition in human dorsal stream during exploration/exploitation of a continuous space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates exploring and exploiting a continuous sensorimotor space rely on maps in the dorsal stream that guide visual search, locomotion, and grasp. For example, an animal swinging from one tree limb to the next uses rapidly evolving sensorimotor representations to decide when to harvest a reward. We show that such exploration/exploitation depends on dynamic maps of competing option values in the human dorsal stream. Using a reinforcement learning (RL) model capable of rapid learning and efficient exploration and exploitation, we show that preferred options are selectively maintained on the map while the values of spatiotemporally distant alternatives are compressed. Consistent with biophysical models of cortical option competition, dorsal stream BOLD signal increased and posterior cortical {beta}1/ oscillations desynchronized as the number of potentially valuable options grew, matching predictions of information-compressing RL rather than traditional RL that caches long-term values. BOLD and {beta}1/ responses were correlated and predicted the successful transition from exploration to exploitation. These option competition dynamics were observed across parietal and frontal dorsal stream regions, but not in the occipito-temporal MT+ sensitive to the average reward rate. Our results also illustrate that models diverging predictions about information dynamics can help to adjudicate between them based on population activity.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=148 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541828v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (74K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@155b3c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e28c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16d7c1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aed684_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrovski, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement-based option competition in human dorsal stream during exploration/exploitation of a continuous space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bioinformatics tool for identifying intratumoral microbes from the ORIEN dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence supports significant interactions among microbes, immune cells, and tumor cells in at least 10-20% of human cancers, emphasizing the importance of further investigating these complex relationships. However, the implications and significance of tumor-related microbes remain largely unknown. Studies have demonstrated the critical roles of host microbes in cancer prevention and treatment responses. Understanding interactions between host microbes and cancer can drive cancer diagnosis and microbial therapeutics (bugs as drugs). Computational identification of cancer-specific microbes and their associations is still challenging due to the high dimensionality and high sparsity of intratumoral microbiome data, which requires large datasets containing sufficient event observations to identify relationships, and the interactions within microbial communities, the heterogeneity in microbial composition, and other confounding effects that can lead to spurious associations. To solve these issues, we present a bioinformatics tool, MEGA, to identify the microbes most strongly associated with 12 cancer types. We demonstrate its utility on a dataset from a consortium of 9 cancer centers in the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). This package has 3 unique features: species-sample relations are represented in a heterogeneous graph and learned by a graph attention network; it incorporates metabolic and phylogenetic information to reflect intricate relationships within microbial communities; and it provides multiple functionalities for association interpretations and visualizations. We analyzed 2704 tumor RNA-seq samples and MEGA interpreted the tissue-resident microbial signatures of each of 12 cancer types. MEGA can effectively identify cancer-associated microbial signatures and refine their interactions with tumors.

SIGNIFICANCEStudying the tumor microbiome in high-throughput sequencing data is challenging because of the extremely sparse data matrices, heterogeneity, and high likelihood of contamination. We present a new deep-learning tool, microbial graph attention (MEGA), to refine the organisms that interact with tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNutt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman,, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.541982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bioinformatics tool for identifying intratumoral microbes from the ORIEN dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tumor microbiome as a predictor of outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence supports the important role of the tumor microbiome in oncogenesis, cancer immune phenotype, cancer progression, and treatment outcomes in many malignancies. In this study, we investigated the metastatic melanoma tumor microbiome and potential roles in association with clinical outcomes, such as survival, in patients with metastatic disease treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Baseline tumor samples were collected from 71 patients with metastatic melanoma before treatment with ICIs. Bulk RNA-seq was conducted on the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Durable clinical benefit (primary clinical endpoint) following ICIs was defined as overall survival [&ge;]24 months and no change to the primary drug regimen (responders). We processed RNA-seq reads to carefully identify exogenous sequences using the {exotic}tool. The 71 patients with metastatic melanoma ranged in age from 24 to 83 years, 59% were male, and 55% survived >24 months following the initiation of ICI treatment. Exogenous taxa were identified in the tumor RNA-seq, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. We found differences in gene expression and microbe abundances in immunotherapy responsive versus non-responsive tumors. Responders showed significant enrichment of several microbes including Fusobacterium nucleatum, and non-responders showed enrichment of fungi, as well as several bacteria. These microbes correlated with immune-related gene expression signatures. Finally, we found that models for predicting prolonged survival with immunotherapy using both microbe abundances and gene expression outperformed models using either dataset alone. Our findings warrant further investigation and potentially support therapeutic strategies to modify the tumor microbiome in order to improve treatment outcomes with ICIs.

SignificanceWe analyzed the tumor microbiome and interactions with genes and pathways in metastatic melanoma treated with immunotherapy, and identified several microbes associated with immunotherapy response and immune-related gene expression signatures. Machine learning models that combined microbe abundances and gene expression outperformed models using either dataset alone in predicting immunotherapy responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman,, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tumor microbiome as a predictor of outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice expressing A53T / A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons do not display behavioral deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, with A53T and A30P mutations shown to be disease-causing. It has been reported that transgenic mice with tyrosine hydroxylase promotor-driven expression of A53T / A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons provide a useful preclinical model of these conditions by virtue of developing dopaminergic neuronal cell death and related behavioral deficits. Here, we report a lack of replication of this finding. Despite detecting robust overexpression of A53T / A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons, we observed neither cell death or related behavioral deficits in these mice. Our results demonstrate that preclinical models of synucleinopathy need careful validation in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keomanivong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabakovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice expressing A53T / A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons do not display behavioral deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior chamber depth in mice is controlled by several quantitative trait loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEAnterior chamber depth (ACD) is a quantitative trait associated with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Although ACD is highly heritable, known genetic variations explain a small fraction of the phenotypic variability. The purpose of this study was to identify additional ACD-influencing loci using strains of mice.

METHODSCohorts of 86 N2 and 111 F2 mice were generated from crosses between recombinant inbred BXD24/TyJ and wild-derived CAST/EiJ mice. Using anterior chamber optical coherence tomography, mice were phenotyped at 10-12 weeks of age, genotyped based on 93 genome-wide SNPs, and subjected to quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis.

RESULTSIn an analysis of ACD among all mice, six loci passed the significance threshold of p = 0.05 and persisted after multiple regression analysis. These were on chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 12, 15 and 17 (named Acdq6, Acdq7, Acdq11, Acdq12, Acdq15, and Acdq17, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSOur findings demonstrate a quantitative multi-genic pattern of ACD inheritance in mice and identify six previously unrecognized ACD-influencing loci. We have taken a unique approach to studying the anterior chamber depth phenotype by using mice as genetic tool to examine this continuously distributed trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimber, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior chamber depth in mice is controlled by several quantitative trait loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol inhibits sociability via serotonin inputs to the nucleus accumbens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interaction is a core component of motivational behavior that is perturbed across multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Positive social bonds are neuroprotective and enhance recovery from stress, so reduced social interaction in AUD may delay recovery and lead to alcohol relapse. We report that chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) induces social avoidance in a sex-dependent manner and is associated with hyperactivity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). While 5-HTDRN neurons are generally thought to enhance social behavior, recent evidence suggests that specific 5-HT pathways can be aversive. Using chemogenetic iDISCO, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was identified as one of 5 regions that were activated by 5-HTDRN stimulation. We then employed an array of molecular genetic tools in transgenic mice to show that 5-HTDRN inputs to NAcc dynorphin neurons drive social avoidance in male mice after CIE by activating 5-HT2C receptors. NAcc dynorphin neurons also inhibit dopamine release during social interaction, reducing the motivational drive to engage with social partners. This study reveals that excessive serotonergic drive after chronic alcohol can promote social aversion by inhibiting accumbal dopamine release. Drugs that boost brain serotonin levels may be contraindicated for individuals with AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pushpavathi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niciu, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol inhibits sociability via serotonin inputs to the nucleus accumbens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upregulation of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 by JC polyomavirus infection promotes immune recognition by natural killer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a chronic infection in 70-90% of the worlds population. In immunocompetent individuals, JCPyV chronic infection is asymptomatic and not associated with diseases. However, JCPyV causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a potentially fatal complication of severe immune suppression due to monoclonal antibody treatments for cancer, autoimmune diseases and transplantation, or due to uncontrolled HIV infection. There is currently no effective treatment against PML and novel immunotherapies are urgently needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality caused by JCPyV. The risk of developing PML increases with loss of immune control by JCPyV-specific T cells and antibodies. Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in defense against viral infections, yet NK cell contribution to the control of JCPyV infection remains largely unexplored. Here, we first compared NK and T cell responses against JCPyV VP1 peptide pools. In about 40% of healthy donors, we detected robust CD107a upregulation and IFN-{gamma} production by NK cells, extending beyond T cell responses. Next, using a novel flow cytometry-based killing assay, we showed that co-culture of NK cells and JCPyV-infected astrocyte-derived SVG-A cells leads to a 60% reduction in infection, on average. Expression of ligands for the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D was modulated in JCPyV-infected cells, with overall enhanced expression of ULBP2. To evaluate the impact of NKG2D triggering on NK cell-mediated elimination of JCPyV-infected cells, we performed co-cultures in the presence of NKG2D blocking antibodies, which resulted in decreased NK cell degranulation. Altogether, these findings suggest NKG2D-mediated activation may play a key role in controlling JCPyV replication and may be a promising immunotherapeutic target to boost NK cell anti-JCPyV activity.

Author SummaryThe human polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) infects most people for life but only causes disease in persons with a compromised immune system. In particular, JCPyV reactivation in the brain is responsible for the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There is currently no effective treatment for PML, which is often fatal. Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that play critical roles in defense against viral infections, yet their contribution to the control of JCPyV infection remains largely unexplored. The current study shows that NK cells can eliminate cells infected with JCPyV and that immune recognition is partly mediated by NKG2D, an activating ligand expressed on NK cells, and its binding to ULBP2, a stress-induced ligand expressed on infected cells. Our findings provide new insights into immune mechanisms involved in JCPyV immunity, and unveil opportunities to harness NK cell function in future therapeutic strategies to target JCPyV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gikundiro, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gressens, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craemer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaynor, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upregulation of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 by JC polyomavirus infection promotes immune recognition by natural killer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses and responds to epithelial potassium flux via Kdp operon to promote biofilm biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosa-associated biofilms are associated with many human disease states, but the mechanisms by which the host promotes biofilm biogenesis remain unclear. In chronic respiratory diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes chronic infection through biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa can be attracted to interspecies biofilms through potassium currents emanating from the biofilms. We hypothesized that P. aeruginosa could, similarly, sense and respond to the potassium efflux from human airway epithelial cells (AECs) to promote biofilm biogenesis. Using respiratory epithelial co-culture biofilm imaging assays of P. aeruginosa grown in association with CF bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE41o-), we found that P. aeruginosa biofilm biogenesis was increased by potassium efflux from AECs, as examined by potentiating large conductance potassium channel, BKCa (NS19504) potassium efflux. This phenotype is driven by increased bacterial attachment and increased coalescence of bacteria into aggregates. Conversely, biofilm formation was reduced when AECs were treated with a BKCa blocker (paxilline). Using an agar-based macroscopic chemotaxis assay, we determined that P. aeruginosa chemotaxes toward potassium and screened transposon mutants to discover that disruption of the high-sensitivity potassium transporter, KdpFABC, and the two-component potassium sensing system, KdpDE, reduces P. aeruginosa potassium chemotaxis. In respiratory epithelial co-culture biofilm imaging assays, a KdpFABCDE deficient P. aeruginosa strain demonstrated reduced biofilm growth in association with AECs while maintaining biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Collectively, these data suggest that P. aeruginosa biofilm formation can be increased by attracting bacteria to the mucosal surface via a potassium gradient and enhancing coalescence of single bacteria into microcolonies through aberrant AEC potassium efflux sensed through the bacterial KdpFABCDE system. These findings suggest that electrochemical signaling from the host can amplify biofilm biogenesis, a novel host-pathogen interaction, and that potassium flux could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention to prevent chronic bacterial infections in diseases with mucosa-associated biofilms, like CF.

Author SummaryBiofilm formation is important for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cause chronic infections on epithelial surfaces during respiratory diseases, like cystic fibrosis (CF). The host factors that promote biofilm formation on host surfaces are not yet fully understood. Potassium signals from biofilms can attract P. aeruginosa, but it is unknown if potassium from the human cells can influence P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on a host surface. We found that P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on human airway cells can be increased by the potassium currents from airway cells, and determined bacterial genes related to potassium uptake and sensing that contribute to biofilm formation on airway cells. These findings suggest that P. aeruginosa can respond to host potassium signals by forming increased biofilm and that reducing chronic infections may be accomplished by reducing potassium coming from airway cells or blocking the bacterial proteins responsible for the biofilm enhancement by potassium currents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapsinski, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarrington, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amico, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses and responds to epithelial potassium flux via Kdp operon to promote biofilm biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective neuroimmune modulation by type I interferon drives neuropathology and neurologic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence suggests that type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling is a key contributor to immune cell-mediated neuropathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we demonstrated a robust upregulation of type I interferon-stimulated genes in microglia and astrocytes following experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The specific molecular and cellular mechanisms by which IFN-I signaling impacts the neuroimmune response and neuropathology following TBI remains unknown. Using the lateral fluid percussion injury model (FPI) in adult male mice, we demonstrated that IFN /{beta} receptor (IFNAR) deficiency resulted in selective and sustained blockade of type I interferon-stimulated genes following TBI as well as decreased microgliosis and monocyte infiltration. Phenotypic alteration of reactive microglia also occurred with diminished expression of molecules needed for MHC class I antigen processing and presentation following TBI. This was associated with decreased accumulation of cytotoxic T cells in the brain. The IFNAR-dependent modulation of the neuroimmune response was accompanied by protection from secondary neuronal death, white matter disruption, and neurobehavioral dysfunction. These data support further efforts to leverage the IFN-I pathway for novel, targeted therapy of TBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todd, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mix, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective neuroimmune modulation by type I interferon drives neuropathology and neurologic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor FfmA interacts both physically and genetically with AtrR to properly regulate gene expression in the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation of azole resistance in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a key step in development of this problematic clinical phenotype. We and others have previously described a C2H2-containing transcription factor called FfmA that is required for normal levels of voriconazole susceptibility and expression of an ATP-binding cassette transporter gene called abcG1. Null alleles of ffmA exhibit a strongly compromised growth rate even in the absence of any external stress. Here we employ an acutely repressible doxycycline-off form of ffmA to rapidly deplete FfmA protein from the cell. Using this approach, we carried out RNA-seq analyses to probe the transcriptome of A. fumigatus cells that have been deprived of normal FfmA levels. We found that 2000 genes were differentially expressed upon depletion of FfmA, consistent with the wide-ranging effect of this factor on gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high throughput DNA sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq) identified 530 genes that were bound by FfmA using two different antibodies for immunoprecipitation. More than 300 of these genes were also bound by AtrR demonstrating the striking regulatory overlap with FfmA. However, while AtrR is clearly an upstream activation protein with clear sequence specificity, our data suggest that FfmA is a chromatin-associated factor that may bind to DNA in a manner dependent on other factors. We provide evidence that AtrR and FfmA interact in the cell and can influence one anothers expression. This interaction of AtrR and FfmA is required for normal azole resistance in A. fumigatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor FfmA interacts both physically and genetically with AtrR to properly regulate gene expression in the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the 3D structure and conformational dynamics of very large RNAs using coarse-grained molecular simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a computational approach to building and simulating realistic 3D models of very large RNA molecules (>1000 nucleotides) at a resolution of one "bead" per nucleotide. The method starts with a predicted secondary structure and uses several stages of energy minimization and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation to build 3D models. A key step in the protocol is the temporary addition of a 4th spatial dimension that allows all predicted helical elements to become disentangled from each other in an effectively automated way. We then use the resulting 3D models as input to Brownian dynamics simulations that include hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) that allow the diffusive properties of the RNA to be modelled as well as enabling its conformational dynamics to be simulated. To validate the dynamics part of the method, we first show that when applied to small RNAs with known 3D structures the BD-HI simulation models accurately reproduce their experimental hydrodynamic radii (Rh). We then apply the modelling and simulation protocol to a variety of RNAs for which experimental Rh values have been reported ranging in size from 85 to 3569 nucleotides. We show that the 3D models, when used in BD-HI simulations, produce hydrodynamic radii that are usually in good agreement with experimental estimates for RNAs that do not contain tertiary contacts that persist even under very low salt conditions. Finally, we show that sampling of the conformational dynamics of large RNAs on timescales of 100 {micro}s is computationally feasible with BD-HI simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the 3D structure and conformational dynamics of very large RNAs using coarse-grained molecular simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sorafenib inhibits invasion of multicellular organoids that mimic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis nodules. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive lung disease with limited treatments, largely due to an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) invade LAM cell clusters, which include HMB-45-positive epithelioid cells and smooth muscle -actin-expressing LAM-associated fibroblasts (LAMFs). Recent evidence shows that LAMFs resemble cancer-associated fibroblasts, with LAMF-LEC interactions contributing to disease progression. To explore these mechanisms, we used spatial transcriptomics on LAM lung tissues and identified a gene cluster enriched in kinase signaling pathways linked to myofibroblasts and co-expressed with LEC markers. Kinase arrays revealed elevated PDGFR and FGFR in LAMFs. Using a 3D co-culture spheroid model of primary LAMFs and LECs, we observed increased invasion in LAMF-LEC spheroids compared to non-LAM fibroblasts. Treatment with sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, significantly reduced invasion, outperforming Rapamycin. We also confirmed TSC2-null AML cells as key VEGF-A secretors, which was suppressed by sorafenib in both AML cells and LAMFs. These findings highlight VEGF-A and bFGF as potential therapeutic targets and suggest multikinase inhibition as a promising strategy for LAM.

One Sentence SummaryUsing 3D spheroids and spatial transcriptomics, we identified LAMFs and LECs as key contributors to LAM, with bFGF and VEGF-A as potential therapeutic targets
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koc-Gunel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harriott, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawroth, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krymskaya, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sorafenib inhibits invasion of multicellular organoids that mimic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis nodules.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Involvement of a serotonin/GLP-1 circuit in adolescent isolation-induced diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2020, stay-at-home orders were implemented to stem the spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Social isolation can be particularly harmful to children and adolescents--during the pandemic, the prevalence of obesity increased by [~]37% in persons aged 2-19. Obesity is often comorbid with type 2 diabetes, which was not assessed in this human pandemic cohort. Here, we investigated whether male mice isolated throughout adolescence develop type 2 diabetes in a manner consistent with human obesity-induced diabetes, and explored neural changes that may underlie such an interaction. We find that isolating C57BL/6J mice throughout adolescence is sufficient to induce type 2 diabetes. We observed fasted hyperglycemia, diminished glucose clearance in response to an insulin tolerance test, decreased insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, decreased insulin staining of pancreatic islets, increased nociception, and diminished plasma cortisol levels compared to group-housed control mice. Using Promethion metabolic phenotyping chambers, we observed dysregulation of sleep and eating behaviors, as well as a time-dependent shift in respiratory exchange ratio of the adolescent-isolation mice. We profiled changes in neural gene transcription from several brain areas and found that a neural circuit between serotonin-producing and GLP-1-producing neurons is affected by this isolation paradigm. Overall, spatial transcription data suggest decreased serotonin neuron activity (via decreased GLP-1-mediated excitation) and increased GLP-1 neuron activity (via decreased serotonin-mediated inhibition). This circuit may represent an intersectional target to further investigate the relationship between social isolation and type 2 diabetes, as well as a pharmacologically-relevant circuit to explore the effects of serotonin and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Article HighlightsO_LIIsolating C57BL/6J mice throughout adolescence is sufficient to induce type 2 diabetes, presenting with fasted hyperglycemia.
C_LIO_LIAdolescent-isolation mice have deficits in insulin responsiveness, impaired peripheral insulin signaling, and decreased pancreatic insulin production.
C_LIO_LITranscriptional changes across the brain include the endocannabinoid, serotonin, and GLP-1 neurotransmitters and associated receptors.
C_LIO_LIThe neural serotonin/GLP-1 circuit may represent an intersectional target to further investigate the relationship between social isolation and type 2 diabetes. Serotonin-producing neurons of adolescent-isolation mice produce fewer transcripts for the GLP-1 receptor, and GLP-1 neurons produce fewer transcripts for the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Involvement of a serotonin/GLP-1 circuit in adolescent isolation-induced diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AutoRNC: an automated modeling program for building atomic models of ribosome-nascent chain complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interpretation of experimental studies of co-translational protein folding often benefits from the use of computational methods that seek to model the nascent chain and its interactions with the ribosome. Ribosome-nascent chain (RNC) constructs studied experimentally can vary significantly in size and the extent to which they contain secondary and tertiary structure, and building realistic 3D models of them therefore often requires expert knowledge. To circumvent this issue, we describe here AutoRNC, an automated modeling program capable of constructing large numbers of plausible atomic models of RNCs within minutes. AutoRNC takes input from the user specifying any regions of the nascent chain that contain secondary or tertiary structure and attempts to build conformations compatible with those specifications - and with the constraints imposed by the ribosome - by sampling and progressively piecing together dipeptide conformations extracted from the RCSB. We first show that conformations of completely unfolded proteins built by AutoRNC in the absence of the ribosome have radii of gyration that match well with the corresponding experimental data. We then show that AutoRNC can build plausible conformations for a wide range of RNC constructs for which experimental data have already been reported. Since AutoRNC requires only modest computational resources, we anticipate that it will prove to be a useful hypothesis generator for experimental studies, for example, in providing indications of whether designed constructs are likely to be capable of folding, as well as providing useful starting points for downstream atomic or coarse-grained simulations of the conformational dynamics of RNCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AutoRNC: an automated modeling program for building atomic models of ribosome-nascent chain complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TFAP2 paralogs regulate midfacial development in part through a conserved ALX genetic pathway. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cranial neural crest development is governed by positional gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Fine-tuning of the GRN components underly facial shape variation, yet how those in the midface are connected and activated remain poorly understood. Here, we show that concerted inactivation of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the murine neural crest even during the late migratory phase results in a midfacial cleft and skeletal abnormalities. Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq profiling reveal that loss of both Tfap2 members dysregulated numerous midface GRN components involved in midface fusion, patterning, and differentiation. Notably, Alx1/3/4 (Alx) transcript levels are reduced, while ChIP-seq analyses suggest TFAP2 directly and positively regulates Alx gene expression. TFAP2 and ALX co-expression in midfacial neural crest cells of both mouse and zebrafish further implies conservation of this regulatory axis across vertebrates. Consistent with this notion, tfap2a mutant zebrafish present abnormal alx3 expression patterns, and the two genes display a genetic interaction in this species. Together, these data demonstrate a critical role for TFAP2 in regulating vertebrate midfacial development in part through ALX transcription factor gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiel, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Otterloo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TFAP2 paralogs regulate midfacial development in part through a conserved ALX genetic pathway.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.544770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN A HUMAN CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE USING SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.544770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macular neovascularization is a relatively common and potentially visually devastating complication of age-related macular degeneration. In macular neovascularization, pathologic angiogenesis can originate from either the choroid or the retina, but we have limited understanding of how different cell types become dysregulated in this dynamic process. In this study, we performed spatial RNA sequencing on a human donor eye with macular neovascularization as well as a healthy control donor. We identified genes enriched within the area of macular neovascularization and used deconvolution algorithms to predict the originating cell type of these dysregulated genes. Within the area of neovascularization, endothelial cells were predicted to increase expression of genes related to Rho family GTPase signaling and integrin signaling. Likewise, VEGF and TGFB1 were identified as potential upstream regulators that could drive the observed gene expression changes produced by endothelial and retinal pigment epithelium cells in the macular neovascularization donor. These spatial gene expression profiles were compared to previous single-cell gene expression experiments in human age-related macular degeneration as well as a model of laser-induced neovascularization in mice. As a secondary aim, we also investigated spatial gene expression patterns within the macular neural retina and between the macular and peripheral choroid. We recapitulated previously described regional-specific gene expression patterns across both tissues. Overall, this study spatially analyzes gene expression across the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid in health and describes a set of candidate molecules that become dysregulated in macular neovascularization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navratil, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamme-Wiese, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheetz, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.544770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN A HUMAN CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE USING SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.544952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disposition and Toxicity of 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl in Female Rats Following Intraperitoneal Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.544952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The disposition and toxicity of lower chlorinated PCBs (LC-PCBs) with less than five chlorine substituents have received little attention. This study characterizes the distribution and metabolomic effects of PCB 52, an LC-PCB found in indoor and outdoor air, three weeks after intraperitoneal exposure of female Sprague Dawley rats to 0, 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg BW. PCB 52 exposure did not affect overall body weight. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis identified PCB 52 in all tissues investigated. Hydroxylated, sulfated, and methylated PCB metabolites, identified using GC-MS/MS and nontarget liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-LCMS), were primarily found in the serum and liver of rats exposed to 100 mg/kg BW. Metabolomic analysis revealed minor effects on L-cysteine, glycine, cytosine, sphingosine, thymine, linoleic acid, orotic acid, L-histidine, and erythrose serum levels. Thus, the metabolism of PCB 52 and its effects on the metabolome must be considered in toxicity studies.

HighlightsO_LIPCB 52 was present in adipose, brain, liver, and serum 3 weeks after PCB exposure
C_LIO_LILiver and serum contained hydroxylated, sulfated, and methylated PCB 52 metabolites
C_LIO_LIMetabolomics analysis revealed minor changes in endogenous serum metabolites
C_LIO_LILevels of dopamine and its metabolites in the brain were not affected by PCB 52
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bullert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulliam, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.544952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disposition and Toxicity of 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl in Female Rats Following Intraperitoneal Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The great divide: rhamnolipids mediate separation between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coexistence of multiple bacterial species during infection can have significant impacts on pathogenesis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can co-infect hosts and cause serious illness. The factors that dictate whether one species will outcompete the other or whether the two species can coexist are not fully understood. We investigated the role of surfactants in the interactions between these two species on a surface that enables P. aeruginosa to swarm. We found that P. aeruginosa swarms are repelled by colonies of clinical S. aureus isolates, creating physical separation between the two strains. This effect was abolished in mutants of S. aureus that were defective in the production of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which form amyloid fibrils around wild-type colonies. We investigated the mechanism that establishes physical separation between the two species using the Imaging of Reflected Illuminated Structures (IRIS) method, which tracks the flow of the rhamnolipid surfactant layer produced by P. aeruginosa. We found that PSMs produced by S. aureus deflected the rhamnolipid surfactant layer flow, which in turn, altered the direction of P. aeruginosa swarms. These findings show that rhamnolipids mediate physical separation between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, which enables these species to coexist in distinct microenvironments. Additionally, we found that a Bacillus subtilis surfactant and abiotic hydrophobic molecules repelled P. aeruginosa swarms through surfactant deflection. Our results suggest that surfactant interactions could have major impacts on bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host relationships. In addition, our findings uncover a mechanism responsible for P. aeruginosa swarm development that does not rely on sensing but instead is guided largely by the flow of the surfactant layer and its boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bru, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasallis, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyland-Kroghsbo, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siryaporn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The great divide: rhamnolipids mediate separation between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The universal suppressor mutation in the HSV-1 nuclear egress complex restores membrane budding defects by stabilizing the oligomeric lattice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear egress is an essential process in herpesviral replication whereby nascent capsids translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This initial step of nuclear egress - budding at the inner nuclear membrane - is coordinated by the nuclear egress complex (NEC). Composed of the viral proteins UL31 and UL34, NEC deforms the membrane around the capsid as the latter buds into the perinuclear space. NEC oligomerization into a hexagonal membrane-bound lattice is essential for budding because mutations designed to perturb lattice interfaces reduce its budding ability. Previously, we identified an NEC suppressor mutation capable of restoring budding to a mutant with a weakened hexagonal lattice. Here, we show that the suppressor mutation can restore budding to a broad range of budding-deficient NEC mutants thereby acting as a universal suppressor. We demonstrate that the suppressor mutation indirectly promotes the formation of new contacts between the NEC hexamers that, ostensibly, stabilize the hexagonal lattice. This stabilization strategy is powerful enough to override the otherwise deleterious effects of mutations that destabilize the NEC lattice by different mechanisms, resulting in a functional NEC hexagonal lattice and restoration of membrane budding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Draganova, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Del Pino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldwein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The universal suppressor mutation in the HSV-1 nuclear egress complex restores membrane budding defects by stabilizing the oligomeric lattice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in Cardiovascular and Cerebral Pulse Wave Velocity in 5XFAD Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a global health issue, affecting over 6 million in the United States, with that number expected to increase as the aging population grows. As a neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive functions, it is well established that AD is associated with cardiovascular risk factors beyond only cerebral decline. However, the study of cerebrovascular techniques for AD is still evolving. Here, we provide reproducible methods to measure impedance-based pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, in the systemic vascular (aortic PWV) and in the cerebral vascular (cerebral PWV) systems. Using aortic impedance and this relatively novel technique of cerebral impedance to comprehensively describe the systemic vascular and the cerebral vascular systems, we examined the sex-dependent differences in 5x transgenic mice (5XFAD) with AD under normal and high-fat diet, and in wild-type mice under a normal diet. Additionally, we validated our method for measuring cerebrovascular impedance in a model of induced stress in 5XFAD. Together, our results show that sex and diet differences in wildtype and 5XFAD mice account for very minimal differences in cerebral impedance. Interestingly, 5XFAD, and not wildtype, male mice on a chow diet show higher cerebral impedance, suggesting pathological differences. Opposingly, when we subjected 5XFAD mice to stress, we found that females showed elevated cerebral impedance. Using this validated method of measuring impedance-based aortic and cerebral PWV, future research may explore the effects of modifying factors including age, chronic diet, and acute stress, which may mediate cardiovascular risk in AD.

New and NoteworthyHere, we presented a new technique which is an application of the concept of aortic impedance to determining cerebral impedance. While aortic PWV is typically utilized to study aortic stiffness, we also developed a technique of cerebral PWV to study cerebral vascular stiffness. This method may be useful in improving the rigor of studies that seek to have a dual focus on cardiovascular and cerebral function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barongan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in Cardiovascular and Cerebral Pulse Wave Velocity in 5XFAD Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific prostaglandins are produced in the migratory cells and the surrounding substrate to promote Drosophila border cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key regulator of collective cell migration is prostaglandin (PG) signaling. However, it remains largely unclear whether PGs act within the migratory cells or their microenvironment to promote migration. Here we use Drosophila border cell migration as a model to uncover the cell-specific roles of two PGs in collective migration. Prior work shows PG signaling is required for on-time migration and cluster cohesion. We find that the PGE2 synthase cPGES is required in the substrate, while the PGF2 synthase Akr1B is required in the border cells for on-time migration. Akr1B acts in both the border cells and their substrate to regulate cluster cohesion. One means by which Akr1B regulates border cell migration is by promoting integrin-based adhesions. Additionally, Akr1B limits myosin activity, and thereby cellular stiffness, in the border cells, whereas cPGES limits myosin activity in both the border cells and their substrate. Together these data reveal that two PGs, PGE2 and PGF2, produced in different locations, play key roles in promoting border cell migration. These PGs likely have similar migratory versus microenvironment roles in other collective cell migrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellentine, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific prostaglandins are produced in the migratory cells and the surrounding substrate to promote Drosophila border cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 G2019S promotes the development of colon cancer via modulating intestinal inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LRRK2 G2019S is the most prevalent variant associated with Parkinsons disease (PD), found in 1-3% of sporadic and 4-8% of familial PD cases. Intriguingly, emerging clinical studies have suggested that LRRK2 G2019S carriers have an increased risk of cancers including colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of the positive correlation between LRRK2-G2019S and colorectal cancer remain unknown. Using a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and LRRK2 G2019S knockin (KI) mice, here we report that LRRK2 G2019S promotes the pathogenesis of colon cancer as evidenced by increased tumor number and tumor size in LRRK2 G2019S KI mice. LRRK2 G2019S promoted intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, we found that LRRK2 G2019S KI mice are more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Suppressing the kinase activity of LRRK2 ameliorated the severity of colitis in both LRRK2 G2019S KI and WT mice. At the molecular level, our investigation unveiled that LRRK2 G2019S promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, triggers inflammasome activation, and induces cell necrosis in the gut epithelium in a mouse model of colitis. Collectively, our data provide direct evidence that gain-of-kinase activity in LRRK2 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, implicating LRRK2 as a potential target in colon cancer patients with hyper LRRK2 kinase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maretzky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 G2019S promotes the development of colon cancer via modulating intestinal inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wound microbiota-mediated correction of matrix metalloproteinase expression promotes re-epithelialization of diabetic wounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic wounds are a common and costly complication of diabetes, where multifactorial defects contribute to dysregulated skin repair, inflammation, tissue damage, and infection. We previously showed that aspects of the diabetic foot ulcer microbiota were correlated with poor healing outcomes, but many microbial species recovered remain uninvestigated with respect to wound healing. Here we focused on Alcaligenes faecalis, a Gram-negative bacterium that is frequently recovered from chronic wounds but rarely causes infection. Treatment of diabetic wounds with A. faecalis accelerated healing during early stages. We investigated the underlying mechanisms and found that A. faecalis treatment promotes re-epithelialization of diabetic keratinocytes, a process which is necessary for healing but deficient in chronic wounds. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases in diabetes contributes to failed epithelialization, and we found that A. faecalis treatment balances this overexpression to allow proper healing. This work uncovers a mechanism of bacterial-driven wound repair and provides a foundation for the development of microbiota-based wound interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uberoi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J. T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ort, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murga-Garrido, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grice, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wound microbiota-mediated correction of matrix metalloproteinase expression promotes re-epithelialization of diabetic wounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of NR2E3 disrupts rod photoreceptor cell maturation causing a fate switch late in human retinal development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While dysfunction and death of light-detecting photoreceptor cells underlie most inherited retinal dystrophies, knowledge of the species-specific details of human rod and cone photoreceptor cell development remains limited. Here, we generate retinal organoids using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from a patient with genetic photoreceptor disease due to mutations in NR2E3, an isogenic control, and an unrelated control. Organoids were sampled using single-cell RNA sequencing across the developmental window encompassing photoreceptor specification, emergence, and maturation, up to 260 days of in vitro differentiation. Using single-cell transcriptomics data, we reconstruct the rod photoreceptor developmental lineage and identify a branchpoint in development unique to the disease state that gives rise to a divergent rod photoreceptor cell population. We show that the rod-specific transcription factor NR2E3 is required for the proper expression of genes involved in phototransduction, including expression of the light-sensitive protein rhodopsin, which is absent in divergent rods. NR2E3-null rods additionally misexpress several cone-specific phototransduction genes at both the transcript and protein level. Using joint multimodal single-cell sequencing on late-stage retinal organoids, we further identify specific putative regulatory sites where rod-specific factors act to steer rod and cone photoreceptor cell development. Importantly, these findings are strikingly different than those observed in rodent models of disease. Together, these data provide a roadmap of human photoreceptor development and leverage patient iPSCs to define the specific roles of rod transcription factors in photoreceptor cell emergence and maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of NR2E3 disrupts rod photoreceptor cell maturation causing a fate switch late in human retinal development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arf GAP containing dAsap regulates NMJ organization and synaptic calcium through Arf6-dependent signaling in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic morphogenesis involves an interplay of multiple signaling pathways and requires membrane remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics. We identified the BAR-domain protein dAsap (Arf GAP, SH3, Ankyrin repeat, and PH domain) as one of the regulators of synaptic morphogenesis. Loss of dAsap results in decreased bouton numbers, increased inter-bouton diameter, and disrupted microtubule organization at the nerve terminals. Electrophysiological analysis of the mutants revealed a gain in neurotransmission compared to control neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). dAsap mutant NMJs have increased evoked amplitude, increased spontaneous miniature frequency, and significantly fewer synaptic failures in low calcium. Consistent with these observations, dAsap mutants have increased active zone number. Additional pharmacological and genetic manipulations that are known to impair calcium release from stores suppress the dAsap phenotypes. Finally, we show that expressing a GDP-locked form of Arf6 in dAsap mutants restored the NMJ morphological defects, disrupted cytoskeleton, and aberrant neurotransmission. Thus, we propose a model in which dAsap regulates NMJ morphogenesis and synaptic calcium homeostasis through Arf6-dependent neuronal signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MJ, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arf GAP containing dAsap regulates NMJ organization and synaptic calcium through Arf6-dependent signaling in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-subunit-eliminated eHAP expression (BeHAPe) cells reveal new properties of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels drive the upstroke of the action potential and are comprised of a pore-forming -subunit and regulatory {beta}-subunits. The {beta}-subunits modulate the gating, trafficking, and pharmacology of the -subunit. These functions are routinely assessed by ectopic expression in heterologous cells. However, currently available expression systems may not capture the full range of these effects since they contain endogenous {beta}-subunits. To better reveal {beta}-subunit functions, we engineered a human cell line devoid of endogenous NaV {beta}-subunits and their immediate phylogenetic relatives. This new cell line, {beta}-subunit-eliminated eHAP expression cells (BeHAPe), were derived from haploid eHAP cells by engineering inactivating mutations in SCN1B, SCN2B, SCN3B, SCN4B, MPZL1, MPZL2, MPZL3, MPZ and JAML. In diploid BeHAPe cells, the cardiac NaV -subunit, NaV1.5, was highly sensitive to {beta}-subunit modulation and revealed that each {beta}-subunit and even MPZ imparted unique gating properties. Furthermore, combining {beta}1 and {beta}2 with NaV1.5 generated a sodium channel with hybrid properties, distinct from the effects of the individual subunits. Thus, this approach revealed an expanded ability of {beta}-subunits to regulate NaV1.5 activity and can be used to improve the characterization of other /{beta} NaV complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-subunit-eliminated eHAP expression (BeHAPe) cells reveal new properties of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3-hydroxykynurenine is a ROS-inducing cytotoxic tryptophan metabolite that disrupts the TCA cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is extensively characterized as a regulator of cellular function through its metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) into the kynurenine pathway. However, despite decades of research on tryptophan metabolism, the metabolic regulatory roles of it and its metabolites are not well understood. To address this, we performed an activity metabolomics screen of tryptophan and most of its known metabolites in cell culture. We discovered that treatment of human colon cancer cells (HCT116) with 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), a metabolite of kynurenine, potently disrupted TCA cycle function. Citrate and aconitate levels were increased, while isocitrate and all downstream TCA metabolites were decreased, suggesting decreased aconitase function. We hypothesized that 3HK or one of its metabolites increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited aconitase activity. Accordingly, we observed almost complete depletion of reduced glutathione and a decrease in total glutathione levels. We observed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability after 48 hours of 3HK treatment. These data suggest that raising the intracellular levels of 3HK could be sufficient to induce ROS-mediated apoptosis. We modulated the intracellular levels of 3HK by combined induction of IDO and knockdown of kynureninase (KYNU) in HCT116 cells. Cell viability decreased significantly after 48 hours of KYNU knockdown compared to controls, which was accompanied by increased ROS production and Annexin V staining revealing apoptosis. Finally, we identify xanthommatin production from 3-HK as a candidate radical-producing, cytotoxic mechanism. Our work indicates that KYNU may be a target for disrupting tryptophan metabolism. Interestingly, many cancers exhibit overexpression of IDO, providing a cancer-specific metabolic vulnerability that could be exploited by KYNU inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauckhorst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3-hydroxykynurenine is a ROS-inducing cytotoxic tryptophan metabolite that disrupts the TCA cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcineurin is required for Candida glabrata Pdr1 transcriptional activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluconazole is the most commonly used antifungal today. A result of this has been the inevitable selection of fluconazole resistant organisms. This is an especially acute problem in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for fluconazole in C. glabrata are frequently associated with substitution mutations within the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor-encoding gene PDR1. These mutant Pdr1 regulators drive constitutively high expression of target genes like CDR1 that encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter thought to act as a drug efflux pump. Exposure of C. glabrata to fluconazole induced expression of both Pdr1 and CDR1, although little is known of the molecular basis underlying the upstream signals that trigger Pdr1 activation. Here, we show that the protein phosphatase calcineurin is required for fluconazole-dependent induction of Pdr1 transcriptional regulation. Calcineurin catalytic activity is required for normal Pdr1 regulation and a hyperactive form of this phosphatase can increase resistance to the echinocandin caspofungin but does not show a similar elevation for fluconazole resistance. Loss of calcineurin from strains expressing two different gain-of-function forms of Pdr1 also caused a decrease in CDR1 expression and fluconazole resistance, demonstrating that even these hyperactive Pdr1 regulatory mutants cannot bypass the requirement for calcineurin. Our data implicate calcineurin activity as a link tying azole and echinocandin resistance together via the control of transcription factor activity.

ImportanceWhile drug resistant microorganisms are a problem in treatment of all infectious disease, this is an especially acute problem with fungi due to the existence of only 3 classes of antifungal drugs, including the azole drug fluconazole. In the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, mutant forms of a transcription factor called Pdr1 are commonly associated with fluconazole resistance and poor clinical outcomes. Here we identify a protein phosphatase called calcineurin that is required for fluconazole-dependent induction of Pdr1 transcriptional activation and associated drug resistance. Gain-of-function mutant forms of Pdr1 still required the presence of calcineurin to confer normally elevated fluconazole resistance. Previous studies showed that calcineurin is required for resistance to the echinocandin class of antifungal drugs and our data demonstrate this protein phosphatase is also required for azole drug resistance. Calcineurin plays a central role in resistance to two of the three major classes of antifungal drugs in C. glabrata.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonicova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcineurin is required for Candida glabrata Pdr1 transcriptional activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Integrated Stress Response effector GADD34 is repurposed by neurons to promote stimulus-induced translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal protein synthesis is required for long-lasting plasticity and long-term memory consolidation. Dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 is one of the key translational control events that is required to increase de novo protein synthesis that underlies long-lasting plasticity and memory consolidation. Here, we interrogate the molecular pathways of translational control that are triggered by stimulation of neurons with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which results in eIF2 dephosphorylation and de novo protein synthesis. Primary rodent neurons exposed to BDNF displayed elevated translation, but not transcription, of GADD34, which facilitates eIF2 dephosphorylation and subsequent de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, GADD34 requires G-actin generated by cofilin to dephosphorylate eIF2 and enhance protein synthesis. Finally, GADD34 is required for the BDNF-induced translation of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Overall, we provide evidence that neurons repurpose GADD34, an effector of the Integrated Stress Response, as an orchestrator of rapid increases in eIF2-dependent translation in response to plasticity-inducing stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banegas-Morales, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamcarz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golhan, E. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navrange, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Integrated Stress Response effector GADD34 is repurposed by neurons to promote stimulus-induced translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of Astrocytic Pathology in Stem Cell Models of Primary Tauopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytic tau aggregates are seen in several primary and secondary tauopathies, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In all cases, astrocytic tau consists exclusively of the longer (4R) tau isoform, even when adjacent neuronal aggregates consist of a mixture of 3- and 4R tau, as in CTE. The reasons for this and the mechanisms by which astrocytic tau aggregates form remain unclear. We used a combination of RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence in post-mortem human brain tissue, as well as tau uptake studies in human stem cell-derived astrocytes, to determine the origins of astrocytic tau in 4R tauopathies. We found that astrocytes across tauopathies do not upregulate tau mRNA expression between diseases or between tau-positive and -negative astrocytes within PSP. We then found that stem cell-derived astrocytes preferentially take up long isoform (4R) labeled recombinant tau and that this uptake is impaired by induction of reactivity with inflammatory stimuli or nutritional stress. Astrocytes exposed to either 3R or 4R tau also showed downregulation of genes related to astrocyte differentiation. Our findings suggest that astrocytes preferentially take up neuronal 4R tau from the extracellular space, which potentially explains why astrocytic tau aggregates contain only 4R tau, and that tau uptake is impaired by decreased nutrient availability or neuroinflammation, both of which are common in the aging brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiock, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of Astrocytic Pathology in Stem Cell Models of Primary Tauopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Medium Chain Fatty Acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), Protects Against Obesity and Insulin Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity, a worldwide health problem, increases the risk for developing metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes. It is well recognized that obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic metabolic dysfunction. Previously, we revealed an anti-inflammatory role for spent culture supernatants isolated from the oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii (Sg-SCS). Here, we identified that 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is the one of the key components of Sg-SCS. We found that treatment of 6-HHA in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly reduced HFD-mediated weight gain which was largely attributed to a decrease in fat mass. Systemically, 6-HHA improves obesity-associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, administration of 6-HHA suppressed obesity-associated systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. At the cellular level, treatment of 6-HHA ameliorated aberrant inflammatory and metabolic transcriptomic signatures in white adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity (HFD). Mechanistically, we found that 6-HHA suppressed adipocyte-proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis, the latter through Gi-mediated signaling. This work provides direct evidence for the anti-obesity effects of a novel MCFA, which could be a new therapeutic treatment for combating obesity.

KEY POINTSO_LIHydroxyhexanoic medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are dietary and bacterial-derived energy sources, however, the outcomes of using MCFAs in treating metabolic disorders are diverse and complex.
C_LIO_LIThe MCFA 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a metabolite secreted by the oral bacterial commensal species Streptococcus gordonii; here we investigated its role in modulating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction.
C_LIO_LIIn a murine model of obesity, we found 6-HHA-mediated improvement of diet-mediated adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation were in part due to actions on white adipose tissue (WAT).
C_LIO_LI6-HHA suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis through Gi-mediated signaling in differentiated white adipocytes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebag, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Medium Chain Fatty Acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), Protects Against Obesity and Insulin Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the molecular makeup of support cells in insect camera eyes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals generally have either compound eyes, which have evolved repeatedly in different invertebrates, or camera eyes, which have evolved many times across the animal kingdom. Both eye types include two important kinds of cells: photoreceptor cells, which can be excited by light, and non-neuronal support cells (SupCs), which provide essential support to photoreceptors. Despite many examples of convergence in eye evolution, similarities in the gross developmental plan and molecular signatures have been discovered, even between phylogenetically distant and functionally different eye types. For this reason, a shared evolutionary origin has been considered for photoreceptors. In contrast, only a handful of studies, primarily on the compound eyes of Drosophila melanogaster, have demonstrated molecular similarities in SupCs. D. melanogaster SupCs (Semper cells and primary pigment cells) are specialized eye glia that share several molecular similarities with certain vertebrate eye glia, including Muller glia. This led us to speculate whether there are conserved molecular signatures of SupCs, even in functionally different eyes such as the image-forming larval camera eyes of the sunburst diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. To investigate this possibility, we used an in-depth comparative whole-tissue transcriptomics approach. Specifically, we dissected the larval principal camera eyes into SupC- and retina-containing regions and generated the respective transcriptomes. Our analysis revealed several conserved features of SupCs including enrichment of genes that are important for glial function (e.g. gap junction proteins such as innexin 3), glycogen production (glycogenin), and energy metabolism (glutamine synthetase 1 and 2). To evaluate the extent of conservation, we compared our transcriptomes with those of fly (Semper cells) and vertebrate (Muller glia) eye glia as well as respective retinas. T. marmoratus SupCs were found to have distinct genetic overlap with both fly and vertebrate eye glia. These results provide molecular evidence for the deep conservation of SupCs in addition to photoreceptor cells, raising essential questions about the evolutionary origin of eye-specific glia in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rathore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschbeck, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the molecular makeup of support cells in insect camera eyes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On-Demand Expansion Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Microscopy (ExFLPAM) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a promising technology that enables nanoscale imaging on conventional optical microscopes by physically magnifying the specimens. Here, we report the development of a strategy that enables i) on-demand labeling of subcellular organelles in live cells for ExM through transfection of fluorescent proteins that are well-retained during the expansion procedure; and ii) non-fluorescent chromogenic color-development towards efficient bright-field and photoacoustic imaging in both planar and volumetric formats, which is applicable to both cultured cells and biological tissues. Compared to the conventional ExM methods, our strategy provides an expanded toolkit, which we term as expansion fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy (ExFLPAM), by allowing on-demand fluorescent protein labeling of cultured cells, as well as non-fluorescent absorption contrast-imaging of biological samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On-Demand Expansion Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Microscopy (ExFLPAM)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting roles of different mismatch repair proteins in basal-like breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is known as a tumor suppressive pathway and genes involved in MMR are commonly mutated in hereditary colorectal or other cancer types. However, the function of MMR genes/proteins in breast cancer progression and metastasis are largely undefined. We found that MSH2, but not MLH1, is highly enriched in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and that its protein expression is inversely correlated with overall survival time (OS). MSH2 expression is frequently elevated due to genomic amplification or gain-of-expression in BLBC, which results in increased MSH2 protein to pair with MSH6 (collectively referred to as MutS). Genetic deletion of MSH2 or MLH1 results in a contrasting phenotype in metastasis, with MSH2-deletion leading to reduced metastasis and MLH1-deletion to enhanced liver or lung metastasis. Mechanistically, MSH2 - but not MLH1 - binds to the promoter region of interferon  receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and suppresses its expression in BLBC. Deletion of MSH2 initiates a chain of immune reactions via the upregulation of IFNAR1 expression and the activation of type 1 interferon signaling, which explains a highly immune active tumor microenvironment in tumors with MSH2-deficiency. Our study supports the contrasting functions of MSH2 and MLH1 in BLBC progression and metastasis due to the differential regulation of IFNAR1 expression, which challenges the paradigm of the MMR pathway as a universal tumor suppressive mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tithi, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kolb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting roles of different mismatch repair proteins in basal-like breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SYS-1/beta-catenin inheritance and regulation by Wnt-signaling during asymmetric cell division. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) allows daughter cells of a polarized mother to acquire different developmental fates. In C. elegans, the Wnt/{beta}-catenin Asymmetry (W{beta}A) pathway oversees many embryonic and larval ACDs; here, a Wnt gradient induces an asymmetric distribution of Wnt signaling components within the dividing mother cell. One terminal nuclear effector of the W{beta}A pathway is the transcriptional activator SYS-1/{beta}-catenin. SYS-1 is sequentially negatively regulated during ACD; first by centrosomal regulation and subsequent proteasomal degradation and second by asymmetric activity of the {beta}-catenin "destruction complex" in one of the two daughter cells, which decreases SYS-1 levels in the absence of W{beta}A signaling. However, the extent to which mother cell SYS-1 influences cell fate decisions of the daughters is unknown. Here, we quantify inherited SYS-1 in the differentiating daughter cells and the role of SYS-1 inheritance in Wnt-directed ACD. Photobleaching experiments demonstrate the GFP::SYS-1 present in daughter cell nuclei is comprised of inherited and de novo translated SYS-1 pools. We used a photoconvertible DENDRA2::SYS-1, to directly observe the dynamics of inherited SYS-1. Photoconversion during mitosis reveals that SYS-1 clearance at the centrosome preferentially degrades older SYS-1, and this accumulation is regulated via dynein trafficking. Photoconversion of the EMS cell during Wnt-driven ACD shows daughter cell inheritance of mother cell SYS-1. Additionally, loss of centrosomal SYS-1 increased inherited SYS-1 and, surprisingly, loss of centrosomal SYS-1 also resulted in increased levels of de novo SYS-1 in both EMS daughter cells. Lastly, we show that daughter cell negative regulation of SYS-1 via the destruction complex member APR-1/APC is key to limit both the de novo and the inherited SYS-1 pools in both the E and the MS cells. We conclude that regulation of both inherited and newly translated SYS-1 via centrosomal processing in the mother cell and daughter cell regulation via Wnt signaling are critical to maintain sister SYS-1 asymmetry during ACD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valdes Michel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SYS-1/beta-catenin inheritance and regulation by Wnt-signaling during asymmetric cell division.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Looking at the Full Picture: Utilizing Topic Modeling to Determine Disease-Associated Microbiome Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome is a complex micro-ecosystem that provides the host with pathogen defense, food metabolism, and other vital processes. Alterations of the microbiome (dysbiosis) have been linked with a number of diseases such as cancers, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimers disease, etc. Generally, differential abundance testing between the healthy and patient groups is performed to identify important bacteria (enriched or depleted in one group). However, simply providing a singular species of bacteria to an individual lacking that species for health improvement has not been as successful as fecal matter transplant (FMT) therapy. Interestingly, FMT therapy transfers the entire gut microbiome of a healthy (or mixture of) individual to an individual with a disease. FMTs do, however, have limited success, possibly due to concerns that not all bacteria in the community may be responsible for the healthy phenotype. Therefore, it is important to identify the community of microorganisms linked to the health as well as the disease state of the host.

Here we applied topic modeling, a natural language processing tool, to assess latent interactions occurring among microbes; thus, providing a representation of the community of bacteria relevant to healthy vs. disease state. Specifically, we utilized our previously published data that studied the gut microbiome of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease that has been linked to a variety of factors, including a dysbiotic gut microbiome.

With topic modeling we identified communities of bacteria associated with RRMS, including genera previously discovered, but also other taxa that would have been overlooked simply with differential abundance testing. Our work shows that topic modeling can be a useful tool for analyzing the microbiome in dysbiosis and that it could be considered along with the commonly utilized differential abundance tests to better understand the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease.

Author SummaryTrillion of bacteria (microbiome) living in and on the human body play an important role in keeping us healthy and an alteration in their composition has been linked to multiple diseases such as cancers, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimers. Identifying specific bacteria for targeted therapies is crucial, however studying individual bacteria fails to capture their interactions within the microbial community. The relative success of fecal matter transplants (FMTs) from healthy individual(s) to patients and the failure of individual bacterial therapy suggests the importance of the microbiome community in health. Therefore, there is a need to develop tools to identify the communities of microbes making up the healthy and disease state microbiome. Here we applied topic modeling, a natural language processing tool, to identify microbial communities associated with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Specifically, we show the advantage of topic modeling in identifying the bacterial community structure of RRMS patients, which includes previously reported bacteria linked to RRMS but also otherwise overlooked bacteria. These results reveal that integrating topic modeling with traditional approaches improves the understanding of the microbiome in RRMS and it could be employed with other diseases that are known to have an altered microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrode, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollberding, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.549984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Looking at the Full Picture: Utilizing Topic Modeling to Determine Disease-Associated Microbiome Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary cognitive roles for D2-MSNs and D1-MSNs in interval timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of striatal pathways in cognitive processing is unclear. We studied dorsomedial striatal cognitive processing during interval timing, an elementary cognitive task that requires mice to estimate intervals of several seconds and involves working memory for temporal rules as well as attention to the passage of time. We harnessed optogenetic tagging to record from striatal D2- dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) in the indirect pathway and from D1-dopamine receptor-expressing MSNs (D1-MSNs) in the direct pathway. We found that D2-MSNs and D1-MSNs exhibited distinct dynamics over temporal intervals as quantified by principal component analyses and trial-by-trial generalized linear models. MSN recordings helped construct and constrain a four-parameter drift-diffusion computational model in which MSN ensemble activity represented the accumulation of temporal evidence. This model predicted that disrupting either D2-MSNs or D1-MSNs would increase interval timing response times and alter MSN firing. In line with this prediction, we found that optogenetic inhibition or pharmacological disruption of either D2-MSNs or D1-MSNs increased interval timing response times. Pharmacologically disrupting D2-MSNs or D1-MSNs also changed MSN dynamics and degraded trial-by-trial temporal decoding. Together, our findings demonstrate that D2-MSNs and D1-MSNs had opposing dynamics yet played complementary cognitive roles, implying that striatal direct and indirect pathways work together to shape temporal control of action. These data provide novel insight into basal ganglia cognitive operations beyond movement and have implications for human striatal diseases and therapies targeting striatal pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary cognitive roles for D2-MSNs and D1-MSNs in interval timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RBL2 represses the transcriptional activity of Multicilin to inhibit multiciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core pathophysiologic feature underlying many respiratory diseases is multiciliated cell dysfunction, leading to inadequate mucociliary clearance. Due to the prevalence and highly variable etiology of mucociliary dysfunction in respiratory diseases, it is critical to understand the mechanisms controlling multiciliogenesis that may be targeted to restore functional mucociliary clearance. Multicilin, in a complex with E2F4, is necessary and sufficient to drive multiciliogenesis in airway epithelia, however this does not apply to all cell types, nor does it occur evenly across all cells in the same cell population. In this study we further investigated how co-factors regulate the ability of Multicilin to drive multiciliogenesis. Combining data in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human bronchial epithelial cells, we identify RBL2 as a repressor of the transcriptional activity of Multicilin. Knockdown of RBL2 in submerged cultures or phosphorylation of RBL2 in response to apical air exposure, in the presence of Multicilin, allows multiciliogenesis to progress. These data demonstrate a dynamic interaction between RBL2 and Multicilin that regulates the capacity of cells to differentiate and multiciliate. Identification of this mechanism has important implications for facilitating MCC differentiation in diseases with impaired mucociliary clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kintner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RBL2 represses the transcriptional activity of Multicilin to inhibit multiciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Septal Circuits Govern Schizophrenic-Like Effects of Ketamine on Social Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia is marked by poor social functioning that can have a severe impact on quality of life and independence, but the underlying neural circuity is not well understood. Here we used a translational model of subanesthetic ketamine in mice to delineate neural pathways in the brain linked to social deficits in schizophrenia. Mice treated with chronic ketamine (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days) exhibit profound social and sensorimotor deficits as previously reported. Using three- dimensional c-Fos immunolabeling and volume imaging (iDISCO), we show that ketamine treatment resulted in hypoactivation of the lateral septum (LS) in response to social stimuli. Chemogenetic activation of the LS rescued social deficits after ketamine treatment, while chemogenetic inhibition of previously active populations in the LS (i.e. social engram neurons) recapitulated social deficits in ketamine-naive mice. We then examined the translatome of LS social engram neurons and found that ketamine treatment dysregulated genes implicated in neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which may contribute to LS hypoactivation. We also identified 38 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in common with human schizophrenia, including those involved in mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory pathways. Chemogenetic activation of LS social engram neurons induced downstream activity in the ventral part of the basolateral amygdala, subparafascicular nucleus of the thalamus, intercalated amygdalar nucleus, olfactory areas, and dentate gyrus, and it also reduces connectivity of the LS with the piriform cortex and caudate-putamen. In sum, schizophrenia-like social deficits may emerge via changes in the intrinsic excitability of a discrete subpopulation of LS neurons that serve as a central hub to coordinate social behavior via downstream projections to reward, fear extinction, motor and sensory processing regions of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thedens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Septal Circuits Govern Schizophrenic-Like Effects of Ketamine on Social Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMS provokes target-dependent intracranial rhythms across human cortical and subcortical sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly deployed in the treatment of neuropsychiatric illness, under the presumption that stimulation of specific cortical targets can alter ongoing neural activity and cause circuit-level changes in brain function. While the electrophysiological effects of TMS have been extensively studied with scalp electroencephalography (EEG), this approach is most useful for evaluating low-frequency neural activity at the cortical surface. As such, little is known about how TMS perturbs rhythmic activity among deeper structures - such as the hippocampus and amygdala - and whether stimulation can alter higher-frequency oscillations. Recent work has established that TMS can be safely used in patients with intracranial electrodes (iEEG), allowing for direct neural recordings at sufficient spatiotemporal resolution to examine localized oscillatory responses across the frequency spectrum. To that end, we recruited 17 neurosurgical patients with indwelling electrodes and recorded neural activity while patients underwent repeated trials of single-pulse TMS at several cortical sites. Stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) drove widespread low-frequency increases (3-8Hz) in frontolimbic cortices, as well as high-frequency decreases (30-110Hz) in frontotemporal areas, including the hippocampus. Stimulation to parietal cortex specifically provoked low-frequency responses in the medial temporal lobe. While most low-frequency activity was consistent with brief evoked responses, anterior frontal regions exhibited induced theta oscillations following DLPFC stimulation. Taken together, we established that non-invasive stimulation can (1) provoke a mixture of low-frequency evoked power and induced theta oscillations and (2) suppress high-frequency activity in deeper brain structures not directly accessed by stimulation itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solomon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitermarkt, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMS provokes target-dependent intracranial rhythms across human cortical and subcortical sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Human Regulatory Dendritic Cells from Cryopreserved Healthy Donor Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a significant complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), despite improved human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching and advances in prophylactic treatment regimens. Previous studies have shown promising results for future regulatory dendritic cell (DCreg) therapies in the amelioration of GVHD. This study evaluates the effects of cryopreservation on DCreg generation, generation of young and older DCreg in serum-free media, and the feasibility of DCreg generated from young and older HSCT donor monocytes. DCreg were generated in X-vivo 15 serum-free media from donor monocytes. Donors included young and older individuals, either healthy donors or HSCT patients. Phenotypic differences in cell populations were assessed via flow cytometry while pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production was evaluated in culture supernatants. The number of DCreg generated from cryopreserved monocytes of healthy donors was not significantly different from freshly isolated monocytes. DCreg generated from cryopreserved monocytes had similar levels of co-stimulatory molecule expression, inhibitory molecule expression, and cytokine production as freshly isolated monocytes. Young and older healthy donor monocytes generated similar numbers of DCreg with similar cytokine production and phenotype. Although monocytes from older HSCT patients produced significantly fewer DCreg, DCreg from young and older HSCT patients have a comparable phenotype and cytokine production. Monocytes from young and older myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients generated reduced numbers of DCreg compared to non-MDS monocytes. Results suggest cryopreservation of monocytes from many HSCT patients allows for cost effective generation of DCreg for the prevention and treatment of GVHD on an as needed basis. Although generation of DCreg from MDS patients require further assessment, these data support the possibility of in vitro generated DCreg as a therapy to reduce GVHD-associated morbidity and morbidity in young and older HSCT recipients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scroggins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlueter, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Human Regulatory Dendritic Cells from Cryopreserved Healthy Donor Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule nitroalkenes inhibit RAD51-mediated homologous recombination and amplify triple-negative breast cancer cell killing by DNA-directed therapies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitro fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are endogenously generated lipid signaling mediators from metabolic and inflammatory reactions between conjugated diene fatty acids and nitric oxide or nitrite-derived reactive species. NO2-FAs undergo reversible Michael addition with hyperreactive protein cysteine thiolates to induce posttranslational protein modifications that can impact protein function. Herein, we report a novel mechanism of action of natural and non-natural nitroalkenes structurally similar to (E) 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (CP-6), recently de-risked by preclinical Investigational New Drug-enabling studies and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials and found to induce DNA damage in a TNBC xenograft by inhibiting homologous-recombination (HR)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). CP-6 specifically targets Cys319, essential in RAD51-controlled HR-mediated DNA DSB repair in cells. A nitroalkene library screen identified two structurally different nitroalkenes, a non-natural fatty acid [(E) 8-nitro- nonadec-7-enoic acid (CP-8)] and a dicarboxylate ester [dimethyl (E)nitro-oct-4-enedioate (CP- 23)] superior to CP-6 in TNBC cells killing, synergism with three different inhibitors of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and {gamma}-IR. CP-8 and CP-23 effectively inhibited {gamma}-IR-induced RAD51 foci formation and HR in a GFP-reported assay but did not affect benign human epithelial cells or cell cycle phases. In vivo, CP-8 and CP-23s efficacies diverged as only CP-8 showed promising anticancer activities alone and combined with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in an HR-proficient TNBC mouse model. As preliminary preclinical toxicology analysis also suggests CP-8 as safe, our data endorse CP-8 as a novel anticancer molecule for treating cancers sensitive to homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/552990v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dcec56org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1202a09org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a7e7b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15d8925_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braden, d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoko, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcock, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uvale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salavatore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkness, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagunloye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEE, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schopfer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carola, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule nitroalkenes inhibit RAD51-mediated homologous recombination and amplify triple-negative breast cancer cell killing by DNA-directed therapies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Immunotherapy in Mice Prevents Maternal Hyperten-sion and Restores Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance in Ma-ternal and Fetal Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal-fetal morbidity world-wide.

The concept that persistent feto-placental intolerance is important in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PreE) has been demonstrated by our lab and others. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) infusion during pregnancy induces cardiovascular, renal, and T helper (TO_SCPLOWHC_SCPLOW) cell alterations in mice consistent with human PreE. In addition to their conventional immuno-stimulatory role, dendritic cells (DCs) also play a vital role in immune tolerance. In contrast to conventional DCs, regulatory DCs (DCregs) express low levels of co-stimulatory markers, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, induce T regulatory (Treg) cells, and promote tolerance. In mice, DCregs prevent pro-inflammatory responses and induce antigen-specific tolerance. Given these known functions of DCregs, we hypothesize that DCregs will prevent the development of AVP-induced PreE in mice. C57BL/6J females were infused with AVP (24 ng/hour) or saline throughout gestation via osmotic minipump. Bone marrow derived DCregs were injected into AVP-infused dams at the time of pump implantation or on gestational day (GD) 7. Blood pressure was taken throughout pregnancy. Maternal urine protein and TH-associated cytokines in maternal and fetal tissues were measured on GD 18. Treatment with DCregs effectively prevented the elevation of maternal blood pressure, proteinuria, and fetal growth restriction that was observed in AVP-infused dams. Furthermore, we noted a reduction in pro-inflammatory TH-associated cytokines IFN{gamma} and IL-17, while anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and TGF{beta} showed an increase following DCreg treatment. These outcomes provide strong evidence supporting the potential of DCregs as a valuable therapeutic approach in addressing PreE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scroggins, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scroggins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Immunotherapy in Mice Prevents Maternal Hyperten-sion and Restores Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance in Ma-ternal and Fetal Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efferent projections of Nps-expressing neurons in the parabrachial region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the brain, connectivity determines function. Neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) relay diverse information to widespread brain regions, but the connections and functions of PB neurons that express Nps (neuropeptide S) remain mysterious. Here, we use Cre-dependent anterograde tracing and whole-brain analysis to map their output connections. While many other PB neurons project ascending axons through the central tegmental tract, NPS axons reach the forebrain via distinct periventricular and ventral pathways. Along the periventricular pathway, NPS axons target the tectal longitudinal column and periaqueductal gray then continue rostrally to target the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Along the ventral pathway, NPS axons blanket much of the hypothalamus but avoid the ventromedial and mammillary nuclei. They also project prominently to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, A13 cell group, and magnocellular subparafasciular nucleus. In the hindbrain, NPS axons have fewer descending projections, targeting primarily the superior salivatory nucleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and periolivary region. Combined with what is known about NPS and its receptor, the output pattern of Nps-expressing neurons in the PB region predicts a role in threat response and circadian behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efferent projections of Nps-expressing neurons in the parabrachial region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Lipase Variant, T111I, Does Not Alter Inhibition by Angiopoietin-like Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High levels of HDL-C are correlated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL-C levels are modulated in part by the secreted phospholipase, endothelial lipase (EL), which hydrolyzes the phospholipids of HDL and decreases circulating HDL-C concentrations. A 584C/T polymorphism in LIPG, the gene which encodes EL, was first identified in individuals with increased HDL levels. This polymorphism results in a T111I point mutation the EL protein. The association between this variant, HDL levels, and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans has been extensively studied, but the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, we took a biochemical approach, investigating how the T111I variant affected EL activity, structure, and stability. Moreover, we tested whether the T111I variant altered the inhibition of phospholipase activity by angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), two known EL inhibitors. We found that neither the stability nor enzymatic activity of EL was altered by the T111I variant. Moreover, we found no difference between wild-type and T111I EL in their ability to be inhibited by ANGPTL proteins. These data suggest that any effect this variant may have on HDL-C levels or cardiovascular disease are not mediated through alterations in these functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sylvers-Davie, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierstedt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Lipase Variant, T111I, Does Not Alter Inhibition by Angiopoietin-like Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverted U-shaped brain development of cognitive control across the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control plays a pivotal role in guiding human goal-directed behavior. While existing studies have documented an inverted U-shaped trajectory of cognitive control both behaviorally and anatomically, little is known about the corresponding changes in functional brain activation with age. To bridge this gap, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 129 neuroimaging studies using conflict tasks, encompassing 3,388 participants aged from 5 to 85 years old. We have three major findings: 1) The inverted U-shaped trajectory is the predominant pattern; 2) Cognitive control-related brain regions exhibit heterogeneous lifespan trajectories: the frontoparietal control network follows inverted U-shaped trajectories, peaking between 24 and 40 years, while the dorsal attention network demonstrates no clear trajectories; 3) Both the youth and the elderly show weaker brain activities and greater left laterality than young to middle-aged adults. These results reveal the lifespan trajectories of cognitive control, highlighting heterogeneous fluctuations in brain networks with age.

Classification: Biological Sciences/Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverted U-shaped brain development of cognitive control across the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief excitotoxic insults cause a calpain-mediated increase in nuclear membrane permeability in neonatal neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal swelling after excitotoxic insults is implicated in neuronal injury and death in the developing brain, yet mitigating brain edema with osmotic and surgical interventions yields poor clinical outcomes. Importantly, neuronal swelling and its downstream consequences during early brain development remain poorly investigated. Using multiphoton Ca2+ imaging in vivo (P12-17) and in acute brain slices (P8-12), we explored Ca2+-dependent downstream effects after neuronal cytotoxic edema. We observed the translocation of cytosolic GCaMP6s into the nucleus of a subpopulation of neurons minutes after various excitotoxic insults. We used automated morphology-detection algorithms for neuronal segmentation and quantified the nuclear translocation of GCaMP6s as the ratio of nuclear and cytosolic intensity (N/C ratio). Elevated neuronal N/C ratios were correlated to higher Ca2+ loads and could occur independently of neuronal swelling. Electron microscopy revealed that the nuclear translocation was associated with increased nuclear pore size. Inhibiting calpains prevented elevated N/C ratios and neuronal swelling. Thus, our results indicate altered nuclear transport in a subpopulation of neurons shortly after injury in the developing brain, which can be used as an early biomarker of acute neuronal injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suryavanshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glykys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief excitotoxic insults cause a calpain-mediated increase in nuclear membrane permeability in neonatal neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular fingerprints in the hippocampus of alcohol seeking during withdrawal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by excessive alcohol seeking and use. Here, we investigated the molecular correlates of impaired extinction of alcohol seeking using a multidimentional mouse model of AUD. We distinguished AUD-prone and AUD-resistant mice, based on the presence of [&ge;] 2 or < 2 criteria of AUD and utilized RNA sequencing to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the hippocampus and amygdala of mice meeting [&ge;] 2 or < 2 criteria, as these brain regions are implicated in alcohol motivation, seeking, consumption and the cognitive inflexibility characteristic of AUD. Our findings revealed dysregulation of the genes associated with the actin cytoskeleton, including actin binding molecule cofilin, and impaired synaptic transmission in the hippocampi of mice meeting [&ge;] 2 criteria. Overexpression of cofilin in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus (PoDG) inhibited ML-DG synapses, increased motivation to seek alcohol and impaired extinction of alcohol seeking, resembling the phenotype observed in mice meeting [&ge;] 2 criteria. Overall, our study uncovers a novel mechanism linking increased hippocampal cofilin expression with the AUD phenotype.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=143 SRC="FIGDIR/small/554622v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b3fadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@141b1fdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c82b8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15a16ad_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skonieczna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gielniewski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harda, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cały, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havekes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwaska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular fingerprints in the hippocampus of alcohol seeking during withdrawal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying critical language planning regions with direct electrical brain stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many brain areas exhibit activity correlated with language planning1-9, but the impact of these dynamics on spoken interaction remains unclear. Here we use direct electrical stimulation to transiently perturb cortical function in neurosurgical patient-volunteers performing a question-answer task10. Stimulating structures involved in speech motor function evoked diverse articulatory deficits, while perturbations of caudal inferior and middle frontal gyri - which exhibit preparatory activity during conversational turn-taking - led to response errors. Perturbation of the same planning-related frontal regions slowed inter-speaker timing, while faster responses could result from stimulation of sites located in other areas. Taken together, these findings further indicate that caudal inferior and middle frontal gyri constitute a critical planning network essential for interactive language use1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellucci, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christianson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying critical language planning regions with direct electrical brain stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of photopolymerized topography influences neurite pathfinding by directing growth cone morphology and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear implants (CIs) provide auditory perception to those with profound sensorineural hearing loss: however, the quality of sound perceived by a CI user does not approximate natural hearing. This limitation is due in part to the large physical gap between the stimulating electrodes and their target neurons. Therefore, directing the controlled outgrowth of processes from spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) into close proximity to the electrode array could provide significantly increased hearing function. For this objective to be properly designed and implemented, the ability and limits of SGN neurites to be guided must first be determined. In this work, we engineered precise topographical microfeatures with angle turn challenges of various geometries to study SGN pathfinding. Additionally, we analyze sensory neurite growth in response to topographically patterned substrates and use live imaging to better understand how neurite growth is guided by these cues. In assessing the ability of neurites to sense and turn in response to topographical cues, we find that the geometry of the angled microfeatures determines the ability of neurites to navigate the angled microfeature turns. SGN neurite pathfinding fidelity can be increased by 20-70% through minor increases in microfeature amplitude (depth) and by 25% if the angle of the patterned turn is made more obtuse. Further, by using engineered topographies and live imaging of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs), we see that DRGN growth cones change their morphology and migration to become more elongated within microfeatures. However, our observations also indicate complexities in studying neurite turning. First, as the growth cone pathfinds in response to the various cues, the associated neurite often reorients across the angle topographical microfeatures. This reorientation is likely related to the tension the neurite shaft experiences when the growth cone elongates in the microfeature around a turn. Additionally, neurite branching is observed in response to topographical guidance cues, most frequently when turning decisions are most uncertain. Overall, the multi-angle channel micropatterned substrate is a versatile and efficient system to assess SGN neurite turning and pathfinding in response to topographical cues. These findings represent fundamental principles of neurite pathfinding that will be essential to consider for the design of 3D systems aiming to guide neurite growth in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vecchi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhomberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guymon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of photopolymerized topography influences neurite pathfinding by directing growth cone morphology and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival in macrophages induces enhanced virulence in Cryptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus is a ubiquitous environmental fungus and frequent colonizer of human lungs. Colonization can lead to diverse outcomes, from clearance to long-term colonization, and to life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Regardless of the outcome, the process starts with an encounter with phagocytes. Using the zebrafish model of this infection, we have noted that cryptococcal cells first spend time inside macrophages before they become capable of pathogenic replication and dissemination. What  licensing process takes place during this initial encounter, and how are licensed cryptococcal cells different? To address this, we isolated cryptococcal cells after phagocytosis by cultured macrophages and found these macrophage-experienced cells to be markedly more virulent in both zebrafish and mouse models. Despite producing a thick polysaccharide capsule, they were still subject to phagocytosis by macrophages in the zebrafish. Analysis of antigenic cell wall components in these licensed cells demonstrated that components of mannose and chitin are more available to staining than they are in culture-grown cells or cells with capsule production induced in vitro. Cryptococcus is capable of exiting or transferring between macrophages in vitro, raising the likelihood that this fungus alternates between intracellular and extracellular life during growth in the lungs. Our results raise the possibility that intracellular life has its advantages over time, and phagocytosis-induced alteration in mannose and chitin exposure is one way that makes subsequent rounds of phagocytosis more beneficial to the fungus.

IMPORTANCECryptococcosis begins in the lungs and can ultimately travel through the bloodstream to cause devastating infection in the central nervous system. In the zebrafish model, small amounts of cryptococcus inoculated into the bloodstream are initially phagocytosed, and become far more capable of dissemination after they exit macrophages. Similarly, survival in the mouse lung produces cryptococcal cell types with enhanced dissemination. In this study we have evaluated how phagocytosis changes the properties of Cryptococcus during pathogenesis. Macrophage experienced cells (MECs) become  licensed for enhanced virulence. They out-disseminate culture grown cells in the fish and out-compete non-MECs in the mouse lung. Analysis of their cell surface demonstrates that MECs have increased availability of cell wall components mannose and chitin--substances involved in provoking phagocytosis. These findings suggest how Cryptococcus might tune its cell surface to induce but survive repeated phagocytosis during early pathogenesis in the lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jezewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival in macrophages induces enhanced virulence in Cryptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A kidney-hypothalamus axis promotes compensatory glucose production in response to glycosuria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kidneys facilitate energy conservation through reabsorption of nutrients including glucose. Almost all the filtered blood glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys. Loss of glucose in urine (glycosuria) is offset by an increase in endogenous glucose production to maintain normal energy supply in the body. How the body senses this glucose loss and consequently enhances glucose production is unclear. Using renal Glut2 knockout mice, we demonstrate that elevated glycosuria activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which in turn drives endogenous glucose production. This phenotype was attenuated by selective afferent renal denervation, indicating the involvement of the afferent nerves in promoting the compensatory increase in glucose production. In addition, through plasma proteomics analyses we observed that acute phase proteins - which are usually involved in bodys defense mechanisms against a threat - were the top candidates which were either upregulated or downregulated in renal Glut2 KO mice. Overall, afferent renal nerves contribute to promoting endogenous glucose production in response to elevated glycosuria and loss of glucose in urine is sensed as a biological threat in mice. These findings may be useful in improving efficiency of drugs like SGLT2 inhibitors that are intended to treat hyperglycemia by enhancing glycosuria but are met with a compensatory increase in endogenous glucose production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faniyan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A kidney-hypothalamus axis promotes compensatory glucose production in response to glycosuria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor hypoxia has been shown to predict poor patient outcomes in several cancer types, partially because it reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We investigated whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to its impact on the tumor microbiome. We examined the RNA-seq data from the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) database of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated with radiotherapy. For each tumor, we identified microbial RNAs and related them to the hypoxic gene expression scores calculated from host mRNA. Our analysis showed that the hypoxia expression score predicted poor patient outcomes and identified tumors enriched with certain microbes such as Fusobacterium nucleatum. The presence of other microbes, such as Fusobacterium canifelinum, predicted poor patient outcomes, suggesting a potential interaction between hypoxia, the microbiome, and radiation response. To investigate this concept experimentally, we implanted CT26 CRC cells into both immune-competent BALB/c and immune-deficient athymic nude mice. After growth, where tumors passively acquired microbes from the gastrointestinal tract, we harvested tumors, extracted nucleic acids, and sequenced host and microbial RNAs. We stratified tumors based on their hypoxia score and performed metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial gene expression. In addition to hypoxia-trophic and -phobic microbial populations, analysis of microbial gene expression at the strain level showed expression differences based on the hypoxia score. Hypoxia appears to not only associate with different microbial populations but also elicit an adaptive transcriptional response in intratumoral microbes.

SIGNIFICANCETumor hypoxia reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We explored whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to interaction with the tumor microbiome. Hypoxic expression scores associated with certain microbes and elicited an adaptive transcriptional response in others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benej, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreamer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grencewicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benejova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papandreou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial-nuclear variation for metabolic plasticity with potential consequences for invasion success in New Zealand mud snails 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic rate is an emergent organismal trait that integrates energetic costs of living and influences species distributions and response to climate change. For ectotherms, metabolic rate is likely shaped by interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and environmental temperature. Variation in reproductive mode (e.g., asexual vs. sexual reproduction) can enhance or interfere with cross-generational transmission of these interactions, with implications for evolutionary responses to selection on standing genetic variation for metabolism-related traits. We leveraged known patterns of mitochondrial-nuclear discordance in a global invader, the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, to measure thermal plasticity of metabolic rate in invasive vs. native asexual lineages that combined multiple mitochondrial haplotypes with nuclear genomic variation from distinct lake populations. Native lineages harbored significant mitochondrial-nuclear variation for metabolic plasticity, with some genotypes maintaining low metabolic rates at high temperature. Invasive lineages contained only a small subset of this variation, with non-plastic and lower metabolic rates relative to native lineages at high temperature. Together, these data indicate that mitochondrial-nuclear-environment interactions contribute to variation in the metabolic rate of asexual lineages. Our results also demonstrate that invasive lineages have metabolic phenotypes that could facilitate successful colonization of aquatic habitats via decreased maintenance metabolism under high temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matoo, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montooth, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial-nuclear variation for metabolic plasticity with potential consequences for invasion success in New Zealand mud snails]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, and gall morphospace 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host shifts to new plants can drive speciation for plant-feeding insects, but how commonly do host shifts also drive diversification for the parasites of those same insects? Oak gall wasps induce galls on oak trees and shifts to novel tree hosts and new tree organs have been implicated as drivers of oak gall wasp speciation. Gall wasps are themselves attacked by many insect parasites, which must find their hosts on the correct tree species and organ, but which also must navigate the morphologically variable galls with which they interact. Thus, we ask whether host shifts to new trees, organs, or gall morphologies correlate with gall parasite diversification. We delimit species and infer phylogenies for two genera of gall kleptoparasites, Synergus and Ceroptres, reared from a variety of North American oak galls. We find that most species were reared from galls induced by just one gall wasp species, and no parasite species was reared from galls of more than four species. Most kleptoparasite divergence events correlate with shifts to non-ancestral galls. These shifts often involved changes in tree habitat, gall location, and gall morphology. Host shifts are thus implicated in driving diversification for both oak gall wasps and their kleptoparasitic associates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribull, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, and gall morphospace]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-Host Bayesian Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data of Leishmania Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host immune system plays a significant role in managing and clearing pathogen material during an infection, but this complex process presents numerous challenges from a modeling perspective. There are many mathematical and statistical models for these kinds of processes that take into account a wide range of events that happen within the host. In this work, we present a Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection that considers the interplay between key drivers of the disease process: pathogen load, antibody level, and disease. The longitudinal model also considers approximate inflammatory and regulatory immune factors. In addition to measuring antibody levels produced by the immune system, we adapt data from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, and expression of interleukin 10, interferon-gamma, and programmed cell death 1 as inflammatory or regulatory factors mediating the disease process. The model is developed using data collected from a cohort of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum. The cohort was chosen to start with healthy infected animals, and this is the majority of the data. The model also characterizes the relationship features of the longitudinal outcomes and time of death due to progressive Leishmania infection. In addition to describing the mechanisms causing disease progression and impacting the risk of death, we also present the models ability to predict individual trajectories of Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) progression. The within-host model structure we present here provides a way forward to address vital research questions regarding the understanding progression of complex chronic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease causing significant morbidity worldwide.

Author SummaryThe immune system is complex and its effectiveness against infection depends on a variety of host and pathogen factors. Despite numerous studies of Leishmania parasite infections, researchers are still discovering new connections between immune system components with hopes of better understanding how the immune system functions during Leishmania infection.

The development of tools for understanding, preventing, and predicting Leishmania infection outcomes is the main goal of this work. We present a computational model made using field-collected data during canine Leishmania infections. The model considers the interplay between three main components: parasite load, antibody level, and disease severity. The model explores how key inflammatory and regulatory elements of the immune response affect these main components, including T cell proliferation and important cytokine expressions such as protective interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) or inhibitory interleukin 10 (IL-10) [1]. Although the induction of CD4+ T helper 1 cell responses is considered essential for immunity against Leishmania, B cells and the production of Leishmania-specific antibodies have also been proposed to play an important role in disease progression [2]. In a simpler model, Pabon-Rodriguez et. al. [3] showed antibody levels are dependent on pathogen load and canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) disease presentation. These high levels of Leishmania specific antibodies are observed in subjects with visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and other severe forms of Leishmanial disease, and there is accumulating evidence that B cells and antibodies correlate with pathology [4]. In Section 1, we introduce Canine Leishmaniasis and discuss the importance of host-pathogen interaction with the immune response. Next, in Section 2, we introduce the data collection study, the variables utilized in this model, and define the clinical signs of Leishmania infection. In addition, this section explains how the presented model was constructed based on different techniques. A summary of model parameters, model implementation details, convergence diagnostics, and sensitivity analysis are also included. In Section 3, we provide summary results of how different model variables interact with one another and disease progression forecasts. In Section 4, we discuss the results and provide further recommendations and considerations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pabon-Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-Host Bayesian Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data of Leishmania Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MixOmics Integration of Biological Datasets Identifies Highly Correlated Key Variables of COVID-19 severity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite several years since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, challenges remain in understanding the factors that can predict the severity of COVID-19 disease and complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While many large-scale Multiomic datasets have been published, integration of these datasets has the potential to substantially increase the biological insight gained allowing a more complex comprehension of the disease pathogenesis. Such insight may improve our ability to predict disease progression, detect severe cases more rapidly and develop effective therapeutics.

MethodsIn this study we have applied an innovative machine learning algorithm to delineate COVID-severity based on integration of paired samples of proteomic and transcriptomic data from a small cohort of patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection with differential disease severity. Targeted plasma proteomics and an onco-immune targeted transcriptomic panel was performed on sequential samples from a cohort of 23 severe, 21 moderate and 10 mild COVID-19 patients. We applied DIABLO, a new integrative method, to identify multi-omics biomarker panels that can discriminate between multiple phenotypic groups, such as the varied severity of disease in COVID-19 patients.

ResultsAs COVID-19 severity is known among our sample group, we can train models using this as the outcome variable and calculate features that are important predictors of severe disease. In this study, we detect highly correlated key variables of severe COVID-19 using transcriptomic discriminant analysis and multi-omics integration methods.

ConclusionsThis approach highlights the power of data integration from a small cohort of patients offering a better biological understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving COVID-19 severity and an opportunity to improve prediction of disease trajectories and targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harriott, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MixOmics Integration of Biological Datasets Identifies Highly Correlated Key Variables of COVID-19 severity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the murine dorsal pons at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "dorsal pons", or "dorsal pontine tegmentum" (dPnTg), is part of the brainstem. It is a complex, densely packed region whose nuclei are involved in regulating many vital functions. Notable among them are the parabrachial nucleus, the Kolliker Fuse, the Barrington nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the dorsal, laterodorsal, and ventral tegmental nuclei. In this study, we applied single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) to resolve neuronal subtypes based on their unique transcriptional profiles and then used multiplexed error robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH) to map them spatially. We sampled [~]1 million cells across the dPnTg and defined the spatial distribution of over 120 neuronal subtypes. Our analysis identified an unpredicted high transcriptional diversity in this region and pinpointed many neuronal subtypes unique marker genes. We also demonstrated that many neuronal subtypes are transcriptionally similar between humans and mice, enhancing this studys translational value. Finally, we developed a freely accessible, GPU and CPU-powered dashboard (http://harvard.heavy.ai:6273/) that combines interactive visual analytics and hardware-accelerated SQL into a data science framework to allow the scientific community to query and gain insights into the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nardone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klymko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoloutsopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsalem, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veregge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grippo, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrigoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstegen, A. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saper, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowell, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the murine dorsal pons at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Erdr1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and determines cell fate via dynamic interaction with YAP1 and Mid1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) is a stress-induced, widely distributed, extremely conserved secreted factor found in both humans and mice. Erdr1 is highly linked with the Hippo-YAP1 signaling. Initially identified as an inducer of hemoglobin synthesis, it has emerged as a multifunctional protein, especially in immune cells. Although Erdr1 has been implicated in T cells and NK cell function, its role in macrophage remains unclear. This study aims to explore the function and mechanism of Erdr1 in IL-1{beta} production in macrophages. Data manifest Erdr1 could play an inhibition role in IL-1{beta} production, which also has been reported by previous research. What significance is we discovered Erdr1 can promote IL-1{beta} production which is associated with Erdr1 dose and cell density. We observed that Erdr1 was inhibited in pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages but was upregulated in anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages compared to naive macrophages. We hypothesized that Erdr1 dual drives and modulates IL-1{beta} production by binding with distinct adaptors via concentration change. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Erdr1 dual regulates IL-1{beta} production by dynamic interaction with YAP1 and Mid1 by distinct domains. Erdr1-YAP1 interplay mediates macrophage M2 polarization by promoting an anti-inflammatory response, enhancing catabolic metabolism, and leading to sterile cell death. Whereas, Erdr1-Mid1 interplay mediates macrophage M1 polarization by initiating a pro-inflammatory response, facilitating anabolic metabolism, and causing inflammatory cell death. This study highlights Erdr1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and determines cell date by regulating YAP1 through non-classical Hippo pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.557960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Erdr1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and determines cell fate via dynamic interaction with YAP1 and Mid1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced ISGylation reduces respiratory distress following Francisella novicida infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein induced by viral and bacterial infection. ISG15 covalently modifies host and pathogenic proteins in a process called ISGylation. Yet, the consequences of ISGylation on protein fate and function remain to be determined. Here we sought to assess whether ISGylation would be protective following bacterial pneumonia caused by Francisella novicida. We found that infection with F. novicida induces ISGylation both in vitro in macrophages and in vivo in the lung, liver, and spleen of mice infected intranasally. Surprisingly, ISG15 and ISGylation do not affect bacterial burden in the lung in vivo, but in a model of enhanced ISGylation (usp18C61A/C61A) mice have decreased respiratory distress relative to Isg15-/- animals. In order to understand the mechanism which underlies this phenotype, we mapped the ISGylome of F. novicida-infected mouse lungs using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and identified enrichment in ISGylation of proteins involved in the innate immune response and cytosolic nucleotide signaling. We validated ISGylation of the sterile alpha motif and HD-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) via immunoprecipitation. SAMHD1 depletes cytosolic dinucleotide stores critical for retroviral replication but it is unknown how its activity could affect bacterial infection. Structure-function analysis indicates that ISG15 modification sites in usp18C61A/C61A mice could prevent SAMHD1 dimerization and therefore abrogate function. Accordingly, deletion of SAMHD1 in fibroblasts with enhanced ISGylation reduces bacterial load. Taken together, unchecked ISGylation plays a protective role in F. novicida infection in vivo through improved respiratory function. Thus, inhibiting USP18 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for both viral and bacterial pneumonia.

Author summaryFrancisella tularensis is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the disease tularemia, which can result in severe respiratory infection if as few as ten bacteria are inhaled. Our cells have many ways of managing infections, including the production of proteins designed to fight off foreign pathogens. One protein produced following infection is the interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like molecule, meaning that it can be chemically attached to other proteins. When bound ISG15 changes the stability, interacting partners, or function of its target in a process termed ISGylation. Here we show that ISG15 is produced following infection with Francisella. We found that enhanced ISGylation led to less severe respiratory symptoms. To better understand the mechanism by which ISGylation protects from infection we identified the ISG15-modified proteins in the lung using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. We found protein targets that are involved in the control of immune signaling pathways including sterile alpha motif and HD-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) which, when deleted in cells with enhanced ISGylation, leads to better bacterial clearance. Together, we show that enhanced ISGylation plays a protective role following bacterial pneumonia, indicating that targeting this pathway could prove a beneficial therapeutic in both bacterial and viral respiratory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhmann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripley, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced ISGylation reduces respiratory distress following Francisella novicida infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative dynamics of gene expression during in vitro and in vivo Candida albicans filamentation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is one of them most common causes of fungal disease in humans and is a commensal member of the human microbiome. The ability of C. albicans to cause disease is tightly correlated with its ability to undergo a morphological transition from budding yeast to a filamentous form (hyphae and pseudohyphae). This morphological transition is accompanied by the induction of a set of well characterized hyphae-associated genes and transcriptional regulators. To date, the vast majority of data regarding this process has been based on in vitro studies of filamentation using a range of inducing conditions. Recently, we developed an in vivo imaging approach that allows the direct characterization of morphological transition during mammalian infection. Here, we couple this imaging assay with in vivo expression profiling to characterize the time course of in vivo filamentation and the accompanying changes in gene expression. We also compare in vivo observations to in vitro filamentation using a medium (RPMI 1640 tissue culture medium with 10% bovine calf serum) widely used to mimic host conditions. From these data, we make the following conclusions regarding in vivo and in vitro filamentation. First, the transcriptional programs regulating filamentation are rapidly induced in vitro and in vivo. Second, the tempo of filamentation in vivo is prolonged relative to in vitro filamentation and the period of high expression of genes associated with that process is also prolonged. Third, hyphae are adapting to changing infection environments after filamentation has reached steady-state.

ImportanceCandida albicans filamentation is correlated with virulence and is an intensively studied aspect of C. albicans biology. The vast majority of studies on C. albicans filamentation are based on in vitro induction of hyphae and pseudohyphae. Here we used an in vivo filamentation assay and in vivo expression profiling to compare the tempo of morphogenesis and gene expression between in vitro and in vivo filamentation. Although the hyphal gene expression profile is induced rapidly in both conditions, it remains stably expressed over the 24hr time course in vivo while the expression of other environmentally responsive genes is dynamic. As such, it is important to regard the filamentation process as a separate growth phase of C. albicans that is as adaptable to changing growth conditions as the more familiar yeast phase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative dynamics of gene expression during in vitro and in vivo Candida albicans filamentation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term statin treatment reduces, and long-term statin treatment abolishes chronic vascular injury by radiation therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe incidental use of statins during radiation therapy has been associated with a reduced long-term risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

ObjectivesDetermine if irradiation causes chronic vascular injury and whether short-term administration of statins during and after irradiation is sufficient to prevent chronic injury compared to long-term administration.

MethodsC57Bl/6 mice were pretreated with pravastatin for 72 hours and then exposed to 12 Gy x-ray head-and-neck irradiation. Subsequently, they received pravastatin either for one additional day or for one year. Carotid arteries were tested for vascular reactivity and altered gene expression one year after irradiation.

ResultsTreatment with pravastatin for 24 hours reduced the loss of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and protected against enhanced vasoconstriction after IR. It reduced the expression of some markers associated with inflammation and oxidative stress and modulated that of subunits of the voltage and Ca2+ activated K+ (BK) channel in the carotid artery one year after irradiation. Treatment with pravastatin for one year completely reversed the changes caused by irradiation.

ConclusionsIn mice, short-term administration of pravastatin is sufficient to reduce chronic vascular injury after irradiation. Long-term administration eliminates the effects of irradiation. These findings suggest that a prospective treatment strategy involving statins could be effective in patients undergoing radiation therapy. The optimal duration of treatment in humans has yet to be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ait-Aissa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemmensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term statin treatment reduces, and long-term statin treatment abolishes chronic vascular injury by radiation therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-induced gene expression in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct electrical stimulation (eSTIM) is widely used clinically, from neurosurgical mapping to therapeutic interventions for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders1-10. Despite over a century of application, its molecular and cellular underpinnings remain unknown. Here, using state-of-the-art single-nuclei multiomic profiling, we map changes in cell-type-specific gene expression and chromatin accessibility in vivo in the human cortex following eSTIM of neurosurgery patients. eSTIM impacts a network of cells that extends beyond excitatory neurons to include inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. We observed an upregulation of canonical immediate-early genes (IEGs: FOS, NPAS4, EGR4) in excitatory and inhibitory neurons and induction of cytokine-related genes CCL3 and CCL4 in microglia. The cross-species conservation of this gene signature, together with our examination of a cohort of both epilepsy and cancer patients, underscores the fundamental role of these changes in stimulation-driven plasticity while controlling for disease and environmental confounds. Our study of changes in chromatin accessibility reveals a common code that involves a cell-type specific signature of transcription factor binding motifs for members of the EGR family. By addressing these previously unexplored questions about activity-induced gene expression in vivo in the human brain, our findings challenge the long-standing neuron-centric view of eSTIM, highlighting the broader role of non-neuronal cells, including microglia, in mediating the impact of brain stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocsis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-induced gene expression in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Assessment of Morphological Changes in Lipid Droplets and Lipid-Mito Interactions with Aging in Brown Adipose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are defined by the presence of multilocular lipid droplets (LD) within the brown adipocytes and a high abundance of iron-containing mitochondria, which give it its characteristic color. Normal mitochondrial function is, in part, regulated by organelle-to-organelle contacts. Particularly, the contact sites that mediate mitochondria-LD interactions are thought to have various physiological roles, such as the synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Aging is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and previous studies show that there are changes in mitochondrial structure and proteins that modulate organelle contact sites. However, how mitochondria-LD interactions change with aging has yet to be fully clarified. Therefore, we sought to define age-related changes in LD morphology and mitochondria-lipid interactions in BAT. We examined the three-dimensional morphology of mitochondria and LDs in young (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT using serial block face-scanning electron microscopy and the Amira program for segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Analysis showed reductions in LD volume, area, and perimeter in aged samples compared to young samples. Additionally, we observed changes in LD appearance and type in aged samples compared to young samples. Notably, we found differences in mitochondrial interactions with LDs, which could implicate that these contacts may be important for energetics in aging. Upon further investigation, we also found changes in mitochondrial and cristae structure for mitochondria interacting with LD lipids. Overall, these data define the nature of LD morphology and organelle-organelle contacts during aging and provide insight into LD contact site changes that interconnect biogerontology and mitochondrial functionality, metabolism, and bioactivity in aged BAT.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/559135v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e5b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e965e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@120c7e9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@124bfb5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract

Workflow highlighting the process of murine interscapular BAT extraction, processing and imaging serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy and using Amira software for 3D reconstruction of LDs and mitochondrial lipid contact sites to elucidate their structure across aging.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeleke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Assessment of Morphological Changes in Lipid Droplets and Lipid-Mito Interactions with Aging in Brown Adipose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An enhancer RNA recruits MLL1 to regulate transcription of Myb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Myb proto-oncogene encodes the transcription factor c-MYB, which is critical for hematopoiesis. Distant enhancers of Myb form a hub of interactions with the Myb promoter. We identified a long non-coding RNA (Myrlin) originating from the -81 kb murine Myb enhancer. Myrlin and Myb are coordinately regulated during erythroid differentiation. Myrlin TSS deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 reduced Myrlin and Myb expression and LDB1 complex occupancy at the Myb enhancers, compromising enhancer contacts and reducing RNA Pol II occupancy in the locus. In contrast, CRISPRi silencing of Myrlin left LDB1 and the Myb enhancer hub unperturbed, although Myrlin and Myb expression were downregulated, decoupling transcription and chromatin looping. Myrlin interacts with the MLL1 complex. Myrlin CRISPRi compromised MLL1 occupancy in the Myb locus, decreasing CDK9 and RNA Pol II binding and resulting in Pol II pausing in the Myb first exon/intron. Thus, Myrlin directly participates in activating Myb transcription by recruiting MLL1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leadem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivega, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An enhancer RNA recruits MLL1 to regulate transcription of Myb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Host Restriction Factors Critical for Recombinant AAV Transduction of Polarized Human Airway Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant (r)AAV2.5T was selected from the directed evolution of an AAV capsid library in human airway epithelium (HAE). The capsid gene of rAAV2.5T is a chimera of the N-terminal unique coding sequence of AAV2 VP1 unique (VP1u) and the VP2- and VP3-coding sequence of AAV5 with a single amino acid mutation of A581T. We conducted two rounds of genome wide CRISPR gRNA library screening for host factors limiting rAAV2.5T transduction in HeLa S3 cells. The screen identified several genes that are critical for rAAV2.5T transduction in HeLa S3 cells, including previously reported genes KIAA0319L, TM9SF2, VPS51, and VPS54, as well as a novel gene WDR63. We verified the role of KIAA0319L and WDR63 in rAAV2.5T transduction of polarized HAE by utilizing CRISPR gene knockouts. Although KIAA0319L, a proteinaceous receptor for multiple AAV serotypes, played an essential role in rAAV2.5T transduction of polarized HAE either from apical or basolateral side, our findings demonstrated that the internalization of rAAV2.5T was independent of KIAA0319L. Importantly, we confirmed WDR63 is an important player in rAAV2.5T transduction of HAE, while not being involved in vector internalization and nuclear entry. Furthermore, we identified that the basal stem cells of HAE can be significantly transduced by rAAV2.5T.

SignificanceThe essential steps of a successful gene delivery by rAAV include vector internalization, intracellular trafficking, nuclear import, uncoating, double-stranded (ds)DNA conversion, and transgene expression. rAAV2.5T has a chimeric capsid of AAV2 VP1u and AAV5 VP2 and VP3 with the mutation A581T. Our investigation revealed that KIAA0319L, the multiple AAV serotype receptor, is not essential for vector internalization but remains critical for efficient vector transduction to human airway epithelia. Additionally, we identified that a novel gene WDR63, whose cellular function is not well understood, plays an important role in vector transduction of human airway epithelia but not vector internalization and nuclear entry. Our study also discovered the substantial transduction potential of rAAV2.5T in basal stem cells of human airway epithelia, underscoring its utility in gene editing of human airways. Thus, the knowledge derived from this study holds promise for the advancement of gene therapy in the treatment of pulmonary genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Host Restriction Factors Critical for Recombinant AAV Transduction of Polarized Human Airway Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of antigenic drift in the fusion machinery core of SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic drift of SARS-CoV-2 is typically defined by mutations in the N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain of spike protein. In contrast, whether antigenic drift occurs in the S2 domain remains largely elusive. Here, we perform a deep mutational scanning experiment to identify S2 mutations that affect binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike to three S2 apex public antibodies. Our results indicate that spatially diverse mutations, including D950N and Q954H, which are observed in Delta and Omicron variants, respectively, weaken the binding of spike to these antibodies. Although S2 apex antibodies are known to be non-neutralizing, we show that they confer partial protection in vivo. We further demonstrate that such in vivo protection activity is diminished by the natural mutation D950N. Overall, this study indicates that the S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike can undergo antigenic drift, which represents a potential challenge for the development of more universal coronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matreyek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L.-Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of antigenic drift in the fusion machinery core of SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-clinical Evaluation of Biomarkers for Early Detection of Nephrotoxicity Following Alpha-particle Radioligand Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeCancer treatment with alpha-emitter-based radioligand therapies (-RLTs) demonstrates promising tumor responses. Radiolabeled peptides are filtered through glomeruli, followed by potential reabsorption of a fraction by proximal tubules, which may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Because tubular cells are considered the primary site of radiopeptides renal reabsorption and potential injury, the current use of kidney biomarkers of glomerular functional loss limits the evaluation of possible nephrotoxicity and its early detection. This study aimed to investigate whether urinary secretion of tubular injury biomarkers could be used as additional non-invasive sensitive diagnostic tool to identify unrecognizable tubular damage and risk of long-term -RLTs nephrotoxicity.

MethodsA bifunctional cyclic peptide, melanocortin ligand-1(MC1L), labeled with [203Pb]Pb-MC1L, was used for [212Pb]Pb-MC1L biodistribution and absorbed dose measurements in CD-1 Elite mice. Mice were treated with [212Pb]Pb-MC1L in a dose escalation study up to levels of radioactivity intended to induce kidney injury. The approach enabled prospective kidney functional and injury biomarker evaluation and late kidney histological analysis to validate these biomarkers.

ResultsBiodistribution analysis identified [212Pb]Pb-MC1L reabsorption in kidneys with a dose deposition of 2.8, 8.9, and 20 Gy for 0.9, 3.0, and 6.7 MBq injected [212Pb]Pb-MC1L doses, respectively. As expected, mice receiving 6.7 MBq had significant weight loss and CKD evidence based on serum creatinine, cystatin C, and kidney histological alterations 28 weeks after treatment. A dose-dependent urinary Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, tubular injury biomarker) urinary excretion the day after [212Pb]Pb-MC1L treatment highly correlated with the severity of late tubulointerstitial injury and histological findings.

Conclusionurine NGAL secretion could be a potential early diagnostic tool to identify unrecognized tubular damage and predict long-term -RLT-related nephrotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Planells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Martinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoral-Andrade, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagastume, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn-Peirano, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda-Orozco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-clinical Evaluation of Biomarkers for Early Detection of Nephrotoxicity Following Alpha-particle Radioligand Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced spine stability and survival lead to increases in dendritic spine density as an early response to local alpha-synuclein overexpression in mouse prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lewy Body Dementias (LBD), including Parkinsons disease dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, are characterized by widespread accumulation of intracellular alpha-Synuclein protein deposits in regions beyond the brainstem, including in the cortex. Patients with LBDs develop cognitive changes, including abnormalities in executive function, attention, hallucinations, slowed processing, and cognitive fluctuations. The causes of these non-motor symptoms remain unclear; however, accumulation of alpha-Synuclein aggregates in the cortex and subsequent interference of synaptic and cellular function could contribute to psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. It is unknown how the cortex responds to local pathology in the absence of significant secondary effects of alpha-Synuclein pathology in the brainstem. To investigate this, we employed viral overexpression of human alpha-Synuclein protein targeting the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC). We then used in vivo 2-photon microscopy to image awake head-fixed mice via an implanted chronic cranial window to assess the early consequences of alpha-Synuclein overexpression in the weeks following overexpression. We imaged apical tufts of Layer V pyramidal neurons in the PFC of Thy1-YFP transgenic mice at 1-week intervals from 1-2 weeks before and 9 weeks following viral overexpression, allowing analysis of dynamic changes in dendritic spines. We found an increase in the relative dendritic spine density following local overexpression of alpha-Synuclein, beginning at 5 weeks post-injection, and persisting for the remainder of the study. We found that alpha-Synuclein overexpression led to an increased percentage and longevity of newly-persistent spines, without significant changes in the total density of newly formed or eliminated spines. A follow up study utilizing confocal microscopy revealed that the increased spine density is found in cortical cells within the alpha-Synuclein injection site, but negative for alpha-Synuclein phosphorylation at Serine-129, highlighting the potential for effects of dose and local circuits on spine survival. These findings have important implications for the physiological role and early pathological stages of alpha-Synuclein in the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warwick, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced spine stability and survival lead to increases in dendritic spine density as an early response to local alpha-synuclein overexpression in mouse prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-specific selective vulnerability and neuroimmune pathways in dementia revealed by single cellgenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractThe development of successful therapeutics for dementias requires an understanding of their shared and distinct molecular features in the human brain. We performed single-nuclear RNAseq and ATACseq in Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), analyzing 40 participants, yielding over 1.4M cells from three brain regions ranging in vulnerability and pathological burden. We identify 35 shared disease-associated cell types and 14 that are disease-specific, replicating those previously identified in AD. Disease-specific cell states represent molecular features of disease-specific glial-immune mechanisms and neuronal vulnerability in each disorder, layer 4/5 intra-telencephalic neurons in AD, layer 2/3 intra-telencephalic neurons in FTD, and layer 5/6 near-projection neurons in PSP. We infer intrinsic disease-associated gene regulatory networks, which we empirically validate by chromatin footprinting. We find that causal genetic risk acts in specific neuronal and glial cells that differ across disorders, primarily non-neuronal cells in AD and specific neuronal subtypes in FTD and PSP. These data illustrate the heterogeneous spectrum of glial and neuronal composition and gene expression alterations in different dementias and identify new therapeutic targets by revealing shared and disease-specific cell states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rexach, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polioudakis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molhatra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-specific selective vulnerability and neuroimmune pathways in dementia revealed by single cellgenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident Synovial Macrophages in Synovial Fluid: Implications for Immunoregulation in Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesResident synovial macrophages (RSM) provide immune sequestration of the joint space and are likely involved in initiation and perpetuation of the joint-specific immune response. We sought to identify RSM in synovial fluid (SF) and demonstrate migratory ability, in additional to functional changes that may perpetuate a chronic inflammatory response within joint spaces.

MethodsWe recruited human patients presenting with undifferentiated arthritis in multiple clinical settings. We used flow cytometry to identify mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and SF. We used a novel transwell migration assay with human ex-vivo synovium obtained intra-operatively to validate flow cytometry findings. We used single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to further identify macrophage/monocyte subsets. ELISA was used to evaluate the bone-resorption potential of SF.

ResultsWe were able to identify a rare population of CD14dim, OPG+, ZO-1+ cells consistent with RSM in SF via flow cytometry. These cells were relatively enriched in the SF during infectious processes, but absolutely decreased compared to healthy controls. Similar putative RSM were identified using ex vivo migration assays when MCP-1 and LPS were used as migratory stimulus. scRNA-seq revealed a population consistent with RSM transcriptionally related to CD56+ cytotoxic dendritic cells and IDO+ M2 macrophages.

ConclusionWe identified a rare cell population consistent with RSM, indicating these cells are likely migratory and able to initiate or coordinate both acute (septic) or chronic (autoimmune or inflammatory) arthritis. RSM analysis via scRNA-seq indicated these cells are M2 skewed, capable of antigen presentation, and have consistent functions in both septic and inflammatory arthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cyndari, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, B. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahachi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oviedo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessoa-Pereira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausdal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbrandsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willey, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident Synovial Macrophages in Synovial Fluid: Implications for Immunoregulation in Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaCO3 Nanoparticles Delivering MicroRNA-200c Suppress Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNA (miR)-200c suppresses the initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most prevalent head and neck cancer with high recurrence, metastasis, and mortality rates. However, miR-200c-based gene therapy to inhibit OSCC growth and metastasis has yet to be reported. To develop an miR-based gene therapy to improve the outcomes of OSCC treatment, this study investigates the feasibility of plasmid DNA encoding miR-200c delivered via non-viral CaCO3-based nanoparticles to inhibit OSCC tumor growth. CaCO3-based nanoparticles with various ratios of CaCO3 and protamine sulfate (PS) were utilized to transfect pDNA encoding miR-200c into OSCC cells and the efficiency of these nanoparticles was evaluated. The proliferation, migration, and associated oncogene production, as well as in vivo tumor growth for OSCC cells overexpressing miR-200c were also quantified. It was observed that, while CaCO3-based nanoparticles improve transfection efficiencies of pDNA miR-200c, the ratio of CaCO3 to PS significantly influences the transfection efficiency. Overexpression of miR-200c significantly reduced proliferation, migration, and oncogene expression of OSCC cells, as well as the tumor size of cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) in mice. In addition, a local administration of pDNA miR-200c using CaCO3 delivery significantly enhanced miR-200c transfection and suppressed tumor growth of CDX in mice. These results strongly indicate that the nanocomplexes of CaCO3/pDNA miR-200c may potentially be used to reduce oral cancer recurrence and metastasis and improve clinical outcomes in OSCC treatment. (227 words)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remy, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchakjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaCO3 Nanoparticles Delivering MicroRNA-200c Suppress Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture and rearrangements of a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sperm-specific sodium hydrogen exchanger, SLC9C1, underlies hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide stimulated proton fluxes across sperm membranes and regulates their hyperactivated motility. SLC9C1 is the first known instance of an ion transporter that uses a canonical voltage-sensing domain (VSD) and an evolutionarily conserved cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) to influence the dynamics of its ion-exchange domain (ED). The structural organization of this  tripartite transporter and the mechanisms whereby it integrates physical (membrane voltage) and chemical (cyclic nucleotide) cues are unknown. In this study, we use single particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of a metazoan SLC9C1 in different conformational states. We find that the three structural domains are uniquely organized around a distinct ring-shaped scaffold that we call the  allosteric ring domain or ARD. The ARD undergoes coupled proton-dependent rearrangements with the ED and acts as a  signaling hub enabling allosteric communication between the key functional modules of sp9C1. We demonstrate that binding of cAMP causes large conformational changes in the cytoplasmic domains and disrupts key ARD-linked interfaces. We propose that these structural changes rescue the transmembrane domains from an auto-inhibited state and facilitate their functional dynamics. Our study provides a structural framework to understand and further probe electrochemical linkage in SLC9C1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture and rearrangements of a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroprotective Effects of Naltrexone in a Mouse Model of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) induces neuroinflammatory responses that can initiate epileptogenesis, which develops into epilepsy. Recently, we identified the anti-convulsive effects of naltrexone, a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist. While blocking opioid receptors can reduce inflammation, it is unclear if post-TBI epileptogenesis can be prevented by blocking MORs. Here, we tested if naltrexone prevents neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis post-TBI. TBI was induced by a modified Marmarau Weight-Drop (WD) method applied to four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice. Mice were given the pro-convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on day two post-injury while telemetry-monitored mice received PTZ on day five. Naltrexone/vehicle treatment started two hours after PTZ. Integrated EEG-video (vEEG) recorded interictal events and spontaneous seizures for three months. Molecular, histological and neuroimaging techniques were used to evaluate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration both acutely and chronically. Peripheral immune responses were assessed through serum chemokine/cytokine measurements. We observed increases in MOR expression, nitro-oxidative stress, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, microgliosis, neurodegeneration, and white matter damage in the neocortex of TBI mice. vEEG revealed increased interictal events in TBI mice, with 71% developing epilepsy. Naltrexone ameliorated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, reduced interictal events and prevented epilepsy, illustrating that naltrexone is a promising drug to prevent TBI-associated neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in post-traumatic epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiarks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thedens, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keffala-Gerhard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glykys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroprotective Effects of Naltrexone in a Mouse Model of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young people and can cause cognitive and motor dysfunction and disruptions in functional connectivity between brain regions. In human TBI patients and rodent models of TBI, functional connectivity is decreased after injury. Recovery of connectivity after TBI is associated with improved cognition and memory, suggesting an important link between connectivity and functional outcome. We examined widespread alterations in functional connectivity following TBI using simultaneous widefield mesoscale GCaMP7c calcium imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) in mice injured using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Combining CCI with widefield cortical imaging provides us with unprecedented access to characterize network connectivity changes throughout the entire injured cortex over time. Our data demonstrate that CCI profoundly disrupts functional connectivity immediately after injury, followed by partial recovery over 3 weeks. Examining discrete periods of locomotion and stillness reveals that CCI alters functional connectivity and reduces theta power only during periods of behavioral stillness. Together, these findings demonstrate that TBI causes dynamic, behavioral state-dependent changes in functional connectivity and ECoG activity across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bottom-Tanzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noubary, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.560776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and pharmacologic alterations of claudin9 levels suffice to induce functional and mature inner hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory deficit. It occurs predominantly due to hair cell (HC) loss. Mammalian HCs are terminally differentiated by birth, making HC loss challenging to replace. Here, we show the pharmacogenetic downregulation of Cldn9, a tight junction protein, generates robust supernumerary inner HCs (IHCs) in mice. The ectopic IHC shared functional and synaptic features akin to typical IHCs and were surprisingly and remarkably preserved for at least fifteen months >50% of the mouses life cycle. In vivo, Cldn9 knockdown using shRNA on postnatal days (P) P2-7 yielded analogous functional ectopic IHCs that were equally durably conserved. The findings suggest that Cldn9 levels coordinate embryonic and postnatal HC differentiation, making it a viable target for altering IHC development pre- and post-terminal differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Flores, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peguero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersigo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friztsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamoah, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and pharmacologic alterations of claudin9 levels suffice to induce functional and mature inner hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An osmolarity dependent mechanism partially ameliorates retinal cysts and rescues cone function in a mouse model of X-linked Retinoschisis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionX-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a vitreoretinal dystrophy caused by RS1 gene mutations which disrupt retinoschisin protein function. A vital protein for maintaining retinal architecture, the absence of functional retinoschisin leads to the development of intraretinal cysts. The preliminary goal of this study was to investigate a low dose gene therapy in Rs1 knockout (Rs1-KO) mice; however, our experiments revealed an unexpected therapeutic effect of a hypertonic buffer, which led to further exploration of this effect.

Methods10 Rs1-KO mice were subretinally injected with an AAV2/4 vector containing the RS1 gene driven by an Ef1 promoter. 16 Rs1-KO mice were subretinally injected with a hypertonic buffer (180 mM NaCl 0.001% F68/PBS (pH 7.4)) or an isotonic buffer (155.2 mM NaCl 0.001% F68/PBS, pH 7.0) as a sham control. Endpoints included electroretinogram (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and a visually guided swim assay (VGSA). An immunohistochemistry assay was used to quantify cone density in buffer injected and treatment-naive eyes.

ResultsUnexpectedly, hypertonic buffer-injected eyes had significantly reduced cyst severity at 1 month post-injection (MPI) (p=<0.0001), significantly higher amplitudes in cone-dominant ERGs persisting to 5 months post-injection (5 Hz flicker; p=0.0018; 3.0 Flash; p=0.0060) and demonstrated improved navigational vision in the light compared to untreated Rs1-KO eyes (p<0.0001). To investigate the role of tonicity on this effect, an isotonic buffer-injected cohort was created (155.2 mM NaCl 0.001% F68/PBS, pH 7.0) (n=6). Surprisingly, hypertonic buffer-injected eyes exhibited a greater reduction in cyst severity and demonstrated improved cone-dominant ERG metrics over isotonic buffer-injected eyes. Using an immunohistochemistry assay, we demonstrated greater cone density in hypertonic buffer-injected eyes than untreated controls (p=0.0147), suggesting a possible cone preservation mechanism. Moreover, our findings reveal a negative correlation between the peak severity of cysts and long-term cone-dominant ERG metrics, implying that effectively managing cysts could yield enduring benefits for cone function.

Discussion/ConclusionThis study presents evidence that cyst resolution can be triggered through an osmosis-dependent pathway, and cyst resolution can have long term effects on cone signaling and survival, offering potential insights for the development of novel treatments for patients with XLRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmanek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobeck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An osmolarity dependent mechanism partially ameliorates retinal cysts and rescues cone function in a mouse model of X-linked Retinoschisis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biodistribution Analysis of Peptide-Coated Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: A Simple and Quantitative Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodistribution is the tracking of compounds or molecules of interest in the subject which is integral to understanding their anticipated efficacy and safety. Nanoparticles are highly desirable delivery systems which have the ability to deliver higher nucleic acid and drug payloads and they have enhanced tumor permeability due to their unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio. Studying the biodistribution of nanoparticles is crucial to understand their effectiveness and safety in vivo, facilitate a more application driven approach for nanoparticle development which will lead to their successful translation into clinical use. In this study, we present a relatively simple method to determine the biodistribution of magnetic iron nanoparticles in mice. Branched Amphiphilic Peptide coated Magnetic Nanobeads BAPc-MNBs like their counterpart i.e., Branched Amphiphilic Peptide capsules (BAPCs) with a hollow water-filled core, are readily taken up by cells in vitro and have widespread application as a nanodelivery systems. We evaluated the BAPc-MNBs tissue distribution in wildtype mice injected intravenously (i.v.), intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally gavaged to understand the biological interactions of the peptide nanoparticles and to further the development of branched amphiphilic peptides-based nanoparticles. BAPc-MNBs were distributed widely to various organs when injected i.v. and were eliminated from the system via the intestines in feces. The spleen was found to accumulate the highest amount of BAPc-MNBs in mice administered the NPs i.v. and i.p. while they were not absorbed into the system via oral gavage. This study not only presents a relatively simple quantification method to determine in vivo biodistribution of magnetic iron nanoparticles that can be widely applied but also demonstrates the potential of Branched Amphiphilic Peptides in the form of BAPCs or BAPc-MNBs as a delivery system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biodistribution Analysis of Peptide-Coated Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: A Simple and Quantitative Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensing, Feeling, and Regulating: Investigating the Association of Focal Brain Damage with Voluntary Respiratory and Motor Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breathing is a complex, vital function that can be modulated to influence physical and mental well-being. However, the role of cortical and subcortical brain regions in voluntary control of human respiration is underexplored. Here we investigated the influence of damage to human frontal, temporal, or limbic regions on the sensation and regulation of breathing patterns. Participants performed a respiratory regulation task across regular and irregular frequencies ranging from 6 to 60 breaths per minute (bpm), with a counterbalanced hand motor control task. Interoceptive and affective states induced by each condition were assessed via questionnaire and autonomic signals were indexed via skin conductance. Participants with focal lesions to the bilateral frontal lobe, right insula/basal ganglia, and left medial temporal lobe showed reduced performance than individually matched healthy comparisons during the breathing and motor tasks. They also reported significantly higher anxiety during the 60-bpm regular and irregular breathing trials, with anxiety correlating with difficulty in rapid breathing specifically within this group. This study demonstrates that damage to frontal, temporal, or limbic regions is associated with abnormal voluntary respiratory and motor regulation and tachypnea-related anxiety, highlighting the role of the forebrain in affective and motor responses during breathing.

HighlightsO_LIImpaired human respiratory regulation is associated with cortical/subcortical brain lesions
C_LIO_LIFrontolimbic/temporal regions contribute to rhythmic breathing and hand motor control
C_LIO_LIFrontolimbic/temporal damage is associated with anxiety during tachypnea/irregular breathing
C_LIO_LIThe human forebrain is vital for affective and interoceptive experiences during breathing
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalsa, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensing, Feeling, and Regulating: Investigating the Association of Focal Brain Damage with Voluntary Respiratory and Motor Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excess neonatal testosterone causes male-specific social and fear memory deficits in wild-type mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males compared to females. The biological mechanisms of this male susceptibility or female protection have not been identified. There is evidence that fetal/neonatal gonadal hormones, which play a pivotal role in many aspects of development, may contribute. Here, we investigate the effects of excess testosterone during a critical period of sex-specific brain organization on social approach and fear learning behaviors in C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Male, but not female, mice treated with testosterone on the day of birth (PN0) exhibited decreased social approach as juveniles and decreased contextual fear memory as adults, compared to vehicle-treated controls. These deficits were not driven by anxiety-like behavior or changes in locomotion or body weight. Mice treated with the same dose of testosterone on postnatal day 18 (PN18), which is outside of the critical period of brain masculinization, did not demonstrate impairments compared to the vehicle group. These findings indicate that excess testosterone during a critical period of early development, but not shortly after, induces long-term deficits relevant to the male sex bias in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Significance statementExcess testosterone during a critical period of sex-specific brain organization, results in male-specific social and cognitive deficits in mice while testosterone treatment outside of this developmental window did not alter behavior. This time-sensitive, brief hormonal dysregulation induces long-term changes, and may be involved in the male sex bias in neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Labernik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blocklinger, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excess neonatal testosterone causes male-specific social and fear memory deficits in wild-type mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene selection analysis of TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 to examine human carnivory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are considered to have a unique reliance on meat compared to other primates, as much of humans unique evolutionary trajectory, such as human brain expansion, is linked to the increased consumption of meat for calories and nutrients. However, other primates such as chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are also known to consume meat. While humans meat consumption is considered to be unique in humans increased incorporation of tools to process the prey carcass and consumption of a broader range of prey, these distinctions are less obvious when contextualized within the broader behavioral repertoire of Pan species carnivory. This research seeks to identify if the taste perception of meat is different between humans and other ape clades through gene selection analyses. Specifically, this work examines the umami taste receptor genes, TAS1R1 and TAS1R3, which enable the savory flavor perceived when eating meat. Using PAML, we test for positive selection in these genes across several ape clades. We infer positive selection in TAS1R1 for the homininae clade and positive selection in TAS1R3 for the Homo/Pan clade. No selection was detected in only the human lineage, which complicates claims that human carnivory is unique compared to other primates while simultaneously suggesting the role of meat may be unappreciated in chimpanzees and bonobos as well as the role of insectivory in gorillas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene selection analysis of TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 to examine human carnivory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
(1->3)-β-D-glucan derivatives with unique structural properties differentially affect murine lung inflammation and histology. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background{beta}-D-glucan (BDG) compounds are proinflammatory fungal cell wall polysaccharides known to cause respiratory pathology. However, the specific immunological effect of unique BDG structures on pulmonary inflammation is understudied. We sought to characterize the effect of four unique fungal BDGs with unique branching patterns, solubility, molecular weights and higher order structure in murine airways.

MethodsScleroglucan (1[-&gt;]3) (1[-&gt;]6)-highly branched BDG, laminarin (1[-&gt;]3) (1[-&gt;]6)-branched BDG, curdlan (1[-&gt;]3)-linear BDG, and pustulan (1[-&gt;]6)-linear BDG were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Glucan compounds were confirmed negative for endotoxin by kinetic chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Each BDG was tested using an inhalation model with C3HeB/FeJ mice and compared to control mice exposed to saline and unexposed sentinels (all, n=3-19). Inhalation studies were performed using all BDGs {+/-}heat-inactivation (1-hr. autoclave) given BDG solubility increases after heat-inactivation. Outcomes included bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), differential cell counts (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils), BALF cytokine and serum IgE and IgG2a expression (by multiplex immunoassay and ELISA). Lastly, ex vivo cultured left lung cells were BDG stimulated, and cytokines (multiplex) compared to unstimulated cells. Right lung histology was performed.

ResultsWhile each BDG affected lung inflammatory outcomes, pustulan exposure led to the most pro-inflammatory profile of all BDGs tested, including increased inflammatory infiltrate into BAL, increased serum IgE and IgG2a and increased cytokine production. Secondary stimulation of sensitized lung cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased cytokine expression. Lung histology revealed significant fibrosis in lungs exposed to soluble BDGs pustulan and scleroglucan.

ConclusionInhalation of BDGs with distinct branching patterns exhibited varying inflammatory potency and immunogenicity, which lichen-derived pustulan having the greatest effect. Glucan source and solubility should be considered in exposure and toxicological studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metwali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[(1->3)-β-D-glucan derivatives with unique structural properties differentially affect murine lung inflammation and histology.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missense mutations in Myc Box I influence MYC cellular localization, mRNA partitioning and turnover to promote leukemogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic missense mutations in the phosphodegron domain of the MYC gene (MYC Box I) are detected in the dominant clones of a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, but the mechanisms by which they contribute to AML are unknown. To unveil unique proprieties of MBI MYC mutant proteins, we systematically compared the cellular and molecular consequences of expressing similar oncogenic levels of wild type and MBI mutant MYC. We found that MBI MYC mutants can accelerate leukemia by driving unique transcriptional signatures in highly selected, myeloid progenitor subpopulations. Although these mutations increase MYC stability, they overall dampen MYC chromatin localization and lead to a cytoplasmic accumulation of the mutant proteins. This phenotype is coupled with increased translation of RNA binding proteins and nuclear export machinery, which results in altered RNA partitioning and accelerated decay of select transcripts encoding proapoptotic and proinflammatory genes. Heterozygous knockin mice harboring the germline MBI mutation Myc p.T73N exhibit cytoplasmic MYC localization, myeloid progenitors expansion with similar transcriptional signatures to the overexpression model, and eventually develop hematological malignancies. This study uncovers that MBI MYC mutations alter MYC localization and disrupt mRNA subcellular distribution and turnover of select transcripts to accelerate tumor initiation and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arthur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzinova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruszczynska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Gilmore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.22.563493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missense mutations in Myc Box I influence MYC cellular localization, mRNA partitioning and turnover to promote leukemogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulator of G protein signaling 6 (RGS6) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons promotes EtOH seeking, behavioral reward and susceptibility to relapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission is believed to play a critical role in mediating reward responses to drugs of abuse, including alcohol (EtOH). EtOH is the most abused substance worldwide with chronic consumption often leading to the development of dependence and abuse. Unfortunately, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying EtOH-seeking behavior and dependence are not fully understood, and abstinence remains the only effective way to prevent alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Here, we developed novel RGS6fl/fl; DAT-iCreER mice to determine the role of RGS6 in VTA DA neurons on EtOH consumption and reward behaviors. We found that RGS6 is expressed in DA neurons in both human and mouse VTA, and that RGS6 loss in mice upregulates DA transporter (DAT) expression in VTA DA neuron synaptic terminals. Remarkably, loss of RGS6 in VTA DA neurons significantly reduced EtOH consumption, preference, and reward in a manner indistinguishable from that seen in RGS6-/- mice. Strikingly, RGS6 loss from VTA DA neurons before or after EtOH behavioral reward is established significantly reduced ([~]50%) re-instatement of reward following extinguishment, demonstrating distinct roles of RGS6 in promoting reward and relapse susceptibility to EtOH. These studies illuminate a critical role of RGS6 in the mesolimbic circuit in promoting EtOH seeking, reward, and reinstatement. We propose that RGS6 functions to promote DA transmission through its function as a negative modulator of GPCR-Gi/o-DAT signaling in VTA DA neurons. These studies identify RGS6 as a potential therapeutic target for behavioral reward and relapse to EtOH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spicer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulator of G protein signaling 6 (RGS6) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons promotes EtOH seeking, behavioral reward and susceptibility to relapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical modeling of frontocentral ERP generation links circuit-level mechanisms of action-stopping to a behavioral race model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human frontocentral event-related potentials (FC-ERPs) are ubiquitous neural correlates of cognition and control, but their generating multiscale mechanisms remain mostly unknown. We used the Human Neocortical Neurosolver(HNN)s biophysical model of a canonical neocortical circuit under exogenous thalamic and cortical drive to simulate the cell and circuit mechanisms underpinning the P2, N2, and P3 features of the FC-ERP observed after Stop-Signals in the Stop-Signal task (SST). We demonstrate that a sequence of simulated external thalamocortical and cortico-cortical drives can produce the FC-ERP, similar to what has been shown for primary sensory cortices. We used this model of the FC-ERP to examine likely circuit-mechanisms underlying FC-ERP features that distinguish between successful and failed action-stopping. We also tested their adherence to the predictions of the horse-race model of the SST, with specific hypotheses motivated by theoretical links between the P3 and Stop process. These simulations revealed that a difference in P3 onset between successful and failed Stops is most likely due to a later arrival of thalamocortical drive in failed Stops, rather than, for example, a difference in effective strength of the input. In contrast, the same model predicted that early thalamocortical drives underpinning the P2 and N2 differed in both strength and timing across stopping accuracy conditions. Overall, this model generates novel testable predictions of the thalamocortical dynamics underlying FC-ERP generation during action-stopping. Moreover, it provides a detailed cellular and circuit-level interpretation that supports links between these macroscale signatures and predictions of the behavioral race model.

Significance statementThe frontocentral event-related potential (FC-ERP) is an easily-measurable neural correlate of cognition and control. However, the cortical dynamics that produce this signature in humans are complex, limiting the ability of researchers to make predictions about its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used the biophysical model included in the open-source Human Neocortical Neurosolver software to simulate and evaluate the likely cellular and circuit mechanisms that underlie the FC-ERP in the Stop-Signal task. We modeled mechanisms of the FC-ERP during successful and unsuccessful stopping, generating testable predictions regarding Stop-associated computations in human frontal cortex. Moreover, the resulting model parameters provide a starting point for simulating mechanisms of the FC-ERP and other frontal scalp EEG signatures in other task conditions and contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diesburg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical modeling of frontocentral ERP generation links circuit-level mechanisms of action-stopping to a behavioral race model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NREM sleep oscillations and their relations with sleep-dependent memory consolidation in early course psychosis and first-degree relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep spindles are believed to mediate sleep-dependent memory consolidation, particularly when coupled to neocortical slow oscillations. Schizophrenia is characterized by a deficit in sleep spindles that correlates with reduced overnight memory consolidation. Here, we examined sleep spindle activity, slow oscillation-spindle coupling, and both motor procedural and verbal declarative memory consolidation in early course, minimally medicated psychosis patients and non-psychotic first-degree relatives. Using a four-night experimental procedure, we observed significant deficits in spindle density and amplitude in patients relative to controls that were driven by individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients also showed reduced sleep-dependent consolidation of motor procedural memory, which correlated with spindle density. Contrary to expectations, there were no group differences in the consolidation of declarative memory on a word pairs task. Nor did the relatives of patients differ in spindle activity or memory consolidation compared with controls, however increased consistency in the timing of SO-spindle coupling were seen in both patient and relatives. Our results extend prior work by demonstrating correlated deficits in sleep spindles and sleep-dependent motor procedural memory consolidation in early course, minimally medicated patients with schizophrenia, but not in first-degree relatives. This is consistent with other work in suggesting that impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation has some specificity for schizophrenia and is a core feature rather than reflecting the effects of medication or chronicity.

Statement of significanceWe investigated sleep neurophysiology and memory consolidation in minimally-medicated, early course psychosis patients and unaffected first-degree relatives of patients in a four-night study. Early-course schizophrenia patients had a sleep spindle deficit that correlated with reduced procedural memory consolidation. Although first-degree relatives did not show any deficit in spindles or memory consolidation, the spindles of both relatives and patients showed increased consistency of the temporal coupling of spindles with slow oscillations compared with controls. These results suggest that sleep spindle and memory consolidation deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia. Spindle deficits may be a biomarker of schizophrenia modifiable by treatment, and motivate the development of targeted novel interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mylonas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohnke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickgold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoach, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NREM sleep oscillations and their relations with sleep-dependent memory consolidation in early course psychosis and first-degree relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome evolution and introgression in the New Zealand mud snails Potamopyrgus estuarinus and Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have sequenced, assembled, and analyzed the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and transcriptomes of Potamopyrgus estuarinus and Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa, two prosobranch snail species native to New Zealand that together span the continuum from estuary to freshwater. These two species are the closest known relatives of the freshwater species P. antipodarum--a model for studying the evolution of sex, host-parasite coevolution, and biological invasiveness--and thus provide key evolutionary context for understanding its unusual biology. The P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa genomes are very similar in size and overall gene content. Comparative analyses of genome content indicate that these two species harbor a near-identical set of genes involved in meiosis and sperm functions, including seven genes with meiosis-specific functions. These results are consistent with obligate sexual reproduction in these two species and provide a framework for future analyses of P. antipodarum--a species comprising both obligately sexual and obligately asexual lineages, each separately derived from a sexual ancestor. Genome-wide multigene phylogenetic analyses indicate that P. kaitunuparaoa is likely the closest relative to P. antipodarum. We nevertheless show that there has been considerable introgression between P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa. That introgression does not extend to the mitochondrial genome, which appears to serve as a barrier to hybridization between P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa. Nuclear-encoded genes whose products function in joint mitochondrial-nuclear enzyme complexes exhibit similar patterns of non-introgression, indicating that incompatibilities between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genome may have prevented more extensive gene flow between these two species.

Significance StatementNo whole-nuclear genome sequences are currently available for snails of the genus Potamopyrgus, best known for Potamopyrgus antipodarum, an invasive species of rivers and lakes worldwide, and a famous model for the study of the evolution of sex. We have sequenced and analyzed the genome of sexual P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa, the closest known relatives of P. antipodarum. We show that 1) the genomes are very similar in gene content and size, 2) P. kaitunuparaoa is the closest relative to P. antipodarum, 3) significant introgression has occurred between P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa; these genomes set the stage for powerful direct analyses of the genomic features, e.g., sex to asexual transitions and invasive success, that make P. antipodarum unique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fields, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharbrough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan-Richards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome evolution and introgression in the New Zealand mud snails Potamopyrgus estuarinus and Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to activity-induced muscle pain in male but not female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-induced muscle pain increases release of interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta}) in muscle macrophages and the development of pain is prevented by blockade of IL-1{beta}. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is released from sensory neurons in response to IL-1{beta} and mediates both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Thus, we hypothesized that metabolites released during fatiguing muscle contractions activate macrophages to release IL-1{beta}, which subsequently activate sensory neurons to secrete BDNF. To test this hypothesis, we used an animal model of activity-induced pain induced by repeated intramuscular acidic saline injections combined with fatiguing muscle contractions. Intrathecal or intramuscular injection of inhibitors of BDNF-Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling, ANA-12 or TrkB-Fc, reduced the decrease in muscle withdrawal thresholds in male, but not in female, mice when given before or 24hr after, but not 1 week after induction of the model. BDNF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was significantly increased in L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG), but not the spinal dorsal horn or gastrocnemius muscle, 24hr after induction of the model in either male or female mice. No changes in TrkB mRNA or p75 neurotrophin receptor mRNA were observed. BDNF protein expression via immunohistochemistry was significantly increased in L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn and retrogradely labelled muscle afferent DRG neurons, at 24hr after induction of the model in both sexes. In cultured DRG, fatigue metabolites combined with IL-1{beta} significantly increased BDNF expression in both sexes. In summary, fatigue metabolites release, combined with IL-1{beta}, BDNF from primary DRG neurons and contribute to activity-induced muscle pain only in males, while there were no sex differences in the changes in expression observed in BDNF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesnak, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to activity-induced muscle pain in male but not female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline cis variant determines epigenetic regulation of the anti-cancer drug metabolism gene dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are critical for regulating tissue-specific gene expression, and genetic variants within enhancer regions have been suggested to contribute to various cancer-related processes, including therapeutic resistance. However, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Using a well-defined drug-gene pair, we identified an enhancer region for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, DPYD gene) expression that is relevant to the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Using reporter systems, CRISPR genome edited cell models, and human liver specimens, we demonstrated in vitro and vivo that genotype status for the common germline variant (rs4294451; 27% global minor allele frequency) located within this novel enhancer controls DPYD transcription and alters resistance to 5-FU. The variant genotype increases recruitment of the transcription factor CEBPB to the enhancer and alters the level of direct interactions between the enhancer and DPYD promoter. Our data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling sensitivity and resistance to 5-FU.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrodji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchonville, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etheridge, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bembenek, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temesgen, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocenti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diasio, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largiader, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline cis variant determines epigenetic regulation of the anti-cancer drug metabolism gene dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus by alpha2-adrenergic receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the central nervous system, noradrenaline transmission controls the degree to which we are awake, alert, and attentive. Aberrant noradrenaline transmission is associated with pathological forms of hyper- and hypo-arousal that present in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders often associated with dysfunction in serotonin transmission. In vivo, noradrenaline regulates the release of serotonin because noradrenergic input drives the serotonin neurons to fire action potentials via activation of excitatory 1-adrenergic receptors (1-AR). Despite the critical influence of noradrenaline on the activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, the source of noradrenergic afferents has not been resolved and the presynaptic mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission have not been described. Using an acute brain slice preparation from male and female mice and electrophysiological recordings from dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, we found that selective optogenetic activation of locus coeruleus terminals in the dorsal raphe was sufficient to produce an 1-AR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (1-AR-EPSC). Activation of inhibitory 2-adrenergic receptors (2-AR) with UK-14,304 eliminated the 1-AR-EPSC via presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline release, likely via inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels. In a subset of serotonin neurons, activation of postsynaptic 2-AR produced an outward current through activation of potassium conductance. Further, in vivo activation of 2-AR by systemic administration of clonidine reduced the expression of c-fos in the dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, indicating reduced neural activity. Thus, 2-AR are critical regulators of serotonin neuron excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gugel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingebretsen, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus by alpha2-adrenergic receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Method for Analyzing AFM Force Mapping Data Obtained from Soft Tissue Cryosections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a valuable tool for assessing mechanical properties of biological samples, but interpretations of measurements on whole tissues can be difficult due to the tissues highly heterogeneous nature. To overcome such difficulties and obtain more robust estimates of tissue mechanical properties, we describe an AFM force mapping and data analysis pipeline to characterize the mechanical properties of cryosectioned soft tissues. We assessed this approach on mouse optic nerve head and rat trabecular meshwork, cornea, and sclera. Our data show that the use of repeated measurements, outlier exclusion, and log-normal data transformation increases confidence in AFM mechanical measurements, and we propose that this methodology can be broadly applied to measuring soft tissue properties from cryosections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli Guzman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Method for Analyzing AFM Force Mapping Data Obtained from Soft Tissue Cryosections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A double-ring of human RAD52 remodels replication forks restricting fork reversal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human RAD521,2 is a multifunctional DNA repair protein involved in several cellular events that support genome stability including protection of stalled DNA replication forks from excessive degradation3-7. In its gatekeeper role, RAD52 binds to and stabilizes stalled replication forks during replication stress protecting them from reversal by SMARCAL15. The structural and molecular mechanism of the RAD52-mediated fork protection remains elusive. Here, using P1 nuclease sensitivity, biochemical and single-molecule analyses we show that RAD52 dynamically remodels replication forks through its strand exchange activity. The presence of the ssDNA binding protein RPA at the fork modulates the kinetics of the strand exchange without impeding the reaction outcome. Mass photometry and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy show that the replication fork promotes a unique nucleoprotein structure containing head-to-head arrangement of two undecameric RAD52 rings with an extended positively charged surface that accommodates all three arms of the replication fork. We propose that the formation and continuity of this surface is important for the strand exchange reaction and for competition with SMARCAL1.

One Sentence SummaryUsing cryo-EM, biochemical and single-molecule approaches we show that the structure of stalled DNA replication fork promotes a unique two-ring organization of human RAD52 protein which remodels the fork via DNA strand exchange.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malacaria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Biagi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paintsil, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanfield, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppe, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichierri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A double-ring of human RAD52 remodels replication forks restricting fork reversal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AptamerRunner: An accessible aptamer structure prediction and clustering algorithm for visualization of selected aptamers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules with high affinity and specificity for targets and are generated using the iterative Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) process. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revolutionized aptamer selections by allowing a more comprehensive analysis of SELEX-enriched aptamers as compared to Sanger sequencing. The current challenge with aptamer NGS datasets is identifying a diverse cohort of candidate aptamers with the highest likelihood of successful experimental validation. Herein we present AptamerRunner, an aptamer clustering algorithm that generates visual networks of aptamers that are related by sequence and/or structure. These networks can then be overlayed with ranking data, such as fold enrichment or data from scoring algorithms. The ability to visually integrate data using AptamerRunner represents a significant advancement over existing clustering tools by providing a natural context to depict groups of aptamers from which ranked or scored candidates can be chosen for experimental validation. The inherent flexibility, user-friendly design, and prospects for future enhancements with AptamerRunner has broad-reaching implications for aptamer researchers across a wide range of disciplines.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=99 SRC="FIGDIR/small/566453v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f63049org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dc26dcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b7381org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc39af_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Ciancio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embree, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AptamerRunner: An accessible aptamer structure prediction and clustering algorithm for visualization of selected aptamers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights into MFN-2 Mediated Changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related atrophy of skeletal muscle, is characterized by loss of mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity during aging. Notably, bioenergetics and protein turnover studies have shown that mitochondria mediate this decline in function. Although exercise has been the only therapy to mitigate sarcopenia, the mechanisms that govern how exercise serves to promote healthy muscle aging are unclear. Mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, so we sought to investigate how aging affects mitochondrial structure and potential age-related regulators. Specifically, the three-dimensional (3D) mitochondrial structure associated with morphological changes in skeletal muscle during aging requires further elucidation. We hypothesized that aging causes structural remodeling of mitochondrial 3D architecture representative of dysfunction, and this effect is mitigated by exercise. We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to image human skeletal tissue samples, followed by manual contour tracing using Amira software for 3D reconstruction and subsequent analysis of mitochondria. We then applied a rigorous in vitro and in vivo exercise regimen during aging. Across 5 human cohorts, we correlate differences in magnetic resonance imaging, mitochondria 3D structure, exercise parameters, and plasma immune markers between young (under 50 years) and old (over 50 years) individuals. We found that mitochondria we less spherical and more complex, indicating age-related declines in contact site capacity. Additionally, aged samples showed a larger volume phenotype in both female and male humans, indicating potential mitochondrial swelling. Concomitantly, muscle area, exercise capacity, and mitochondrial dynamic proteins showed age-related losses. Exercise stimulation restored mitofusin 2 (MFN2), one such of these mitochondrial dynamic proteins, which we show is required for the integrity of mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, we show that this pathway is evolutionarily conserved as Marf, the MFN2 ortholog in Drosophila, knockdown alters mitochondrial morphology and leads to the downregulation of genes regulating mitochondrial processes. Our results define age-related structural changes in mitochondria and further suggest that exercise may mitigate age-related structural decline through modulation of mitofusin 2.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/566502v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d2be0eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bba6caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c335e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10789c9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical Abstract:C_FLOATNO Age-related skeletal muscle atrophy shows morphological alterations in mitochondrial structure associated with declining function. Our findings propose that exercise intervention may counteract these structural declines by reinstating levels of mitofusin 2, thus highlighting a potential mechanism by which exercise attenuates age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrique Martin Dantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights into MFN-2 Mediated Changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed live-cell imaging for drug responses in patient-derived organoid models of cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models of cancer are a multifunctional research system that better recapitulates human disease as compared to cancer cell lines. PDO models can be generated by culturing patient tumor cells in extracellular basement membrane extracts (BME) and plating as three-dimensional domes. However, commercially available reagents that have been optimized for phenotypic assays in monolayer cultures often are not compatible with BME. Herein we describe a method to plate PDO models and assess drug effects using an automated live-cell imaging system. In addition, we apply fluorescent dyes that are compatible with kinetic measurements to simultaneously quantitate cell health and apoptosis. Image capture can be customized to occur at regular time intervals over several days. Users can analyze drug effects in individual Z-plane images or a Z Projection of serial images from multiple focal planes. Using masking, specific parameters of interest are calculated, such as PDO number, area, and fluorescence intensity. We provide proof-of-concept data demonstrating the effect of cytotoxic agents on cell health, apoptosis and viability. This automated kinetic imaging platform can be expanded to other phenotypic readouts to understand diverse therapeutic effects in PDO models of cancer.

SUMMARYPatient-derived tumor organoids are a sophisticated model system for basic and translational research. This methods article details the use of multiplexed fluorescent live-cell imaging for simultaneous kinetic assessment of different organoid phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colling, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symons, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buroni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumanasiri, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew-Udoh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losh, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bono, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed live-cell imaging for drug responses in patient-derived organoid models of cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRF release from a unique subpopulation of accumbal neurons constrains action-outcome acquisition in reward learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediates reward learning and motivation. Despite an abundance of neuropeptides, peptidergic neurotransmission from the NAc has not been integrated into current models of reward learning. The existence of a sparse population of neurons containing corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) has been previously documented. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of their identity and functional role in shaping reward learning.

MethodsTo do this, we took a multidisciplinary approach that included florescent in situ hybridization (Nmice [&ge;] 3), tract tracing (Nmice = 5), ex vivo electrophysiology (Ncells [&ge;] 30), in vivo calcium imaging with fiber photometry (Nmice [&ge;] 4) and use of viral strategies in transgenic lines to selectively delete CRF peptide from NAc neurons (Nmice [&ge;] 4). Behaviors used were instrumental learning, sucrose preference and spontaneous exploration in an open field.

ResultsHere we show that the vast majority of NAc CRF-containing (NAcCRF) neurons are spiny projection neurons (SPNs) comprised of dopamine D1-, D2- or D1/D2-containing SPNs that primarily project and connect to the ventral pallidum and to a lesser extent the ventral midbrain. As a population, they display mature and immature SPN firing properties. We demonstrate that NAcCRF neurons track reward outcomes during operant reward learning and that CRF release from these neurons acts to constrain initial acquisition of action-outcome learning, and at the same time facilitates flexibility in the face of changing contingencies.

ConclusionWe conclude that CRF release from this sparse population of SPNs is critical for reward learning under normal conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckenwiler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingebretson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusaro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romportl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRF release from a unique subpopulation of accumbal neurons constrains action-outcome acquisition in reward learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of site-specifically labelled fluorescent human XPA to investigate DNA binding dynamics during nucleotide excision repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) promotes genomic integrity by correcting bulky DNA adducts damage caused by external factors such as ultraviolet light. Defects in NER enzymes are associated with pathological conditions such as Xeroderma Pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome. A critical step in NER is the binding of the Xeroderma Pigmentosum group A protein (XPA) to the DNA adduct. To better capture the dynamics of XPA interactions with DNA during NER we have utilized the fluorescence enhancement through non-canonical amino acids (FEncAA) approach. 4-azido-L-phenylalanine (4AZP) was incorporated at Arg-153 in human XPA and conjugated to Cy3 using strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The resulting fluorescent human XPA protein (hXPACy3) shows no loss in DNA binding activity and generates a robust change in fluorescence upon binding to DNA. Here we describe methods to generate hXPACy3 and detail experimental conditions required to stably maintain the protein during biochemical and biophysical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corless, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of site-specifically labelled fluorescent human XPA to investigate DNA binding dynamics during nucleotide excision repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fusion peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is functionally important for membrane fusion during virus entry and is part of a broadly neutralizing epitope. However, sequence determinants at the fusion peptide and its adjacent regions for pathogenicity and antigenicity remain elusive. In this study, we performed a series of deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments on an S2 region spanning the fusion peptide of authentic SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines and in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. We identified mutations at residue 813 of the spike protein that reduced TMPRSS2-mediated entry with decreased virulence. In addition, we showed that an F823Y mutation, present in bat betacoronavirus HKU9 spike protein, confers resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and also highlight a potential challenge in developing broadly protective S2-based coronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Heart Failure Alters Mitochondria and Fiber 3D Structure Triggering Metabolic Shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study, utilizing SBF-SEM, reveals structural alterations in mitochondria and myofibrils in human heart failure (HF). Mitochondria in HF show changes in structure, while myofibrils exhibit increased cross-sectional area and branching. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses indicate concomitant dysregulation in key pathways. The findings underscore the need for personalized treatments considering individualized structural changes in HF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anukodem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajijola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ru Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Heart Failure Alters Mitochondria and Fiber 3D Structure Triggering Metabolic Shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dilated cardiomyopathy-associated RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 regulates long pre-mRNAs in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise coordination of molecular programs and neuronal growth govern the formation, maintenance, and adaptation of neuronal circuits. RNA metabolism has emerged as a key regulatory node of neural development and nervous system pathologies. To uncover cell-type-specific RNA regulators, we systematically investigated expression of RNA recognition motif-containing proteins in the mouse neocortex. Surprisingly, we found RBM20, an alternative splicing regulator associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, to be expressed in cortical parvalbumin interneurons and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. Genome-wide mapping of RBM20 target mRNAs revealed that neuronal RBM20 binds pre-mRNAs in distal intronic regions. Loss of neuronal RBM20 has only modest impact on alternative splice isoforms but results in a significant reduction in an array of mature mRNAs in the neuronal cytoplasm. This phenotype is particularly pronounced for genes with long introns that encode synaptic proteins. We hypothesize that RBM20 ensures fidelity of pre-mRNA splicing by suppressing non-productive splicing events in long neuronal genes. This work highlights a common requirement for RBM20-dependent transcriptome regulation in cardiomyocytes and neurons and demonstrates that a major genetic risk factor of heart disease impacts neuronal gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheiffele, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bartolomei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creemers, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dilated cardiomyopathy-associated RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 regulates long pre-mRNAs in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics and representational consequences of the control of processing conflict between visual working memory and visual perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory (WM) extensively interacts with visual perception. When information between the two processes is in conflict, cognitive control can be recruited to effectively mitigate the resultant interference. The current study investigated the neural bases of the control of conflict between visual WM and visual perception. We recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) from 25 human subjects (13 male) performing a dual task combining visual WM and tilt discrimination, the latter occurring during the WM delay. The congruity in orientation between the memorandum and the discriminandum was manipulated. Behavioral data were fitted to a reinforcement-learning model of cognitive control to derive trial-wise estimates of demand for proactive and reactive control, which were then used for EEG analyses. The level of proactive control was associated with sustained frontal-midline theta activity preceding trial onset, as well as with the strength of the neural representation of the memorandum. Subsequently, discriminandum onset triggered a control prediction error signal that was reflected in a left frontal positivity. On trials when an incongruent discriminandum was not expected, reactive control that scaled with the prediction error acted to suppress the neural representation of the discriminandum, producing below-baseline decoding of the discriminandum that, in turn, exerted a repulsive serial bias on WM recall on the subsequent trial. These results illustrate the flexible recruitment of two modes of control and how their dynamic interplay acts to mitigate interference between simultaneously processed perceptual and mnemonic representations.

Significance StatementOne hallmark of human cognition is the context dependent, flexible control of behavior. Here we studied the "mental juggling" required when, while holding information in mind, we have to respond to something that "pops up in front of us" before returning to the interrupted task. Using parameter estimates from a reinforcement-learning model, we analyzed EEG data to identify neural correlates of two discrete modes of cognitive control that act to minimize interference between perception and WM. Proactive control, indexed by frontal midline theta power, increased prior to trial onset when a high level of conflict was expected. Reactive control acted to suppress the representation of items likely to interfere with performance, a processing step with consequences for the subsequent trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulvio, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postle, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics and representational consequences of the control of processing conflict between visual working memory and visual perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Determinants and Signaling Effects of PKA RIα Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as the 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), ensures the specific execution of various cellular functions. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of the ubiquitously expressed PKA regulatory subunit RI was recently identified as a major driver of cAMP compartmentation and signaling specificity. However, the molecular determinants of RI LLPS remain unclear. Here, we reveal that two separate dimerization interfaces combined with the cAMP-induced release of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) from the pseudosubstrate inhibitory sequence are required to drive RI condensate formation in cytosol, which is antagonized by docking to A-kinase anchoring proteins. Strikingly, we find that the RI pseudosubstrate region is critically involved in the formation of a non-canonical R:C complex, which serves to maintain low basal PKA activity in the cytosol by enabling the recruitment of active PKA-C to RI condensates. Our results suggest that RI LLPS not only facilitates cAMP compartmentation but also spatially restrains active PKA-C, thus highlighting the functional versatility of biomolecular condensates in driving signaling specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pool, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruystens, J. G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.10.570836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Determinants and Signaling Effects of PKA RIα Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the C. albicans transcriptional repressor NRG1 during filamentation and disseminated candidiasis is strain-dependent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is one of the most common causes of superficial and invasive fungal disease in humans. Its ability to cause disease has been closely linked to its ability to undergo a morphological transition from budding yeast to filamentous forms (hyphae and pseudohyphae). The ability of C. albicans strains isolated from patients to undergo filamentation varies significantly. In addition, the filamentation phenotypes of mutants involving transcription factors that positively regulate hyphal morphogenesis can also vary from strain to strain. Here, we characterized the virulence, in vitro and in vivo filamentation, and in vitro and in vivo hypha-associated gene expression profiles of four poorly filamenting C. albicans isolates and their corresponding deletion mutants of the repressor of filamentation NRG1. The two most virulent strains, 57055 and 78048, show robust in vivo filamentation while remaining predominately yeast phase exposed to RPMI+10% bovine calf serum at 37{degrees}C; the two low virulence strains (94015 and 78042) do not filament well under either condition. Deletion of NRG1 increases hyphae formation in the SC5314 derivative SN250 but only pseudohyphae are formed in the clinical isolates in vivo. Deletion of NRG1 modestly increased the virulence of 78042 which was accompanied by increased expression of hyphae-associated genes without an increase in filamentation. Strikingly, deletion of NRG1 in 78048 reduced filamentation, expression of candidalysin (ECE1) and virulence in vivo without dramatically altering establishment of infection. Thus, the function of NRG1 varies significantly within this set of C. albicans isolates and can actually suppress filamentation in vivo.

ImportanceClinical isolates of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans show significant variation in their ability to undergo in vitro filamentation and in the function of well-characterized transcriptional regulators of filamentation. Here, we show that Nrg1, a key repressor of filamentation and filament specific gene expression in standard reference strains, has strain dependent functions, particularly during infection. Most strikingly, loss of NRG1 function can reduce filamentation, hypha-specific gene expression such as the toxin candidalysin, and virulence in some strains. Our data emphasize that the functions of seemingly fundamental and well-conserved transcriptional regulators such as Nrg1 are contextual with respect to both environment and genetic background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wakade, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the C. albicans transcriptional repressor NRG1 during filamentation and disseminated candidiasis is strain-dependent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally unique cerebellar processing prioritizes self- over other-generated movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWAnimals must distinguish the sensory consequences of self-generated movements (reafference) from those of other-generated movements (exafference). Only self- generated movements entail the production of motor copies (i.e., corollary discharges), which are compared with reafference in the cerebellum to compute predictive or internal models of movement. Internal models emerge gradually over the first three postnatal weeks in rats through a process that is not yet fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated in postnatal day (P) P8 and P12 rats that precerebellar nuclei convey corollary discharge and reafference to the cerebellum during active (REM) sleep when pups produce limb twitches. Here, recording from a deep cerebellar nucleus (interpositus, IP) in P12 rats of both sexes, we compared reafferent and exafferent responses to twitches and limb stimulations, respectively. As expected, most IP units showed robust responses to twitches. However, in contrast with other sensory structures throughout the brain, relatively few IP units showed exafferent responses. Upon finding that exafferent responses occurred in pups under urethane anesthesia, we hypothesized that urethane inhibits cerebellar cortical cells, thereby disinhibiting exafferent responses in IP. In support of this hypothesis, ablating cortical tissue dorsal to IP mimicked the effects of urethane on exafference. Finally, the results suggest that twitch-related corollary discharge and reafference are conveyed simultaneously and in parallel to cerebellar cortex and IP. Based on these results, we propose that twitches provide opportunities for the nascent cerebellum to integrate somatotopically organized corollary discharge and reafference, thereby enabling the development of closed-loop circuits and, subsequently, internal models.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOW SO_SCPLOWTATEMENTC_SCPLOWFor adult animals to produce flexible and adaptive movements, they must distinguish self- from other-generated movements and learn to anticipate how their body moves through space. The computations required for this capacity occur within the cerebellar system. In early infancy, these computations are not yet established and must develop through sensorimotor experience. Here, we found that self-generated movements--particularly those movements occurring during active sleep--are a preferred source of that sensorimotor experience to the infant cerebellum. This preference appears to be unique to the infant cerebellum and helps us understand how that structure establishes its neural circuitry and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.16.571990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally unique cerebellar processing prioritizes self- over other-generated movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network for religious fundamentalism derived from patients with brain lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Religious fundamentalism, characterized by rigid adherence to a set of beliefs putatively revealing inerrant truths, is ubiquitous across cultures and has a global impact on society. Understanding the psychological and neurobiological processes producing religious fundamentalism may inform a variety of scientific, sociological, and cultural questions. Research indicates that brain damage can alter religious fundamentalism. However, the precise brain regions involved with these changes remain unknown. Here, we analyzed brain lesions associated with varying levels of religious fundamentalism in two large datasets from independent laboratories. Lesions associated with greater fundamentalism were connected to a specific brain network with nodes in the right orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior parietal lobes. This fundamentalism network was strongly right hemisphere lateralized and highly reproducible across the independent datasets (r = 0.82) with cross-validations between datasets. To explore the relationship of this network to lesions previously studied by our group, we tested for similarities to twenty-one lesion-induced conditions. Lesions associated with confabulation and criminal behavior showed a similar connectivity pattern as lesions associated with greater fundamentalism. Moreover, lesions associated with poststroke pain showed a similar connectivity pattern as lesions associated with lower fundamentalism. These findings are consistent with hemispheric specializations in reasoning and lend insight into previously observed epidemiological associations with fundamentalism, such as cognitive rigidity and outgroup hostility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asp, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kletenik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaper, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.572527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network for religious fundamentalism derived from patients with brain lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new insight into the role of CART peptide in serotonergic function and anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide has been established as a contributor to anxiogenic behavior. Genetic mutations in the CART gene are associated with anxiety and depression, and increased CART expression has been reported in suicide victims. Extensive research has focused on the role of CART peptide in mesolimbic neurocircuitry, but its involvement in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and serotonin (5HT) system remains unexplored. Here we demonstrate that CART processes are proximal to 5HTDRN neurons and that microinjection of CART (55-102) peptide into the DRN has an anxiogenic effect in mice. Furthermore, central CART administration reduced cfos activation in 5HT neurons of the ventral DRN, which is a putative reward/anti-stress circuit. The inhibitory effect of CART on 5HTDRN neuronal function and local 5HT release is further demonstrated with in vivo fiber photometry coupled with calcium and 5HT biosensors and by mass spectrometry. Moreover, using Cre-dependent retrograde tracing, we observed DRN-projecting CART neurons in the Edinger Westphal nucleus (EW), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and various hypothalamic nuclei including the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Interestingly, based on ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, acute stress increased excitability in DRN-projecting CART neurons located in the EW, but not in the VMH or NAc. This suggests that the stress may promote anxiety-like behavior by activating the EWCART[-&gt;]5HTDRN circuit that ultimately inhibits 5HT transmission. In sum, understanding the intricate dynamics of the CARTergic and 5HTergic systems proves crucial in addressing 5HT-related dysfunctions, providing invaluable insights into both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboushaar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new insight into the role of CART peptide in serotonergic function and anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P66Shc Mediates SUMO2-induced Endothelial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSumoylation is a post-translational modification that can regulate different physiological functions. Increased sumoylation, specifically conjugation of SUMO2/3 (small ubiquitin-like modifier 2/3), is detrimental to vascular health. However, the molecular mechanism mediating this effect is poorly understood.

MethodsWe used cell-based assays and mass spectrometry to show that p66Shc is a direct target of SUMO2 and SUMO2 regulates p66Shc function via lysine-81 modification. To determine the effects of SUMO2-p66ShcK81 on vascular function, we generated p66ShcK81R knockin mice and crossbred to LDLr-/- mice to induce hyperlipidemia. Next, to determine p66ShcK81-SUMO2ylation-induced changes in endothelial cell signaling, we performed mass spectrometry followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.

ResultsOur data reveal that p66Shc mediates the effects of SUMO2 on endothelial cells. Mass spectrometry identified that SUMO2 modified lysine-81 in the unique collagen homology-2 domain of p66Shc. SUMO2ylation of p66Shc increased phosphorylation at serine-36, causing it to translocate to the mitochondria, a step critical for oxidative function of p66Shc. Notably, sumoylation-deficient p66Shc (p66ShcK81R) was resistant to SUMO2-induced p66ShcS36 phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. P66ShcK81R knockin mice were resistant to endothelial dysfunction induced by SUMO2ylation and hyperlipidemia. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed multiple signaling pathways regulated by p66ShcK81-SUMO2ylation in endothelial cells, highlighting Rho-GTPase as a major pathway affected by SUMO2-p66ShcK81.

ConclusionsCollectively, our work reveals SUMO2-p66Shc signaling as a fundamental regulator of vascular endothelial function. We discovered that p66ShcK81 is an upstream modification regulating p66Shc signaling and mediates hyperlipidemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppulapu, s. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradee, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.24.577109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P66Shc Mediates SUMO2-induced Endothelial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gammaherpesvirus infection alters transfer RNA splicing and triggers tRNA cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal statementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript due to a duplicate posting of manuscript number BIORXIV/2024/592122. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author. The correct preprint can be found at doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.01.592122.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gammaherpesvirus infection alters transfer RNA splicing and triggers tRNA cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome assembly of Drosophila madeirensis, a fruit fly species endemic to the island of Madeira 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila subobscura is distributed across Europe, the Near East, and the Americas, while its sister species, D. madeirensis, is endemic to the island of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean. D. subobscura is known for its strict light-dependence in mating and its unique courtship displays, including nuptial gift giving. D. subobscura has also attracted the interest of researchers because of its abundant variations in chromosomal polymorphisms correlated to the latitude and season, which have been used as a tool to track global climate warming. Although D. madeirensis can be an important resource for understanding the evolutionary underpinning of these genetic characteristics of D. subobscura, little work has been done on the biology of this species. Here, we used a HiFi long-read sequencing dataset to produce a de novo genome assembly for D. madeirensis. This assembly comprises a total of 111 contigs spanning 135.5 Mb, and has an N50 of 24.2 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.6%. Each of the six chromosomes of D. madeirensis consisted of a single contig. Breakpoints of the chromosomal inversions between D. subobscura and D. madeirensis were characterized using this genome assembly, updating some of the previously identified locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llopart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome assembly of Drosophila madeirensis, a fruit fly species endemic to the island of Madeira]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spiral ganglion neuron degeneration in deafened rats involves innate and adaptive immune responses not requiring complement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) transmit auditory information from cochlear hair cells to the brain. SGNs are thus not only important for normal hearing, but also for effective functioning of cochlear implants, which stimulate SGNs when hair cells are missing. SGNs slowly degenerate following aminoglycoside-induced hair cell loss, a process thought to involve an immune response. However, the specific immune response pathways involved remain unknown. We used RNAseq to gain a deeper understanding immune-related and other transcriptomic changes that occur in the rat spiral ganglion after kanamycin-induced deafening. Among the immune and inflammatory genes that were selectively upregulated in deafened spiral ganglia, the complement cascade genes were prominent. We then assessed SGN survival, as well as immune cell infiltration and activation, in the spiral ganglia of rats with a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of complement component 3 (C3). Similar to previous findings in our lab and other deafened rodent models, we observed infiltration of macrophages and increased expression of CD68, a marker of phagocytic activity and cell activation, in the deafened ganglia. Moreover, we found that the immune response also includes MHCII+ macrophages and CD45+ and lymphocytes, indicative of an adaptive response. However, C3 knockout did affect SGN survival or macrophage infiltration/activation, indicating that complement activation does not play a role in SGN death after deafening. Together, these data suggest that both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated in the deafened spiral ganglion, with the adaptive response directly contributing to cochlear neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spiral ganglion neuron degeneration in deafened rats involves innate and adaptive immune responses not requiring complement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.02.583144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational landscape of soluble α-klotho revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.02.583144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Klotho (KLA) is a type-1 membranous protein that can associate with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) to form co-receptor for FGF23. The ectodomain of unassociated KLA is shed as soluble KLA (sKLA) to exert FGFR/FGF23-independent pleiotropic functions. The previously determined X-ray crystal structure of the extracellular region of sKLA in complex with FGF23 and FGFR1c suggests that sKLA functions solely as an on-demand coreceptor for FGF23. To understand the FGFR/FGF23-independent pleiotropic functions of sKLA, we investigated biophysical properties and structure of apo-sKLA. Mass photometry revealed that sKLA can form a stable structure with FGFR and/or FGF23 as well as sKLA dimer in solution. Single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) supported the dimeric structure of sKLA. Cryo-EM further revealed a 3.3[A] resolution structure of apo-sKLA that overlays well with its counterpart in the ternary complex with several distinct features. Compared to the ternary complex, the KL2 domain of apo-sKLA is more flexible. 3D variability analysis revealed that apo-sKLA adopts conformations with different KL1-KL2 interdomain bending and rotational angles. The potential multiple forms and shapes of sKLA support its role as FGFR-independent hormone with pleiotropic functions. A comprehensive understanding of the sKLA conformational landscape will provide the foundation for developing klotho-related therapies for diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakhar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.02.583144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational landscape of soluble α-klotho revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Compensatory Mechanism of the Prefrontal Cortex in Preserving Speech-in-Noise Comprehension Among Older Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity of comprehending others amidst noise is essential for human communication. However, it presents significant challenges for the elderly who often face progressive declines in the peripheral auditory system and the whole brain. While previous studies have suggested the existence of neural reserve and neural compensation as potential mechanisms for preserving cognitive abilities in aging, the specific mechanisms supporting speech-in-noise comprehension among the elderly remain unclear. To address this question, the present study employs an inter-brain neuroscience approach by analyzing the neural coupling between brain activities of older adults and those of speakers under noisy conditions. Results showed that the neural coupling encompassed more extensive brain regions of older listeners compared to young listeners, with a notable engagement of the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the neural coupling from prefrontal cortex was coordinated with that from classical language-related regions. More importantly, as background noise increases, the older listeners speech comprehension performance was more closely associated with the neural coupling from prefrontal cortex. Taken together, this study reveals the compensatory recruitment of neurocognitive resources, particularly within the prefrontal cortex, to facilitate speech processing in the aging brain, and further highlights the critical role of prefrontal cortex in maintaining the elderlys ability to comprehend others in noisy environments. It supports the neural compensation hypothesis, extending the knowledge about the neural basis that underlies cognitive preservation in the aging population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Compensatory Mechanism of the Prefrontal Cortex in Preserving Speech-in-Noise Comprehension Among Older Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct intersecting pathways link homolog pairing to initiation of meiotic chromosome synapsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faithful meiotic segregation requires pairwise alignment of the homologous chromosomes and Synaptonemal Complex assembly (SC) at their interface. Here, we investigate on new factors that promote and coordinate these events during C. elegans meiosis. We identify BRA-2 (BMP Receptor Associated family member 2) as an interactor of HIM-17, previously shown to promote double-strand break formation. We found that loss of bra-2 specifically impairs synapsis licensing without affecting homologs recognition, SC maintenance or chromosome movement. Double mutant analysis revealed a previously unrecognized role for HIM-17 in promoting homolog pairing under dysfunctional SC assembly, without perturbing nuclear envelope recruitment of factors required for chromosome movement. We provide evidence that bra-2 and him-17 act in distinct pathways, exerting partially redundant functions in SC licensing, as well as separable roles in regulating homologs pairing. Altogether, our findings unveil novel mechanisms that ensure stabilization of homologous chromosome interaction via SC licensing upon homology assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blazickova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geetha, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolikove, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jantsch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct intersecting pathways link homolog pairing to initiation of meiotic chromosome synapsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in exosome biogenesis are associated with sensorimotor defects in zebrafish vps4a mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in human VPS4A are associated with neurodevelopmental defects, including motor delays and defective muscle tone. VPS4A encodes a AAA-ATPase required for membrane scission, but how mutations in VPS4A lead to impaired control of motor function is not known. Here we identified a mutation in zebrafish vps4a, T248I, that affects sensorimotor transformation. In biochemical experiments we show the T248I mutation reduces the ATPase activity of Vps4a and disassembly of its substrate, ESCRT filaments, which mediate membrane scission. Consistent with the established role for Vps4a in the endocytic pathway and exosome biogenesis, vps4aT248I mutants have enlarged endosomal compartments in the CNS and decreased numbers of circulating exosomes. Resembling the central form of hypotonia in human VPS4A patients, motor neurons and muscle cells are unaffected in mutant zebrafish as touch sensitivity is intact. Unlike somatosensory function, optomotor responses, vestibulospinal (VS), and acoustic startle reflexes are severely impaired in vps4aT248I mutants, indicating a greater sensitivity of these circuits to the T248I mutation. ERG recordings indicate that visual ability is largely reduced in the mutants, however, in vivo imaging of tone-evoked responses in the inner ear and ascending auditory pathway show comparable activity. Further investigation of central pathways in vps4aT248I mutants revealed that sensory cues failed to fully activate neurons in the VS and medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) nuclei that directly innervate motor neurons. Our results suggest that a defect in sensorimotor transformation underlies the profound yet selective effects on motor reflexes resulting from the loss of membrane scission mediated by Vps4a.

Significance StatementHere we present a T248I mutation in vps4a, which causes sensorimotor defects in zebrafish larvae. Spanning biochemical to systems level analyses, our study indicates that a reduction in Vps4a enzymatic activity leads to endosomal defects and reduced exosome biogenesis, resulting in pronounced deficits in vision and sensorimotor transformation of auditory and vestibular cues. We suggest that the mechanisms underlying this type of dysfunction in zebrafish may also contribute to the condition seen in human patients with de novo mutations in the human VPS4A orthologue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shipman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagavathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhauss, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in exosome biogenesis are associated with sensorimotor defects in zebrafish vps4a mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a new family of peptidoglycan transpeptidases reveals atypical crosslinking is essential for viability in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile, the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, relies primarily on 3-3 crosslinks created by L,D-transpeptidases (LDTs) to fortify its peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. This is unusual, as in most bacteria the vast majority of PG crosslinks are 4-3 crosslinks, which are created by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Here we report the unprecedented observation that 3-3 crosslinking is essential for viability in C. difficile. We also report the discovery of a new family of LDTs that use a VanW domain to catalyze 3-3 crosslinking rather than a YkuD domain as in all previously known LDTs. Bioinformatic analyses indicate VanW domain LDTs are less common than YkuD domain LDTs and are largely restricted to Gram-positive bacteria. Our findings suggest that LDTs might be exploited as targets for antibiotics that kill C. difficile without disrupting the intestinal microbiota that is important for keeping C. difficile in check.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocius, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popham, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a new family of peptidoglycan transpeptidases reveals atypical crosslinking is essential for viability in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the activation of the Fatty Acid Kinase complex of Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-positive bacteria utilize a Fatty Acid Kinase (FAK) complex to harvest fatty acids from the environment. The complex, consisting of the fatty acid kinase, FakA, and an acyl carrier protein, FakB, is known to impact virulence and disease outcomes. However, FAKs structure and enzymatic mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of modeling, biochemical, and cell-based approaches to establish critical details of FAK activity. Solved structures of the apo and ligand-bound FakA kinase domain captured the protein state through ATP hydrolysis. Additionally, targeted mutagenesis of an understudied FakA Middle domain identified critical residues within a metal-binding pocket that contribute to FakA dimer stability and protein function. Regarding the complex, we demonstrated nanomolar affinity between FakA and FakB and generated computational models of the complexs quaternary structure. Together, these data provide critical insight into the structure and function of the FAK complex which is essential for understanding its mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMars, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krute, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashipathy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaile, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the activation of the Fatty Acid Kinase complex of Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host cell-specific metabolism of linoleic acid controls Toxoplasma gondii growth in cell culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii can infect and replicate in any warm-blooded cell tested to date, but much of our knowledge about T. gondii cell biology comes from just one host cell type: human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). To expand our knowledge of host-parasite lipid interactions, we studied T. gondii in intestinal epithelial cells, the first site of host-parasite contact following oral infection and the exclusive site of parasite sexual development in feline hosts. We found that highly metabolic Caco-2 cells are permissive to T. gondii growth even when treated with high levels of linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that kills parasites in HFFs. Caco-2 cells appear to sequester LA away from the parasite, preventing membrane disruptions and lipotoxicity that characterize LA-induced parasite death in HFFs. Our work is an important step toward understanding host-parasite interactions in feline intestinal epithelial cells, an understudied but important cell type in the T. gondii life cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hryckowian, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelty, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoll, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host cell-specific metabolism of linoleic acid controls Toxoplasma gondii growth in cell culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repetitive head impacts induce neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in young athletes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive head impacts (RHI) sustained from contact sports are the largest risk factor for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Currently, CTE can only be diagnosed after death and the multicellular cascade of events that trigger initial hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) deposition remain unclear. Further, the symptoms endorsed by young individuals with early disease are not fully explained by the extent of p-tau deposition, severely hampering development of therapeutic interventions. Here, we show that RHI exposure associates with a multicellular response in young individuals (<51 years old) prior to the onset of CTE p-tau pathology that correlates with number of years of RHI exposure. Leveraging single nucleus RNA sequencing of tissue from 8 control, 9 RHI-exposed, and 11 low stage CTE individuals, we identify SPP1+ inflammatory microglia, angiogenic and inflamed endothelial cell profiles, reactive astrocytes, and altered synaptic gene expression in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in all individuals with exposure to RHI. Surprisingly, we also observe a significant loss of cortical sulcus layer 2/3 neurons in contact sport athletes compared to controls independent of p-tau pathology. Finally, we identify TGFB1 as a potential signal mediating microglia-endothelial cell cross talk through ligand-receptor analysis. These results provide robust evidence that multiple years of RHI exposure is sufficient to induce lasting cellular alterations that may underlie p-tau deposition and help explain the early pathogenesis in young former contact sport athletes. Furthermore, these data identify specific cellular responses to repetitive head impacts that may direct future identification of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CTE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. L. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pervaiz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ypsilantis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breda, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzilli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurlock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repetitive head impacts induce neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in young athletes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDHu40: a novel marker gene set of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer affecting American men. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can emerge during hormone therapy for PCa, manifesting with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, continued disease progression, and/or metastasis to the new sites, resulting in a poor prognosis. A subset of CRPC patients shows a neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype, signifying reduced or no reliance on androgen receptor (AR) signaling and a particularly unfavorable prognosis. In this study, we incorporated computational approaches based on both gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. We identified 500 potential marker genes, which are significantly enriched in cell cycle and neuronal processes. The top 40 candidates, collectively named as CDHu40, demonstrated superior performance in distinguishing NE prostate cancer (NEPC) and non-NEPC samples based on gene expression profiles compared to other published marker sets. Notably, some novel marker genes in CDHu40, absent in the other marker sets, have been reported to be associated with NEPC in the literature, such as DDC, FOLH1, BEX1, MAST1, and CACNA1A. Importantly, elevated CDHu40 scores derived from our predictive model showed a robust correlation with unfavorable survival outcomes in patients, indicating the potential of the CDHu40 score as a promising indicator for predicting the survival prognosis of those patients with the NE phenotype. Motif enrichment analysis on the top candidates suggests that REST and E2F6 may serve as key regulators in the NEPC progression.

Significanceour study integrates gene expression variances in multiple NEPC studies and protein-protein interaction network to pinpoint a specific set of NEPC maker genes namely CDHu40. These genes and scores based on their gene expression levels effectively distinguish NEPC samples and underscore the clinical prognostic significance and potential mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashaei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDHu40: a novel marker gene set of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.31.587499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axonal organelle buildup from loss of AP-4 complex function causes exacerbation of amyloid plaque pathology and gliosis in Alzheimers disease mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.31.587499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes and related precursor organelles robustly build up in swollen axons that surround amyloid plaques and disrupted axonal lysosome transport has been implicated in worsening Alzheimers pathology. Our prior studies have revealed that loss of Adaptor protein-4 (AP-4) complex function, linked primarily to Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), leads to a similar build of lysosomes in structures we term "AP-4 dystrophies". Surprisingly, these AP-4 dystrophies were also characterized by enrichment of components of APP processing machinery, {beta}-site cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Presenilin 2. Our studies examining whether the abnormal axonal lysosome build up resulting from AP-4 loss could lead to amyloidogenesis revealed that the loss of AP-4 complex function in an Alzheimers disease model resulted in a strong increase in size and abundance of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and corpus callosum as well as increased microglial association with the plaques. Interestingly, we found a further increase in enrichment of the secretase, BACE1, in the axonal swellings of the plaques of Alzheimer model mice lacking AP-4 complex compared to those having normal AP-4 complex function, suggestive of increased amyloidogenic processing under this condition. Additionally, the exacerbation of plaque pathology was region-specific as it did not increase in the cortex. The burden of the AP-4 linked axonal dystrophies/AP-4 dystrophies was higher in the corpus callosum and hippocampus compared to the cortex, establishing the critical role of AP-4 -dependent axonal lysosome transport and maturation in regulating amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing.

Significance StatementA major pathological feature of Alzheimers disease is the accumulation of axonal lysosomes near sites of amyloid plaques. Lysosome accumulation is thought to contribute to amyloid production. In fact, a genetic perturbation that arrests lysosomes in axons exacerbates amyloid plaque pathology. The mechanisms that control axonal lysosome abundance as well the molecular composition of axonal endolysosomes that produce Abeta, however, are not fully understood. Axonal lysosome build-up is emerging as a common pathology in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), but its relevance to amyloid production is unknown. We find that a model of HSP caused by loss of AP-4 adaptor complex lead to axonal lysosome buildup that differs in some of its content, but still contributes to amyloidogenesis. This demonstrates that different perturbations leading to changes in heterogeneous pool of axonal lysosomes can converge on a common pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orlowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karippaparambil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paumier, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallares, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandukar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowrishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.31.587499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axonal organelle buildup from loss of AP-4 complex function causes exacerbation of amyloid plaque pathology and gliosis in Alzheimers disease mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface motility and invasion into competing communities enhances interspecies antagonism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic polymicrobial infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are prevalent, difficult to eradicate, and associated with poor health outcomes. Therefore, understanding interactions between these pathogens is important to inform improved treatment development. We previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa is attracted to S. aureus using type IV pili-mediated chemotaxis, but the impact of attraction on S. aureus growth and physiology remained unknown. Using live single-cell confocal imaging to visualize microcolony structure, spatial organization, and survival of S. aureus during coculture, we found that interspecies chemotaxis provides P. aeruginosa a competitive advantage by promoting invasion into and disruption of S. aureus microcolonies. This behavior renders S. aureus susceptible to P. aeruginosa antimicrobials. Conversely, in the absence of type IV pilus motility, P. aeruginosa cells exhibit reduced invasion of S. aureus colonies. Instead, P. aeruginosa builds a cellular barrier adjacent to S. aureus and secretes diffusible, bacteriostatic antimicrobials like 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) into the S. aureus colonies. P. aeruginosa reduced invasion leads to the formation of denser and thicker S. aureus colonies with significantly increased HQNO-mediated lactic acid fermentation, a physiological change that could complicate the effective treatment of infections. Finally, we show that P. aeruginosa motility modifications of spatial structure enhance competition against S. aureus. Overall, these studies build on our understanding of how P. aeruginosa type IV pili-mediated interspecies chemotaxis mediates polymicrobial interactions, highlighting the importance of spatial positioning in mixed-species communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoli, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.588010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface motility and invasion into competing communities enhances interspecies antagonism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ipsilateral or contralateral boosting of mice with mRNA vaccines confers equivalent immunity and protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Boosting with mRNA vaccines encoding variant-matched spike proteins has been implemented to mitigate their reduced efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nonetheless, in humans, it remains unclear whether boosting in the ipsilateral or contralateral arm with respect to the priming doses impacts immunity and protection. Here, we boosted K18-hACE2 mice with either monovalent mRNA-1273 (Wuhan-1 spike) or bivalent mRNA-1273.214 (Wuhan-1 + BA.1 spike) vaccine in the ipsilateral or contralateral leg relative to a two-dose priming series with mRNA-1273. Boosting in the ipsilateral or contralateral leg elicited equivalent levels of serum IgG and neutralizing antibody responses against Wuhan-1 and BA.1. While contralateral boosting with mRNA vaccines resulted in expansion of spike-specific B and T cells beyond the ipsilateral draining lymph node (DLN) to the contralateral DLN, administration of a third mRNA vaccine dose at either site resulted in similar levels of antigen-specific germinal center B cells, plasmablasts/plasma cells, T follicular helper cells and CD8+ T cells in the DLNs and the spleen. Furthermore, ipsilateral and contralateral boosting with mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.214 vaccines conferred similar homologous or heterologous immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 virus challenge with equivalent reductions in viral RNA and infectious virus in the nasal turbinates and lungs. Collectively, our data show limited differences in B and T cell immune responses after ipsilateral and contralateral site boosting by mRNA vaccines that do not substantively impact protection against an Omicron strain.

IMPORTANCESequential boosting with mRNA vaccines has been effective strategy to overcome waning immunity and neutralization escape by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, it remains unclear how the site of boosting relative to the primary vaccination series shapes optimal immune responses or breadth of protection against variants. In K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, we observed that boosting with historical monovalent or variant-matched bivalent vaccines in the ipsilateral or contralateral limb elicited comparable levels of serum spike specific antibody and antigen-specific B and T cells responses. Moreover, boosting on either side conferred equivalent protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge strain. Our data in mice suggest that the site of boosting with an mRNA vaccine does not substantially impact immunity or protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbashir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ipsilateral or contralateral boosting of mice with mRNA vaccines confers equivalent immunity and protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated multiomic analysis identifies TRIP13 as a mediator of alveolar epithelial type II cell dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal progressive lung disease urgently needing new therapies. Current treatments only delay disease progression, leaving lung transplant as the sole remaining option. Recent studies support a model whereby IPF arises because alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells, which normally mediate distal lung regeneration, acquire airway and/or mesenchymal characteristics, preventing proper repair. Mechanisms driving this abnormal differentiation remain unclear. We performed integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis of purified AT2 cells which revealed genome-wide alterations in IPF lungs. The most prominent epigenetic alteration was activation of an enhancer in thyroid receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13), coinciding with TRIP13 upregulation. TRIP13 is broadly implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and transforming growth factor-{beta} signaling. In cultured human AT2 cells and lung slices, small molecule TRIP inhibitor DCZ0415 prevented acquisition of the mesenchymal gene signature characteristic of IPF, suggesting TRIP13 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to fibrotic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offringa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated multiomic analysis identifies TRIP13 as a mediator of alveolar epithelial type II cell dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivering large genes using adeno-associated virus and the CRE-lox DNA recombination system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a safe and efficient gene delivery vehicle for gene therapies. However, its relatively small packaging capacity limits its use as a gene transfer vector. Here, we describe a strategy to deliver large genes that exceed the AAVs packaging capacity using up to four AAV vectors and the CRE-lox DNA recombination system. We devised novel lox sites by combining non-compatible and reaction equilibrium-modifying lox site variants. These lox sites facilitate sequence-specific and near-unidirectional recombination of AAV vector genomes, enabling efficient reconstitution of up to 16 kb of therapeutic genes in a pre-determined configuration. Using this strategy, we have developed AAV gene therapy vectors to deliver IFT140, PCDH15, CEP290, and CDH23 and demonstrate efficient production of full-length proteins in cultured mammalian cells and mouse retinas. Notably, this approach significantly surpasses the trans-splicing and split-intein-based reconstitution methods in efficiency, requiring lower doses, minimizing or eliminating the production of truncated protein products, and offering flexibility in selecting splitting positions. The CRE-lox approach described here provides a simple and effective platform for producing AAV gene therapy vectors beyond AAVs packaging capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drack, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivering large genes using adeno-associated virus and the CRE-lox DNA recombination system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of lung cancer initiation and progression by the stem cell determinant Musashi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. To understand the molecular programs underlying lung cancer initiation and maintenance, we focused on stem cell programs that are normally extinguished with differentiation but can be reactivated during oncogenesis. Here we have used extensive genetic modeling and patient derived xenografts to identify a dual role for Msi2: as a signal that acts initially to sensitize cells to transformation, and subsequently to drive tumor propagation. Using Msi reporter mice, we found that Msi2-expressing cells were marked by a pro-oncogenic landscape and a preferential ability to respond to Ras and p53 mutations. Consistent with this, genetic deletion of Msi2 in an autochthonous Ras/p53 driven lung cancer model resulted in a marked reduction of tumor burden, delayed progression, and a doubling of median survival. Additionally, this dependency was conserved in human disease as inhibition of Msi2 impaired tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, Msi2 triggered a broad range of pathways critical for tumor growth, including several novel effectors of lung adenocarcinoma. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical role for Msi2 in aggressive lung adenocarcinoma, lend new insight into the biology of this disease, and identify potential new therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of lung cancer initiation and progression by the stem cell determinant Musashi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulated piggyBac and FRT vectors for engineering transgenic homozygous and heterozygous eHAP cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transgene expression in eHAP cells, a haploid cell line popularly used to generate gene knockouts, is difficult owing to its low transfection efficiency and propensity for silencing integrated transgenes. To simplify transgene expression, we engineered insulated integrating plasmids that sustain high levels of transgene expression in eHAP cells, and that can be used in other cell lines. These vectors are compatible with FLP-FRT and piggyBac integration, they flank a gene-of interest bilaterally with tandem cHS4 core insulators, and co-express nuclear-localized blue fluorescent protein for identification of high expressing cells. We further demonstrate that transgenic haploid eHAP cells can be fused to form transgenic heterozygous diploid cells. This method creates diploid cells carrying the transgenic material of the haploid progenitors and could also be used to create heterozygous cells of defined genotypes. These tools expand the repertoire of experiments that can be performed in eHAP cells and other cultured cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winistorfer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulated piggyBac and FRT vectors for engineering transgenic homozygous and heterozygous eHAP cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of a Eukaryotic Transcription Factor's co-TF Dependence Involves Multiple Intrinsically Disordered Regions Affecting Activation and Autoinhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combinatorial control by transcription factors (TFs) is central to eukaryotic gene regulation, yet its mechanism, evolution, and regulatory impact are not well understood. Here we use natural variation in the yeast phosphate starvation (PHO) response to examine the genetic basis and species variation in TF interdependence. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, main TF Pho4 relies on the co-TF Pho2 to regulate [~]28 genes, whereas in the related pathogen Candida glabrata, Pho4 has reduced Pho2 dependence and regulates [~]70 genes. We found C. glabrata Pho4 (CgPho4) binds the same motif with 3-4 fold higher affinity. Machine learning and yeast one-hybrid assay identify two intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in CgPho4 that boost its activation domains activity. In ScPho4, an IDR next to the DNA binding domain both allows for enhanced activity with Pho2 and inhibits activity without Pho2. This study reveals how IDR divergence drives TF interdependence evolution by influencing activation potential and autoinhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.20.590343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of a Eukaryotic Transcription Factor's co-TF Dependence Involves Multiple Intrinsically Disordered Regions Affecting Activation and Autoinhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical Impact of p300-Mediated Acetylation of Replication Protein A: Implications for DNA Metabolic Pathway Choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein, is vital for various aspects of genome maintenance such as replication, recombination, repair and cell cycle checkpoint activation. Binding of RPA to ssDNA protects it from degradation by cellular nucleases, prevents secondary structure formation and illegitimate recombination. In our current study, we identified the acetyltransferase p300 to be capable of acetylating the 70kDa subunit of RPA in vitro and within cells. The acetylation status of RPA was increased specifically during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and also following exposure to UV-induced damage. Furthermore, we were able to specifically identify RPA directly associated with the replication fork during the S phase and UV damage to be acetylated. Based on these observations, we evaluated the impact of lysine acetylation on the biochemical properties of RPA. Investigation of binding properties of RPA revealed that acetylation of RPA increased its binding affinity to ssDNA compared to unmodified RPA. The improvement in binding efficiency was a function of DNA length with the greatest increases observed on shorter length ssDNA oligomers. Furthermore, the mechanism of acetylated RPAs increased affinity for ssDNA was shown to be a function of a slower rate of dissociation compared to the unmodified form of the RPA. Our findings demonstrate that p300-dependent, site-specific acetylation enhances RPAs DNA binding properties, potentially regulating its function during various DNA transactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ononye, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howald, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrides, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainembabazi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical Impact of p300-Mediated Acetylation of Replication Protein A: Implications for DNA Metabolic Pathway Choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSD2 neurons are evolutionarily conserved and required for aldosterone-induced salt appetite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive aldosterone production increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, dementia, and death. Aldosterone increases both sodium retention and sodium consumption, and increased sodium consumption predicts end-organ damage in patients with aldosteronism. Preventing this increase may improve outcomes, but the behavioral mechanisms of aldosterone-induced sodium appetite remain unclear. In rodents, we identified aldosterone-sensitive neurons, which express the mineralocorticoid receptor and its pre-receptor regulator, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD2). Here, we identify HSD2 neurons in the human brain and use a mouse model to evaluate their role in aldosterone-induced salt intake. First, we confirm that dietary sodium deprivation increases aldosterone production, HSD2 neuron activity, and salt intake. Next, we show that activating HSD2 neurons causes a large and specific increase in salt intake. Finally, we use dose-response studies and genetically targeted ablation of HSD2 neurons to show that aldosterone-induced salt intake requires these neurons. Identifying HSD2 neurons in the human brain and their necessity for aldosterone-induced salt intake in mice improves our understanding of appetitive circuits and highlights this small cell population as a therapeutic target for moderating dietary sodium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltekian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSD2 neurons are evolutionarily conserved and required for aldosterone-induced salt appetite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.587017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global mapping of the Chlamydia trachomatis conventional secreted effector-host interactome reveals CebN interacts with nucleoporins and Rae1 to impede STAT1 nuclear translocation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.587017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To usurp host defenses and establish a replicative niche, obligate intracellular pathogens are tasked with remodeling the host cell using a comparatively small repertoire of effector proteins. For Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t), discovery of secreted proteins and their host targets has been particularly challenging due to the bacteriums historical genetic intractability. Using affinity purification-mass spectrometry, we defined host interaction partners for 21 secreted effector proteins, providing the first comprehensive type III secretion system (T3SS) effector- host interactome generated during infection. Among these, we show that the C-terminus of CebN (CT584) binds multiple nucleoporins and Rae1, host factors previously associated only with viral immune evasion. Remarkably, we shown that CebN localizes to the nuclear envelope not only in infected cells but also in uninfected bystander cells. Functionally, CebN is both necessary and sufficient to perturb STAT1 nuclear import following IFN-{gamma} stimulation and its expression is critical for C.t. survival, as evidenced by reduced bacterial replication and smaller inclusions in cells infected with a CebN mutant. Together, these finds expand our understanding of chlamydia effector biology and highlight novel bacterial strategies for manipulating host defenses at the nuclear pore.

SIGNIFICANCEChlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections and blindness, yet the molecular mechanisms it uses to manipulate host defenses remain poorly defined. Unlike many pathogens, C.t. relies on a limited set of effectors to remodel the host cell and establish its niche. We identified host targets for 21 C.t. effector proteins. Focusing on CebN, we show that it binds nucleoporins and Rae1, host factors previously linked only to viral immune antagonism. CebN localizes to the nuclear envelope of both infected and bystander cells, and is critical for replication, inclusion development, and perturbation of STAT1 nuclear import following IFN-{gamma} stimulation. These findings uncover a novel strategy by which C.t. manipulates nuclear pore function to evade host defenses and establish infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaslin, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elwell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijerina, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrington, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirrashidi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Dollen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.587017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global mapping of the Chlamydia trachomatis conventional secreted effector-host interactome reveals CebN interacts with nucleoporins and Rae1 to impede STAT1 nuclear translocation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and validation of a D1 dopamine receptor Flpo knock-in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDopamine is a powerful neuromodulator of diverse brain functions, including movement, motivation, reward, and cognition. D1-type dopamine receptors (D1DRs) are the most prevalently expressed dopamine receptors in the brain. Neurons expressing D1DRs are heterogeneous and involve several subpopulations. Studying these neurons has been limited by current animal models, especially when considering their integration with conditional or intersectional genetic tools.

New methodTo address this limitation, we developed a novel Drd1-P2A-Flpo (Drd1-Flpo) mouse line in which the Flpo gene was knocked in immediately after the Drd1 gene using CRISPR-Cas9. We validated the Drd1-Flpo line by confirming Flp expression and functionality specific to D1DR+ neurons.

Comparison with existing methods: The Drd1-Flpo line is useful resource for studying subpopulation of D1DR+ neurons with intersectional genetic tools.

ConclusionsWe demonstrated brain-wide GFP expression driven by Drd1-Flpo, suggesting that this mouse line may be useful for comprehensive anatomical and functional studies in many brain regions. The Drd1-Flpo model will advance the study of dopaminergic signaling by providing a new tool for investigating the diverse roles of D1DR+ neurons and their subpopulations in brain disease.

Significance StatementThe roles of dopamine in the brain are mediated by dopamine receptors. D1-type dopamine receptors (D1DRs) and D1DR-expressing (D1DR+) neurons play important roles in various brain functions. We generated a Drd1-Flpo mouse line that expresses Flp recombinase in D1DR+ neurons. This novel Drd1-Flpo mouse facilitates investigation of specific roles of D1DR+ neurons in various brain areas including the striatum, frontal cortex, and cerebellum, and it provides an alternative to existing Drd1-Cre mice. In addition, the Drd1-Flpo mouse line provides a tool for intersectional genetic studies, when used with existing transgenic Cre lines. The Drd1-Flpo mouse line can help unravel the specific contributions of D1DR+ neuron subpopulations to brain function and dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oppman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradee, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and validation of a D1 dopamine receptor Flpo knock-in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific fluorescent tagging of endogenous target proteins reveals synaptic enrichment and dynamic regulations of dopamine receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine can play opposing physiological roles depending on the receptor subtype. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Dop1R1 and Dop2R encode the D1- and D2-like receptors, respectively, and are reported to oppositely regulate intracellular cAMP levels. Here, we profiled the expression and subcellular localization of endogenous Dop1R1 and Dop2R in specific cell types in the mushroom body circuit. For cell-type-specific visualization of endogenous proteins, we employed reconstitution of split-GFP tagged to the receptor proteins. We detected dopamine receptors at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites in multiple cell types. Quantitative analysis revealed enrichment of both receptors at the presynaptic sites, with Dop2R showing a greater degree of localization than Dop1R1. The presynaptic localization of Dop1R1 and Dop2R in dopamine neurons suggests dual feedback regulation as autoreceptors. Furthermore, we discovered a starvation-dependent, bidirectional modulation of the presynaptic receptor expression in the PAM and PPL1 clusters, two distinct subsets of dopamine neurons, suggesting regulation of appetitive behaviors. Our results highlight the significance of the co-expression of the two opposing dopamine receptors in the spatial and conditional regulation of dopamine responses in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiramatsu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamagata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific fluorescent tagging of endogenous target proteins reveals synaptic enrichment and dynamic regulations of dopamine receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gammaherpesvirus infection triggers the formation of tRNA fragments from premature tRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are fundamental for both cellular and viral gene expression during viral infection. In addition, mounting evidence supports biological function for tRNA cleavage products, including in the control of gene expression during conditions of stress and infection. We previously reported that infection with the model murine gammaherpesvirus, MHV68, leads to enhanced tRNA transcription. However, whether this has any influence on tRNA transcript processing, viral replication, or the host response is not known. Here, we combined two new approaches, sequencing library preparation by Ordered Two Template Relay (OTTR) and tRNA bioinformatic analysis by tRAX, to quantitatively profile full-length tRNAs and tRNA fragment (tRF) identities during MHV68 infection. We find that MHV68 infection triggers both pre-tRNA and mature tRNA cleavage, resulting in the accumulation of specific tRFs. OTTR-tRAX revealed not only host tRNAome changes, but also the expression patterns of virally-encoded tRNAs (virtRNAs) and virtRFs made from the MHV68 genome, including their base modification signatures. Because the transcript ends of several host tRFs matched tRNA splice junctions, we tested and confirmed the role of tRNA splicing factors TSEN2 and CLP1 in MHV68-induced tRF biogenesis. Further, we show that CLP1 kinase, and by extension tRNA splicing, is required for productive MHV68 infection. Our findings provide new insight into how gammaherpesvirus infection both impacts and relies on tRNA transcription and processing.

ImportanceDiverse conditions of infection and cellular stress incite the cleavage of transfer RNAs, leading to the formation of tRNA fragments which can directly regulate gene expression. In our study of gammaherpesviruses, such as the murine herpesvirus 68 and human oncogenic Kaposi Sarcoma associated Herpesvirus, we discovered that transfer RNA regulation and cleavage is a key component of gene reprogramming during infection. We present the first in-depth profile of tRNA fragment generation in response to DNA virus infection, using state-of-the-art sequencing techniques that overcome several challenges with tRNA sequencing. We present several lines of evidence that tRNA fragments are made from newly-transcribed premature tRNAs and propose that this may be a defining characteristic of tRNA cleavage in some contexts. Finally, we show that tRNA splicing machinery is involved with the formation of some MHV68-induced tRNA fragments, with a key regulator of splicing, CLP1, required for maximal viral titer. Together, we posit that tRNA processing may be integral to the elegant shift in gene expression that occurs during viral take-over of the host cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gammaherpesvirus infection triggers the formation of tRNA fragments from premature tRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Device-free isolation of photoreceptor cells from patient iPSC-derived retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autologous photoreceptor cell replacement therapy shows great promise for treating patients with multiple forms of inherited retinal degenerative blindness. Specifically, in disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardts disease, selective death of photoreceptor cells results in irreversible blindness. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived retinal organoids, which faithfully recapitulate the structure of the neural retina, are an ideal source of photoreceptor cells required for these therapies. However, in addition to photoreceptor cells, retinal organoids also contain many other retinal cell types. Therefore, approaches for isolating fate committed photoreceptors from dissociated retinal organoids are desirable to produce photoreceptor cell replacement therapies. In this work, we present a partial dissociation strategy, which leverages the high level of organization found in retinal organoids to enable selective enrichment of photoreceptor cells without the use of specialized equipment or reagents such as antibody labels. Given that this technique can be performed with only standard plasticware and cGMP compliant reagents, it is an ideal candidate for use in the preparation of clinical cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Device-free isolation of photoreceptor cells from patient iPSC-derived retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of Med15 sequence features in transcription factor interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Med15 is a general transcriptional regulator and subunit within the tail module of the RNA Pol II Mediator complex. The S. cerevisiae Med15 protein has a well-structured N-terminal KIX domain, three Activator Binding Domains (ABDs), several naturally variable polyglutamine (poly-Q) tracts (Q1, Q2, Q3) embedded in an intrinsically disordered central region, and a C-terminal Mediator Association Domain (MAD). We investigated how the presence of ABDs and changes in length and composition of poly-Q tracts influences Med15 activity and function using phenotypic, gene expression, transcription factor interaction and phase separation assays of truncation, deletion, and synthetic alleles. We found that individual Med15 activities were influenced by the number of activator binding domains (ABDs) and adjacent polyglutamine tract composition. Robust Med15 activity required at least the Q1 tract and the length of that tract modulated activity in a context-dependent manner. We found that loss of Msn2-dependent transcriptional activation due to Med15 Q1 tract variation correlated well with a reduction in Msn2:Med15 interaction strength, but that interaction strength did not always mirror the propensity for phase separation. We also observed that distant glutamine tracts and Med15 phosphorylation affected the activities of the KIX domain, suggesting that intramolecular interactions may affect some Med15-transcription factor interactions. Further, two-hybrid based interaction studies revealed intramolecular interactions between the N-terminal KIX domain and the Q1R domain of Med15.

Author SummaryGlutamine tracts are relatively uncommon, but are a feature of many transcriptional regulators including the Med15 subunit of the Mediator Complex which is a large protein complex that plays an important role in gene expression in eukaryotic organisms including yeast and animals. Strains lacking Med15 are compromised in their ability to grow on many kinds of media, under stress conditions, and in fermentation, reflecting its importance in gene expression. Naturally occurring yeast strains specialized for growth in specific environments (e.g., wine, beer, clinical) vary in their glutamine tract lengths, suggesting that the length of glutamine tracts may influence Med15 function in a manner that is adaptive for a specific environment. In this study, we intentionally manipulated the length of the glutamine tracts in Med15 and found that these changes have subtle effects on Med15 interactions with transcription factors, target gene expression and growth. Taken together, our data suggests that glutamine tracts do not themselves mediate critical interactions with partner proteins, but instead may influence the shape of the Med15 protein, thus indirectly affecting the nature of these interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunkemeyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.04.592524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of Med15 sequence features in transcription factor interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of PDE4A5 on cAMP-dependent forms of long-term potentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
cAMP signaling is critical for memory consolidation and certain of forms long-term potentiation (LTP). Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes that degrade the second messenger cAMP and cGMP, are highly conserved during evolution and represent a unique set of drug targets, given the involvement of these enzymes in several pathophysiological states including brain disorders. The PDE4 family of cAMP selective PDEs, exert regulatory roles in memory and synaptic plasticity, but the specific roles of distinct PDE4 isoforms in these processes are poorly understood. Building on our previous work demonstrating that spatial and contextual memory deficits were caused by expressing selectively the long isoform of the PDE4A subfamily, PDE4A5, in hippocampal excitatory neurons, we now investigate the effects of PDE4A isoforms on different cAMP-dependent forms of LTP. We find that PDE4A5 impairs long-lasting LTP induced by theta burst stimulation (TBS) while sparing long-lasting LTP induced by spaced 4-train stimulation (4X100Hz). This effect requires the unique N-terminus of PDE4A5 and is specific to this long isoform. Targeted overexpression of PDE4A5 in area CA1 is sufficient to impair TBS-LTP, suggesting that cAMP levels in the postsynaptic neuron are critical for TBS-LTP. Our results shed light on the inherent differences among the PDE4A subfamily isoforms, emphasizing the importance of the long isoforms, which have a unique N-terminal region. Advancing our understanding of the function of specific PDE isoforms will pave the way for developing isoform-selective approaches to treat the cognitive deficits that are debilitating aspects of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Key PointsO_LIHippocampal overexpression of a PDE4A subfamily long isoform, PDE4A5, but not a short isoform PDE4A1, impairs spatial and contextual fear memory and the N-terminus of PDE4A5 is important for this effect.
C_LIO_LIHippocampal overexpression of PDE4A isoforms, PDE4A1 and PDE4A5 do not impair LTP induced by spaced tetanic stimulation at the CA3-CA1 synapses.
C_LIO_LIHippocampal overexpression of PDE4A5, but not PDE4A1 or the N-terminus truncated PDE4A5 (PDE4A5{Delta}4) selectively impairs LTP induced by theta burst stimulation (TBS) at the CA3-CA1 synapses and expression of PDE4A5 in area CA1 is sufficient for the TBS-LTP deficit.
C_LIO_LIThese results suggest that PDE4A5, through its N-terminus, regulates cAMP pools that are critical for memory consolidation and expression of TBS-LTP at the CA3-CA1 synapses.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=148 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/592525v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (53K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ee4ccdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f43c3corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19eb64dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d2bab0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Spaced tetanic stimulation and TBS induce cAMP synthesis and activation of PKA to promote signaling cascades that facilitate expression of long-lasting LTP at the CA3-CA1 synapses. PDE4A5 overexpression in the hippocampus selectively impairs cAMP and PKA dependent TBS-LTP at the CA3-CA1 synapses, while sparing LTP induced by spaced tetanization.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tadinada, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.04.592525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of PDE4A5 on cAMP-dependent forms of long-term potentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exonic splice variant discovery using in vitro models of inherited retinal disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correct identification of the molecular consequences of pathogenic genetic variants is essential to the development of allele-specific therapies. However, in some cases, such molecular effects may be ambiguous following genetic sequence analysis alone. One such case is exonic, codon-altering variants that are also predicted to disrupt normal RNA splicing. Here, we identify such cases in the context of inherited retinal disease. NR2E3 c.932G>A (p.Arg311Gln) is a variant commonly associated with Enhanced S Cone Syndrome (ESCS). Previous studies using mutagenized cDNA constructs have shown that the arginine to glutamine substitution at position 311 of NR2E3 does not meaningfully diminish function of the rod-specific transcription factor. Using retinal organoids, we explored the molecular consequences of NR2E3 c.932G>A when expressed endogenously during human rod photoreceptor cell development. Retinal organoids carrying the NR2E3 c.932G>A allele expressed a transcript containing a 186-nucleotide deletion of exon 6 within the ligand binding domain. This short transcript was not detected in control organoids or control human donor retina samples. A minigene containing exons 5 and 6 of NR2E3 showed sufficiency of the c.932G>A variant to cause the observed splicing defect. These results support the hypothesis that the pathogenic NR2E3 c.932G>A variant leads to photoreceptor disease by causing a splice defect and not through an amino acid substitution as previously supposed. They also explain the relatively mild effect of Arg311Gln on NR2E3 function in vitro. We also used in silico prediction tools to show that similar changes are likely to affect other inherited retinal disease variants in genes such as CEP290, ABCA4, and BEST1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anfinson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorf, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exonic splice variant discovery using in vitro models of inherited retinal disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical activation of VE-cadherin stimulates AMPK to increase endothelial cell metabolism and vasodilation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelia cells respond to mechanical force by stimulating cellular signaling, but how these pathways are linked to elevations in cell metabolism and whether metabolism supports the mechanical response remains poorly understood. Here, we show that application of force to VE-cadherin stimulates liver kinase B1 (LKB1) to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis. VE-cadherin stimulated AMPK increases eNOS activity and localization to the plasma membrane as well as reinforcement of the actin cytoskeleton and cadherin adhesion complex, and glucose uptake. We present evidence for the increase in metabolism being necessary to fortify the adhesion complex, actin cytoskeleton, and cellular alignment. Together these data extend the paradigm for how mechanotransduction and metabolism are linked to include a connection to vasodilation, thereby providing new insight into how diseases involving contractile, metabolic, and vasodilatory disturbances arise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMali, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical activation of VE-cadherin stimulates AMPK to increase endothelial cell metabolism and vasodilation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perivascular adipose tissue remodeling impairs vasoreactivity in thermoneutral-housed rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveVascular pathology, characterized by impaired vasoreactivity and mitochondrial respiration, differs between the sexes. Housing rats under thermoneutral (TN) conditions causes vascular dysfunction and perturbed metabolism. We hypothesized that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), a vasoregulatory adipose depot with brown adipose tissue (BAT) phenotype, remodels to a white adipose (WAT) phenotype in rats housed at TN, driving diminished vasoreactivity in a sex-dependent manner.

MethodsMale and female Wistar rats were housed at either room temperature (RT) or TN. Endpoints included changes in PVAT morphology, vasoreactivity in vessels with intact PVAT or transferred to PVAT of the oppositely-housed animal, vessel stiffness, vessel mitochondrial respiration and cellular signaling.

ResultsRemodeling of PVAT was observed in rats housed at TN; animals in this environment showed PVAT whitening and displayed diminished aortae vasodilation (p<0.05), different between the sexes. Juxtaposing PVAT from RT rats onto aortae from TN rats in females corrected vasodilation (p<0.05); this did not occur in males. In aortae of all animals housed at TN, mitochondrial respiration was significantly diminished in lipid substrate experiments (p<0.05), and there was significantly less expression of peNOS (p<0.001).

ConclusionsThese data are consistent with TN-induced remodeling of PVAT, notably associated with sex-specific blunting of vasoreactivity, diminished mitochondrial respiration, and altered cellular signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henckel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knaub, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shandas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reusch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perivascular adipose tissue remodeling impairs vasoreactivity in thermoneutral-housed rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a humanized anti-FABP4 monoclonal antibody for treatment of breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBreast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer are the primary contributors to newly diagnosed cases among women, with breast cancer representing the second highest proportion of the total. The treatment protocols vary depends on different stages of breast cancer, and numerous clinical trials are ongoing based on the data derived from laboratory. Our studies demonstrate that circulating adipose fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP, or FABP4) links obesity-induced dysregulated lipid metabolism and breast cancer risk, thus offering a new target for breast cancer treatment.

MethodsWe immunized FABP4 knockout mice with recombinant human FABP4 and screened hybridoma clones with specific binding to FABP4. The potential effects of antibodies on breast cancer cells in vitro were evaluated using migration, invasion, and limit dilution assays. Tumor progression in vivo was evaluated in various types of tumorigenesis models including C57BL/6 mice, Balb/c mice, and SCID mice. The phenotype and function of immune cells in tumor microenvironment were characterized with multi-color flow cytometry. Tumor stemness was detected by ALDH assays. To characterize antigen-antibody binding capacity, we determined the dissociation constant of S-V9 against FABP4 via surface plasmon resonance. Further analyses in tumor tissue were performed using 10X Genomics Visium spatial single cell technology.

ResultsHerein, we report the generation of humanized monoclonal antibodies blocking FABP4 activity for breast cancer treatment in mouse models. One clone, named 12G2, which significantly reduced circulating levels of FABP4 and inhibited mammary tumor growth, was selected for further characterization. After confirming the therapeutic efficacy of the chimeric 12G2 monoclonal antibody consisting of mouse variable regions and human IgG1 constant regions, 16 humanized 12G2 monoclonal antibody variants were generated by grafting its complementary determining regions to selected human germline sequences. Humanized V9 monoclonal antibody showed consistent results in inhibiting mammary tumor growth and metastasis by affecting tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism.

ConclusionsOur current evidence suggest that targeting FABP4 with humanized monoclonal antibodies represents a novel strategy for the treatment of breast cancer and possibly other obesity- associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a humanized anti-FABP4 monoclonal antibody for treatment of breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auranofin and reactive oxygen species inhibit protein synthesis and regulate the level of the PLK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel therapeutic approaches are needed for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma tumors. We previously identified that Ewing sarcoma cell lines are sensitive to drugs that inhibit protein translation. However, translational and therapeutic approaches to inhibit protein synthesis in tumors are limited. In this work, we identified that reactive oxygen species, which are generated by a wide range of chemotherapy and other drugs, inhibit protein synthesis and reduce the level of critical proteins that support tumorigenesis in Ewing sarcoma cells. In particular, we identified that both hydrogen peroxide and auranofin, an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase and regulator of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, activate the repressor of protein translation 4E-BP1 and reduce the levels of the oncogenic proteins RRM2 and PLK1 in Ewing and other sarcoma cell lines. These results provide novel insight into the mechanism of how ROS-inducing drugs target cancer cells via inhibition of protein translation and identify a mechanistic link between ROS and the DNA replication (RRM2) and cell cycle regulatory (PLK1) pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppenhafer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auranofin and reactive oxygen species inhibit protein synthesis and regulate the level of the PLK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetically Steered Cell Therapy For Functional Restoration Of Intraocular Pressure Control In Open-Angle Glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trabecular meshwork (TM) cell therapy has been proposed as a next-generation treatment for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness. Using a magnetic cell steering technique with excellent efficiency and tissue-specific targeting, we delivered two types of cells into a mouse model of glaucoma: either human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) or induced pluripotent cell derivatives (iPSC-TM cells). We observed a 4.5 [3.1, 6.0] mmHg or 27% reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) for nine months after a single dose of only 1500 magnetically-steered hAMSCs, explained by increased outflow through the conventional pathway and associated with an higher TM cellularity. iPSC-TM cells were also effective, but less so, showing only a 1.9 [0.4, 3.3] mmHg or 13% IOP reduction and increased risk of tumorigenicity. In both cases, injected cells remained detectable in the iridocorneal angle three weeks post-transplantation. Based on the locations of the delivered cells, the mechanism of IOP lowering is most likely paracrine signaling. We conclude that magnetically-steered hAMSC cell therapy has potential for long-term treatment of ocular hypertension in glaucoma.

One Sentence SummaryA novel magnetic cell therapy provided effective intraocular pressure reduction in a mouse model, motivating future translational studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N Safa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siadat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhunjhunwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossniklaus, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emelianov, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetically Steered Cell Therapy For Functional Restoration Of Intraocular Pressure Control In Open-Angle Glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsN coordinates septal peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation through self-interaction of SPOR in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. coli cell division protein FtsN was proposed to coordinate septal peptidoglycan (sPG) synthesis and degradation to ensure robust cell wall constriction without lethal lesions. Although the precise mechanism remains unclear, previous work highlights the importance of two FtsN domains: the E domain, which interacts with and activates the sPG synthesis complex FtsWIQLB, and the SPOR domain, which binds to denuded glycan (dnG) strands, key intermediates in sPG degradation. Here, we used single-molecule tracking of FtsN and FtsW (a proxy for the sPG synthesis complex FtsWIQLB) to investigate how FtsN coordinates the two opposing processes. We observed dynamic behaviors indicating that FtsNs SPOR domain binds to dnGs cooperatively, which both sequesters the sPG synthesis complex on dnG (termed as the dnG-track) and protects dnGs from degradation by lytic transglycosylases (LTs). The release of the SPOR domain from dnGs leads to activating the sPG synthesis complex on the sPG-track and simultaneously exposing those same dnGs to degradation. Furthermore, FtsNs SPOR domain self-interacts and facilitates the formation of a multimeric sPG synthesis complex on both tracks. The cooperative self-interaction of the SPOR domain creates a sensitive switch to regulate the partitioning of FtsN between the dnG- and sPG-tracks, thereby controlling the balance between sequestered and active populations of the sPG synthesis complex. As such, FtsN coordinates sPG synthesis and degradation in space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsN coordinates septal peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation through self-interaction of SPOR in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome region linked to neurodevelopmental disorders acts in distinct neuronal circuits in males and females to control locomotor behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological sex shapes the manifestation and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). These disorders often demonstrate male-specific vulnerabilities; however, the identification of underlying mechanisms remains a significant challenge in the field. Hemideletion of the 16p11.2 region (16p11.2 del/+) is associated with NDDs, and mice modeling 16p11.2 del/+ exhibit sex-specific striatum-related phenotypes relevant to NDDs. Striatal circuits, crucial for locomotor control, consist of two distinct pathways: the direct and indirect pathways originating from D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) and D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs), respectively. In this study, we define the impact of 16p11.2 del/+ on striatal circuits in male and female mice. Using snRNA-seq, we identify sex- and cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in the D1- and D2-SPNs of 16p11.2 del/+ mice, indicating distinct transcriptomic signatures in D1-SPNs and D2-SPNs in males and females, with a [~]5-fold greater impact in males. Further pathway analysis reveals differential gene expression changes in 16p11.2 del/+ male mice linked to synaptic plasticity in D1- and D2-SPNs and GABA signaling pathway changes in D1-SPNs. Consistent with our snRNA-seq study revealing changes in GABA signaling pathways, we observe distinct changes in miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in D1- and D2-SPNs from 16p11.2 del/+ male mice. Behaviorally, we utilize conditional genetic approaches to introduce the hemideletion selectively in either D1- or D2-SPNs and find that conditional hemideletion of genes in the 16p11.2 region in D2-SPNs causes hyperactivity in male mice, but hemideletion in D1-SPNs does not. Within the striatum, hemideletion of genes in D2-SPNs in the dorsal lateral striatum leads to hyperactivity in males, demonstrating the importance of this striatal region. Interestingly, conditional 16p11.2 del/+ within the cortex drives hyperactivity in both sexes. Our work reveals that a locus linked to NDDs acts in different striatal circuits, selectively impacting behavior in a sex- and cell type-specific manner, providing new insight into male vulnerability for NDDs.

Highlights- 16p11.2 hemideletion (16p11.2 del/+) induces sex- and cell type-specific transcriptomic signatures in spiny projection neurons (SPNs).
- Transcriptomic changes in GABA signaling in D1-SPNs align with changes in inhibitory synapse function.
- 16p11.2 del/+ in D2-SPNs causes hyperactivity in males but not females.
- 16p11.2 del/+ in D2-SPNs in the dorsal lateral striatum drives hyperactivity in males.
- 16p11.2 del/+ in cortex drives hyperactivity in both sexes.


Graphic abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=194 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/594746v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19542baorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4ff570org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17aa1c3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@123e48_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanrobaeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatolhagh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kelvington, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelakos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuccillo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome region linked to neurodevelopmental disorders acts in distinct neuronal circuits in males and females to control locomotor behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardioprotection by Poloxamer 188 is Mediated through Increased Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac events. Poloxamer 188 (P188), a nonionic triblock copolymer, has been proposed to mitigate I/R injury by stabilizing cell membranes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly concerning endothelial cell function and nitric oxide (NO) production.

We employed human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to elucidate the effects of P188 on cellular survival, function, and NO secretion under simulated I/R conditions. iPSC-CMs contractility and iPSC-ECs NO production were assessed following exposure to P188. Further, an isolated heart model using Brown Norway rats subjected to I/R injury was utilized to evaluate the ex-vivo cardioprotective effects of P188, examining cardiac function and NO production, with and without the administration of a NO inhibitor.

In iPSC-derived models, P188 significantly preserved CM contractile function and enhanced cell viability after hypoxia/reoxygenation. Remarkably, P188 treatment led to a pronounced increase in NO secretion in iPSC-ECs, a novel finding demonstrating endothelial protective effects beyond membrane stabilization. In the rat isolated heart model, administration of P188 during reperfusion notably improved cardiac function and reduced I/R injury markers. This cardioprotective effect was abrogated by NO inhibition, underscoring the pivotal role of NO. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in NO production was observed in non-ischemic rat hearts treated with P188, further establishing the critical function of NO in P188 induced cardioprotection.

In conclusion, our comprehensive study unveils a novel role of NO in mediating the protective effects of P188 against I/R injury. This mechanism is evident in both cellular models and intact rat hearts, highlighting the potential of P188 as a therapeutic agent against I/R injury. Our findings pave the way for further investigation into P188s therapeutic mechanisms and its potential application in clinical settings to mitigate I/R-related cardiac dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yannopolous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riess, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.593838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardioprotection by Poloxamer 188 is Mediated through Increased Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Breast Milk EVs Mitigate Endothelial Dysfunction: Preliminary Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is an early indicator of failing vascular integrity, leading to various cardiovascular diseases. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation is a key mechanism. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in suppressing TLR4 activation in damaged intestinal epithelial cells. This study explores the therapeutic potential of human breast milk EVs (bEVs) in EC dysfunction related to cardiovascular diseases.

MethodsHuman breast milk EVs (bEVs) were isolated from healthy nursing mothers using ultracentrifugation. bEVs were applied to LPS-treated HUVECs, and the expression of inflammatory markers was measured using qPCR and western blotting. Angiogenesis was assessed via a wound assay. Additionally, bEVs were orally administered weekly for six weeks to high-fat diet-induced obese mice and lean mice. Metabolic phenotype characteristics and EC-dependent vasorelaxation were evaluated.

ResultsbEV pre-treatment inhibited LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-1b and VCAM-1. It also suppressed phospho-NFkB and TLR4 protein expression. bEVs enhanced EC migration, significantly increasing wound closure. Oral administration of bEVs restored impaired EC-dependent vasorelaxation in the mesenteric artery of obese mice, though metabolic parameters remained unchanged.

ConclusionOur findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of bEVs on EC dysfunction, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. Future studies will focus on identifying specific bEV cargos and further evaluating their therapeutic effects on EC dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Breast Milk EVs Mitigate Endothelial Dysfunction: Preliminary Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection unevenly impacts metabolism in the coronal periphery of the lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HighlightsO_LICOVID-19 significantly decreases amino acids, fatty acids, and most eicosanoids
C_LIO_LISARS-CoV-2 preferentially localizes to central lung tissue
C_LIO_LIMetabolic disturbance is highest in peripheral tissue, not central like viral load
C_LIO_LISpatial metabolomics allows detection of metabolites not altered overall
C_LI

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is a highly contagious virus that can lead to hospitalization and death. COVID-19 is characterized by its involvement in the lungs, particularly the lower lobes. To improve patient outcomes and treatment options, a better understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 impacts the body, particularly the lower respiratory system, is required. In this study, we sought to understand the spatial impact of COVID-19 on the lungs of mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30. Overall, infection caused a decrease in fatty acids, amino acids, and most eicosanoids. When analyzed by segment, viral loads were highest in central lung tissue, while metabolic disturbance was highest in peripheral tissue. Infected peripheral lung tissue was characterized by lower levels of fatty acids and amino acids when compared to central lung tissue. This study highlights the spatial impacts of SARS-CoV-2 and helps explain why peripheral lung tissue is most damaged by COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection unevenly impacts metabolism in the coronal periphery of the lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucociliary Clearance is Impaired in Small Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleCystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder characterized by recurrent airway infections, inflammation, and progressive decline in lung function. Autopsy and spirometry data suggest that cystic fibrosis may start in the small airways which, due to the fractal nature of the airways, account for most of the airway tree surface area. However, they are not easily accessible for testing.

ObjectivesHere, we tested the hypothesis that mucociliary clearance is abnormal in the small airways of newborn cystic fibrosis pigs.

MethodsCurrent mucociliary clearance assays are limited therefore we developed a dynamic positron emission tomography scan assay with high spatial and temporal resolution. Each study was accompanied by a high-resolution computed tomography scan that helped identify the thin outer region of the lung that contained small airways.

Measurements and Main ResultsClearance of aerosolized [68Ga]macro aggregated albumin from distal airways occurred within minutes after delivery and followed a two-phase process. In cystic fibrosis pigs, both early and late clearance rates were slower. Stimulation of the cystic fibrosis airways with the purinergic agonist UTP further impaired late clearance. Only 1 cystic fibrosis pig treated with UTP out of 6 cleared more than 20% of the delivered dose.

ConclusionsThese data indicate that mucociliary transport in the small airways is fast and can easily be missed if the acquisition is not fast enough. The data also indicate that mucociliary transport is impaired in small airways of cystic fibrosis pigs. This defect is exacerbated by stimulation of mucus secretions with purinergic agonists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilkin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunderland, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoltz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Alaiwa, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucociliary Clearance is Impaired in Small Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping coactivator function is required for transcriptional activation by the Candida glabrata Pdr1 transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azole resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is a serious clinical complication and increasing in frequency. The majority of resistant organisms have been found to contain a substitution mutation in the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1. These mutations typically lead to this factor driving high, constitutive expression of target genes like the ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene CDR1. Overexpression of Cdr1 is required for the observed elevated fluconazole resistance exhibited by strains containing one of these hyperactive PDR1 alleles. While the identity of hyperactive PDR1 alleles has been extensively documented, the mechanisms underlying how these gain-of-function (GOF) forms of Pdr1 lead to elevated target gene transcription are not well understood. We have used a tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tagged form of Pdr1 to identify coactivator proteins that biochemically purify with the wild-type and two different GOF forms of Pdr1. Three coactivator proteins were found to associate with Pdr1: the SWI/SNF complex Snf2 chromatin remodeling protein and two different components of the SAGA complex, Spt7 and Ngg1. We found that deletion mutants lacking either SNF2 or SPT7 exhibited growth defects, even in the absence of fluconazole challenge. To overcome these issues, we employed a conditional degradation system to acutely deplete these coactivators and determined that loss of either coactivator complex, SWI/SNF or SAGA, caused defects in Pdr1-dependent transcription. A double degron strain that could be depleted for both SWI/SNF and SAGA exhibited a profound defect in PDR1 autoregulation, revealing that these complexes work together to ensure high level Pdr1-dependent gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conway, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonicova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping coactivator function is required for transcriptional activation by the Candida glabrata Pdr1 transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of Heme Metabolism Promotes Tissue Health after Intraarticular Injury or Surgical Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a well-recognized public health burden without any disease modifying treatment. This occurs despite noted advances in surgical care in the past 50 years. Mitochondrial oxidative damage pathways initiate PTOA after severe injuries like intraarticular fracture that often require surgery and contribute to PTOA after less severe injuries that may or may not require surgery like meniscal injuries. When considering the mitochondrial and redox environment of the injured joint, we hypothesized that activation of heme metabolism, previously associated with healing in many settings, would cause prototypic mitochondrial reprogramming effects in cartilage ideally suited for use at the time of injury repair. Activation of heme metabolism can be accomplished through the gasotransmitter carbon monoxide (CO), which activates hemeoxygenase-1 (HO1) and subsequent heme metabolism. In this study, we employed unique carbon monoxide (CO)-containing foam (COF) to stimulate heme metabolism and restore chondrocyte oxygen metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Doxycycline-inducible, chondrocyte-specific HO1 overexpressing transgenic mice show similar mitochondrial reprogramming after induction compared to COF. CO is retained at least 24 h after COF injection into stifle joints and induces sustained increases in heme metabolism. Lastly, intraarticular injection of COF causes key redox outcomes without any adverse safety outcomes in rabbit stifle joints ex vivo and in vivo. We propose that activation of heme metabolism is an ideal adjuvant to trauma care that replenishes chondrocyte mitochondrial metabolism and restores redox homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Contreras, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakyi, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of Heme Metabolism Promotes Tissue Health after Intraarticular Injury or Surgical Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitoregulin supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We and others discovered a highly-conserved mitochondrial transmembrane microprotein, named Mitoregulin (Mtln), that supports lipid metabolism. We reported that Mtln strongly binds cardiolipin (CL), increases mitochondrial respiration and Ca2+ retention capacities, and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we extend our observation of Mtln-CL binding and examine Mtln influence on cristae structure and mitochondrial membrane integrity during stress. We demonstrate that mitochondria from constitutive- and inducible Mtln-knockout (KO) mice are susceptible to membrane freeze-damage and that this can be rescued by acute Mtln re-expression. In mitochondrial-simulated lipid monolayers, we show that synthetic Mtln decreases lipid packing and monolayer elasticity. Lipidomics revealed that Mtln-KO heart tissues show broad decreases in 22:6-containing lipids and increased cardiolipin damage/remodeling. Lastly, we demonstrate that Mtln-KO mice suffer worse myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hinting at a translationally-relevant role for Mtln in cardioprotection. Our work supports a model in which Mtln binds cardiolipin and stabilizes mitochondrial membranes to broadly influence diverse mitochondrial functions, including lipid metabolism, while also protecting against stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witmer, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitoregulin supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two non-coding variants associated with isolated orofacial cleft promote binding of transcriptional repressors FOXE1 or ETS2 and reduce expression of IRF6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral facial cleft (OFC) is a multifactorial disorder that can present as a cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) or a cleft palate only. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of isolated OFC have identified common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 1q32/IRF6 locus and many other loci where, like IRF6, the presumed OFC-relevant gene is expressed in embryonic oral epithelium. To identify the functional subset of SNPs at eight such loci we conducted a massively parallel reporter assay in a cell line derived from fetal oral epithelium, revealing SNPs with allele-specific effects on enhancer activity. We filtered these against chromatin-mark evidence of enhancers in relevant cell types or tissues, and then tested a subset in traditional reporter assays, yielding six candidates for functional SNPs in five loci (1q32/IRF6, 3q28/TP63, 6p24.3/TFAP2A, 20q12/MAFB, and 9q22.33/FOXE1). We further tested two SNPs near IRF6 and one near FOXE1 by engineering the genome of induced pluripotent stem cells, differentiating the cells into embryonic oral epithelium, and measuring expression of IRF6 or FOXE1 and binding of transcription factors; the results strongly supported their candidacy. Conditional analyses of a meta-analysis of GWAS suggest that the two functional SNPs near IRF6 account for the majority of risk for CL/P associated with variation at this locus. This study connects genetic variation associated with orofacial cleft to mechanisms of pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraiso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patni, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomsztyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two non-coding variants associated with isolated orofacial cleft promote binding of transcriptional repressors FOXE1 or ETS2 and reduce expression of IRF6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of self-healing hydrogels to support choroidal endothelial cell transplantation for the treatment of early age related macular degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and choroideremia, a key pathophysiologic step is loss of endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris, the dense vascular bed required for maintaining health and function of the retina. As such, repopulation of choroidal vasculature early in the disease process may halt disease progression. Prior studies have shown that injection of donor cells in suspension results in significant cellular efflux and poor cell survival. As such, the goal of this study was to develop a hydrogel system designed to support CEC transplantation. A library of hydrogels was synthesized using laminin (i.e., LN111, LN121, and LN421), carboxy methyl chitosan, and oxidized dextran via reversible Schiff base chemistry. Each of the developed hydrogels was readily injectable into the suprachoroidal space, with excellent gelation, mechanical, and degradation properties. Laminin-based hydrogels were compatible with immortalized CEC survival in vitro, and suprachoroidal injection of LN111 and LN121 containing gels were well-tolerated in an in vivo rat model, whereas LN421 containing gels caused significant chorioretinal inflammation. Hydrogels were detected in the suprachoroidal space of immunosuppressed rats at 1-week post-injection and were completely resorbed by 1-month post-injection. There were significantly more CECs retained in immunosuppressed rats that received cell laden hydrogels than those that received unsupported cell suspensions (i.e., CECs only). These findings pave the way for future CEC replacement studies in animal models of choroidal cell loss toward the development of future therapies.

Statement of significanceAge related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of untreatable blindness in the industrial world. A key pathologic step in AMD is loss of the choriocapillaris endothelial cells, which provide vascular support to the overlying retina, including the light-sensing photoreceptors. We believe that choroidal cell replacement early in disease may prevent retinal cell death and subsequent vision loss. In this study, we present a strategy for repopulating the choriocapillaris using choroidal endothelial cell laden hydrogels. Specifically, we demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of 3 different laminin-based hydrogel systems. LN111 and LN121 hydrogels were found to increase retention of choroidal endothelial cells following suprachoroidal transplantation. These findings pave the way for future cell replacement studies in animal models of choroidal cell dropout.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogden, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulfaul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of self-healing hydrogels to support choroidal endothelial cell transplantation for the treatment of early age related macular degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adjuvant Delivery Method and Nanoparticle Charge Influence Peptide Amphiphile Micelle Vaccine Bioactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines are an indispensable public health measure that have enabled the eradication, near elimination, and prevention of a variety of pathogens. As research continues and our understanding of immunization strategies develops, subunit vaccines have emerged as exciting alternatives to existing whole vaccine approaches. Unfortunately, subunit vaccines often possess weak antigenicity, requiring delivery devices and adjuvant supplementation to improve their utility. Peptide amphiphile micelles have recently been shown to function as both delivery devices and self-adjuvanting systems that can be readily associated with molecular adjuvants to further improve vaccine-mediated host immunity. While promising, many "design rules" associated with the plethora of underlying adjustable parameters in the generation of a peptide amphiphile micelle vaccine have yet to be uncovered. This work explores the impact micellar adjuvant complexation method and incorporated antigen type have on their ability to activate dendritic cells and induce antigen specific responses. Interestingly, electrostatic complexation of CpG to micelles resulted in improved in vitro dendritic cell activation over hydrophobic association and antigen|adjuvant co-localization influenced cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated immune responses. These exciting results complement those previously published to build the framework of a micelle vaccine toolbox that can be leveraged for future disease-specific formulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rygelski, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seim, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrum, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulery, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adjuvant Delivery Method and Nanoparticle Charge Influence Peptide Amphiphile Micelle Vaccine Bioactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transatlantic movement of horses and donkeys at Jamestown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domestic horses and donkeys played a key role in the initial colonization of the Atlantic seaboard of the Americas, a process partially chronicled by historical records. While Spanish colonists brought horses to the Caribbean and southern latitudes earlier, the transport of domestic horses to the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1606 was among the first dispersals to the eastern seaboard. Archaeozoological analysis, isotope analysis, and radiocarbon dating of identifiable domestic equid remains from two contexts associated with the initial occupation of Jamestown demonstrate intense processing and consumption of the first Jamestown horses during the "Starving Time" winter of 1609, while paleopathological data show evidence of their use in transport. Osteological, genetic, and isotopic study of these equid remains reveal the presence of at least one adult domestic donkey with mixed European and West African ancestry, possibly supplied through undocumented exchange during a trans-Atlantic stopover. These results reveal the importance of equids in the survival of early European settlers and the global connectivity of early trans-Atlantic exchange in horses and donkeys, showing Caribbean and African links in the founding livestock populations and pointing towards an important and ecologically-anchored role for donkeys in the early colonial lifeways along the Eastern seaboard.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delsol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelze, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundiran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron-Ortiz, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojediran, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero-Bisono, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peate, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavinato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonasso-Calviere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito-Mayor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlando, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krigbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transatlantic movement of horses and donkeys at Jamestown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.25.600501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airway basal stem cells are necessary for the maintenance of functional intraepithelial airway macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.25.600501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and repair through multiple mechanisms. In addition to being able to replace aged or damaged cells, stem cells provide signals that contribute to the maintenance and function of neighboring cells. In the lung, airway basal stem cells also produce cytokines and chemokines in response to inhaled irritants, allergens, and pathogens, which affect specific immune cell populations and shape the nature of the immune response. However, direct cell-to-cell signaling through contact between airway basal stem cells and immune cells has not been demonstrated. Recently, a unique population of intraepithelial airway macrophages (IAMs) has been identified in the murine trachea. Here, we demonstrate that IAMs require Notch signaling from airway basal stem cells for maintenance of their differentiated state and function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Notch signaling between airway basal stem cells and IAMs is required for antigen-induced allergic inflammation only in the trachea where the basal stem cells are located whereas allergic responses in distal lung tissues are preserved consistent with a local circuit linking stem cells to proximate immune cells. Finally, we demonstrate that IAM-like cells are present in human conducting airways and that these cells display Notch activation, mirroring their murine counterparts. Since diverse lung stem cells have recently been identified and localized to specific anatomic niches along the proximodistal axis of the respiratory tree, we hypothesize that the direct functional coupling of local stem cell-mediated regeneration and immune responses permits a compartmentalized inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kooistra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea-Zorrilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anketell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villoria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alladina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinarsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Celeiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paksa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tata, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Causton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zulueta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosper, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medoff, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Saganta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.25.600501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airway basal stem cells are necessary for the maintenance of functional intraepithelial airway macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, anxiety is characterized by heightened vigilance during low-threat and uncertain situations. Though activity in the frontal cortex and limbic system is fundamental to supporting this internal state, the underlying network architecture that integrates activity across brain regions to encode anxiety across animals and paradigms remains unclear. Here, we utilize parallel electrical recordings in freely behaving mice, multiple translational paradigms known to induce anxiety, and machine learning to discover a multi-region network that encodes the anxious brain state. The network is composed of circuits widely implicated in anxiety behavior, it generalizes across many behavioral contexts that induce anxiety, and it fails to encode multiple behavioral contexts that do not. Strikingly, the activity of this network is also principally altered in two mouse models of depression. Thus, we establish a network-level process whereby the brain encodes anxiety in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsyglakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Balaguer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClung, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FABP4-mediated lipid accumulation and lipolysis in tumor associated macrophages promote breast cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is associated with poorer prognosis and survival in breast cancer patients. Recent studies have shown that lipid accumulation in TAMs can promote tumor growth and metastasis in various models. However, the specific molecular mechanisms that drive lipid accumulation and tumor progression in TAMs remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), unlike saturated ones, are more likely to form lipid droplets in macrophages. Specifically, unsaturated FAs, including linoleic acids (LA), activate the FABP4/CEBP pathway, leading to triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet formation. Furthermore, FABP4 enhances lipolysis and FA utilization by breast cancer cells, which promotes cancer cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Notably, a deficiency of FABP4 in macrophages significantly reduces LA-induced lipid metabolism. Therefore, our findings suggest FABP4 as a crucial lipid messenger that facilitates unsaturated FA-mediated lipid accumulation and lipolysis in TAMs, thus contributing to the metastasis of breast cancer.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=193 SRC="FIGDIR/small/601733v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (57K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7cba6dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b37fb2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@84aa8forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9bda2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIUnlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids preferentially promote lipid droplet formation in macrophages.
C_LIO_LIUnsaturated fatty acids activate the FABP4/CEBP axis for neutral lipid biosynthesis in macrophages
C_LIO_LIDeficiency of FABP4 compromised unsaturated fatty acid-mediated lipid accumulation and utilization in macrophages
C_LIO_LIFABP4-mediated lipid metabolism in macrophages contributes to breast cancer metastasis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FABP4-mediated lipid accumulation and lipolysis in tumor associated macrophages promote breast cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-13 decreases susceptibility to airway epithelial SARS-CoV-2 infection but increases disease severity in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatments available to prevent progression of virus-induced lung diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are of limited benefit once respiratory failure occurs. The efficacy of approved and emerging cytokine signaling-modulating antibodies is variable and is affected by disease course and patient-specific inflammation patterns. Therefore, understanding the role of inflammation on the viral infectious cycle is critical for effective use of cytokine-modulating agents. We investigated the role of the type 2 cytokine IL-13 on SARS-CoV-2 binding/entry, replication, and host response in primary HAE cells in vitro and in a model of mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. IL-13 protected airway epithelial cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by decreasing the abundance of ACE2- expressing ciliated cells rather than by neutralization in the airway surface liquid or by interferon-mediated antiviral effects. In contrast, IL-13 worsened disease severity in mice; the effects were mediated by eicosanoid signaling and were abolished in mice deficient in the phospholipase A2 enzyme PLA2G2D. We conclude that IL-13-induced inflammation differentially affects multiple steps of COVID-19 pathogenesis. IL-13-induced inflammation may be protective against initial SARS-CoV-2 airway epithelial infection; however, it enhances disease progression in vivo. Blockade of IL-13 and/or eicosanoid signaling may be protective against progression to severe respiratory virus-induced lung disease.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSPrior to this study, various pieces of evidence indicated the significant role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and progression of COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 cases were marked by cytokine storm syndrome, leading to immune activation and hyperinflammation. Treatments aimed at modulating cytokine signaling, such as IL-6 receptor antagonists, had shown moderate effects in managing severe COVID-19 cases. Studies also revealed an excessive production of type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13 and IL-4, in the plasma and lungs of COVID-19 patients, which was associated with adverse outcomes. Treatment with anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibodies improved survival following SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that IL-13 plays a role in disease severity. Type 2 cytokines were observed to potentially suppress type 1 responses, essential for viral clearance, and imbalances between these cytokine types were linked to negative COVID-19 outcomes. These findings highlighted the complex interactions between cytokines and the immune response during viral infections, underscoring the importance of understanding IL-13s role in COVID-19 and related lung diseases for developing effective therapeutic interventions.

Added value of this studyIn this study, we explored the impact of IL-13-induced inflammation on various stages of the SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle using both murine (in vivo) and primary human airway epithelial (in vitro) culture models. Our findings indicated that IL-13 provided protection to airway epithelial cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, partly by reducing the number of ACE2- expressing ciliated cells. Conversely, IL-13 exacerbated the severity of SARS2-N501YMA30-induced disease in mice, primarily through Pla2g2d-mediated eicosanoid biosynthesis.

Implications of the available evidenceCurrent evidence indicates that PLA2G2D plays a crucial role in the IL-13-driven exacerbation of COVID-19 in mice, suggesting that targeting the IL-13-PLA2G2D axis could help protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These insights are important for clinical research, especially for studies focusing on drugs that modify IL-13 signaling or modulate eicosanoids in the treatment of asthma and respiratory virus-induced lung diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlford-Lenane, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Necker, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-13 decreases susceptibility to airway epithelial SARS-CoV-2 infection but increases disease severity in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic auditory representation in Aedes aegypti brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male attraction to female flight sounds is a vital, reproducible component of courtship in many species of mosquitoes; however, female acoustic behaviours have proven challenging to define. To investigate sexual dimorphisms in acoustic behaviours, previous reports have largely focused on differences in mosquito peripheral ear anatomy and function. Whilst molecular investigations have recently begun on the auditory periphery, sexual dimorphisms in central processing of acoustic information have not yet been explored. Here we used a combination of neurotracing, calcium imaging and molecular analyses to examine sexual dimorphisms in auditory processing in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. We identified shared and dimorphic neurons connecting male and female ears to the primary auditory processing centre in the brain, and defined multiple distinct neuronal clusters based on responses to auditory stimulation. We finally used transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to investigate the molecular factors underlying these differences, with motile ciliary-related terms significantly enriched in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishiro-Sato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamikouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.602439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic auditory representation in Aedes aegypti brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.601956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitoregulin self-associates to form likely homo-oligomeric pore-like structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.601956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We and others previously found that a misannotated long noncoding RNA encodes for a conserved mitochondrial transmembrane microprotein named Mitoregulin (Mtln). Beyond an established role for Mtln in lipid metabolism, Mtln has also been shown to more broadly influence mitochondria, boosting respiratory efficiency and Ca2+ retention capacity, while lowering ROS, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Prior studies have identified possible Mtln protein interaction partners; however, a lack of consensus persists, and no claims have been made about Mtlns structure. We previously noted two key published observations that seemingly remained overlooked: 1) endogenous Mtln co-immunoprecipitates with epitope-tagged Mtln at high efficiency, and 2) Mtln primarily exists in a [~]66 kDa complex. To investigate if Mtln may self-oligomerize into higher-order complexes, we performed co-immunoprecipitation, protein modeling simulations, and native gel assessments of Mtln-containing complexes in cells and tissues, as well as tested whether synthetic Mtln protein itself forms oligomeric complexes. Our combined results provide strong support that Mtln self-associates and likely forms a hexameric pore-like structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witmer, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.601956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitoregulin self-associates to form likely homo-oligomeric pore-like structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining potential immunomodulatory drug efficacy in sepsis using ELISpot 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThis study evaluated the ability of ELISpot to identify immuno-modulatory drug therapies for their potential efficacy in patients with sepsis.

MethodsELISpot was performed using diluted whole blood from 61 septic patients and 48 healthy matched controls. Innate and adaptive immunity were evaluated by ex vivo stimulated production of TNF- and IFN-{gamma} respectively. Potential drug efficacy was determined by the drugs effects to increase or decrease the number of cytokine-producing cells and amount of cytokine produced per cell as determined by spot size and intensity. The corticosteroid dexamethasone was evaluated for its ability to down modulate TNF- and IFN-{gamma} production. The TLR7/8 agonist resiquimod (R848) and T-cell stimulants IL-7 and anti-PD-1 mAb were tested for their ability to enhance immune responses in sepsis.

ResultsSpontaneous production of TNF- and IFN-{gamma} varied among healthy subjects and septic patients. LPS or resiquimod stimulation increased total TNF- production in septic patients by 1,648% and 1,929% respectively. Conversely, dexamethasone diminished the responses to LPS or resiquimod by 71% and 61% respectively. IL-7, but not anti-PD-1 mAb markedly increased IFN-{gamma} production in both healthy subjects (127%) and septic patients (79%). Dexamethasone also reduced anti-CD3/CD28 mAb stimulated IFN-{gamma} production by 54%; while IL-7 ameliorated dexamethasone-induced suppression. IL-7 significantly enhanced lymphocyte function in over 90% of septic patients.

ConclusionELISpot can reveal host immune response patterns and the effects of drugs to selectively down- or up-regulate patient immunity. Furthermore, the ability of ELISpot to detect the effect of specific immuno-modulatory drugs to independently regulate the innate and adaptive host response could enable precision-based immune drug therapies in sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazer, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davitt, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badovinac, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brakenridge, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efron, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldawer, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotchkiss, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining potential immunomodulatory drug efficacy in sepsis using ELISpot]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A wavelet-based approach generates quantitative, scale-free and hierarchical descriptions of 3D genome structures and new biological insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotes fold their genomes within nuclei in three-dimensional space, with coordinated multiscale structures including loops, topologically associating domains (TADs), and higher-order chromosome territories. This 3D organization plays essential roles in gene regulation and development, responses to physiological stress, and disease. However, current methodologies to infer these 3D structures from genomic data have limitations. These include varying outcomes depending on the resolution of the analysis and sequencing depth, qualitative results that hinder statistical comparisons, lack of insight into the frequency of the structures in samples with many genomes, and no direct inference of hierarchical structures. These shortcomings can make it difficult for the rigorous comparison of 3D properties across genomes, between experimental conditions, or species. To address these challenges, we developed a wavelet transform-based method (WaveTAD) that describes the 3D nuclear organization in a resolution-free, probabilistic, and hierarchical manner. WaveTAD generates probabilities that capture the variable frequency within samples and shows increased accuracy and sensitivity compared to current approaches. We applied WaveTAD to multiple datasets from Drosophila, mouse, and humans to illustrate new biological insights that our more sensitive and quantitative approach provides, such as the widespread presence of embryonic 3D organization before zygotic genome activation, the effect of multiple CTCF units on the stability of loops and TADs, and the association between gene expression and TAD structures in COVID-19 patients or sex-specific transcription in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A wavelet-based approach generates quantitative, scale-free and hierarchical descriptions of 3D genome structures and new biological insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple dermal cell types support productive infection and dynamic translocation of infectious Ebola virus to the apical surface of human skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV) within the Filoviridae family causes severe human disease. At late stages of infection, EBOV virions are found on the surface of patients skin; however, the permissive cell types within the skin and how infectious virus translocates to the apical skin surfaces is not known. Here, we describe a human transwell skin explant culture model and show that EBOV infection of human skin tissues via the basal media results in a time- and dose-dependent increase in infectious virus in dermal and epidermal tissue. Infectious virus was detected on the apical epidermal surface within 3 days, indicating that the virus propagates within and traffics through the tissue. In the dermis, EBOV-infected cells were of myeloid, endothelial and fibroblast origins, whereas keratinocytes harbored virus in the epidermis. Complementary studies showed that both purified skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes supported EBOV infection ex vivo and that both cell types required the phosphatidylserine receptor, Axl, and the endosomal protein, NPC1, for virus entry. Our experimental platform identified new susceptible cell types and demonstrated dynamic trafficking of EBOV virions that resulted in infectious virus on the skin surface; findings that may explain person-to-person transmission via skin contact.

TeaserUsing a human skin explant model, these studies identify and characterize skin cell populations that support Ebola virus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Messingham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourronc, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtanko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple dermal cell types support productive infection and dynamic translocation of infectious Ebola virus to the apical surface of human skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.602944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Age and Diet on Triglyceride Metabolism in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.602944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBoth age and diet can contribute to alterations in triglyceride metabolism and subsequent metabolic disease. In humans, plasma triglyceride levels increase with age. Diets high in saturated fats can increase triglyceride levels while diets high in omega-3 fatty acids decrease triglyceride levels. Here we asked how age and long-term diet effected triglyceride metabolism in mice.

MethodsWe fed male and female mice a low-fat diet, a western diet, or a diet high in polyunsaturated and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids for up to 2 years. We measured survival, body composition, plasma triglyceride levels, chylomicron clearance, and oral fat, glucose, and insulin tolerance.

ResultsTriglyceride levels in mice did not increase with age, regardless of diet. Oral fat tolerance increased with age, while chylomicron clearance remained unchanged. Mice fed western diet had decreased survival. Interestingly, mice fed the n-3 diet gained more lean mass, and had lower insulin levels than mice fed either low-fat or western diet. Moreover, triglyceride uptake into the hearts of mice fed the n-3 diet was strikingly higher than in other groups.

ConclusionsIn mice, age-induced changes in triglyceride metabolism did not match those in humans. Our data suggested that mice, like humans, had decreased fat absorption with age, but plasma triglyceride clearance did not decrease with age in mice, resulting in lower plasma triglyceride levels and improved oral fat tolerance with age. A chronic diet high in n-3 fatty acids increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of triglycerides specifically into the heart but how these observations are connected is unclear.

Research PerspectivesO_LIThe changes in triglyceride metabolism that occur with age in humans are not reflected in a mouse model, thus mice are likely not an ideal model for understanding how age impacts lipid metabolism and subsequent metabolic disease.
C_LIO_LIA fish-oil based high-fat diet high in omega-3 fatty acids significantly increases fatty acid uptake in the heart while at the same time decreases fasting insulin levels.
C_LIO_LIIn future studies it will be important to understand how the omega-3 fatty acid induced increase in fatty acid uptake affects cardiac function and how it is related to other phenotypes induced by omega-3 fatty acids.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.602944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Age and Diet on Triglyceride Metabolism in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised Automation of Cell Counting in Confocal Microscopic Cochlear Imaging Datasets Using Macro in Imaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyzing confocal microscopic data of biological samples using the Imaris software poses challenges due to its time-consuming nature involving tedious multiple steps and possibility of human errors. Here, we developed a supervised automation protocol to minimize manual input in cell and spot counting on confocal images obtained from mouse cochlear sections. The protocol increases efficiency by incorporating image recognition and object-oriented macros. Moreover, the protocol being adaptable allows scientists in diverse other fields to customize it for their specific needs.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=196 SRC="FIGDIR/small/604970v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b4aa0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c08c7dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1479b59org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@280227_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokbul, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised Automation of Cell Counting in Confocal Microscopic Cochlear Imaging Datasets Using Macro in Imaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iowa Brain-Behavior Modeling Toolkit: An Open-Source MATLAB Tool for Inferential and Predictive Modeling of Imaging-Behavior and Lesion-Deficit Relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional analytical framework taken by neuroimaging studies in general, and lesion-behavior studies in particular, has been inferential in nature and has focused on identifying and interpreting statistically significant effects within the sample under study. While this framework is well-suited for hypothesis testing approaches, achieving the modern goal of precision medicine requires a different framework that is predictive in nature and that focuses on maximizing the predictive power of models and evaluating their ability to generalize beyond the data that were used to train them. However, few tools exist to support the development and evaluation of predictive models in the context of neuroimaging or lesion-behavior research, creating an obstacle to the widespread adoption of predictive modeling approaches in the field. Further, existing tools for lesion-behavior analysis are often unable to accommodate categorical outcome variables and often impose restrictions on the predictor data. Researchers therefore often must use different software packages and analytical approaches depending on whether they are addressing a classification vs. regression problem and on whether their predictor data correspond to binary lesion images, continuous lesion-network images, connectivity matrices, or other data modalities. To address these limitations, we have developed a MATLAB software toolkit that supports both inferential and predictive modeling frameworks, accommodates both classification and regression problems, and does not impose restrictions on the modality of the predictor data. The toolkit features both a graphical user interface and scripting interface, includes implementations of multiple mass-univariate, multivariate, and machine learning models, features built-in and customizable routines for hyper-parameter optimization, cross-validation, model stacking, and significance testing, and automatically generates text-based descriptions of key methodological details and modeling results to improve reproducibility and minimize errors in the reporting of methods and results. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of the toolkits features and demonstrate its functionality by applying it to the question of how expressive and receptive language impairments relate to lesion location, structural disconnection, and functional network disruption in a large sample of patients with left hemispheric brain lesions. We find that impairments in expressive vs. receptive language are most strongly associated with left lateral prefrontal and left posterior temporal/parietal damage, respectively. We also find that impairments in expressive vs. receptive language are associated with partially overlapping patterns of fronto-temporal structural disconnection, and that the associated functional networks are also similar. Importantly, we find that lesion location and lesion-derived network measures are highly predictive of both types of impairment, with predictions from models trained on these measures explaining [~]30-40% of the variance on average when applied to data from patients not used to train the models. We have made the toolkit publicly available, and we have included a comprehensive set of tutorial notebooks to support new users in applying the toolkit in their studies.

Key PointsO_LIWe describe a new MATLAB toolkit for inferential and predictive modeling of imaging datasets.
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate the application of the toolkit to real lesion, network, and behavioral datasets.
C_LIO_LIWe have made the toolkit publicly available to the research community.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acker, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iowa Brain-Behavior Modeling Toolkit: An Open-Source MATLAB Tool for Inferential and Predictive Modeling of Imaging-Behavior and Lesion-Deficit Relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamic modeling of Csr/Rsm- RNA interactions capture novel, direct binding interactions across the Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a ubiquitous, Gram-negative, bacteria that can attribute its survivability to numerous sensing and signaling pathways; conferring fitness due to speed of response. Post-transcriptional regulation is an energy efficient approach to quickly shift gene expression in response to the environment. The conserved post-transcriptional regulator RsmA is involved in regulating translation of genes involved in pathways that contribute to virulence, metabolism, and antibiotic resistance. Prior high-throughput approaches to map the full regulatory landscape of RsmA have estimated a target pool of approximately 500 genes; however, these approaches have been limited to a narrow range of growth phase, strain, and media conditions. Computational modeling presents a condition-independent approach to generating predictions for binding between the RsmA protein and highest affinity mRNAs. In this study, we draft a two-state thermodynamic model to predict the likelihood of RsmA binding to the 5 UTR sequence of genes present in the PA genome.

ResultsOur modeling approach predicts 1043 direct RsmA-mRNA binding interactions, including 457 novel mRNA targets. We then perform GO term enrichment tests on our predictions that reveal significant enrichment for DNA binding transcriptional regulators. In addition, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and two-component signaling pathways were represented in KEGG enrichment analysis. We confirm binding predictions using in vitro binding assays, and regulatory effects using in vivo translational reporters. These reveal RsmA binding and regulation of a broader number of genes not previously reported. An important new observation of this work is the direct regulation of several novel mRNA targets encoding for factors involved in Quorum Sensing and the Type IV Secretion system, such as rsaL and mvaT.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the utility of thermodynamic modeling for predicting interactions independent of complex and environmentally-sensitive systems, specifically for profiling the post-transcriptional regulator RsmA. Our experimental validation of RsmA binding to novel targets both supports our model and expands upon the pool of characterized target genes in PA. Overall, our findings demonstrate that a modeling approach can differentiate direct from indirect binding interactions and predict specific sites of binding for this global regulatory protein, thus broadening our understanding of the role of RsmA regulation in this relevant pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lukasiewicz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leistra, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gode, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.606018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamic modeling of Csr/Rsm- RNA interactions capture novel, direct binding interactions across the Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.02.606387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling glioblastoma tumor progression via CRISPR-engineered brain organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.02.606387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer that is highly resistant to therapy due to significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The lack of robust in vitro models to study early tumor progression has hindered the development of effective therapies. Here, we develop engineered GBM organoids (eGBOs) harboring GBM subtype-specific oncogenic mutations to investigate the underlying transcriptional regulation of tumor progression. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses revealed that these mutations disrupt normal neurodevelopment gene regulatory networks resulting in changes in cellular composition and spatial organization. Upon xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice, eGBOs form tumors that recapitulate the transcriptional and spatial landscape of human GBM samples. Integrative single-cell trajectory analysis of both eGBO-derived tumor cells and patient GBM samples revealed the dynamic gene expression changes in developmental cell states underlying tumor progression. This analysis of eGBOs provides an important validation of engineered cancer organoid models and demonstrates their utility as a model of GBM tumorigenesis for future preclinical development of therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishahak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annamalai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodiwiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCornack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleary, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling glioblastoma tumor progression via CRISPR-engineered brain organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear thinking in ecology and evolution: The case for ecological scaling of the Threshold Elemental Ratio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonlinear dynamics govern ecological processes, thus understanding thresholds is important for measuring and forecasting effects of climate change and management of natural resources. However, identifying whether and how such thresholds scale across biological levels of organization remains challenging. Ecological stoichiometry, the study of the balance of multiple elements and energy in ecological systems, provides a framework for scaling thresholds. We broaden a key organismal concept from ecological stoichiometry theory, the Threshold Elemental Ratio (TER), to study how nonlinear dynamics operate in evolutionary and ecological processes across the organizational hierarchy. Traditionally, TERs are used to describe the elemental ratio at which the limitation of organismal growth shifts from one element to another. Following this definition, we make a case for broadening the ecological scale of the TER beyond organisms to include populations, clades, communities, and ecosystems. We show how TERs can be detected and translated across different scales of biological and evolutionary organization through simulation modeling, literature review, and synthesis of empirical examples from diverse systems and ecological scales including: cyanotoxin production in lakes, alder-salmon dynamics, and the Cambrian explosion. Collectively, we demonstrate that TERs are widespread and consequential across levels of biological organization and that such thresholds manifest from a diversity of mechanisms. Thus, scaling of the TER concept holds promise for advancing our understanding of nonlinear dynamics from the micro-evolutionary to macro-ecological.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tumolo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halvorson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osburn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbenna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wess, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najev, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pignatelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear thinking in ecology and evolution: The case for ecological scaling of the Threshold Elemental Ratio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phthalate exposure influences mating behavior and sperm morphology in an aquatic ecotoxicology model system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more durable, found in applications from cosmetics, lubricating oils, and flooring to soap, shampoo, and hairspray (CDC, 2021). Phthalates are also now known to be endocrine disruptors with connections to adverse reproductive outcomes in animals, including humans. Here, we evaluate the potential effects of a widely used phthalate ester, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), on male reproduction in a freshwater snail. DMP is found in industrial applications like solid rocket propellant as well as consumer products such as insect repellents and plastics. While there is some evidence that DMP negatively affects reproduction, especially in females, we still know very little about potential DMP effects on males. We addressed this important knowledge gap by testing the effects of DMP on Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a prosobranch snail native to New Zealand. These snails are very sensitive to water conditions and environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting compounds, and are thus rising in prominence as water-quality sentinels and ecotoxicology models. We exposed experimental groups of male P. antipodarum to one of three different concentrations of DMP and characterized mating behavior and sperm morphology as a function of DMP exposure. Differences in these traits were primarily observed between the males in the control versus the High (10-6 M) DMP concentration group. As DMP exposure levels increased, we found that mating frequency ultimately decreased by more than 69% and that sperm morphology was increasingly altered relative to control males. Altogether, study outcomes suggest DMP exposure in male animals could have negative effects on reproduction, with particular relevance in aquatic and marine environments that are especially likely to harbor leached endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guevara, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phthalate exposure influences mating behavior and sperm morphology in an aquatic ecotoxicology model system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous GCaMP imaging and focal recording of tonic and phasic synapses: Probing short-term plasticity within a defined microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key point summaryO_LIWe developed a protocol for stable simultaneous focal recording and GCaMP imaging on identified motor synaptic boutons in the Drosophila neuromuscular preparation with minimized muscular movements in extended concentration ranges of extracellular Ca2+ and Sr2+.
C_LIO_LIThis approach directly demonstrated temporal correlation between the dynamics of cytosolic residual Ca2+ and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in tonic and phasic synapses.
C_LIO_LIOur data demonstrated presynaptic GCaMP signals markedly lagged behind and poorly correlated with the concurrent transmitter release, but reliably indicated the immediate states of short-term plasticity. GCaMPs physical-chemical properties allow information extraction on cytosolic Ca2+ levels during facilitation and depression phases.
C_LIO_LIThe decay phase of GCaMP signal often coincided with lingering vesicular releases after stimulation, more pronounced in phasic than tonic synapses and exaggerated in Sr2+-containing saline. Lingering releases were coupled with the tendency of asynchronous transmission.
C_LI

GCaMP fluorescence has been widely used to monitor intracellular Ca2+. However, the physiological significance of the GCaMP signal in presynaptic terminals remains to be further elucidated. We investigated how the dynamics of GCaMP signals correlates with the activity dependence of short-term plasticity in synaptic transmission. We devised a local manipulation protocol that minimizes interference from muscular contraction during simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and focal recording at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where the tonic and phasic excitatory synapses can be compared side-by-side. By confining the local ionic microenvironment, this protocol enabled stable measurements across extended concentration ranges of Ca2+ or Sr2+ in saline. Compared to tonic synapses, phasic synapses displayed stronger GCaMP signals, along with faster facilitation and more severe depression. Upon repetitive stimulation (40 Hz), facilitation of transmission occurred during or immediately prior to the early rising phase (0.25 s) of the GCaMP signal, which could subsequently convert into a depression phase of transmission decline, most evident during a steeper and longer rise of GCaMP signals in higher Ca2+ saline. Typically, deepest depression occurred when GCaMP signals rose to a plateau. Phasic synapses with stronger GCaMP signal and deeper depression, more often exhibited lingering post-stimulation releases. In both tonic and phasic synapses, replacing Ca2+ with Sr2+ induced extreme asynchronous transmission coupled with post-stimulation lingering releases during the decay of GCaMP signals. Further applications of this focal recording-local manipulation protocol may help to probe additional mechanisms underlying synaptic transmission and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.609565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous GCaMP imaging and focal recording of tonic and phasic synapses: Probing short-term plasticity within a defined microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear actin is a critical regulator of Drosophila female germline stem cell maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear actin has been implicated in regulating cell fate, differentiation, and cellular reprogramming. However, its roles in development and tissue homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here we uncover the role of nuclear actin in regulating stemness using Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) as a model. We find that the localization and structure of nuclear actin is dynamic in the early germ cells. Nuclear actin recognized by anti-actin C4 is found in both the nucleoplasm and nucleolus of GSCs. The polymeric nucleoplasmic C4 pool is lost after the 2-cell stage, whereas the monomeric nucleolar pool persists to the 8-cell stage, suggesting that polymeric nuclear actin may contribute to stemness. To test this idea, we overexpressed nuclear targeted actin constructs to alter nuclear actin polymerization states in the GSCs and early germ cells. Increasing monomeric nuclear actin, but not polymerizable nuclear actin, causes GSC loss that ultimately results in germline loss. This GSC loss is rescued by simultaneous overexpression of monomeric and polymerizable nuclear actin. Together these data reveal that GSC maintenance requires polymeric nuclear actin. This polymeric nuclear actin likely plays numerous roles in the GSCs, as increasing monomeric nuclear actin disrupts nuclear architecture causing nucleolar hypertrophy, distortion of the nuclear lamina, and heterochromatin reorganization; all factors critical for GSC maintenance and function. These data provide the first evidence that nuclear actin, and in particular, its ability to polymerize, are critical for stem cell function and tissue homeostasis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear actin is a critical regulator of Drosophila female germline stem cell maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, cognitive, and social behaviors to humans, serves as an ideal NHP model. This study aimed to create normative growth charts for brain structure across the macaque lifespan, enhancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and aging, and facilitating cross-species translational research. Leveraging data from the PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) and other sources, we aggregated 1,522 MRI scans from 1,024 rhesus macaques. We mapped non-linear developmental trajectories for global and regional brain structural changes in volume, cortical thickness, and surface area over the lifespan. Our findings provided normative charts with centile scores for macaque brain structures and revealed key developmental milestones from prenatal stages to aging, highlighting both species-specific and comparable brain maturation patterns between macaques and humans. The charts offer a valuable resource for future NHP studies, particularly those with small sample sizes. Furthermore, the interactive open resource (https://interspeciesmap.childmind.org) supports cross-species comparisons to advance translational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drzewiecki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroenke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent metabolic interactions in resistance to Clostridioides difficile invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Commensal gut bacteria are key contributors to the resilience against pathogen invasion. This is exemplified by the success of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Yet, characteristics of communities that can confer colonization resistance and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we use a synthetic community of 14 commensal gut bacteria to uncover inter-species interactions and metabolic pathways underpinning the emergent resilience against C. difficile invasion. We challenged this synthetic community as well as fecal-matter-derived communities with antibiotic treatment and C. difficile in a continuous flow bioreactor. Using generalized Lotka-Volterra and genome-scale metabolic modelling, we identified interactions between Escherichia coli and Bacteroides/Phocaeicola sp. as key to the pathogens suppression. Metabolomics analysis further revealed that fructooligosaccharide metabolism, vitamin B3 biosynthesis, and competition for Stickland metabolism precursors contribute to suppression. Analysis of metagenomics data from patient cohorts and clinical trials attested the in vivo relevance of the identified metabolic pathways and the ratio between Bacteroides and Escherichia in successful colonization resistance. The latter was found to be a much stronger discriminator than commonly used alpha diversity metrics. Our study uncovers emergent microbial interactions in pathogen resistance with implications for rational design of bacteriotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ambat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorrilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent metabolic interactions in resistance to Clostridioides difficile invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analogues of the anti-malaria drug mefloquine have broad spectrum antifungal activity and are efficacious in a model of disseminated Candida auris infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Only three classes of antifungal drugs are currently in clinical use. Here, we report that derivatives of the malarial drug mefloquine have broad spectrum antifungal activity including difficult to treat molds and endemic fungi. Pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies of NSC-4377 indicate it penetrates the central nervous system and is active against Candida auris in vivo. These data strongly support the further development of mefloquine analogs as a potentially new class of antifungal molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>montoya, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analogues of the anti-malaria drug mefloquine have broad spectrum antifungal activity and are efficacious in a model of disseminated Candida auris infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Investigation of Neurotrophic trans-Banglene Reveals Potential Link to Iron Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an effort to gain insight into cellular systems impacted by neurotrophic trans-banglene (t-BG), global proteomic profiling and Western blot analyses were employed. Expression level changes in response to t-BG treatment were compared to those observed with nerve growth factor (NGF), a natural neurotrophic protein and functional analog to t-BG. Findings from these studies did not point to direct interception of NGF/TrkA signaling by t-BG. Instead, significant alterations in iron-binding and iron-regulating proteins were observed. Intracellular iron measurements by FerroOrange indicate lower ferrous (Fe2+) iron levels in t-BG treated cells but not in NGF treated cells. These results highlight a potential connection between iron regulation and neurotrophic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunawardana, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Investigation of Neurotrophic trans-Banglene Reveals Potential Link to Iron Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Culture Conditions Differentially Regulate the Inflammatory Niche and Cellular Phenotype of Tracheo-Bronchial Basal Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) derived from the tracheo-bronchial regions of human airways provide an excellent in vitro model for studying pathological mechanisms and evaluating therapeutics in human airway cells. This cell population comprises a mixed population of basal cells (BCs), the predominant stem cell in airways capable of both self-renewal and functional differentiation. Despite their potential for regenerative medicine, BCs exhibit significant phenotypic variability in culture. To investigate how culture conditions influence BC phenotype and function, we expanded three independent BC isolates in three media, airway epithelial cell growth medium (AECGM), dual-SMAD inhibitor (DSI)-enriched AECGM, and Pneumacult Ex plus (PEx+). Extensive RNA sequencing, immune assays and electrical measurements revealed that PEx+ media significantly drove cell proliferation and a broad pro-inflammatory phenotype in BCs. In contrast, BCs expanded in AECGM, displayed increased expression of structural and extracellular matrix components at high passage. Whereas culture in AECGM increased expression of some cytokines at high passage, DSI suppressed inflammation altogether thus implicating TGF-{beta} in BC inflammatory processes. Differentiation capacity declined with time in culture irrespective of expansion media except for PLUNC expressing secretory cells that were elevated at high passage in AECGM and PEx+ suggestive of an immune modulatory role of PLUNC in BCs. These findings underscore the profound impact of media conditions on inflammatory niche and function of in vitro expanded BCs. The broad pro-inflammatory phenotype driven by PEx+ media, in particular, should be considered in the development of cell-based models for airway diseases and therapeutic application.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYAirway basal cells, vital for airway regeneration and potential therapies, show significant changes based on culture conditions. Our study reveals that media composition and culture duration greatly affect basal cell properties with profound changes in the pro-inflammatory phenotype and extracellular matrix deposition driven by changes in growth conditions. These results underscore the critical impact of culture conditions on BC phenotype, influencing cell-based models for airway disease research and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seabold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sease, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Culture Conditions Differentially Regulate the Inflammatory Niche and Cellular Phenotype of Tracheo-Bronchial Basal Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved role of spike S2 domain N-glycosylation across beta-coronavirus family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Besides acting as an immunological shield, the N-glycans of SARS-CoV-2 are also critical for viral life cycle. As the S2 subunit of spike is highly conserved across beta-coronaviruses, we determined the functional significance of the five  stem N-glycans located in S2 between N1098-N1194. Studies were performed with 31 Asn-to-Gln mutants, beta-coronavirus virus-like particles and single-cycle viral replicons. Deletions of stem N-glycans enhanced S1 shedding from trimeric spike, reduced ACE2 binding and abolished syncytia formation. When three or more N-glycans were deleted, spike expression on cell surface and incorporation into virions was both reduced. Viral entry function was progressively lost upon deleting the N1098 glycan in combination with additional glycosite modifications. In addition to SARS-CoV-2, deleting stem N-glycans in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike also prevented viral entry into target cells. These data suggest multiple functional roles for the stem N-glycans, and evolutionarily conserved properties for these complex carbohydrates across human beta-coronaviruses.

Author SummaryPrevious work shows that the N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 are essential for viral life cycle. Few natural mutations have been observed in the S2-subunit of the viral spike glycoprotein in GISAID data, and mutations are absent in the five  stem N-glycans located between N1098-N1194. In the post-fusion spike structure these glycans lie equidistant, ~4 nm apart, suggesting functional significance. Upon testing the hypothesis that these glycans are critical for SARS-CoV-2 function, we noted multiple roles for the complex carbohydrates including regulation of S1-subunit shedding, spike expression on cells and virions, syncytial formation/cell-cell fusion and viral entry. Besides SARS-CoV-2, these glycans were also critical for other human beta-coronaviruses. Thus, these carbohydrates represent targets for the development of countermeasures against future outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved role of spike S2 domain N-glycosylation across beta-coronavirus family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting CXCR4 with -Pentixather Significantly Increases Overall Survival in Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a 7% 5-year overall survival. C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), an attractive target for theranostic agents, is highly expressed in SCLCs, and can be targeted with pentixather using the theranostic pair 212Pb/203Pb. The hypothesis that [212Pb/203Pb]-pentixather can be used safely and effectively for imaging and therapy in SCLC in xenograft models was tested.

ResultsSPECT/CT imaging and biodistribution studies of tumor bearing mice injected with [203Pb]-pentixather demonstrated CXCR4-dependent uptake in tumors and accumulation of radioligand in kidneys and livers. Dosimetry calculations estimated [212Pb]-pentixather uptake in tumor and normal tissue. [212Pb]-pentixather treatment (37-111 kBq/g) of SCLC xenografts (DMS273 and H69AR) significantly prolonged survival and delayed tumor growth. When NSG mice grafted with human hCD34+ bone marrow were treated with [212Pb]-pentixather (37-111 kBq/g), significant cytopenias were observed in peripheral blood complete blood counts (CBCs) at 13-18 days post treatment which resolved by day 28-31. Flow cytometry of bone marrow hematopeotic stem cells in these animals at day 28-31 demonstrated a significantly reduced frequency of the human hematopoietic marker CD45 (hCD45+) and reconstitution of the bone marrow with murine CD45+ (mCD45+) lineages.

Conclusions[203Pb]-pentixather can be used to image CXCR4 expressing SCLC xenografts and treatment with alpha emitter [212Pb]-pentixather significantly prolongs SCLC xenograft median overall survival. Significantly greater mCD45+ bone marrow repopulation was detected in NSG mice engrafted with human bone marrow 28-31 days following [212Pb]-pentixather treatment, relative to hCD45+ bone marrow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fath, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Planells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dorisio, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furqan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting CXCR4 with -Pentixather Significantly Increases Overall Survival in Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting speech-in-noise ability with static and dynamic auditory figure-ground analysis using structural equation modelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory figure-ground paradigms assess the ability to extract a foreground figure from a random background, a crucial part of central hearing. Previous studies have shown that the ability to extract static figures (with fixed frequencies) predicts real-life listening: speech-in-noise ability. In this study we assessed both fixed and dynamic figures: the latter comprised component frequencies that vary over time like natural speech. 159 participants (aged 18-79) with a range of peripheral hearing sensitivity were studied. We used hierarchal linear regression and structural equation modelling to examine how well speech-in-noise ability (for words and sentences) could be predicted by age, peripheral hearing, and static and dynamic figure-ground. Regression demonstrated that in addition to the audiogram and age, the low-frequency dynamic figure-ground accounted for significant variance of speech-in-noise, higher than the static figure-ground. The structural models showed that a combination of all types of figure-ground tasks predicted speech-in-noise with a higher effect size than the audiogram or age. Age influenced word perception in noise directly but sentence perception indirectly via effects on peripheral and central hearing. Overall, this study demonstrates that dynamic figure-ground explains more variance of real-life listening than static figure-ground, and the combination of both predicts real-life listening better than hearing sensitivity or age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzaquen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brühl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.08.611859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting speech-in-noise ability with static and dynamic auditory figure-ground analysis using structural equation modelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier mediates in vivo hepatic gluconeogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic gluconeogenesis (GNG) is essential for maintaining euglycemia during prolonged fasting. However, GNG becomes pathologically elevated and drives chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Lactate/pyruvate is a major GNG substrate known to be imported into mitochondria for GNG. Yet, the subsequent mitochondrial carbon export mechanisms required to supply the extra-mitochondrial canonical GNG pathway have not been genetically delineated. Here, we evaluated the role of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DiC) in mediating GNG from lactate/pyruvate. We generated liver-specific DiC knockout (DiC LivKO) mice. During lactate/pyruvate tolerance tests, DiC LivKO decreased plasma glucose excursion and 13C-lactate/-pyruvate flux into hepatic and plasma glucose. In a Western diet (WD) feeding model of T2D, acute DiC LivKO after induction of obesity decreased lactate/pyruvate-driven GNG, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Our results show that mitochondrial carbon export through the DiC mediates GNG and that the DiC contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pape, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falls-Hubert, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGivney, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobieralski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauckhorst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier mediates in vivo hepatic gluconeogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ongoing evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2023-2024 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) circulates in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula and occasionally causes spillover infections in humans. Due to lack of sampling during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, current MERS-CoV diversity is poorly understood. Of 558 dromedary camel nasal swabs from Saudi Arabia, sampled November 2023 to January 2024, 39% were positive for MERS-CoV RNA by RT-PCR. We generated 42 MERS-CoV and seven human 229E-related CoV by high-throughput sequencing. For both viruses, the sequences fell into monophyletic clades apical to the most recent available genomes. The MERS-CoV sequences were most similar to those from lineage B5. The new MERS-CoVs sequences harbor unique genetic features, including novel amino acid polymorphisms in the Spike protein. The new variants require further phenotypic characterization to understand their impact. Ongoing MERS-CoV spillovers into humans pose significant public health concerns, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance and phenotypic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mühlemann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Subhi, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Kafrawy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleicker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corman, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drosten, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azhar, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ongoing evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2023-2024]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CelloType: A Unified Model for Segmentation and Classification of Tissue Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell segmentation and classification are critical tasks in spatial omics data analysis. We introduce CelloType, an end-to-end model designed for cell segmentation and classification of biomedical microscopy images. Unlike the traditional two-stage approach of segmentation followed by classification, CelloType adopts a multi-task learning approach that connects the segmentation and classification tasks and simultaneously boost the performance of both tasks. CelloType leverages Transformer-based deep learning techniques for enhanced accuracy of object detection, segmentation, and classification. It outperforms existing segmentation methods using ground-truths from public databases. In terms of classification, CelloType outperforms a baseline model comprised of state-of-the-art methods for individual tasks. Using multiplexed tissue images, we further demonstrate the utility of CelloType for multi-scale segmentation and classification of both cellular and non-cellular elements in a tissue. The enhanced accuracy and multi-task-learning ability of CelloType facilitate automated annotation of rapidly growing spatial omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CelloType: A Unified Model for Segmentation and Classification of Tissue Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarities and distinctions in the activation of the Candida glabrata Pdr1 regulatory pathway by azole and non-azole drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incidences of fluconazole (FLC) resistance among Candida glabrata clinical isolates is a growing issue in clinics. The pleiotropic drug response (PDR) network in C. glabrata confers azole resistance and is defined primarily by the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1 and target genes such as CDR1, that encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter protein thought to act as a FLC efflux pump. Mutations in the PDR1 gene that render the transcription factor hyperactive are the most common cause of fluconazole resistance among clinical isolates. The phenothiazine class drug fluphenazine and a molecular derivative, CWHM-974, which both exhibit antifungal properties, have been shown to induce the expression of Cdr1 in Candida spp. We have used a firefly luciferase reporter gene driven by the CDR1 promoter to demonstrate two distinct patterns of CDR1 promoter activation kinetics: gradual promoter activation kinetics that occur in response to ergosterol limitations imposed by exposure to azole and polyene class antifungals and a robust and rapid CDR1 induction occurring in response to the stress imposed by fluphenazines. We can attribute these different patterns of CDR1 induction as proceeding through the promoter region of this gene since this is the only segment of the gene included in the luciferase reporter construct. Genetic analysis indicates that the signaling pathways responsible for phenothiazine and azole induction of CDR1 overlap but are not identical. The short time course of phenothiazine induction suggests that these compounds may act more directly on the Pdr1 protein to stimulate its activity.

ImportanceCandida glabrata has emerged as the second-leading cause of candidiasis due in part to its ability to acquire high level resistance to azole drugs, a major class of antifungal, that acts to block the biosynthesis of the fungal sterol ergosterol. The presence of azole drugs causes the induction of a variety of genes involved in controlling susceptibility to this drug class including drug transporters and ergosterol biosynthetic genes such as ERG11. We found that the presence of azole drugs leads to an induction of genes encoding drug transporters and ERG11, while exposure of C. glabrata cells to antifungals of the phenothiazine class of drugs caused a much faster and larger induction of drug transporters but not ERG11. Coupled with further genetic analyses of the effects of azole and phenothiazine drugs, our data indicate that these compounds are sensed and responded to differentially in the yeast cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conway, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarities and distinctions in the activation of the Candida glabrata Pdr1 regulatory pathway by azole and non-azole drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tenascin-C in the early lung cancer tumor microenvironment promotes progression through integrin activation and FAK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-cancerous lung lesions are commonly initiated by activating mutations in the RAS pathway, but do not transition to lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) without additional oncogenic signals. Here, we show that expression of the extracellular matrix protein Tenascin-C (TNC) is increased in and promotes the earliest stages of LUAD development in oncogenic KRAS-driven lung cancer mouse models and in human LUAD. TNC is initially expressed by fibroblasts and its expression extends to tumor cells as the tumor becomes invasive. Genetic deletion of TNC in the mouse models reduces early tumor burden and high-grade pathology and diminishes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. TNC stimulates cultured LUAD tumor cell proliferation and migration through engagement of v-containing integrins and subsequent FAK activation. Intringuingly, lung injury causes sustained TNC accumulation in mouse lungs, suggesting injury can induce additional TNC signaling for early tumor cell transition to invasive LUAD. Biospecimens from patients with stage I/II LUAD show TNC in regions of FAK activation and an association of TNC with tumor recurrence after primary tumor resection. These results suggest that exogenous insults that elevate TNC in the lung parenchyma interact with tumor-initiating mutations to drive early LUAD progression and local recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnay, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettinga, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaelling, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert-Ross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dy, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavnar, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furqan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqash, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschumperlin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spike, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tenascin-C in the early lung cancer tumor microenvironment promotes progression through integrin activation and FAK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal LRRC8 complex regulates lysosomal pH, morphology and systemic glucose metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysosome integrates anabolic signalling and nutrient-sensing to regulate intracellular growth pathways. The leucine-rich repeat containing 8 (LRRC8) channel complex forms a lysosomal anion channel and regulates PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling, skeletal muscle differentiation, growth, and systemic glucose metabolism. Here, we define the endogenous LRRC8 subunits localized to a subset of lysosomes in differentiated myotubes. We show LRRC8A regulates leucine-stimulated mTOR, lysosome size, number, pH, and expression of lysosomal proteins LAMP2, P62, LC3B, suggesting impaired autophagic flux. Mutating a LRRC8A lysosomal targeting dileucine motif sequence (LRRC8A-L706A;L707A) in myotubes recapitulates the abnormal AKT signalling and altered lysosomal morphology and pH observed in LRRC8A KO cells. In vivo, LRRC8A-L706A;L707A KI mice exhibit increased adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance characterized by reduced skeletal muscle glucose-uptake, and impaired incorporation of glucose into glycogen. These data reveal a lysosomal LRRC8 mediated metabolic signalling function that regulates lysosomal activity, systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin-sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranter, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawnsley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal LRRC8 complex regulates lysosomal pH, morphology and systemic glucose metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges and advances for huntingtin detection in cerebrospinal fluid: in support of relative quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive and devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a glutamine-coding CAG tract in the huntingtin (HTT) gene above a critical threshold of [~]35 repeats resulting in expression of mutant HTT (mHTT). A promising treatment approach being tested in clinical trials is HTT lowering, which aims to reduce levels of the mHTT protein. Target engagement of these therapies in the brain are inferred using antibody-based assays to measure mHTT levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is frequently reported as absolute mHTT concentration based on a monomeric protein standard used to generate a standard curve. However, patient biofluids are a complex milieu of different mHTT protein species, suggesting that absolute quantitation is challenging, and a single, recombinant protein standard may not be sufficient to interpret assay signal as molar mHTT concentration. In this study, we used immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry (IP-FCM) to investigate different factors that influence mHTT detection assay signal. Our results show that HTT protein fragmentation, protein-protein interactions, affinity tag positioning, oligomerization and polyglutamine tract length affect assay signal intensity, indicating that absolute HTT quantitation in heterogeneous biological samples is not possible with current technologies using a single standard protein. We also explore the binding specificity of the MW1 anti-polyglutamine antibody, commonly used in these assays as a mHTT-selective reagent and demonstrate that mHTT binding is preferred but not specific. Furthermore, we find that MW1 depletion is not only incomplete, leaving residual mHTT, but also non-specific, resulting in pull down of some wildtype HTT protein. Based on these observations, we recommend that mHTT detection assays report only relative mHTT quantitation using normalized arbitrary units of assay signal intensity, rather than molar concentrations, in the assessment of central nervous system HTT lowering in ongoing clinical and preclinical studies, and that MW1-depletion not be used a method for quantifying wildtype HTT protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harding, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, N. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay-Black, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langbehn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges and advances for huntingtin detection in cerebrospinal fluid: in support of relative quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphetamine increases timing variability by degrading prefrontal ramping activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmphetamine is a commonly abused psychostimulant that increases synaptic catecholamine levels and impairs executive functions. However, it is unknown how acute amphetamine affects brain areas involved in executive control, such as the prefrontal cortex. We studied this problem in mice using interval timing, which requires participants to estimate an interval of several seconds with a motor response. Rodent prefrontal cortex ensembles are required for interval timing. We tested the hypothesis that amphetamine disrupts interval timing by degrading prefrontal cortex temporal encoding.

MethodsWe first quantified the effects of amphetamine on interval timing performance by conducting a meta-analysis of 11 prior rodent studies. We also implanted multielectrode recording arrays in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of 7 mice and then examined the effects of 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine injected intraperitoneally on interval timing behavior and prefrontal neuronal ensemble activity.

ResultsA meta-analysis of previous literature revealed that amphetamine produces a large effect size on interval timing variability across studies but only a medium effect size on central tendencies of interval timing. We found a similar effect on interval timing variability in our task, which was accompanied by greater trial-to-trial variability in prefrontal ramping, attenuated interactions between pairs of ramping neurons, and dampened low-frequency oscillations.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that amphetamine alters prefrontal temporal processing by increasing the variability of prefrontal ramping. Our work provides insight into how amphetamine affects timing-related brain activity, which may be useful in developing new neurophysiological markers for amphetamine use and novel treatments targeting the prefrontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutt, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabakovic, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bova, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphetamine increases timing variability by degrading prefrontal ramping activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LPS-induced delirium-like behavior and microglial activation in mice correlate with bispectral electroencephalography (BSEEG) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delirium is a multifactorial medical condition characterized by impairment across various mental functions and is one of the greatest risk factors for prolonged hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Research focused on delirium has proven to be challenging due to a lack of objective measures for diagnosing patients, and few laboratory models have been validated. Our recent studies report the efficacy of bispectral electroencephalography (BSEEG) in diagnosing delirium in patients and predicting patient outcomes. We applied BSEEG to validate a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of delirium. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between BSEEG score, delirium-like behaviors, and microglia activation in hippocampal dentate gyrus and cortex regions in young and aged mice. There was a significant correlation between BSEEG score and impairment of attention in young mice. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between BSEEG score and microglial activation in hippocampal dentate gyrus and cortex regions in young and aged mice. We have successfully validated the BSEEG method by showing its associations with a level of behavioral change and microglial activation in an LPS-induced mouse model of delirium. In addition, the BSEEG method was able to sensitively capture an LPS-induced delirium-like condition that behavioral tests could not capture because of a hypoactive state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorantla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoyama, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malicoat, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LPS-induced delirium-like behavior and microglial activation in mice correlate with bispectral electroencephalography (BSEEG)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unprecedented small RNA-riboswitch interaction controls expression of a bifunctional pump that is essential for Staphylococcus aureus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining manganese and iron homeostasis is critical for the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. To counteract metal-based host defense strategies (e.g., nutritional immunity, metal poisoning), S. aureus uses a combination of metal-sensing transcription factors and regulatory RNAs to maintain metal homeostasis. In this study, we uncovered an unprecedented interaction between a cis- and a trans-acting regulatory RNA controlling a conditionally essential gene, mntY, encoding a Mn efflux pump. This broadly conserved RNA-RNA interaction between a Fe-responsive sRNA and a Mn-sensing riboswitch allows the integration of Feand Mn-related stresses, notably encountered at the infection site, to fine-tune mntY expression. Remarkably, deletion of the mntY gene is strongly pleomorphic, causing growth defects, altering virulence factor expression, immune evasion, and survival during infection. We demonstrated that MntY is critical for the adaptation of S. aureus to both low and high Mn environments, due to its dual role in metalation of Mn-dependent exoenzymes and Mn detoxification. These findings point to MntY as a promising new therapeutic target to combat multidrug-resistant staphylococcal infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Espinoza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, C. D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maucotel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marteyn, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehl-Fie, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalaouna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unprecedented small RNA-riboswitch interaction controls expression of a bifunctional pump that is essential for Staphylococcus aureus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression Profiles of FABP4 and FABP5 in Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications and Perspectives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incidence of breast cancer continues to rise each year despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment. Obesity-associated dysregulated lipid metabolism is believed to contribute to the increasing risk of breast cancer. However, the mechanisms linking lipid dysregulation to breast cancer risk and progression remain to be determined. The family of fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) evolves to facilitate lipid transport and metabolism. As the predominant isoforms of FABP members expressed in breast tissue, adipose FABP (A-FABP, also known as FABP4) and epithelial FABP (E-FABP, FABP5) have been shown to play critical roles in breast carcinogenesis. In this study, we collected surgical breast tissue samples from 96 women with different subtypes of breast cancer and comprehensively analyzed the expression pattens of FABP4 and FABP5. We found that distinct expression profiles of FABP4 and FABP5 were associated with their unique roles in breast cancer development. FABP4, mainly expressed in breast stroma, especially in adipose tissue, supported neighboring tumor cell lymphvascular invasion through secretion from adipocytes. In contrast, FABP5, primarily expressed in epithelial-derived tumor cells, promoted tumor metastasis by enhancing lipid metabolism. Thus, elevated levels of FABP4 and FABP5 could serve as poor prognostic markers for breast cancer. Inhibiting the activity of FABP4 and/or FABP5 may offer a novel strategy for breast cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression Profiles of FABP4 and FABP5 in Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications and Perspectives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-by-environment interactions and adaptive body size variation in mice from the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between genotype and phenotype is often mediated by the environment. Moreover, gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions can contribute to variation in phenotypes and, in turn, fitness. Nevertheless, understanding the impact of GxE interactions in wild systems remains challenging. In the last 500 years, house mice have invaded the Americas. Despite their short residence time, there is evidence of rapid climate adaptation, including shifts in body size and aspects of metabolism with latitude. Previous studies in this system have identified candidate genes for metabolic adaptation using selection scans, however, environmental variation in diet as well as GxE interactions affecting metabolism are likely important factors in shaping body mass variation in wild populations. Here, we investigate the role of the environment and GxE interactions in shaping adaptive phenotypic variation with an experimental manipulation of diet. Using new locally adapted inbred strains from North and South America, we evaluated response to a high-fat diet, finding that sex, strain, diet, and the interaction between strain and diet contribute significantly to variation in aspects of body size. We also found that transcriptional response to diet is largely strain-specific, indicating that GxE interactions affecting gene expression are pervasive. Next, we used crosses between strains from contrasting climates (New York x Brazil and New York x Florida) to characterize gene expression regulatory divergence on a standard breeder diet and on a high-fat diet. We found that gene regulatory divergence is often condition-specific, particularly for trans-acting changes. Finally, we find evidence for lineage-specific selection on cis-regulatory variation involved in diverse processes, including lipid metabolism. Overlap with scans for selection identified candidate genes for environmental adaptation with diet-specific effects. Together, our results underscore the importance of environmental variation and GxE interactions to adaptive variation in complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landino, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tertyshnaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crew, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phifer-Rixey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-by-environment interactions and adaptive body size variation in mice from the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Intelligence's Contribution to Biomedical Literature Search: Revolutionizing or Complicating? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing number of articles about conversational AI (i.e., ChatGPT) for generating scientific literature reviews and summaries. Yet, comparative evidence lags its wide adoption by many clinicians and researchers. We explored ChatGPTs utility for literature search from an end-user perspective through the lens of clinicians and biomedical researchers. We quantitatively compared basic versions of ChatGPTs utility against conventional search methods such as Google and PubMed. We further tested whether ChatGPT user-support tools (i.e., plugins, web-browsing function, prompt-engineering, and custom-GPTs) could improve its response across four common and practical literature search scenarios: (1) high-interest topics with an abundance of information, (2) niche topics with limited information, (3) scientific hypothesis generation, and (4) for newly emerging clinical practices questions. Our results demonstrated that basic ChatGPT functions had limitations in consistency, accuracy, and relevancy. User-support tools showed improvements, but the limitations persisted. Interestingly, each literature search scenario posed different challenges: an abundance of secondary information sources in high interest topics, and uncompelling literatures for new/niche topics. This study tested practical examples highlighting both the potential and the pitfalls of integrating conversational AI into literature search processes, and underscores the necessity for rigorous comparative assessments of AI tools in scientific research.

Author SummaryAs generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools become increasingly functional, the promise of this technology is creating a wave of excitement and anticipation around the globe including the wider scientific and biomedical community. Despite this growing excitement, researchers seeking robust, reliable, reproducible, and peer-reviewed findings have raised concerns about AIs current limitations, particularly in spreading and promoting misinformation. This emphasizes the need for continued discussions on how to appropriately employ AI to streamline the current research practices. We, as members of the scientific community and also end-users of conversational AI tools, seek to explore practical incorporations of AI for streamlining research practices. Here, we probed text-based research tasks--scientific literature mining-- can be outsourced to ChatGPT and to what extent human adjudication might be necessary. We tested different models of ChatGPT as well as augmentations such as plugins and custom GPT under different contexts of biomedical literature searching. Our results show that though at present, ChatGPT does not meet the level of reliability needed for it to be widely adopted for scientific literature searching. However, as conversational AI tools rapidly advance (a trend highlighted by the development of augmentations in this article), we envision a time when ChatGPT can become a great time saver for literature searches and make scientific information easily accessible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yip, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence's Contribution to Biomedical Literature Search: Revolutionizing or Complicating?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.614514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoids shift the basal ganglia miRNA m6A methylation profile towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype in SIV-infected Rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.614514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEpitranscriptomic modifications modulate diverse biological processes like regulation of gene expression, abundance, location and function. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation has been shown to regulate various diseases, including cancer and inflammation. While there is evidence that m6A modification is functionally relevant in neural development and differentiation, the role of m6A modification in HIV neuropathogenesis is unknown.

MethodsHere, we used anti-N6-methyladenosine (m6A) antibody immunoprecipitation and microarray profiling to identify m6A modifications in miRNAs in basal ganglia (BG) of Rhesus macaques (RMs) that were uninfected (VEH) and SIV-infected on combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) and either VEH-treated (VEH/SIV/cART), or THC:CBD-treated (THC:CBD/SIV/cART). Ingenuity pathway analysis was conducted to understand the biological implications of miRNA m6A methylation in HIV neuropathogenesis. Finally, to understand the functional significance of m6A modifications in miRNAs, we overexpressed FAM-labeled wild-type or m6A-modified miR-194-5p in SCC-25 cells and determined its impact on the expression of its target, STAT1, an interferon-stimulated transcription factor known to drive persistent neuroinflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases.

ResultsHIV/SIV infection promoted an overall hypomethylated miRNA m6A profile. While the overall hypomethylated m6A profile was not significantly impacted by THC:CBD, specific miRNAs predicted to target proinflammatory genes showed markedly reduced m6A methylation levels compared to the VEH-treated RMs. Additionally, specific BG tissue miRNAs bearing m6A epi-transcriptomic marks were transferred and detected in BG-derived extracellular vesicles. Mechanistically, the DRACH motif in the seed region of miR-194-5p was significantly m6A hypomethylated in THC:CBD/SIV/cART RMs. In SCC-25 cells, unlike wild-type miR-194-5p, transfected m6A-modified miR-194-5p mimics failed to downregulate STAT1 protein expression. Further, compared to VEH/SIV/cART RMs, THC:CBD administration significantly reduced m6A methylation of 44 miRNAs directly involved in regulating CNS network genes.

ConclusionsThese results underscore the need for investigating the qualitative, and posttranscriptional modifications in RNA along with the more traditional, quantitative alterations in pathological conditions or in response to disease modifying treatments. Our findings indicate that m6A epitranscriptomic marks in the seed nucleotide region can impair miRNA function and that cannabinoids may preserve it by reducing m6A methylation levels. Finally, these findings provide a novel mechanistic (miRNA m6A hypomethylation) explanation underlying the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of phytocannabinoids in HIV/SIV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okeoma, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premadasa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.614514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoids shift the basal ganglia miRNA m6A methylation profile towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype in SIV-infected Rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of SLC35A1 as an essential host factor for the transduction of multi-serotype recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in suspension 293-F cells transduced with rAAV5. The highly selected genes revealed after two rounds of screens included the previously reported KIAA039L, TM9SF2, and RNF121, along with a cluster of genes involved in glycan biogenesis, Golgi apparatus localization and endoplasmic reticulum penetration. In this report, we focused on solute carrier family 35 member A1 (SLC35A1), a Golgi apparatus-localized cytidine 5-monophosphate-sialic acid (CMP-SIA) transporter. We confirmed that SLC35A1 knockout (KO) significantly decreased rAAV5 transduction to a level lower than that observed in KIAA0319L or TM9SF2 KO cells. Although SLC35A1 KO drastically reduced the expression of 2,6-linked SIA on the cell surface, the expression of 2,3-linked SIA, as well as the cell binding and internalization of rAAV5, were only moderately affected. Moreover, SLC35A1 KO significantly diminished the transduction of AAV multi-serotypes, including rAAV2 and rAAV3 which do not utilize SIAs for primary attachment. Notably, the SLC35A1 KO markedly increased transduction of rAAV9 and rAAV11, which primarily attach to cells via binding to galactose. Further analyses revealed that SLC35A1 KO significantly decreased vector nuclear import. More importantly, although the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail deletion ({Delta}C Tail) mutant of SLC35A1 did not drastically decrease SIA expression, it significantly decreased rAAV transduction, as well as vector nuclear import, suggesting the C-tail is critical in these processes. Furthermore, the T128A mutant significantly decreased SIA expression, but still supported rAAV transduction and nuclear import. These findings highlight the involvement of the CMP-SIA transporter in the intracellular trafficking of rAAV vectors post-internalization.

IMPORTANCErAAV is an essential tool for gene delivery in the treatment of genetic disorders, yet the mechanisms of rAAV transduction remain partially understood. GPR108 is vital for the transduction of most rAAV vectors, but not for rAAV5. We aimed to identify host factors that impact AAV5 transduction akin to GPR108. Using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in 293-F cells, we identified SLC35A1, a Golgi apparatus-localized CMP-sialic acid transporter that transports CMP-sialic acid from cytoplasm into the Golgi apparatus for sialylation, is essential to rAAV transduction. Further studies across various AAV serotypes showed SLC35A1 significantly affects vector nuclear import post-internalization. These results underscore the crucial role of SLC35A1 in intracellular trafficking beyond the initial cell attachment of rAAV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of SLC35A1 as an essential host factor for the transduction of multi-serotype recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 2 Knockout in CD4+ T Cells Promotes Anti-Inflammatory T Cells, Enhancing Ovulation, and Oocyte Yield 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSObjectiveC_ST_ABSTo determine the downstream effects on ovarian function and immune cell differentiation in the ovary and uterus using a model in which RGS2 was knocked out specifically in CD4+ T cells.

DesignLaboratory based experiments with female mice.

AnimalsFemale congenic (fully backcrossed) and non-congenic (mixed strain) mice with CD4 T cell-specific RGS2 knockout.

ExposureFour-week-old female CD4 RGS2 knockout (CD4 RGS2KO) mice and their littermate controls (CD4 RGS2CTL) were subjected to superovulation using pregnant mare serum gonadotropins.

Main Outcome MeasuresOocyte numbers, lymphocyte populations in the ovary and uterus, and serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations.

ResultIn non-congenic (mixed strain) mice, CD4 RGS2 knockout (KO) promoted higher oocyte ovulation and increased uterine total leukocyte numbers. Similarly, congenic (fully backcrossed strain) mice showed higher oocyte numbers and increased uterine total leukocytes in the CD4 RGS2KO mice compared to CD4 RGS2CTL mice. Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (TH) 1 and TH17 cell frequencies in the ovary and uterus were unchanged, while Treg and TH2 cell frequencies were elevated, along with increased concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in the serum of CD4 RGS2KO mice.

ConclusionOur study highlights the important role of RGS2 in CD4+ T cells within the context of reproduction. The dysregulation of immune responses due to RGS2 knockout in CD4+ T cells appears to enhance oocyte production. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which RGS2 influences reproductive outcomes, including its impact on fecundability, endometrial receptivity, and successful implantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brummons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scroggins, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scroggins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 2 Knockout in CD4+ T Cells Promotes Anti-Inflammatory T Cells, Enhancing Ovulation, and Oocyte Yield]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a single domain antibody with a unique binding epitope on fibroblast activation protein alpha 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a serine protease that is expressed at basal levels in benign tissues but is overexpressed in a variety of pathologies, including cancer. Despite this unique expression profile, designing effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents that effectively target this biomarker remain elusive. Here we report the structural characterization of the interaction between a novel single domain antibody (sdAbs), I3, and FAP using cryo-electron microscopy. The reconstructions were determined to a resolution of 2.7 [A] and contained two distinct populations; one I3 bound and two I3 molecules bound to the FAP dimer. In both cases, the sdAbs bound a unique epitope that was distinct from the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, this report describes the rational mutation of specific residues within the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) loop to enhance affinity and selectivity of the I3 molecule for FAP. This report represents the first sdAb-FAP structure to be described in the literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadas, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a single domain antibody with a unique binding epitope on fibroblast activation protein alpha]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Touchscreen response precision is sensitive to the explore/exploit tradeoff 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The explore/exploit tradeoff is a fundamental property of choice selection during reward-guided decision making. In perceptual decision making, higher certainty decisions are more motorically precise, even when the decision does not require motor accuracy. However, while we can parametrically control uncertainty in perceptual tasks, we do not know what variables - if any - shape motor precision and reflect subjective certainty during reward-guided decision making. Touchscreens are increasingly used across species to measure choice, but provide no tactile feedback on whether an action is precise or not, and therefore provide a valuable opportunity to determine whether actions differ in precision due to explore/exploit state, reward, or individual variables. We find all three of these factors exert independent drives towards increased precision. During exploit states, successive touches to the same choice are closer together than those made in an explore state, consistent with exploit states reflecting higher certainty and/or motor stereotypy in responding. However, exploit decisions might be expected to be rewarded more frequently than explore decisions. We find that exploit choice precision is increased independently of a separate increase in precision due to immediate past reward, suggesting multiple mechanisms regulating choice precision. Finally, we see evidence that male mice in general are less precise in their interactions with the touchscreen than females, even when exploiting a choice. These results suggest that as exploit behavior emerges in reward-guided decision making, individuals become more motorically precise reflecting increased certainty, even when decision choice does not require additional motor accuracy, but this is influenced by individual differences and prior reward. These data uncover the hidden potential for touchscreen tasks in any species to uncover the latent neural states that unite cognition and movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mueller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebitz, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grissom, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Touchscreen response precision is sensitive to the explore/exploit tradeoff]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoring the Multiple Sclerosis Associated Imbalance of Gut Indole Metabolites Promotes Remyelination and Suppresses Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multiple sclerosis (MS) the circulating metabolome is dysregulated, with indole lactate (ILA) being one of the most significantly reduced metabolites. We demonstrate that oral supplementation of ILA impacts key MS disease processes in two preclinical models. ILA reduces neuroinflammation by dampening immune cell activation as well as infiltration; and promotes remyelination and in vitro oligodendrocyte differentiation through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Supplementation of ILA, a reductive indole metabolite, restores the gut microbiomes oxidative/reductive metabolic balance by lowering circulating indole acetate (IAA), an oxidative indole metabolite, that blocks remyelination and oligodendrocyte maturation. The ILA-induced reduction in circulating IAA is linked to changes in IAA-producing gut microbiota taxa and pathways that are also dysregulated in MS. Notably, a lower ILA:IAA ratio correlates with worse MS outcomes. Overall, these findings identify ILA as a potential anti-inflammatory remyelinating agent and provide insights into the role of gut dysbiosis-related metabolic alterations in MS progression.

One Sentence SummaryIndole lactate, a postbiotic metabolite reduced in MS, corrects gut microbiome metabolic imbalances associated with remyelination and neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhukhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siavoshi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minney, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeps, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladakis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waubant, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoring the Multiple Sclerosis Associated Imbalance of Gut Indole Metabolites Promotes Remyelination and Suppresses Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex and Region-Specific Disruption of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: Linking Cellular Dysfunction to Cognitive Decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy and mitophagy are critical processes in Alzheimers disease (AD), yet their links to behavioral outcomes, particularly sex-specific differences, are not fully understood. This study investigates autophagy (LC3B-II, SQSTM1) and mitophagy (BNIP3L, BNIP3, BCL2L13) markers in the cortex and hippocampus of male and female 3xTg-AD mice, using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and behavioral tests (novel object recognition and novel object placement).

Significant sex-specific differences emerged: female 3xTg-AD mice exhibited autophagosome accumulation due to impaired degradation in the cortex, while males showed fewer autophagosomes, especially in the hippocampus, without significant degradation changes. TEM analyses demonstrated variations in mitochondrial and mitophagosome numbers correlated with memory outcomes. Females had enhanced mitophagy, with higher BNIP3L and BCL2L13 levels, whereas males showed elevated BNIP3 dimers. Cognitive deficits in females correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the cortex, while in males, higher LC3B-II levels associated positively with cognitive performance, suggesting protective autophagy effects.

Using machine learning, we predicted mitophagosome and mitochondrial numbers based on behavioral data, pioneering a predictive approach to cellular outcomes in AD. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in AD and support personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways. Integrating machine learning emphasizes its potential to advance neurodegenerative research.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/621097v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e50ceeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b41ac0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4863d3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@91b2d0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Graphical AbstractSex-specific differences in autophagy and mitophagy regulation in Alzheimers disease (AD) are highlighted. Female 3xTg-AD mice show autophagosome accumulation and cognitive deficits, while males exhibit variations in mitophagy markers and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adlimoghaddam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayazbakhsh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babaei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrooz, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behshti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klionsky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albensi, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghavami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex and Region-Specific Disruption of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: Linking Cellular Dysfunction to Cognitive Decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis TmeA promotes pedestal formation through N-WASP and TOCA-1 interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) is the causative agent of several human diseases, including the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia and eye infection trachoma. As an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, invasion is essential for establishing infection and subsequent pathogenesis. To facilitate invasion, C.t. secretes effector proteins through its type III secretion system (T3SS). These effectors facilitate bacterial entry by manipulating multiple pathways involved in host actin cytoskeletal regulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the T3SS effector protein TmeA is crucial for C.t. invasion, as it recruits and activates N-WASP. This interaction leads to recruitment and activation of the Arp2/3 complex, promoting cytoskeletal rearrangements at the invasion site to facilitate C.t. uptake. In this study, we define the role of the N-WASP CRIB domain in mediating this interaction, showing that TmeA acts as a functional mimic of Cdc42 in activating N-WASP. Additionally, we identified TOCA-1 as another host protein that directly interacts with TmeA. In other bacterial pathogens, notably Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, N-WASP and TOCA-1 are hijacked to mediate pedestal formation. Using siRNA to knockdown N-WASP and TOCA-1, followed by transmission electron microscopic, we observed that both N-WASP and TOCA-1 are important for in C.t.-mediated pedestal formation. Collectively, these findings reveal a unique mechanism of TmeA-mediated invasion, where direct interactions with N-WASP and TOCA-1 facilitate pedestal formation.

ImportanceChlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that poses a significant threat to human health, being associated with various diseases, including chlamydia-- the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection--and trachoma. While Chlamydia infections are often asymptomatic, they can lead to serious complications such as sterility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of cervical and ovarian cancers. Due to its intracellular nature, host cell invasion is essential for C.t. survival. Here, we present new data detailing the binding interactions between the C.t. invasion effector protein TmeA and host cell proteins N-WASP and TOCA-1, demonstrating that both N-WASP and TOCA-1 are involved in pedestal formation during C.t. invasion. This research advances our understanding of TmeA-mediated host cell invasion, illuminating a key pathway required for C.t.-mediated pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCullough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydia trachomatis TmeA promotes pedestal formation through N-WASP and TOCA-1 interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of gap-filling DNA synthesis in the nucleosome by DNA Polymerase β 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most prevalent forms of DNA damage found in the chromatinized genome and are repaired by direct single-strand break repair (SSBR) or base excision repair (BER). DNA polymerase beta (Pol {beta}) is the primary enzyme responsible for processing the 1-nt gap intermediate in chromatin during SSBR and BER. However, the mechanism used by Pol {beta} to process a 1-nt gap in the context of the nucleosome and chromatin remains poorly understood. Here, we use biochemical assays and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the kinetic and structural basis of gap-filling DNA synthesis in the nucleosome by Pol {beta}. Kinetic analysis identified that gap-filling DNA synthesis in the nucleosome by Pol {beta} is position-dependent, where solvent exposed 1-nt gaps are processed more efficiently than histone-occluded 1-nt gaps. A series of cryo-EM structures of Pol {beta} bound to a solvent-exposed 1-nt gap in the nucleosome reveal a global DNA sculpting mechanism for 1-nt gap recognition, which is mediated by sequential engagement of the Pol {beta} lyase domain and polymerase domain. Finally, cryo-EM structures of Pol {beta} bound to 1-nt gaps at two additional positions in the nucleosomal DNA define the structural basis for position-dependent nucleotide insertion in the nucleosome. This work establishes the mechanism used by Pol {beta} for processing 1-nt gaps in the nucleosome during SSBR and BER, providing fundamental insight into DNA repair in chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of gap-filling DNA synthesis in the nucleosome by DNA Polymerase β]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.620904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal loss of PRMT5 leads to the emergence of an atypical basal keratinocyte-like cell population and defective skin stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.620904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During skin development, ectoderm-derived cells undergo precisely coordinated proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion to yield stratified epidermis. Disruptions in these processes can result in congenital anomalies including ectodermal dysplasia and harlequin ichthyosis. Protein Arginine Methyl Transferase 5 (PRMT5)--an enzyme responsible for methylating arginine residues in histones and other proteins--maintains progenitor status in germ and limb bud cells. Similarly, in vitro evidence suggests that PRMT5 prevents differentiation of basal keratinocytes, leading us to hypothesize that PRMT5 preserves the stem-cell phenotype of keratinocytes in vivo. To test this possibility, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking Prmt5 in early ectoderm (E7.5), impacting the entire epidermis. Prmt5 cKOs exhibited gross skin defects, compromised skin barrier function, and reduced postnatal viability. Histological analyses revealed significant defects in epidermal stratification, without alterations in apoptosis or proliferation. Single-cell RNA and ATAC-seq analysis identified an atypical population of basal keratinocyte-like cells in Prmt5 cKOs, that exhibited a senescence-like program, characterized by increased Cdkn1a (p21), elevated senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) molecules (Igfbp2), and decreased developmental transcription factor (Trp63) expression. Our findings suggest that PRMT5 prevents basal keratinocyte senescence by repressing Cdkn1a, shedding light on the epigenetic regulation of basal keratinocyte maintenance and senescence in congenital skin disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Recka, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Otterloo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.620904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal loss of PRMT5 leads to the emergence of an atypical basal keratinocyte-like cell population and defective skin stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perilipin 5 Phosphorylation is Dispensable for Upregulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Genes upon Fasting but Required for Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Expression in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivePerilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid droplet protein highly expressed in cells that actively oxidize fatty acids. Previous in vitro studies have revealed that PLIN5 phosphorylation (p-PLIN5) at serine 155 by PKA is critical for transcriptional regulation of PPARa target genes by which PLIN5 adapt cells for fatty acid oxidation. We aim to determine the extent of p-PLIN5 in vivo and the consequence of impaired PLIN5 phosphorylation in the liver by using a whole-body knock-in of phosphorylation resistant PLIN5 (SA/SA) in mice.

MethodsWe measured PLIN5 and p-PLIN5 with mass spectrometry and Phos-tag gels. We assessed serum chemistry in WT and SA/SA mice upon fasting. RNA sequencing and qPCR compared the gene expression in the liver of SA/SA and WT mice after overnight fast.

ResultsPlin5 phosphorylation at S155 was increased in the liver LD fraction of fasted mice compared with that of fed mice by mass spectrometry (p<0.05). qPCR of key lipid metabolism genes did not differ between WT and SA/SA liver upon fasting. Male SA/SA mice had a higher fasting blood glucose (p<0.05) without a difference in body weight, serum insulin, or serum lipids. IRS2 was reduced in the liver of fasted male SA/SA mice (p<0.05).

ConclusionPLIN5 S155 phosphorylation is dispensable for the upregulation of lipid metabolism genes important for fasting response in vivo. Impaired phosphorylation also had little effect on serum lipids or liver TG. However, SA/SA mice showed decreased IRS2 expression in the liver, which may contribute to glucose intolerance in SA/SA male mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bovee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandgenett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopriva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penniman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perilipin 5 Phosphorylation is Dispensable for Upregulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Genes upon Fasting but Required for Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Expression in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute Inhibition of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase by NG497 Dysregulates Insulin and Glucagon Secretion from Human Islets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides in lipid droplets (LDs), plays a critical role in releasing fatty acids to support insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Based on genetic downregulation of ATGL in beta cells, multiple mechanisms are proposed that acutely or chronically regulate insulin secretion. Currently, the contribution of acute versus chronic mechanisms in the regulation of insulin secretion is unclear. Also, little is known whether ATGL affects alpha cell function. Using the human-specific ATGL inhibitor, NG497, this study investigates the impact of acute inhibition of ATGL on hormone secretion from human islets. When lipolysis by ATGL was assessed via morphological differences in LDs in confocal images of beta and alpha cells, beta cells exposed to NG497 showed notable increases in LD size and number under glucose-sufficient culture. The effect of NG497 on LD accumulation in alpha cells was more prominent under fasting-simulated conditions than glucose-sufficient conditions, pointing toward a critical role for ATGL lipolysis under conditions that stimulate hormone secretion in beta and alpha cells. When exposed to NG497 acutely, human islets reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion mildly, particularly first-phase insulin secretion, to an extent less pronounced than the impacts of chronic ATGL downregulation. Thus, chronic mechanisms play a predominant role in reducing insulin secretion when ATGL is downregulated. Acute exposure of human islets to NG497 significantly reduced glucagon secretion at low glucose concentration, highlighting an important potential role of ATGL lipolysis in promoting hormone secretion acutely from alpha cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtsmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute Inhibition of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase by NG497 Dysregulates Insulin and Glucagon Secretion from Human Islets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.622885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral CGRP engages brain-wide electrical network activity of migraine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.622885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMigraine is a disorder of severe, recurrent headaches and debilitating sensory, cognitive and affective symptoms, often triggered by stress. Early life stress in childhood has been shown to increase the likelihood of migraine in adulthood in humans. Calcitonin-gene relate peptide (CGRP) has been shown to reliably and acutely induce migraine or migraine-like behavior in both humans and rodent models. Here we investigate the impact of early life stress and CGRP on migraine-related neural circuitry, as well as the impact of early life stress on CGRP-mediated migraine-like activity in order to better understand the mechanisms by which early life stress predisposes neural circuitry to migraine brain activity.

MethodsWe implemented an early life stress paradigm in the outbred strain of mice, CD1. We evaluated the impact of peripheral CGRP on migraine-like behavior and employed multi-site in vivo neurophysiology in freely behaving mice. A changepoint analysis was used to dissect differences in individual CGRP-induced responses.

ResultsWe found that early life stress exacerbated migraine-related behavioral and network physiology. CGRP alone caused disruptions in neural oscillatory activity across a network of brain regions including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala (AMY), thalamus (Po, VPM, and MDthal), and parabrachial nucleus (PBN). We found that power across the network was lowered within 10 minutes of peripheral CGRP exposure, which was sustained for [~]40-50 min. Coherence was mostly disrupted in amygdalar brain region pairings, and took on a shorter timecourse, with partial rescue of these responses by migraine abortive, sumatriptan. We found that early life stress exacerbated most of these responses, especially AMY-thalamic coherence pairings, although early life stress in the absence of CGRP demonstrated no impact on the network overall. We further identified individual mice with brain-network activity hypersusceptible to migraine.

ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that early life stress confers vulnerability to migraine, simultaneously impacting behavior and brain network activity responses to peripheral CGRP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegboyo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velamuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.622885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral CGRP engages brain-wide electrical network activity of migraine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An animal model for autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes, particularly NLRC4, play a crucial role in immune responses to intracellular bacterial infections. However, gain-of-function mutations of NLRC4 are linked to severe autoinflammatory diseases, including autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis (AIFEC). Existing mouse models do not adequately replicate the chronic, unprovoked inflammation observed in AIFEC patients. In this study, we developed a loxP-flanked NLRC4 V341A knock-in (KI) mouse model. Our global NLRC4 V341A KI mice exhibited symptoms closely mirroring those of human AIFEC. These mice demonstrated severe infantile enterocolitis, characterized by heightened intestinal inflammation, compromised intestinal barrier integrity, disrupted gut epithelium, and severe diarrhea, with high mortality within 10 days postnatally. Additionally, they displayed systemic autoinflammation marked by elevated levels of IL-1{beta}, IL-18, and IL-6, alongside cytopenia and hemophagocytosis. In contrast, adult NLRC4 conditional KI mice exhibited autoinflammation with only mild enterocolitis. Since AIFEC is characterized by life-threatening enterocolitis in infancy and recurrent severe autoinflammation throughout life, our conditional NLRC4 KI model effectively recapitulates the clinical features of human AIFEC. Moreover, the NLRC4 V341A-mediated monogenic infantile enterocolitis observed in our model resembles infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), positioning it as a valuable platform for research on very early-onset IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An animal model for autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.625516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renovating the Barnes maze for mouse models of Dementia with STARR FIELD: A 4-day protocol that probes learning rate, retention and cognitive flexibility. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.625516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Land-based spatial mazes are a low-stress method to evaluate learning in rodent models of dementia. By using innate exploratory and hiding behavior, the Barnes maze requires fewer trials, allowing examination of early learning rate and retention, as well as executive and motivational features that can be characteristic of non-amnestic dementias. However, unwanted odor cues may disrupt interpretation of acquisition rate during typical learning trials. We designed and tested our Barnes FIELD protocol (Find the Invisible Exit to Locate the Domicile) to improve reproducibility, allow evaluation of learning trials, and limit experimenter influence. The protocol uses 3D-printed escape shuttles and docking tunnels, allowing mice to exit the maze to the home cage. We show evidence that our shuttles mitigate the possibility of undesired cues. We demonstrate the feasibility of our protocol across several models of cognitive impairment and aging, and develop an additional stage, the STARR (Spatial Training And Rapid Reversal) maze, to better challenge behavioral flexibility. By examining commonly used outcome measures we identify important considerations for interpretation. These insights are used to evaluate several models of cognitive change, including deficits in an Alzheimers disease mouse model, and behavioral flexibility in a model of brainstem dysfunction. This work provides comprehensive instructions to build, perform, and analyze a robust spatial maze that expands the range of behavioral and motivational outcomes that can be identified and screened. Our findings will aid interpretation of traditional protocols, enhance rigor and reproducibility, and provide an updated method to screen for cognitive changes in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halhouli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu-Martinez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumusoglu, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.625516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renovating the Barnes maze for mouse models of Dementia with STARR FIELD: A 4-day protocol that probes learning rate, retention and cognitive flexibility.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.621710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetramer formation of CpoS facilitates Inc-Inc interactions during Chlamydia trachomatis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.621710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.), the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections, replicates within a unique intracellular compartment called the inclusion, which is modified by secreted proteins known as inclusion membrane (Inc) proteins. Here we further characterize CpoS, an Inc previously shown to be critical for replication and inclusion development. We demonstrate that CpoS directly binds multiple coiled-coil domain-containing Incs while simultaneously engaging Rab GTPases at a separate site. Notably, CpoS-InaC interactions facilitate the recruitment of select Arfs to the inclusion membrane, while Rab recruitment occurs independtly of these interactions. Biochemical and biophysical analyses revealed that Incs self-oligomerize, forming higher-ordered structures, with CpoS adpoting a tetrameric structure resembling eukaryotic SNAREs. We propose these assemblies likely serve as scaffolds to orchestrate vesicle docking, tethering, and fusion. Our findings underscore the intricate interplay between bacterial and host factors, revealing that C.t. leverages both Inc-Inc interactions and host protein engagement to manipulate vesicular trafficking and sustain infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tijerina, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabeena, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.621710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetramer formation of CpoS facilitates Inc-Inc interactions during Chlamydia trachomatis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding task representations that support generalization in hierarchical task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task knowledge can be encoded hierarchically such that complex tasks can be built by associating simpler tasks. This associative organization supports generalization to facilitate learning of related but novel complex tasks. To study how the brain implements generalization in hierarchical task learning, we trained human participants on two complex tasks that shared a simple task and tested them on novel complex tasks whose association could be inferred via the shared simple task. Behaviorally, we observed faster learning of the novel complex tasks than control tasks. Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data, we decoded constituent simple tasks when performing a complex task (i.e., EEG association effect). Crucially, the shared simple task, although not part of the novel complex task, could be reliably decoded from the novel complex task. This decoding strength was correlated with EEG association effect and behavioral generalization effect. The findings demonstrate how task learning can be accelerated by associative inference.

Significance StatementHumans can generalize knowledge of existing tasks to accelerate the learning of new tasks. We hypothesize that this generalization is achieved by building complex tasks that associate simple (sub)tasks that can be reused. Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data, we showed that constituent simple tasks can be decoded from the EEG data of humans learning new complex tasks. Crucially, when participants represent complex tasks as associations between multiple simple tasks, the simple tasks can be decoded from the new complex task, even when they are not part of the new complex task. These findings demonstrate the importance of the reinstatement of simple tasks in task learning through generalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazeltine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding task representations that support generalization in hierarchical task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix porosity is associated with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm survival during prosthetic joint infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are a cause of chronic, non-healing infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a proficient biofilm forming pathogen commonly isolated from prosthetic joint infections that develop following primary arthroplasty. Extracellular adhesion protein (Eap), previously characterized in planktonic or non-biofilm populations as being an adhesin and immune evasion factor, was recently identified in the exoproteome of S. aureus biofilms. This work demonstrates that Eap and its two functionally orphaned homologs EapH1 and EapH2, contribute to biofilm structure and prevent macrophage invasion and phagocytosis into these communities. Biofilms unable to express Eap proteins demonstrated increased porosity and reduced biomass. We describe a role for Eap proteins in vivo using a mouse model of S. aureus prosthetic joint infection. Results suggest that the protection conferred to biofilms by Eap proteins is a function of biofilm structural stability that interferes with the leukocyte response to biofilm-associated bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherr, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horswill, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix porosity is associated with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm survival during prosthetic joint infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human RAD52 complex undergoes phase separation and facilitates bundling and end-to-end tethering of RAD51 presynaptic filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human RAD52 is a prime target for synthetical lethality approaches to treat cancers with deficiency in homologous recombination. Among multiple cellular roles of RAD52, its functions in homologous recombination repair and protection of stalled replication forks appear to substitute those of the tumor suppressor protein BRCA2. However, the mechanistic details of how RAD52 can substitute BRCA2 functions are only beginning to emerge. RAD52 forms an undecameric ring that is enveloped by eleven [~]200 residue-long disordered regions, making it a highly multivalent and branched protein complex that potentiates supramolecular assembly. Here, we show that RAD52 exhibits homotypic phase separation capacity, and its condensates recruit key players in homologous recombination such as single-stranded (ss)DNA, RPA, and the RAD51 recombinase. Moreover, we show that RAD52 phase separation is regulated by its interaction partners such as ssDNA and RPA. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that RAD52 can induce the formation of RAD51-ssDNA fibrillar structures. To probe the fine structure of these fibrils, we utilized single-molecule super-resolution imaging via DNA-PAINT and atomic force microscopy and showed that RAD51 fibrils are bundles of individual RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. We further show that RAD52 induces end-to-end tethering of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. Overall, we demonstrate unique macromolecular organizational features of RAD52 that may underlie its various functions in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alshareedah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human RAD52 complex undergoes phase separation and facilitates bundling and end-to-end tethering of RAD51 presynaptic filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Flipping, O-antigen Shielding, and Water Dynamics Revealed by 100-200 μs Coarse-Grained Simulations of E. coli Outer Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-negative (GN) bacterial infections are a major global health concern, with antibiotic-resistant strains representing a growing problem. The outer membrane (OM) of GN bacteria is the primary interface between the cell and its environment, and it plays a crucial role in regulating how GN bacteria interact with a hosts immune system and with antimicrobial drugs. Consequently, understanding the structural details of the GN OM is an essential step toward addressing the pressing threat of GN organisms. One way to gain insights into complex molecular structures like the GN OM is to use coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work, we use the Martini3 coarse-grained force field to model and simulate ten different OM proteins (OMPs) from E. coli embedded in four different OM models that each contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with different O-antigen lengths. We extensively assess OMP-phospholipid interactions and demonstrate that TolC, in particular, shows a strong preference for binding cardiolipin. We also uncover a phenomenon that, to our knowledge, has not been previously described in the simulation literature--i.e., the ability of OMPs to serve as sites of phospholipid flipping from the OM inner leaflet to the outer leaflet. Finally, we show that longer LPS O-antigen chains occlude OMPs, and we provide a detailed characterization of water and ion movement throughout our simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalenkiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Flipping, O-antigen Shielding, and Water Dynamics Revealed by 100-200 μs Coarse-Grained Simulations of E. coli Outer Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FABP5 in Skin Macrophages Mediates Saturated Fat-Induced IL-1β Signaling in Obesity-Associated Psoriasis Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity increases the risk and severity of psoriasis. However, the immunoregulatory effects of different HFD-induced obesity on psoriasis pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, mimicking human dietary fat profiles, four HFDs - saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fats - were designed and used to induce obesity in mice. Despite comparable obesity levels across groups, only the saturated HFD exacerbated imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. This exacerbation correlated with elevated levels of IL-1{beta}-producing macrophages, IL-17A-producing {gamma}{delta} T cells, and neutrophils within psoriatic lesions. Mechanistically, saturated fatty acids (FAs) promoted IL-1{beta}/IL-17 signaling via fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5)-mediated mitochondrial FA oxidation and extracellular ATP release in skin macrophages. Deletion of FABP5, either globally or specifically in macrophages, attenuated IL-1{beta}/IL-17A signaling and alleviated IMQ-induced psoriasis. These findings identify FABP5 as a key mediator of saturated HFD-driven psoriasis via the IL-1{beta}/IL-17 axis, offering insights into the interplay between dietary fats, obesity and psoriasis.

HighlightsO_LISaturated, but not unsaturated, high-fat diets (HFDs) drive the development of obesity-associated psoriasis.
C_LIO_LISaturated fats enhance IL-1{beta}/IL-17 signaling in psoriatic skin.
C_LIO_LIFABP5 mediates saturated fat-induced IL-1{beta} signaling by promoting ATP production and release.
C_LIO_LIDeletion of FABP5 in macrophages alleviates the development of saturated HFD-associated psoriasis.
C_LI

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/628705v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (65K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@93fedaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@409fa2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b08362org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@81abcc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avellino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilyansky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FABP5 in Skin Macrophages Mediates Saturated Fat-Induced IL-1β Signaling in Obesity-Associated Psoriasis Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) project is a large-scale, multi-site initiative aimed at identifying biomarkers and biosignatures that predict the transition from acute to chronic pain. The project is collecting multimodal, longitudinal data from over 2,500 individuals at risk for developing chronic pain after surgery. Here we describe the neuroimaging component of A2CPS, including the acquisition protocols, processing pipelines, and contents of the initial data release. The imaging protocol includes structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Data are collected across multiple clinical sites using different scanner manufacturers, with attention to protocol harmonization and quality control. The processing pipeline integrates several established neuroimaging tools to extract potential biomarkers, including measures of brain structure, connectivity, and pain-related neural signatures. The first data release includes pre-surgical imaging data for 595 participants, with high quality ratings across modalities (98.7% of sMRI, 99.8% of dMRI, and 94.6% of fMRI images were rated as acceptable or better). Initial analyses demonstrate expected relationships between brain-derived measures and clinical variables, such as associations between brain age and psychological factors. This dataset represents a valuable resource for both pain research and neuroimaging methods development, with future releases planned to include additional participants and expanded analysis pipelines and processed data derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauw, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichesco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloudas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulderink, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.627509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single main-chain hydrogen bond required to keep GABAA receptors closed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAA receptors are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors throughout the central nervous system. Despite significant progress understanding their three-dimensional structure, a critical gap remains in determining the molecular basis for channel gating. We recently identified M2-M3 linker mutations that suggest linker flexibility has asymmetric subunit-specific correlations with channel opening. Here we use non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) to investigate the role of main-chain H-hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) that may stabilize the M2-M3 linkers. We show that a single main-chain H-bond within the {beta}2 subunit M2-M3 linker inhibits pore opening and is required to keep the unliganded channel closed. Furthermore, breaking this H-bond during channel opening accounts for approximately one third of the activation energy derived from GABA binding. In contrast, the analogous H-bond in the 1 subunit has no effect on gating. Our observations suggest that channel opening involves state-dependent breakage/disruption of a specific main-chain H-bond within the {beta}2 subunit M2-M3 linker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borghese, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidbrink, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldschen-Ohm, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single main-chain hydrogen bond required to keep GABAA receptors closed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role of FAK signaling in Rac1-driven melanoma cell resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Rac1 P29S hotspot mutation in cutaneous melanoma is associated with resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors (MAPKi) and worse clinical outcomes. Moreover, activation of Rac1 guanine exchange factors (GEFs) also promotes MAPKi-resistance, particularly in undifferentiated melanoma cells. Here we delineate mechanisms of Rac1-driven MAPKi-resistance and identify strategies to inhibit the growth of this class of cutaneous melanomas. We find that Rac1-driven melanomas manifest pleiotropic resistance mechanisms including (i) reduced dependence on BRAF/MEK, (ii) activation of alternative MAPK pathways utilizing Jun kinase and p38 MAP kinase, and (iii) a partial reliance on YAP/TAZ signaling. Importantly, although Rac1-driven melanoma cells display reduced dependence on BRAF/MEK, they are not completely ERK-independent. Additionally, the presence of activated Rac1 appears to create a dependency on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in undifferentiated melanoma cells. Therefore, despite the pleiotropic mechanisms of Rac1-driven MAPKi resistance, we find that combined inhibition of RAF and MEK with the RAF/MEK clamp auvotometinib and FAK with the FAK inhibitor defactinib is a promising approach for suppressing the growth of Rac1-driven melanoma cells. Thus, the avutometinib plus defactinib combination, which is currently being investigated for brain metastatic cutaneous melanoma may also have utility against Rac1-driven MAPKi-resistance in heavily pre-treated, advanced disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riordan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzavand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peplinski, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibeau, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freesmeier, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jilek, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stipp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role of FAK signaling in Rac1-driven melanoma cell resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.24.630168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RiboTag-based RNA-Seq uncovers oligodendroglial lineage-specific inflammation in autoimmune encephalomyelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.24.630168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLCs) are critical for neuronal support functions, including myelination and remyelination. Emerging evidence reveals their active roles in neuroinflammation, particularly in conditions like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This study explores the inflammatory translatome of OLCs during the early onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established MS model. Using RiboTag-based RNA sequencing in genetically modified Olig2-Cre RiboTag mice, we identified 1,556 upregulated and 683 downregulated genes in EAE OLCs. Enrichment analysis indicated heightened immune-related pathways, such as cytokine signaling, interferon responses, and antigen presentation, while downregulated genes were linked to neuronal development and myelination. Notably, OLCs expressed cytokines/chemokines, and their receptor, highlighting their active involvement in neuroinflammatory signaling. Functional studies demonstrated that interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) signaling in OLCs exacerbates EAE pathology by enhancing antigen presentation and chemokine production, whereas interferon-beta (IFN-{beta}) signaling showed minimal impact. These findings provide novel insights into the inflammatory role of OLCs in EAE and suggest therapeutic potential in targeting OLC-mediated neuroinflammation for MS and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.24.630168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RiboTag-based RNA-Seq uncovers oligodendroglial lineage-specific inflammation in autoimmune encephalomyelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex TMS evokes responses in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex: Evidence from human intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with intracranial local field potential recordings in humans (TMS-iEEG) represents a new method for investigating electrophysiologic effects of TMS with spatiotemporal precision. We applied TMS-iEEG to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in two subjects and demonstrate evoked activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). This study provides direct electrophysiologic evidence that dlPFC TMS, as targeted for depression treatment, can modulate brain activity in the sgACC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex TMS evokes responses in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex: Evidence from human intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific survival but not tissue wasting in the KPP mouse model of pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cachexia, a multifactorial condition resulting in muscle and adipose tissue wasting, reduces the quality of life of many people with cancer. Despite decades of research, therapeutic options for cancer cachexia remain limited. Cachexia is highly prevalent in people with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and many animal models of pancreatic cancer are used to understand mechanisms underlying cachexia. One such model is the KrasLSL-G12D, Ptf1aCre-ER/+, Ptenflox/flox (KPP) model, which utilizes an inducible Cre recombinase to allow tumor development to be initiated at any age by tamoxifen administration. In our previous work, tumors were induced in KPP mice at 4 weeks of age. However, mice are still rapidly growing at this age, and a portion of the body weight differences seen between control and KPP mice is likely due to slowed growth of KPP mice. In our current study, pancreatic tumors were induced to develop with tamoxifen in KPP mice after rapid postnatal growth has slowed at 10 weeks of age (KPP10). Similar to our previous findings, KPP10 mice had lower body, muscle, and adipose tissue weights compared to non-tumor mice, and these differences were similar between male and female mice. However, male mice experienced greater relative weight loss. Unexpectedly, we identified that overall survival was significantly shorter in female KPP10 mice compared to KPP10 males. Greater body weight at tumor induction was associated with longer survival, suggesting that the sex difference in survival may be related to differences in body weight between male and female mice.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY- Although male mice experience greater relative body weight losses, similar skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting occurs between male and female mice in the KrasLSL-G12D, Ptf1aCre-ER/+, Ptenflox/flox (KPP) model of pancreatic-cancer induced cachexia.
- Greater weight loss in males may be related to longer survival. However, differences in tamoxifen dose relative to body weight may have accelerated tumor formation in female mice and therefore may be a relevant consideration for inducible tumor models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinzierl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbert, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific survival but not tissue wasting in the KPP mouse model of pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Complex I and ROS control synapse function through opposing pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons require high amounts energy, and mitochondria help to fulfill this requirement. Dysfunctional mitochondria trigger problems in various neuronal tasks. Using the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse, we previously reported that Mitochondrial Complex I (MCI) subunits were required for maintaining NMJ function and growth. Here we report tissue-specific adaptations at the NMJ when MCI is depleted. In Drosophila motor neurons, MCI depletion causes profound cytological defects and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). But instead of diminishing synapse function, neuronal ROS triggers a homeostatic signaling process that maintains normal NMJ excitation. We identify molecules mediating this compensatory response. MCI depletion in muscles also enhances local ROS. But high levels of muscle ROS cause destructive responses: synapse degeneration, mitochondrial fragmentation, and impaired neurotransmission. In humans, mutations affecting MCI subunits cause severe neurological and neuromuscular diseases. The tissue-level effects that we describe in the Drosophila system are potentially relevant to forms of mitochondrial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Complex I and ROS control synapse function through opposing pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Tunes Axon Maintenance Protein Abundance and Kinetics of Wallerian Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotrophic factors are critical for establishing functional connectivity in the nervous system and sustaining neuronal survival through adulthood. As the first neurotrophic factor purified, nerve growth factor (NGF) is extensively studied for its prolific role in axon outgrowth, pruning, and survival. Applying NGF to diseased neuronal tissue is an exciting therapeutic option and understanding how NGF regulates local axon susceptibility to pathological degeneration is critical for exploiting its full potential. Our study identifies surprising connections between NGF signaling and proteostasis of axon maintenance factors. NGF deprivation increases Nmnat2 and Stmn2 protein levels in axon segments with a corresponding delay in Wallerian degeneration. Conversely, acute NGF stimulation reduces local abundance of these axon maintenance factors and accelerates Wallerian degeneration. Pharmacological studies implicate phospholipase C as the key effector in TrkA activation, which drives degradation of palmitoylated Stmn2. While seemingly opposed to neuroprotective activities well-documented for NGF, downregulating Nmnat2 and Stmn2 favors axonal outgrowth over transient hyper-susceptibility to Sarm1-dependent degeneration. This new facet of NGF biology has important implications for axonal remodeling during development and sustained integrity through adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addemir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGettigan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Tunes Axon Maintenance Protein Abundance and Kinetics of Wallerian Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-base m6A epitranscriptomics reveals novel HIV-1 host interaction targets in primary CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent cellular mRNA modification and plays a critical role in regulating RNA stability, localization, and gene expression. m6A modification plays a vital role in modulating the expression of viral and cellular genes during HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection increases cellular RNA m6A levels in many cell types, which facilitates HIV-1 replication and infectivity in target cells. However, the function of m6A modification in regulating HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection of Jurkat CD4+ T cells and primary CD4+ T cells promotes the interaction between the m6A writer complex subunits methyltransferase-like 3 and 14 (METTL3/METTL14). Using single-base m6A-specific RNA sequencing, we identified several differentially m6A-modified cellular mRNAs, including perilipin 3 (PLIN3), during HIV-1 infection in primary CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection increased PLIN3 mRNA level by enhancing its stability, but PLIN3 protein level was decreased. Knocking down PLIN3 in primary CD4+ T cells reduced HIV-1 production but enhanced virion infectivity. In contrast, in Jurkat cells, PLIN3 mRNA and protein expression levels were unaffected by HIV-1 infection, and knocking out PLIN3 did not impact HIV-1 production or infectivity. These results indicate that the interplay between HIV-1 and PLIN3 is cell-type specific and only observed in primary CD4+ T cells. Overall, our results highlight the importance of m6A RNA modification in HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells and suggest its significance as a regulatory mechanism in HIV-1 infection.

Author SummaryN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common chemical modification on mRNA that helps control RNA stability, localization, and gene expression. m6A modification of viral and cellular RNA is important for HIV-1 infection. In this study, we found that HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells enhanced the interaction between two proteins, METTL3 and METTL14, which are responsible for adding m6A modifications to RNA. Using m6A-specific RNA sequencing, we identified several mRNAs with altered m6A modifications during HIV-1 infection, including one called PLIN3. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection stabilized and increased PLIN3 mRNA levels, but reduced PLIN3 protein expression in primary CD4+ T cells. When we knocked down PLIN3 in primary CD4+ T cells, it decreased HIV-1 production but made the HIV-1 particles more infectious. In contrast, in the Jurkat CD4+ T cell line, HIV-1 infection did not affect PLIN3 expression and knockout of PLIN3 did not alter HIV-1 production or infectivity, suggesting that the effect is specific to primary CD4+ T cells. Our findings show the importance of m6A RNA modification in HIV-1 infection by regulating host genes like PLIN3 and suggest a unique regulatory mechanism in HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilms, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-base m6A epitranscriptomics reveals novel HIV-1 host interaction targets in primary CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule analysis of PARP1-G-quadruplex interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome contains numerous repetitive nucleotide sequences that display a propensity to fold into non-canonical DNA structures including G-quadruplexes (G4s). G4s have both positive and negative impacts on various aspects of nucleic acid metabolism including DNA replication, DNA repair and RNA transcription. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1), an important anticancer drug target, has been recently shown to bind a subset of G4s, and to undergo auto-PARylation. The mechanism of this interaction, however, is poorly understood. Utilizing Mass Photometry (MP) and single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (smTIRFM), we demonstrate that PARP1 dynamically interacts with G4s with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Interaction of a single PARP1 molecule with nicked DNA or DNA containing G4 and a primer-template junction is sufficient to activate robust auto-PARylation resulting in the addition of poly (ADP-ribose) chains with molecular weight of several hundred kDa. Pharmacological PARP inhibitors EB-47, Olaparib and Veliparib differently affect PARP1 retention on G4-containing DNA compared to nicked DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule analysis of PARP1-G-quadruplex interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAMHD1 enhances HIV-1-induced apoptosis in monocytic cells via the mitochondrial pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits HIV-1 replication in non-dividing cells by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. SAMHD1 enhances spontaneous apoptosis in cells, but its effects on HIV-1-induced apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we uncover a new mechanism by which SAMHD1 enhances HIV-1-induced apoptosis in monocytic cells through the mitochondrial pathway. We found that endogenous SAMHD1 enhances apoptosis levels induced by HIV-1 infection in dividing THP-1 cells. Mechanistically, SAMHD1 expression decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cytochrome c release induced by HIV-1 infection in THP-1 cells, thereby enhancing mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. SAMHD1-enhanced apoptosis is associated with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BCL-2-interacting killer (BIK) in cells. We further demonstrated that BIK contributes to SAMHD1-enhanced apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. Overall, our results reveal an unappreciated regulatory mechanism of SAMHD1 in enhancing HIV-1-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in monocytic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.632057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAMHD1 enhances HIV-1-induced apoptosis in monocytic cells via the mitochondrial pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-Term Effects of Radiation Therapy on Cerebral Microvessel Proteome: A Six-Month Post-Exposure Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRadiation therapy (RT) treats primary and metastatic brain tumors, with about one million Americans surviving beyond six months post-treatment. However, up to 90% of survivors experience RT-induced cognitive impairment. Emerging evidence links cognitive decline to RT-induced endothelial dysfunction in brain microvessels, yet in vivo studies of endothelial injury remain limited. Investigating the molecular and cellular pathways connecting RT, endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive impairment is vital for developing targeted interventions. This study examines proteomic changes in cerebral microvessels following RT.

MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive quantitative analysis comparing the proteome in cerebral microvessels from five control mice and five irradiated mice (12 Gy) 6 months after RT. Bioinformatics analyses included gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Mitocarta analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), and iPathwayGuide. Predictions from the analyses were validated by western blotting.

ResultsOur data identified significant dysregulation of 414 proteins following RT, with 157 upregulated and 257 downregulated. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the majority of the dysregulated proteins were part of various metabolic pathways. Cross referencing with Mitocarta revealed a significant presence of mitochondrial proteins among the dysregulated proteins, indicating potential mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction. Further investigation with IPA analysis uncovered 76 enriched canonical pathways, 34 transcription regulators, 6 nuclear receptors, and 5 growth factors involved in RT-induced damage responses in cerebral microvessels. IPA canonical pathway analysis predicted mitochondrial dysfunction due to inhibition of various metabolic pathways in the irradiated group. Validation with western blotting confirmed the bioinformatics predictions from the proteomic dataset.

ConclusionsOur data show significant proteomic changes in cerebral microvessels 6 months post-radiation, including oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and glycolysis, suggesting metabolic mechanisms of RT-induced microvascular dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giansanti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-Term Effects of Radiation Therapy on Cerebral Microvessel Proteome: A Six-Month Post-Exposure Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.632993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of protein sequence and structureredefines viral diversity and the taxonomy of the Flaviviridae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.632993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Flaviviridae are a family of non-segmented positive-sense enveloped RNA viruses containing significant pathogens including hepatitis C virus and yellow fever virus. Recent large-scale metagenomic surveys have identified many diverse RNA viruses related to classical orthoflaviviruses and pestiviruses but quite different genome lengths and configurations, and with a hugely expanded host range that spans multiple animal phyla, including molluscs, cnidarians and stramenopiles,, and plants. Grouping of RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) hallmark gene sequences of flavivirus and  flavi-like viruses into four divergent clades and multiple lineages within them was congruent with helicase gene phylogeny, PPHMM profile comparisons, and comparison of RdRP protein structure predicted by AlphFold2. These results support their classification into the established order, Amarillovirales, in three families (Flaviviridae, Pestiviridae, and Hepaciviridae), and 14 genera. This taxonomic framework informed by RdRP hallmark gene evolutionary relationships provides a stable reference from which major genome re-organisational events can be understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmann, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.632993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of protein sequence and structureredefines viral diversity and the taxonomy of the Flaviviridae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Relaxation and Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Sites Precede Major (Mal)adaptations in Aging Skeletal Muscle and are Prevented by Exercise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcopenia, or age-related muscle dysfunction, contributes to morbidity and mortality. Besides decreases in muscle force, sarcopenia is associated with atrophy and fast-to-slow fiber type switching, which is typically secondary to denervation in humans and rodents. However, very little is known about cellular changes preceding these important (mal)adaptations. To this matter, mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum are critical for tension generation in myofibers. They physically interact at the boundaries of sarcomeres forming subcellular hubs called mitochondria-endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs). Yet, whether changes at MERCs ultrastructure and proteome occur early in aging is unknown. Here, studying young adult and older mice we reveal that aging slows muscle relaxation leading to longer excitation-contraction-relaxation (ECR) cycles before maximal force decreases and fast-to-slow fiber switching takes place. We reveal that muscle MERC ultrastructure and mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) protein composition are also affected early in aging and are closely associated with rate of muscle relaxation. Additionally, we demonstrate that regular exercise preserves muscle relaxation rate and MERC ultrastructure in early aging. Finally, we profile a set of muscle MAM proteins involved in energy metabolism, protein quality control, Ca2+ homeostasis, cytoskeleton integrity and redox balance that are inversely regulated early in aging and by exercise. These may represent new targets to preserve muscle function in aging individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronemberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuadra-Munoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Relaxation and Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Sites Precede Major (Mal)adaptations in Aging Skeletal Muscle and are Prevented by Exercise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3K regulates TAZ/YAP and mTORC1 axes that can be synergistically targeted 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSSarcomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers with few shared therapeutic targets. PI3K signaling is activated in various subsets of sarcomas, representing a shared oncogenic signaling pathway. Oncogenic PI3K signaling has been challenging to target therapeutically. An integrated view of PI3K and Hippo pathway signaling is examined to determine if this could be leveraged therapeutically.

Experimental designA tissue microarray containing sarcomas of various histological types was evaluated for PTEN loss and correlated with levels of activated TAZ and YAP. PI3K and Hippo pathways were dissected in sarcoma cell lines. The role of TAZ and YAP were evaluated in a PI3K-driven mouse model. The efficacy of mTORC1 inhibition and TEAD inhibition were evaluated in sarcoma cell lines and in vivo.

ResultsPI3K signaling is frequently activated in sarcomas due to PTEN loss (in 30-60%), representing a common therapeutic target. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional co-activators regulated by PI3K and drive a transcriptome necessary for tumor growth in a PI3K-driven sarcoma mouse model. Combination therapy using IK-930 (TEAD inhibitor) and everolimus (mTORC1 inhibitor) synergistically diminished proliferation and anchorage independent growth of PI3K-activated sarcoma cell lines at low, physiologically achievable doses. Furthermore, this combination therapy showed a synergistic effect in vivo, reducing tumor proliferation and size.

ConclusionsTAZ and YAP are transcriptional co-activators downstream of PI3K signaling, a pathway that has lacked a well-defined oncogenic transcription factor. This PI3K-TAZ/YAP axis exists in parallel to the known PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 axis allowing for synergistic combination therapy targeting the TAZ/YAP-TEAD interaction and mTORC1 in sarcomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullenkamp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drebot, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3K regulates TAZ/YAP and mTORC1 axes that can be synergistically targeted]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of nuclear genome size and variation in a freshwater snail model system featuring a recent whole-genome duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species are defined by unique nuclear genome characteristics like nucleotide composition, genomic structure, and genome size. These fundamental aspects of the nuclear genome can themselves be the object of natural selection. We here provide the first high-quality direct measurements of nuclear genome DNA content in a representative diverse sample of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, an Aotearoa New Zealand freshwater snail that is a textbook example of the maintenance of sexual reproduction in nature and is invasive worldwide. We used propidium-iodide-based flow cytometry to characterize nuclear DNA content, and its variation, in nearly 100 P. antipodarum from multiple populations representing both sexual and asexual individuals. We also estimated nuclear DNA content in multiple P. estuarinus, a closely related obligately sexual species. These data confirmed and extended earlier lines of evidence for polyploidy and variable genome size within asexual P. antipodarum and provided the first direct evidence for distinctly higher nuclear genome content in diploid (sexual) P. antipodarum relative to diploid sexual P. estuarinus. These data are consistent with genomic evidence for a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) and subsequent and in-process rediploidization in P. antipodarum, setting the stage for use of Potamopyrgus as a model for WGD and its consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamatsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of nuclear genome size and variation in a freshwater snail model system featuring a recent whole-genome duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbonic anhydrase 4 disruption and pharmacological inhibition reduce synaptic and behavioral adaptations following oxycodone withdrawal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing opioid crisis underscores the need for innovative treatments targeting the neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid-seeking behaviors and relapse. Here, we explored the role of carbonic anhydrase 4 (CA4) in modulating synaptic adaptations to oxycodone withdrawal in mice. We disrupted CA4 genetically and inhibited it pharmacologically with acetazolamide (AZD), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used clinically. We found that oxycodone withdrawal increased AMPAR/NMDAR ratio and synaptic recruitment of calcium-permeable AMPARs in nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Synaptic changes required an extended period of abstinence, generalized to other opioids, including morphine and heroin, were more pronounced in D1 dopamine receptor-expressing MSNs, and were prevented by CA4 disruption. AZD administration in vitro and in vivo reversed the synaptic alterations, and the effects of AZD depended on CA4 and acid-sensing ion channel-1A. Interestingly, abstinence from oxycodone did not affect dendritic spine density in NAcC MSNs, in contrast to previously observed effects of abstinence from cocaine. Finally, in an oxycodone self-administration paradigm, CA4 disruption and AZD reduced drug-seeking behaviors following 30 days of forced abstinence. Together, these findings identify a critical role for CA4 in synaptic adaptations in opioid withdrawn mice and drug-seeking behavior. Moreover, they suggest pharmacological inhibitors of CA4 may hold therapeutic potential for reducing opioid-seeking and relapse in opioid use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taugher-Hebl, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghobbeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahnke, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalumiere, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbonic anhydrase 4 disruption and pharmacological inhibition reduce synaptic and behavioral adaptations following oxycodone withdrawal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threshold effects of prenatal stress on striatal microglia and relevant behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPrenatal stress, a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), leads to immune alterations, including offspring neuroimmune cells. Differences in offspring outcomes may arise from whether the extent of prenatal stress crosses "thresholds" for effects on specific outcomes. Therefore, we sought to determine offspring outcomes using models with different extents of prenatal stress. We focused on striatal outcomes, because of their relevance for NDDs. Pregnant CD1 mice were assigned to four groups (each: N=6): no stress ("NoS") or one of the following stressors administered three times daily: i.p. saline injections (low prenatal stress, LoS), Interleukin-6 injections as a component of prenatal stress (immune prenatal stress; ImS), or restraint stress + saline injections (high prenatal stress, HiS), embryonic day 12-18. In adult offspring, HiS altered striatal-dependent behavior across males and females, while ImS induced fewer behavioral changes, and LoS did not affect behavior. Adult striatal microglia morphologies were mostly unchanged across groups, with only HiS leading to altered striatal density of minimally ramified cells. However, embryonic striatal microglia were affected by all models of stress, albeit in distinct ways. The HiS model, and to a lesser extent LoS, also influenced immune components of the maternal-fetal interface: placental macrophages. In conclusion, high and immune stress affected adult striatal-dependent behavior, exceeding the threshold necessary for persistent impacts, but all stress models affected embryonic microglia, suggesting that early neuroimmune outcomes had a lower threshold for impacts. Distinct severities and aspects of prenatal stress may therefore underlie different outcomes relevant to NDDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerbroek, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anema, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshko, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threshold effects of prenatal stress on striatal microglia and relevant behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of GITRL by B cell IgD low (BDL) B cells is a therapeutic strategy to increase endogenous CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are often chronic with no cures. An underlying commonality of autoimmune diseases is immune-mediated inflammation. Control of inflammation is achieved by steroids and disease-modifying therapies, which can result in severe side-effects. CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg), are essential to controlling autoimmune responses and are considered a strong therapeutic target with minimal side effects. To that end, we leveraged our identification of B cell IgD low (BDL) B cells that control Treg homeostatic levels in the mouse spleen in a GITRL-dependent manner to demonstrate that overexpression of GITRL by BDL using a B cell-specific GITRL transgene (tg) was sufficient to increase endogenous Treg numbers and attenuate the disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of MS. To determine whether increased GITRL expression by BDL could be a therapeutic strategy, WT mice were transplanted with bone marrow from GITRLtg mice. After reconstitution, GITRL expression was increased on BDL, Treg numbers were significantly elevated, and EAE was dramatically attenuated. These cumulative data further demonstrate that GITRL is a functional receptor on BDL and its overexpression in B cells is a therapeutic strategy to increase endogenous Treg numbers for treating autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalil, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurski, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrame, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittel, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of GITRL by B cell IgD low (BDL) B cells is a therapeutic strategy to increase endogenous CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.636597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain bases for navigating acoustic features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.636597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether physical navigation shares neural substrates with mental travel in other behaviourally relevant domains is debated. With respect to sound, pure-tone working memory in humans elicits hippocampal as well as auditory cortical and inferior frontal activity, and rodent work suggests that hippocampal cells that usually track an animals physical location can also map to tone frequency when task-relevant. We generated a sound dimension based on the density of random-frequency tones in a stack, resulting in a percept ranging from low- ("beepy") to high-density ("noisy"). We established that unlike tone frequency, which listeners automatically associate with vertical position, this density dimension elicited no consistent spatial mapping. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, human participants held in mind the density of a series of tone stacks and, after a short maintenance period, adjusted further stacks to match the target ("navigation"). Density of the currently heard sound was represented most strongly in bilateral non-primary auditory cortex, specifically bilateral planum polare, while density of the maintained target was represented in right anterior hippocampus and left inferior temporal gyrus. Encoding and maintenance activity in bilateral hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus, planum polare and posterior cingulate was positively associated with subsequent navigation success. Bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus were among regions with elevated activity during adjustment, compared to a parity-judgment condition with closely matched acoustics and motor demands. Bilateral orbitofrontal cortex was more active when navigation was toward a target density than when participants adjusted density in a control condition with no particular target. We find that self-initiated travel along a non-spatial auditory dimension engages a brain system overlapping with that supporting physical navigation.

Key PointsO_LIWork in rodents suggests that navigation in physical space and the active analysis of sounds share a neural substrate in the hippocampus, supporting the use of common computational mechanisms.
C_LIO_LIWe examined the human brain system for navigation through an acoustic environment to a remembered target.
C_LIO_LIIn addition to high-level auditory cortex we demonstrate involvement of the hippocampus in acoustic navigation along with other sites in frontal and cingulate cortex that also support physical navigation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.636597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain bases for navigating acoustic features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in nephrogenesis result in an expansion of the Foxd1+ stromal progenitor population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reciprocal signaling interactions coordinate multiple aspects of kidney development. While signals from the stroma have been shown to regulate nephron progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, much less is known about regulation of the stromal progenitor population. Here, we demonstrate that disruption of the NPC lineage via loss of Wt1 (i.e., Six2cre;Wt1c/c) results in an expansion of Foxd1+ stromal progenitor cells. Analyses of the developing stroma in two additional models, including Wnt4-null mutants (which fail to form nephron structures similar to Six2cre;Wt1c/c kidneys) and NPC ablation via diphtheria toxin (i.e., Six2cre;RosaDTAc/+), both phenocopy Six2cre;Wt1c/c mutants, thus further confirming that defects in the NPC lineage result in abnormal development of the stromal progenitor population. Furthermore, we identify a subcluster of the Foxd1+ stroma that appears expanded in the three mutant mouse models and conserved in human fetal kidneys. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that loss of differentiating nephron structures may result in possible over proliferation of the stromal progenitor population and/or a block in stromal differentiation and further highlight how crosstalk amongst the progenitor cell lineages coordinates multiple aspects of kidney development.

KEY POINTSO_LIMutant mouse models targeting the nephron lineage (i.e., Six2cre;Wt1c/c and Wnt4-null mutants which fail to form early nephron structures) suggest that a block in NPC differentiation results in an abnormal expansion of the Foxd1+ stromal progenitor population.
C_LIO_LIMutant kidneys with NPC ablation (i.e., Six2cre;RosaDTAc/+) show maintenance of stromal progenitors independent of signals from adjacent nephron progenitors and ureteric bud.
C_LIO_LISingle nuclei RNA-seq identifies three subclusters of the Foxd1+ stromal progenitor population at E15.5, including one cluster of proliferating cells and a distinct Fap+, Igf1+, Gria1+, Gdnf- subcluster which appears expanded in Six2cre;Wt1c/c, Wnt4-null, and Six2cre;RosaDTAc/+ mutant kidneys and conserved in human fetal kidneys.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michalopulos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in nephrogenesis result in an expansion of the Foxd1+ stromal progenitor population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.635984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative approaches to single-cell trajectory inference using a commute time matrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.635984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell technology has enhanced the high-resolution analysis of dynamic developmental cell fate decisions. A number of elegant mathematical and computational approaches have been developed for using single-cell genomics data to identify gene regulatory events and cell state changes during embryonic development and related processes. These approaches are typically used in combination to model dynamic cell differentiation trajectories but have different underlying mathematical foundations. The extent to which commonly used algorithms for trajectory modeling, such as data imputation, pseudotemporal ordering, and cell fate probability modeling, might be derived from the same underlying approach has not been widely explored. This work describes the use of a matrix based on the commute time of a graph as a single consistent kernel for cell fate trajectory modeling. The commute time kernel is derived from significant eigenvectors of the pseudo-inverse of the graph Laplacian in a manner that preserves commute time. This kernel matrix is used directly in trajectory inference methods and recapitulates the results obtained using different algorithms using three benchmark datasets. Additionally, a comparison of commute time kernels between spliced and unspliced counts was effective for identifying populations of circadian-cycling progenitor cells in differentiating pancreatic endocrine cells. Overall, this work identifies the commute time kernel as a potential parsimonious measure for multiple aspects of trajectory inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.635984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative approaches to single-cell trajectory inference using a commute time matrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase 1 maintains transcription and chromosomal accessibility during mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription persists at low levels in mitotic cells and plays essential roles in mitotic fidelity and chromosomal dynamics. However, the detailed regulatory network of mitotic transcription remains largely unresolved. Here, we report the novel role of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) in maintaining mitotic transcription. Using 5-ethynyl uridine (5-EU) labeling of nascent RNAs, we found that Plk1 inhibition leads to significant downregulation of nascent transcription in prometaphase cells. Chromatin-localized Plk1 activity is required for transcription regulation and mitotic fidelity. Plk1 sustains global chromosomal accessibility in mitosis, especially at promoter and transcription start site (promoter-TSS) regions, facilitating transcription factor binding and ensuring proper transcriptional activity. We identified SMC4, a common subunit of condensin I and II, as a potential Plk1 substrate. Plk1 activity is fundamental to these processes across non-transformed and transformed cell lines, underscoring its critical role in cell cycle regulation. This study elucidates a novel regulatory mechanism of global mitotic transcription, advancing our understanding of cell cycle control.

Significance StatementO_LICells retain a low level of transcription during mitosis, while the regulatory network and specific contributions of mitotic transcription are not well understood.
C_LIO_LIWe identify Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) as a novel regulator of mitotic transcription, crucial for chromosome condensation, genome accessibility, and maintaining mitotic fidelity.
C_LIO_LIThis study enhances our understanding of Plk1s multifaceted role in mitotic progression, advancing cell cycle regulation knowledge, and informing new cancer therapies development.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polo-like kinase 1 maintains transcription and chromosomal accessibility during mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFIT3 RNA-binding activity promotes influenza A virus infection and translation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host cells produce a vast network of antiviral factors in response to viral infection. The interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are important effectors of a broad-spectrum antiviral response. In contrast to their canonical roles, we previously identified IFIT2 and IFIT3 as pro-viral host factors during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. During IAV infection, IFIT2 binds and enhances translation of AU-rich cellular mRNAs, including many IFN-simulated gene products, establishing a model for its broad antiviral activity. But, IFIT2 also bound viral mRNAs and enhanced their translation resulting in increased viral replication. The ability of IFIT3 to bind RNA and whether this is important for its function was not known. Here we validate direct interactions between IFIT3 and RNA using electromobility shift assays (EMSAs). RNA-binding site identification (RBS-ID) experiments then identified an RNA-binding surface composed of residues conserved in IFIT3 orthologs and IFIT2 paralogs. Mutation of the RNA-binding site reduced the ability IFIT3 to promote IAV gene expression and translation efficiency when compared to wild type IFIT3. The functional units of IFIT2 and IFIT3 are homo- and heterodimers, however the RNA-binding surfaces are located near the dimerization interface. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we showed that mutations to these sites do not affect dimerization. Together, these data establish the link between IFIT3 RNA-binding and its ability to modulate translation of host and viral mRNAs during IAV infection.

ImportanceInfluenza A viruses (IAV) cause considerable morbidity and mortality through sporadic pandemics as well as annual epidemics. Zoonotic IAV strains pose an additional risk of spillover into a naive human population where prior immunity can have minimal effect. In this case, the first line of defense in the host is the innate immune response. Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) produce a suite of proteins that are front-line effectors of innate immune responses. While ISGs are typically considered antiviral, new work has revealed an emerging trend where viruses co-opt ISGs for pro-viral function. Here, we determine how the ISG IFIT3 is used by IAV as a pro-viral factor, advancing our understanding of IFIT3 function generally as well as specifically in the context of IAV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbitt, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaack, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nipper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kongsomros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFIT3 RNA-binding activity promotes influenza A virus infection and translation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of contextual exposure on memory strength and precision for inhibitory avoidance in male and female rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aversive associative learning paradigms such as inhibitory avoidance (IA) are frequently used to examine episodic-like memories in rodents. In IA, rodents learn to associate a context with a footshock, followed by testing for memory strength in the original training context and for memory precision in a similar yet distinct neutral context. The present work assessed the effects of different contextual exposure procedures on memory strength and precision in IA at both recent and remote time points using male and female Long-Evans rats. An initial experiment found that rats kept in the lit (non-shock) compartment of the IA apparatus for 60 s during training, as opposed to 10 s, displayed enhanced memory strength, with discrimination between both chambers at the recent retention test and generalization at the remote retention test. Subsequent experiments investigated the effects of contextual pre-exposure the day before training. The results indicate that pre-exposure to the neutral context promoted generalization without altering memory strength compared to the first experiment. In contrast, pre-exposure to the aversive chamber promoted discrimination and enhanced memory strength. Notably, the different procedures yielded similar effects in both sexes. However, the results also indicate an overall pattern of greater contextual discrimination in females compared to males. These findings provide evidence for how different contextual exposures influence the degree of encoding at the time of training and a behavioral foundation for future studies examining the neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory strength and precision in IA, while highlighting the importance of using both sexes in initial behavioral work.

Significance StatementStrength and precision are two fundamental properties of memory that can be simultaneously measured using inhibitory avoidance (IA), a type of context-footshock association task. However, little is known about how different context exposures alter rats encoding of these memories, thereby influencing subsequent memory strength and precision. Here, we found that pre-exposure to the neutral IA chamber decreased memory precision, whereas pre-exposure to the aversive IA chamber promoted memory strength and precision. Additionally, females demonstrated overall enhanced memory precision compared to males. These results indicate that different types of contextual exposures influence initial IA encoding and add to a limited body of research examining memory strength and precision in IA in both sexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holm, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaLumiere, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of contextual exposure on memory strength and precision for inhibitory avoidance in male and female rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.640656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production of clinical grade patient iPSC-derived 3D retinal organoids containing transplantable photoreceptor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.640656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative conditions that affect the retina are currently the leading cause of incurable blindness in the developed world. Although gene and drug therapies are being developed to slow disease progression in some cases, restorative cell replacement approaches are needed for patients with significant vision impairment due to retinal degeneration. While a variety of different cell types have been evaluated in the context of retinal cell replacement, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be generated and delivered as an autologous therapeutic, are in many ways the most attractive donor cell source currently available. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs must be differentiated into the target therapeutic cell type prior to transplantation. For instance, for patients with retinitis pigmentosa who have primary photoreceptor cell disease, photoreceptor cell derivation and enrichment are required prior to transplantation. Although other effective retinal differentiation protocols exist, they are often not fully compatible with clinical manufacturing. In this study, we report development of a xeno-free 3D retinal differentiation protocol based on the most robust adherent/non-adherent 3D differentiation strategies published to date. In addition, we demonstrate that while iPSC reprogramming efficiency is enhanced under reduced oxygen tension (i.e., 5%), efficient embryoid body and subsequent retinal organoid production require standard oxygen levels (i.e., 21%). Finally, we show that photoreceptor precursor cells obtained from 3D retinal organoids derived using the developed protocol under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) survive in the subretinal space of dystrophic Pde6b-null rats for 1-month post-transplantation and form new synaptic connections with host bipolar neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affatigato, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefeli, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.640656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production of clinical grade patient iPSC-derived 3D retinal organoids containing transplantable photoreceptor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapidly evolved genomic regions shape individual language abilities in present-day humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language is a defining feature of our species, yet the genomic changes enabling it remain poorly understood. Despite decades of work since FOXP2s discovery, we still lack a clear picture of which regions shaped language evolution and how variation contributes to present-day phenotypic differences. Using a novel evolutionary stratified polygenic score approach in nearly 40,000 individuals, we find that Human Ancestor Quickly Evolved Regions (HAQERs) are specifically associated with language but not general cognition. HAQERs evolved before the human-Neanderthal split, giving hominins increased binding of Forkhead and Homeobox transcription factors, and show balancing selection across the past 20,000 years. Remarkably, language variants in HAQERs appear more prevalent in Neanderthals and have convergently evolved across vocal-learning mammals. Our results reveal how ancient innovations continue shaping human language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casten, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koomar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofammann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thenuwara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomblin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.07.641231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapidly evolved genomic regions shape individual language abilities in present-day humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ectodermal loss of ARHGAP29 alters epithelial morphology and organization and disrupts murine palatal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orofacial clefts, including cleft palate (CP), are among the most common types of birth defects. CP specifically, results from a failure of palatal shelf fusion during development. Previous studies have shown that mutations in RhoA GTPase Activating Protein 29 (ARHGAP29) are linked to CP, yet the role and tissue-specific requirements for ARHGAP29 during palatogenesis remain unknown. Here, we use tissue-specific deletion of Arhgap29 in mice to provide the first direct evidence that ARHGAP29 is essential for proper palatal elevation and fusion. We demonstrate that ectodermal conditional loss of Arhgap29 induces a significant delay in the fusion of palatal shelves at embryonic (E) day 14.5 and an incomplete yet significantly penetrant cleft palate at E18.5 - neither of which are observed when Arhgap29 is lost later in development using K14-Cre. Phenotypic analyses of palatal shelves at E14.5 reveal a disorganized and thicker epithelium at the tip of the shelves. Loss of Arhgap29 increases palate epithelial cell area and upregulates alpha-smooth muscle actin and phospho-myosin regulatory light chain implicating cell morphology and contractility as drivers of CP.

Summary statementThis study in mice is the first direct evidence that ARHGAP29 is essential for proper palatal elevation and fusion. Loss of Arhgap29 alters oral epithelial morphology and upregulates contractility proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adelizzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitvalsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doolittle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ectodermal loss of ARHGAP29 alters epithelial morphology and organization and disrupts murine palatal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human insula neurons respond to simple sounds during passive listening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insula is critical for integrating sensory information from the body with that arising from the environment. Although previous studies suggest that posterior insula is sensitive to sounds, auditory response properties of insula neurons have not previously been reported. Here, we provide the first report of a population of human single neuron data from the insula and provide comparative data from the primary auditory cortex, recorded intracranially from human participants during passive listening. In each condition, more than 330 single neurons were recorded in 11 participants. Almost a third of neurons in posterior insula and a smaller subset in anterior insula responded to simple tones and clicks. Responsive neurons were distributed throughout posterior and anterior insula and showed preferred frequency tuning. Onset latencies in the insula were similar to those in the primary auditory cortex but response durations were significantly shorter. Overall, these data highlight that insula neurons respond to auditory stimuli even in non-behaviorally relevant contexts and suggest an important contribution of audition to the postulated integrative functions of insular cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human insula neurons respond to simple sounds during passive listening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomic signature of the retrosplenial cortex during memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a critical brain region activated during spatial memory tasks and plays an underlying role in long-term memory consolidation. The RSC comprises multiple cell types, including different classes of excitatory neurons across laminar layers. These layer-specific cells form the hub of neuronal connection between the RSC and other brain regions, including the hippocampus. Despite the established role of the RSC in spatial memory, the transcriptomic signature of the neuronal sub-types in the RSC during spatial memory consolidation remained elusive. Here we used both unbiased and targeted spatial transcriptomic approaches to illuminate the transcriptional signature of the RSC following a spatial memory task. We found that genes related to transcription regulation, protein folding, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were upregulated in the RSC after spatial learning during an early time window of memory consolidation. Further, cell type and excitatory neuronal layer-specific changes in gene expression were resolved using Xenium spatial transcriptomics. The distinct signatures of memory-responsive genes were observed in excitatory neurons across the laminar layers of the RSC following learning. Finally, we observed that blocking RSC excitatory neurons during the early temporal window after learning using a chemogenetic approach impaired long-term spatial memory. Overall, our results uncover a molecular signature of the RSC after learning and demonstrate the role of RSC excitatory neurons during the early time points of memory consolidation. This study underscores the importance of the learning-induced transcriptional signature of the RSC in long-term spatial memory consolidation and reveals a cell-type specific signature of memory-responsive gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bliese, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomic signature of the retrosplenial cortex during memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Post-Operative Delirium Revealed by Multi-omic Analysis of Brain Tissue from Neurosurgery Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-operative delirium (POD) is a common complication after surgery especially in elderly patients, characterized by acute disturbances in consciousness and cognition, which negatively impacts long-term outcomes. Effective treatments remain elusive due to the unclear pathophysiology of POD. To address the knowledge gap, we investigated DNA methylation profiles and gene expression changes in brain cells from POD and non-POD patients who underwent brain resection surgery for medication refractory epilepsy. DNA methylation analysis revealed alteration in epigenetic status of immune and inflammation-related genes. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) identified POD-specific glial cell alterations, particularly in microglia, where neuroinflammation was strongly enhanced, consistent with epigenetic findings. Astrocytes exhibited changes in synapse-related functions and migration. Furthermore, downstream analysis indicated similarities between POD-associated glial cell states and pathologies such as encephalitis and dementia. Overall, this study--the first multi-omics analysis of brain tissue from POD patients--provides direct evidence of glial cell contributions to POD pathogenesis, and highlights potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishii, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishitani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoyama, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorantla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishizawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Post-Operative Delirium Revealed by Multi-omic Analysis of Brain Tissue from Neurosurgery Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chlamydia trachomatis secreted effector protein CT181 binds to Mcl-1 to prolong neutrophil survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t) infections can lead to severe complications due to the pathogens ability to evade the host immune response, often resulting in asymptomatic infections. The mechanisms underlying this immune subversion remain incompletely understood but likely involve specific bacterial effector proteins. Here, we identify CT181 as a novel effector that directly binds to Mcl-1, a key regulator of neutrophil survival. While a C.t. CT181 mutant exhibited only modest defects in epithelial cell replication and inclusion development, it was essential for C.t. survival in neutrophils, correlating with Mcl-1 stabilization. Using a murine infection model, we demonstrate that CT181 is required for C.t. colonization and cytokine production in vivo. Our findings establish CT181 as the first bacterial effector protein known to bind Mcl-1 to enhance neutrophil survival, revealing a critical strategy by which C.t. promotes immune dysregulation, facilitating bacterial persistence while driving C.t. pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaslin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challagundla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabeena, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chlamydia trachomatis secreted effector protein CT181 binds to Mcl-1 to prolong neutrophil survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal α-cypermethrin and permethrin exert differential effects on fetal growth, placental morphology, and fetal neurodevelopment in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrethroid insecticides represent a broad class of chemicals used widely in agriculture and household applications. Human studies show mixed effects of maternal pyrethroid exposure on fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Assessment of shared pyrethroid metabolites as a biomarker for exposure obscures effects of specific chemicals within this broader class. To better characterize pyrethroid effects on fetal development, we investigated maternal exposure to permethrin, a type I pyrethroid, and -cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid, on fetal development in mice. Pregnant CD1 mice were exposed to permethrin (1.5, 15, or 50 mg/kg), -cypermethrin (0.3, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or corn oil vehicle via oral gavage on gestational days (GD) 6-16. Effects on fetal growth, placental toxicity, and neurodevelopment were evaluated at GD 16. Cypermethrin, but not permethrin, significantly reduced fetal growth and altered placental layer morphology. Placental RNAseq analysis revealed downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling in response to -cypermethrin. Both pyrethroids induced shifts in fetal dorsal forebrain microglia morphology from ramified to ameboid states; however, effects of -cypermethrin were more pronounced. The -cypermethrin transcriptome of fetal dorsal forebrain implicated altered glutamate receptor signaling, synaptogenesis, and c-AMP signaling. Coregulated gene modules in individual placenta and fetal dorsal forebrain pairs were correlated and overlapped in biological processes characterizing synapses, mitotic cell cycle, and chromatin organization, suggesting placenta-fetal brain shared mechanisms with -cypermethrin exposure. In summary, maternal type II pyrethroid -cypermethrin exposure but not type I pyrethroid permethrin significantly affected placental development, fetal growth, and neurodevelopment, and these effects were linked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elser, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliasen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afrifa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurice, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal α-cypermethrin and permethrin exert differential effects on fetal growth, placental morphology, and fetal neurodevelopment in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequence of Potamopyrgus antipodarum: a model system for the maintenance of sexual reproduction reveals a recent whole-genome duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key unanswered questions in biology center on the causes, consequences, and maintenance of sexual reproduction ("sex"). Genome-driven processes are central to the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms inherent to sex, making genomic resources a fundamental part of answering these questions. We present the first genome assembly for a species that is uniquely well-suited for the study of (a)sex in nature, Potamopyrgus antipodarum. This New Zealand snail is unusual in featuring multiple separate transitions from obligately sexual to obligately asexual reproduction, leading to the coexistence of phenotypically similar sexual and asexual forms, a feature that is required to directly study the maintenance of sex. These separately derived asexual lineages constitute separate evolutionary experiments, providing a powerful means of characterizing how the absence of sex affects genome evolution. Our genome assembly provides critical steps towards understanding causes and consequences of sex in this system and important resources for the rapidly growing P. antipodarum and molluscan genomics research community. In characterizing this genome, we uncovered unexpected evidence for a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) in P. antipodarum. This discovery sets the stage for using P. antipodarum to evaluate processes of rediploidization following WGD and assess whether WGD might drive transitions to asexuality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalinsky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharbrough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toll, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequence of Potamopyrgus antipodarum: a model system for the maintenance of sexual reproduction reveals a recent whole-genome duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient gastrointestinal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni requires components of the ChuABCD heme transport system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research demonstrated that Campylobacter jejuni encodes a heme utilization system that facilitates heme-dependent growth under iron-limiting conditions and that transcription of this system is induced during human infection. Despite these observations, it remained unknown whether the heme transport system is required for colonization and disease in a susceptible host. To address this, we created individual non-polar deletion mutants of each component of the heme transport system, as well as a total deletion of the inner membrane transporter, ChuBCD, and examined their ability to promote heme-dependent growth and iron uptake. From this work, we found that only the heme receptor, ChuA, was required for heme-dependent growth and iron acquisition, which supports earlier work of another group. Further, we examined whether intestinal colonization, immune activation, and pathology were altered during infection with these mutants. After establishing that elevated heme and chuABCD expression occurs during C. jejuni infection of IL-10-/- mice, we found that heme transport mutants exhibited significantly reduced fecal shedding and colonization of the cecum and colon. In addition, we found that neutrophil and macrophage recruitment and intestinal pathology often remained intermediately elevated despite decreased bacterial loads. These results suggest that heme utilization promotes efficient colonization and full pathogenicity in C. jejuni, but that neither is completely abrogated in its absence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randaisi, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunch, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashurst, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient gastrointestinal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni requires components of the ChuABCD heme transport system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.643702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immortalization and Characterization of Schwann Cell Lines Derived from NF1 Associated Cutaneous Neurofibromas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.643702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition in which patients are heterozygous for a disruptive pathogenic variant in the NF1 gene. The most characteristic feature of the condition NF1 is the neurofibroma, a benign, multi-cellular tumor which initiates when a cell of the Schwann cell lineage gains a somatic pathogenic variant of the other NF1 allele. Neurofibromas developing at nerve termini in the skin are termed "cutaneous" neurofibromas (cNFs), while those developing within larger nerves are termed "plexiform." Most patients develop cNFs beginning in late childhood or early adulthood, continuing throughout life at variable rates. Some patients may develop only a few cNFs, while others suffer from thousands. There are no reliably effective physical or pharmaceutical therapies besides surgical removal. Although these are not life-threatening, they are disfiguring and can interfere with normal life functions. To provide a resource for research, we developed short-term cNF Schwann cell cultures from NF1 patients, from which we subsequently established the first semi-immortalized cNF cell lines through transduction with wild-type human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and murine cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (mCdk4) genes. Here we present molecular, cellular, and functional characterization of these cell lines, which will be of utility for investigating and developing NF1 cNF therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazuelas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.643702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immortalization and Characterization of Schwann Cell Lines Derived from NF1 Associated Cutaneous Neurofibromas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Task Representations Integrate Information from Multiple Sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior requires integrating information from multiple sources. These sources can originate from distinct channels, such as internally maintained latent cognitive representations or externally presented sensory cues. Because these signals are often stochastic and carry inherent uncertainty, integration is challenging. However, the neural and computational mechanisms that support the integration of such stochastic information remain unknown. We introduce a computational neuroimaging framework to elucidate how brain systems integrate internally maintained and externally cued stochastic information to guide behavior. Neuroimaging data were collected from healthy adult human participants (both male and female). Our computational model estimates trial-by-trial beliefs about internally maintained latent states and externally presented perceptual cues, then integrates them into a unified joint probability distribution. The entropy of this joint distribution quantifies overall uncertainty, which enables continuous tracking of probabilistic task beliefs, prediction errors, and updating dynamics. Results showed that latent state beliefs are encoded in distinct regions from perceptual beliefs. Latent-state beliefs were encoded in the anterior middle frontal gyrus, mediodorsal thalamus, and inferior parietal lobule, whereas perceptual beliefs were encoded in spatially distinct regions including lateral temporo-occipital areas, intraparietal sulcus, and precentral sulcus. The integrated joint probability and its entropy converged in frontoparietal hub areas, notably middle frontal gyrus and intraparietal sulcus. These findings suggest that frontoparietal hubs read out and resolve distributed uncertainty to flexibly guide behavior, revealing how frontoparietal systems implement cognitive integration.

SignificanceFlexible human behavior often depends on integrating information from multiple sources, such as memory and perception, each of which can be corrupted by noise. For example, a driver must integrate traffic signals (external cues) with their destination plan (internal goals) to decide when to turn. This study reveals how the human brain integrates multiple information sources to guide flexible behavior. More specifically, distinct brain regions encode internal beliefs and external sensory representations, while frontoparietal regions integrate this information in response to input noise. These findings provide a complete account of how the brain encodes and integrates multiple inputs to guide adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Task Representations Integrate Information from Multiple Sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cAMP-related second messenger pathways modulate hearing function in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The powerful ears of male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes facilitate identification and localization of mating partners via detection of female flight tones. Male hearing function is modulated by the efferent release of neurotransmitters, though the secondary mechanisms underlying this modulation remain unclear. Here, we investigated these mechanisms using octopamine as a model, as octopamine modulates hearing function and the erection status of fibrillar hairs lining male ears. We found that pharmacological interference with octopamine receptors alters hearing function at multiple levels and identified the second messenger cAMP as likely mediating these changes. Furthermore, the erection status of male ear fibrillar hairs could be altered by targeting specific sub-types of octopamine receptors, but these changes were not linked to changes in ear frequency tuning. Finally, we suggest that octopamine 2 receptors linked to fibrillar hair erection may not always produce functional proteins across species, with downstream implications for hearing behaviors.

HighlightsO_LIOctopamine and its receptors are found throughout Aedes aegypti mosquito ears
C_LIO_LIPharmacological interference with octopamine receptors modulates hearing function
C_LIO_LIModulating levels of the second messenger cAMP also alters hearing function
C_LIO_LIEar frequency tuning does not correlate with the erection of hairs lining male ears
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamikouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cAMP-related second messenger pathways modulate hearing function in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cargo adaptors use a handhold mechanism to engage with myosin V for organelle transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myo2, a myosin V motor, is essential for organelle transport in budding yeast. Its attachment to and detachment from cargo are mediated by adaptor molecules. Vac17, a vacuole-specific adaptor, links Myo2 to Vac8 on the vacuole membrane, and plays a key role in the formation and dissociation of the Myo2-Vac17-Vac8 complex. Using genetics, cryo-electron microscopy and structure prediction, we find that Vac17 interacts with Myo2 through two distinct sites rather than a single interface. Similarly, the peroxisome adapter Inp2 engages two separate regions of Myo2, one of which overlaps with Vac17. These findings support a "handhold" model, in which cargo adaptors occupy multiple sites on the Myo2 tail, enhancing motor-cargo interactions and likely providing additional regulatory control over motor recruitment.

SummaryThis study provides insights into how cargo adaptors bind myosin V. Genetics, cell-based assays, cryo-EM, and AlphaFold, reveal that the vacuole-specific adaptor uses a handhold mechanism to attach to two areas on the myosin V tail. Moreover, evidence is presented that other adaptors use a similar strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisman, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cargo adaptors use a handhold mechanism to engage with myosin V for organelle transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term editing of brain circuits in mice using an engineered electrical synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical signaling across distinct populations of brain cells underpins cognitive and emotional function; however, approaches that selectively regulate electrical signaling between two cellular components of a mammalian neural circuit remain sparse. Here, we engineered an electrical synapse composed of two connexin proteins found in Morone americana (white perch fish) - connexin34.7 and connexin35 - to accomplish mammalian circuit modulation. By exploiting protein mutagenesis, devising a new in vitro system for assaying connexin hemichannel docking, and performing computational modeling of hemichannel interactions, we uncovered a structural motif that contributes to electrical synapse formation. Targeting these motifs, we designed connexin34.7 and connexin35 hemichannels that dock with each other to form an electrical synapse, but not with other major connexins expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. We validated this electrical synapse in vivo using C. elegans and mice, demonstrating that it can strengthen communication across neural circuits composed of pairs of distinct cell types and modify behavior accordingly. Thus, we establish  Long-term integration of Circuits using connexins (LinCx) for precision circuit-editing in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ransey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almoril-Porras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwennesen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bursac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term editing of brain circuits in mice using an engineered electrical synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EHE cell cultures: a platform for mechanistic and therapeutic investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a difficult to treat vascular sarcoma defined by TAZ- CAMTA1 or YAP-TFE3 fusion proteins. Human cell lines needed to further understand the pathogenesis of EHE have been lacking. Herein, we describe a method to generate EHE extended primary cell cultures. An integrated multi -omic and functional approach was used to characterize these cultures. The cell cultures, relatively homogenous by single cell RNA-Seq, demonstrated established characteristics of EHE including increased proliferation, anchorage independent growth, as well as the overall gene expression profile and secondary genetic alterations seen in EHE. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) identified links to epigenetic modifying complexes, metabolic processes, and pointed to the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these tumors. Bulk RNA-Seq demonstrated upregulation of pathways including PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM/ECM receptor interaction, and the Hippo signaling pathway. Development of these extended primary cell cultures allowed for single-cell profiling which demonstrated different cell compartments within the cultures. Furthermore, the cultures served as a therapeutic platform to test the efficacy of TEAD inhibitors in vitro. Overall, the development of EHE primary cell cultures will aid in the mechanistic understanding of this sarcoma and serve as a model system to test new therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scalora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drebot, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogswell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellizzi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EHE cell cultures: a platform for mechanistic and therapeutic investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.644829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Placental Igf1 Overexpression Sex-Specifically Impacts Mouse Placenta Structure, Altering Offspring Striatal Development and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.644829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is produced primarily in the placenta in utero and is an essential hormone for neurodevelopment. Specifically, how placental IGF1 production persistently influences the brain is unclear. This study evaluated the effects of placental Igf1 overexpression on embryonic and postnatal brain development, particularly for striatum, a region highly linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental Igf1 was overexpressed via placental-targeted CRISPR manipulation. This overexpression altered placenta structure and function distinctly in females and males. Early differences in placental function altered the trajectory of striatal development, as adult females showed persistent changes in striatal cell composition and striatal dependent behavior while males were less affected in brain and behavior outcomes. Overall, these results demonstrate that placental Igf1 expression alters striatal development and behavior in ways relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings expand our understanding of placental influence on neurodevelopment and will aid in identifying placental-targeted preventive interventions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/644829v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (72K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@22f53borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1120913org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@111c61forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e6531d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carver, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggarapu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamau, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.644829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Placental Igf1 Overexpression Sex-Specifically Impacts Mouse Placenta Structure, Altering Offspring Striatal Development and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel gene, CaV1.3, reduces Purkinje cell dendritic complexity without altering cerebellar-mediated eyeblink conditioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation in CACNA1D, the gene that encodes the pore-forming subunit of the L-type calcium channel CaV1.3, has been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders that display abnormalities in cerebellar structures. We sought to clarify if deletion of CaV1.3 in mice would induce abnormalities in cerebellar cortex cytoarchitecture or synapse morphology. Since CaV1.3 is highly expressed in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) and L-type channels appear to regulate GABA release from MLIs, we hypothesized that loss of CaV1.3 would alter GABAergic synapses between MLIs and Purkinje cells (PCs) without altering MLI numbers or PC structure. As expected, we did not observe changes in the numbers of MLIs or PCs. Surprisingly, CaV1.3 KO mice do have decreased complexity of PC dendritic arbors without differences in the number or structure of GABAergic synapses onto PCs. Loss of CaV1.3 was not associated with impaired acquisition of delay eyeblink conditioning. Therefore, our data suggest that CaV1.3 expression is important for PC structure but does not affect other measures of cerebellar cortex morphology or cerebellar function as assessed by delay eyeblink conditioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klomp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta, M. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel gene, CaV1.3, reduces Purkinje cell dendritic complexity without altering cerebellar-mediated eyeblink conditioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DLPFC Stimulation Suppresses High-Frequency Neural Activity in the Human sgACC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is hypothesized to relieve symptoms of depression by inhibiting activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). However, we have a limited understanding of how TMS influences neural activity in the sgACC, owing to its deep location within the brain. To better understand the mechanism of antidepressant response to TMS, we recruited two neurosurgical patients with indwelling electrodes and delivered TMS pulses to the DLPFC while simultaneously recording local field potentials from the sgACC. Spectral analysis revealed a decrease in high-frequency activity (HFA; 70-180 Hz) after each stimulation pulse, which was especially pronounced in the sgACC relative to other regions. TMS-evoked HFA power was generally anticorrelated between the DLPFC and sgACC, even while low-frequency phase locking between the two regions was enhanced. Together, these findings support the notion that TMS to the DLPFC can suppress neural firing in the sgACC, suggesting a possible mechanism by which this treatment regulates mood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solomon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DLPFC Stimulation Suppresses High-Frequency Neural Activity in the Human sgACC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Modulation, Intra-tumoral Microbiome and Immunity in Early Onset Colorectal Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults (age of diagnosis < 50 years old) has been rapidly increasing. Although [~]20% of early-onset (EO) CRC cases are due to germline mutations, the etiology of the majority of EOCRC cases remains poorly understood. Non-genetic factors such as environmental exposure and lifestyle changes are likely to have a direct link to the increased incidence of sporadic EOCRC. We hypothesize that such factors may be observable as differences in the EOCRC epigenome, microbiome and immunome. We sought to address this by comparing differences in DNA methylation from the cohort of colorectal cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Further, we carefully identified intra-tumoral microbes from TCGA and two other datasets and then related the microbes to EOCRC status and deconvolved immune cell abundances. We found that DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration by12 years when compared with average-onset CRC (AOCRC) patients. Differentially methylated sites associated with genes are related to CREB signaling in neurons, G protein coupled receptor signaling, phagosome formation and S100 family signaling. These differences were validated in the gene expression from TCGA and a second, larger real-world dataset from the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). However, no consistent differences were observed in the intra-tumor microbes between EOCRC and AOCRC. Interestingly, the most abundant microbes interacted with the immune systems differently between the EOCRC and AOCRC tumors, characterized by more, larger, positive correlations in EOCRC. These data suggest epigenetic modulation and accelerated aging may play a key role in the development of EOCRC.

SIGNIFICANCEWe investigated whether environmentally driven factors contribute to early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). We observed accelerated epigenetic aging in EOCRC and epigenetic changes associated with chronic inflammation. Tumor immune cell abundances correlated more strongly with microbes in EOCRC than average-onset CRC. These data suggest a dysregulation of immune response in EOCRC, driving chronic inflammation and tissue aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grencewicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalady, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dravillas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpten, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Clemente, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Modulation, Intra-tumoral Microbiome and Immunity in Early Onset Colorectal Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolysis-enhancing alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists are neuroprotective in Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terazosin (TZ) is an 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist that enhances glycolysis by activating the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Epidemiological data suggest that TZ may be neuroprotective in Parkinsons disease and in dementia with Lewy bodies and that glycolysis-enhancing drugs might be protective in other neurodegenerative diseases involving protein aggregation, such as Alzheimers disease (AD). We investigated TZ in AD and report four main results. First, we found that TZ increased ATP levels in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with impaired energy homeostasis and reduced the aggregation of the AD-associated protein, amyloid beta (A{beta}) 42. Second, in an AD transgenic mouse model (5xFAD) we found that TZ attenuated amyloid pathology in the hippocampus and rescued cognitive impairments in spatial memory and interval timing behavioral assays. Third, using the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, we found that AD patients newly started on TZ or related glycolysis-enhancing drugs had a slower progression of both cognitive dysfunction and neuroimaging biomarkers, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), a measure of brain metabolism. Finally, in a large human administrative dataset, we found that patients taking TZ or related glycolysis-enhancing drugs had a lower hazard of being diagnosed with AD compared to those taking tamsulosin or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. These data further implicate metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases and suggest that glycolysis-enhancing drugs may be neuroprotective in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmering, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuodas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolysis-enhancing alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists are neuroprotective in Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ebola's Hidden Target: Virus Transmission to and Accumulation within Skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV), the causative agent of Ebola virus disease (EVD), remains one of WHOs top ten threats to global health. Infectious EBOV virions can be found on the surface of skin late during systemic infection and passed from the deceased through skin-to-skin contact. Here, we assess viral load and antigen expression in the skin of EBOV-infected non-human primates (NHP) and mouse adapted-EBOV (ma-EBOV) - infected mice and use the low containment viral model, rVSV/EBOV GP, to mechanistically define skin infection in mice. Viral RNA peaked within the skin proximal to the site of injection in EBOV-infected NHPs on day 6. In contrast, mouse skin sites distal to the site of ma-EBOV injection achieved maximal viral loads by day 3. At late times of infection, viral antigen-positive cells co-localized with markers for endothelial, stromal, and immune cells in the dermis. Epidermal cells within and surrounding hair follicles also harbored viral antigen, suggesting a potential mechanism of virus trafficking to the epidermal surface. Despite robust viral infection, distal skin sites of ma-EBOV-infected mice had low expression of proinflammatory stimulated genes. A similar cellular tropism was observed in the skin of mice infected with rVSV/EBOV GP, with discrete focal areas of intense infection. When virus was applied to the surface of gently abraded skin to remove the stratum corneum, epidermal keratinocytes were robustly infected, followed by systemic viral dissemination. To define cell surface receptors critical for virus trafficking to and replication within the skin, mice lacking the phosphatidylserine receptors were infected intraperitoneally with rVSV/EBOV GP. At day 3 of infection, skin distal to the site of infection of TIM-1 knock out (KO) mice had significantly lower levels of infectious virus than the control mice, suggesting that TIM-1 is essential for efficient distribution of virus to the skin. Our findings reveal that EBOV targets specific skin cell populations at late times of viral infection and that the host receptor TIM-1 is required for optimal viral dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geohegan-Barek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolte, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messingham, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourronc, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messingham, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ebola's Hidden Target: Virus Transmission to and Accumulation within Skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.644835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listening to the room: disrupting activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs learning of room acoustics in human listeners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.644835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigating complex sensory environments is critical to survival, and brain mechanisms have evolved to cope with the wide range of surroundings we encounter. To determine how listeners learn the statistical properties of acoustic spaces, we assessed their ability to perceive speech in a range of noisy and reverberant rooms. Listeners were also exposed to repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity, a region believed to play a role in statistical learning. Our data suggest listeners rapidly adapt to statistical characteristics of an environment to improve speech understanding. This ability is impaired when rTMS is applied bilaterally to the dlPFC. The data demonstrate that speech understanding in noise is best when exposed to a room with reverberant characteristics common to human-built environments, with performance declining for higher and lower reverberation times, including fully anechoic (non-reverberant) environments. Our findings provide evidence for a reverberation "sweet spot" and the presence of brain mechanisms that might have evolved to cope with the acoustic characteristics of listening environments encountered every day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Perez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikiel-Hunter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlpine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.644835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listening to the room: disrupting activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs learning of room acoustics in human listeners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tick-borne coinfections modulate CD8+ T cell response and progressive leishmaniosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania infantum causes human Visceral Leishmaniasis and Leishmaniosis (CanL) in reservoir host, dogs. As infection progresses to disease in both humans and dogs there is a shift from controlling, Type 1, immunity to a regulatory, exhausted, T cell phenotype. In endemic areas, association between tickborne coinfections (TBC) and Leishmania diagnosis and/or clinical severity has been demonstrated. To identify immune factors correlating with disease progression, we prospectively evaluated a cohort of L. infantum infected dogs from 2019-2022. The cohort was TBC-negative with asymptomatic leishmaniosis at the time of enrollment. We measured TBC serology, anti-Leishmania antigen T cell immunity, CanL serological response, parasitemia, and disease severity to probe how nascent TBC perturbs the immune state. At the conclusion, TBC+ dogs with CanL experienced greater increases in anti-Leishmania antibody reactivity and parasite burden compared to dogs that did not have incident TBC during the study. TBC+ dogs were twice as likely to experience moderate (LeishVet stage 2) or severe/terminal disease (LeishVet stage 3/4). Prolonged exposure to TBC was associated with a shift in Leishmania antigen-induced IFN{gamma}/IL-10 and enhanced CD8 T cell proliferation. Frequency of proliferating CD8 T cells significantly correlated with parasitemia and antibody reactivity. TBC exacerbated parasite burden and immune exhaustion. These findings highlight the need for combined vector control efforts as prevention programs for dogs in Leishmania endemic areas to reduce transmission to humans. Public health education efforts should aim to increase awareness of the connection between TBC and leishmaniosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scorza, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessoa-Pereira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon-Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahachi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontowicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toepp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigbo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyndari, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tick-borne coinfections modulate CD8+ T cell response and progressive leishmaniosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
K48-ubiquitin-activated proteases cut-up post-ER proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyubiquitin chains, linked via K48 or K63 of ubiquitin, target membrane proteins in the secretory system to degradative pathways. However its unclear whether these linkage isomers are functionally interchangeable. Here we show that for post-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, K63-linked polyubiquitination induces multivesicular bodies (MVBs) sorting and lysosomal degradation. In contrast, K48-linked polyubiquitination induces shearing from the membrane. Substrates are cleaved by the proteasome and by two ubiquitin-activated proteases: Ddi1, a conserved cytosolic ubiquilin that generates cytosolic fragments, and Rbd2, an intramembrane rhomboid protease that produces lumenal fragments. Rbd2 localizes to Golgi/endosomes but also acts on ubiquitinated substrates at the vacuolar membrane. Ddi1s catalytic core, the HDD-RVP domain is sufficient for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. It binds ubiquitin directly and its activity is amplified by auxiliary ubiquitin binding domains: an atypical UBL domain and a UBA domain. These findings demonstrate that polyubiquitin chains linked by different residues encode distinct degradative fates for post-ER proteins, and reveals two proteases that target ubiquitinated integral membrane cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winistorfer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.13.648637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[K48-ubiquitin-activated proteases cut-up post-ER proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief Pulses of High-Level Fluid Shear Stress Enhance Metastatic Potential and Rapidly Alter the Metabolism of Cancer Cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) face challenges to their survival including mechanical and oxidative stresses that are different from cancer cells in solid primary and metastatic tumors. The impact of adaptations to the fluid microenvironment of the circulation on the outcome of the metastatic cascade are not well understood. Here we find that cancer cells (PC-3, MDA-MB-231, Myc-CaP) exposed to brief pulses of high-level FSS exhibit enhanced invasiveness and anchorage-independent proliferation in vitro and enhanced metastatic colonization/tumor formation in vivo. Cancer cells exposed to FSS rapidly alter their metabolism in a manner that promotes survival by providing energy for cytoskeletal remodeling and contractility as well as reducing equivalents to counter oxidative stress associated with cell detachment. Thus, exposure to FSS may provide CTCs an unexpected survival benefit that promotes metastatic colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pope, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moose, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weresh, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief Pulses of High-Level Fluid Shear Stress Enhance Metastatic Potential and Rapidly Alter the Metabolism of Cancer Cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The superficial tufted and mitral cell output neurons of the mouse olfactory bulb have a dual role in insulin sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory bulb (OB) contains multiple, parallel projection neurons to relay the nature of a stimulus. In a mouse ex vivo slice preparation, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology to measure intrinsic properties, excitability, action potential (AP) shape, voltage-activated conductances, and neuromodulation in the newly-categorized superficial tufted cells (sTCs) compared with those of mitral cells (MCs). We propose that a marked difference in voltage-dependent current represents distinct ion channel populations that affect the kinetics of action potentials, and evokes an increase in sTC firing frequency, albeit both types of projection neurons having similar AP spiking activity. Triple-colored immunofluorescence and RNA scope were used to detect co-localization of the Kv1.3 ion channel and the insulin receptor in sTCs, with [~]73% of sTCs expressing both. The sTCs were modulated by bath application of insulin - increasing AP firing frequency by 97%, attributable to an 8% decrease in the intraburst interval, and a reduction of the latency to first spike by 37%. We conclude that there may be a range of neuromodulators of sTCs that may alter excitability and fine-tune olfactory information processing or metabolic balance.

SUMMARY STATEMENTSuperficial tufted cells, as output neurons of the olfactory bulb, were electrophysiologically studied to be insulin sensitive. Brain insulin signaling represents a manner in which olfactory and metabolic circuitry are intertwined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolling, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadool, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The superficial tufted and mitral cell output neurons of the mouse olfactory bulb have a dual role in insulin sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Improves Motor Function After Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by internal brain swelling and commonly treated using a two-stage surgical approach. The interval between surgeries, generally spaced weeks to months, is associated with secondary neurologic complications from leaving the brain unprotected. Hydrogels may reshape severe TBI treatment by enabling a single-stage surgical intervention, capable of being implanted at the initial surgery, remaining flexible to accommodate brain swelling, and calibrated to regenerate bone after brain swelling has subsided. The current study evaluated the use of a pentenoate-modified hyaluronic acid (PHA) polymer with thiolated devitalized tendon (TDVT) for calvarial bone regeneration in a rat TBI model. Additionally, PHA-TDVT hydrogels encapsulating microspheres containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were investigated to enhance bone regeneration. All hydrogel precursor formulations exhibited sufficient yield stress for surgical placement. The addition of TDVT to the crosslinked hydrogels increased the average compressive modulus. In vitro cell studies revealed that the PHA-TDVT hydrogel with the highest concentration of BMP-2 microspheres (i.e., PHA-TDVT+{micro}100) significantly improved calcium deposition and osteogenic gene expression. Minimal in vivo bone regeneration was observed for all hydrogel groups; however, BMP-2 microsphere addition fortuitously reduced motor skill impairment and brain atrophy. The PHA-TDVT+{micro}100 group had 2.8 times greater reach index and 2.3 times lower brain atrophy values compared to the negative control (p<0.05). Overall, hydrogels with controlled release of BMP-2 may provide neuroprotective benefits in TBI treatment. Future studies should explore BMP-2 delivery strategies to enhance both bone and brain recovery in rat TBI studies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=82 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649206v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@136d4d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cee564org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13612e8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1134b4c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Statement of SignificanceSevere traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by internal brain swelling and is commonly treated using a two-stage surgical approach. Complications associated with the two-stage treatment paradigm include secondary neurologic impairment, termed syndrome of the trephined (SOT). SOT is often reversible once the second surgery is performed, whereas a single-stage TBI treatment paradigm may avoid the occurrence of SOT altogether. Utilizing hydrogels comprised of pentenoate-modified hyaluronic acid and thiolated devitalized tendon encapsulating microspheres containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), the current study demonstrated improvements in motor skill function and reductions in brain atrophy in a rat TBI model. The introduction of hydrogels with controlled release of BMP-2 as a neuroprotective strategy for TBI application offers a promising approach for single-stage TBI treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudo, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detamore, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Improves Motor Function After Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial striatum, and dorsal hippocampus that support rat category learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorization creates memory representations that are efficient, generalizable, and robust to noise. Multiple brain regions have been implicated in categorization, including the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus; however, few studies have examined how these regions interact during category learning. We recorded neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsomedial striatum (DMS), and dorsal hippocampus (HPC) while rats learned to categorize distributions of visual stimuli. We found a learning-related shift in contributions from the PFC (with DMS[-&gt;]PFC theta (4-10Hz) interactions) to the HPC (with HPC[-&gt;]DMS and bidirectional PFC-HPC theta interactions). Decision-making depended on DMS and HPC spiking, as well as the PFC[-&gt;]HPC[-&gt;]DMS pathway. Our results provide a framework that characterizes how the PFC-DMS-HPC network interacts during category learning. This is informative for multiple neurological disorders that affect category learning, including Parkinsons Disease, autism, and dementia.

Highlights- Rats learned to categorize distributions of visual stimuli.
- Early training sessions relied on PFC spiking and DMS[-&gt;]PFC theta interactions.
- After learning, contributions shifted to HPC spiking, HPC[-&gt;]DMS interactions, and bidirectional PFC-HPC interactions.
- Decision-making depended on DMS and HPC spiking and PFC[-&gt;]HPC[-&gt;]DMS interactions.


Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=180 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649785v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (57K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ba3342org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7b62a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@890676org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@75f84_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broschard, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halverson, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial striatum, and dorsal hippocampus that support rat category learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene SETDB1s Dual Role in Endometrial Cancer: Driving Tumor Progression and Immune Escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogene SETDB1, an H3K9 methyltransferase, drives tumorigenesis in various cancers. Using endometrial cancer (EC) as a model, we discovered SETDB1s dual mechanisms in driving EC tumorigenesis and mediating immune evasion. SETDB1 knockout (SETDB1-/-) tumor-bearing mice exhibited prolonged survival of up to 100 days. Transcriptomic profiling of SETDB1-/- EC cells revealed decreased expression of oncogenes (POLR2A, MSH6, FLNA) and increased expression of tumor suppressor genes (PGR, RERG, ZNF582), which indicates that SETDB1 intrinsically promotes EC tumor proliferation by regulating these downstream genes. SETDB1 repressed repeat elements and the interferon pathway, mediating immune evasion extrinsically by inhibiting anti-tumor macrophage infiltration. ChIP-seq analysis showed SETDB1 binding at pericentromeric regions on many chromosomes and numerous ZNFs. Loss of SETDB1 resulted in abnormal cell division. SETDB1-/- tumors displayed reduced proliferation markers (Ki67, pHH3) and increased macrophage infiltration.

Mechanistically, SETDB1 promotes CD47 (a dont-eat-me signal) and represses CCL5 and CXCL9 (macrophage and T-cell recruiting chemokines), contributing to immune evasion. M1-like macrophages killed more SETDB1-/- cells in co-culture. Additionally, SETDB1 knockout in mouse EC cells reduced tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice, with increased macrophage and CD4+ T-cell infiltration. Our results indicates that elevated SETDB1 and its target genes can predict higher tumor grade and worse survival, suggesting that targeting SETDB1 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for EC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jilek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibble, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLerran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griguer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keen, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene SETDB1s Dual Role in Endometrial Cancer: Driving Tumor Progression and Immune Escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tbr2-Dependent Parallel Pathways Regulate the Development of Distinct ipRGC Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) are the conduit between the retinas and brain regions responsible for non-image-forming and image-forming vision. In mice, six ipRGC subtypes have been discovered based on morphological characteristics, functions, and molecular profiles. All ipRGCs arise from Tbr2-expressing RGCs during developmental stages and subsequently diverge and differentiate into the six mature, distinct subtypes in adult retinas. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and maturation of the six ipRGC subtypes remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that two Tbr2-dependent transcription factors, Iroquois-related homeobox 1 (Irx1) and T-box containing factor 20 (Tbx20), are key downstream transcription factors guiding lineage segregations of Tbr2-expressing RGC into distinct adult ipRGC subtypes. Both factors also control Opn4 expression. Irx1 is expressed in the M3, M4, and M5 subtypes, while Tbx20 is predominantly expressed in M1, M2, M6, and subgroups of M3 and M5. When Irx1 is ablated during retinal development, Opn4 expression is significantly reduced in the M3, M4, and M5 ipRGC groups; however, the formation of Irx1-expressing ipRGCs is not affected. In contrast, when Tbx20 is deleted, a significant number of Tbx20-expressing cells fail to develop while Opn4 expression is down-regulated. These findings reveal two parallel transcription cascades downstream of Tbr2 for controlling ipRGC subtype formation, fate divergence, and maintenance in the adult retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altay, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliason, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amendt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tbr2-Dependent Parallel Pathways Regulate the Development of Distinct ipRGC Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.650678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th1 effector CD4 T cells rely on IFN-γ production to induce alopecia areata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.650678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that is clinically characterized by hair loss and histologically by a peribulbar infiltrate of CD8 and CD4 T cells. Prior studies have focused on the role of CD8 T cells in the development of AA; however, the role of CD4 T cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells from the skin draining lymph nodes (SDLN) of AA mice transferred disease into recipient mice. Further, these cells exhibited a T-helper type 1 (Th1) effector transcriptional and phenotypic profile. The pathogenic activity of these CD4 T cells was dependent upon the presence of endogenous CD8 T cells and host IFN-{gamma} responsiveness. Targeted deletion of CD4 T cell-mediated production of IFN-{gamma} abrogated the ability of this cell population to transfer disease. Together, these data provide mechanistic insights into pathways that lead to AA development, strengthening our understanding of the disease and inviting studies into exploring novel therapeutic strategies for human patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lensing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayush, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortolan, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.650678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th1 effector CD4 T cells rely on IFN-γ production to induce alopecia areata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lipid droplet protein Jabba promotes actin remodeling downstream of prostaglandin signaling during Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing evidence supports that lipid droplets (LDs) are critical for producing high-quality oocytes. However, the functions of LDs during oocyte development remain largely unknown. Using Drosophila oogenesis as a model, we previously discovered the LD-associated Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) promotes actin remodeling necessary for oocyte development by providing the substrate for producing lipid signals termed prostaglandins (PGs). Here we find that Jabba, a LD-associated protein best known for its role in anchoring other proteins to LDs, also promotes PG-dependent actin remodeling. Overexpression of Jabba results in thickened cortical actin and excessive actin bundles, whereas loss of Jabba results in cortical actin breakdown and severely defective actin bundle formation. We find that Jabba regulates actin remodeling independently of ATGL but in conjunction with PG signaling. These data support that there are two PG signaling pathways that promote actin remodeling: one PG pathway that is dependent on ATGL and the other requires Jabba. Overexpression of Jabba rescues the actin defects when PG signaling is lost. Together these data lead to the model that PGs produced independently of ATGL positively regulate Jabba to promote actin remodeling necessary for follicle morphogenesis and the production of a fertilization competent oocyte.

Significance statementO_LIAcross organisms, lipid droplets accumulate during oocyte development and are implicated in fertility. The functions of lipid droplets during oogenesis are poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIThe authors use the genetic tools and well-characterized process of Drosophila oogenesis to reveal that Jabba, a lipid droplet anchoring protein, is a new downstream effector of prostaglandin signaling and promotes actin remodeling necessary for producing a fertilization competent oocyte.
C_LIO_LIThe results extend prior studies connecting lipid droplet proteins, prostaglandins, and actin remodeling, providing insight into how these critical conserved factors contribute to high-quality oocytes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomalla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wipf, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welte, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lipid droplet protein Jabba promotes actin remodeling downstream of prostaglandin signaling during Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferret model of bleomycin-induced lung injury shares features of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease with limited therapeutic options. The development of effective therapies has been hindered by the lack of models that recapitulate key features of human disease. Here we report a bleomycin-induced ferret PF model characterized by an irreversible decrease in pulmonary compliance and an increase of opacification, accompanied by "honeycomb cyst-like" structures and "proximalization" of distal lung epithelium. Cellular and molecular analysis by single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed a significant shift in distal lung epithelium towards proximal epithelial phenotype. Importantly, a histopathological pattern of bronchiolization encompassing divergent atypical epithelial cells and KRT17+/TP63+/KRT5low "basaloid-like" cells was present in the distal fibrotic lung lesions. Trajectory analysis revealed AT2 cells transition through multiple cell-states in bleomycin injured ferret lungs, particularly AT2 to KRT8high/KRT7low/SOX4+ and eventually to KRT8high/KRT7high/SFN+/TP63+/KRT5low "basaloid-like" cells. Further, immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated KRT7 and KRT8 populations reside overlaying the ACTA2-positive myofibroblasts in fibrotic foci, implying their pro-fibrogenic activity similar to human IPF lungs. Collectively, our results provide evidence that bleomycin-induced lung injury in ferrets recapitulates pathophysiological, cellular, and molecular features of human IPF, suggesting that they may be a reliable model for understanding mechanisms of IPF pathogenesis and for testing therapeutic strategies for treatment of IPF.

Take Home MessageBleomycin-induced acute lung injury in the ferret recapitulates pathophysiological, cellular, and molecular features of human IPF; thus the ferret may be a reliable species for studying mechanisms of IPF pathogenesis and testing therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driver, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shambhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tata, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontake, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferret model of bleomycin-induced lung injury shares features of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seizure Circuit Activity in the Theilers Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Model of Infection-induced Epilepsy Using Transient Recombination in Active Populations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epilepsy affects one in twenty-six individuals. A major cause of epilepsy worldwide is viral encephalitis. Central nervous system infections can provoke seizures in the short term and increase the risk of spontaneous, recurrent seizures post-infection. However, the neural mechanisms underlying seizures during acute infection are unknown. These neuronal changes can be studied in C57BL6/J mice infected with Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). TMEV-infected mice experience seizures 3-8 days post-injection (DPI), clear the virus by DPI 14, and may develop chronic, acquired temporal lobe epilepsy. TMEV may incite seizures during the acute infection period through inflammation, reactive gliosis, and cell death in hippocampal area CA1. Here, we explore the neuronal circuits underlying acute seizures in TMEV-injected mice using c-Fos driven TRAP (targeted recombination in active populations). TRAP mice (c-Fos- CreERT2 x CAG-tdTomato) were injected with PBS or TMEV and gently handled on DPI 5 to induce seizures. 4-OHT was administered to mice either 1.5 or 3 hr after seizures to tag the active cells expressing c-Fos with tdTomato. After 1 week, the mice were sacrificed and whole mouse brains were sectioned and immunostained for tdTomato expression. Percent area of fluorescence was quantified, and comparisons were made between TMEV-injected mice and PBS controls, sites ipsilateral vs contralateral to TMEV injection site, and between sexes. TdTomato expression was elevated in the TMEV-injected mice in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus, thalamus, lateral septal nucleus, basal ganglia, triangular septal nucleus, fornix, and corpus callosum. Critically, the expression pattern suggests that seizures induced on DPI 5 arise from the hilus, dentate gyrus, and CA3 hippocampal subregions. Generalized seizures during acute TMEV infection may have propagated to the contralateral hemisphere via CA3 and the hippocampal commissure. TRAP has not been previously utilized in the TMEV mouse model and these experiments address crucial questions regarding seizure spread during TMEV infection.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/655185v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000">
View larger version (20K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bbcd75org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1add030org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f3aa5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1233312_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrucci, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seizure Circuit Activity in the Theilers Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Model of Infection-induced Epilepsy Using Transient Recombination in Active Populations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol Disrupts Neural Differentiation Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and PERK Pathway Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a condition marked by developmental brain defects that result in neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Brain development is a highly regulated process, with neurogenesis playing a crucial role. A key stage in this process is neural differentiation, which is essential for proper brain function. This study aims to investigate how alcohol disrupts neural differentiation. NE-4C cells, a neural stem cell line derived from the mouse embryonic brain, were utilized as an in vitro model. As an in vivo model, pregnant mice were exposed to alcohol between gestation days 14 and 16, after which newly formed neurons in the ventricular zone (VZ) were analyzed. To examine the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, tunicamycin (TM), and MANF-deficient NE-4C cells were employed. Neural differentiation was assessed using immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and flow cytometry. Alcohol impaired the differentiation of NE-4C cells into neurons and astrocytes without impacting cell migration. It also induced ER stress, preferably activating the PERK pathway. Similarly, ER stress caused by TM and MANF deficiency disrupted neural differentiation and activated PERK. Inhibiting PERK mitigated alcohol-induced impairment of neuronal differentiation. PAE decreased the number of newly formed neurons in the VZ of fetal brain while having little effects on cell survival and proliferation. Inhibiting PERK partially reversed the reduction of new neurons caused by PAE. Thus, alcohol-induced ER stress, particularly PERK activation, may contribute to impaired neurogenesis linked to FASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol Disrupts Neural Differentiation Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and PERK Pathway Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis of Sodium Channel Inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials and control electrical signaling throughout the animal kingdom. Fast inactivation is an essential auto-inhibitory mechanism and requisite component of sodium channel physiology. Recent structural and electrophysiological results are inconsistent with the canonical "ball and chain" model of fast inactivation thus necessitating an updated theoretical framework. Here, we use encoded fluorescence spectroscopy and high-resolution electrophysiology to capture key steps in the fast inactivation mechanism, from voltage-sensor activation to pore occlusion, an ultra-fast process which occurs in less than 2 milliseconds. Upon depolarization, activation of the domain IV voltage sensor initiates cytoplasmic DIII_DIV linker movement and quickly repositions the IFM motif into a hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the pore. This triggers a structural rearrangement of the pocket. The phenylalanine of the IFM motif contacts the pore-forming helices via a hydrophobic interaction with S6 of DIV and an aromatic/hydrophobic interaction with S6 of DIIII. These two interactions occur only after both S6 segments rotate, thus exposing the hydrophobic gate into the pore producing the fast inactivation. Based on the current results, we propose an alternative "lock and key" model to explain the molecular mechanism of fast inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis of Sodium Channel Inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALPHA/BETA HYDROLASE DOMAIN CONTAINING 5 SUPPORTS GLUCOSE-STIMULATED-LIPOLYSIS AND INSULIN SECRETION IN PANCREATIC BETA CELLS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PNPLA2 (aka adipose triglyceride lipase) is the rate limiting enzyme of triglyceride (TG) catabolism at the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). Lipolysis by PNPLA2 increases with glucose in pancreatic beta cells and produces metabolites that support glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Upregulation of lipolysis by glucose is blunted in human islets affected by type 2 diabetes. Here, we aim to determine how glucose regulates lipolysis in beta cells.

We found that glucose recruits alpha/beta hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5), a co-activator of PNPLA2 to LDs where lipolysis occurs. ABHD5 recruitment to LDs was reduced by the addition of H-89 and the expression of a mutant ABHD5 that is resistant to phosphorylation by a cAMP dependent kinase (PKA) indicating partial dependence of recruitment on PKA. Importantly, ABHD5 was indispensable for glucose responsiveness of lipolysis in INS-1 832/13 (INS-1) cells. Downregulation of ABHD5 increased LDs and TG content in INS-1 cells and human islets indicating that ABHD5 is highly active in beta cells. Additionally, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was impaired in ABHD5 downregulated INS-1 and human pseudoislets, which agrees with impaired GSIS in ATGL downregulated beta cells. Thus, ABHD5 plays an important role in conferring glucose responsiveness of lipolysis and supporting insulin secretion in beta cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtsmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freshly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALPHA/BETA HYDROLASE DOMAIN CONTAINING 5 SUPPORTS GLUCOSE-STIMULATED-LIPOLYSIS AND INSULIN SECRETION IN PANCREATIC BETA CELLS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dataset of adult heart and liver mass after placental Insulin-like growth factor 1 overexpression and partial knockout in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The placenta is an important producer of hormones essential for fetal development. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a hormone primarily produced in the placenta in utero and is an important regulator of various developmental pathways including those in heart and liver. Embryonic disruptions in these developmental pathways can lead to lifelong changes and are often associated with chronic disease. Further, the placenta has sex-specific impacts on offspring development in response to hormonal changes. Previous work has shown that altered expression of Igf1 in the placenta results in sexually dimorphic changes to placental and fetal developmental outcomes. Here, mice underwent placental-targeted CRISPR manipulation for overexpression or insufficiency of Igf1. At the time of euthanasia, heart and liver tissues were collected and weighed. This dataset presents the heart and liver mass of these postnatal mice. There was a significant increase in proportional heart mass in placental Igf1 overexpression adult female mice and a trending increase in proportional liver mass in placental Igf1 overexpression adult male mice. No significant changes in heart or liver mass were seen in placental Igf1 insufficiency mice. These data provide insight into the impact of placental IGF1 on long-term heart and liver development.

VALUE OF THE DATAO_LIThere is significant evidence for the role of early genetic changes in influencing long-term health outcomes, as laid out by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis [1]. According to this hypothesis, genetic factors may be critical in determining the timing and severity of chronic disease, with varying effects based on sex. Genetics of the placenta, which makes up the maternal-fetal interface, plays an important role in modulating exposures associated with the DOHaD hypothesis [2].
C_LIO_LIThe placenta provides essential hormones to the fetus during pregnancy [3]. Placental changes are associated with the development of chronic disease and metabolic changes [4,5]. Disruptions in placental functions have been linked to defects including congenital heart disease which affects approximately 40,000 babies each year in the United States [6,7]. The placenta is also linked to metabolic diseases later in life such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a chronic liver disease which has increased in prevalence by over 50% from 1990 to 2019 [5,8,9].
C_LIO_LIInsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a placentally produced factor that regulates pathways involved in fetal growth and development and has been shown to be critical in growth of the heart and liver [10-13]. Despite the importance of the placenta and IGF1 in heart and liver growth, specific links between placental Igf1 expression and developmental outcomes remain understudied.
C_LIO_LIPlacental function is known to have sex-specific impacts on fetal growth [14]. Further, Igf1 expression in the placenta is linked to differences in offspring developmental outcomes by sex [15]. Placental Igf1 overexpression and insufficiency affect offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner. IGF1 is a hormone and interacts with sex hormones, likely contributing to sex differences in response to changes in Igf1 expression [16]. Further research, including the work done to produce this dataset, may help clarify the role of placenta Igf1 expression in fetal outcomes, specifically regarding sex differences.
C_LIO_LIThe data presented in this paper provide insight into the effects of placental Insulin-like growth factor 1 overexpression and insufficiency on adult heart and liver mass. More research is needed to understand specific functional impacts on these organs. Further, understanding the effects of placental genetic changes may support the development of future treatments and therapies for placental insufficiencies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dataset of adult heart and liver mass after placental Insulin-like growth factor 1 overexpression and partial knockout in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new mouse mutant with a discrete mutation in Pcdhgc5 reveals that the Protocadherin γC5 isoform is not essential for dendrite arborization in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are [~]60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms expressed from three gene clusters (Pcdha, Pcdhb, Pcdhg) arrayed in tandem across nearly 1 Mb in mammals. cPcdhs are homophilic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) critical for a host of neural developmental functions consistent with a role in cell-cell recognition. Indeed, isoforms make recognition modules in combination to generate recognition diversity far exceeding the [~]60 individual CAMs. However, there is also growing evidence for specialized functions for specific isoforms, particularly the C-type isoforms found at the 3 ends of the Pcdha cluster (C1 and C2) and at the 3 end of the Pcdhg cluster ({gamma}C3, {gamma}C4, and {gamma}C5). We have previously described unique roles for {gamma}C3 in dendrite arborization in the cerebral cortex and neural circuit formation in the spinal cord, as well as for {gamma}C4 in neuronal survival. Here we report a new mouse mutant specifically targeting the Pcdhgc5 exon encoding {gamma}C5. Unlike the rest of the Pcdhg cluster, expression of this isoform does not begin until postnatal stages of mouse development, increasing in the second week of life, suggesting specialized roles. We found significant expression changes in gene pathways involved in synaptic activity, learning and memory, and cognition. Despite this, we saw no major disruption in the cerebral cortex in neuronal organization, survival, dendritic arborization, or synaptic protein expression in these mutants. This new model will be an important tool for future studies delineating specific functions for {gamma}C5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new mouse mutant with a discrete mutation in Pcdhgc5 reveals that the Protocadherin γC5 isoform is not essential for dendrite arborization in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide mitigates retinal dysfunction in a pig model of CLN3 Batten disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CLN3 Batten disease is a lethal pediatric autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene. Typically, the disease manifests as vision loss early in life and progresses to neurological dysfunction and death in young adulthood. Therapeutic development has focused on treating the central nervous system. However, such therapies may not protect against vision loss, which has a significant impact on quality of life. We have shown that a splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) delivered to the central nervous system can reduce neurological disease burden in mouse models of CLN3 disease. Here, we report on a similar ASO approach for treating CLN3 Batten disease retinal dysfunction in a pig model of the disease, which is more representative of human vision. A single intravitreal injection of ASO induces robust exon skipping in the retina for up to 12 months. The ASO treatment resulted in higher amplitudes on electroretinograms, suggesting mitigation of retinal dysfunction at early timepoints of disease. One ASO that efficiently induces exon skipping in vivo was well-tolerated and targets a region of CLN3 that is conserved in humans, making it a promising candidate for treating the disease in humans. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of an ASO-based approach to treat retinal dysfunction in CLN3 Batten disease and generally supports the use of ASOs for treating eye diseases.

One Sentence SummarySplice-switching antisense oligonucleotides delivered by intravitreal injection are safe and show efficacy in preventing early retinal dysfunction in a pig model of CLN3 Batten disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swier, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunyara, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechtzigel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duelli, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppert, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-Nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drack, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.656864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide mitigates retinal dysfunction in a pig model of CLN3 Batten disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dexmedetomidine produces more sleep-like brain activity compared to propofol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionDexmedetomidine is a selective 2-adrenergic agonist used as an anesthesia adjunct to produce a state of sleep-like sedation. However, how brain activity compares quantitatively during dexmedetomidine anesthesia to that during natural sleep, and thus just how "sleep-like" dexmedetomidine anesthesia is, remains unclear. Previously, we showed that the general anesthetic propofol is associated with changes in connectivity and cortical network structure comparable to those observed during sleep. Here, we compare the effects on brain activity of dexmedetomidine, propofol, and sleep quantitatively using intracranial encephalographic (iEEG) recordings in human research participants.

MethodsiEEG recordings were obtained in 34 epilepsy patients being evaluated for potential seizure resection surgery. Band power and functional connectivity (alpha weighted phase lag index, gamma envelope correlations) and network entropy were measured in recordings during task-free ("resting state") periods just prior to surgery during anesthesia with either dexmedetomidine or propofol, and during overnight sleep. Anesthesia stage (wake, sedated, unresponsive) was determined using the Observers Assessment of Arousal and Sedation. Sleep was staged using standard polysomnography.

ResultsAs expected, significant differences in delta power were observed during dexmedetomidine and propofol as well as during sleep. However, the magnitude of changes in delta power were smaller and regionally heterogeneous for propofol compared to dexmedetomidine and sleep. Functional connectivity changes were comparable between dexmedetomidine, propofol, and natural sleep. Significant changes in network entropy were observed for dexmedetomidine, propofol, and sleep, but changes were larger for propofol compared to dexmedetomidine and sleep. Quantitative comparisons between changes in delta power and network entropy suggest that unresponsiveness under dexmedetomidine produces a similar brain state to that observed during N2 sleep.

ConclusionsWhile delta power, functional connectivity, and network entropy all showed changes during propofol, dexmedetomidine, and sleep, the magnitudes of these changes suggest that dexmedetomidine is more similar than propofol to sleep, specifically to N2 sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dappen, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourski, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dexmedetomidine produces more sleep-like brain activity compared to propofol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple method for introducing a cutoff to hydrodynamic interactions in Brownian dynamics simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations that include hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) modeled at the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa (RPY) level of theory are a valuable tool for accurately modeling the translational and rotational diffusion of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. A major drawback to the inclusion of HIs in BD simulations is their computational expense, and an obvious way to consider reducing the expense of BD-HI simulations is to include a cutoff such that HIs beyond a certain distance are omitted. Unfortunately, a naive attempt to implement such a scheme usually leads to the RPY diffusion tensor becoming non-positive definite, which has the consequence that it becomes impossible to compute the correlated random displacements required by the Ermak-McCammon BD-HI algorithm. Here I show that a simple approach can be used to overcome this problem and implement a distance-based cutoff scheme that is guaranteed to lead to a diffusion tensor that is positive definite. The method involves only a straightforward distance-based scaling of the original RPY terms, and allows a seamless transition to be made between BD simulations that neglect HIs entirely and simulations that include HIs at the full RPY level of theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elcock, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.657166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple method for introducing a cutoff to hydrodynamic interactions in Brownian dynamics simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BifurcatoR: A Framework for Revealing Clinically Actionable Signal in Variance Masquerading as Noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDisease heterogeneity is a persistent challenge in medicine, complicating both research and treatment. Standard analytical pipelines often assume patient populations are homogeneous, overlooking variance patterns that may signal biologically distinct subgroups. Variance heterogeneity (VH)--including skewness, outliers, and multimodal distributions--offers a powerful but underused lens for detecting latent etiological structures relevant to prognosis and therapeutic response.

MethodsA major barrier to VH analysis is the fragmented landscape of available methods, many of which rely on normality assumptions that biological data frequently violate. In addition, existing tools often require programming expertise, and clear guidance on study design considerations--such as sample size and method selection--is lacking. To address these issues, we developed BifurcatoR, an open-source software platform that simplifies the detection, modeling, and interpretation of VH. BifurcatoR integrates simulation-based method evaluation, study design recommendations, and a user-friendly web interface to support VH analysis across a range of data distributions. We benchmarked VH methods through simulation and applied BifurcatoR to two clinical datasets: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and obesity.

ResultsSimulation studies revealed that VH method performance is highly context-specific, varying with distribution shape, mean-variance coupling, and underlying subgroup structure. In AML, BifurcatoR identified two molecularly distinct subgroups with different treatment responses, including an EVI1-high group with significantly poorer prognosis (p < 0.005) among KMT2A-rearranged cases. In a separate study, VH analysis uncovered immunophenotypic subgroups in obesity based on gene-level discordance across monozygotic twin pairs, highlighting latent variation in adipose immune cell composition.

ConclusionsVH is not "noise", biological variation without clinical relevance. Instead, VH is a structured signal that can reveal latent and clinically meaningful subtypes. BifurcatoR offers a practical, accessible framework for incorporating VH into biomedical research, with implications for biomarker discovery, patient stratification, and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagnocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PERMUTE,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisilik, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BifurcatoR: A Framework for Revealing Clinically Actionable Signal in Variance Masquerading as Noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state functional dynamics alterations relate to plasma amyloid markers and explain memory impairments in the TgF344-AD model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state (RS) fMRI studies of Alzheimers diseases (AD) impact on brain function commonly use functional connectivity (FC), ignoring short-timescale network dynamics, captured by co-activation patterns (CAPs), shown to accurately classify transgenic rodents from the wild-type (WT). We acquired high temporal resolution RS-fMRI data in the TgF344-AD rat model at pre-plaque and plaque stages and delineated brain functional alterations using FC and CAPs. We also assessed plaque-stage blood amyloid levels and memory performance in the same animals and investigated the statistical relationship between pathological, RS-functional, and behavioral phenotypes. TgF344-AD (TG) rats had elevated blood amyloid levels, committed more working and reference memory errors and showed reduced hippocampal FC with the lateral cortical and default-mode-like network (DMLN) compared to WT at the plaque stage. They showed DMLN and hippocampal hyper- and hypo-activation at pre- and plaque stages respectively in multiple CAPs. While blood amyloid levels were explained better by plaque-stage, than pre-plaque stage, FC values and CAP activations, it was the pre-plaque stage, more than the plaque stage, CAP activations that accurately explained memory impairments. Our findings not only identify early signatures of AD in brain functional dynamics in this translational rat model but demonstrate their relevance for prognosis of memory deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Awlaqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Waegenaere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berckmans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanherle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewachter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state functional dynamics alterations relate to plasma amyloid markers and explain memory impairments in the TgF344-AD model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.654060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastasis of colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.654060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis causes most cancer-related deaths in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and microbiome markers may have prognostic value. We hypothesized that primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastases. We analyzed 5-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) in a retrospective cohort of 900 ORIEN CRC tumor microbiomes (RNAseq). ORIEN findings were validated on an independent cohort using 16S rDNA sequencing and pathobiont-specific qPCR. Microbiome alpha diversity was higher in primary tumors than metastases and positively correlated with metastasis risk. Microbiome beta diversity distinguished primary vs. metastasis and predicted 5-year MFS. High primary tumor abundance of B. fragilis and low F. nucleatum were associated with short MFS. Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli, were enriched in metastases. qPCR identified increased enterotoxigenic B. fragilis and pks+ E. coli detection in CRC metastasizers. Microbial co-occurrence analysis identified a 3-species clique that predicts metastasis (OR 1.9 [1.4-2.6]). Results suggest that primary tumor microbiomes and specific pathobionts are precision markers for metastasis risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parajuli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiddle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rounbehler, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudaranthakam, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentz, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatoum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilozumba, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.654060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastasis of colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Essential Genes in Clostridioides difficile by CRISPRi and Tn-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Essential genes are interesting in their own right and as potential antibiotic targets. To date, only one report has identified essential genes on a genome-wide scale in Clostridioides difficile, a problematic pathogen for which treatment options are limited. That foundational study used large-scale transposon mutagenesis to identify 404 protein-encoding genes as likely to be essential for vegetative growth of the epidemic strain R20291. Here, we revisit the essential genes of strain R20291 using a combination of CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq). First, we targeted 181 of the 404 putatively essential genes with CRISPRi. We confirmed essentiality for >90% of the targeted genes and observed morphological defects for >80% of them. Second, we conducted a new Tn-seq analysis, which identified 346 genes as essential, of which 283 are in common with the previous report and might be considered a provisional essential gene set that minimizes false positives. We compare the list of essential genes to those of other bacteria, especially Bacillus subtilis, highlighting some noteworthy differences. Finally, we used fusions to red fluorescent protein (RFP) to identify 18 putative new cell division proteins, three of which are conserved in Bacillota but of largely unknown function. Collectively, our findings provide new tools and insights that advance our understanding of C. difficile.

IMPORTANCEClostridioides difficile is an opportunistic pathogen for which better antibiotics are sorely needed. Most antibiotics target pathways that are essential for viability. Here we use saturation transposon mutagenesis and gene silencing with CRISPR interference to identify and characterize genes required for growth on laboratory media. Comparison to the model organism B. subtilis reveals many similarities and a few striking differences that warrant further study and may include opportunities for developing antibiotics that kill C. difficile without decimating the healthy microbiota needed to keep C. difficile in check.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alberts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrila, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laster, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Rosado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermeier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Essential Genes in Clostridioides difficile by CRISPRi and Tn-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing inhibitors of the guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis accelerating activity of Regulator of G protein Signaling-14 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulator of G protein Signaling-14 (RGS14), an intracellular inactivator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, is considered an undruggable protein given its shallow and relatively featureless protein-protein interaction interface combined with a distal allosteric site prone to nonspecific inhibition by thiol-reactive compounds. Here, we identify and validate a tractable chemotype that selectively and non-covalently inhibits RGS14 GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) activity. Combining structure-guided virtual screening, ligand docking across multiple receptor conformers, and enrichment validation, we progressed from a first-generation active, Z90276197, to over 40 second-generation analogs with improved potency. These inhibitors are predicted to engage the solvent-exposed "canyon" in the RGS14 RGS-box that interacts with the G switch I region. Binding pose predictions underscored the importance of non-polar interactions and shape complementarity over polar interactions in engaging this G-binding canyon and revealed an "ambidextrous" pattern of R1- and R2-group orientations. GAP inhibition was confirmed in fluorescence-based and gold-standard radioactive GTP hydrolysis assays. Two second-generation analogs, Z55660043 and Z55627844, inhibited RGS14 GAP activity in both assays and without measurable cytotoxicity. Deep learning-based scoring of predicted docking poses further supported observed affinity gains from R3-group additions. One analog demonstrated favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics and CNS penetration. Collectively, our findings establish tractable, non-covalent, small molecule inhibition of a G protein regulatory interface and illustrate how machine learning-enhanced docking can guide ligand optimization for shallow protein surfaces. This work opens the door to future development of RGS14 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for central nervous system and metabolic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agogo-Mawuli, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadiya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmitte, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Perez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosloff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siderovski, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing inhibitors of the guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis accelerating activity of Regulator of G protein Signaling-14]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Representations of Natural Sound Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural sound textures (e.g., rain, crackling fire) are perceptually defined by time-averaged summary statistics. While previous studies have examined neural responses to natural sounds, little is known regarding the neural processing of the statistics underlying these sounds. To study neuronal correlates of these statistics, we measured brain responses to synthetic sound textures in which statistical structure was systematically varied while preserving the texture category. Using two fMRI experiments (males and females), we examined neural responses along the ascending auditory pathway, within auditory cortex and medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions implicated in pattern analysis. In Experiment 1, we parametrically varied the full set of texture statistics, creating sounds with different levels of naturalness. In Experiment 2, we selectively manipulated high-level statistics (cochlear skewness and kurtosis, cochlear and modulation correlations) while holding low-level statistics (cochlear mean and modulation power) constant. Increasing texture naturalness produced graded increases in BOLD responses across bilateral primary and nonprimary auditory cortex in both experiments, although overall responses were weaker in Experiment 2. This reduction suggests that low-level statistics contribute substantially to response magnitude, even though higher-order statistics are sufficient to elicit graded responses. We also observed modulation in MTL regions, including entorhinal cortex, in Experiment 1. Moreover, functional connectivity between hippocampus and auditory cortex increased for more degraded (less natural) textures, suggesting a modulatory rather than representational role for MTL in texture processing. Together, these findings show that sensitivity to texture statistics is distributed across the auditory cortex and highlight MTL-auditory interactions when texture structure is ambiguous.

Significant StatementNatural sound textures such as rain or crackling fire are perceptually defined by time-averaged summary statistics that support efficient auditory perception, yet how the human brain represents these statistics remains unclear. Using fMRI and synthetic sound textures in which statistical structure was systematically manipulated, we found that both primary and nonprimary auditory cortex were sensitive to texture statistics, exhibiting a graded and distributed representation of these acoustic features. We also observed increased functional connectivity between the hippocampus and auditory regions when texture structure was degraded or the sounds were unnatural. Together, these results indicate that sound texture statistics are encoded across multiple levels of auditory cortex and further suggest a modulatory role for hippocampus under conditions of heightened perceptual uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Representations of Natural Sound Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural activity flows through cortical subnetworks during speech production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech production entails several processing steps that encode linguistic and articulatory structure, but whether these computations correspond to spatiotemporally discrete patterns of neural activity is unclear. To address this issue, we used electrocorticography to directly measure the brains of neurosurgical participants performing an interactive speech paradigm. We observed a broad range of cortical modulation profiles, and subsequent clustering analyses established that responses comprised distinct classes associated with sensory perception, planning, motor execution, and task-related suppression. These activity classes were also localized to separate neural substrates, indicating their status as specialized networks. We then parsed dynamics in the planning and motor networks using unsupervised dimensionality reduction, which revealed subnetworks that were sequentially active throughout preparation and articulation. These results therefore support and extend a localizationist model of speech production where cortical activity  flows within and across discrete pathways during language use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellucci, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural activity flows through cortical subnetworks during speech production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote sensing of endogenous pigmentation by inducible synthetic circuits in grasses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant synthetic biology holds great promise for engineering plants to meet future demands. Genetic circuits are being designed, built, and tested in plants to demonstrate proof of concept. However, developing these components in monocots, which the world relies on for grain, lags behind dicot models, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we show the successful adaptation of a ligand-inducible sensor to activate an endogenous anthocyanin pathway in the C4 monocot model Setaria viridis. We identify two transcription factors sufficient to induce endogenous anthocyanin production in S. viridis protoplasts and whole plants in a constitutive or ligand-inducible manner. We also test multiple ligands to overcome physical barriers to ligand uptake, identifying triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as a highly potent inducer of this system. Using hyperspectral imaging and a discriminative target characterization method in a near-remote configuration, we can non-destructively detect anthocyanin production in leaves in response to ligands. This work demonstrates the use of inducible expression systems in monocots to manipulate endogenous pathways, stimulating plants to overproduce secondary metabolites with value to human health. Applying inducible pigmentation coupled with sensitive detection algorithms could enable crop plants to report on the status of field contamination or detect undesirable chemicals impacting agriculture, ushering in an era of agriculture-based sensor systems.

SummaryO_ST_ABSSynbio tools for C4 grass modelC_ST_ABS[bullet] Advantage of synthetic switches as tools for biopharming and functional genomics
[bullet]Our workflow to optimize the gene circuits from a transient system to a stable transgenic
[bullet]Testing and taming golden gate elements in monocot system, S. viridis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swyers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meerdink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote sensing of endogenous pigmentation by inducible synthetic circuits in grasses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dual-Compartment Scaffolding Role for RACK1 in Hepatic Glucagon Signaling and Gluconeogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsThe hepatic glucagon-PKA-CREB signaling axis plays a central role in regulating gluconeogenesis and maintaining glucose homeostasis during fasting. However, the mechanisms that govern the spatial coordination and substrate specificity of this pathway remain incompletely understood. This study determines the role of the scaffolding protein RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) in orchestrating glucagon signaling to regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis.

MethodsRACK1 was acutely deleted in mouse liver and primary hepatocytes. Metabolic phenotypes were assessed by glucose, pyruvate, and insulin tolerance tests, and hepatocyte glucose production assays. Protein interactions were analyzed with co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown, and proximity ligation assays. Subcellular localization and signaling events were studied by Western blot, confocal microscopy, and fractionation. Functional rescue was performed by hepatic expression of a constitutively active PKA catalytic subunit (PKAcW196R).

ResultsAcute hepatic RACK1 deficiency caused fasting hypoglycemia, impaired gluconeogenesis, and improved glucose and pyruvate tolerance without affecting insulin signaling. RACK1 directly bound GCGR, PKA regulatory (RII) and catalytic (PKAc) subunits, and CREB, functioning as a dual-compartment scaffold assembling GCGR-PKA complexes at the plasma membrane and PKAc-CREB complexes in the nucleus. Loss of RACK1 impaired PKAc translocation, CREB phosphorylation, and gluconeogenic gene expression. These defects were rescued by PKAcW196R expresson. Overexpression of RACK1 WD1-2 and WD3-4 domains, which mediate PKA and GCGR interactions, similarly disrupted PKA signaling and gluconeogenesis.

ConclusionRACK1 spatially organizes the glucagon-PKA-CREB axis, ensuring precise signal propagation and efficient hepatic gluconeogenesis, revealing a novel mechanism of compartmentalized signal regulation in glucose metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dual-Compartment Scaffolding Role for RACK1 in Hepatic Glucagon Signaling and Gluconeogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular prosthetics and CFTR modulators additively increase secretory HCO- flux in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel predominantly expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Reduced Cl- and HCO3- secretion due to dysfunctional CFTR results in a decrease in lung function and is the leading cause of morbidity in individuals with CF. Recent therapies, known as highly effective CFTR modulator therapy (HEMT), help improve the lung function in individuals with specific CF-causing mutations by enhancing the folding, trafficking, and gating of CFTR. However, variability in HEMT responsiveness leads to sub-optimal clinical outcomes in some people with CF undergoing modulator therapy. A potential strategy is to complement their function with a CFTR-independent mechanism. One possibility is the use of ion channel-forming small molecules such as amphotericin B, which has shown promise in restoring function and host defenses in CF airway disease models. Amphotericin B functions as a molecular prosthetic for CFTR and may thus complement CFTR modulators. Here we show that co-treatment of CF airway epithelia with HEMT and amphotericin B results in greater increases in both HCO3- secretory flux and ASL pH compared to treatment with either agent alone. These findings suggest that co- administration of CFTR modulators and molecular prosthetics may provide additive therapeutic benefits for individuals with CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Celis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarara, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weers, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornell, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular prosthetics and CFTR modulators additively increase secretory HCO- flux in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genomics and tumor microenvironment analysis reveal prognostic biological subtypes in Mantle cell lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous B-cell malignancy. We studied two MCL cohorts with differing treatment patterns: one enriched for immunochemotherapy, the other for chemotherapy alone. TP53 alterations were consistently associated with poor prognosis, whereas ATM mutations correlated with improved outcomes following rituximab-based chemotherapy. Based on recurrent genetic events, six clusters were identified and refined into three prognostic groups: high-risk (TP53 mutations and deletions at 17p13.3, 13q14.2, and 19p13.3), intermediate-risk (ATM and epigenetic regulator mutations, or gains at 8q/17q/15q), and low-risk (lacking TP53 alterations, rare ATM mutations without 11q deletions, gains at 3q, deletions at 6q). Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment of proliferation, metabolism-promoting gene signatures in high-risk; angiogenesis and NOTCH signaling in intermediate-risk; and proinflammatory-related (i.e., IFN, TNF) in low-risk MCLs. Multi-proteomic spatial profiling using imaging mass cytometry (IMC) demonstrated enrichment of CD8 T cells with high expression of exhaustion markers and dominant population of myeloid cells skewed toward an M2-like phenotype. Compared to ATM-perturbed tumors, TP53-perturbed tumors exhibited enriched SOX11 tumor cells and enhanced tumor-immune cell interactions. Functional analysis revealed that p53 represses BCR signaling through PTPN6 activation. Collectively, these findings highlight distinct molecular and immune landscapes and reveal therapeutic vulnerabilities in high-risk TP53-altered MCL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesireddy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lownik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soma, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarkonda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgamal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fariha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pararajalingam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunning, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesenberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vose, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genomics and tumor microenvironment analysis reveal prognostic biological subtypes in Mantle cell lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing, movement, and reward contributions to prefrontal and striatal ramping activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across species, prefrontal and striatal neurons exhibit time-dependent ramping activity, defined as a consistent monotonic change in firing rate across temporal intervals. However, it is unclear if ramping activity is related to the cognitive process of estimating time, or to other behavioral factors such as anticipating reward or regulating movements. Here, we harnessed two novel approaches to determine how these factors contribute to prefrontal and striatal ramping activity in mice performing an interval timing task. First, to determine how movement contributes to ramping activity, we tracked movement velocity using DeepLabCut as well as task-specific movements while recording prefrontal or striatal ensembles during interval timing. We found that time was more accurately decoded by ramping neurons than movement-modulated neurons, with the exception of prefrontal velocity-modulated neurons. Second, to disambiguate temporal signals from anticipatory reward signals we compared activity patterns in neurons that were recorded during interval timing to the same neurons recorded during a Pavlovian conditioning task. We found more ramping activity and more accurate temporal decoding by neuronal ensembles during interval timing compared to Pavlovian conditioning. Together, these data quantify contributions of time estimation, movement, and reward anticipation in prefrontal and striatal ensembles, and they suggest that ramping is a cognitive signal that estimates time. Our results provide insight into how prefrontal and striatal ensembles multiplex information to effect temporal control of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing, movement, and reward contributions to prefrontal and striatal ramping activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASZ1 regulates the rate at which outer hair cells mature and is required for hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional activator ATOH1 is a master regulator of the development of mechanosensory hair-cells (HCs) in the ear. We report that the ATOH1 target gene Casz1 encodes a transcription factor that regulates the rate of outer HC (OHC) maturation by gene repression. Genetic deletion of Casz1 during (but not after) development of the mouse cochlea caused: hearing loss; abnormal organization of mechanosensory stereocilia bundles in OHCs; abnormally low F-actin density in OHC cuticular plates; progressive loss of OHCs; and mild morphological alterations in inner HCs. RNA sequencing revealed that Casz1 deletion delayed downregulation of genes expressed in immature OHCs, including the actin regulator-encoding gene Coro2a, and accelerated upregulation of genes expressed in mature OHCs. Coro2a knockdown restored the density of cuticular plate F-actin in Casz1 mutant OHCs. Our data indicate that CASZ1 regulates transcriptional and morphological maturation of OHCs, and that CASZ1 in maturing HCs is necessary for hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driver, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiechert, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peguero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allamargot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASZ1 regulates the rate at which outer hair cells mature and is required for hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.662037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic polymorphic toxin effector and immunity profiling predicts microbiome development and disease-related dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.662037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria use antagonistic interbacterial weapons such as polymorphic toxin secretion systems (TSS) to compete for niches in the human gut microbiome. We developed a bioinformatic marker gene approach (PolyProf) to quantify TSS including [~]200 effector and immunity genes and applied it to [~]15,000 publicly available human metagenomes. PolyProf alpha and beta diversity readily distinguished 12 different human disease states. Decision tree machine learning models integrating bacterial taxonomy with PolyProf had near-perfect accuracy (ROC area 1.00) for all 12 disease states. During microbiome development in the first year of life, PolyProf alpha diversity increases, and beta diversity becomes increasingly like the maternal microbiome, influenced by vertical transfer, delivery mode, and breastfeeding. PolyProf is related to strain sharing among adults through social interactions. In summary, interbacterial antagonism with TSS shapes microbiome development and interpersonal strain sharing. Since PolyProf distinguishes diverse adult disease statuses, these dynamics may contribute to non-genetic inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroer, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beghini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.662037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic polymorphic toxin effector and immunity profiling predicts microbiome development and disease-related dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.660754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevenying vision loss in a mouse model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis by engineered tRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.660754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premature termination codons (PTCs) are associated with rare genetic disorders. Inducing targeted read-through of these  nonsense mutations presents a potential therapeutic strategy for modifying disease outcomes. We previously reported that one such PTC, W53X, in the KCNJ13 gene causes blindness and Leber congenital amaurosis type-16 (LCA-16) due to loss of function of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel 7.1 (Kir7.1). Here, we present the proof of concept of a therapeutic approach based on anticodon-engineered transfer RNA (ACE-tRNA). The ACE-tRNA encodes the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) and suppresses the W53X PTC, restoring full-length protein expression. We used helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) to deliver the ACE-tRNATrp.UAG (tRNATrp.UAG) and rescue Kir7.1 function and physiology in patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hiPSC-RPE) cells. Furthermore, in a W53X mouse model of LCA16, HDAd delivery of tRNATrp.UAG resulted in durable restoration of vision as measured by retinography. This study provides the first example of the therapeutic application of ACE-tRNA for treating an inherited form of blindness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pattnaik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akyuz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gissot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saneh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanstad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabra, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamm, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.660754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevenying vision loss in a mouse model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis by engineered tRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated proteolysis of green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is a clinical issue of such severity that the World Health Organization has designated this organism as 1 of the 4 most critical fungi to study. Progress in A. fumigatus has been limited by the availability of genetic tools with which to study this filamentous fungus. Currently available means of altering the dosage of genes and gene products include construction of disruption mutants as well as regulated promoters. These are powerful techniques but somewhat limited for the analysis of essential genes. Here we describe a new method that permits regulated proteolysis of any A. fumigatus protein that can be made as a fusion protein to the well-described Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria. A GFP fusion protein of interest can be targeted for degradation using a single-chain antibody called a nanobody that recognizes GFP (GFPNb). This GFPNb is in turn fused to an E3 ligase protein called Rnf4 from rat that efficiently ubiquitinates target proteins. A fusion gene was constructed under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter that produced a GFPNb-Rnf4 fusion protein in A. fumigatus. Here we show that production of this GFPNb-Rnf4 protein led to the rapid proteolysis of a variety of GFP fusion proteins. Additionally, we found that some GFP fusion proteins triggered a corresponding genomic response when their degradation was induced while others were simply degraded. These studies provide a new means to directly regulate protein levels in A. fumigatus and generate new alleles of genes exposing the underlying regulatory circuitry.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is the major filamentous fungal pathogen of such importance in infectious disease that it has been designated as one of the 4 most critical fungal organisms to study. One of the limiting capabilities in the analysis of A. fumigatus is the limiting genetic toolbox that can be employed in this fungus. Here we describe the first system that allows the regulated degradation of a protein of interest using a recombinant single protein chain antibody (nanobody) directed against Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). GFP is routinely used to construct fusion proteins that in turn allow localization of the fluorescent protein and immunological detection. Here we use this nanobody to deliver a ubiquitin ligase that in turn causes rapid depletion of GFP fusion proteins. This allows direct perturbation of protein levels in A. fumigatus, a feature not previously accessible to experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated proteolysis of green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of attention in the generation of anticipatory potentials to affective stimuli: an ERP and source analysis study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anticipatory EEG signals are characterised by the occurrence of negative slow cortical potentials. This negativity is posed to be enhanced when expecting highly emotional stimuli; however, the specific role attention plays in its generation is unclear, as emotional content is more salient and arousing, and thus recruits higher attentional resources. Here, affective anticipation signals were recorded in 35 participants with EEG, and their brain sources elucidated using multiple sparse priors algorithm. Using a cued-paradigm, the category of a sound being negatively valenced or neutral could be predicted with a 68% accuracy. To shift attentional resources away from the emotional content, participants were instructed to listen and respond to a burst of white noise that occurred on 9% of trials. Results showed slower reaction times following the aversive cue, yet no difference in EEG amplitude between aversive and neutral anticipation. Response times positively correlated with EEG amplitude - participants with stronger negativity were faster to respond. EEG source reconstruction demonstrated no differences between conditions, and showed activation of areas within the salience network including insula, somatosensory cortex, and thalamus. The current results suggest that anticipatory EEG negativity is an index of attentional resource-allocation during the anticipation period and does not reflect the emotional content of upcoming stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benzaquen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of attention in the generation of anticipatory potentials to affective stimuli: an ERP and source analysis study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling supratheoretical isopropanol yields from carbon-negative glucose fermentations with Clostridium acetobutylicum-Clostridium ljungdahlii cocultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic microbial cocultures, which combine the unique capabilities of multiple microbes into one process, have significant potential for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Most studies of defined cocultures have tested relatively low cell densities in lab-scale batch cultures, not the high cell density fed-batch or continuous processes with cell retention typically required to achieve industrially-relevant volumetric productivities. Here, we explore the impact of increased cell density on isopropanol production from the syntrophic coculture of genetically-modified Clostridium acetobutylicum [CACas9 {Delta}hbd (p95ace02_atoB), with deleted 4-C metabolism expressing an acetone-formation pathway on the plasmid] with WT Clostridium ljungdahlii using first a pseudo-perfusion approach followed by perfusion culture. CACas9 {Delta}hbd (p95ace02_atoB) produces acetone without any 4-C metabolites and C. ljungdahlii converts that acetone to isopropanol. To explore the mechanism by which these cultures enable supratheoretical isopropanol yields, we first identified NADH-driven hydrogen conversion in CACas9 {Delta}hbd (p95ace02_atoB) as the thermodynamically-limiting step for acetone and thus isopropanol production. We then demonstrated the ability of C. ljungdahlii to mitigate this issue by eliminating detectable hydrogen accumulation in the coculture. Pseudo-perfusion cocultures showed that high cell densities combined with a high population fraction of C. ljungdahlii enable dramatic increases in isopropanol yields beyond the thermodynamic limitation imposed in CACas9 {Delta}hbd (p95ace02_atoB) monocultures. Finally, we demonstrate carbon-negative fermentation of glucose to isopropanol as the sole alcohol product in a perfusion bioreactor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willis, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otten, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munasinghe, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PAPOUTSAKIS, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling supratheoretical isopropanol yields from carbon-negative glucose fermentations with Clostridium acetobutylicum-Clostridium ljungdahlii cocultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.19.665355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring neural mechanisms underlying error-related impairments in active working memory suggests an adaptive shielding of contents during cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.19.665355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed behavior relies on cognitive flexibility - the ability to rapidly adapt ongoing thoughts and behaviors while preserving task-relevant information. The performance monitoring system optimizes such behavior by detecting and evaluating errors, while the working memory (WM) system maintains relevant information and protects it from interference. We investigated how these two systems interact. In prior work (Wessel et al., 2022), we found that motor errors impaired active WM maintenance (Error-Related Impairment of Active working Memory; ERIAM). Here, we aimed to identify the source of ERIAM by tracking a neurophysiological marker of visual WM maintenance - the contralateral delay activity (CDA) - throughout the error-making process. Forty-two human participants maintained visual information in WM while performing a motoric task during the delay period. Consistent with prior results, a significant ERIAM effect occurred: motor errors impaired WM performance. Critically, CDA amplitudes did not differ between motor correct and error trials before the flanker task, ruling out a general performance deficit. The CDA was also unaffected immediately after flankers, ruling out a perceptual interference explanation. Significant CDA differences only emerged after motor errors, supporting a genuinely error-related origin of the ERIAM effect. Contrary to prediction, however, CDA was more disrupted after correct responses than errors, and greater disruptions predicted a smaller ERIAM effect. These findings suggest that participants might store WM in multiple states to reduce interference from errors and that the CDA dynamics reflect these adaptive shielding strategies. These findings provide new insights into the source of error-related interference in active WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.19.665355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring neural mechanisms underlying error-related impairments in active working memory suggests an adaptive shielding of contents during cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.665575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic profiling uncovers the molecular effects of the neurotoxicant polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the brains of adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.665575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental toxicants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are highly stable synthetic organic compounds that are present in air, water, and soil. PCBs have been identified in post-mortem human brains of individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, indicating a possible link between environmental factors and disease risk. Research has revealed an association between PCB exposure and cognitive decline. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate how PCB mixtures relevant to humans affect brain function and cognition. To investigate the effects of PCBs on memory and transcriptomic profiles, we exposed adult male C57BL/6J mice orally to a synthetic PCB mixture daily. After seven weeks of exposure, the mice were assessed in a spatial object recognition task (SOR) to evaluate long-term spatial memory. Our findings showed that mice exposed to PCBs exhibited deficits in long-term spatial memory. To examine the molecular effects of PCB on the brain, we used a spatial transcriptomics technique to analyze gene expression changes in five brain regions: the hippocampus, neocortex, thalamus, caudal putamen, and fiber tracts. Our analysis of spatial gene expression revealed the molecular signatures influenced by PCB in these susceptible brain regions of mice. Network analysis suggests that these changes are associated with higher chlorinated PCBs present in the brain. Additionally, we show that PCB exposure disrupts the expression of tight junction proteins, which are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, our results offer mechanistic insights into how PCB exposure affects brain function and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breese, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiburcio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemasz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toborek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.665575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomic profiling uncovers the molecular effects of the neurotoxicant polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the brains of adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TWITCHES DURING N2 AND N3 ARE COUPLED WITH SLEEP SPINDLES BUT NOT DELTA OSCILLATIONS IN 6-MONTH-OLD INFANTS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Twitches are discrete movements that characterize REM sleep. However, recent work showed that twitches also occur during NREM sleep in human infants beginning around 3 months of age, a time when sleep spindles and the cortical delta rhythm are also emerging. Further, NREM twitches are coupled with sleep spindles, suggesting a unique contribution to sensorimotor development. Given that NREM sleep is composed of distinct substages, we investigated whether twitching and twitch-spindle coupling are differentially expressed during N2 and N3 sleep. In 6-month-old human infants (n=21; 7 females), we recorded EEG, respiration, and video during daytime sleep. We found high-intensity twitching during N2 and REM but not N3 sleep. In contrast, sleep spindles exhibited similar temporal characteristics during N2 and N3. Also, despite differences in the intensity of twitching during N2 and N3, significant twitch-spindle coupling occurred in both stages. Finally, the rate of twitching was inversely related to delta power across NREM periods. These findings suggest that although twitching occurs during REM, N2, and N3 sleep at this age, its expression is compatible with some sleep components (e.g., rapid eye movements, sleep spindles) but not others (e.g., cortical delta), highlighting the continuing need to better understand the dynamic organization of sleep and its individual components in early development.

Statement of significanceTwitching has long been recognized as a core component of mammalian REM sleep. However, twitching also occurs during non-REM (NREM) sleep in human infants beginning around 3 months of age. Given that NREM sleep is composed of distinct stages (including N2 and N3), we asked whether the expression of twitching and its temporal coupling with sleep spindles is different between the two stages. Even though twitching was more intense during N2 than N3, twitch-spindle coupling occurred in both stages, again suggesting a unique and likely transient functional contribution to sensorimotor development. A necessary next step is to delineate the developmental trajectory of twitching and twitch-spindle coupling beyond 6 months of age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TWITCHES DURING N2 AND N3 ARE COUPLED WITH SLEEP SPINDLES BUT NOT DELTA OSCILLATIONS IN 6-MONTH-OLD INFANTS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and behavioral effects of neurofibromin result from differential recruitment of MAPK and mTOR signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 results from mutations in the Neurofibromin 1 gene and its encoded neurofibromin protein. This condition produces multiple symptoms, including tumors, behavioral alterations, and metabolic changes. Molecularly, neu-rofibromin mutations affect Ras activity, influencing multiple downstream signaling pathways, including MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. This pleiotropy raises the question of which pathways could be targeted to treat the disease symptoms, and whether different phenotypes driven by neurofibromin mutations exhibit similar or diverging dependence on the signaling pathways downstream of Ras. To test this, we examined metabolic and behavioral alterations in the genetically tractable Drosophila neurofibromatosis type 1 model. In vivo genetic analysis revealed that behavioral effects of neurofibromin were mediated by MEK signaling, with no necessity for Akt. In contrast, metabolic effects of neurofibromin were mediated by coordinated actions of MEK/ERK and Akt/mTOR/S6K/4E-BP signaling. At the systemic level, neurofibromin dysregulated metabolism via molecular effects of Nf1 in interneurons and muscle. These changes were accompanied by altered muscle mitochondria morphology, with no concomitant changes in neuronal ultrastructure or neuronal mitochondria. Overall, this suggests that neurofibromin mutations affect multiple signaling cascades downstream of Ras, which differentially affect metabolic and behavioral neurofibromatosis type 1 phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosendahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodner, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomchik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and behavioral effects of neurofibromin result from differential recruitment of MAPK and mTOR signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.665413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation selectively reactivates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.665413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep supports a variety of physiological processes, ranging from metabolic to immune system homeostasis, and plays a critical role in cognition and memory. A brief period of sleep loss impairs memory, particularly hippocampus-dependent memories, and alters molecular signaling and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation (SD), alters neuronal activation as indicated by broad changes in gene expression signatures and by the altered expression of c-Fos, an immediate early gene that functions as a molecular marker of neuronal activity. In the present study, we examined hippocampal subregion-specific c-Fos induction patterns via immunohistochemical staining. We find that CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibit the most robust c-Fos induction after SD. Using an activity-driven ribosomal tagging system and a repeated SD model, we labeled sleep deprivation activated CA1 neurons and observed a population of excitatory neurons in area CA1 that are reactivated by repeated SD. Using the c-Fos-RiboTag system that enables the isolation of ribosomes attached mRNA from labeled neurons, we performed fosTRAP-seq and identified activity-dependent gene expression changes in c-Fos+ CA1 neurons. Our results revealed that synapse organization, protein dephosphorylation, cellular response to endogenous stimulus (such as insulin) are upregulated, whereas mRNA processing and splicing being downregulated. In summary, our study provides a detailed view of the activation of hippocampal neurons after SD, revealing a subset of CA1 pyramidal neurons that have higher sensitivity to the effect of sleep loss, shown as reactivation during repeated SD, allows investigation of molecular changes in neurons specifically impacted by repeated sleep loss. Our work uncovers a population of CA1 pyramidal neurons that are sensitive to repeated sleep loss and sheds light on a possible connection between acute and chronic sleep loss at the cellular and molecular levels.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665413v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cfa351org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@eb387dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9cf6forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1518b12_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.665413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep deprivation selectively reactivates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Related Alterations in the Expression of Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Brain and Their Impact on Neurobehavioral Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a neurotrophic protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and pivotally involved in maintaining ER homeostasis. MANF plays an important role in mitigating neurodegenerative processes. Aging, the primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), is associated with significant alterations in ER function. The ER, central to protein synthesis, folding, degradation and secretion (proteostasis), experiences considerable stress in NDDs, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). We hypothesized that MANF and UPR is crucial for maintaining proteostasis during aging, but their efficacy declines with age, therefore increasing vulnerability to NDDs. We measured MANF levels in the brain and plasma of 1-, 4-, 11-, and 22-month-old male and female mice. A progressive decline of MANF levels was observed, with the lowest levels detected in 22 months. Reduced MANF expression was found in aged mice across several brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. There was a sex difference in MANF levels in aged mice. Aging also altered the expression of UPR and MANF interacting proteins. Using cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC)-specific MANF deficient mice, we showed that MANF deficiency impaired motor coordination in female, but not male mice. MANF deficiency weakened spatial learning and memory in both male and female mice. Male MANF deficient mice displayed increased sociability, whereas female mice exhibit social withdrawal. Taken together, MANF expression in the brain declined with age and MANF deficiency impacted neurobehaviors in the aging animal in a sex-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Related Alterations in the Expression of Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Brain and Their Impact on Neurobehavioral Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Targeted Choroidal Injury Model for the Study of Retinal Degenerations and Therapeutic Cell Replacement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeChoroidal loss is an important pathophysiological step in many retinal diseases, but few reliable translational models of choroidal injury exist. Here, we report a new targeted choroidal injury model using bioconjugated saporins and compare it models of systemic sodium iodate administration.

MethodsWild-type Sprague-Dawley rats were given suprachoroidal injections of anti-CD38 or anti-CD105 antibodies conjugated to saporin immunotoxin (10 {micro}l at 0.05 {micro}g/{micro}L) to induce selective choroidal endothelial cell injury. These animals were compared to wild-type rats given sodium iodate (75 mg/kg) via tail vein injections, with a dose escalation study (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) in immunocompromised (Sprague-Dawley Rag2/Il2g double-knockout) rats. Animals were examined at 1-, 2-, and 3-weeks post-treatment, and the degree of choroidal injury compared using fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and immunohistochemistry.

ResultsSuprachoroidal administration of anti-CD38 or anti-CD105 saporins resulted in severe choroidal vascular injury localized to the injection site, without damage to adjacent choroidal vasculature, progressive injury over time, or development of choroidal neovascularization. By contrast, sodium iodate treated animals had rapid, diffuse choroidal loss which progressed throughout the study time points, with fatal systemic side effects at the highest (75 mg/kg) dose.

ConclusionsSuprachoroidal injection of anti-CD38 and anti-CD105 saporins results in targeted, localized, non-progressive choroidal injury in rats. These models offer alternatives to systemic sodium iodate administration, which causes diffuse, progressive choroidal injury.

Translational RelevanceImmunotoxin-based models of targeted choroidal injury may be useful for understanding pathways of retinal degeneration and facilitating development of therapies for diseases involving choroidal cell loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Melo Haefeli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Targeted Choroidal Injury Model for the Study of Retinal Degenerations and Therapeutic Cell Replacement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal low-fat and high-fat diet decreases survival and alters cytokine signaling in neonatal mice with Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMaternal malnutrition increases susceptibility to sepsis and mortality in neonates. The reason for this increased susceptibility remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate bacterial burden and serum cytokine levels in septic neonatal mice born to dams with malnutrition.

Methods6-week-old C57BL/6 dams were placed on a low-fat (LFD) (10% kcal from fat), control (CD) (18% kcal from fat), or high-fat (HFD) (60% kcal from fat) diet for 3 weeks prior to breeding. Sepsis was induced in P4-P6 offspring via intraperitoneal Staphylococcus epidermidis injection. Mice were monitored for survival. At 12h after sepsis, serum and peritoneal wash fluid were collected for bacterial count and serum cytokine levels. In the absence of infection, P4-P6 offspring had untargeted serum metabolomics performed.

ResultsSeptic offspring of dams fed LFD and HFD had significantly higher mortality than offspring of dams fed CD. There was no difference in serum or peritoneal wash bacterial loads. Maternal diet and Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis caused changes in basal serum cytokine levels, with HFD causing decreased cytokine elevation during sepsis. Maternal LFD and HFD altered similar metabolomic pathways in offspring.

ConclusionMaternal LFD and HFD decrease survival during neonatal sepsis and alter serum cytokines and the metabolome, supporting a role for maternal nutrition in neonatal immune function and infection susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bodilly, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermick, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal low-fat and high-fat diet decreases survival and alters cytokine signaling in neonatal mice with Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency of Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor Aggravates Acute Pancreatitis in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex and potentially severe inflammatory disorder of the pancreas and is one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal hospitalization. Although environmental risk factors such as alcohol and gallstones are well recognized, only a subset of exposed individuals develop AP, suggesting that intrinsic factors, including genetic susceptibility, influence disease onset and progression. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as a key mechanism in AP pathogenesis, because ER is essential for protein synthesis, folding, degradation and secretion (proteostasis). Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), an ER stress-inducible protein highly expressed in the pancreas, plays a critical role in maintaining proteostasis, yet its involvement in AP remains unclear. To investigate the functional role of MANF in AP, we generated pancreas-specific MANF knockout (MANF-KO) mice using the Cre/loxP system and subjected them to moderate experimental AP, that is caerulein- or alcohol-induced AP in mice. In the caerulein model, MANF deficiency exacerbated pancreatic injury in both sexes, as indicated by increased apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, caspase-12), ER stress markers (eIF2, p-eIF2, GRP78), inflammation (IL-6, TNF), regenerative activity (Ki67), and pancreatic lipase levels. Notably, male MANF-KO mice exhibited enhanced inflammation (HMGB1), macrophage infiltration (CD68), and oxidative stress (DNP, HNE), which were not observed in females. In the alcoholic AP model, both male and female MANF-KO mice showed increased ER stress (p-IRE1, p-eIF2, GRP78), apoptosis, inflammation, macrophage infiltration, regeneration, and lipase levels, whereas elevated HMGB1 expression and oxidative stress again predominantly occurred in male MANF-KO mice. Together, these findings reveal a critical and sex-specific role for MANF in regulating pancreatic stress responses and inflammatory injury, supporting its potential contribution as a genetic factor in AP pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency of Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor Aggravates Acute Pancreatitis in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ramping up the Heat: Induction of Systemic and Pulmonary Immune Responses and Metabolic Adaptations in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heatwaves pose a growing risk to public health. While most animal studies use sudden, extreme heat exposure, the systemic and pulmonary impacts of gradual heat exposures, reflective of real-world conditions, remain poorly characterized. This study examined the effects of acute, gradual extreme heat exposure to mice. Adult male and female C57Bl/6 mice were randomly assigned to heat-exposed, control, or pair-fed groups. Heat-exposed mice experienced a controlled 8-hour temperature ramp from 20{degrees}C to 38{degrees}C, mimicking the daily transition from nighttime lows to daytime highs. Control and pair-fed mice were maintained in parallel at ambient temperature. Multi-omics profiling was performed to assess cytokine levels in lung and serum, cecal microbiome composition, lung transcriptomics, and serum metabolomics. Heat exposure significantly altered the levels of multiple cytokines in serum and lung, including IL-17, MIP-1, MIP-1{beta}, IL-1, IL-12(p40), and RANTES, indicating shifts in mucosal immunity and immune cell recruitment. Random forest analysis identified 20 taxa that distinguished experimental groups, with a reduction in Lactobacillus observed in males. Lung transcriptomic analysis revealed immune-related gene expression changes involving B cell activation pathways. Serum metabolomics revealed significant decreases in ten metabolites across both sexes, identifying disruptions in amino acid and energy metabolism, with enrichment of the "Glycine, Serine, and Threonine Metabolism" KEGG pathway. Integrative network analyses revealed sex-specific correlations among immune genes, cytokines, and bile acid-related metabolites. These findings show that gradual extreme heat exposure triggers sex-specific systemic and pulmonary immunometabolic responses, offering insight into the biological effects of environmental heat stress and its potential health implications.

HighlightsO_LIGradual heat exposure altered lung and serum cytokine profiles in mice
C_LIO_LILactobacillus abundance decreased in males, despite stable microbial diversity
C_LIO_LILung transcriptomics showed B cell-mediated immune activation after heat exposure
C_LIO_LISerum metabolomics revealed heat-induced disruption of amino acid metabolism
C_LIO_LIMulti-omics integration revealed sex-specific immunometabolic network responses
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dean, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamcakova-Dodd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmler, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.667768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ramping up the Heat: Induction of Systemic and Pulmonary Immune Responses and Metabolic Adaptations in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a Transient State of Auditory Hypersensitivity During Initial Onset of Tinnitus, Evidenced by Intensity Dependence of the Auditory Evoked Potential (IDAEP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of tinnitus pathophysiology may be greatly advanced by understanding how the condition evolves from its initial onset or acute stage to its chronic manifestation. Such a transition likely reflects dynamic neurophysiological changes within central auditory and non-auditory networks. Our integrated model of tinnitus posits that sensory precision (sensory weighting) may be heightened during the acute stages of tinnitus to resolve degraded auditory input, but in chronic tinnitus, its role may diminish as plastic processes take over the percepts maintenance. Consequently, we hypothesize that bottom-up neural mechanisms linked to initiation of tinnitus, such as central gain and neural synchrony, are maximal around the time of tinnitus onset, but later subside by way of regression to the mean. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring central auditory reactivity through the Intensity Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potential (IDAEP), a non-invasive index of higher-order inhibitory processing within the auditory system. A steeper IDAEP slope is associated with heightened sensory reactivity (higher sensitivity to changes in auditory stimuli), indicative of reduced central inhibition. Conversely, a shallower slope reflects greater inhibitory control. Studying a group with acute tinnitus (onset within six weeks), with a repeated assessment after six months from onset, we found an initially increased IDAEP slope in the acute stage, which had significantly reduced at follow-up, supporting our hypothesis that there is increased sensory reactivity during tinnitus onset, which need not persist in order for tinnitus to become chronic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umashankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.02.668306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a Transient State of Auditory Hypersensitivity During Initial Onset of Tinnitus, Evidenced by Intensity Dependence of the Auditory Evoked Potential (IDAEP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomic analysis reveals toxin-antitoxin system shifts in caries-associated oral microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundToxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are bacterial regulatory elements involved in persistence, dormancy, and biofilm stability under stress conditions such as limited nutrients, acid exposure, and antimicrobial treatment. Although their roles are well-characterized in isolated pathogens, TA systems remain largely unexamined in the context of the oral microbiome. Given their potential involvement in microbial adaptation during oral diseases and treatment, we aimed to identify transcriptionally active TA systems and evaluate their condition-specific expression patterns across oral health states using metatranscriptomic data.

ResultsWe re-analyzed two publicly available supragingival metatranscriptomic datasets: a longitudinal dataset by Carda-Dieguez et.al. (Dieguez) capturing treatment transitions (fluoride (Fl), fluoride-arginine (Fl-Ar)) in caries-active and caries-free individuals, and a cross-sectional dataset by Ev et.al., (Ev) profiling caries-active lesions (CA), caries-inactive (CI), and caries-free (CF) states. After quality control, host sequences removal, rRNA removal, and HUMAnN3-based functional profiling, we identified 1,189 unique UniRef90 gene clusters with known TA associations. Differential analysis using ANCOM-BC revealed 197 TA-related gene clusters as significantly modulated in at least one condition. Of these, 22 gene clusters were differentially expressed in Dieguez, 38 in Ev, with 77 shared across both datasets. Distinct TA expression signatures were observed across healthy (CF, CI, baseline), lesion types (CAa, CAi, CAs), and treatment stages (Fl, Fl-Ar), suggesting condition-specific regulatory activity. Functional annotation of differentially expressed TA genes using the Toxin-antitoxin system database, eggNOG-mapper, and InterProScan, revealed 18 genes with strong evidence for their involvement in key bacterial stress-response pathways. These included members of the ParD-ParE, RelE/StbE-RelB/StbD, FitA, and YafQ families, which are annotated with mRNA catabolism, transcriptional repression, and prokaryotic defense-associated pathways.

ConclusionThis is the first metatranscriptomic analysis profiling functional shifts in toxin-antitoxin systems across oral healthy, caries, and treatment states. TA systems showed dynamic and condition-specific expression, with pathway annotations suggesting their roles in microbial persistence, stress adaptation, and ecological remodeling during caries progression. These findings open new avenues for targeting microbial stress modules in precision microbiome therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metatranscriptomic analysis reveals toxin-antitoxin system shifts in caries-associated oral microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior is guided by integrated representations of controlled and non-controlled information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how task knowledge is encoded neurally is crucial for uncovering the mechanisms underlying adaptive behavior. Here, we test the theory that all task information is integrated into a conjunctive task representation by investigating whether this representation simultaneously includes two types of associations that can guide behavior: stimulus-response (non-controlled) associations and stimulus-control (controlled) associations that inform how task focus should be adjusted to achieve goal-directed behavior. We extended the classic item-specific proportion congruency paradigm to dissociate the electroencephalographic (EEG) representations of controlled and non-controlled associations. Behavioral data replicated previous findings of association-driven adaptive behaviors. Decoding analyses of EEG data further showed that associations of controlled and non-controlled information were represented concurrently and differentially. Brain-behavioral analyses also showed that the strength of both associations was associated with faster responses. These findings support the idea that controlled and non-controlled associations are governed by an integrated task representation to guide adaptive behaviors simultaneously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive behavior is guided by integrated representations of controlled and non-controlled information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening links NFKB1 to endocrine resistance in ER⁺ breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to endocrine therapy (ET) remains a major clinical challenge in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER) breast cancer, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic targets. To identify genetic drivers of ET resistance, we conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in MCF7 cells implanted into ovariectomized nude mice under estrogen-deprived conditions. NFKB1 emerged as a top candidate whose loss promoted estrogen-independent tumor growth and recurrence. Functional studies confirmed that NFKB1 deficiency enhanced tumorigenicity and conferred resistance to tamoxifen and fulvestrant both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, transcriptomic and biochemical analyses revealed that NFKB1 loss activated canonical NF-{kappa}B signaling, leading to inflammatory gene induction and hyperactivation of ER signaling. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of NF-{kappa}B signaling restored ET sensitivity in NFKB1-deficient cells. Clinically, NFKB1 downregulation was enriched in ER breast tumors and associated with poor patient outcomes. Collectively, these findings establish NFKB1 as a key suppressor of ET resistance, uncover a mechanistic link between inflammation and ER reactivation, and highlight NF-{kappa}B signaling as a therapeutic vulnerability in NFKB1-deficient ER breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening links NFKB1 to endocrine resistance in ER⁺ breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Practical Preprocessing Pipeline for Concurrent TMS-iEEG: Critical Steps and Methodological Considerations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with intracranial EEG (TMS-iEEG) has emerged as a powerful approach for probing the causal organization and dynamics of the human brain. Despite its promise, the presence of TMS-induced artifacts poses significant challenges for accurately characterizing and interpreting evoked neural responses. In this study, we present a practical preprocessing pipeline for single pulse TMS-iEEG data, incorporating key steps of re-referencing, filtering, artifact interpolation, and detrending. Using both real and simulated data, we systematically evaluated the effects of each step and compared alternative methodological choices. Our results demonstrate that this pipeline effectively attenuated various types of artifacts and noise, yielding cleaner signals for the subsequent analysis of intracranial TMS-evoked potentials (iTEPs). Moreover, we showed that methodological choices can substantially influence iTEPs outcomes. In particular, referencing methods might strongly affect iTEP morphology and amplitude, underscoring the importance of tailoring the referencing strategy to specific signal characteristics and research objectives. For filtering, we recommend a segment-based strategy, i.e., applying filters to data segments excluding the artifact window, to minimize distortion from abrupt TMS-related transients. Overall, this work represents an important step toward establishing a general preprocessing framework for TMS-iEEG data. We hope it encourages broader adoption and methodological development in concurrent TMS-iEEG research, ultimately advancing our understanding of brain organization and TMS mechanisms.

HighlightsO_LIWe presented a practical preprocessing pipeline for single pulse TMS-iEEG data, incorporating key steps of re-referencing, filtering, artifact interpolation, and detrending.
C_LIO_LIThe pipeline effectively attenuates multiple types of artifacts and noise, enabling accurate characterization of evoked neural responses.
C_LIO_LIMethodological alternatives for each preprocessing step were evaluated using real and/or simulated datasets.
C_LIO_LIRe-referencing substantially affects the morphology and amplitude of intracranial TMS-evoked potentials and requires careful consideration.
C_LIO_LIA segment-based filtering strategy is recommended to better minimize distortion from TMS-related artifacts.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Practical Preprocessing Pipeline for Concurrent TMS-iEEG: Critical Steps and Methodological Considerations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual Novelty in Tinnitus a Causative Factor for its Persistence. A Stimulus Novelty Based P300 Paradigm on Acute, Chronic, and Non-Tinnitus Controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of tinnitus pathophysiology may be greatly advanced by understanding how the condition evolves from its initial onset or acute stage to its chronic manifestation. Such a transition likely reflects dynamic neurophysiological changes within central auditory and non-auditory networks. Previous studies have highlighted that individuals with acute tinnitus tend to have increased activity in the regions of anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobe, and insula all of which are essential in constituting the salience network. We therefore aimed at tapping into the salience network of tinnitus through a novelty based P300 paradigm in individuals with Acute, Post Acute (six months follow up since tinnitus onset) Chronic, and Controls. Participants were presented with an auditory oddball paradigm comprising three deviant types: (1) novel environmental sounds, (2) low-frequency tonal deviants, and (3) high-frequency tonal deviants, embedded within a sequence of frequent standard tones. Our results indicate a significant drop in P300 amplitude during the Post Acute stage across the three deviant stimuli, highlighting the substantial influence of the anterior cingulate cortex/salience network in possible generation of tinnitus and inferior parietal lobe in the persistence of tinnitus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umashankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual Novelty in Tinnitus a Causative Factor for its Persistence. A Stimulus Novelty Based P300 Paradigm on Acute, Chronic, and Non-Tinnitus Controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement contributes to hyperactive behavior in the 16p11.2 hemideletion mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complement system is a major component of the innate immune system and plays an important role in immune surveillance. Recent research has demonstrated that the complement system also plays pivotal roles in brain development, and dysregulation of complement is involved in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the mechanisms by which the complement system contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remain poorly understood. In this study, we find that the expression of a central regulator of the complement cascade, complement component 3 (C3), is upregulated in the striatum of mice modeling the 16p11.2 hemideletion (16p11.2 del). 16p11.2 del is among the most common copy number variations associated with NDDs including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID). Pharmacological inhibition of the C3a receptor alleviates hyperactivity in 16p11.2 del mice, suggesting that elevated complement contributes to NDD-relevant behavioral changes. Due to the pro-inflammatory actions of the C3a receptor, we assess the cytokine environment in the striatum, a key neural substrate for locomotor behavior, and find that several inflammatory factors are upregulated in 16p11.2 del mice. Collectively, these results indicate that increased expression of the complement system, especially C3, mediates hyperactive behavior and is associated with a pro-inflammatory environment in the striatum of 16p11.2 del mice. Our results suggest that inhibition of an overactive complement system may be an effective strategy to ameliorate NDD symptoms resulting from 16p11.2 hemideletion including those associated with ADHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelvington, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement contributes to hyperactive behavior in the 16p11.2 hemideletion mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac-specific Kv1.1 deficiency alters cardiomyocyte electrophysiology without modifying overall cardiac function or arrhythmia susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), resulting from seizure-induced cardiorespiratory arrest by mechanisms that remain unresolved. Mutations in ion channel genes expressed in both brain and heart represent SUDEP risk factors because they can disrupt neural and cardiac rhythms, providing a unified explanation for seizures and lethal arrhythmias. However, the relative contributions of brain-driven mechanisms, heart-intrinsic processes, and seizures to cardiac dysfunction in epilepsy remain unclear. Here, we investigated the heart-specific role of the Kcna1 gene, which encodes Kv1.1 voltage-gated potassium channel -subunits expressed in both neurons and cardiomyocytes, where they shape action potential firing and influence seizure and arrhythmia susceptibility. We generated cardiac-specific Kcna1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking Kv1.1 selectively in cardiomyocytes and assessed their cardiac function using in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology. Cardiac Kv1.1 deficiency prolonged action potentials in atrial, but not ventricular, cardiomyocytes, demonstrating a direct role for Kv1.1 in atrial repolarization. Despite these cellular effects, cKOs exhibited normal lifespans, electrocardiographic features, heart rate variability, pacing-induced arrhythmia susceptibility, contractility, seizure susceptibility, and seizure-induced mortality. Thus, while loss of cardiac Kv1.1 was sufficient to impair atrial repolarization, it did not reproduce the broader cardiac abnormalities seen in global Kcna1 knockouts. Given the higher mortality rates of global compared with neural-specific knockouts in our previous studies, cardiac Kv1.1 deficiency, while not lethal alone, may increase vulnerability to seizure-related death when combined with neural deficiency, consistent with a brain-heart dyssynergy that lowers the threshold for fatal events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halvorson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trosclair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aughenbaugh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier-Hall, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasscock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac-specific Kv1.1 deficiency alters cardiomyocyte electrophysiology without modifying overall cardiac function or arrhythmia susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.671923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular prosthetics for CFTR designed for anion selectivity outperform amphotericin B in cultured cystic fibrosis airway epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.671923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ion channel-forming natural product amphotericin B (AmB) can serve as a molecular prosthetic for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel and thereby restore host defenses in cultured cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia. This is despite the fact that the permeability of AmB-based channels favors cations, and these channels lose their capacity to increase airway surface liquid (ASL) pH in CF airway epithelia at high concentrations. We hypothesize that modifying such channels to favor anion permeability would make them more CFTR-like and thus increase their potential therapeutic effects compared to AmB. Here we show that a synthetic derivative of AmB, AmB-AA, which has an added positively charged appendage and forms ion channels with an improved relative permeability to anions, outperformed AmB in increasing the ASL pH in CF airway epithelia at both low and high concentrations. Further modifications led to another AmB derivative, C2epiAmB-AA, that also minimized cholesterol binding and thus toxicity to cultured CF airway epithelia and was an effective surrogate for CFTR in primary cultured airway epithelia from people with CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin-Toledo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakowski, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogorelov, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornell, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.671923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular prosthetics for CFTR designed for anion selectivity outperform amphotericin B in cultured cystic fibrosis airway epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lentiviral-mediated gene complementation rescues pathogenic ABCA3 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) protein on the limiting membrane of lamellar bodies in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells transports phospholipids required for pulmonary surfactant assembly. ABCA3 deficiency results from biallelic pathogenic variants in ABCA3 and causes progressive neonatal respiratory failure or childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD). Supportive/compassionate care or lung transplantation are the only current definitive treatments for ABCA3 deficiency and progressive respiratory failure. Complementing dysfunctional ABCA3 by gene addition has therapeutic potential. Previous studies show that repairing or complementing ABCA3 in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived AT2 cells rescues lamellar body morphology and surfactant phospholipid composition. Pathogenic variants disrupt ABCA3 function through altered protein trafficking (type 1) or by impaired phospholipid transport (type 2) into lamellar bodies. Here we tested ABCA3 gene complementation using a human pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549) with a genomically silenced ABCA3 locus (ABCA3KO). From this line, additional cell lines that stably express individual ABCA3 variant cDNA constructs from a single genomic locus were tested: L101P (type 1), E292V (type 2), E690K (type 2), or wild-type ABCA3. Lentiviral-mediated ABCA3 delivery to each cell line partially rescued localization to LAMP3+ vesicles, lamellar body-like structure morphology, and cell proliferation. A functional assay measuring NF-{kappa}B signaling suggested that ABCA3 complementation ameliorated aberrant inflammatory signaling in E292V or E690K (type 2) mutant lines, but not in L101P (type 1) or knockout lines. These studies highlight the therapeutic potential of gene addition as well as differences between ABCA3 pathogenic variants that may influence genetic therapy outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooney, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlford-Lenane, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wambach, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lentiviral-mediated gene complementation rescues pathogenic ABCA3 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replating induces mTOR-dependent rescue of protein synthesis in Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseased neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by sensory dysfunction and muscle weakness, manifesting in the most distal limbs first and progressing more proximal. Over a hundred genes are currently linked to CMT with enrichment for activities in myelination, axon transport, and protein synthesis. Mutations in tRNA synthetases cause dominantly inherited forms of CMT and animal models with CMT-linked mutations in these enzymes display defects in neuronal protein synthesis. Rescuing protein synthesis in CMT mutant neurons could offer exciting therapeutic options beyond symptom management. To address this need, we expressed CMT-linked variants in tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (YARS-CMT) in primary sensory neurons and evaluated impacts on protein synthesis and cell viability. YARS-CMT expression reduced protein synthesis in these neurons prior to the onset of caspase-dependent axon degeneration and cell death. To determine how YARS-CMT expression affects axon outgrowth, we dissociated and replated these neurons to stimulate axon regeneration. To our surprise, axonal regrowth occurred normally in replated YARS-CMT neurons. Moreover, replating YARS-CMT neurons rescued protein synthesis. Inhibiting mTOR suppressed rescue of protein synthesis after replating, consistent with its significant role in protein synthesis during axon regeneration. These discoveries identify new avenues for augmenting protein synthesis in diseased neurons and restoring protein synthesis in CMT or other neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homedan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberhasky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replating induces mTOR-dependent rescue of protein synthesis in Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseased neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical Sodium Channel Isoforms Underlie Chamber Specific Cardiac Excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels drive cardiac excitability. While NaV1.5 is the primary cardiac isoform, the composition and functional contributions of non-NaV1.5 isoforms in the heart remain unclear. Here, we developed a chemical-genetic mouse model (NaV1.5-GX) in which NaV1.5 can be selectively and reversibly inhibited by acyl- and aryl-sulfonamide compounds (GX drugs). NaV1.5-GX mice exhibited normal cardiac function at baseline, but acute GX drug administration caused profound conduction defects and arrhythmias. Whole-heart optical mapping revealed dose-dependent chamber-specific sensitivity to NaV1.5 inhibition, with the right ventricle (RV) being the most sensitive, followed by the left ventricle (LV), left atrium (LA), and right atrium (RA). Patch-clamp recordings of isolated cardiomyocytes with application of NaV isoform-selective inhibitors showed that NaV1.5 contributed 93% of sodium current in the LV, 81% in the RV and 78% in the LA. Non-NaV1.5 isoforms were differentially enriched across chambers: NaV1.8 in the LV, NaV1.1/1.3 in the RV, and NaV1.2/1.6/1.7 in the atria. These results reveal a surprising chamber-specific isoform landscape of cardiac sodium currents which may underlie the right ventricular predominant phenotype of Brugada syndrome and highlight non-NaV1.5 isoforms as potential mediators of chamber-specific cardiac pathologies and as pharmacological targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierdorff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gissot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infield, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeds, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLendon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical Sodium Channel Isoforms Underlie Chamber Specific Cardiac Excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interplay between temperature and growth phase shapes the transcriptional landscape of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly versatile bacterium capable of surviving and often thriving in stressful environmental conditions. Here we report the effect of two environmental conditions, temperature and growth phase, on the P. aeruginosa PAO1 transcriptome. As P. aeruginosa is well-known for its growth phase dependent phenotypes and gene regulation, our goal was to determine how temperature altered global gene expression at exponential versus stationary phase and to characterize how growth phase affects thermoregulation. To do this, we grew PAO1 in parallel at 25{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C and sampled the same populations first at exponential phase and then again at stationary phase and assessed gene expression by RNA-sequencing. We found that temperature regulated hundreds of genes at, and unique to, exponential and stationary phase. We also grew PAO1 and an isogenic {Delta}lasR mutant at 25{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C and sampled populations at stationary phase to define LasR-regulated genes at each temperature by RNA-sequencing. LasR regulated most of its target genes similarly at 25{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, although we identified a subset of genes whose regulation by LasR was affected by temperature. This work provides a comprehensive thermoregulon for PAO1 at two distinct growth phases, as well as growth phase transcriptomics at two temperatures, and expands our understanding of quorum sensing regulation under different environmental conditions that P. aeruginosa encounters.

IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen with a repertoire of mechanisms for surviving in diverse and often challenging environments yet is most often studied at 37{degrees}C as the optimum temperature for growth. To better understand how this bacterium survives in the environment versus the human body, we performed transcriptomics on P. aeruginosa grown at 25{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C. At each temperature, we examined both exponential and stationary phases. We also determined the LasRI quorum sensing regulon at 37{degrees}C compared to 25{degrees}C using a {Delta}lasR mutant, which uncovered a suite of previously unrecognized LasR-regulated genes. Our work provides a comprehensive transcriptomic resource for thermoregulation of P. aeruginosa at two growth phases, as well as growth phase and LasR regulation at two temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interplay between temperature and growth phase shapes the transcriptional landscape of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifelong restriction of dietary valine has sex-specific benefits for health and lifespan in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary protein is a key regulator of metabolic health in humans and rodents. Many of the benefits of protein restriction are mediated by reduced intake of dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, valine and isoleucine), and restriction of the BCAAs is sufficient to extend healthspan and lifespan in mice. While the BCAAs have often been considered as a group, it has become apparent that they have distinct metabolic roles, and we recently found that restriction of isoleucine is sufficient to extend the healthspan and lifespan of male and female mice. Here, we test the effect of lifelong restriction of the BCAA valine on healthy aging. We find that valine restriction (Val-R) improves metabolic health in C57BL/6J mice, promotes leanness and glycemic control across ages, and reduces frailty, cancer prevalence, and senescent cell burden in multiple tissues in both sexes. Val-R reduces glial activation in the brain in a male-specific manner, and extends the lifespan of male, but not female, mice by 23%. To investigate the molecular mechanisms engaged by Val-R with aging, we conducted multi-tissue transcriptional profiling and gene network analysis. While Val-R had a greater molecular impact in the liver, muscle, and brown adipose tissue of females, the enrichment of genes associated with phenotypic traits was stronger in males. Assessing novel gene relationships across tissues, we identified a liver gene module enriched in mitochondrial-related pathways as a central hub. Assessing mitochondrial function, we identified a Val-R-induced male-specific increase in mitochondrial respiration. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Val-R improves multiple aspects of healthspan in mice of both sexes and extends lifespan in males, and suggests that interventions that mimic Val-R may have translational potential for aging and age-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calubag, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ademi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayarathne, H. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchanayake, D. N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lialios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babygirija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonsalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunow, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopf, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricke, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagurski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamming, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifelong restriction of dietary valine has sex-specific benefits for health and lifespan in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.672699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulating apicobasal tissue polarity in extracellular matrix incorporated airway organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.672699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The airway epithelium is a dynamic barrier that interfaces with the external environment and internal matrix along its apicobasal axis. To recapitulate this tissue arrangement in an organoid format, we present the decellularized ExtraCellular Matrix-incorporated Apical-out Airway Organoid (dECM-AoAO) that integrates basolateral matrix cues through incorporation of human lung dECM microparticles, while maintaining direct apical exposure to the exterior. Compared to the ECM-free AoAO, dECM incorporation effectively diversifies lineage distribution that better recapitulates native epithelial composition. Harnessing dECM-AoAO locomotion powered by its outward-facing ciliary beating, we developed an experimental and computational pipeline for swarm analysis of organoid group motility as a functional readout of ciliary function. Lastly, dECM-AoAO withstood cryopreservation and revival with sustained viability, lineage composition, and ciliary function, enabling future scalability and broad distribution. Together, this work establishes dECM-AoAO as a more physiologically relevant model system for investigating epithelial-ECM crosstalk during airway homeostasis, pathogenesis, and injury responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porritt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golestan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>farimani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.672699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulating apicobasal tissue polarity in extracellular matrix incorporated airway organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous peripheral oxygen desaturation and apnea events in mice vary by strain and inspired oxygen level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse models of chronic intermittent hypoxia are widely used in research to understand the role of sleep apnea in disease pathogenesis. Mice exposed to periodic reductions in FIO2 model arterial desaturations observed in humans and recapitulate many comorbidities of sleep apnea. Here, we perform a detailed characterization and confirm reports that mice in room air experience spontaneous, periodic desaturation events. We measured peripheral oxygen saturation in the four mouse strains most commonly used in intermittent hypoxia research (C57BL/6J, CD1, BALB/c, and 129S1) and subjected them to conscious barometric plethysmography to measure oxygen desaturations and apneas simultaneously and took measurements across a range of fractional inspired oxygen (FIO2). As expected, all strains experienced periodic apneas that were followed by desaturations and decreasing FIO2 resulted in a reduction of spontaneous apneic events (p = 0.001). Surprisingly, most oxygen desaturations were not preceded by apneas or hypopneas, and mice experienced more desaturations at lower FIO2 (p < 0.001), despite less frequent apneas. Furthermore, we found strain differences in ventilatory response consistent with prior findings and a novel strain difference in 129S1 mice. These data suggest that spontaneous desaturations are caused not only by apneas and hypopneas but also by other mechanisms, independent of respiration. Our findings provide important context for mouse models of sleep apnea and associated diseases, and future work should explore the extent to which these findings are relevant in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasileva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRuisseau, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapleau, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous peripheral oxygen desaturation and apnea events in mice vary by strain and inspired oxygen level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Deletion of ASIC3 Alters Left Ventricular Remodeling and Autonomic Function After Myocardial Infarction in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic overactivation of neurohormonal systems is the principal driver of adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). Recent data suggest that ablating cardiac afferent neurons in rats attenuates left ventricular (LV) remodeling following MI by blocking this overactivation. Our lab has shown that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are highly expressed in cardiac afferents and may sense myocardial acidosis. We hypothesized that genetic deletion of ASICs might abrogate disadvantageous remodeling after MI by disrupting afferent signaling pathways otherwise resulting in overactivation of neurohormonal responses. To test this hypothesis, we induced MI by coronary artery ligation in wild type (WT) and ASIC3-/- mice and assessed cardiac remodeling by serial echocardiography. We found that ASIC3-/- mice had less LV dilation relative to MI size, increased LV mass, and increased stroke volume compared to WT mice after MI. To investigate a potential role of the autonomic nervous system, we measured renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and systolic blood pressure variability (sBPV), and hemodynamic responses to atropine and propranolol. In addition, we assessed baroreceptor-heart rate and baroreceptor-renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) reflex function. Following MI, ASIC3-/- mice had lower baroreceptor-RSNA reflex sensitivity than WT mice, associated with elevated sBPV. Importantly, sBPV correlated significantly with post-MI changes in LV mass in ASIC3-/- but not WT mice. Our data shows that ASIC3 plays an important role in cardiac remodeling after MI potentially via modulation of baroreflex sensitivity and sBPV. ASIC3 may be further investigated as a potential therapeutic target in heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Geneidy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauss, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabharwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Deletion of ASIC3 Alters Left Ventricular Remodeling and Autonomic Function After Myocardial Infarction in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple clades of regulators contribute to bacterial phosphate homeostasis and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphate is both essential for life and toxic, necessitating the tight regulation of its acquisition. Based on Escherichia coli, most bacteria are thought to use a single accessory protein that monitors import to regulate phosphate homeostasis. This work reveals that most bacteria possess multiple distinct families of accessory regulators with each family regulating homeostasis in conjunction with a unique importer family. The antibiotic-resistant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can obtain phosphate from divergent environments and possesses accessory-transporter pairs from all three identified groups. Investigations with S. aureus revealed that all three accessory proteins can regulate phosphate homeostasis, but that there is a hierarchy, which is dictated by the environment. Multiple accessory regulators are independently necessary for S. aureus to cause infection. Thus, microbes possess not one, but multiple distinct groups of accessory regulatory proteins and this diversity enables them to control phosphate homeostasis across environments, including those encountered during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vermilya, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joya, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehl-Fie, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple clades of regulators contribute to bacterial phosphate homeostasis and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute malaria dysregulates specialized lymph node macrophages to suppress vaccine-elicited protection against Ebola virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The filovirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), causes outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) throughout equatorial Africa. ERVEBO(R) (rVSV/EBOV) is a replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-vectored vaccine licensed to control EVD outbreaks. EVD outbreaks occur in regions endemic for Plasmodium-caused malaria. Plasmodium infections persist due in part to the parasites ability to evade sterilizing immunity which also dampens immune responses to heterologous vaccines. Acute murine Plasmodium infection at the time of rVSV/EBOV vaccination reduced vaccine-mediated protection against mouse-adapted EBOV (ma-EBOV) challenge. Decreased protection was associated with a Plasmodium-induced interferon gamma (IFN-{gamma})-mediated decrease of rVSV/EBOV replication in lymph node (LN) macrophages, resulting in reduced primary anti-EBOV glycoprotein antibody responses. Higher doses of rVSV/EBOV partially overcame the antibody deficits and elicited protective responses. Evidence of the negative impact of Plasmodium on the efficacy of low dose rVSV/EBOV vaccine protocols supports the use of high antigen loads in effective management of EVD outbreaks.

IMPORTANCEWe show that blood-stage murine Plasmodium infections negatively impacts the primary antibody response elicited by low dose rVSV/EBOV vaccination and results in reduced protection against a lethal dose of ma-EBOV. This defect occurs within the draining lymph node due to the elevation of IFN-{gamma} elicted in Py-infected mice. The Py-imposed decrease in vaccine-mediated protection can be overcome with higher doses of rVSV/EBOV. While the strong protection conferred by rVSV/EBOV and significant side effects known to be associated with this vaccine have led to the suggestion that the vaccine dosage be reduced19, our studies provide a rationale for maintaining a higher dose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messingham, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute malaria dysregulates specialized lymph node macrophages to suppress vaccine-elicited protection against Ebola virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trsp is required by regulatory T cells to prevent lethal autoimmunity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selenoproteins are involved in immune cell metabolism, yet the roles of these proteins in T cell development and function remain largely unknown. The Trsp gene encodes the selenocysteine tRNA (tRNASec) required for translation of all selenoproteins. In this study, we found that Trsp was required for thymopoiesis, with the majority of tRNASec-deficient T cells not progressing beyond double negative 3 stage, with egressed thymocytes undergoing peripheral homeostatic expansion. Trsp-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibited impairments in TCR and IL-2 signaling and did not cause inflammation in experimental models. On the other hand, Trsp-deficient regulatory T (Treg) cells exhibited defects in suppressive function ex vivo and Treg-specific Trsp deletion using Trspfl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre (Trsp!{iota}Treg) mice caused fatal autoimmunity similar to FOXP3-deficient mice. Reducing oxidative stress via 2-HOBA administration prolonged survival in these Trsp!{iota}Treg mice. These findings indicate that tRNASec is required for T cell homeostasis and may be therapeutic targets in inflammation.

One sentence summaryTrsp, a gene required for translation of all selenoproteins, is essential for all T cell development and function, especially regulatory T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilat, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rings, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samsom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trsp is required by regulatory T cells to prevent lethal autoimmunity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA Cerox1 targets components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain to regulate the memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSleep deprivation (SD) impairs long-term memory, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of sleep loss on memory are poorly understood. Molecular changes driven by SD have thus far focused on transcription and translation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of regulatory RNAs, have recently been recognized as an important player in memory research. However, it remains unclear how sleep deprivation modulates the expression of lncRNAs or their targets to lead to memory impairment. In this study, we explored the role of lncRNAs in the disruption of spatial memory caused by SD. We examined a set of synapse-associated lncRNAs that were identified through a transcriptome analysis after SD. Among them, we discovered that the lncRNA Cerox1 is downregulated in dorsal hippocampus following SD, and its levels recover after 2.5 hours of rebound sleep. Sleep is critical for the regulation of metabolism and sleep loss impairs mitochondrial function. Both sleep deprivation and Cerox1 knockdown were found to reduce complex I activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This reduction of complex I activity is linked to the decrease in expression of a subset of complex I subunits including Ndufs1, Ndufs3, Ndufa3 and Ndufs6. Overexpression of Cerox1 has the opposite effect, leading to increased complex I activity. Sleep deprivation reduced ATP levels in the dorsal hippocampus, while Cerox1 overexpression restored it. SD disrupted memory consolidation, and this impairment was rescued when Cerox1 was overexpressed. Cerox1 transcript contains multiple miRNA binding sites that regulate the activity of the lncRNA. Notably, overexpression of Cerox1 transcript lacking miRNA binding sites did not rescue the memory deficit caused by SD. Our findings demonstrated that the impairment of memory consolidation after SD is linked to lncRNA-mediated control of mitochondrial electron transport chain activity essential for sustaining energy requirements.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/676326v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d72d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e3590org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15e83c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e1f92_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kisku, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ningchangmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanisamy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long non-coding RNA Cerox1 targets components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain to regulate the memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel monoclonal antibodies against the C-terminal HEAT domain of Huntingtin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDReliable detection of huntingtin (HTT) is essential for understanding Huntingtons disease (HD) biology and evaluating therapeutic strategies. However, high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the HTT C-terminal domain remain limited.

OBJECTIVEWe sought to generate and validate novel monoclonal antibodies targeting the HTT C-terminal HEAT-containing domain to better detect HTT independently of potential effects of polyglutamine length that can impact some N-terminally targeted antibodies.

METHODSWe immunized mice with a highly purified, well-characterized recombinant protein corresponding to the HTT C-terminal domain. We generated monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines and characterized the antibodies using parental and HTT-knockout cell lines in common immuno-applications.

RESULTSThree novel, independent hybridoma lines producing anti-HTT monoclonal antibodies were derived. Using CRISPR-edited HTT knockout cell lines we identified one clone, anti-HTT [2F8], that was specific and effective across Western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA assays. All antibodies bound full-length HTT irrespective of HAP40 interaction or polyQ length and showed no cross-reactivity to the N-terminal HEAT domain.

CONCLUSIONSThese C-terminal HTT mAbs are thus valuable additional tools for studying endogenous HTT function in both normal and disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel monoclonal antibodies against the C-terminal HEAT domain of Huntingtin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based and model-free valuation signals in the human brain vary markedly in their relationship to individual differences in behavioral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human action selection under reinforcement is thought to rely on two distinct strategies: model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. While behavior in sequential decision-making tasks often reflects a mixture of both, the neural basis of individual differences in their expression remains unclear. To investigate this, we conducted a large-scale fMRI study with 179 participants performing a variant of the two-step task. Using both cluster-defined subgroups and computational parameter estimates, we found that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex encodes model-based and model-free value signals differently depending on individual strategy use. Model-based value signals were strongly linked to the degree of model-based behavioral reliance, whereas model-free signals appeared regardless of model-free behavioral influence. Leveraging the large sample, we found individuals lacking both model-based behavior and model-based neural signals exhibited impaired state prediction errors, suggesting a difficulty in building or updating their internal model of the environment. These findings indicate that model-free signals are ubiquitous across individuals, even in those not behaviorally relying on model-free strategies, while model-based representations appear only in those individuals utilizing such a strategy at the behavioral level, the absence of which may depend in part on underlying difficulties in forming accurate model-based predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feusner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadayonnejad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based and model-free valuation signals in the human brain vary markedly in their relationship to individual differences in behavioral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interdomain disulfide bonds of rabbit kappa light chain allotypes influence mouse-rabbit chimeric antibody performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric monoclonal antibodies have emerged as powerful tools to extend the capabilities of traditional monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies are made by replacing the variable region of a monoclonal antibody with the variable region of another antibody, typically from a different species, enabling use in a wider range of applications. Although theoretically compatible, interspecies differences in antibody structure can complicate chimeric antibody design and performance. In this study, we evaluated the impact of rabbit light chain allotype on the expression and function of chimeric antibodies containing mouse light chain variable regions. We found that constructs using the rabbit kappa 1 b4 (K1-b4) allotype frequently exhibited poor recombinant expression and, in some cases, lost antigen recognition. Structural analysis implicated disruption of an intrachain, interdomain disulfide bond as a contributing factor. Restoration of key residues predicted to re-establish this bond partially rescued both expression and activity. Additionally, chimeric antibodies incorporating the rabbit kappa 1 b9 (K1-b9) allotype, which contains a disulfide bond not disrupted by mouse variable region sequences, consistently maintained robust production and antigen-binding activity across multiple applications, including immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunostaining, for several test antibodies. Our findings underscore the importance of light chain scaffold selection in recombinant antibody engineering and provide practical guidance for optimizing chimeric antibody design to preserve both expression and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interdomain disulfide bonds of rabbit kappa light chain allotypes influence mouse-rabbit chimeric antibody performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoDel: a long-read sequencing pipeline for identifying large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions validated in patient samples clinically diagnosed with mitochondrial disease and evaluated in glioblastoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTraditional methods for detecting large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions (LSMDs) in cells present challenges, i.e. a priori information, high DNA inputs, poor sensitivity and are not always quantitative. Mitigation can be achieved through high throughput DNA sequencing using e.g. Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), in combination with LSMD breakpoint identification and quantification using bioinformatic tools. Splice-aware RNA alignment tools increase the sensitivity for detecting LSMD breakpoints compared with DNA aligners. Long-read sequencing (LRS) also offers potential advantages over short read sequencing, e.g. greater read lengths and capturing variants on single reads. No existing pipelines capture the benefits of both a splice-aware alignment tool and LRS.

ResultsWe developed "NanoDel", a LRS pipeline, to sensitively and accurately detect cellular LSMDs. Using artificial datasets, "NanoDel" was more sensitive and accurate than other pipelines. In samples diagnosed with mitochondrial disease, it identified both known and previously uncharacterised (including mixtures) of LSMDs, without a priori information. LSMD breakpoints were found in mt-co1, mt-cyb, mt-nd6 and mt-nd5 genes. Analysis of selected LSMDs revealed proximity to repeat and putative G-quadruplex motifs, and occurrence in a range of healthy and pathological tissues, indicating potential for a shared vulnerability landscape in mtDNA, shaped by sequence motifs and structural constraints. "NanoDel" combined with one-amplicon, not two-amplicon, LR-PCR offers a robust strategy with clinical application for detecting LSMDs across a variety of cell/tissue samples, and its application across a broader range of samples, will yield new mechanistic insights into LSMD formation, and further our understanding of mtDNA instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fearn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griguer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeehan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeehan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoDel: a long-read sequencing pipeline for identifying large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions validated in patient samples clinically diagnosed with mitochondrial disease and evaluated in glioblastoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans infiltrates colon and rectal cancers causing therapeutic resistance and decreased survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome is increasingly recognized as a modifier of cancer progression and therapy response, yet the role of intratumoral fungi remains poorly defined. Here, we identify Candida albicans colonization within human colorectal tumors as a predictor of reduced survival and impaired radiation response. Leveraging the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) cohort, we show that high intratumoral Candida burden is associated with decreased survival across multiple gastrointestinal cancers, with the strongest treatment-specific effect in rectal cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. This observation was validated in independent rectal cancer cohorts using RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR.

In immune-competent murine colorectal cancer models, oral gavage of C. albicans resulted in intratumoral colonization, accelerated tumor growth, and radiation resistance, effects not observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or PBS controls. Colonized tumors exhibited increased hypoxia, altered metabolic and transcriptional programs, and distinct expression of genes linked to cytokine signaling and cell survival. Hypoxia conditioned C. albicans secreted metabolites that directly conferred radiation resistance to colorectal cancer cells in vitro, implicating a cancer cell intrinsic mechanism independent of immune signaling. Untargeted metabolomics revealed enrichment of nucleosides and lipid oxidation intermediates under hypoxia, suggesting that C. albicans metabolites may provide substrates facilitating tumor recovery after irradiation.

These findings establish C. albicans as a causal modifier of tumor biology and radiation response, highlighting intratumoral fungi as future potential therapeutic targets. Modulating fungal colonization or metabolism may improve radiotherapy outcomes and broaden our understanding of interactions between microbes and tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grencewicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loncar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrandon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreamer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanbakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benej, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallerla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskaluk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlingeer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilozumba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudaranthakam, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rounbehler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalady, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans infiltrates colon and rectal cancers causing therapeutic resistance and decreased survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.673638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast segmentation with the NextBrain histological atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.673638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural brain analysis at the subregion level offers critical insights into healthy aging and neurodegenerative diseases. The NextBrain histological atlas was recently introduced to support such fine-grained investigations, but its existing Bayesian segmentation framework remains computationally prohibitive, particularly for large-scale studies. We present a new, open-source tool that dramatically accelerates segmentation using a hybrid approach combining: machine learning, contrast-adaptive segmentation; target-specific image synthesis; and fast diffeomorphic registration (all three with GPU support). Our method enables highly granular segmentation of brain MRI scans of any resolution and contrast (in vivo or ex vivo) at a fraction of the computational cost of the original method (<5 minutes on a GPU). We validate our tool on four different modalities (in vivo MRI, ex vivo MRI, HiP-CT, and photography) across a total of approximately 4,000 brain scans. Our results demonstrate that the accelerated approach achieves comparable accuracy to the original method in terms of Dice scores, while reducing runtime by over an order of magnitude. This work enables high-resolution anatomical analysis at unprecedented scale and flexibility, providing a practical solution for large neuroimaging studies. Our tool is publicly available in FreeSurfer (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/HistoAtlasSegmentation).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puonti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dicamillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balbastre, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casamitjana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annunziata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althonayan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crampsie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzeni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustinack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlow, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliemann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.673638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast segmentation with the NextBrain histological atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating future changes in energy balance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AgRP neurons cause hunger, the drive to seek and consume food. Their activation by fasting is key for survival and is thought to be triggered by feedback when energy stores are low. However, we know that environmental cues can also regulate AgRP neurons, since cues that predict future food intake rapidly inhibit AgRP neurons. But is the converse true: can the prediction of future fasting rapidly activate AgRP neurons? Here we show that such rapid fasting activation of AgRP neurons does occur. This fasting response is driven by excitatory input from paraventricular hypothalamic neurons expressing Sim2, which are bidirectionally sensitive to predictions of future energy state. In this way, cognitively-processed contextual information conveyed by PVHSim2 neurons strongly activates AgRP neurons. Lastly, chronic silencing of PVHSim2 neurons causes persistent hypophagia. This PVHSim2 to AgRP neuron circuit, by anticipating and preventing negative energy balance, provides an important new dimension of hunger regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowenstein, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madara, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowell, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating future changes in energy balance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Dynamics of Flexible Cognitive Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In dynamic environments, flexible cognitive control adaptively adjusts processing through proactive mechanisms deployed in advance and reactive mechanisms engaged upon conflict. Previous studies have primarily focused on identifying neural networks supporting specific control components, while less is known about how multiple components interact over time to support adaptive control. To characterize these temporal dynamics, we combined EEG recordings with a face-word Stroop paradigm under changing conflict environment. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to estimate trial-wise learning rate, predicted conflict level, and prediction error, providing computational indices of cognitive control flexibility. Neural correlation analysis revealed that these variables correlated with Theta, Alpha, and Beta oscillations in distinct brain regions. Connectivity analysis among these regions indicated enhanced cross-frequency directional interactions triggered by stimuli. Furthermore, connections reflecting updates to predicted conflict level prior to stimulus onset indexed individual strength in proactive control, while connections reflecting learning rate updates after stimulus onset indexed reactive control. These findings highlight how oscillatory dynamics coordinate multiple control components and provide new insight into how proactive and reactive control emerge as distinct modes within this interconnected neural architecture of flexible cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Dynamics of Flexible Cognitive Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling MEK-inhibitor Associated Retinopathy in vitro using human induced-1 pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacologic inhibitors of MEK are important anti-cancer drugs but can result in MEK inhibitor-Associated Retinopathy (MEKAR) in which vision is lost due to serous retinal detachments that form via an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that the cause of this side effect is drug-induced dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. To test this hypothesis, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE cells. We treated mature, hiPSC-derived RPE cells with selumetinib and measured impacts on RPE-specific function, structure, and gene expression. Selumetinib increases the ability of hiPSC-derived RPE to internalize bovine rod outer segments (1.9 vs 3.0, p=0.0024). It also decreases expression of aquaporin 1 during the first 10 days of treatment (2.7 vs 1.1, p=0.0015). It has no effect on the ability of hiPSC-derived RPE to maintain membrane integrity. Selumetinib alters gene expression of hiPSC-derived RPE, with significant changes in genes involved in transport of ions and small molecules regulating cell volume and lysosomal acidification. Selumetinib may lead to subretinal fluid accumulation by both increasing secretions into this space and decreasing outflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lozano, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldt, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binkley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling MEK-inhibitor Associated Retinopathy in vitro using human induced-1 pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPS neurons receive extensive input from auditory brainstem nuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons that produce NPS send output to brain regions implicated in circadian function and threat responses, but less is known about the afferent control of NPS neurons. In this study, we used a conventional retrograde tracer, cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb), to identify afferents to the rostral-lateral parabrachial region that contains the main concentration of NPS neurons. We then used Cre-dependent rabies retrograde tracing in Nps-2A-Cre mice to identify inputs specifically to NPS neurons. Nps-expressing neurons receive heavy input from auditory brainstem structures, including the inferior colliculus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nucleus. These findings suggest an unexpected role for auditory information in controlling the activity of NPS neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPS neurons receive extensive input from auditory brainstem nuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of fluid control on the affective state of laboratory macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluid control protocols are widely used in neuroscience to motivate laboratory macaques to engage with behavioural tasks. Despite strong evidence that the physiology of the animals is not compromised by such protocols, fluid control remains controversial due to its potential impact on the psychological well-being of the animals. To address this concern, we investigated the effect of fluid control on the affective state of 23 socially-housed adult macaques (10 females) engaged in neuroscience experiments. The protocol involved up to five consecutive days of fluid control per week, followed by a minimum of two days with unrestricted fluid access. The affective state of the animals was primarily assessed by quantifying the frequency of pharmacologically-validated behavioural indicators of high-arousal negative affect (self-scratching, body shaking, self-grooming). The analysis was subsequently extended to validated behavioural indicators of low-arousal negative affect (Inactive not alert) and other behaviours suspected of indicate high-arousal negative affect but lacking proper validation (pacing, yawning). In total, 700 hours of video footage spanning up to seven years of intermittent fluid control per animal were analysed. Despite this extensive dataset, the study found no significant impact of fluid control on average, or any evidence of habituation or sensitization over the years on any of the affective state indicators. Additional results indicate that these null results are not due to a lack of sensitivity, supporting the view that fluid control, as implemented in this study, does not have an adverse impact on the psychological well-being of laboratory macaques. We argue that macaque welfare will be best served by focusing future refinement on other procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellano Bueno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of fluid control on the affective state of laboratory macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic elucidation and pharmacologic targeting on non-oncogene dependencies in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with imatinib and other KIT-targeting drugs, has been effective. However, most patients with advanced GIST eventually develop imatinib-resistance and succumb to disease. We have developed mutation-agnostic, network-based methodologies to systematically elucidate and pharmacologically target Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing critical non-oncogene dependencies of cancer cells. Unsupervised, MR-based clustering of 34 GIST patient tumor samples produced two clusters clearly separating imatinib-resistant vs. sensitive tumors. High-throughput profiling of transcriptional responses by two GIST cell lines to FDA approved and late-stage experimental drugs identified six candidate drugs that reversed the MR activity of imatinib-resistant GIST. Predictions were validated in two imatinib-resistant, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The top prediction, linifanib, induced marked tumor growth inhibition in both PDXs across a wide dose range, while selinexor was also effective compared to imatinib. We confirmed in vivo MR activity reversal by these drugs, but not by ineffective drugs.

Statement of SignificanceWe leveraged our network-based platforms, OncoTreat and OncoTarget, to characterize Master Regulators of imatinib-resistance in GIST and identify candidate MR-targeting drugs, an unmet clinical need. Top predicted drugs were successfully validated in cognate PDXs, thus providing a path for translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojadinovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caescu, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic elucidation and pharmacologic targeting on non-oncogene dependencies in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning of Brain-Behavior Dimensions Identifies Transdiagnostic Biotypes in Youth with ADHD and Anxiety Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in youth and are characterized by substantial heterogeneity and frequent co-occurrence. This transdiagnostic complexity challenges conventional diagnostic frameworks that rely on symptom-based categories, which often obscure underlying dimensional and neurobiological mechanisms and offer limited neurobiological specificity. To address these issues, we developed a deep learning-based brain-behavior modeling framework that integrates clinically salient functional connectivity with cognitive and behavioral measures to identify interpretable dimensions and biologically grounded subtypes (biotypes). We applied our model to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset comprising 3,508 children aged 9-11 years and revealed two reproducible brain-behavior dimensions that captured variation in cognitive control and emotion-attention regulation. These dimensions further yielded three distinct biotypes, each exhibiting unique symptom profiles and distinct brain development. We tested the robustness and generalizability of the dimensions and corresponding biotypes in an independent cohort of 224 age-matched participants from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) and documented their early expression before symptom onset during adolescence. These findings highlight the utility of brain-behavior dimensions for elucidating heterogeneous psychiatric presentations and advance a biologically grounded framework for early classification and potential clinical translation in youth mental health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonzo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlib, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohl, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning of Brain-Behavior Dimensions Identifies Transdiagnostic Biotypes in Youth with ADHD and Anxiety Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective reduction of KCNA4 in vulnerable glutamatergic-serotonin neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus in Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONWe previously demonstrated that htau mice recapitulate many neuropsychiatric features of early Alzheimers disease (AD), and that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains distinct subregions. Herein, we investigate vulnerability of the centromedial DRN to pathologically-phosphorylated tau (pTau), a region composed predominantly of dually serotonergic/glutamatergic (5HT/glut) neurons.

METHODSWe use computational, molecular, biophysical, and behavioral techniques to assess the centromedial DRN across preclinical and post-mortem settings.

RESULTSThe centromedial DRN contains 5HT/glut neurons that differentially express ion-channel genes in the htau mouse. 5HT/glut neurons exhibit increased excitability, which we demonstrate may dually promote pTau accumulation and the severity of depressive-like behaviors in htau mice. At Braak 2, KCNA4 is reduced in 5HT/glut neurons in AD, which are especially vulnerable to pTau compared to 5HT-nonglut neurons.

DISCUSSIONTau-mediated dysfunction of the DRN may be driven by changes in ion channel activity that concomitantly promote the spread of pTau in Braak progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolling, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter Alberhasky, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewcz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective reduction of KCNA4 in vulnerable glutamatergic-serotonin neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus in Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Cooperative Learning for Multimodal Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian multimodal models that integrate data from multiple sources, studies, or modalities have garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, existing methods either rely on computationally expensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) schemes or adopt variational approaches that forgo principled uncertainty quantification. To address this limitation and cater to practical needs, we abandon the MCMC framework and turn to resampling-based posterior inference for multimodal integration. Our method, Bayesian Cooperative Learning (BayesCOOP), embeds fast maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation within a Bayesian bootstrap, combining a novel jittered group spike-and-slab prior with an efficient expectation-maximization (E M) coordinate descent algorithm under randomly weighted data perturbations. Averaging posterior summaries (MAP estimates) across bootstrap replicates yields approximate posterior samples that retain Bayesian interpretability while avoiding the computational burden of traditional sampling-based inference. We establish theoretical connections between BayesCOOPs pseudo-posterior averaging and posterior contraction principles, demonstrating near-optimal posterior consistency under sparsity. Extensive simulation studies and analyses of pregnancy multi-omics datasets demonstrate that BayesCOOP substantially outperforms state-of-the-art early, intermediate, and late fusion approaches in estimation, prediction, and uncertainty assessment. The open-source implementation of BayesCOOP is available at https://github.com/himelmallick/BayesCOOP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Cooperative Learning for Multimodal Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAMHD1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection by enhancing HNF1-dependent ACE2 expression in lung epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts a board spectrum of viruses through multifaceted mechanisms. It also limits spontaneous- and virus-induced innate immune responses by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine and type-I interferon (IFN-I) production. Some viruses escape SAMHD1 restriction by utilizing SAMHD1-mediated innate immune suppression to establish effective infection through viral antagonism. Our previous studies showed that SAMHD1 is a proviral factor facilitating replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in human macrophages, monocytic THP-1 and epithelial-like HEK293T cell lines by suppressing IFN responses. However, it is unclear about the function of SAMHD1 in lung epithelial cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we report that SAMHD1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells by enhancing endogenous expression of the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1) and HNF1{beta}. Using pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and lentiviral vectors, we found that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated viral entry was suppressed in Calu-3 cells with SAMHD1 knockout (KO). SAMHD1 KO repressed ACE2 expression in Calu-3 cells at mRNA and protein levels. Functional analyses revealed that HNF1 and HNF1{beta} were crucial for the endogenous ACE2 expression in Calu-3 cells. Additionally, SAMHD1 KO led to a reduction in the expression levels and ACE2-promoting function of HNF1 and HNF1{beta}. Inhibition of IFN antiviral response by baricitinib, a Janus kinase 1 and 2 (JAK 1/2) inhibitor, did not revert the suppression of SARS-CoV-2 in SAMHD1 KO Calu-3 cells. Our findings demonstrate that SAMHD1 facilitates HNF1-mediated ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3 cells via a novel mechanism beyond its IFN-suppressive function.

Author SummaryDuring viral infection, SAMHD1 acts as a viral restriction factor and a suppressor of the innate immune system, controlling viral replication while also ensuring immune homeostasis. The innate immune suppressive function of SAMHD1 can be proviral for some viruses. SAMHD1 has been shown to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection in human macrophages, THP-1 and HEK293T cell lines by promoting IFN antagonism, but its role in lung epithelial cells is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that SAMHD1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells by enhancing expression of the major viral receptor ACE2. We found that SAMHD1 facilitated HNF1-medaited ACE2 expression that was required for spike protein-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry. However, inhibiting IFN signaling in SAMHD1 KO Calu-3 cells was not sufficient to revert SARS-CoV-2 replication. Our findings shed light on the differential proviral function of SAMHD1 in ACE2 expressing cells and suggest that SAMHD1 can facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond enhancing IFN antagonism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAMHD1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection by enhancing HNF1-dependent ACE2 expression in lung epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metalloenzyme's metal preference evolves through redox modulation driven by the cofactor's secondary coordination sphere 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in protein properties and functions are central to the evolution of life. Metalloproteins can evolve by changing their preference from one metal cofactor to another. Recently, we demonstrated that the widely distributed iron or manganese dependent superoxide dismutase (SodFM) family have undergone numerous metal-preference changes, including during evolutionary adaptation of pathogenic bacteria to altered metal availability within the host. Yet the underlying properties of metal-binding sites that control metalloenzyme metal-preference are unclear, and thus we lack an understanding of how enzymatic metal-preference can be re-shaped by evolution. Here, we used spectral features of bound iron or manganese, whose intensities reflect their oxidation state, to assess how their redox properties are manipulated during SodFM evolution. We systematically analysed the metal oxidation state across diverse SodFMs from multiple phylogenetic groups with different catalytic metal-preferences, including those known to have undergone evolutionary metal-preference switching. We observed a striking relationship between resting oxidation state and catalytic metal-preferences. Mutagenesis of second-sphere residues previously identified as determining metal preference revealed that they modulate metal-dependent activity and cofactor oxidation state in tandem, demonstrating these properties are linked. Together, these data argue that the differing SodFM metal preferences observed across the tree of life evolved through tuning of their redox properties by the secondary coordination sphere. This study gives insight into the process by which a metalloenzyme originally optimised for one metal cofactor can evolve a new metal preference, under suitable selection pressure, through re-optimisation of its active site for catalytic reactivity of the new metal cofactor.

Significance statementMetal cofactors are needed by almost half of all enzymes. Catalytic metal-preference of metalloenzymes can evolve, for example to adapt to altered environmental metal availability. Yet, it is unclear how this evolutionary process occurs, enabling an active site optimised for one metal to change to become optimised for the new metal. Here, we have investigated this evolutionary process in a family of superoxide dismutase (SodFM) enzymes. We found that spectral features, which reflect the enzymes redox properties, of a diverse array of SodFMs with differing metal-preferences, and of mutated forms with artificially altered preferences, correlate with the metal-dependence of their activity. The data show that metal-preference change in SodFMs involves evolutionary tuning of the redox properties of SodFMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendra, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazgaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehl-Fie, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metalloenzyme's metal preference evolves through redox modulation driven by the cofactor's secondary coordination sphere]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing fratricide within T cell products using an anti-uPAR chimeric antigen receptor to drive the production of potent therapeutic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell therapy manufacturing of primary T cells often results in heterogeneous cell populations within a final product, with many cells lacking desired of receptor expression or those that have exhausted or other dysfunctional phenotypes. Here, we design a novel cell-intrinsic strategy to genetically reprogram primary human T cells to autonomously detect and eliminate dysfunctional cells. This integrated detection and elimination process, known as directed fratricide, is programmed via nonviral CRISPR genome-editing to eliminate the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain (TRAC gene knockout) and integrate a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), also known as CD87. Within these cell products, strong T cell stimulation or activation during manufacturing causes a small subset of cells to express uPAR, which subsequently triggers CAR-mediated killing by a separate subset of cells within the product. This fratricide induces proliferation in the desired cells and destroys undesired cells, a process that could be modeled computationally and controlled robustly via supplements to the culture media. The strategy enabled enrichment of anti-uPAR and anti-GD2 CAR T cell products up to [&ge;]99% CAR+/TCR-, favoring a stem cell memory-like phenotype (CD45RAhigh/CD62Lhigh). Understanding growth dynamics among T cell subsets and reprogramming them via CRISPR could accelerate the biomanufacturing of potent cell products without extensive selection methods.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/684419v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@199d85forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14c638aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3322org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba253d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mnuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotanchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing fratricide within T cell products using an anti-uPAR chimeric antigen receptor to drive the production of potent therapeutic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing HIPEC for Ovarian Cancer using Adjunctive Biomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, with high mortality rates primarily due to late-stage diagnoses and extensive peritoneal metastases. Despite improvements in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments, the prognosis for advanced ovarian cancer remains poor, highlighting the urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has emerged as a promising treatment, delivering heated chemotherapeutic agents directly into the peritoneal cavity post-cytoreductive surgery. However, HIPEC adoption is limited by three critical complications: suboptimal therapeutic efficacy in resistant tumors; abdominal adhesion formation; and systemic toxicity, including cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. This study investigates carbon monoxide gas- entrapping materials (CO-GEMs) as a novel multifunctional adjunctive therapy to address the three HIPEC limitations simultaneously. CO-GEMs effectively encapsulate and deliver carbon monoxide, leveraging the differential effects of CO in cancerous where it has been shown to reduce tumor burden. In ovarian cancer models, CO-GEMs significantly enhanced cisplatin efficacy, reducing the metastatic tumor burden by 46.6% through the downregulation of drug resistance pathways, including the IL-17, TNF, and NF-{kappa}B pathways; ECM receptor interaction, and VEGF signaling. CO-GEMs also prevented peritoneal adhesion formation by suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition, with a significant reduction in adhesion severity scores. Additionally, enteral CO-GEMs provided significant nephroprotection against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, as demonstrated by reduced blood urea nitrogen levels. CO-GEMs represent a promising innovation that simultaneously improves HIPEC therapeutic efficacy, prevents surgical complications, and reduces systemic toxicity. This multifunctional approach addresses multiple clinical limitations of HIPEC, potentially transforming treatment outcomes for patients with advanced ovarian cancer through an enhanced therapeutic index and improved safety profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafi, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunuguntla, S. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizalde, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzomah, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traverso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otterbein, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing HIPEC for Ovarian Cancer using Adjunctive Biomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral tegmental area dopamine controls timing variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision defines successful behavior, yet the brain mechanisms promoting precision are unclear. Here, we dissect dopaminergic circuits controlling precision along a single behavioral dimension - the timing of action. We use an interval timing paradigm that requires participants to indicate their estimate of an interval of several seconds with a motor response. We find that humans with Parkinsons disease (PD) had increased timing variability that predicted PD-related cognitive deficits and executive dysfunction. Surprisingly, lesioning ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons increased temporal variability. Further, GCaMP6s fiber photometry demonstrated that VTA dopamine neuron activity is strongly modulated at the start of temporal intervals, and that this trial start-related activity predicted temporal variability. Finally, we found that stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons improved timing by decreasing temporal variability in both intact and dopamine-depleted animals. Our data establish a model of cognitive symptoms of human PD and provide insight into the neuronal control of temporal variability, which impacts a wide range of executive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabakovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral tegmental area dopamine controls timing variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA vaccination overcomes hemozoin-mediated impairment of whole parasite vaccine efficacy for malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is a persistent global public health threat. Immunization with Radiation Attenuated Sporozoites (RAS) drives efficient CD8+ T cell dependent sterilizing immunity to malaria in humans. However, this protection is compromised in individuals living in malaria endemic regions and the mechanism(s) of the vaccine failure remain incompletely understood. In this study, we develop a murine model of Plasmodium infection where prior blood-stage exposure compromises RAS-induced CD8+ T cell responses and subsequent protection. We further identify the persisting malarial pigment hemozoin as a mediator of impaired CD8+ T cell responses. Mechanistically, we link this defect to impaired antigen uptake by dendritic cells, leading to reduced T cell activation. Importantly, we designed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine that encodes a string of Plasmodium CD8+ T cell epitopes and found that this vaccine overcomes the T cell defect and restores protection in Plasmodium exposed mice. Moreover, a combined RAS+mRNA vaccine regimen enhances liver resident memory T cells and protection even in malaria experienced hosts. These findings support the identification of hemozoin as a long-lived obstacle to vaccine efficacy in malaria endemic areas and provide a rational framework for designing malaria vaccines that are effective in endemic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewry, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pewe, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancox, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mix, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA vaccination overcomes hemozoin-mediated impairment of whole parasite vaccine efficacy for malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LINC complex and microtubule motors regulate the number and position of nuclei in the subperineurial glial cells of the Drosophila blood-brain barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multinucleated cells, or syncytia, provide a unique system in which to understand the mechanisms of cellular organization. The two most dramatic features of syncytial cells are the number of nuclei and the positioning of nuclei within a shared cytoplasm. While the mechanisms that regulate these features have been studied in some syncytial cells, most syncytial cells are uncharacterized. Furthermore, whether the formation of the syncytia and the organization of the syncytia are linked is not known. We have characterized the subperineurial glial cells (SPG) which form the most restrictive layer of the Drosophila blood-brain barrier. We have found that disruption of the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, Kinesin, or cytoplasmic Dynein specifically in SPG cells affected both SPG cell development and general brain development. Specifically, the brains were smaller in each case and the SPG cells were smaller when the LINC complex or cytoplasmic Dynein were disrupted. The number of nuclei per cell was increased when Kinesin was disrupted, decreased when cytoplasmic Dynein was disrupted, and abnormal numbers of nuclei were found when the LINC complex was disrupted. Finally, the positions of nuclei relative to their nearest neighbor was decreased when the expression of each gene was disrupted and nuclei were closer to the cell edge when either Kinesin or cytoplasmic Dynein were disrupted. Finally, the evenness of nuclear spacing was reduced when LINC complex or Kinesin expression was disrupted. Together, these data illustrate that formation of SPG cells and the organization of SPG cells are dependent on microtubule motors and the LINC complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Annes, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akinremi, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaCosta, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LINC complex and microtubule motors regulate the number and position of nuclei in the subperineurial glial cells of the Drosophila blood-brain barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Position-dependent effects of SCN2A premature stop codons on neuronal excitability and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SCN2A encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2, a key determinant of spike initiation and propagation in glutamatergic neurons. Premature termination codons are often assumed to produce uniform haploinsufficiency via nonsense-mediated decay, yet whether distinct SCN2A premature stop codons yield equivalent molecular, cellular, and behavioral outcomes remains unknown.

We generated two mouse lines carrying patient mutations--Scn2aY84X/+ (p.Tyr84UAA; early coding sequence) and Scn2aR1627X/+(p.Arg1627UGA; terminal coding exon)--on a C57BL/6J background. Allele-specific expression was quantified by targeted next-generation sequencing of whole-brain reverse transcribed cDNA. NaV1.2 protein was measured in half-brain lysates by automated western blot and ex vivo whole-cell recordings were obtained from layer 5b pyramidal-tract neurons in medial prefrontal cortex. A panel of behavioral assays assessed locomotion/exploration, motor learning, anxiety-like behavior, sociability, sensorimotor gating, and seizure susceptibility.

Allele-specific RNA handling diverged by position: mRNA carrying Y84X engaged partial nonsense-mediated decay, whereas R1627X transcripts were at allelic balance. Despite this difference in RNA fate, NaV1.2 protein was comparably reduced in both lines. Electrophysiologically, both premature termination codon mutations slowed the action-potential upstroke, with a larger decrement in Scn2aY84X/+than in Scn2aR1627X/+. Spike threshold was depolarized only in Scn2aY84X/+, whereas Scn2aR1627X/+ remained similar to wild type. Frequency-current relations showed reduced firing at near-rheobase inputs in both mutants, with responses approaching wild type at stronger currents. Behaviorally, locomotion, sociability, and sensorimotor gating were preserved. Both lines exhibited increased grooming--consistent with restrictive, repetitive behavior; Scn2aY84X/+alone showed greater exploration in the elevated-risk context and a male-predominant deficit in rotarod learning. In maximal electroshock testing, mortality was lower in both lines without differences in seizure threshold or severity.

Our results show that distinct SCN2A premature termination codons are not equivalent to one another, nor to a uniform haploinsufficient state. An early, nonsense-mediated decay-competent premature stop codon (Y84X) and a terminal-exon one (R1627X) produce partially overlapping yet allele-specific effects on neuronal excitability and behavior. These findings establish premature termination codon position as a determinant of phenotype, supporting allele-tailored mechanistic studies and therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Saneh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta, M. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gissot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Bryan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Position-dependent effects of SCN2A premature stop codons on neuronal excitability and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.686373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) machinery on HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.686373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of cellular and viral RNA and is critical to the regulation of its localization, stability, and translation. Previous studies on the role of m6A during HIV-1 replication have produced conflicting results. Since m6A function can vary dramatically by cell type and state, here we aimed to clarify the role of the m6A machinery during HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9 we targeted 46 cellular genes implicated in m6A or 5-methylcytosine (m5C) regulation and measured subsequent HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells. Only knockout of the m6A writer complex auxiliary proteins VIRMA and WTAP, and the m6A reader YTHDF2 were validated as significantly decreasing HIV-1 replication. In contrast, knockout of METTL3 or METTL14, which form the catalytic core of the writer complex, resulted in only marginal changes in HIV-1 infection, despite significant decreases in total cellular m6A levels. Chemical inhibition of METTL3 led to a dose-dependent decrease in HIV-1 infection, coupled with an increase in protein levels of METTL3 and other writer complex members. Expression of writer proteins was also co-dependent, revealing complex regulatory feedback mechanisms. Overall, these results clarify the role of epitranscriptomic machinery during HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells and suggest regulation by auxiliary members of the m6A writer complex is more influential than the function of the catalytic core itself on HIV-1 infection in primary CD4+ T cells.

IMPORTANCEm6A is the most common chemical modification on cellular and viral RNA and regulates its stability, localization, and translation. m6A modification and its regulation varies dramatically between cell types and cell states. In this study, we investigated the role of m6A factors during HIV-1 infection of physiologically relevant primary CD4+ T cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout 46 cellular genes implicated in RNA modification, we found only the m6A writer complex auxiliary members WTAP and VIRMA, and the reader YTHDF2, significantly affected HIV-1 replication in these cells. In contrast, knockout of METTL3 or METTL14, which form the catalytic core of the writer complex, resulted in marginal changes in HIV-1 infection, despite larger reductions in total cellular m6A levels. Our findings suggest regulation by auxiliary members of the m6A writer complex is more influential than the function of the catalytic core itself on HIV-1 infection in primary CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.686373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) machinery on HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychiatric risk implications of adolescent exposure to environmental insecticides: a systematic review of rodent studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a sensitive period of neurodevelopment marked by remodeling of brain circuits that support cognitive development and emotion and behavior regulation. These maturation processes heighten psychiatric vulnerability to environmental exposures, including to toxicants such as insecticides. Epidemiological studies show widespread adolescent insecticide exposure and increasingly link this with psychiatric outcomes, yet underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Preclinical studies can clarify these associations and identify insecticide-induced mechanisms that may disrupt neurodevelopment and produce consequent long-term behavioral outcomes. Here, we performed a systematic review of rodent studies following PRISMA guidelines. 50 original articles met inclusion criteria, examining neurotoxic outcomes following insecticide exposure during adolescence (postnatal days 21-60). Outcomes were categorized into four domains: neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric, neurobiological, and general neurotoxicity. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool. Across studies, insecticide exposure during adolescence led to learning and memory impairments and tended to increase depression relevant behaviors, alter locomotor activity, and produce general neurotoxic effects. Mechanistic findings highlighted disruptions in cholinergic and monoaminergic signaling, oxidative stress, neuroimmune changes, and cell death and other neurodegenerative processes. Together, these findings indicate adolescent insecticide exposure disrupts multiple neural systems with behavioral consequences relevant to adolescent development and psychiatric risk. Future research should model real-world exposures (e.g. dose, timing) to better inform translational understanding of adolescent psychiatric vulnerability. Because many life-long neuropsychiatric disorders emerge in adolescence, identifying how modifiable environmental exposures shape risk offers an opportunity for prevention and intervention strategies to alter the course of disease across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychiatric risk implications of adolescent exposure to environmental insecticides: a systematic review of rodent studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupil dilation indexes - but does not causally influence - conscious error detection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of performance-monitoring using atomoxetine. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundConscious error detection is accompanied by error-related changes in phasic autonomic activity. This autonomic response is diminished in older age - accompanied by impairments in the conscious detection of action errors - i.e., increased  error blindness. Indeed, the degree to which the autonomic response to errors declines across the lifespan is correlated with the increase in error blindness. However, the direction of causality - whether changes in autonomic reactivity are a consequence or cause of increased error blindness - is still debated. In the present study, we experimentally modulated the phasic autonomic response to action errors in healthy older adults while measuring their conscious error detection.

MethodsAcross two sessions, thirty healthy older adults (60-80 years old) were given the sNRI atomoxetine or placebo in a double-blind fashion. In each session, they performed an anti-saccade task, which is commonly used to test conscious error detection. The autonomic response to errors was measured via changes in pupil dilation. A novelty-oddball task was also employed as a manipulation check.

ResultsAtomoxetine reduced phasic pupil dilation to both novel stimuli in the novelty-oddball task and to action errors in the anti-saccade task. However, despite this blunting of the phasic autonomic response to errors, there were no significant differences in conscious error awareness between atomoxetine and placebo. Primary task performance was also unaffected.

ConclusionsDespite its effects on phasic autonomic activity after errors, atomoxetine had no effect on conscious error detection in healthy older adults. This suggests that phasic autonomic activity is a consequence, rather than a contributing factor, to conscious error awareness. It also suggests that changes to phasic autonomic activity is unlikely to explain increased error blindness in older age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupil dilation indexes - but does not causally influence - conscious error detection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of performance-monitoring using atomoxetine.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide single-neuron bases of working memory for sounds in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to understand the constantly changing acoustic world our brains must maintain elements of auditory scenes in memory. The neural mechanisms for this fundamental process remain unclear. Here, we report human intracranial recordings of 1269 single neurons, recorded from various brain structures while participants performed a non-verbal auditory working memory task that required adjusting a tone frequency to match a target. We found neurons within regions including hippocampus, insula and cingulate cortex, for which firing rates were modulated at various phases of the task, particularly throughout maintenance and during active tone adjustment. For the majority of the neurons modulated during maintenance, relative to baseline, there was a striking suppression of activity rather than increased activity, though response types were heterogeneous both within and between regions. Across the entire neuronal population, state-space analyses demonstrated that the different task phases were clearly separable. Behaviorally, there was an increased number of neurons were modulated at the beginning of the maintenance phase when participants performed better. These data support the existence of a distributed neural code for auditory working memory that determines related behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billig, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gander, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calmus, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide single-neuron bases of working memory for sounds in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The L-lactate dehydrogenase LldD contributes to oxidative stress resistance, survival from neutrophils, and host colonization in Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic adaptation to the host environment is a key determinant of bacterial pathogenesis, enabling both colonization and invasive disease. This is particularly true for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc), the causative agent of gonorrhea, which lacks effector-injecting secretion systems or toxins. Gc infection triggers a rapid influx of neutrophils (PMNs) that typically kill bacteria through multiple mechanisms, including a potent oxidative burst. Despite this, Gc exhibits remarkable resistance to reactive oxygen species and readily replicates in the presence of PMNs, which is in part due to the consumption of PMN-derived lactate. Previous studies demonstrated that the lactate permease, LctP, is required for oxidative stress resistance in Gc and host colonization in a murine model of gonorrhea, suggesting that lactate utilization contributes to virulence. Gc encodes four lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) with distinct regulation and mechanisms, including two L-LDHs, LldD and LutACB. Although either enzyme alone supports L-lactate utilization, we found that both are required for full fitness during co-colonization with PMNs, indicating some non-redundant roles. Furthermore, LldD, but not LutACB, enhances oxidative stress resistance and is required for Gc colonization in a murine model of gonorrhea, whereas LutACB is dispensable. These findings identify LldD as a key factor promoting oxidative stress resistance, survival during PMN challenge, and host colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lankford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glomski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criss, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The L-lactate dehydrogenase LldD contributes to oxidative stress resistance, survival from neutrophils, and host colonization in Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HosA histone deacetylase regulates stress resistance, host cell interactions, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity of Aspergillus fumigatus to cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis depends on its ability to adapt to dynamic and stressful microenvironments within the host. Epigenetic regulation, including histone deacetylation, plays a critical role in fungal adaptation to stress. Here, we investigated the role of the class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) HosA in A. fumigatus stress resistance, host cell interactions, and virulence. A {Delta}hosA mutant had increased susceptibility to intracellular oxidant stress induced by menadione. It also had impaired capacity to invade and damage two pulmonary epithelial cell lines in vitro. In a corticosteroid-immunosuppressed mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, mice infected with the {Delta}hosA mutant survived significantly longer than those infected with the wild-type strain, despite having similar pulmonary fungal burden. The {Delta}hosA mutant also induced a weaker inflammatory response than the wild-type strain. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HosA regulates genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and energy metabolism, functioning as both an activator and repressor of distinct gene sets. Collectively, these results indicate that HosA is a key epigenetic regulator that governs A. fumigatus interactions with host cells and virulence during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

ImportanceEpigenetic modifications in A. fumigatus can be induced by environmental changes and stresses such as those induced by interaction with host cells. HosA, a class I histone deacetylase, has been shown to play a key role in regulating secondary metabolism in several Aspergillus species, but its function in A. fumigatus was previously unknown. We found that deletion of hosA increased susceptibility to intracellular, but not extracellular, oxidative stress. The {Delta}hosA mutant also exhibited significantly reduced pulmonary epithelial cell invasion and host cell damage, as well as attenuated virulence in immunosuppressed mice. Together, these findings indicate that HosA functions as a key epigenetic regulator that governs stress resistance, secondary metabolism, and fungal-host interactions. Defining the functions of HosA could provide critical insight into the epigenetic mechanisms that control fungal pathogenicity and may reveal a potential therapeutic target for invasive aspergillosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HosA histone deacetylase regulates stress resistance, host cell interactions, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor trimerizes to lock the spike protein in a closed conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds its receptor ACE2 to initiate target-cell infection. To engage ACE2, at least one of the three receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of the spike must adopt the up orientation. Here we describe S22, a potent, bioavailable, and non-toxic inhibitor of BA.2 and all subsequent Omicron variants. Cryo-EM analyses showed that S22 assembled as a trimer in a previously uncharacterized pocket of the spike apex, stabilizing all three RBDs in the down orientation, thereby preventing ACE2 association. Binding studies, especially those using mixed S22-sensitive and -resistant spikes, imply a cooperative assembly of three S22 molecules with three RBDs, resulting in an unusually slow S22 off-rate. Consistent with its slow dissociation and favorable pharmacokinetics, S22 suppressed viral replication 100-fold in the lungs of XBB.1.5-infected mice. Thus, S22 potently inhibits Omicron entry through a distinct mechanism whereby a small compound assembles cooperatively as a trimer to stabilize spike in an inactive conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayona, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getmanenko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crynen, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scampavia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannister, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor trimerizes to lock the spike protein in a closed conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PlantCV v4: Image analysis software for high-throughput plant phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PlantCV is an open-source Python project aimed at developing tools to address a range of image-based, plant phenotyping questions. PlantCV has been used for more than 10 years to automate trait collection from image data and the newest release, PlantCV version 4, continues to lower the barrier to entry for users without substantial coding experience through extensive example use-case tutorials and simplified installation. In addition to usability, we document added functionality since the release of PlantCV v2, including support for more image types such as fluorescence, thermal, and hyperspectral data. Finally, we describe the development of a new subpackage focused on morphological trait measurements like leaf angle, and demonstrate its utility as compared to more manual methods of data collection.

CORE IDEASO_LIPlantCV is an open-source, open-development, Python-based software package that has a new release for improved functionality and usability to make image analysis flexible and easier for researchers without a coding background.
C_LIO_LIPlantCV is now capable of handling new data types that are relevant to researchers, such as thermal and hyperspectral, and has built in functionality for extracting information from these image types.
C_LIO_LIThe software project aims to lower the barrier to entry into image analysis for researchers by providing numerous, versioned, interactive tutorials that cover most common use cases, particularly in plant science.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casto, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballenger, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilhara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimech, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duenwald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrikse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurr, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarolmasjed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina Jimenez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohbihler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorence, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manching, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meerdink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklave, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrageda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peery, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyd</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PlantCV v4: Image analysis software for high-throughput plant phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute Stress in Female Adolescent Rats Increases Anxiety-like but not Depression-like Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a critical developmental period where heightened stress reactivity and responsiveness increase susceptibility to psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression. Studies with rodent models have primarily tested the effects of chronic, rather than acute, stress on the development of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and many have not included female subjects. The current study examined whether a single acute stress exposure in female rats can induce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors, and whether the timing of the stress, early (postnatal day 28) versus mid-adolescence (postnatal day 36), influences these outcomes. We used a PTSD-relevant stress paradigm that paired acute immobilization with fox-urine predator odor. Female Sprague-Dawley rats completed a battery of behavioral assays to characterize anxiety-like (elevated plus maze, open field test) and depression-like behaviors (sucrose preference test, forced swim test) between 12-16 days post exposure. Acute stress in either early or mid-adolescence caused an increase in anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze 15 days post-exposure. No increase in depression-like behaviors was observed at either age. Our findings suggest that a single exposure to a predator odor when paired with immobilization is sufficient to increase anxiety-like but not depression-like behaviors in female adolescent rats. These results provide evidence that acute stress during either early or mid-adolescence can lead to later anxiety in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Bryan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rempel-Clower, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute Stress in Female Adolescent Rats Increases Anxiety-like but not Depression-like Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed activity in the human posterior putamen distinguishes goal-directed from habitual control in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do some individuals rapidly form habits while others maintain flexible, goal-directed control? Using multivariate fMRI decoding in 199 participants, we show that distributed neural activity patterns in the left posterior putamen during initial learning predict individual behavioral strategy on a subsequent outcome devaluation test. This prediction generalized across two independent cohorts of healthy adults and psychiatric patients with heterogeneous diagnoses and was anatomically specific to the posterior putamen. Critically, predictive neural signatures were present during training, before strategy expression after devaluation, enabling prospective classification of habitual versus goal-directed behavior. These findings demonstrate that stable individual differences in behavioral control are reflected in circumscribed brain activity during learning, highlighting the posterior putamen as a candidate neural marker of habit propensity with potential clinical relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feusner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadayon-Nejad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed activity in the human posterior putamen distinguishes goal-directed from habitual control in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to host CO2 concentrations through the coordinated remodeling of central carbon metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and membrane homeostasis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental pathogen that remodels its cellular physiology to survive within mammals and, in susceptible hosts, cause life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Of the many distinctions between the external environment and mammalian tissues, CO2 concentration in the host is 2 orders of magnitude higher than in the environment and represent a critical stress for C. neoformans. C. neoformans strains that do not replicate at host CO2 concentrations are less virulent in mouse models of infection, further supporting CO2 tolerance as a virulence trait. To further understand the genetic determinants of C. neoformans CO2 tolerance, we performed a near genome-wide screen for deletion mutants with altered CO2 fitness using a competitive growth assay. A total of 301 of 4698 deletion mutants showed altered CO2 tolerance (245 reduced fitness; 51 increased fitness) demonstrating the global effect of host CO2 on C. neoformans physiology. Based on this data set as well as a metabolomic analysis of C. neoformans adaptation to host CO2, we show that remodeling of central carbon metabolism, oxidative stress buffering and membrane homeostasis represent an integrated response to CO2 stress that is mediated in part by the TOR-Ypk1 signaling axis. We propose that CO2-induced capsule formation leads to reduced cellular glucose which, in turn, triggers remodeling of central carbon metabolism toward utilization of alternative carbon sources and increased mitochondrial respiration/reactive oxygen generation. Thus, these data provide a near genome-wide profile of the genetic determinants of C. neoformans CO2 tolerance as well as a model for how this important environmental human fungal pathogen alters its physiology to proliferate in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ristow, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jezewski, a. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.691145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to host CO2 concentrations through the coordinated remodeling of central carbon metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and membrane homeostasis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite AAV Systems for EYS Retinal Gene Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the Eyes Shut Homolog (EYS) gene are a leading cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa, a progressive retinal degenerative disease for which no effective treatment currently exists. However, the large size of the EYS coding sequence ([~]9.4 kb) exceeds the packaging limit of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, posing a major barrier to gene replacement therapy. To address this challenge, we developed a tripartite AAV vector system that enables delivery and reconstitution of the full-length EYS gene using a Cre-lox-based unidirectional DNA recombination strategy, Uni-STAR (Uni-directional and Site-specific Transgene Assembly by Recombination). The system consists of three AAV constructs carrying discrete EYS segments flanked by engineered, non-compatible lox sites that drive ordered and unidirectional recombination in target cells. We validated this system in vitro by demonstrating successful reconstitution and expression of full-length EYS protein in HEK293T cells. In vivo, subretinal co-injection of the three AAV vectors into mouse eyes led to precise reconstitution and expression of full-length EYS protein in the retina. These findings establish the feasibility of using a tripartite AAV system to deliver the complete EYS gene and provide a foundation for future therapeutic development targeting EYS-associated retinal degenerations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite AAV Systems for EYS Retinal Gene Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transient feature of the inferior olive supports thedevelopment of cerebellar internal models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inferior olive (IO) supports motor learning by supplying the cerebellum with critical sensory and motor input. In adult rats, that input includes externally generated limb stimulation. In contrast, the IO of postnatal day 8 (P8) rats does not exhibit responses to external stimuli. Instead, IO activity primarily reflects corollary discharges associated with the production of self-generated limb twitches during active (REM) sleep. Because corollary discharges are necessary for the computation of internal models, we tested the hypothesis that IO-related corollary discharge is necessary for the emergence of a functioning cerebellar internal model during development. First, by conducting extracellular recordings in the IO at P12 and P20, we confirmed the presence of twitch-related corollary discharge at both ages; however, whereas the IO at P20 responded to limb stimulation, the IO at P12 did not. Next, using a protocol for selectively lesioning the climbing fibers that connect the IO to the cerebellum, including the interpositus nucleus (IP), we confirmed that lesioning at P12 prevents the IPs expression of corollary discharge at P13. Finally, we assessed the necessity of IO input to the cerebellum for the emergence of an internal model by lesioning climbing fibers at P12 or P19 and testing for the expression of a cerebellar internal model in the thalamus at P20. Only when the lesions occurred at P12 was the expression of the internal model severely disrupted. These findings provide the most direct evidence to date linking twitch-related corollary discharge to the developmental emergence of a cerebellar-dependent internal model.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn adult animals, internal models of movement generated by the cerebellum are essential for smooth, precise, and adaptive behavior. It is known that these internal models must develop in early infancy in an experience-dependent fashion; however, it is not known how sensorimotor experience acting on the nascent cerebellar circuit gives rise to adult functions. Here, in pre-weanling rats, we show that self-generated signals during sleep provide the early experiences that shape cerebellar internal models. Our findings lay a foundation for understanding how neural activity during sleep shapes typical and atypical brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transient feature of the inferior olive supports thedevelopment of cerebellar internal models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Temporal Patterns of Human Neural Firing in the Subthalamic Nucleus During Speech and Orofacial Movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical studies, along with electrophysiological findings, provide evidence that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) contributes to speech production. These studies have reported that the STN encodes diverse aspects of speech, comprising speech motor planning and execution, timing, and linguistic features such as phonetic content. However, none of these studies have included an orofacial non-speech motor task to evaluate speech-specificity of STN activity. Here, we examined the modulation of STN neurons while participants engaged in two speech tasks (sentence repetition and syllable repetition) as well as two non-speech orofacial movement tasks (jaw movement and tongue protrusion) in awake patients with Parkinsons disease undergoing deep brain stimulation implantation surgery. A total of 51 single- and multi-unit neural clusters were captured. A Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) was implemented to understand the temporal dynamics of STN activity. A larger proportion of clusters was modulated during speech (22%) than during orofacial movement (12%) and a substantial subset of STN neural clusters responded to overlapping speech and orofacial tasks (27%). The findings suggest that STN can encode both motor and linguistic aspects of speech production.

Graphical abstractThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) shows neural modulation during speech production, a process which requires motor planning, execution, and phonological functions. By comparing STN spiking activity during speech tasks (sentence and syllable repetition) and non-speech orofacial tasks (jaw movement and tongue protrusion), we identified task-specific modulation patterns in STN neurons. The STN contains distinct neural populations engaged during speech and orofacial movements. Among all recorded clusters, 22% responded exclusively to speech, 12% exclusively to orofacial movements, 27% to both, and 39% were non-responsive. We demonstrated that STN activity at single- and multi-unit levels is specific to speech production and is influenced by task-specific motor and linguistic demands, highlighting a role for STN in integrating motor control and speech production.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/693637v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ec3c60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6fe46forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fe733corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f736b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jourahmad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohl, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjaden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Temporal Patterns of Human Neural Firing in the Subthalamic Nucleus During Speech and Orofacial Movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of noncanonical complement C3 activation by histamine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For fifty years the tick-over mechanism has been considered responsible for priming the activation of the complement systems alternative pathway through the reaction of a nucleophilic water molecule with C3 yielding C3(H2O), even though the exclusivity of this role has been challenged by the existence of extrinsic proteases that can cleave circulating C3 into C3b. Here we show that the biogenic amine histamine can activate C3 by reacting with the internal thioester bond yielding a novel species that is equivalent to C3(H2O), which we have called C3h. Histamine activation of C3 occurs significantly faster than the water-mediated tick-over reaction, leading to the accelerated release of the C3a anaphylatoxin moiety, contributing to inflammation. Importantly, C3h can form an active C3 convertase enzyme that, together with the released C3a, can amplify complement activation and inflammatory responses. These results offer insight into the priming of the complement system activation and support the existence of direct crosstalk between histamine-releasing processes and complement activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Paz-Garcia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Querol-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Guzman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Merinero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares-Mejia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso-Gonzalez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez de Cordoba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.694092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of noncanonical complement C3 activation by histamine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of MICOS in modulating mitochondrial dynamics and structural changes in vulnerable regions of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complexes are critical for maintaining the mitochondrial architecture, cristae integrity, and organelle communication in neurons. MICOS disruption has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of MICOS-associated neuronal alterations during aging remain unclear. Using three-dimensional reconstructions of hypothalamic and cortical neurons, we observed age-dependent fragmentation of mitochondrial cristae, reduced intermitochondrial connectivity, and compartment-specific changes in mitochondrial size and morphology. Notably, these structural deficits were most pronounced in neurons vulnerable to AD-related pathology, suggesting a mechanistic link between MICOS disruption and the early mitochondrial dysfunction observed in patients with AD. Our findings indicate that the loss of MICOS integrity is a progressive feature of neuronal aging, contributing to impaired bioenergetics and reduced resilience to metabolic stress and potentially facilitating neurodegenerative processes. MICOS disruption reduced neuronal firing and synaptic responsiveness, with miclxin treatment decreasing mitochondrial connectivity and inducing cristae disorganization. These changes link MICOS structural deficits directly to impaired neuronal excitability, highlighting vulnerability to AD-related neurodegeneration. These results underscore the importance of MICOS as a critical determinant of neuronal mitochondrial health and as a potential target for interventions aimed at mitigating AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kula, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittaranjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapilyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalpana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivedya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roszczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigiuez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyckoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philips, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomeau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasonover, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santisteban, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheairs, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesenga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, C. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paing, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.693635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of MICOS in modulating mitochondrial dynamics and structural changes in vulnerable regions of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal single-cell profiling uncovers age-associated delays in immune resolution to respiratory viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following acute respiratory virus infections. To elucidate the immune determinants underlying viral pathogenesis and delayed lung repair in the aged lung, a comprehensive time-course study was conducted. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and high-dimensional flow cytometry were utilized to compare lungs from young and aged mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV). Aged hosts displayed diminished alveolar macrophage (AM) and dendritic cell (DC) but elevated monocyte-derived macrophage (MoM) and interstitial macrophage (IM) presence following infection. Additionally, enhanced accumulation of adaptive immune cells, including CD4+ tissue-resident helper (TRH) cells, CD8+ tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells, and a B cell subset resembling age-associated B cells, was observed in the memory phase. Pathway analysis revealed that elevated type I and II interferon (IFN/{gamma}) signaling, especially in MoM/IM subsets, distinguished the aged hosts from the young. Inhibition of IFN/{gamma} signaling after viral clearance improved long-term respiratory outcomes and reduced both IM and TRH populations in aged mice. These findings highlight the pivotal role of IFN/{gamma} signaling, likely within MoM/IM subsets, in driving the exuberant persistence of adaptive immune cells and chronic immunopathology in the aged lung following acute viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Almeida Santos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayasoufi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal single-cell profiling uncovers age-associated delays in immune resolution to respiratory viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Coronavirus Nsp6 hijacks host ER translocation machineries into viral replication centers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-coronaviruses evade host immune detection by replicating their genomes within double membrane vesicles (DMVs) derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. For example, SARS-CoV and CoV-2 encode three non-structural membrane proteins (Nsp 3, 4, and 6) which can remodel the ER to form DMVs. Here we test whether Nsps also function to recruit key host machineries required for viral replication and assembly within ER-derived DMVs. We use mouse hepatitis virus to study whether {beta}-coronavirus Nsps coordinate ER remodeling with host machinery recruitment. We demonstrate that Nsp6 generates Nsp6-remodeled ER domains that sequester host ER insertases including the Sec61 translocon, EMC, and GEL complexes. FRAP and FLIP experiments confirm that Nsp6 domains remain continuous with the ER and do not restrict membrane protein diffusion, except for those insertases that are sequestered there by Nsp6. Together, these data demonstrate a dual role for Nsp6 in remodeling ER membranes and sequestering host translocation machinery away from the general ER and into DMVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ecklund, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrisch, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voeltz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Coronavirus Nsp6 hijacks host ER translocation machineries into viral replication centers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mind the gap: Understanding discordance between culture- and a non-culture-based measure of bacterial burden in murine tuberculosis treatment models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The standard pharmacodynamic marker in murine tuberculosis drug studies is colony-forming units (CFU). A faster PCR-based marker of bacterial burden is 16S rRNA. For unclear reasons, treatment reduces CFU more than 16S rRNA. We evaluated this CFU-16S gap and estimated the fraction potentially attributable to slow decay of 16S rRNA from dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) versus transition to a viable but not culturable on solid agar (VBNCSA) population.

We quantified the CFU-16S gap during and following treatment in six BALB/c mouse studies and one in vitro study. Applying a two-population ordinary differential equation-based model of Mtb death and 16S rRNA decay, we estimated the fraction of the gap potentially attributable to dead Mtb. Using meta-regression, we estimated the association between CFU or 16S rRNA with relapse.

For all regimens, CFU fell more than 16S rRNA, ranging from isoniazid-rifampin-pyrazinamide-ethambutol (CFU decreased 39-times more than 16S rRNA at week 4) to bedaquiline-pretomanid-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide (CFU decreased >500,000-times more). The two-population model suggested that the fraction of the CFU-16S gap attributable to residual 16S rRNA from dead Mtb is modest and decreases over time. After treatment, 16S rRNA often fell while CFU rose. Four-week CFU change explained most variation in relapse (R{superscript 2}=0.90) while four-week 16S rRNA change did not (R{superscript 2}=0.24).

CFU-16S gap is only partially explained by slow decay of residual 16S, suggesting development of a VBNCSA population. However, continued decrease in 16S rRNA after treatment cessation and its limited association with relapse suggests VBNCSA may be a transient rather than persistent state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabor, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichlen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dide-Agossou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganusov, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskuil, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mind the gap: Understanding discordance between culture- and a non-culture-based measure of bacterial burden in murine tuberculosis treatment models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial ultrasound stimulation selectively enhances fronto-temporal context-guided memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is substantial scientific interest in improving approaches that can enhance cognition through brain stimulation. We implemented a non-invasive focal Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) approach with known longer-lasting post-stimulation effects in two rhesus macaques performing a context-dependent memory-sequencing task implemented on multiple touchscreens within their home units. Consistently in both monkeys, TUS to the anterior - but not posterior - medial temporal lobe enhanced performance under stable memory-sequencing contexts. TUS to the medial prefrontal cortex, on the other hand, selectively improved performance when contexts were unstable and the monkey needed to adapt to both a change in context and temporal sequence. These findings shed new light on fronto-temporal nodes that, when perturbed, can selectively enhance cognitive performance, paving the way for further developing non-invasive approaches to improve cognitive function in humans and to study neural circuits under focal perturbation across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slater, B. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffaratti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenaar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial ultrasound stimulation selectively enhances fronto-temporal context-guided memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment of Huntington's disease with a pan-HTT-targeting CRISPR nuclease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which leads to a mutant protein that destroys neurons in the brain. Despite intense effort, there remains no approved disease-modifying therapy for HD. Here we develop a pan-HTT-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 system that, when delivered to the striatum of R6/2 and YAC128 mice by AAV5, lowered mutant HTT mRNA and protein by 55-80% via its induction of frameshift-inducing indel mutations in HTT exon 1. Cas9 targeting improved motor coordination and locomotor activity, decreased anxiety-like deficits, reduced clasping and weight loss, limited striatal atrophy, and decreased the formation of intranuclear inclusions immunoreactive for the mutant HTT protein. In Hu21/21 mice, which carry the wild-type human HTT gene in lieu of the mouse ortholog, Cas9 lowered the HTT protein by 44% but induced no measurable behavioral deficits and had no adverse effect on neuronal viability, though its targeting was associated with neuroinflammation. Altogether, our results demonstrate the ability for a newly developed pan-HTT-targeting Cas9 system to affect HD-related phenotypes across models and provides insights into its tolerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bosque Siller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallister, T. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St John, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renshaw, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.20.695720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment of Huntington's disease with a pan-HTT-targeting CRISPR nuclease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acriflavine delivery via Polyurethane nanocapsules to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choroidal neovascularization is a complication associated with retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in the developed world. Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) refers to the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina which results in exudation and/or hemorrhage, leading to photoreceptor damage and vision loss. Currently first-line treatment for CNVM include intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-binding antibodies that prevent the growth of these leaky blood vessels. Unfortunately, anti-VEGF drugs often require frequent injections, and prolonged VEGF inhibition has been associated with retinal atrophy and decreased long term effectiveness in some patients. This study presents the use of Acriflavine, a small molecule HIF1 inhibitor loaded polyurethane nanocapsules to treat CNVM in a rat model. Fourteen days following laser injury and intravitreal drug administration, CMVM size was significantly reduced in acriflavine nanocapsule and free acriflavine treated animals as compared to drug free controls. Moreover, acriflavine nanocapsules reduce CNVM incidence compared to drug free controls by approximately 25%. Among the different delivery routes tested, intravitreal delivery of acriflavine nanocapsules was found to be superior to subretinal and suprachoroidal delivery for reducing CNVM area without causing significant damage to the neural retina. This paper presents the synthesis, characterization and the effectiveness of the polyurethane based acriflavine delivery system in treating choroidal neovascularization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Melo Haefeli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acriflavine delivery via Polyurethane nanocapsules to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-specific CD8 T cells are generated and reactivated in the bone marrow following viral brain infections and impact the bone marrow niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone marrow is the primary immune organ responsible for stem cell maintenance and hematopoiesis. However, the contribution of the bone marrow niche for the generation of adaptive immune responses is less well-understood. We therefore assessed the capacity of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells to be generated and expanded in bone marrow following acute neurotropic virus infection. Intracranial infection with the neurotropic Theilers Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) results in an acute infection in the C57BL/6 mouse which is cleared within 4 weeks post infection due to the generation of an antigen-specific CD8 T cell response against the immunodominant epitope VP2121-130. We determined that 1-10% of CD8 T cells present in the femoral, and sternal bone marrow were virus antigen-specific 5-7 days after intracranial TMEV infection. We determined that antigen-specific CD8 T cells were generated in the bone marrow with similar kinetics to that of conventional responses in the secondary lymphoid organs. Importantly, continuous treatment with FTY720, which sequesters T cells outside of the blood, did not eliminate antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the bone marrow compartment indicating generation within the bone marrow niche. Similarly, injection of Poly I:C admixed with fluorescently labeled ovalbumin into the brain generated a similar antigen-specific CD8 T cell response in the bone marrow indicating these responses occur following various brain insults. This model also identified the likely antigen presenting cell (APC) responsible for scavenging antigens from the brain and trafficking into the bone marrow as a migratory myeloid-derived APC. Moreover, following clearance of TMEV infection, CD8 T cells in the bone marrow established durable memory. Antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in the bone marrow reactivated and expanded upon cognate antigen reencounter. Antigen-specific reactivation of memory CD8 T cells within the bone marrow caused a concurrent increase in Lineage-, Sca-1+, c-Kit+ (LSK) and CD11b+ MHCII+ myeloid cells. This increase in the LSKs and myeloid cells in the bone marrow niche was abrogated with CD8 T cell depletion. We conclude that brain viral infections induce in situ effector and memory T cell responses within the bone marrow compartment. Memory recall CD8 T cell responses induce niche dysregulation by expanding LSK cells and lead to an influx of MHCII+ myeloid cells. Our data pave the way for crucial studies of bone marrow resident antigen-specific CD8 T cells in health and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anani-Wolf, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotchkiss, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reesman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaller, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moelker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt-Miggelbrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fain, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blethen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norberg, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasraw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandramohan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayasoufi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.696510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-specific CD8 T cells are generated and reactivated in the bone marrow following viral brain infections and impact the bone marrow niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet-Related Molecular Evolution Differs between Vertivores, Invertivores, and Combined Carnivores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammals have repeatedly evolved specialized diets, including a variety of predatory diets targeting different prey animals. Prior research has found differences in positive selection, gene family evolution and gene functional loss linked with diet, but has focused primarily on trophic level classifications of herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory. Here we divide "carnivores" into vertivores and invertivores, due to the differences in nutrient composition of those food sources. We find significant differences in evolutionary conservation of multiple genes and GO categories between vertivores and invertivores. Conservation relative to herbivores differs among vertivores, invertivores, and the combination of all carnivores. Lineages with predatory diets have increased conservation in lipid and amino acid metabolism relative to herbivores. Notably, we find that results in the combined carnivore-herbivore comparison are much more similar to those of the invertivore-herbivore comparison than the vertivore-herbivore comparison, which suggests that prior studies on carnivory may have been detecting signatures of selection related to invertivory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet-Related Molecular Evolution Differs between Vertivores, Invertivores, and Combined Carnivores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerative Index reveals declining muscle regeneration in paediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating disease manifested in skeletal muscle by repetitious myonecrosis and regeneration. Because the regenerative process is closely linked to the cumulative severity of muscle damage, which is variably distributed within and between muscle groups, accurately quantifying muscle regeneration has remained a significant challenge.

MethodsMyofibers are delineated by immunostaining for laminin, and subsequent image analysis employed to generate a masked outline precisely within each myofiber boundary. Morphometric parameters including minimal Ferets diameter, cross-sectional area, and circularity were measured for each myofiber. In addition, the number of Pax7-expressing satellite cells were quantified. To evaluate regenerative activity, newly formed myofibers were identified by immunostaining for expression of embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMHC). Necrotic myofibers were enumerated by immunofluorescent detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) infiltration. The Regenerative Index (RI) was calculated as the number of regenerating (eMHC+) myofibers divided by the number of necrotic (IgG+) myofibers. Determination of RI was performed on muscle biopsies from 10 boys with DMD and 3 non-DMD controls of similar age.

ResultsA trend toward an increasing minimal Ferets diameter, cross-sectional area and circularity was observed with increasing age in DMD boys, with circularity showing the strongest trend. Furthermore, compared to DMD boys 7- to 8-years old, the boys 9- to 11-years old had significantly increased myofiber circularity. Pax7-expressing cells were significantly elevated in DMD boys compared to control boys of similar ages, without any observation of age-related changes. Notably, the Regenerative Index in DMD boys exhibited a pronounced decline between 7-11 years of age, and a significant inverse correlation between RI and age was observed.

ConclusionsUsing eMHC and IgG immunostaining to calculate RI accurately assesses regeneration despite the variation in histopathologic severity between biopsies. This methodology demonstrated a significant negative correlation between RI and age of DMD boys from 7 to 11 years of age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smid, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monast, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayagiri, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnicki, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerative Index reveals declining muscle regeneration in paediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive Astrocytes Drive Extracellular Acidification to Mediate α-Synuclein Neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as key players in neurodegeneration1-3, yet the molecular mechanisms by which they drive disease remain elusive. Here, we uncover a fundamental pathway in which reactive astrocytes fuel neurodegeneration in -synucleinopathies--including Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinsons disease dementia--by acidifying the brains extracellular environment. We demonstrate that both human patient tissue and a gut-to-brain -synuclein mouse model exhibit accumulation of reactive astrocytes and extracellular acidosis. Mechanistically, we show that astrocytic lysosomal exocytosis releases acidic contents, driving a drop in pH that activates neuronal acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), resulting in neuronal loss and behavioral decline. Blocking this pathway--either by inhibiting astrocytic lysosomal exocytosis or genetically or pharmacologically targeting neuronal ASIC1a--mitigates pathology and rescues neurodegenerative phenotypes in vivo. These findings provide a conceptual advance by establishing a mechanistic link between glial inflammation, acid-base homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability, and suggest that targeting astrocyte-driven acidification or ASIC1a signaling could offer new avenues for disease modification in -synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenningsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive Astrocytes Drive Extracellular Acidification to Mediate α-Synuclein Neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATGL-mediated lipid droplet lipolysis promotes collective migration in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While lipid droplets (LDs), dynamic organelles central to lipid and energy homeostasis, are implicated in cancer cell migration, their roles during collective cell migration remain unknown. We use Drosophila border cell migration as an in vivo model of invasive, collective cell migration to dissect the roles of LDs and the conserved LD lipase, Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL). Border cell LDs undergo dynamic changes and decrease in volume by the end of migration. Loss of ATGL increases LD volume, whereas border cell overexpression depletes LDs. Loss, border cell knockdown or overexpression of ATGL delays migration and blocks delamination. Further, loss of ATGL disrupts border cell mitochondria - it alters morphology, reduces membrane potential and increases reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that tight regulation of lipid mobilization from LDs, including for energy production, drives delamination and collective migration. Our findings not only have the potential to inform how cancer cells exploit LDs to promote their invasive behaviors but also highlight the crucial role of LDs in migration during development, hinting at their broader significance in diverse migratory contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wipf, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorale, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfredsen, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tootle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATGL-mediated lipid droplet lipolysis promotes collective migration in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cribriform Plate Microenvironment Assembles a Suppressive Myeloid Network during EAE-induced Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During neuroinflammation, CD11c+CD11b+ myeloid cells accumulate at the cribriform plate, a key cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and antigen outflow site in mice. At this site, podoplanin (PDPN)-expressing cells, including lymphatic vessels and meningeal layers, expand to create a distinct drainage microenvironment. In this study we sought to characterize myeloid cells which populate this region using a mouse model of neuroinflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Utilizing a combination of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and scRNAseq, we report that macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) from this region display unique expressional signatures related to tolerance, cell death, and reduced inflammatory profile. Together this data supports that myeloid retention at the cribriform plate and olfactory bulb meninges promotes a local immunosuppressive environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Port, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrba, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baenen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyathilaka, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabry, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cribriform Plate Microenvironment Assembles a Suppressive Myeloid Network during EAE-induced Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic shift in ethanol and amino acid metabolic genes regulated by Med15 during alcoholic fermentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms that thrive in extreme environments provide natural experiments in evolution, revealing the genetic regulators that orchestrate complex phenotypic change. Wine yeast are specialized strains that are adapted to survive in the wine making environment while producing high concentrations of ethanol. In addition to large genomic changes that differentiate wine yeast from yeast used in other industries, single nucleotide and polyglutamine tract polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulator Med15 are associated with the fermentation efficiency and stress response phenotypes of wine yeast. In this study we investigated the transcriptional differences during wine fermentation in transgenic lab strain yeast having integrated wine yeast MED15 alleles. Compared to the unmodified lab strain (LAB or MED15LAB), the same strain in which the MED15 locus was replaced with a MED15 allele from yeast isolated from palm wine, the fermented sap of palm (oil, date, coconut) trees, (WY23, or MED15WY23) exhibited enhanced expression of glycolytic, fermentation, and amino acid biosynthesis genes. Our experimental data confirms the importance of arginine biosynthetic genes during the fermentation process and suggests that the improvement in fermentation efficiency in strains with MED15 alleles from some wine yeast strains may be related to the role of Med15 in expression of the genes of the arginine biosynthetic pathway. The global benefit conferred by polymorphisms in a single transcriptional regulator, makes Med15 a prime target for engineering of strains devoted to various types of alcohol production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunkemeyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic shift in ethanol and amino acid metabolic genes regulated by Med15 during alcoholic fermentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New paradigm of CRISPR spacerome for classification of global Escherichia coli lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our research team has recently identified a proof-of-concept for a previously unrecognized spacerome signature in a subset of globally distributed E. coli. Motivated by our initial observation, we pursued a more in-depth CRISPR spacerome analysis, which revealed a novel insight in discrimination of global E. coli sequence type (ST) lineages. We systematically retrieved publicly available E. coli complete genomes, analyzed and compared CRISPR spacerome of globally distributed strains. We found that global strains harbored spacerome that has remained conserved spaceromes for decades across multiple continents. Strains with the conserved spacerome belong to specific ST lineages of clinical importance. In addition, most protospacers were assigned to Gammaproteobacteria and Caudoviricetes. Our findings reveal unexpected long-term conservation of CRISPR spaceromes and their potential as high-resolution markers for E. coli epidemiological tracking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cwiertny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.698643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New paradigm of CRISPR spacerome for classification of global Escherichia coli lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twitching in sleeping premature infants provides a sensitive behavioral assay of early motor control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWLimb twitching is among the earliest observable behaviors in human development and a hallmark of active (REM) sleep. Systematic assessments in full-term infants have revealed functional features that informal observation cannot capture. Because preterm infants spend even more time asleep and are at heightened risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, we provide the first systematic characterization of twitching at 34-35 weeks postmenstrual age. Preterm infants exhibit an immense quantity of twitching across the body, underscoring its developmental significance. The spatiotemporal structure of twitching also changes with age, including a selective increase in finger and toe twitching. Unexpectedly, during periods of trace alternant, a precursor to quiet sleep, twitching appears in brief bouts that are almost exclusively restricted to the legs. These findings show how this abundant but overlooked sleep behavior provides a sensitive assay of the developing neural control of movement, with implications for understanding typical and atypical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriz, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaizy, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twitching in sleeping premature infants provides a sensitive behavioral assay of early motor control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation is the Driver of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Change in Interleukin10 Knockout Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlterations of gut microbiota have been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, patients with IBD show the reduced levels of gut bacteria to produce butyrate, a crucial metabolite for maintaining gut homeostasis, along with decreased levels of fecal butyrate. However, there is limited research on changes in butyrate-producing bacteria at various taxonomic levels during the development of inflammatory bowel disease.

ResultsWe investigated the changes of butyrate-producing bacteria in interleukin10 knockout mice, a suitable IBD model, as these mice require gut microbiota to develop spontaneous chronic colitis. Our findings indicate increased inflammation and a metabolic shift from butyrate oxidation toward glycolysis in 9-week-old interleukin10 knockout mice. Furthermore, we observed significant changes in two terminal enzymes involved in butyrate production: a significant increase of butyrate kinase and a significant decrease of butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA-transferase. These observations align with an increased abundance of Coprococcus comes, which utilizes butyrate kinase, and a decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii that utilizes butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA-transferase. Moreover, reduced levels of acetate, a necessary co-substrate for butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA-transferase activity, were observed in interleukin10 knockout mice.

ConclusionsThese findings enhance our understanding of changes in butyrate-producing bacteria populations at various taxonomic levels, ranging from phylum to gene level in 9-week-old interleukin10 knockout mice. Furthermore, these data suggest a potential for diagnosing IBD at an early stage by analyzing the composition of butyrate-producing bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffey, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunch, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burcham, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohoe, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation is the Driver of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Change in Interleukin10 Knockout Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of developmental transcription factors using RNA technology promotes heart repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic injury and adverse post-infarction myocardial remodeling are major causes of heart failure. We previously reported that microRNA (miR)-200c inhibition in murine embryos increased cardiogenic transcription factors (TFs) Tbx5, Gata4, and Mef2c to activate an immature cardiomyocyte cell state, suggesting miR-200 inhibition as a therapy for cardiac repair. We performed permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (a severe myocardial infarct, MI) on PMIS-miR-200c (inhibition of miR-200c; PMIS-C), PMIS-A (inhibition of miR-200a) and wildtype adult mice. Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) at 3 WPI (weeks post-injury) was 22% {+/-} 4.31% (WT) but increased to 56% {+/-} 4.25% (PMIS-C) (p [&le;] 0.0001). Post-infarction LV chamber dilation was reversed in PMIS-C mice compared to WT, and trichrome staining showed a decrease in fibrosis 3 WPI. By 9 WPI, PMIS-C heart function was like that of WT mice before injury. Tbx5, Gata4, Mef2c, and Isl-1 were increased after MI in PMIS-C hearts. PMIS-C mice recover cardiac function and reverse ischemic pathology of acute cardiac injury in adult mice. Inhibition of miR-200c activates several important pathways in heart development and repair mechanisms after an MI in adult hearts. The PMIS-miR-200c transgenic mice demonstrate an important role for miR-200c in regulating heart repair after ischemic injury.

Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWhat is known?C_ST_ABS*The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family targets several heart factors in vitro.

*miR-200c inhibition was shown to protect cardiomyocytes in a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial cellular model.

*miR-200 may play a role in cardiovascular fibrosis, however there are no in vivo reports of the role miR-200 plays in heart repair.

What New Information Does This Article Contribute?*PMIS-miR-200c transgenic mice reveal a role for miR-200c inhibition in rapid repair of the heart after a myocardial infarct (MI). After an MI, miR-200c expression increases, to levels observed during early heart development.

*Inhibition of miR-200c allows for expression of Tbx5, Gata4, Pitx2, Mef2c, Yap, Nppa and Sox5 factors to repair the heart after ischemic injury.

*PMIS-miR-200c mice have increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and reduced cardiac fibroblasts resulting in decreased fibrosis.

*Heart function in PMIS-miR-200c mice is significantly restored 3-weeks post-MI.

While microRNAs have been extensively studied in heart development and ischemic injury, little is known about the miR-200 family in the cardiovascular system. In other cell types and systems, miR-200 is upregulated under oxidative stress and hypoxia. miR-200c targets Zeb1, eNOS, Sirt1 and Fox01 to regulate cell growth and arrest, apoptosis and senescence in other tissues. miR-200 members are increased in response to ischemia, but this has not been evaluated in the heart. We show a direct effect of miR-200c inhibition and decreased fibrosis in the MI heart. The miR-200 family targets stem cell factors such as Sox2, Klf4, and Bmi1 and our recent sn-RNA multiomics analyses of PMIS-miR-200c mice revealed de-differentiated or immature cardiomyocytes. Thus, inhibition of miR-200c reactivates transcription factors after an MI, important for cardiomyocyte renewal. This research demonstrates how inhibition of miR-200 regulates cardiac function after an MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amendt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of developmental transcription factors using RNA technology promotes heart repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.698888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Utero CFTR Modulation Alleviates Disease in G551D Cystic Fibrosis Pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.698888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies indicate that pigs with CFTR-null and CFTR-{Delta}F508 mutations develop multiorgan disease similar to that in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). At birth, their airways exhibit host defense defects that predispose to airway infection, inflammation, and mucus accumulation. The CFTR-G551D mutation causes CF by producing CFTR channels that localize correctly but have reduced channel activity. Ivacaftor (VX-770) is a small molecule drug developed to potentiate CFTR activity. To test the phenotype of the CFTR-G551D mutation in pigs and determine whether ivacaftor can rescue CF abnormalities, we developed CFTRG551D/G551D (CF-G551D) pigs through homologous recombination in fetal fibroblasts and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Newborn CF-G551D piglets exhibited phenotypes similar to CF-null piglets, including meconium ileus, exocrine pancreatic destruction, micro-gallbladder, vas deferens destruction, and airway structural abnormalities. Compared to wild-type pigs, CF-G551D pigs had reduced forskolin-stimulated short-circuit current in airway and intestinal tissues. Ivacaftor increased the single-channel open state probability of CFTR-G551D and increased short-circuit current to near wild-type levels. Similar to our other CF pig models, we found that 100% of CF-G551D pigs were born with meconium ileus. To test whether in utero ivacaftor treatment could prevent or alleviate meconium ileus, pregnant sows were treated with ivacaftor beginning at day 35 of gestation and continuing until delivery. This treatment rescued the pancreas, gallbladder, and vas deferens phenotype in the majority of CF-G551D pigs. Animals that were spared from meconium ileus were able to survive without ivacaftor treatment. Airway disease developed similar to other CF pig models. These findings indicate that this model may be useful for studies in which CFTR function can be reversed, for investigating in utero CFTR correction strategies, and for longitudinal studies in CF pigs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Alaiwa, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randak, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostedgaard, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilkin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rector, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornell, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullard, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecil, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyken, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prather, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoltz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.698888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Utero CFTR Modulation Alleviates Disease in G551D Cystic Fibrosis Pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortico-basal ganglia dynamics of global and selective response inhibition in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Response inhibition is an important cognitive control mechanism, which enables flexible behavior by stopping inappropriate actions. Intracranial recordings across species have identified a neural circuit that implements response inhibition via the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia. However, this work has been limited to simple tasks, in which unequivocal, salient "stop"-signals require the inhibition of all ongoing responses. Notably, response inhibition in the real world is substantially different. Real-world response inhibition is selective: it occurs only after specific salient signals ( stimulus-selectivity) and stops only specific movements, while others continue ( response-selectivity). If and how the fronto-subthalamic system implements selective inhibition is largely unknown. Here, we recorded subthalamic local field potentials and scalp-EEG in humans performing a novel, selective inhibition task. Salient signals either required stopping all initiated responses (global inhibition), stopping only some responses (response-selective inhibition), or continuing all responses - i.e., ignoring the signal (which ensures stimulus-selectivity). All three signals initially triggered a common fronto-subthalamic inhibitory process, signified by a rapid increase in {beta}-burst activity. During global inhibition, subthalamic {beta}-bursting subsequently increased above baseline, persisting for over a second. During response-selective inhibition, this activity was delayed, which enabled a second bout of disinhibition and allowed appropriate responses to continue. Throughout this period, frontal cortical and subthalamic {beta}-band activity was tightly coupled. This shows that selective inhibition is implemented through rapid, context-dependent engagement and release of fronto-subthalamic inhibition. Moreover, subthalamic activity lasted substantially longer than assumed by classic behavioral-computational models. This supports recent theoretical models that assume protracted response inhibition during action-stopping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortico-basal ganglia dynamics of global and selective response inhibition in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Reconfiguration of Neurocognitive Task Set Representations Mediates Cognitive Flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control organizes contexts, stimuli, and actions into hierarchically structured representations that support flexible, goal-directed behavior. This organization allows appropriate actions to be selected in response to changing demands, contexts, and sensory inputs. Critically, different hierarchical levels place unequal demands on flexibility: sensory-motor plans must be updated rapidly to enable behavioral flexibility, whereas higher-level contextual goals are typically updated less frequently. A behavioral consequence of managing these demands is the task switch cost, the performance penalty observed when task representations are reconfigured across trials. Here, we investigated the behavioral and neural sources of switch costs using a hierarchical control task that dissociates context reconfiguration from subordinate rule switching. Functional MRI and behavioral data were collected from healthy human participants (both male and female). Behaviorally, subordinate rule switches were faster than context switches but were more strongly influenced by task-irrelevant perceptual changes, whereas context switches were relatively insensitive to such interference. To characterize the neural basis of these effects, we introduced a novel measure "neural distance", which quantifies trial-to-trial reconfiguration of multivoxel activity patterns. Across the brain, larger neural distances predicted larger RT switch costs, linking representational reorganization to behavioral performance. Importantly, representational reconfiguration differed across hierarchical levels and anatomical systems. Subordinate rule updating was modulated by perceptual input and expressed in distributed perceptual and motor networks, whereas context reconfiguration engaged the lateral middle frontal cortex and was comparatively insulated from interference. Our results reveal the structure of neural representations supporting flexible updating and interference-shielded contextual representations subserving control behavior.

SignificanceDaily activities often require a mixture of both high and low flexibility demands that need to be performed concurrently. Driving requires maintaining a stable destination goal while rapidly updating motor plans (brake, accelerate, turn, etc.) in response to changing sensory information. Although people perform such tasks with ease, it remains unclear how neural and cognitive representations are structured to respond to these different demands. The present study suggests that sensory-motor plans prioritize high flexibility by allowing greater influence from sensory inputs, which can create interference across brain networks when that input is task-irrelevant. Contextual information is shielded from this interference by representing contexts as distinctly as possible in the lateral prefrontal cortex, resulting in slower but more stable context switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Reconfiguration of Neurocognitive Task Set Representations Mediates Cognitive Flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.697254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal microscale biophysical instability mediates macroscale network dynamics shaping pathological manifestations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.697254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subtle changes in membrane excitability may contribute to neurological disease, but disease-relevant dynamical signatures that generalize across models remain poorly defined. Here, we quantified variability in action potential initiation in Drosophila neurons expressing tauopathy- or epilepsy-associated mutations and in human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with Alzheimers disease or epilepsy. Across these models, disease-associated neurons exhibited increased instability in spike timing relative to controls. In Drosophila neurons, this phenotype was accompanied by increased variability in voltage-gated sodium currents during non-stationary inactivation, identifying a candidate biophysical contributor to altered spike initiation.

Antiepileptic drugs reduced sodium-current variability and stabilized spike initiation in fly neurons, and similarly improved spike-timing instability in patient-derived human neurons. In the fly models, neuronal instability was also associated with altered circuit- and brain-state readouts. Together, these findings identify unstable spike initiation as a conserved electrophysiological phenotype across distinct neurological disease models and suggest that sodium-channel-dependent variability may contribute to this phenotype. Rather than establishing a complete multiscale causal framework, our study defines a tractable cellular and dynamical entry point for investigating how subtle perturbations in intrinsic excitability may scale toward circuit dysfunction and disease-relevant phenotypes.

Significance StatementLinking microscale neuronal changes to macroscale disease phenotypes remains a key challenge in neuroscience biophysics. Here, we show that neurons from Drosophila models of tauopathy and epilepsy and human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with Alzheimers disease and epilepsy share increased biophysical instability in their local neural activities. In fly neurons, this phenotype is associated with increased variability in voltage-gated sodium currents and is reduced by antiepileptic treatment. These findings define unstable local spike variability as a conserved dynamical signature across distinct disease models and nominate sodium-current variability as a mechanistically testable, pharmacologically reversible contributor to pathological excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Franco, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spera, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhakar, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.697254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal microscale biophysical instability mediates macroscale network dynamics shaping pathological manifestations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.700165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformalized Multiview Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.700165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWThere is an overwhelmingly large body of literature and numerous algorithms already available on "multimodal AI", based on different modeling and fusion paradigms. As multimodal AI becomes fully integrated into healthcare applications, the ability to say "Im not sure" or "I dont know" when uncertain is a necessary capability for safe clinical deployment, requiring the augmentation of current multimodal AI techniques. Our goal in this work is not to add yet another method to the growing toolbox of multimodal AI, but rather to (i) clarify how existing supervised multimodal AI methods can be understood through the lens of uncertainty quantification, and (ii) develop a unified framework that provides valid and interpretable uncertainty estimates for multimodal AI practitioners. We introduce Coracle, a conformalized framework for multimodal AI that seamlessly adapts to early, late, and intermediate fusion. Coracle provides theoretical marginal confidence guarantees and achieves valid finite-sample coverage without relying on distributional assumptions. Through extensive simulations and analyses of diverse biomedical multiview datasets, we demonstrate that Coracle consistently outperforms existing non-conformalized methods in both uncertainty estimation and calibration. By equipping published multiview models with valid, interpretable confidence measures, Coracle advances the development of trustworthy, uncertainty-aware statistical tools for biomedical decision support. Coracle is publicly available as an open-source R package at https://github.com/himelmallick/Coracle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.700165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformalized Multiview Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Barrier Loss Enables Microbiota-Mediated Purinergic Suppression During Malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota shapes malaria immunity and disease severity, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In a murine model, susceptibility to Plasmodium yoelii hyperparasitemia was associated with elevated regulatory T cells and diminished IFN-{gamma}. We demonstrate that the IgA-coated fraction of the microbiota is sufficient to transfer this susceptibility. Plasmodium infection disrupts the intestinal barrier regardless of microbiota composition. Mechanistically, barrier loss was associated with systemic adenosine persistence and an expansion of CD39+ plasmablasts in susceptible mice. Ugandan children with severe malaria exhibited a distinct purinergic immune signature compared to asymptomatic community children. Therapeutic reinforcement of the gut barrier or blockade of the downstream adenosine A2A receptor improved germinal centers and reduced disease severity in mice, independent of parasite burden, revealing a purinergic-dependent immunosuppression pathway that drives pathogenesis. This work defines an axis in which malaria-induced gut leakiness enables microbial-derived signals to trigger purinergic immunosuppression and severe disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polidoro, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednarski, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, F. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Ferreira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namazzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opoka, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilston-Lunel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Filho, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Barrier Loss Enables Microbiota-Mediated Purinergic Suppression During Malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Circulating FABP4 Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Hepatic Steatosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major driver of hepatic steatosis, yet the molecular link between excess adiposity and hepatocellular lipid accumulation remains incompletely defined. Here, we identify circulating fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) as a key mediator of adipocyte-hepatocyte lipid crosstalk in obesity. Analyses of human liver specimens and mouse models reveal aberrant accumulation of FABP4 protein--but not transcript--in hepatocytes during steatosis, indicating an extrinsic source. Genetic deletion of FABP4, specifically in adipocytes, protects against high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis without altering obesity or systemic lipid levels. Mechanistically, circulating FABP4 directly binds to hepatocytes, facilitating free fatty acid uptake. Furthermore, we developed a high-affinity humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes circulating FABP4, blocks hepatocyte binding, suppresses fatty acid uptake, and markedly attenuates hepatic steatosis in multiple obese mouse models. These findings establish circulating FABP4 as a pathogenic lipid chaperone and a promising therapeutic target for obesity-associated hepatic steatosis.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=180 SRC="FIGDIR/small/701451v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5b91d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c34892org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d17ea9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d2b43c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIHepatocytic accumulation of extrinsic FABP4 links adiposity to liver lipid deposition.
C_LIO_LISpecific deletion of FABP4 in adipocytes prevents hepatic steatosis without affecting systemic lipid levels or obesity.
C_LIO_LICirculating FABP4 derived from adipocytes directly binds hepatocytes to facilitate free fatty acid transfer.
C_LIO_LIBlocking circulating FABP4 with a high-affinity anti-FABP4 monoclonal antibody inhibits hepatocyte lipid uptake and attenuates steatosis in multiple obese mouse models.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avellino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilyansky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnicker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaurasia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Circulating FABP4 Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Hepatic Steatosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actuation of CRP activating region 3 by acetylation modulates V. cholerae sugar utilization and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cyclic AMP receptor protein or CRP is a global regulator of bacterial metabolism that activates transcription of genes required for utilization of alternative carbon sources in response to the second messenger cAMP, which is synthesized in the setting of glucose scarcity. CRP activates transcription through contact with RNA polymerase at three sites termed activating regions (ARs) 1-3. AR3 was previously reported to be functional only when CRP K52 was mutated to a neutral residue and to be essential for transcription only in the absence of AR1 and AR2. Multiple proteomic studies have reported acetylation of CRP K52. This post-translational modification is predicted to activate AR3. To probe the role of K52 acetylation (K52QAc) and AR3 at the genome level, we used ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis to compare WT CRP with a CRP K52Q mutant that mimics CRP K52Ac. We report that CRP K52Q binds to hundreds of new sites on the chromosome, resulting in increased abundance of known as well as previously unknown transcripts. These transcripts increase uptake and metabolism of dietary sugars such as maltose and galactose, repress acetate consumption, and augment virulence gene expression. We attribute the repression of acetate consumption to a novel small RNA, CrbZ, which is positively regulated by CRP K52Q in LB broth and by WT CRP specifically in minimal medium containing maltose. This study highlights the role of post-translational modifications in molding the CRP regulon to optimize pathogen metabolism and virulence gene expression in the human intestine in response to nutritional cues.

Significance statementAs a model in the field of bacterial transcription, the structure and function of the cAMP receptor protein (CRP), a global transcription regulator, has been exhaustively investigated. These studies have established three activating regions (ARs) where CRP contacts RNA polymerase, of which only two were thought to participate in transcription activation by native CRP. Here we provide evidence that post-translational acetylation of V. cholerae CRP lysine 52 actuates AR3, enabling occupancy of hundreds of novel CRP binding sites and the transcription of genes encoding novel small RNAs. These changes alter virulence gene expression, promote utilization of dietary carbon sources, and delay acetate uptake. We propose that acetylation of CRP K52 engages AR3, thus optimizing V. cholerae fitness in the human intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekalanos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dove, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watnick, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.701997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actuation of CRP activating region 3 by acetylation modulates V. cholerae sugar utilization and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal stress interacts with embryonic loss of Fgfr2 to increase locomotor hyperactivity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental psychiatric disorder associated with a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. We have shown embryonic dorsal forebrain loss in mice of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2), which has a critical role in normal brain development, results in ADHD-relevant phenotypes: increased locomotion and sociability, and impaired working memory postnatally. How such genetic vulnerabilities interact with environmental exposures to translationally model human ADHD risk remains unclear. Here, we pair the embryonic hGFAP-cre Fgfr2 conditional knockout (Fgfr2 cKO) mouse model with prenatal repetitive restraint stress, modeling an environmental factor associated with ADHD risk, to assess adult offspring behaviors and dopamine transporter (DAT) levels. Offspring of prenatally stressed, Fgfr2 cKO mice show increased locomotion (80% compared to non-stressed, Fgfr2 cKO animals). Prenatal stress led to a trend increase in impulsivity and trend decrease in working memory but did not affect sociability. There were no interactions with Fgfr2 cKO observed in these behaviors. Neurobiologically, prenatal stress led to a trend decrease in medial frontal cortex DAT, but these changes did not correlate with behavior. Taken together, our findings implicate prenatal stress as a potential contributor to gene-environment interactions for ADHD risk, supporting its use in translational animal models of childhood psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal stress interacts with embryonic loss of Fgfr2 to increase locomotor hyperactivity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.702504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapting flow cytometry for studying immune cell seasonality in wild migratory bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.702504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the drivers of wildlife immunity is critical for assessing stressor impacts and zoonotic risks. However, such studies are limited by logistical challenges of wildlife research and lack of species-specific reagents. We adapt flow cytometry, typically confined to laboratory settings, to field settings to profile cellular immunity with small blood volumes and extended sample holding times. We apply these methods to analyze immune cell seasonality in migratory Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). We confirmed four antibodies recognizing CD3, CD79a, MHCII, and CD11b that were originally validated in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), allowing us to quantify T and B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, respectively. Flow cytometry outperformed hematology in quantifying leukocyte profiles and revealed pronounced immune cell seasonality. Adaptive cells steadily increased between spring and fall migration. Neutrophils were most abundant during the reproductive period and decreased during migrations, whereas B cells were most abundant after reproduction and before fall migration; granulocytes as a whole, macrophages, and T cells had no seasonality. Females had more B cells than males but did not differ in other cells. Our findings lay the groundwork for applying flow cytometry to field studies of wildlife and provide important insights into the seasonality of bat immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hightower, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olbrys, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.702504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapting flow cytometry for studying immune cell seasonality in wild migratory bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The sex determination gene fruitless is essential for male Aedes aegypti mosquito swarming and attraction to female flight sounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggregating male mosquitoes locate females by showing strong and innate attraction to female flight sounds, with these behaviors forming the basis of mating in the worlds deadliest animal. In contrast, females do not show aggregation or sound attraction behaviors. Despite being documented for almost a century, the molecular underpinnings of these behavioral dimorphisms remain unknown. Here, we found that by disrupting the male-specific isoform of the key sex determination gene fruitless (referred to as fruM) in Aedes aegypti, mutant males behave like females. fruM mutant males show complete abolition of aggregation and sound attraction behaviors, resulting in failure to locate females for mating. We identified strong fruitless expression in control male ears, with the loss of FruM severely disrupting mutant male ability to amplify female flight sounds compared to control males. fruM mutant male ears propagate frequency-specific, sound-evoked electrical signals at about one-sixth the magnitude of control males, significantly reducing the amount of auditory information relayed to the brain. fruitless thus plays a significant role in determining proper male peripheral hearing function, which enables male hearing behaviors essential for mating. Transcriptomic analyses of mosquito ears enabled identification of essential hearing genes under the transcriptional influence of FruM. We propose that FruM fine-tunes the masculinization of mosquito ears through shaping male-specific hearing cellular machineries that support male attraction to female flight sounds. We conclude that FruM is the master regulator of male-specific reproductive behaviors in mosquitoes and propose fruitless, as well as fruitless-dependent genes, as novel targets for control strategies.

HighlightsO_LIFruM is the master regulator of male swarming and attraction to female flight sounds
C_LIO_LIFruM in male ears is essential for male amplification of female flight sounds
C_LIO_LIFruM in male ears modulates sound-evoked electrical signal propagation to the brain
C_LIO_LIFruM regulates essential hearing gene expression
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamikouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.703956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The sex determination gene fruitless is essential for male Aedes aegypti mosquito swarming and attraction to female flight sounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-based non-invasive profiling of tumor transcriptomes from cell-free DNA for precision oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling from liquid biopsies is increasingly adopted as a minimally invasive solution for clinical cancer diagnostic applications. Current methods for inferring gene expression from ctDNA require specialized assays or ultra-deep, targeted sequencing, which preclude transcriptome-wide profiling at single-gene resolution. Herein we jointly introduce Triton, a tool for comprehensive fragmentomic and nucleosome profiling of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and Proteus, a multi-modal deep learning framework for predicting single gene expression, using standard depth ([~]30-120x) whole genome sequencing of cfDNA. By synthesizing fragmentation and inferred nucleosome positioning patterns in the promoter and gene body from Triton, Proteus reproduced expression profiles using pure ctDNA from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) with an accuracy similar to RNA-Seq technical replicates. Applying Proteus to cfDNA from four patient cohorts with matched tumor RNA-Seq, we show that the model accurately predicted the expression of specific prognostic and phenotype markers and therapeutic targets. As an analog to RNA-Seq, we further confirmed the immediate applicability of Proteus to existing tools through accurate prediction of gene pathway enrichment scores. Our results demonstrate the potential clinical utility of Triton and Proteus as non-invasive tools for precision oncology applications such as cancer monitoring and therapeutic guidance.

SubjectsCirculating tumor DNA, liquid biopsies, patient-derived xenografts, whole genome sequencing, deep learning, convolutional neural network, gene expression
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patton, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netzley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persse, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galipeau, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itagi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vashisth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumpit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirci, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghodsi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iravani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-based non-invasive profiling of tumor transcriptomes from cell-free DNA for precision oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Cerebellar Nucleus Lesions Disrupt Rule-Based Category Learning and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar communication with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may play a significant role in cognitive functions. Our previous studies found that rule-based (RB) category learning depends on the PFC in humans and rats. The PFC is also crucial for behavioral flexibility following rule-changes in various tasks. Very little is known regarding the role of the cerebellum in RB category learning. The current study was designed to determine whether the cerebellum plays a role in RB category learning, and in categorization following a rule switch. Female and male rats were given bilateral lesions of the lateral cerebellar nuclei (LCN) or a control surgery and trained on an RB category learning task followed by a category rule switch. A subset of rats was trained on a control discrimination task with the same trial procedures as the categorization task. Rats with LCN lesions took significantly longer to learn both the first and second category rules but were not impaired on the control task. Computational modeling revealed less task engagement and increased switching between engaged and non-engaged states in the LCN lesion group. Several measures of task performance indicated that the category learning deficit was not caused by a motor impairment, response bias, or an inability to discriminate the stimuli. The category learning deficits with LCN lesions were related to reduced accuracy of stimulus classification, an inability to maintain task engagement, and loss of flexibility. The results show, for the first time, that the cerebellum plays a crucial role in category learning and category rule-switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wachter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broschard, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Cerebellar Nucleus Lesions Disrupt Rule-Based Category Learning and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.705205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zfp750 prevents oral adhesions and promotes temporary epithelial fusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.705205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The differentiation cascade that converts basal keratinocytes into suprabasal layers, including periderm, depends on the activity of transcription factors. Mutations in the genes encoding many of these transcription factors, including TP63, IRF6 and GRHL3, disrupt periderm development. Such mutations can also interfere with embryonic fusion and septation events that depend on periderm development, including palatogenesis, digit separation and the formation of temporary epithelial fusions between digits, between eyelids, and between pinnae and the scalp. ZNF750 (Zfp750 in the mouse) is a transcription factor required for keratinocyte differentiation, but whether mutations in ZNF750 contribute risk for orofacial cleft, and the role of Zfp750 in periderm development, are unknown. To address these questions we sequenced ZNF750 in 5,659 individuals including 2,125 with nonsyndromic OFC. We identify 33 rare missense variants with frequencies less than 0.1% in gnomAD. Of these, about half are predicted to be damaging with in silico tools. Collectively, these missense variants are not overtransmitted from parents to children with OFCs. Two of the variants have lower activity than the reference variant in a zebrafish embryo-based assay but no phenotype in the corresponding murine model. However, in murine embryos homozygous for a frame-shift mutation in Zfp750 (Zfp750fs) that we generated, palatal shelves are fused but intra-oral adhesions are present, a phenotype seen in murine mutants of several bonafide OFC genes. In addition, temporary epithelial fusions are absent in Zfp750fs neonates. RNA sequencing of forelimbs from Zfp750fs embryos reveals decreased expression of epidermal terminal differentiation genes, and both increased and decreased expression of distinct periderm genes. Immunofluorescence shows the consistent presence of periderm proteins within the oral adhesions in Zfp750fs/fs embryos. Together these studies suggest that while mutations in ZNF750 are not a major contributor to OFC risk, Zfp750 does contribute to periderm-dependent morphogenic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelizzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awotoye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olotu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowans, L. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naicker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie-Clarkson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zfp750 prevents oral adhesions and promotes temporary epithelial fusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transgenic K18-hACE2 mice are a standard model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), albeit with limitations. A mouse-adapted 30 (MA30) SARS-CoV-2 has been developed to allow infection of wild-type (WT) mice strains. However, SARS-CoV-2 MA30 cannot be easily tracked in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. To address the problem, we developed a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 based on the MA30 strain expressing fluorescent (mCherry) and luciferase (nanoluciferase, Nluc) reporter genes, alone or in combination, that enable tracking of viral infection in WT C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Insertion of the reporter genes resulted in minor viral attenuation in vitro, with [~]0.5-1.0-log lower titers than rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT in A549 hACE2 cells, while maintain similar plaque morphology and replication kinetics in Vero AT cells. In vivo, reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 caused transient weight loss, contrasting with lethal rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT infection. Bioluminescence imaging of rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 Nluc in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice revealed peak pulmonary replication at 2 days post-infection, with resolution by day 4, and correlated with tissue viral loads. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 expressing reporter genes to track viral infection in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo without a need for secondary approaches to monitor viral infection as are required for rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT. Our system is highly suitable to evaluate prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies or antiviral approaches in WT or transgenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice without the shortcomings of K18-hACE2 mice and with the added advantage of non-invasive monitoring of treatment efficacy.

ImportanceThe K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model limits the capability to study SARS-CoV-2. While a mouse adapted 30 (MA30) has been developed to study SARS-CoV-2 in wild-type (WT) mice, it does not allow non-invasive tracking of viral infections. Recombinant viruses expressing reporter genes enable real-time monitoring of infection dynamics, opening an avenue to study viral tropism and easily evaluate prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. They furthermore support longitudinal studies, which reduces the number of research animals required. Here, we show that a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 expressing fluorescent (mCherry) and nanoluciferase (Nluc) reporter genes, alone or in combination, can be used to track viral infections in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo without the need for secondary approaches that are required to detect SARS-CoV-2 MA30 in WT mice. These reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 may accelerate vaccine development and antiviral drug discovery in WT or transgenic mice bypassing the need for hACE2 overexpression in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayoumi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzatpour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plemper, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins across Metazoan groups. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are comprised of long stretches of repetitive DNA that evolve rapidly in organisms across the tree of life. Consistent selfish centromere evolution can also have cascading effects - driving rapid evolution in interacting kinetochore proteins - possibly to maintain centromere-kinetochore compatibility. Effects of selfishly evolving centromeres on interacting proteins are most heavily studied in the inner kinetochore and assembly proteins including the constitutive centromere-associated network proteins CENP-A and CENP-C with some exploration of the extended effects to other kinetochore-associated protein complexes. While rapid evolution of the centromere has been broadly studied in many organisms, studies assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins have largely focused on Drosophila. Here, we tested the hypothesis that signatures of positive selection would be present in outer kinetochore and condensin genes in diverse animal groups. We selected two protein complexes -the Condensin I complex and the Mis12 Complex - to test for positive selection in parasitic wasps, two groups of ray-finned fishes (including the amazon molly an asexual diploid exempt from centromere drive), and two groups of primates. We did not find selection using any test in any protein in the amazon molly but did find sporadic positive selection in proteins in both complexes across all groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Healey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camel, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins across Metazoan groups.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxic stress granules trigger immunogenic dormancy in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induction of the MHC class I antigen processing and presentation pathway (C1APP) is a critical part of the IFN-{gamma} response necessary for effective cytotoxic immunity against tumors of epithelial origin1,2. Loss of this response is associated with worse disease outcomes and renders patients refractory to immunotherapies3-6. Without C1APP induction, tumor cells cannot optimally process and present immunopeptides from tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and neoantigens to effector cytotoxic T cells7-9. Here, we show that physiologic levels of hypoxia block induction of the immunoproteasome (IP) and other C1APP components in cancer cells, including human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In A549 cells, this leads to impaired presentation of more than 73% of detectable immunopeptides, including TAA and neoantigen-derived immunopeptides. This effect is independent of HIF-1 or HIF-2 signaling, protein degradation, autophagy, or stimulus type. Instead, hypoxia induces translational arrest of C1APP mRNAs prior to complete monosome loading, along with sequestration into hypoxia-associated stress granules. This phenomenon is reversible with the epitranscriptomic compound 5-azacytidine. Consistent with these findings, IP expression is excluded from hypoxic regions in most human NSCLC tumors. Together, these results link tumor hypoxia to a state of "immunogenic dormancy" and identify stress granules as a previously unrecognized mechanism of immune escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerkezi, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazelinia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggi, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailloux, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxic stress granules trigger immunogenic dormancy in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intratumoral plasma cells are required for activation of CD8+ T cells and success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in de novo MPNSTs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe role of intratumoral plasma cells in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has never been tested although their presence is linked with improved patient response and survival. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are deadly sarcomas with minimal responsiveness to ICB therapies. Strikingly, drugs inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) and MEK sensitize de novo MPNSTs to immunotherapy targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which correlates with increased intratumoral plasma cells. Here, we tested if plasma cells mediate the MPNST response to anti-PD-L1 therapy.

MethodsAnti-tumor activity of PD-L1 inhibition, with or without CDK4/6-MEK inhibition, was measured in de novo MPNSTs within wild-type versus plasma cell-deficient mice. Plasma cell-dependent effects of CDK4/6-MEK inhibition on priming the MPNST immune environment were determined by single cell transcriptomics and immunostaining.

FindingsMPNSTs lacking plasma cells failed to respond to anti-PD-L1 monotherapy and were no longer sensitized to immunotherapy by CDK4/6-MEK inhibition. Plasma cell-deficient MPNSTs exposed to CDK4/6-MEK inhibitors had impaired antigen presentation on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) and decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Complementary analyses of human sarcomas showed increased intratumoral plasma cell signatures prognose better patient survival.

InterpretationPlasma cells favorably remodel the tumor immune environment by increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration and are critical for successful ICB therapy in MPNSTs. This work may help inform ICB treatment strategies and cancer patient stratification for many different tumor types.

FundingThis research was supported by University of Iowa Sarcoma Research Program awards and NIH grants T34-GM141143, T32-GM067795, F31-CA281312, P30-CA086862, and R01-NS119322.

Research in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSFor many types of cancer, intratumoral plasma cells have been correlated with better patient survival and improved response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. However, the biology underlying those associations is not understood and no study has examined the requirement of plasma cells in immunotherapy response. Compelling data in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) showed that dual kinase inhibition of oncogenic CDK4/6 and MEK induced intratumoral plasma cell accumulation and sensitized tumors to ICB therapy. While CDK4/6-MEK inhibition is known to enhance antitumor immunity in other tumor types by CD8+ T cells or natural killer (NK) cells, a role for plasma cells has never been explored.

Added value of this studyStudies were performed in MPNSTs, an under-researched cancer that normally responds poorly to ICB monotherapies. This is the first investigation to show that intratumoral plasma cells are essential for successful ICB therapy and they support anti-tumor immunity by promoting a pro-inflammatory, CD8+ T cell state involving MHC-I antigen presentation. Findings provide new insight into immunomodulatory effects of CDK4/6-MEK inhibitor therapies, revealing plasma cells are needed for those drugs to activate CD8+ T cell mediated antitumor immunity.

Implications of all the available evidenceThe fundamental advance in understanding how plasma cells promote successful ICB immunotherapy is likely applicable to other solid tumors and may guide novel therapeutic strategies in which plasma cell-inducing agents are combined with ICB antibodies. Moreover, an increased presence of intratumoral plasma cells in tumor specimens may streamline clinical decisions regarding which patients are most likely to benefit from ICB therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lingo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allamargot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raygoza Garay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaemmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandikar, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breheny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbro, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quelle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intratumoral plasma cells are required for activation of CD8+ T cells and success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in de novo MPNSTs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Functional Correction Thresholds in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia for Effective Gene Therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationalePrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited disorder characterized by defective motile cilia and impaired mucociliary clearance. Mutations in CCDC40 disrupt axonemal organization, resulting in dyskinetic or immotile cilia. While emerging therapies may restore function in only a subset of cells, the functional consequences of mixed populations of mutant and healthy cilia are not well understood.

ObjectivesTo determine how defined mixtures of CCDC40-deficient and wild-type ciliated cells influence mucociliary transport.

MethodsHuman bronchial epithelial cells were combined at varying ratios of CCDC40-deficient and wild-type cells and differentiated to model heterogeneous epithelia. High-speed video microscopy and particle-tracking algorithms were used to assess ciliary motion and mucus transport and combined with electron microscopy to evaluate cilia ultrastructure.

Measurements and Main ResultsAirway differentiation was largely preserved with marked ultrastructural defects observed in CCDC40 cells, including multiple central centrioles, absent inner dynein arms, and basal body misorientation. Ciliated surface coverage decreased, and goblet coverage increased with higher mutant representation. Mucociliary transport declined nonlinearly, with speeds dropping from [~]56 {micro}m/s (100% WT) to [~]9 {micro}m/s in 100% mutant cultures. Clearance-per-beat and flow coordination decreased sharply with rising mutant burden. Modeling revealed that transport efficiency was equivalent to that recorded in ex vivo human tissues and plateaued when [~]75% of the ciliated population was WT.

ConclusionsTogether, these findings define a PCD-specific functional correction threshold and show that effective therapy must overcome the disruptive biomechanical and cellular influences of mutant epithelial cells, providing a quantitative benchmark to guide gene-therapy design and clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wineinger, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babcock, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moninger, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Functional Correction Thresholds in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia for Effective Gene Therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male mice are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment following mTBI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) result from impact to or rapid displacement of the brain and can lead to various neurological deficits involving working memory, decision-making, and anxiety. While large-scale effects of brain damage are well-described for more severe TBIs, less is known about the extent and duration of cognitive deficits at the mild level. Interval timing can provide a helpful window into cognition in mice and humans. Interval-timing behavior is impaired in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disease states, such as Parkinsons disease. Furthermore, novel object recognition (NOR) and the Barnes maze (BM) tests are valuable assays for evaluating spatial learning, working memory, and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we employed a weight-drop model of mild TBI (mTBI) to investigate changes in internal cognitive states resulting from mTBI treatment. mTBI mice were not significantly impaired in either interval timing or NOR, but they demonstrated impaired spatial memory in the Barnes Maze. Interestingly, within-sex comparisons revealed impairments in male mTBI mice in the interval-timing task and the NOR, suggesting that male and female mice may be differently affected by mTBIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male mice are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment following mTBI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The methodological foundations of lesion network mapping remain sound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lesion network mapping (LNM) and related techniques have been used in over 200 studies, primarily to test whether anatomically distributed lesions that cause the same symptom fall within a common brain network. A recent article1 challenges the specificity and validity of this technique, suggesting that lesion network maps primarily reflect intrinsic properties of the normative connectome rather than lesion-symptom relationships. However, the data and procedures in van den Heuvel et al. do not reflect those used in most LNM studies. Further, the main conclusions were based on similarity between maps, but similarity does not imply the absence of meaningful differences. In contrast, LNM provides evidence for meaningful differences using specificity testing. Exemplary analyses of 1090 lesion locations from 34 prior LNM studies do not support van den Heuvels concerns and confirm the lesion-deficit specificity of LNM. While we encourage further methodological investigation, the analyses of van den Heuvel et al. do not invalidate prior LNM findings or future applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaper, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joutsa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The methodological foundations of lesion network mapping remain sound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ploidy reorganizes ionomic composition across metabolically active and mineralized tissues. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome size, defined as total nuclear DNA content, varies widely within species and can influence cell size, metabolic scaling, and organismal performance. Yet the mechanisms linking genome architecture to phenotype remain unresolved, especially in animals. Because organisms are far-from-equilibrium systems built from interacting chemical elements, genome size variation should reorganize elemental allocation across tissues rather than shift single-element requirements in isolation. We tested this hypothesis in the New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), which includes co-occurring diploid, triploid, and tetraploid individuals and exhibits strong compartmentalization between metabolically active soft tissue and mineralized shell. We quantified multielemental composition of both tissues and analyzed allocation using additive log-ratios anchored to the measured elemental pool. Tissue type explained most multielemental variance, confirming distinct ionomic regimes for shell and soft tissue. Across tissues, ploidy was associated with significant redistribution of relative elemental allocation despite weak single-element effects. Ploidy-associated imbalances were more pronounced in shell than soft tissue, consistent with long-term integration of elemental fluxes in inert structures and buffering in active tissues. Genome size variation therefore reshapes organismal chemistry through coordinated multielemental redistribution, linking genome architecture to system-level chemical organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeyasingh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipek, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ploidy reorganizes ionomic composition across metabolically active and mineralized tissues.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prior expectation shapes the emotional response to sounds: behavioural and neural correlates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior expectations are known to shape perception especially when a stimulus is ambiguous. Bayesian models of cognition posit perception is a precision-weighted combination of top-down and bottom-up information. We consider here affective responses to highly salient stimuli for which a dominant role of bottom-up processing has previously been emphasised. We study how predictions alter the perception of emotional stimuli in a paradigm in which neutral and aversive sounds were preceded by either predictive or non-predictive cues. Cues predicted the type of sound with 100% or 50% probability. Behavioural measures of trial-by-trial expectation and perceived aversiveness were collected before and after stimulus presentation, respectively. We show that prior expectations biased the perceived aversiveness of sounds towards predictions, but only when subjective expectations were considered (as opposed to the objective expectation based on conditional probability). Neural responses were recorded using EEG. During sound processing, we found P3 and LPP components were increased after non-predictive cues, but only for affective stimuli. Time-Frequency results uncovered a role of alpha-beta oscillations in the precision of predictions, as well as in the processing of unexpected stimuli. Our results indicate expectations directly alter the perception of affective stimuli and its processing, and emphasise the importance of behavioural measures to characterize this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benzaquen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prior expectation shapes the emotional response to sounds: behavioural and neural correlates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicts cognitive trajectory after ischemic stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic stroke doubles the risk of dementia.1-4 Stroke severity and location affect cognition early,5,6 but late dementia risk is not related to infarct characteristics, nor is it reduced by preventing additional strokes,3,6,7 and its mechanism is unknown. We identified a plasma proteomic signature of chronic stroke that was consistent with blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, including a 58% decrease in plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor B and downregulation of its pathway compared to healthy controls. During 2 years of follow-up, the stroke-specific proteome was accentuated in stroke survivors who subsequently declined in the processing speed/executive function cognitive domain. To test BBB function, we performed dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI 6-9 months after stroke in an additional cohort and found 1.7-fold higher whole brain BBB leakage compared to controls. Finally, we compared autopsy tissue from people with infarcts and dementia at death to those with infarcts and no dementia. Those who died with dementia had dramatic loss of vascular mural cell coverage compared to those without dementia (median 0.7% vs. 27%). Thus, our proteomic, functional, and structural data implicate chronic BBB dysfunction in cognitive decline late after stroke, revealing potential proteomic and imaging biomarkers and, importantly, a novel target for intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drag, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zera, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlynash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesiada, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, H. S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran-Losada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grainger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghaeepour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckwalter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicts cognitive trajectory after ischemic stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed neural signatures of discomfort induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a cornerstone tool for causal inference in human brain function and an increasingly used neuromodulation therapy, yet it induces well-recognized discomfort that may systematically bias measured outcomes. Despite its ubiquity, the brain-wide neural signatures of this discomfort remain poorly characterized. Using concurrent TMS-fMRI across 11 cortical targets, we collected an unprecedented dataset (165 participants; 1,535 runs) including healthy participants and those with elevated affective symptoms. Cross-validated multivariate analyses identified neural signatures linking whole-brain responses to post-stimulation discomfort ratings, engaging distributed regions spanning sensorimotor, attentional, limbic, and default mode networks, with overlapping and group-specific engagement across groups. Discomfort-related activity accounted for 12% and 25% of TMS-evoked responses in healthy and elevated-symptom groups, respectively. These findings delineate brain-wide neural signatures of TMS-induced discomfort, revealing a critical component within TMS-evoked brain responses that should be explicitly measured and modeled to refine causal inference and inform therapeutic neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oathes, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed neural signatures of discomfort induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base-pair scale dynamics of a repair helicase on DNA lesions reveal varied damage-sensing mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a cellular pathway that removes DNA lesions caused by ultraviolet light and various mutagens. A critical component of the NER machinery is XPD helicase, which unwinds the duplex around the damage, allowing its excision and repair. XPD has also been increasingly implicated in sensing and verifying DNA damage. However, the detailed mechanisms by which XPD responds to DNA damage have to-date remained unclear. Here, we use optical tweezers to perform real-time, high-precision measurements of single molecules of XPD as they encounter a variety of well-defined DNA modifications, including a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), a natural substrate for NER. The observed XPD dynamics reveal different behaviors depending on the damage type and the relative orientations of the DNA fork, damage, and helicase. Most notably, XPD displays an almost complete inability to unwind past a CPD on the translocated strand, and instead exhibits a short pause around the lesion--though not a stall--followed by retreat. Combining the base pair-scale XPD kinetics with structural analyses, we identify two regions of XPD sensitive to DNA modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troitskaia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasitza-Male, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemla, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base-pair scale dynamics of a repair helicase on DNA lesions reveal varied damage-sensing mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.705347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): Initial Insights into the Dynamic Human Responses to Exercise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.705347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) is to examine the physiological and molecular basis for health benefits in response to acute and chronic exercise. Prior to COVID-19 suspension, healthy, sedentary participants (N=206, 18-74y) were randomized to endurance exercise (N=80), resistance exercise (N=81), or non-exercise control (N=45) interventions. The prescribed vigorous acute endurance and resistance exercise bouts induced physiological and metabolic perturbations relative to resting homeostasis. The supervised chronic (3d/wk, 12wk) endurance or resistance training programs robustly improved several physiological parameters (i.e., VO2peak, muscular strength). Temporal biospecimen (blood, muscle, and adipose) collections and processing coupled to the acute exercise bouts were highly successful. In most cases, over 90% success was achieved for blood, muscle, and adipose samples. Endurance and resistance exercise induced distinct acute and chronic physiological responses, which provide a framework to interrogate the molecular basis for health adaptations to these two popular exercise modalities.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/705347v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (65K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@554ee9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@afb28dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f381cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cef19c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannsen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrt, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rejeski, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowe, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AbouAssi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belangee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessesen, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buford, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnero, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christle, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claiborne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.705347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): Initial Insights into the Dynamic Human Responses to Exercise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned and inferred valence arise from interactions between stable and dynamic subnetworks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior requires assigning emotional value to sensory cues and inferring valence for novel stimuli to guide appropriate generalization. The prelimbic cortex (PL) is critical for threat expression and discrimination, yet its neuronal ensembles undergo pronounced turnover over time. How stable memory representations emerge from such network dynamism--and how they support inference to previously unexperienced stimuli--remains unresolved and central to debates on systems consolidation and the neural basis of generalization. Using longitudinal calcium imaging in freely moving mice, we tracked PL population activity for 30 days during two opposing versions of tone-discriminative fear learning and probed responses to conditioned and novel tones at recent and remote time points. Despite substantial ensemble reorganization, PL population dynamics reliably encoded graded emotional valence. Stimulus-evoked population similarity scaled precisely with behavioral generalization, and consistent population states emerged only for tones associated with shock or those eliciting strong generalized freezing, indicating that population-level similarity predicts inferred threat. Network analyses identified two functionally distinct subnetworks. Dynamic tone-selective ensembles encoded sensory features independent of learning and exhibited substantial turnover. In contrast, a valence-coding subnetwork whose neurons responded to all frequencies, integrated learned and inferred emotional value along a graded axis. Strikingly, only these graded valence neurons preserved cellular identity and response structure across time. These findings reveal that persistent valence-encoding subnetworks form a stable scaffold embedded within dynamic cortical ensembles. This architecture reconciles cortical turnover with long-term memory stability and provides a circuit-level mechanism for maintaining the emotional "gist" of experience while enabling flexible generalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Normandin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogallar, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzzio, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned and inferred valence arise from interactions between stable and dynamic subnetworks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust volumetric multiplex staining of centimeter-scale FFPE tissues guided by neural network-based optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases involve structural and morphological alterations in tissue architecture that are difficult to capture in single thin sections. Three-dimensional multiplexed pathology, however, remains limited by the lack of clearing methods applicable to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. As the development of tissue-clearing methods requires the optimization of multiple parameters, we employed a neural network-based Complex System Response (CSR) approach to guide the design of FIDELITY, an epoxy-free delipidation and epitope-retrieval pipeline for whole FFPE specimens. FIDELITY preserves tissue rigidity, enhances immunostaining efficiency, and supports at least five rounds of multiplex labeling without deformation. It enables whole-brain atlas registration, quantitative neuronal profiling, and volumetric pathology of archived human Alzheimers and glioma specimens while remaining compatible with routine histology. Altogether, FIDELITY provides accurate 3D metrics and offers translational potential to bridge spatial mapping and conventional pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiock, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust volumetric multiplex staining of centimeter-scale FFPE tissues guided by neural network-based optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The prevalence of protein misfolding as a mechanism for hereditary deafness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit impacting [~]5% of the worlds population. The Deafness Variation Database (DVD) is a public resource of deafness variants, containing over 380,000 missense variants across 224 genes, with 303,577 classified as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). To address the challenge of evaluating each deafness associated VUS, we evaluate a family of probabilistic frameworks to quantify the strength of computational evidence based on ACMG/AMP recommendations. First, CADD and REVEL are compared using Bayesian models parameterized using either a ClinVar 2019 dataset or labeled DVD variants. The REVEL model built using the DVD dataset demonstrates the best accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Incorporation of (in)tolerance to missense variation based on sorting each gene into three bins (tolerant, average, intolerant) shows that intolerant DVD genes are consistent with a higher prior probability of being pathogenic (25.7%) than average (10.7%) or tolerant (8.7%) genes. Finally, the impact of protein folding stability was incorporated using a 2D likelihood, which surpassed the simpler models while also offering a biophysical rationale for the disease mechanism. The protein folding-informed Bayesian model results in 28,866 prioritized VUSs reaching a posterior probability of pathogenicity above 98% with a false positive rate of only 0.14%. Overall, 54,752 missense variants are predicted to cause protein folding destabilization of greater than 1.0 kcal/mol, while 18,706 of the 28,886 prioritized VUS (65%) surpass this threshold. From these VUSs, we identify twelve probands where the patients genetic diagnosis is upgraded to likely pathogenic/pathogenic. We highlight two variants that cause clear structural disruption, demonstrating the impact of biophysical characterization on variant evaluation.

Author SummaryWe investigate the impacts of single amino acid changes on protein structure and folding in the context of hearing loss. Hearing loss is the most common impairment of the main senses affecting nearly 5% of the worlds population. About 45% of people with hearing loss receive a diagnosis after targeted genetic testing. Here, we integrate biophysical data that quantifies the effect of a change to protein sequence on protein folding in combination with genetic data to improve our ability to identify protein amino acid changes that are likely to impact hearing. Our work leads to 12 patients receiving an upgraded diagnosis with their variant disrupting protein stability. Although the method is applied to hearing loss, it can be used for interpreting protein sequence changes in other disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gogal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbe, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovel, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casavant, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The prevalence of protein misfolding as a mechanism for hereditary deafness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune response to spiral ganglion neuron death in rats during development and after kanamycin-induced deafening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSpiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) constitute the sole afferent connection between cochlear hair cells and central auditory nuclei. SGNs die during postnatal developmental pruning, and also following hair cell death, which can be triggered by ototoxic agents such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin. After hair cell loss, animal models show extensive SGN degeneration occurring gradually over a period of weeks to months. Here, we compared spatial and temporal patterns of SGN loss and immune cell involvement in these two cases of cell death in rats. Developmental SGN pruning occurred from postnatal day 5 (P5) to P8 in the basal half of the cochlea, and from P5 to P12 in the apical half. This was accompanied by a transient increase in spiral ganglion macrophages temporally and spatially correlated with SGN death, consistent with a role clearing degenerating neurons. After deafening neonatal rats with kanamycin injections, SGN death became evident at approximately 5.5 weeks of age and persisted throughout the ganglion, with greatest loss in the middle regions; less in the base and apex. Macrophage numbers also increased but neither temporally nor spatially correlated with SGN death. Rather, increased macrophage number and activation began approximately three weeks before SGN death and was highest in the apex. Additionally, T-cells and NK cells appeared in the ganglion concurrently with SGN degeneration. These observations suggest fundamentally different roles for macrophages post-deafening than during developmental pruning and, with prior observations that anti-inflammatory drugs reduce SGN death, support a causal role for immune responses in SGN death post-deafening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caro, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansemer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune response to spiral ganglion neuron death in rats during development and after kanamycin-induced deafening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral, Physiological, and Transcriptional Mechanisms of Memory in a Synthetic Living Construct 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic living constructs, which lack the long histories of selection in ecological contexts that shape behaviors of conventional organisms, offer an important complement to traditional studies of learning. Could novel biobots exhibit sensing and memory of experiences? Here, we investigated the effects of chemical stimuli on basal Xenobots - autonomously motile entities derived from Xenopus embryonic ectodermal explants (with no additional sculpting or bioengineering). We quantified and characterized the coordinated ciliary activity that generates fluid flow fields guiding the trajectory of Xenobot motion. We also show distinct and specific changes in Xenobot behavior after brief exposure to Xenopus embryonic cell extract and to ATP. These two experiences produced distinct, long-term, stimulus-specific memories, detectable through both transcriptional and physiological signatures. Exposure to specific environmental stimuli induced alterations in the spatiotemporal patterns of calcium signaling across Xenobots. Together, these data lay a foundation for characterizing the capabilities of synthetic cellular collectives to sense and discriminate among stimuli, as well as store functional information in a non-neural context. Understanding behavioral competencies in novel, non-neural systems have broad implications across evolutionary biology, behavioral science, bioengineering, and bio/hybrid robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pai, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral, Physiological, and Transcriptional Mechanisms of Memory in a Synthetic Living Construct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates single-neuron activity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is an FDA-cleared treatment for depression, yet how cortical stimulation influences single neurons in deep brain circuits remains unknown. Using intracranial microelectrode recordings in four neurosurgical patients, we resolved single-neuron spikes as early as 8 ms from 185 single neurons after single-pulse left dlPFC TMS. TMS elicited time-locked firing responses in 46% of neurons across deep cortical and subcortical structures bilaterally. TMS facilitated putative interneuron spiking in striato-thalamic regions from [~]8 ms, peaking at [~]80-100 ms, and lasting to [~]1000 ms, while suppressing putative pyramidal cell spiking with a delayed and slower time course. Trial-by-trial single-neuron modulations were positively correlated with cortico-striato-thalamic network activity and anti-correlated with limbic network activity. These findings reveal that dlPFC TMS facilitates inhibitory firing in executive control networks while suppressing limbic excitatory drive, providing a cellular mechanism for how cortical stimulation modulates distributed brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates single-neuron activity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological METTL3 inhibition attenuates HIV-1 latency reversal in CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a major epitranscriptomic modification that regulates RNA metabolism and affects the replication and latency reversal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cells. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is the principal catalytic enzyme responsible for m6A deposition, and its pharmacological inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer and viral infections. However, the relative potency of METTL3 inhibitors in reducing m6A levels and their effects on HIV-1 latency reversal remain undefined. Here, we compared three commercially available METTL3 inhibitors (STM2457, STM3006, and STC-15) to evaluate their ability to reduce RNA m6A levels, suppress HIV-1 latency reversal, and affect cell viability in latently infected J-Lat cells and primary CD4+ T cells. In J-Lat cells, STM3006 and STC-15 were more potent than STM2457 in reducing RNA m6A levels at 24 and 48 hours post-treatment, as reflected by lower half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). However, STM3006 and STC-15 exhibited significant cytotoxicity at concentrations above 2 {micro}M at 48 hours post-treatment, whereas STM2457 displayed minimal toxicity across all tested doses. In primary CD4+ T cells from three healthy donors, all three inhibitors reduced RNA m6A levels but induced greater cytotoxicity compared with J-Lat cells, with comparable effects at optimized concentrations. Notably, reduced RNA m6A levels correlated with diminished HIV-1 latency reversal in both J-Lat cells and a primary central memory CD4+ T cell model. Together, these findings demonstrate differential potency and cytotoxicity among METTL3 inhibitors and support a critical role for m6A RNA modification in regulating HIV-1 latency reversal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological METTL3 inhibition attenuates HIV-1 latency reversal in CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid Tissue in Aging and Macular Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related macular degeneration is a common ocular disease that causes vision loss in the elderly, with a complex set of risk factors and proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis. A powerful method for investigating changes in disease is metabolomics, by which small molecules can be identified and quantified simultaneously. We report here the metabolic analysis of human RPE-choroid tissue in aging and macular degeneration (AMD), as well as comparisons of human macular and extramacular RPE-choroid and neural retina. Levels of 215 metabolites were determined in young donors, AMD donors (early/intermediate, geographic atrophy, and neovascularization) and age-matched controls. The largest number of metabolite differences were observed between young and healthy aged controls, as opposed to between aged controls and any stage of AMD. Two notable metabolites found to be increased in aging choroids are trimethylamine N-oxide and uric acid, both of which were significant after Bonferroni correction. A mouse endothelial cell line treated with a high concentration of uric acid exhibited reduced migration in a wound closure assay. This study provides initial insights into the metabolome of human choroids in varying states of age and macular degeneration, as well as functional implications of these changes in the aging choroid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navratil, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.713982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid Tissue in Aging and Macular Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, known as sarcopenia; however, the molecular mechanisms coordinating cellular stress responses and structural adaptations permissive of sarcopenia remain incompletely understood. In our previous studies, we found aging differentially impacted mitochondrial networks by muscle, suggesting unique stress thresholds and response activation. Here, we investigate the role of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR), in aged quadriceps muscle using complementary patient and aging mouse models. Older adults exhibited a marked decrease in aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and endurance when compared with young participants. These results paralleled findings in aged mice, with significant loss of muscle mass across multiple hindlimb muscles. Ultrastructural analysis revealed substantial age-related changes in mitochondrial morphology, including increased volume, surface area, and branching index, as well as a shift toward larger, more complex mitochondria. Our data indicate that ATF4 binds directly to the promoter region of the gene encoding TFAM, suggesting a transcriptional regulatory relationship to support DNA stability. These structural and transcriptional changes likely impair oxidative capacity and drive a feed-forward cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction and ISR activation. Our findings indicate that ATF4 coordinates transcriptomic and structural adaptations in aging muscle, identifying the ISR pathway as a potential therapeutic target for preserving muscle function in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Perez, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochayi, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masenga, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.711928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Gene Expression and eQTL Analyses in the Human Retina, RPE, and Choroid in Macular Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, complex disease affecting older individuals that can lead to severe vision loss. It is characterized by early anatomical changes in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid, especially in the central (macular) region. AMD can progress to severe atrophy and/or pathologic angiogenesis that leads to visual decline. Over 30 genetic loci have been identified as contributing to AMD risk; however, the mechanisms by which genetic variants affect pathology has not been thoroughly explored. In this report we examined single-nucleus gene expression in the retina, RPE and choroid of 88 individuals categorized by AMD stage, as well as 37 previously published samples. Genotyping was performed on 1.8 million SNPs, with additional SNPs imputed, on each donor to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We found that two AMD-risk loci (PILRB and ARMS2/HTRA1) affected the expression of PILRB and HTRA1, respectively. The risk allele of PILRB was associated with increased PILRB RNA in cones, fibroblasts, choroidal macrophages, and RPE, whereas the HTRA1 risk locus was associated with decreased HTRA1 RNA in the RPE. We also identified an age-related decrease in complement inhibitors in the choriocapillaris, a tissue susceptible to complement mediated damage in AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulfaul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navratil, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamme-Wiese, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingert, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheetz, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.714946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Gene Expression and eQTL Analyses in the Human Retina, RPE, and Choroid in Macular Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelin-Free Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Hippocampus and Cerebellum for snRNA-Seq with Benchtop Gradient Centrifugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclei isolation from myelin-rich adult mouse brain regions remains challenging for single-nucleus RNA sequencing because myelin and debris can reduce nuclei quality. We describe an optimized protocol for mouse hippocampi and cerebella using tube-and-pestle homogenization and low-volume sucrose-gradient pelleting with a standard benchtop centrifuge, with optional magnetic enrichment of nuclei to reduce debris/non-nuclear carryover. Under the tested conditions, the workflow produces intact, debris-reduced nuclei and supports downstream 10x Genomics Flex and PARSE WT library preparation.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/716374v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ccbd87org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aef4bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14569a8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bc261_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIBenchtop sucrose-gradient pelleting enables rapid nuclei purification from myelin-rich adult mouse brain
C_LIO_LIScales across tissue inputs (e.g., hippocampus [~]15-20 mg; cerebellum [~]50-70 mg) without ultracentrifugation or 15 mL gradients
C_LIO_LIMagnetic enrichment as the recommended final cleanup step further reduces myelin/debris carryover and is compatible with 10x Flex and PARSE WT workflows.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelin-Free Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Hippocampus and Cerebellum for snRNA-Seq with Benchtop Gradient Centrifugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.713467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloperoxidase promotes fibrosis by inhibiting cathepsin K to bias the lung toward ECM accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.713467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) involves excessive collagen accumulation, yet mechanisms shifting the balance of synthesis and degradation toward net deposition remain unclear. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) inversely correlates with survival in PF. Using the bleomycin model, we found MPO knockout (MPOko) mice were protected from fibrosis, and pharmacological MPO inhibition after peak inflammation (day 7) recapitulated this protection. MPO persisted in lung tissue 21 days post-injury despite neutrophil efflux, linking acute inflammation to sustained remodeling. Mechanistically, we identified that MPO inhibits Cathepsin K (CatK), a potent collagenolytic enzyme involved in fibrosis resolution. Notably, CatK gene expression (CTSK) is elevated in PF, suggesting post-translational inhibition of CatK. MPOko and inhibitor-treated mice exhibited elevated CatK activity after bleomycin; exogenous addition of pathophysiologic concentrations of MPO reduced CatK activity in mouse precision-cut lung slices and human fibroblasts. Biochemically, MPO reduced CatK activity to 33% of control. In two distinct cohorts of PF patients, we observed significantly increased MPO protein levels in platelet poor plasma and in lung tissue. In PF patients, 62% had MPO levels in platelet poor plasma exceeding healthy controls, while lung tissue from other PF patients showed significantly elevated MPO staining. Plasma levels were inversely correlated with decreased survival, FVC, and DLCO. These findings establish MPO as a post-translational inhibitor of CatK-mediated collagenolysis, revealing a mechanism linking acute inflammation to sustained fibrosis and suggest a patient subpopulation that may benefit from MPO-targeted therapy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=54 SRC="FIGDIR/small/713467v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (17K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d5cf1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10af33org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15e6863org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1174584_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Myeloperoxidase persists in lung tissue after injury and inhibits cathepsin K activity, impairing collagen degradation and promoting extracellular matrix accumulation during pulmonary fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Link, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellmerling, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meridew, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naoi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschumperlin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.713467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloperoxidase promotes fibrosis by inhibiting cathepsin K to bias the lung toward ECM accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying PD1 saturation by PDL1 in tumor tissue using a novel RNA aptamer-based assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTherapeutic agents targeting the PD1-PDL1 interaction are of great clinical value, however accurately predicting which patients are most likely to benefit is challenging. Improved predictive biomarkers for anti-PD1 therapy are clearly needed. Quantifying PD1 saturation by PDL1 in tumor tissue has the potential to serve as such a biomarker. Here we report a novel bioassay called the PD1 Ligand Receptor Complex Aptamer (LIRECAP) assay and demonstrate it can be used to quantify the saturation of PD1 by PDL1 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor biospecimens.

ResultsThe PD1 LIRECAP assay was developed by identifying a pair of RNA aptamers. One aptamer preferentially binds to unoccupied PD1 (P aptamer) and the other to the PD1-PDL1 complex (C aptamer). P and C aptamers were added together to a formalin-fixed sample, and bound aptamer extracted. A 2-color qRT-PCR assay using a single set of primers was used to determine the ratio of the sample-bound C to P aptamers (C:P ratio) which reflected PD1 saturation by PDL1 in the sample. Quantification of PD1 saturation by PDL1 as determined by the PD1 LIRECAP assay correlated closely with PD1-mediated signaling and PD1-PDL1 proximity. Analysis of sarcoma FFPE biospecimens confirmed the assay is technically reproducible on clinical biospecimens. There were significant differences in PD1 saturation by PDL1 between patients as well as considerable intratumoral heterogeneity.

ConclusionsThe PD1 LIRECAP assay is novel assay that can be used to quantify PD1 saturation by PDL1 in clinical biospecimens. The assay is technically feasible, reproducible, and has the potential to serve as a superior predictive biomarker for PD1/PDL1-based therapy. Similar assays based on this platform could be used in other systems and settings to quantify interaction between two molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veeramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying PD1 saturation by PDL1 in tumor tissue using a novel RNA aptamer-based assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
