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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Georgia Institute of Technology</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Georgia Institute of Technology"
</description>

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</rdf:Seq>
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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Approach Explains Spatio-Spectral Interactions in Raw Electroencephalogram Deep Learning Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of deep learning classifiers to resting-state electroencephalography (rs-EEG) data has become increasingly common. However, relative to studies using traditional machine learning methods and extracted features, deep learning methods are less explainable. A growing number of studies have presented explainability approaches for rs-EEG deep learning classifiers. However, to our knowledge, no approaches give insight into spatio-spectral interactions (i.e., how spectral activity in one channel may interact with activity in other channels). In this study, we combine gradient and perturbation-based explainability approaches to give insight into spatio-spectral interactions in rs-EEG deep learning classifiers for the first time. We present the approach within the context of major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis identifying differences in frontal {delta} activity and reduced interactions between frontal electrodes and other electrodes. Our approach provides novel insights and represents a significant step forward for the field of explainable EEG classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattiraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Approach Explains Spatio-Spectral Interactions in Raw Electroencephalogram Deep Learning Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pairing Explainable Deep Learning Classification with Clustering to Uncover Effects of Schizophrenia Upon Whole Brain Functional Network Connectivity Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies have analyzed resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) data to elucidate the effects of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders upon the interactions of brain regions over time. Existing studies often use either machine learning classification or clustering algorithms. Additionally, several studies have used clustering algorithms to extract features related to brain states trajectories that can be used to train interpretable classifiers. However, the combination of explainable dFNC classifiers followed by clustering algorithms is highly underutilized. In this study, we show how such an approach can be used to study the effects of schizophrenia (SZ) upon brain activity. Specifically, we train an explainable deep learning model to classify between individuals with SZ and healthy controls. We then cluster the resulting explanations, identifying discriminatory states of dFNC. We lastly apply several novel measures to quantify aspects of the classifier explanations and obtain additional insights into the effects of SZ upon brain network dynamics. Specifically, we uncover effects of schizophrenia upon subcortical, sensory, and cerebellar network interactions. We also find that individuals with SZ likely have reduced variability in overall brain activity and that the effects of SZ may be temporally localized. In addition to uncovering effects of SZ upon brain network dynamics, our approach could provide novel insights into a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in future dFNC studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pairing Explainable Deep Learning Classification with Clustering to Uncover Effects of Schizophrenia Upon Whole Brain Functional Network Connectivity Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain rhythms control microglial response and cytokine expression via NFkappaB signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brains primary immune cells, transform in response to changes in sensory or neural activity, like sensory deprivation. However, little is known about how specific frequencies of neural activity, or brain rhythms, impact microglia and cytokine signaling. Using visual noninvasive flickering sensory stimulation (flicker) to induce electrical neural activity at different frequencies, 40Hz, within the gamma band and 20Hz, within the beta band, we discovered these brain rhythms differentially affect microglial morphology and cytokine expression in healthy animals. We found that flicker induced expression of certain cytokines, including IL-10 and M-CSF, that was independent of microglia. Because NF{kappa}B is activated by synaptic activity and regulates cytokines, we hypothesized this pathway plays a causal role in frequency-specific cytokine and microglial responses. Indeed, we found that after flicker, phospho-NF{kappa}B co-labeled with neurons more than microglia. Furthermore, inhibition of NF{kappa}B signaling by a small molecule inhibitor down-regulated flicker-induced cytokine expression and attenuated flicker-induced changes in microglia morphology. These results reveal a new mechanism through which brain rhythms affect brain function by altering microglia morphology and cytokines via NF{kappa}B.

TeaserFrequency-specific brain rhythms regulate cytokine expression, microglia morphology, and microglia-independent expression of M-CSF and IL10 via NF{kappa}B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prichard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shridhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitfaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain rhythms control microglial response and cytokine expression via NFkappaB signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulations suggest walking with reduced propulsive force would not mitigate the energetic consequences of lower tendon stiffness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging elicits numerous effects that impact both musculoskeletal structure and walking function. Tendon stiffness (kT) and push-off propulsive force (FP) both impact the metabolic cost of walking and are diminished by age, yet their interaction has not been studied. We combined experimental and computational approaches to investigate whether age-related changes in function (adopting smaller FP) may be adopted to mitigate the metabolic consequences arising from changes in structure (reduced kT). We recruited 12 young adults and asked them to walk on a force-sensing treadmill while prompting them to change FP ({+/-}20% & {+/-}40% of typical) using targeted biofeedback. In models driven by experimental data from each of those conditions, we altered the kT of personalized musculoskeletal models across a physiological range (2-8% strain) and simulated individual-muscle metabolic costs for each kT and FP combination. We found that kT and FP independently affect walking metabolic cost, increasing with higher kT or as participants deviated from their typical FP. Our results show no evidence for an interaction between kT and FP in younger adults walking at fixed speeds. Individual lower body muscles showed unique effects across the kT and FP landscape. Our simulations suggest that reducing FP during walking would not mitigate the metabolic consequences of lower kT. Wearable devices and rehabilitative strategies can focus on either kT or FP to reduce age-related increases in walking metabolic cost.

Author SummaryOur muscles and tendons are affected by aging. Tendon stiffness and push-off forces both impact the energy cost of walking, which in turn increases with age. We investigated whether age-related changes in function (less push-off force) may be adopted to mitigate the metabolic consequences arising from structural changes (lower tendon stiffness). Reducing push-off force during walking would not mitigate the metabolic consequences of lower tendon stiffness. Wearable devices and rehabilitative strategies can focus on either tendon stiffness or push off intensity to reduce age-related increases in walking metabolic cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulations suggest walking with reduced propulsive force would not mitigate the energetic consequences of lower tendon stiffness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and characterization of porous poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) scaffolds for cartilage repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic polymeric scaffolds play an important role in establishing the microenvironment for chondrocytes in engineered cartilage. A three-dimensional pore network allows cell accommodation and supports extracellular matrix (ECM) production by chondrocytes. Ligand coating and biomechanical properties of scaffolds guide regeneration of functional cartilage by mediating cell attachment and establishing the local strain environment. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a novel biodegradable elastomer with nonlinear-elastic properties similar to native cartilage. However, its harsh curing environments limit the feasibility of common strategies for pore creation in polymeric scaffolds. Herein, we developed porous PGD (pPGD) scaffolds with tailorable pore structures using an inverse molding method and evaluated the range of scaffold structural parameters achievable and their subsequent mechanical properties. The influence of coating PGD with various ECM ligands on the cell shape, metabolic activity, and ECM production of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) was evaluated. pPGD scaffolds were created with pore sizes ranging from 250 - 1000 m, resulting in 20 - 50% porosity. The morphology and metabolic activity of hACs on PGD were regulated by the type of ligand coating used. When compared to tissue culture plastic, PGD enhanced ECM production in monolayer cultures. Finite element analysis showed that the tensile strains that developed on the pores surfaces were at levels shown to be anabolic for hACs. The predicted strain profile varied with pore size and porosity under load, demonstrating that the pore structural parameters could be tuned to optimize cellular-level strains. These results suggest that pPGD scaffolds have the potential to guide cartilage regeneration.

Statement of SignificancePrevious studies have established the importance of designing pore geometry and surface properties in engineered cartilage tissue constructs. This work reports the development and assessment of pPGD scaffolds with tunable pore and surface parameters for cartilage regeneration. The cellular-level strain that cells may experience inside the pores was influenced by the scaffolds pore geometry. Ligand coating on PGD balanced out the less ideal properties of the material itself and regulated the shape, attachment, metabolic activity, and ECM production of hACs during in vitro culture. These findings highlight how intelligent design of scaffold parameters can optimize chondrocyte function during 3D culture by tuning ligand presentation and cellular-level strain profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaraju, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and characterization of porous poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) scaffolds for cartilage repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An expanded GCaMP reporter toolkit for functional imaging in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In living organisms, changes in calcium flux are integral to many different cellular functions and are especially critical for the activity of neurons and myocytes. Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have been popular tools for reporting changes in calcium levels in vivo. In particular, GCaMP, derived from GFP, are the most widely used GECIs and have become an invaluable toolkit for neurophysiological studies. Recently, new variants of GCaMP, which offer a greater variety of temporal dynamics and improved brightness, have been developed. However, these variants are not readily available to the Caenorhabditis elegans research community. This work reports a set of GCaMP6 and jGCaMP7 reporters optimized for C. elegans studies. Our toolkit provides reporters with improved dynamic range, varied kinetics, and targeted subcellular localizations. Besides optimized routine uses, this set of reporters are also well-suited for studies requiring fast imaging speeds and low magnification or low-cost platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An expanded GCaMP reporter toolkit for functional imaging in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GABAergic synaptic scaling is triggered by changes in spiking activity rather than transmitter receptor activation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostatic plasticity represents a set of mechanisms that are thought to recover some aspect of neural function. One such mechanism called AMPAergic scaling was thought to be a likely candidate to homeostatically control spiking activity. However, recent findings have forced us to reconsider this idea as several studies suggest AMPAergic scaling is not directly triggered by changes in spiking. Moreover, studies examining homeostatic perturbations in vivo have suggested that GABAergic synapses may be more critical in terms of spiking homeostasis. Here we show results that GABAergic scaling can act to homeostatically control spiking levels. We found that perturbations which increased or decreased spiking in cortical cultures triggered multiplicative GABAergic upscaling and downscaling, respectively. In contrast, we found that changes in AMPAR or GABAR transmission only influence GABAergic scaling through their indirect effect on spiking. We propose that GABAergic scaling represents a stronger candidate for spike rate homeostat than AMPAergic scaling.

Significance StatementThe nervous system maintains excitability in order to perform network behaviors when called upon to do so. Networks are thought to maintain spiking levels through homeostatic synaptic scaling, where compensatory multiplicative changes in synaptic strength are observed following alterations in cellular spike rate. Although we demonstrated that AMPAergic synaptic scaling does not appear meet these criteria as a spike rate homeostat, we now show that GABAergic scaling could play this role. Here we present evidence that the characteristics of GABAergic scaling place it in an excellent position to be a spiking homeostat. This work highlights the importance of inhibitory circuitry in the homeostatic control of excitability. Further, it provides a point of focus into neurodevelopmental disorders where excitability is impaired.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Islas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabra, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.-f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au Yong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GABAergic synaptic scaling is triggered by changes in spiking activity rather than transmitter receptor activation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulation of the nucleoscaffold potentiates cellular reprogramming kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cell fate is an outcome set by the activities of specific transcription factors and the chromatin landscape and is maintained by gene silencing of alternate cell fates through physical interactions with the nuclear scaffold. Here, we evaluate the role of the nuclear scaffold as a guardian of cell fate in human fibroblasts by comparing the effects of transient loss (knockdown) and mutation (progeria) of functional Lamin A/C, a core component of the nuclear scaffold. We observed that Lamin A/C deficiency or mutation disrupts nuclear morphology, heterochromatin levels, and increases access to DNA in lamina-associated domains. Changes in Lamin A/C were also found to impact the mechanical properties of the nucleus when measured by a microfluidic cellular squeezing device. We also show that transient loss of Lamin A/C accelerates the kinetics of cellular reprogramming to pluripotency through opening of previously silenced heterochromatin domains while genetic mutation of Lamin A/C into progerin induces a senescent phenotype that inhibits the induction of reprogramming genes. Our results highlight the physical role of the nuclear scaffold in safeguarding cellular fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro da Rocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shcherbina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraczek, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larouche, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiraki, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouless, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulation of the nucleoscaffold potentiates cellular reprogramming kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Division of labor promotes the entrenchment of multicellularity 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simple multicellularity evolves readily in diverse unicellular species, but nascent multicellular groups are prone to reversion to unicellularity. Successful transitions to multicellularity therefore require subsequent mutations that promote the entrenchment of the higher-level unit, stabilizing it through time. Here we explore the causes of entrenchment using digital evolution. When faced with a trade-off between cellular metabolic productivity and information fidelity, digital "multicells" often evolve reproductive division of labor. Because digital "unicells" cannot circumvent this trade-off, unicellular revertants tend to exhibit low fitness relative to their differentiated multicellular ancestors. Thus, division of labor can drive the entrenchment of multicellularity. More generally, division of labor may play a crucial role in major transitions, enriching the complexity and functionality of higher-level units while enhancing their evolutionary stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsby, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skocelas, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Division of labor promotes the entrenchment of multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Framework for Systematically Evaluating the Representations Learned by A Deep Learning Classifier from Raw Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of deep learning methods to raw electroencephalogram (EEG) data is growing increasingly common. While these methods offer the possibility of improved performance relative to other approaches applied to manually engineered features, they also present the problem of reduced explainability. As such, a number of studies have sought to provide explainability methods uniquely adapted to the domain of deep learning-based raw EEG classification. In this study, we present a taxonomy of those methods, identifying existing approaches that provide insight into spatial, spectral, and temporal features. We then present a novel framework consisting of a series of explainability approaches for insight into classifiers trained on raw EEG data. Our framework provides spatial, spectral, and temporal explanations similar to existing approaches. However, it also, to the best of our knowledge, proposes the first explainability approaches for insight into spatial and spatio-spectral interactions in EEG. This is particularly important given the frequent use and well-characterized importance of EEG connectivity measures for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder analysis. We demonstrate our proposed framework within the context of automated major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis, training a high performing one-dimensional convolutional neural network with a robust cross-validation approach on a publicly available dataset. We identify interactions between frontal and central electrodes and other electrodes and identify differences in frontal {delta}, {theta}, {beta}, and {gamma}low between healthy controls and individuals with MDD. Our study represents a significant step forward for the field of deep learning-based raw EEG classification, providing new capabilities in interaction explainability and providing direction for future innovations through our proposed taxonomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattiraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Framework for Systematically Evaluating the Representations Learned by A Deep Learning Classifier from Raw Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The timing of confidence computations in human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowing when confidence computations take place is critical for building mechanistic understanding of the neural and computational bases of metacognition. Yet, even though substantial amount of research has focused on revealing the neural correlates and computations underlying human confidence judgments, very little is known about the timing of confidence computations. Subjects judged the orientation of a briefly presented visual stimulus and provided a confidence rating regarding the accuracy of their decision. We delivered single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at different times after stimulus presentation. TMS was delivered to either dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the experimental group or to vertex in the control group. We found that TMS to DLPFC, but not to vertex, led to increased confidence in the absence of changes to accuracy or metacognitive ability. Critically, equivalent levels of confidence increase occurred for TMS delivered between 200 and 500 ms after stimulus presentation. These results suggest that confidence computations occur during a broad window that begins before the perceptual decision has been fully made and thus provide important constraints for theories of confidence generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafiei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The timing of confidence computations in human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive expression of the Type VI secretion system carries no measurable fitness cost in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a widespread and highly effective mechanism of microbial warfare; it confers the ability to efficiently kill susceptible cells within close proximity. Due to its large physical size, complexity, and ballistic basis for intoxication it has widely been assumed to incur significant growth costs in the absence of improved competitive outcomes. In this study, we precisely examine the fitness costs of constitutive T6SS firing in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We find that, contrary to expectations, constitutive use of T6SS has a negligible impact on growth, reducing growth fitness by 0.025 {+/-} 0.5% (95% CI) relative to a T6SS-control. Mathematical modeling of microbial populations demonstrates that, due to clonal interference, constitutive expression of the T6SS will often be neutral, with little impact on evolutionary outcomes. Our findings underscore the importance of precisely measuring the fitness costs of microbial social behaviors, and help explain the prevalence of the T6SS across Gram negative bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive expression of the Type VI secretion system carries no measurable fitness cost in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections but cannot restore posture and interlimb coordination during quadrupedal locomotion in adult cats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal sensorimotor circuits interact with supraspinal and peripheral inputs to generate quadrupedal locomotion. Ascending and descending spinal pathways ensure coordination between the fore-and hindlimbs. Spinal cord injury disrupts these pathways. To investigate the control of interlimb coordination and hindlimb locomotor recovery, we performed two lateral thoracic hemisections placed on opposite sides of the cord (right T5-T6 and left T10-T11) at an interval of approximately two months in eight adult cats. In three cats, we then made a complete spinal transection caudal to the second hemisection at T12-T13. We collected electromyography and kinematic data during quadrupedal and hindlimb-only locomotion before and after spinal lesions. We show that 1) cats spontaneously recover quadrupedal locomotion following staggered hemisections but require balance assistance after the second one, 2) coordination between the fore-and hindlimbs displays 2:1 patterns and becomes weaker and more variable after both hemisections, 3) left-right asymmetries in hindlimb stance and swing durations appear after the first hemisection and reverse after the second, and 4) support periods reorganize after staggered hemisections to favor support involving both forelimbs and diagonal limbs. Cats expressed hindlimb locomotion the day following spinal transection, indicating that lumbar sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered hemisections. These results reflect a series of changes in spinal sensorimotor circuits that allow cats to maintain and recover some level of quadrupedal locomotor functionality with diminished motor commands from the brain and cervical cord, although the control of posture and interlimb coordination remains impaired.

Significance StatementCoordinating the limbs during locomotion depends on pathways in the spinal cord. We used a spinal cord injury model that disrupts communication between the brain and spinal cord by sectioning half of the spinal cord on one side and then about two months later, half the spinal cord on the other side at different levels of the thoracic cord in cats. We show that despite a strong contribution from neural circuits located below the second spinal cord injury in the recovery of hindlimb locomotion, the coordination between the forelimbs and hindlimbs weakens and postural control is impaired. We can use our model to test approaches to restore the control of interlimb coordination and posture during locomotion after spinal cord injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Audet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morency, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlet, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections but cannot restore posture and interlimb coordination during quadrupedal locomotion in adult cats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the reference: gene expression variation and transcriptional response to RNAi in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A universal feature of living systems is that natural variation in genotype underpins variation in phenotype. Yet, research in model organisms is often constrained to a single genetic background, the reference strain. Further, genomic studies that do evaluate wild strains typically rely on the reference strain genome for read alignment, leading to the possibility of biased inferences based on incomplete or inaccurate mapping; the extent of reference bias can be difficult to quantify. As an intermediary between genome and organismal traits, gene expression is well positioned to describe natural variability across genotypes generally and in the context of environmental responses, which can represent complex adaptive phenotypes. C. elegans sits at the forefront of investigation into small-RNA gene regulatory mechanisms, or RNA interference (RNAi), and wild strains exhibit natural variation in RNAi competency following environmental triggers. Here, we examine how genetic differences among five wild strains affect the C. elegans transcriptome in general and after inducing RNAi responses to two germline target genes. Approximately 34% of genes were differentially expressed across strains; 411 genes were not expressed at all in at least one strain despite robust expression in others, including 49 genes not expressed in reference strain N2. Despite the presence of hyper-diverse hotspots throughout the C. elegans genome, reference mapping bias was of limited concern: over 92% of variably expressed genes were robust to mapping issues. Overall, the transcriptional response to RNAi was strongly strain-specific and highly specific to the target gene, and the laboratory strain N2 was not representative of the other strains. Moreover, the transcriptional response to RNAi was not correlated with RNAi phenotypic penetrance; the two germline RNAi incompetent strains exhibited substantial differential gene expression following RNAi treatment, indicating an RNAi response despite failure to reduce expression of the target gene. We conclude that gene expression, both generally and in response to RNAi, differs across C. elegans strains such that choice of strain may meaningfully influence scientific conclusions. To provide a public, easily accessible resource for querying gene expression variation in this dataset, we introduce an interactive website at https://wildworm.biosci.gatech.edu/rnai/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.533964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the reference: gene expression variation and transcriptional response to RNAi in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal coordination of Rac1 and Cdc42 at the whole cell level during cell ruffling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rho-GTPases are central regulators within a complex signaling network that controls the cytoskeletal organization and cell movement. This network includes multiple GTPases, such as the most studied Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, and their numerous effectors that provide mutual regulation and feedback loops. Here we investigate the temporal and spatial relationship between Rac1 and Cdc42 during membrane ruffling using a simulation model which couples GTPase signaling with cell morphodynamics to capture the GTPase behavior observed with FRET-based biosensors. We show that membrane velocity is regulated by the kinetic rate of GTPase activation rather than the concentration of active GTPase. Our model captures both uniform and polarized ruffling. We also show that cell-type specific time delays between Rac1 and Cdc42 activation can be reproduced with a single signaling motif, in which the delay is controlled by feedback from Cdc42 to Rac1. The resolution of our simulation output matches those of the time-lapsed recordings of cell dynamics and GTPase activity. This approach allows us to validate simulation results with quantitative precision using the same pipeline for the analysis of simulated and experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hladyshau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoop, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal coordination of Rac1 and Cdc42 at the whole cell level during cell ruffling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Integration of Deep Neural Networks and Finite Element Method with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: Patient-specific finite element analysis (FEA) has the potential to aid in the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases by providing accurate stress and deformation analysis in various scenarios. It is known that patient-specific FEA is time-consuming and unsuitable for time-sensitive clinical applications. To mitigate this challenge, machine learning (ML) techniques, including deep neural networks (DNNs), have been developed to construct fast FEA surrogates. However, due to the data-driven nature of these ML models, they may not generalize well on new data, leading to unacceptable errors.

MethodsWe propose a synergistic integration of DNNs and finite element method (FEM) to overcome each others limitations. We demonstrated this novel integrative strategy in forward and inverse problems. For the forward problem, we developed DNNs using state-of-the-art architectures, and DNN outputs were then refined by FEM to ensure accuracy. For the inverse problem of heterogeneous material parameter identification, our method employs a DNN as regularization for the inverse analysis process to avoid erroneous material parameter distribution.

ResultsWe tested our methods on biomechanical analysis of the human aorta. For the forward problem, the DNN-only models yielded acceptable stress errors in majority of test cases; yet, for some test cases that could be out of the training distribution (OOD), the peak stress errors were larger than 50%. The DNN-FEM integration eliminated the large errors for these OOD cases. Moreover, the DNN-FEM integration was magnitudes faster than the FEM-only approach. For the inverse problem, the FEM-only inverse method led to errors larger than 50%, and our DNN-FEM integration significantly improved performance on the inverse problem with errors less than 1%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Integration of Deep Neural Networks and Finite Element Method with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynein-Powered Cell Locomotion Guides Metastasis of Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is a principal cause of death in cancer patients, which remains an unresolved fundamental and clinical problem. Conventionally, metastatic dissemination is linked to the actomyosin-driven cell locomotion. However, locomotion of cancer cells often does not strictly line up with the measured actomyosin forces. Here, we identify a complementary mechanism of metastatic locomotion powered by the dynein-generated forces. These forces that arise within a non-stretchable microtubule network drive persistent contact guidance of migrating cancer cells along the biomimetic collagen fibers. We also show that dynein-powered locomotion becomes indispensable during invasive 3D migration within a tissue-like luminal network between spatially confining hydrogel microspheres. Our results indicate that the complementary contractile system of dynein motors and microtubules is always necessary and in certain instances completely sufficient for dissemination of metastatic breast cancer cells. These findings advance fundamental understanding of cell locomotion mechanisms and expand the spectrum of clinical targets against metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheirabadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ataie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabdanov, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynein-Powered Cell Locomotion Guides Metastasis of Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of APOBEC-induced mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytidine deaminases APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B (A3B) are prominent mutators of human cancer genomes. However, tumor-specific genetic modulators of APOBEC-induced mutagenesis are poorly defined. Here, we utilized a screen to identify 61 gene deletions that increase A3B-induced mutations in yeast. Also, we determined whether each deletion was epistatic with UNG1 loss, which indicated whether the encoded factors participate in the error-free bypass of A3B/Ung1-dependent abasic sites or suppress A3B-catalyzed deamination by protecting against aberrant formation of single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Additionally, we determined that the mutation spectra of A3B-induced mutations revealed genotype-specific patterns of strand-specific ssDNA formation and nucleotide incorporation across APOBEC-induced lesions. Combining these three metrics we were able to establish a multifactorial signature of APOBEC-induced mutations specific to (1) failure to remove H3K56 acetylation, which results in extremely high A3B-induced mutagenesis, (2) defective CTF18-RFC complex function, which results in high levels of A3B induced mutations specifically on the leading strand template that synergistically increase with loss of UNG1, and (3) defective HR-mediated bypass of APOBEC-induced lesions, which were epistatic with Ung1 loss and result from increased Rev1-mediated C-to-G substitutions. We extended these results by analyzing mutation data for human tumors and found BRCA1/2-deficient breast cancer tumors display 3- to 4-fold more APOBEC-induced mutations. Mirroring our results in yeast, for BRCA1/2 deficient tumors Rev1-mediated C-to-G substitutions are solely responsible for increased APOBEC-signature mutations and these mutations occur on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Together these results identify important factors that influence the dynamics of DNA replication and likely the abundance of APOBEC-induced mutation during tumor progression as well as a novel mechanistic role for BRCA1/2 during HR-dependent lesion bypass of APOBEC-induced lesions during cancer cell replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice-Reynolds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobachev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of APOBEC-induced mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enriched zones of embedded ribonucleotides are associated with DNA replication and coding sequences in the human mitochondrial genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abundant ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) incorporation in DNA by DNA polymerases in the form of ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) is a widespread phenomenon in nature, resulting in DNA structural change and genome instability. The rNMP distribution, characteristics, hotspots, and association with DNA metabolic processes in human mitochondrial DNA (hmtDNA) remain mostly unknown. Here, we utilize the ribose-seq technique to capture embedded rNMPs in mtDNA of six different human cell types with wild-type or mutant ribonuclease (RNase) H2 genotype. The rNMPs are preferentially embedded in the DNA of the light strand in most cell types studied, but not in the liver-tissue cells, in which the rNMPs are dominant on the heavy strand of hmtDNA. We uncover common rNMP hotspots and conserved rNMP-enriched zones across the entire hmtDNA, including in the replication-control region, which may result in the suppression of mtDNA replication. We also show that longer coding sequences have a significantly higher rNMP-embedment frequency per nucleotide. While the composition of the embedded rNMPs varies among the different cell types, by studying the genomic context of embedded rNMPs, we detected common rNMP-embedment patterns in hmtDNA. The genomic contexts of rNMPs found in hmtDNA are mainly distinct from those found in yeast mtDNA, highlighting a unique signature of rNTP incorporation by hmtDNA polymerase {gamma}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarani, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinazi, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pursell, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tell, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vascotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enriched zones of embedded ribonucleotides are associated with DNA replication and coding sequences in the human mitochondrial genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple brain activation patterns for the same task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meaningful variation in internal states that impacts cognition and behavior remains challenging to discover and characterize. Here we leveraged trial-to-trial fluctuations in the brain-wide signal recorded using functional MRI to test if distinct sets of brain regions are activated on different trials when accomplishing the same task. Across three different perceptual decision-making experiments, we estimated the brain activations for each trial. We then clustered the trials based on their similarity using modularity-maximization, a data-driven classification method. In each experiment, we found multiple distinct but stable subtypes of trials, suggesting that the same task can be accomplished in the presence of widely varying brain activation patterns. Surprisingly, in all experiments, one of the subtypes exhibited strong activation in the default mode network, which is typically thought to decrease in activity during tasks that require externally focused attention. The remaining subtypes were characterized by activations in different task-positive areas. The default mode network subtype was characterized by behavioral signatures that were similar to the other subtypes exhibiting activation with task-positive regions. These findings demonstrate that the same perceptual decision-making task is accomplished through multiple brain activation patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple brain activation patterns for the same task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule search-and-capture model evaluates the effect of chromosomal volume conservation on spindle assembly during mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in the chromosome numbers can arise from the erroneous mitosis or fusion and fission of chromosomes. While the mitotic errors lead to an increase or decrease in the overall chromosomal substance in the daughter cells, fission and fusion keep this conserved. Variations in chromosome numbers are assumed to be a crucial driver of speciation. For example, the members of the muntjac species are known to have very different karyotypes with the chromosome numbers varying from 2n = 70 + 3B in the brown brocket deer to 2n = 46 in the Chinese muntjac and 2n = 6/7 in the Indian muntjac. The chromosomal content in the nucleus of these closely related mammals is roughly the same and various chromosome fusion and fission pathways have been suggested as the evolution process of these karyotypes. Similar trends can also be found in lepidoptera and yeast species which show a wide variation of chromosome numbers. The effect of chromosome number variation on the spindle assembly time and accuracy is still not properly addressed. We computationally investigate the effect of conservation of the total chromosomal substance on the spindle assembly during prometaphase. Our results suggest that chromosomal fusion pathways aid the microtubule-driven Search and Capture of the kinetochore in cells with monocentric chromosomes. We further report a comparative analysis of the site and percentage of amphitelic captures, dependence on cell shape, position of the kinetochore in respect of chromosomal volume partitioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule search-and-capture model evaluates the effect of chromosomal volume conservation on spindle assembly during mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LinRace: single cell lineage reconstruction using paired lineage barcode and gene expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how single cells divide and differentiate into different cell types in developed organs is one of the major tasks of developmental and stem cell biology. Recently, lineage tracing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has enabled simultaneous readouts of gene expressions and lineage barcodes in single cells, which allows for the reconstruction of the cell division tree, and even the detection of cell types and differentiation trajectories at the whole organism level. While most state-of-the-art methods for lineage reconstruction utilize only the lineage barcode data, methods that incorporate gene expression data are emerging, aiming to improve the accuracy of lineage reconstruction. However, effectively incorporating the gene expression data requires a reasonable model on how gene expression data changes along generations of divisions. Here, we present LinRace (Lineage Reconstruction with asymmetric cell division model), a method that integrates the lineage barcode and gene expression data using the asymmetric cell division model and infers cell lineage under a framework combining Neighbor Joining and maximum-likelihood heuristics. On both simulated and real data, LinRace outputs more accurate cell division trees than existing methods. Moreover, Lin Race can output the cell states (cell types) of ancestral cells, which is rarely performed with existing lineage reconstruction methods. The information on ancestral cells can be used to analyze how a progenitor cell generates a large population of cells with various functionalities. LinRace is available at: https://github.com/ZhangLabGT/LinRace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LinRace: single cell lineage reconstruction using paired lineage barcode and gene expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid bacteria-phage coevolution drives the emergence of multi-scale networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between species have catalyzed the evolution of multiscale ecological networks-including both nested and modular elements that regulate the function of diverse communities. One common assumption is that such complex pattern formation requires long evolutionary timescales, spatial isolation, or other exogenous processes. Here we show that multiscale network structure can evolve rapidly under simple ecological conditions without spatial structure. In just 21 days of laboratory coevolution, Escherichia coli and bacteriophage {Phi}21 coevolve and diversify to form elaborate cross-infection networks. By measuring [~]10,000 phage-bacteria infections and testing the genetic basis of interactions, we identify the mechanisms that create each component of the multiscale pattern. Initially, nested patterns form through an arms race where hosts successively lose the original receptor (LamB) and phages evolve to use a second (OmpC) and then a third (OmpF) receptor. Next, modules form when the cost of losing the third receptor, OmpF, increases and bacteria evolve resistance mutations that modify the OmpF receptors extramembrane loops. In turn, phages evolve adaptations that facilitate specialized interactions with different OmpF variants. Nestedness reemerges within modules as bacteria evolve increased resistance and phages enhance infectivity against module-specific receptor variants. Our results demonstrate how multiscale networks evolve in parasite-host systems, illustrating Darwins idea that simple adaptive processes can generate entangled banks of ecological interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucia-Sanz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbino, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid bacteria-phage coevolution drives the emergence of multi-scale networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-subject Mapping of Neural Activity with Restricted Boltzmann Machines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subject-to-subject variability is a common challenge in generalizing neural data models across subjects. While many methods exist that map one subject to another, it remains challenging to combine many subjects in a computationally efficient manner, especially with features that are highly non-linear such as when considering populations of spiking neurons or motor units. Our objective is to transfer data from one or more target subjects to the data space of one or more source subject(s) such that the neural decoder of the source subject can directly decode the target data when the source(s) is not available during test time. We propose to use the Gaussian-Bernoulli Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM); once trained over the entire set of subjects, the RBM allows the mapping of target features on source feature spaces using Gibbs sampling. We also consider a novel computationally efficient training technique for RBMs based on the minimization of the Fisher divergence, which allows the gradients of the RBM to be computed in closed form, in contrast to the more traditional contrastive divergence. We apply our methods to decode turning behaviors from a comprehensive spike-resolved motor program - neuromuscular recordings of spike trains from the ten muscles that control wing motion in an agile flying Manduca sexta. The dataset consists of the comprehensive motor program recorded from nine subjects driven by six discrete visual stimuli. The evaluations show that the target features can be decoded using the source classifier with an accuracy of up to 95% when mapped using an RBM trained by Fisher divergence.

Significant StatementIn this study, we address the variability of neural data across subjects, which is a significant obstacle in developing models that can generalize across subjects. Our objective is to create a task-specific representation of the target subject signal in the feature space of the source subject. Our proposed RBM architectures achieve highly flexible and accurate cross-subject mapping with few assumptions. Our Fisher RBM improved the previous state of the art method by 300%. Our methods show promise in generalizing features of complex neural datasets across individuals, tuning neural interfaces to subject-specific features, and leveraging data across multiple subjects when experiments are limited in time or completeness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angjelichinoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarokh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-subject Mapping of Neural Activity with Restricted Boltzmann Machines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High prevalence of LPS mutants and R2-Pyocin susceptible variants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations sourced from cystic fibrosis lung infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic, highly antibiotic-resistant infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common CF pathogen, exhibits resistance to multiple antibiotics, contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These bacterial populations display genetic and phenotypic diversity, but it is unclear how this diversity affects susceptibility to bacteriocins. R-pyocins, i.e. bacteriocins produced by P. aeruginosa, are phage tail-like antimicrobials. R-pyocins have potential as antimicrobials, however recent research suggests the diversity of P. aeruginosa variants within CF lung infections leads to varying susceptibility to R-pyocins. This variation may be linked to changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acting as the R-pyocin receptor. Currently, it is unknown how frequently R-pyocin-susceptible strains are in chronic CF lung infection, particularly when considering the heterogeneity within these strains. In this study, we tested R2-pyocin susceptibility of 139 P. aeruginosa variants from 17 sputum samples of seven CF patients and analyzed LPS phenotypes. We found that 83% of sputum samples did not have R2-pyocin-resistant variants, while nearly all samples contained susceptible variants. there was no correlation between LPS phenotype and R2-pyocin susceptibility, though we estimate that about 76% of sputum-derived variants lack an O-specific antigen, 40% lack a common antigen, and 24% have altered LPS cores. The absence of a correlation between LPS phenotype and R-pyocin susceptibility suggests LPS packing density may play a significant role in R-pyocin susceptibility among CF variants. Our research supports the potential of R-pyocins as therapeutic agents, as many infectious CF variants are susceptible to R2-pyocins, even within diverse bacterial populations.

IMPORTANCECystic fibrosis (CF) patients often experience chronic, debilitating lung infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The genetic and phenotypic diversity of P. aeruginosa populations in CF lungs raises questions about their susceptibility to non-traditional antimicrobials, like bacteriocins. In this study, we focused on R-pyocins, a type of bacteriocin with high potency and a narrow killing spectrum. Our findings indicate that a large number of infectious CF variants are susceptible to R2-pyocins, even within diverse bacterial populations, supporting their potential use as therapeutic agents. The absence of a clear correlation between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotypes and R-pyocin susceptibility suggests that LPS packing density may play a significant role in R-pyocin susceptibility among CF variants. Understanding the relationship between LPS phenotypes and R-pyocin susceptibility is crucial for developing effective treatments for these chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzeja-Edwards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High prevalence of LPS mutants and R2-Pyocin susceptible variants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations sourced from cystic fibrosis lung infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiadjuvant polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid (PAL) subunit nanovaccine generates robust systemic and lung-specific mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccines produce only limited mucosal responses, which are essential for reducing transmission and achieving sterilizing immunity. Appropriately designed mucosal boosters could overcome the shortcomings of parenteral vaccines and enhance pre- existing systemic immunity. Here we present a new protein subunit nanovaccine using multiadjuvanted (e.g. RIG-I: PUUC, TLR9: CpG) polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid nanoparticles (PAL-NPs) that can be delivered both intramuscularly (IM) and intranasally (IN) to generate balanced mucosal-systemic SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Mice receiving IM-Prime PUUC+CpG PAL- NPs, followed by an IN-Boost, developed high levels of IgA, IgG, and cellular immunity in the lung, and showed robust systemic humoral immunity. Interestingly, as a purely intranasal vaccine (IN-Prime/IN-Boost), PUUC+CpG PAL-NPs induced stronger lung-specific T cell immunity than IM-Prime/IN-Boost, and a comparable IgA and neutralizing antibodies, although with a lower systemic antibody response, indicating that a fully mucosal delivery route for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may also be feasible. Our data suggest that PUUC+CpG PAL-NP subunit vaccine is a promising candidate for generating SARS-CoV-2 specific mucosal immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Farrell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringquist, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiadjuvant polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid (PAL) subunit nanovaccine generates robust systemic and lung-specific mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using CRISPR/Cas9 to identify genes required for mechanosensory neuron development and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunicates are marine, non-vertebrate chordates that comprise the sister group to the vertebrates. Most tunicates have a biphasic lifecycle that alternates between a swimming larva and a sessile adult. Recent advances have shed light on the neural basis for the tunicate larvas ability to sense a proper substrate for settlement and initiate metamorphosis. Work in the highly tractable laboratory model tunicate Ciona robusta suggests that sensory neurons embedded in the anterior papillae of transduce mechanosensory stimuli to trigger larval tail retraction and initiate the process of metamorphosis. Here, we take advantage of the low-cost and simplicity of Ciona by using tissue-specific CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis to screen for genes potentially involved in mechanosensation and metamorphosis, in the context of an undergraduate "capstone" research course. This small screen revealed at least one gene, Vamp1/2/3, that appears crucial for the ability of the papillae to trigger metamorphosis. We also provide step-by-step protocols and tutorials associated with this course, in the hope that it might be replicated in similar CRISPR-based laboratory courses wherever Ciona are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayastha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoja, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leandre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pareizs, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scotto, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellingiri, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakade, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkeljohn, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkeljohn, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotterman, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using CRISPR/Cas9 to identify genes required for mechanosensory neuron development and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attenuation of muscle spindle firing with artificially increased series compliance during stretch of relaxed muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle spindles relay vital mechanosensory information for movement and posture, but muscle spindle feedback is coupled to skeletal motion by a compliant tendon. Little is known about the effects of tendon compliance on muscle spindle feedback during movement, and the complex firing of muscle spindles make these effects difficult to predict. Our goal was to investigate changes in muscle spindle firing using added series elastic elements (SEEs) to mimic a more compliant tendon, and to characterize the accompanying changes in firing with respect to muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and muscle fascicle displacements (recorded via sonomicrometry). Sinusoidal, ramp-hold-release, and triangular stretches were analyzed to examine potential changes in muscle spindle instantaneous firing rates (IFRs) in locomotor-and perturbation-like stretches as well as history dependence. Added SEEs effectively reduced overall MTU stiffness and generally reduced muscle spindle firing rates, but the effect differed across stretch types. During sinusoidal stretches, peak firing rates were reduced and IFR was strongly correlated with fascicle velocity. During ramp stretches, SEEs reduced the dynamic and static responses of the spindle during lengthening but had no effect on initial bursts at the onset of stretch. Notably, IFR was negatively related to fascicle displacement during the hold phase. During triangular stretches, SEEs reduced the mean IFR during the first and second stretches, affecting the history dependence of mean IFR. Overall, these results demonstrate that tendon compliance may attenuate muscle spindle feedback during movement, but these changes cannot be fully explained by reduced muscle fascicle length and velocity.

New FindingsO_ST_ABSWhat is the central question of the study?C_ST_ABSLittle is known about the effects of tendon compliance on muscle spindle function. We asked whether increasing the series compliance the muscle-tendon unit muscle spindle Ia responses to stretch. We also test the relationship between muscle spindle firing rates and muscle fascicle biomechanics.

What is the main finding and its importance?Muscle spindle firing was generally attenuated with added series compliance, with the exception of the initial burst at the onset of stretch. Overall, the changes depended upon stretch profiles, and could not be fully explained by muscle fascicle length and velocity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbott, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simha, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attenuation of muscle spindle firing with artificially increased series compliance during stretch of relaxed muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative flow cytometric selection of tau conformational nanobodies specific for pathological aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Single-domain antibodies, also known as nanobodies, are broadly important for studying the structure and conformational states of several classes of proteins, including membrane proteins, enzymes, and amyloidogenic proteins. Conformational nanobodies specific for aggregated conformations of amyloidogenic proteins are particularly needed to better target and study aggregates associated with a growing class of associated diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. However, there are few reported nanobodies with both conformational and sequence specificity for amyloid aggregates, especially for large and complex proteins such as the tau protein associated with Alzheimers disease, due to difficulties in selecting nanobodies that bind to complex aggregated proteins. Here, we report the selection of conformational nanobodies that selectively recognize aggregated (fibrillar) tau relative to soluble (monomeric) tau. Notably, we demonstrate that these nanobodies can be directly isolated from immune libraries using quantitative flow cytometric sorting of yeast-displayed libraries against tau aggregates conjugated to quantum dots, and this process eliminates the need for secondary nanobody screening. The isolated nanobodies demonstrate conformational specificity for tau aggregates in brain samples from both transgenic tau mouse models and human tauopathies. We expect that our facile approach will be broadly useful for isolating conformational nanobodies against diverse amyloid aggregates and other complex antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zupancic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzeciakiewicz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative flow cytometric selection of tau conformational nanobodies specific for pathological aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry shapes evolution of early multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have increased in complexity through a series of major evolutionary transitions, in which formerly autonomous entities become parts of a novel higher-level entity. One intriguing feature of the higher-level entity after some major transitions is a division of reproductive labor among its lower-level units. Although it can have clear benefits once established, it is unknown how such reproductive division of labor originates. We consider a recent evolution experiment on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a unique platform to address the issue of reproductive differentiation during an evolutionary transition in individuality. In the experiment, independent yeast lineages evolved a multicellular "snowflake-like" cluster form in response to gravity selection. Shortly after the evolution of clusters, the yeast evolved higher rates of cell death. While cell death enables clusters to split apart and form new groups, it also reduces their performance in the face of gravity selection. To understand the selective value of increased cell death, we create a mathematical model of the cellular arrangement within snowflake yeast clusters. The model reveals that the mechanism of cell death and the geometry of the snowflake interact in complex, evolutionarily important ways. We find that the organization of snowflake yeast imposes powerful limitations on the available space for new cell growth. By dying more frequently, cells in clusters avoid encountering space limitations, and, paradoxically, reach higher numbers. In addition, selection for particular group sizes can explain the increased rate of apoptosis both in terms of total cell number and total numbers of collectives. Thus, by considering the geometry of a primitive multicellular organism we can gain insight into the initial emergence of reproductive division of labor during an evolutionary transition in individuality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Libby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mike Travisano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Kerr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry shapes evolution of early multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excess False Positive Rates in Methods for Differential Gene Expression Analysis using RNA-Seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAn important property of a valid method for testing for differential expression is that the false positive rate should at least roughly correspond to the p-value cutoff, so that if 10,000 genes are tested at a p-value cutoff of 10-4, and if all the null hypotheses are true, then there should be only about 1 gene declared to be significantly differentially expressed. We tested this by resampling from existing RNA-Seq data sets and also by matched negative binomial simulations.nnResultsMethods we examined, which rely strongly on a negative binomial model, such as edgeR, DESeq, and DESeq2, show large numbers of false positives in both the resampled real-data case and in the simulated negative binomial case. This also occurs with a negative binomial generalized linear model function in R. Methods that use only the variance function, such as limma-voom, do not show excessive false positives, as is also the case with a variance stabilizing transformation followed by linear model analysis with limma. The excess false positives are likely caused by apparently small biases in estimation of negative binomial dispersion and, perhaps surprisingly, occur mostly when the mean and/or the dispersion is high, rather than for low-count genes.nnContactdmrocke@ucdavis.edu, lruan@ucdavis.edu, yilzhang@ucdavis.edu, gt4636b@gatech.edu, bpdur-bin@ucdavis.edu, saviran@ucdavis.edu.nnSupplementary InformationThe computational tools developed for this study are freely available via our website http://dmrocke.ucdavis.edu/software.html. They can be downloaded as R code or run directly through an interactive web-based shiny application to reproduce the analysis presented here per a users choice of dataset and the methods to be evaluated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David M Rocke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luyao Ruan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilun Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Jared Gossett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blythe Durbin-Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon Aviran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excess False Positive Rates in Methods for Differential Gene Expression Analysis using RNA-Seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequence analyses of Western Central African Pygmy hunter-gatherers reveal a complex demographic history and identify candidate genes under positive natural selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
African Pygmies practicing a mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle are phenotypically and genetically diverged from other anatomically modern humans, and they likely experienced strong selective pressures due to their unique lifestyle in the Central African rainforest. To identify genomic targets of adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of four Biaka Pygmies from the Central African Republic and jointly analyzed these data with the genome sequences of three Baka Pygmies from Cameroon and nine Yoruba famers. To account for the complex demographic history of these populations that includes both isolation and gene flow, we fit models using the joint allele frequency spectrum and validated them using independent approaches. Our two best-fit models both suggest ancient divergence between the ancestors of the farmers and Pygmies, 90,000 or 150,000 years ago. We also find that bi-directional asymmetric gene-flow is statistically better supported than a single pulse of unidirectional gene flow from farmers to Pygmies, as previously suggested. We then applied complementary statistics to scan the genome for evidence of selective sweeps and polygenic selection. We found that conventional statistical outlier approaches were biased toward identifying candidates in regions of high mutation or low recombination rate. To avoid this bias, we assigned P-values for candidates using whole-genome simulations incorporating demography and variation in both recombination and mutation rates. We found that genes and gene sets involved in muscle development, bone synthesis, immunity, reproduction, cell signaling and development, and energy metabolism are likely to be targets of positive natural selection in Western African Pygmies or their recent ancestors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PingHsun Hsieh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna R Veeramah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Lachance</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah A Tishkoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey D Wall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael F Hammer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan N Gutenkunst</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequence analyses of Western Central African Pygmy hunter-gatherers reveal a complex demographic history and identify candidate genes under positive natural selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-examining the relationship between virus and microbial cell abundances in the global oceans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine viruses are critical drivers of ocean biogeochemistry and their abundances vary spatiotemporally in the global oceans, with upper estimates exceeding 108 per ml. Over many years, a consensus has emerged that virus abundances are typically 10-fold higher than prokaryote abundances. The use of a fixed-ratio suggests that the relationship between virus and prokaryote abundances is both predictable and linear. However, the true explanatory power of a linear relationship and its robustness across diverse ocean environments is unclear. Here, we compile 5671 prokaryote and virus abundance estimates from 25 distinct marine surveys to characterize the relationship between virus and prokaryote abundances. We find that the median virus-to-prokaryote ratio (VPR) is 10:1 and 16:1 in the near-and sub-surface oceans, respectively. Nonetheless, we observe substantial variation in the VPR and find either no or limited explanatory power using fixed-ratio models. Instead, virus abundances are better described as nonlinear, power-law functions of prokaryote abundances - particularly when considering relationships within distinct marine surveys. Estimated power-laws have scaling exponents that are typically less than 1, signifying that the VPR decreases with prokaryote density, rather than remaining fixed. The emergence of power-law scaling presents a challenge for mechanistic models seeking to understand the ecological causes and consequences of marine virus-microbe interactions. Such power-law scaling also implies that efforts to average viral effects on microbial mortality and biogeochemical cycles using "representative" abundances or abundance-ratios need to be refined if they are to be utilized to make quantitative predictions at regional or global ocean scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles H. Wigington</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek L. Sonderegger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corina P.D. Brussaard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison Buchan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan F. Finke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jed Fuhrman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay T. Lennon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias Middelboe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis A. Suttle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Stock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William H. Wilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K. Eric Wommack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven W. Wilhelm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua S. Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-examining the relationship between virus and microbial cell abundances in the global oceans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome engineering could select for more virulent pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent insights into the human microbiome offer the hope of manipulating its composition to help fight infectious diseases1-7. While this strategy has shown huge potential, its consequences for pathogen evolution have not been explored. Here we show that manipulating the microbiome to increase the competition that pathogens face could lead to the evolution of increased production of virulence factors that pathogens use to combat commensals, an evolutionary response that can increase total disease induced mortality in the long-term. However, if treatment with microbiome engineering is sufficiently aggressive this evolutionary response can be avoided and the pathogen eradicated. Furthermore, we show that using damage limitation therapies8 (e.g. antivirulence and anti-inflammatory drugs) in combination with microbiome manipulation increases the potential for pathogen eradication. While manipulating our microbiota offers a promising alternative to antibiotics, our results show that these treatments must be designed with careful consideration of the potential evolutionary responses of target pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luke McNally</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro F Vale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam P Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome engineering could select for more virulent pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apoptosis in snowflake yeast: novel trait, or side effect of toxic waste? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments evolving de novo multicellularity in yeast have found that large-cluster forming genotypes also exhibit higher rates of programmed cell death (apoptosis). This was previously interpreted as the evolution of a simple form of cellular division of labor: apoptosis results in the scission of cell-cell connections, allowing snowflake yeast to produce proportionally smaller, faster-growing propagules. Through spatial simulations, Duran-Nebreda and Sole (2015) develop the novel null hypothesis that apoptosis is not an adaptation, per se, but is instead caused by the accumulation of toxic metabolites in large clusters. Here we test this hypothesis by synthetically creating unicellular derivatives of snowflake yeast through functional complementation with the ancestral ACE2 allele. We find that multicellular snowflake yeast with elevated apoptosis exhibit a similar rate of apoptosis when cultured as single cells. We also show that larger snowflake yeast clusters tend to contain a greater fraction of older, senescent cells, which may explain why larger clusters of a given genotype are more apoptotic. Our results show that apoptosis is not caused by side effects of spatial structure, such as starvation or waste product accumulation, and are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated apoptosis is a trait which co-evolves with large cluster size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Pentz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford P Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William C Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apoptosis in snowflake yeast: novel trait, or side effect of toxic waste?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trait Heritability in Major Transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A crucial component of major transitions theory is that after the transition, adaptation occurs primarily at the level of the new, higher-level unit. For collective-level adaptations to occur, though, collective-level traits must be heritable. Since collective-level trait values are functions of lower-level trait values, collective-level heritability is related to particle-level heritability. However, the nature of this relationship has rarely been explored in the context of major transitions. We examine relationships between particle-level heritability and collective-level heritability for several functions that express collective-level trait value in terms of particle-level trait values. When a collective-level trait value is a linear function of particle-level trait values, the heritability of a collective-level trait is never less than that of the corresponding particle-level trait and is higher under most conditions. For more complicated functions, collective-level heritability is higher under most conditions, but can be lower when the function relating particle to cell-level trait values is sensitive to small fluctuations in the state of the particles within the collective. Rather than being an impediment to major transitions, we show that collective-level heritability superior to that of the lower-level units can often arise  for free, simply as a byproduct of collective formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew D Herron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William C Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trait Heritability in Major Transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replicator Dynamics with Feedback-Evolving Games: Towards a Co-Evolutionary Game Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A tragedy of the commons occurs when individuals take actions to maximize their payoffs even as their combined payoff is less than the global maximum had the players coordinated. The originating example is that of over-grazing of common pasture lands. In game theoretic treatments of this example there is rarely consideration of how individual behavior subsequently modifies the commons and associated payoffs. Here, we generalize evolutionary game theory by proposing a class of replicator dynamics with feedback-evolving games in which environment-dependent payoffs and strategies coevolve. We initially apply our formulation to a system in which the payoffs favor unilateral defection and cooperation, given replete and depleted environments respectively. Using this approach we identify and characterize a new class of dynamics: an oscillatory tragedy of the commons in which the system cycles between deplete and replete environmental states and cooperation and defection behavior states. We generalize the approach to consider outcomes given all possible rational choices of individual behavior in the depleted state when defection is favored in the replete state. In so doing we find that incentivizing cooperation when others defect in the depleted state is necessary to avert the tragedy of the commons. In closing, we propose new directions for the study of control and influence in games in which individual actions exert a substantive effect on the environmental state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua S Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam P Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceyhun Eksin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith Paarporn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William C Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replicator Dynamics with Feedback-Evolving Games: Towards a Co-Evolutionary Game Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to enteric but not systemic bacterial infection in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia-mediatedprotection against viral infection has been extensively demonstrated in Drosophila and in mosquitoes that are artificially inoculatedwith D. melanogaster Wolbachia (wMel), but to date no evidence for Wolbachia-mediated antibacterial protection has been demonstrated in Drosophila.Here we show that D. melanogaster carrying wMel shows reduced mortality during enteric - but not systemic - infection with the opportunist pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that protection is more pronounced in male flies. Wolbachia-mediated protection is associated with increased early expression of the antimicrobial peptide attacinA, followed by increased expression of a ROS detoxification gene (gstD8), and other tissue damage repair genes which together contribute to greater host resistance and disease tolerance. These results highlight that the route of infection is important for symbiont-mediated protection from infection, that Wolbachia can protect hosts by eliciting a combination of resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, and that these effects are sexually dimorphic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan B Vasanthakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta Vanika</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathon A Siva-Jothy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katy M Monteith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam P Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro F Vale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to enteric but not systemic bacterial infection in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of increased frequency and severity of multiple infections by viruses due to spatial clustering of hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple virus particles can infect a target host cell. Such multiple infections (MIs) have significant and varied ecological and evolutionary consequences for both virus and host populations. Yet, the in situ rates and drivers of MIs in virusmicrobe systems remain largely unknown. Here, we develop an individual-based model (IBM) of virus-microbe dynamics to probe how spatial interactions drive the frequency and nature of MIs. In our IBMs, we identify increasingly spatially correlated clusters of viruses given sufficient decreases viral movement. We also identify increasingly spatially correlated clusters of viruses and clusters of hosts given sufficient increases in viral infectivity. The emergence of clusters is associated with an increase in multiply infected hosts as compared to expectations from an analogous mean-field model. We also observe longtails in the distribution of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) in contrast to mean-field expectations that such events are exponentially rare. We show that increases in both the frequency and severity of MIs occur when viruses invade a cluster of uninfected microbes. We contend that population-scale enhancement of MI arises from an aggregate of invasion dynamics over a distribution of microbe cluster sizes. Our work highlights the need to consider spatially explicit interactions as a potentially key driver underlying the ecology and evolution of virus-microbe communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradford P Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine J Penington</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua S Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of increased frequency and severity of multiple infections by viruses due to spatial clustering of hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSL polysaccharide is a social but non-cheatable trait in biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular polysaccharides are compounds secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding environment and which are important for surface attachment and maintaining structural integrity within biofilms. The social nature of many extracellular polysaccharides remains unclear, and it has been suggested that they could function as either co-operative public goods, or as traits that provide a competitive advantage. Here we empirically test the co-operative nature of the PSL polysaccharide, which is crucial for the formation of biofilms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We show that: (1) PSL is not metabolically costly to produce; (2) PSL provides population level benefits in biofilms, for both growth and antibiotic tolerance; (3) the benefits of PSL production are social and are shared with other cells; (4) the benefits of PSL production appear to be preferentially directed towards cells which produce PSL; (5) cells which do not produce PSL are unable to successfully exploit cells which produce PSL. Taken together, this suggests that PSL is a social but relatively non-exploitable trait, and that growth within biofilms selects for PSL-producing strains, even when multiple strains can interact (low relatedness).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasuhiko Irie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aled Roberts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper N Kragh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernita D Gordon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Hutchison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosalind J Allen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavin Melaugh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Bjarnsholt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart A West</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen P Diggle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSL polysaccharide is a social but non-cheatable trait in biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring phage-bacteria infection networks from time series data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In communities with bacterial viruses (phage) and bacteria, the phage-bacteria infection network establishes which virus types infects which host types. The structure of the infection network is a key element in understanding community dynamics. Yet, this infection network is often difficult to ascertain. Introduced over 60 years ago, the plaque assay remains the gold-standard for establishing who infects whom in a community. This culture-based approach does not scale to environmental samples with increased levels of phage and bacterial diversity, much of which is currently unculturable. Here, we propose an alternative method of inferring phage-bacteria infection networks. This method uses time series data of fluctuating population densities to estimate the complete interaction network without having to test each phage-bacteria pair individually. We use in silico experiments to analyze the factors affecting the quality of network reconstruction and find robust regimes where accurate reconstructions are possible. In addition, we present a multi-experiment approach where time series from different experiments are combined to improve estimates of the infection network and mitigate against the possibility of evolutionary changes to infection during the time-course of measurement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luis Jover</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Romberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua S Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring phage-bacteria infection networks from time series data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysis, Lysogeny, and Virus-Microbe Ratios 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show that neither the Piggyback-the-Winner model nor coral reef virome data presented in Knowles et al. [1] support a mechanistic link between increases in lysogeny, suppression of lysis, and the decline of the virus-to-microbial cell ratio (VMR) at high microbial cell densities across environmental and human-associated systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen J Beckett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer R Brum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B. B. Cael</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Dushoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysis, Lysogeny, and Virus-Microbe Ratios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of coercive policing in genetically mixed groups: the case of plasmid copy number control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Policing is a widespread mechanism regulating cooperation in both human and animal social groups. Policing can promote the evolution and maintenance of cooperation among non-relatives by tying the reproductive success of individuals to the efficiency and success of the group. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of reproductive policing using a multi-scale computational model inspired by the copy number control system of conjugative bacterial plasmids. Our results show that the repression of competition through policing can evolve across a very broad range of migration (plasmid conjugation) rates, improving system-level performance and bringing efficiency gains to the group beyond those achievable by pure self-restraint. Reproductive policing acts to increase genetic relatedness by reducing variation in group size which, in turn, reduces the heterogeneity of the plasmid population. When among-group migration is high, coercive policing strategies are favoured, characterized by high levels of policing coupled with relatively lower obedience. Coercive policing strategies preferentially limit the reproduction of rival lineages while, at the same time, maintaining effective collective reproductive control.nnAuthor SummaryThe emergence and maintenance of cooperation is a topic of great importance in evolutionary biology. The evolution of cooperation has been explained in the context of kin selection when there is sufficient genetic relatedness among interacting individuals. When there is insufficient relatedness, the presence of alternative mechanisms, such as mutual policing, can promote the evolution and maintenance of cooperation by tying the reproductive success of individual to the efficiency and success of the group. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of reproductive policing using an agent-based computational model inspired by a simple and elegant biological example: replication control among conjugative plasmids, a class of molecular symbionts of bacterial hosts. Our results show that the repression of competition through policing evolves and improves plasmid group performance beyond levels achievable by self-restraint, across a very broad range of migration rates. Under conditions of high migration (frequent conjugation), we observe the evolution of coercive policing strategies that limit the reproduction of rival lineages by investing disproportionately in policing relative to their obedience to the policing trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyriakos Kentzoglanakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of coercive policing in genetically mixed groups: the case of plasmid copy number control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental modification via a quorum sensing molecule influences the social landscape of siderophore production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria produce a wide variety of exoproducts that favourably modify their environment and increase their fitness. These are often termed  public goods because they are costly for individuals to produce and can be exploited by non-producers ( cheats). The outcome of conflict over public goods is dependent upon the prevailing environment and the phenotype of the individuals in competition. Many bacterial species use quorum sensing (QS) signalling molecules to regulate the production of public goods. QS therefore determines the cooperative phenotype of individuals, and influences conflict over public goods. In addition to their regulatory functions, many QS molecules have additional properties that directly modify the prevailing environment. This leads to the possibility that QS molecules could influence conflict over public goods indirectly through non-signalling effects, and the impact of this on social competition has not previously been explored. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa QS signal molecule PQS is a powerful chelator of iron which can cause an iron starvation response. Here we show that PQS stimulates a concentration-dependent increase in the cooperative production of iron scavenging siderophores, resulting in an increase in the relative fitness of non-producing siderophore cheats. This is likely due to an increased cost of siderophore output by producing cells and a concurrent increase in the shared benefits, which accrue to both producers and cheats. Although PQS can be a beneficial signalling molecule for P.aeruginosa, our data suggests that it can also render a siderophore-producing population vulnerable to competition from cheating strains. More generally our results indicate that the production of one social trait can indirectly affect the costs and benefits of another social trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roman Popat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freya Harrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke McNally</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen P Diggle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental modification via a quorum sensing molecule influences the social landscape of siderophore production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-dependent fitness effects can drive bet-hedging populations extinct 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive unpredictable environmental change, many organisms adopt bet-hedging strategies that trade short-term population growth for long-term fitness benefits. Because the benefits of bet-hedging may manifest over long time intervals, bet-hedging strategies may be out-competed by strategies maximizing short-term fitness. Here, we investigate the interplay between two drivers of selection, environmental fluctuations and competition for limited resources, on different bet-hedging strategies. We consider an environment with frequent disasters that switch between which phenotypes they affect in a temporally-correlated fashion. We determine how organisms that stochastically switch between phenotypes at different rates fare in both competition and survival. When disasters are correlated in time, the best strategy for competition is among the worst for survival. Since the time scales over which the two agents of selection act are significantly different, environmental fluctuations and resource competition act in opposition and lead populations to evolve diversification strategies that ultimately drive them extinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Libby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William C Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-dependent fitness effects can drive bet-hedging populations extinct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the immune system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage therapy has been viewed as a potential treatment for bacterial infections for over a century. Yet, the year 2016 marks the first phase I/II human trial of a phage therapeutic - to treat burn wound patients in Europe. The slow progress in realizing clinical therapeutics is matched by a similar dearth in principled understanding of phage therapy. Theoretical models and in vitro experiments find that combining phage and bacteria often leads to coexistence of both phage and bacteria or phage elimination altogether. Both outcomes stand in contrast to the stated goals of phage therapy. A potential resolution to the gap between models, experiments, and therapeutic use of phage is the hypothesis that the combined effect of phage and host immune system can synergistically eliminate bacterial pathogens. Here, we propose a phage therapy model that considers the nonlinear dynamics arising from interactions between bacteria, phage and the host innate immune system. The model builds upon earlier efforts by incorporating a maximum capacity of the immune response and density-dependent immune evasion by bacteria. We analytically identify a synergistic regime in this model in which phage and the innate immune response jointly contribute to the elimination of the target bacteria. Crucially, we find that in this synergistic regime, neither phage alone nor the innate immune system alone can eliminate the bacteria. We confirm these findings using numerical simulations in biologically plausible scenarios. We utilize our numerical simulations to explore the synergistic effect and its significance for guiding the use of phage therapy in clinically relevant applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung Yin (Joey) Leung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua S. Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the immune system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed cell death can increase the efficacy of microbial bet-hedging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. While PCD plays a key role in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, explaining why single-celled organisms would evolve to actively commit suicide has been far more challenging. Here, we explore the potential for PCD to act as an accessory to microbial bet-hedging strategies that utilize stochastic phenotype switching. We consider organisms that face unpredictable and recurring disasters, in which fitness depends on effective phenotypic diversification. We show that when reproductive opportunities are limited by carrying capacity, PCD drives population turnover, providing increased opportunities for phenotypic diversification through stochastic phenotype switching. The main cost of PCD, providing resources for growth to a PCD(-) competitor, is ameliorated by genetic assortment driven by population spatial structure. Using three dimensional agent based simulations, we explore how basic demographic factors, namely cell death and clonal reproduction, can create populations with sufficient spatial structure to favor the evolution of high PCD rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Libby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William W. Driscoll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William C. Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed cell death can increase the efficacy of microbial bet-hedging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Killing by Type VI secretion drives clonal phase separation and the evolution of cooperation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By nature of their small size, dense growth and frequent need for extracellular metabolism, microbes face persistent public goods dilemmas1-5. Spatial assortment can act as a general solution to social conflict by allowing extracellular goods to be utilized preferentially by productive genotypes1,6,7. Established mechanisms that generate microbial assortment depend on the availability of free space8-14; however, microbes often live in densely-packed environments, wherein these mechanisms are ineffective. Here, we describe a novel class of self-organized pattern formation that facilitates the development of spatial structure within densely-packed bacterial colonies. Contact-mediated killing through the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) drives high levels of assortment by precipitating phase separation, even in initially well-mixed populations that do not necessarily exhibit net growth. We examine these dynamics using three different classes of mathematical models and experiments with mutually antagonistic strains of Vibrio cholerae growing on solid media, and find that all appear to de-mix via the same  Model A universality class of order-disorder transition. We mathematically demonstrate that contact killing should favour the evolution of public goods cooperation, and empirically examine the relationship between T6SSs and potential cooperation through phylogenetic analysis. Across 26 genera of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, the proportion of a strains genome that codes for potentially-exploitable secreted proteins increases significantly with boththe number of Type 6 secretion systems and the number of T6SS effectors that it possesses. This work demonstrates how antagonistic traits--likely evolved for the purpose of killing competitors--can indirectlylead to the evolution of cooperation by driving genetic phase separation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luke McNally</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eryn Bernardy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arben Kalziqi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer T Pentz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Hammer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Yunker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Ratcliff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Killing by Type VI secretion drives clonal phase separation and the evolution of cooperation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A revised dilution methodology and implications for estimates of rates of plankton mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Author contribution statementSJB and JSW designed the research questions and approach. SJB wrote the code and performed the experiments. SJB and JSW wrote the paper.nnScientific significance statementZooplankton grazing is an important driver of plankton mortality and is a core component of the microbial loop. The dilution method is the prevailing tool used to measure the impact of zooplankton in marine microbial communities. However, the theoretical model underlying the interpretation of experimental measurements using this method does not account for niche competition between plankton. As a consequence, we show that the dilution method may conflate the effects of grazing with those of niche competition, implying that previously reported grazing rates could be overestimated. We propose modifying the classical dilution method by diluting only the zooplankton and then measuring the response of plankton. This "Z-dilution" method explicitly accounts for the effects of niche competition in limiting net plankton growth. We find the Z-dilution method provides robust grazing rate estimates in theory and suggest ways in which the relative strength of niche competition to zooplankton grazing could be measured by combining the Z-dilution and classical dilution methods.nnData availability statementCode is available from http://github.com/WeitzGroup/DilutionMethod-NicheCompetition and is archived on Zenodo at http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61196 (Beckett and Weitz, 2016).nnAbstractThe dilution method is the principal tool used to infer in situ microzooplankton grazing rates. However, grazing is the only mortality process considered by the theoretical model underlying the interpretation of dilution method experiments. We show an alternative interpretation arises when there is concurrent niche competition within the plankton community. We find that grazing rates may be overestimated - the degree of overestimation is related to the importance of niche competition relative to zooplankton grazing. Thus, we propose a modification to the dilution method to disentangle the effects of niche competition and zooplankton grazing. Our theoretical results suggest the revised "Z-dilution" method can robustly infer grazing mortality, regardless of the dominant plankton mortality driver. Further, we show it is possible to independently estimate both grazing mortality and niche competition when the classical and Z-dilution methods are used in tandem. We discuss the significance of these results for quantifying plankton mortality rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen J Beckett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua S Weitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A revised dilution methodology and implications for estimates of rates of plankton mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic correlations with climate variables suggest Caenorhabditis elegans natural niche preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species inhabit a variety of environmental niches, and the adaptation to a particular niche is often controlled by genetic factors, including gene-by-environment interactions. The genes that vary in order to regulate the ability to colonize a niche are often difficult to identify, especially in the context of complex ecological systems and in experimentally uncontrolled natural environments. Quantitative genetic approaches provide an opportunity to investigate correlations between genetic factors and environmental parameters that might define a niche. Previously, we have shown how a collection of 208 whole-genome sequenced wild Caenorhabditis elegans can facilitate association mapping approaches. To correlate climate parameters with the variation found in this collection of wild strains, we used geographic data to exhaustively curate daily weather measurements in short-term (three month), middle-term (one year), and long-term (three year) durations surrounding the data of strain isolation. These climate parameters were then used as quantitative traits in the mapping approaches. We identified 10 QTL underlying variation in three traits: elevation, relative humidity, and average temperature. We then performed statistical analyses to further narrow the genomic interval of interest to identify gene candidates with variants potentially underlying phenotypic differences. Additionally, we performed two-strain competition assays at high and low temperatures to validate a QTL for temperature preference and found suggestive evidence that genotypes might be adapted to particular temperatures.nn100-word summary for G3Quantitative genetic approaches provide an opportunity to investigate correlations between genetic factors and environmental parameters that might define a niche, but these genes are difficult to identify, especially in the context of complex ecological systems. Here, we used a collection of 152 sequenced wild Caenorhabditis elegans to correlate climate parameters with the variation found in this collection of wild strains. We identified 10 QTL in five traits, including elevation, relative humidity, and temperature. Additionally, we performed competition assays to validate a QTL for temperature preference and found suggestive evidence that genotypes might be adapted to particular temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathryn S. Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuehui Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lijiang Long</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon C. Brady</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick T. McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik C. Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic correlations with climate variables suggest Caenorhabditis elegans natural niche preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical Attributes of CpG Presentation Control TLR9 Signaling to Differentially Polarize Systemic Immune-Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is currently unknown whether and how mammalian pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR) respond to biophysical patterns of pathogen-associated molecular danger-signals. Using synthetic pathogen-like particles (PLPs) that mimic physical properties of bacteria or large-viruses, we have discovered that the quality and quantity of Toll-like-receptor-9 (TLR9)-signaling by CpG in mouse dendritic cells (mDC) is uniquely dependent on biophysical attributes, specifically the surface-density of CpG and size of the presenting PLP. These physical patterns control DC-programming by regulating kinetics and magnitude of MyD88-IRAK4 signaling, NF{kappa}B-driven responses, and STAT3 phosphorylation, which in turn controls differential T cell responses and in vivo immune-polarization, especially T-helper 1 (Th1) versus T-helper 2 (Th2) antibody responses. Our findings suggest that innate immune cells can sense and respond not only to molecular, but also pathogen-associated physical patterns (PAPPs), broadening the tools for modulating immunity, helping to better understand innate response mechanisms to pathogens and develop new and improved vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jardin A Leleux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallab Pradhan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnendu Roy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical Attributes of CpG Presentation Control TLR9 Signaling to Differentially Polarize Systemic Immune-Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using the Price equation to analyze multi-level selection on the reproductive policing mechanism of bacterial plasmids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The replication control system of non-conjugative bacterial plasmids constitutes a simple and elegant example of a reproductive policing mechanism that moderates competition in the intra-cellular replication pool and establishes a mutually beneficial partnership among plasmids within a bacterial host and between plasmids and their hosts. The emergence of these partnerships is a product of the conflict between the evolutionary interests of hosts, who seek to maximize their growth rates within the population, and plasmids, who seek to maximize their growth rates within hosts. We employ a multi-scale computational model describing the growth, division and death of hosts, as well as the independent replication of plasmids within hosts, in order to investigate the implications of this conflict for the evolution of the plasmid replication parameters. We apply the multi-level form of the Price equation in order to quantify and elucidate the various selective pressures that drive the evolution of plasmid replication control. Our analysis shows how the evolution of the constituent components of the plasmid replication control system are shaped by selection acting at the level of hosts and the level of plasmids. In addition, we calculate finer-grained selective pressures that are attributed to atomic plasmid-related events (such as intra-cellular replication and plasmid loss due to host death) and demonstrate their special role at the early stages of the evolution of policing. Our approach constitutes a novel application of the Price equation for discerning and discussing the synergies between the levels of selection given the availability of a mechanistic model for the generation of the systems dynamics. We show how the Price equation, particularly in its multi-level form, can provide significant insight by quantifying the relative importance of the various selective forces that shape the evolution of policing in bacterial plasmids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyriakos Kentzoglanakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam P Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard A Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using the Price equation to analyze multi-level selection on the reproductive policing mechanism of bacterial plasmids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constraints on eQTL fine mapping in the presence of multi-site local regulation of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression QTL (eQTL) detection has emerged as an important tool for unravelling of the relationship between genetic risk factors and disease or clinical phenotypes. Most studies use single marker linear regression to discover primary signals, followed by sequential conditional modeling to detect secondary genetic variants affecting gene expression. However, this approach assumes that functional variants are sparsely distributed and that close linkage between them has little impact on estimation of their precise location and magnitude of effects. In this study, we address the prevalence of secondary signals and bias in estimation of their effects by performing multi-site linear regression on two large human cohort peripheral blood gene expression datasets (each greater than 2,500 samples) with accompanying whole genome genotypes, namely the CAGE compendium of Illumina microarray studies, and the Framingham Heart Study Affymetrix data. Stepwise conditional modeling demonstrates that multiple eQTL signals are present for ~40% of over 3500 eGenes in both datasets, and the number of loci with additional signals reduces by approximately two-thirds with each conditioning step. However, the concordance of specific signals between the two studies is only ~30%, indicating that expression profiling platform is a large source of variance in effect estimation. Furthermore, a series of simulation studies imply that in the presence of multi-site regulation, up to 10% of the secondary signals could be artefacts of incomplete tagging, and at least 5% but up to one quarter of credible intervals may not even include the causal site, which is thus mis-localized. Joint multi-site effect estimation recalibrates effect size estimates by just a small amount on average. Presumably similar conclusions apply to most types of quantitative trait. Given the strong empirical evidence that gene expression is commonly regulated by more than one variant, we conclude that the fine-mapping of causal variants needs to be adjusted for multi-site influences, as conditional estimates can be highly biased by interference among linked sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marigorta, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metspalu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigham, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quyyumi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idaghdour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constraints on eQTL fine mapping in the presence of multi-site local regulation of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cobalt enrichment in anaerobic microbial cocultures revealed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metal cofactors are required for many enzymes in anaerobic microbial respiration. This study examined iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc in cellular and abiotic phases at the single-cell scale for a sulfate-reducing bacterium (Desulfococcus multivorans) and a methanogenic archaeon (Methanosarcina acetivorans) using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy. Relative abundances of cellular metals were also measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For both species, zinc and iron were consistently the most abundant cellular metals. M. acetivorans contained higher nickel and cobalt content than D. multivorans, likely due to elevated metal requirements for methylotrophic methanogenesis. Cocultures contained spheroid zinc sulfides and cobalt/copper-sulfides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingall, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twining, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cobalt enrichment in anaerobic microbial cocultures revealed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifting microbial communities sustain multi-year iron reduction and methanogenesis in ferruginous sediment incubations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive Fe(III) minerals can influence methane (CH4) emissions by inhibiting microbial methanogenesis or by stimulating anaerobic CH4 oxidation. The balance between Fe(III) reduction, methanogenesis, and methane oxidation in ferruginous Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans would have controlled CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere, thereby regulating the capacity for CH4 to warm the early Earth under the Faint Young Sun. We studied CH4 and Fe cycling in anoxic incubations of ferruginous sediment from the ancient ocean analogue Lake Matano, Indonesia over three successive transfers (500 days total). Iron reduction, methanogenesis, methane oxidation, and microbial taxonomy were monitored in treatments amended with ferrihydrite or goethite. After three dilutions, Fe(III) reduction persisted only in bottles with ferrihydrite. Enhanced CH4 production was observed in the presence of goethite, highlighting the potential for reactive Fe(III)-oxides to inhibit methanogenesis. Supplementing the media with hydrogen, nickel and selenium did not stimulate methanogenesis. There was limited evidence for Fe(III)-dependent CH4 oxidation, although some incubations displayed CH4-stimulated Fe(III)-reduction. 16S rRNA profiles continuously changed over the course of enrichment, with ultimate dominance of unclassified members of the order Desulfuromonadales in all treatments. Microbial diversity decreased markedly over the course of incubation, with subtle differences between ferrihydrite and goethite amendments. These results suggest that Fe(III)-oxide mineralogy and availability of electron donors could have led to spatial separation of Fe(III)-reducing and methanogenic microbial communities in ferruginous marine sediments, potentially explaining the persistence of CH4 as a greenhouse gas throughout the first half of Earth history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bray, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretz, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simister, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiChristina, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowle, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifting microbial communities sustain multi-year iron reduction and methanogenesis in ferruginous sediment incubations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeeperBind: Enhancing Prediction of Sequence Specificities of DNA Binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) are macromolecules that bind to cis-regulatory specific sub-regions of DNA promoters and initiate transcription. Finding the exact location of these binding sites (aka motifs) is important in a variety of domains such as drug design and development. To address this need, several in vivo and in vitro techniques have been developed so far that try to characterize and predict the binding specificity of a protein to different DNA loci. The major problem with these techniques is that they are not accurate enough in prediction of the binding affinity and characterization of the corresponding motifs. As a result, downstream analysis is required to uncover the locations where proteins of interest bind. Here, we propose DeeperBind, a long short term recurrent convolutional network for prediction of protein binding specificities with respect to DNA probes. DeeperBind can model the positional dynamics of probe sequences and hence reckons with the contributions made by individual sub-regions in DNA sequences, in an effective way. Moreover, it can be trained and tested on datasets containing varying-length sequences. We apply our pipeline to the datasets derived from protein binding microarrays (PBMs), an in-vitro high-throughput technology for quantification of protein-DNA binding preferences, and present promising results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most accurate pipeline that can predict binding specificities of DNA sequences from the data produced by high-throughput technologies through utilization of the power of deep learning for feature generation and positional dynamics modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeeperBind: Enhancing Prediction of Sequence Specificities of DNA Binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Division of labor, bet hedging, and the evolution of mixed biofilm investment strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cells, like many other organisms, face a tradeoff between longevity and fecundity. Planktonic cells are fast growing and fragile, while biofilm cells are often slower growing but stress resistant. Here we ask: why do bacterial lineages invest simultaneously in both fast and slow growing types? We develop a population dynamical model of lineage expansion across a patchy environment, and find that mixed investment is favored across a broad range of environmental conditions, even when transmission is entirely via biofilm cells. This mixed strategy is favored because of a division of labor, where exponentially dividing planktonic cells can act as an engine for the production of future biofilm cells, which grow more slowly. We use experimental evolution to test our predictions, and show that phenotypic heterogeneity is persistent even under selection for purely planktonic or purely biofilm transmission. Furthermore, simulations suggest that maintenance of a biofilm subpopulation serves as a cost-effective hedge against environmental uncertainty, which is also consistent with our experimental findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowery, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Division of labor, bet hedging, and the evolution of mixed biofilm investment strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Controlled Mechanical Stimulation and Functional Imaging In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding mechanosensation and other sensory behavior in genetic model systems such as C. elegans is relevant to many human diseases. These studies conventionally require immobilization by glue and manual delivery of stimuli, leading to low experimental throughput and high variability. Here we present a microfluidic platform that delivers precise mechanical stimuli robustly. The system can be easily used in conjunction with functional imaging and optical interrogation techniques, as well as other capabilities such as sorting or more sophisticated fluid delivery schemes. The platform is fully automated, thereby greatly enhancing the throughput and robustness of experiments. We show that behavior of the well-known gentle and harsh touch neurons and their receptive fields can be recapitulated in our system. Using calcium dynamics as a readout, we demonstrate the ability to perform a drug screen in vivo. Furthermore, using an integrated chip platform that can deliver both mechanical and chemical stimuli, we examine sensory integration in interneurons in response to multimodal sensory inputs. We envision that this system will be able to greatly accelerate the discovery of genes and molecules involved in mechanosensation and multimodal sensory behavior, as well as the discovery of therapeutics for related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porto, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundy, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Controlled Mechanical Stimulation and Functional Imaging In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infants’ neural oscillatory processing of theta-rate speech patterns exceeds adults’ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During their early years, infants use the temporal statistics of the speech signal to boot-strap language learning, but the neural mechanisms that facilitate this temporal analysis are poorly understood. In adults, neural oscillatory entrainment to the speech amplitude envelope has been proposed to be a mechanism for multi-time resolution analysis of adult-directed speech, with a focus on Theta (syllable) and low Gamma (phoneme) rates. However, it is not known whether developing infants perform multi-time oscillatory analysis of infant-directed speech with the same temporal focus. Here, we examined infants processing of the temporal structure of sung nursery rhymes, and compared their neural entrainment across multiple timescales with that of well-matched adults (their mothers). Typical infants and their mothers (N=58, median age 8.3 months) viewed videos of sung nursery rhymes while their neural activity at C3 and C4 was concurrently monitored using dual-electroencephalography (dual-EEG). The accuracy of infants and adults neural oscillatory entrainment to speech was compared by calculating their phase-locking values (PLVs) across the EEG-speech frequency spectrum. Infants showed better phase-locking than adults at Theta (~4.5 Hz)and Alpha (~9.3 Hz) rates, corresponding to rhyme and phoneme patterns in our stimuli. Infant entrainment levels matched adults for syllables and prosodic stress patterns (Delta,~1-2 Hz). By contrast, infants were less accurate than adults at tracking slow (~0.5 Hz) phrasal patterns. Therefore, compared to adults, language-learning infants temporal parsing of the speech signal shows highest relative acuity at Theta-Alpha rates. This temporal focus could support the accurate encoding of syllable and rhyme patterns during infants sensitive period for phonetic and phonotactic learning. Therefore, oscillatory entrainment could be one neural mechanism that supports early bootstrapping of language learning from infant-directed speech (such as nursery rhymes).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clackson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Barbaro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infants’ neural oscillatory processing of theta-rate speech patterns exceeds adults’]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide protein phylogenies for four African cichlid species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe thousands of species of closely related cichlid fishes in the great lakes of East Africa are a powerful model for understanding speciation and the genetic basis of trait variation. Recently, the genomes of five species of African cichlids representing five distinct lineages were sequenced and used to predict protein products at a genome-wide level. Here we characterize the evolutionary relationship of each cichlid protein to previously sequenced animal species.nnResultsWe used the Treefam database, a set of preexisting protein phylogenies built using 109 previously sequenced genomes, to identify Treefam families for each protein annotated from four cichlid species: Metriaclima zebra, Astatotilapia burtoni, Pundamilia nyererei and Neolamporologus brichardi. For each of these Treefam families, we built new protein phylogenies containing each of the cichlid protein hits. Using these new phylogenies we identified the evolutionary relationship of each cichlid protein to its nearest human and zebrafish protein. This data is available either through download or through a webserver we have implemented.nnConclusionThese phylogenies will be useful for any cichlid researchers trying to predict biological and protein function for a given cichlid gene, understanding the evolutionary history of a given cichlid gene, identifying recently duplicated cichlid genes, or performing genome-wide analysis in cichlids that relies on using databases generated from other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mopuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide protein phylogenies for four African cichlid species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design of proteins that exchange on functional timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are intrinsically dynamic molecules that can exchange between multiple conformational states, enabling them to carry out complex molecular processes with extreme precision and efficiency. Attempts to design novel proteins with tailored functions have mostly failed to yield efficiencies matching those found in nature because standard methods do not allow for the design of exchange between necessary conformational states on a functionally-relevant timescale. Here, we develop a broadly-applicable computational method to engineer protein dynamics that we term meta-multistate design. We used this methodology to design spontaneous exchange between two novel conformations introduced into the global fold of Streptococcal protein G domain {beta}1. The designed proteins, named DANCERs, for Dynamic And Native Conformational ExchangeRs, are stably folded and exchange between predicted conformational states on the millisecond timescale. The successful introduction of defined dynamics on functional timescales opens the door to new applications requiring a protein to spontaneously access multiple conformational states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goto, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design of proteins that exchange on functional timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alphaproteobacteria fix nitrogen in a Sphagnum-dominated peat bog using molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial N2 fixation (diazotrophy) represents an important nitrogen source to oligotrophic peatland ecosystems, which are important sinks for atmospheric CO2 and susceptible to changing climate. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the active microbial group and type of nitrogenase mediating diazotrophy in a ombrotrophic Sphagnum-dominated peat bog (the S1 peat bog, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, USA); and (ii) to determine the effect of environmental parameters (light, O2, CO2, CH4) on potential rates of diazotrophy measured by acetylene (C2H2) reduction and 15N2 incorporation. Molecular analysis of metabolically active microbial communities suggested that diazotrophy in surface peat was primarily mediated by Alphaproteobacteria (Bradyrhizobiaceae and Beijerinckiaceae). Despite higher dissolved vanadium (V; 11 nM) than molybdenum (Mo; 3 nM) in surface peat, a combination of metagenomic, amplicon sequencing and activity measurements indicated that Mo-containing nitrogenases dominate over the V-containing form. Acetylene reduction was only detected in surface peat exposed to light, with the highest rates observed in peat collected from hollows with the highest water content. Incorporation of15N2 was suppressed 90% by O2 and 55% by C2H2, and was unaffected by CH4 and CO2 amendments. These results suggest that peatland diazotrophy is mediated by a combination of C2H2 - sensitive and C2H2 - insensitive microbes that are more active at low O2 and show similar activity at high and low CH4.nnImportancePrevious studies indicate that diazotrophy provides an important nitrogen source and is linked to methanotrophy in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. However, the environmental controls and enzymatic pathways of peatland diazotrophy, as well as the metabolically active microbial populations that catalyze this process remain in question. Our findings indicate that oxygen levels and photosynthetic activity override low nutrient availability in limiting diazotrophy, and that members of the Alphaproteobacteria (Rhizobiales) catalyze this process at the bog surface using the molybdenum - based form of the nitrogenase enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warren, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaby, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretz, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alphaproteobacteria fix nitrogen in a Sphagnum-dominated peat bog using molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal Gene Transfer of Functional Type VI Killing Genes by Natural Transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer can have profound effects on bacterial evolution by allowing individuals to rapidly acquire adaptive traits that shape their strategies for competition. One strategy for intermicrobial antagonism often used by Proteobacteria is the genetically-encoded contact-dependent Type VI secretion system (T6SS); a weapon used to kill heteroclonal neighbors by direct injection of toxic effectors. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that Vibrio cholerae can acquire new T6SS effector genes via horizontal transfer and utilize them to kill neighboring cells. Replacement of one or more parental alleles with novel effectors allows the recombinant strain to dramatically outcompete its parent. Through spatially-explicit simulation modeling, we show that the HGT is risky: transformation brings a cell into conflict with its former clonemates, but can be adaptive when superior T6SS alleles are acquired. More generally, we find that these costs and benefits are not symmetric, and that high rates of HGT can act as hedge against competitors with unpredictable T6SS efficacy. We conclude that antagonism and horizontal transfer drive successive rounds of weapons-optimization and selective sweeps, dynamically shaping the composition of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watve, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal Gene Transfer of Functional Type VI Killing Genes by Natural Transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-Wide Prediction Of lncRNA-RNA Interactions By A Thermodynamics Algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe discovery of thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammals raises a question about their functionality. It has been shown that some of them function post-transcriptionally via formation of inter-molecular duplexes. Sequence alignment tools are frequently used for transcriptome-wide prediction of RNA-RNA interactions. However, such approaches have poor prediction accuracy since they ignore RNA secondary structure and interaction energy. On the other hand, application of the thermodynamics-based algorithms to long transcripts is not computationally feasible on a large scale.nnResultsHere we describe a new computational pipeline ASSA that combines sequence alignment and thermodynamics tools for efficient prediction of RNA-RNA interactions between long transcripts. ASSA outperforms four other tools in terms of the Area Under the Curve. ASSA predictions for the lncRNA HOTAIR confirm that it binds to the chromatin through hybridization with the nascent transcripts. Analysis of the 49 murine lncRNA knockdown experiments reveals one transcript that may regulate its targets via RNA-RNA interactions.nnAvailabilityASSA is available at http://assa.sourceforge.net/.nnContactivan.antonov@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marakhonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoblov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/126946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-Wide Prediction Of lncRNA-RNA Interactions By A Thermodynamics Algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic Activation Coordinates The Heat Shock Response Of The Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway In Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to high temperatures has an adverse effect on cellular processes and results in activation of the cellular heat shock response (HSR), a highly conserved program of inducible genes to maintain protein homeostasis1. The insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, which has diverse roles from metabolism to stress response and longevity, is activated as part of the HSR2-4. Recent evidence suggest that the IIS pathway is able to affect proteostasis non-autonomously5,6, yet it is not known if it is activated autonomously in stressed cells or systemically as part of an organismic program. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the single forkhead box O (FOXO) homologue DAF-16 functions as the major target of the IIS pathway7 and, together with the heat-shock factor HSF-1, induce the expression of small heat shock proteins in response to heat shock8-10,3. Here we use a novel microfluidic device that allows precise control of the spatiotemporal temperature profile to show that cellular activation of DAF-16 integrates local temperature sensation with systemic signals. We demonstrate that DAF-16 activation in head sensory neurons is essential for DAF-16 activation in other tissues, but show that no known thermosensory neuron is individually required. Our findings demonstrate that systemic and cell-autonomous aspects of stress response act together to facilitate a coordinated cellular response at the organismic level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopito, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic Activation Coordinates The Heat Shock Response Of The Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway In Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MotifMark: Finding Regulatory Motifs in DNA Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction between proteins and DNA is a key driving force in a significant number of biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, repair, recombination, splicing, and DNA modification. The identification of DNA-binding sites and the specificity of target proteins in binding to these regions are two important steps in understanding the mechanisms of these biological activities. A number of high-throughput technologies have recently emerged that try to quantify the affinity between proteins and DNA motifs. Despite their success, these technologies have their own limitations and fall short in precise characterization of motifs, and as a result, require further downstream analysis to extract useful and interpretable information from a haystack of noisy and inaccurate data. Here we propose MotifMark, a new algorithm based on graph theory and machine learning, that can find binding sites on candidate probes and rank their specificity in regard to the underlying transcription factor. We developed a pipeline to analyze experimental data derived from compact universal protein binding microarrays and benchmarked it against two of the most accurate motif search methods. Our results indicate that MotifMark can be a viable alternative technique for prediction of motif from protein binding microarrays and possibly other related high-throughput techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MotifMark: Finding Regulatory Motifs in DNA Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepDeath: Learning To Predict The Underlying Cause Of Death With Big Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple cause-of-death data provides a valuable source of information that can be used to enhance health standards by predicting health related trajectories in societies with large populations. These data are often available in large quantities across U.S. states and require Big Data techniques to uncover complex hidden patterns. We design two different classes of models suitable for large-scale analysis of mortality data, a Hadoop-based ensemble of random forests trained over N-grams, and the DeepDeath, a deep classifier based on the recurrent neural network (RNN). We apply both classes to the mortality data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics and show that while both perform significantly better than the random classifier, the deep model that utilizes long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), surpasses the N-gram based models and is capable of learning the temporal aspect of the data without a need for building ad-hoc, expert-driven features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepDeath: Learning To Predict The Underlying Cause Of Death With Big Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wireless Implantable Sensor For Non-Invasive, Longitudinal Quantification Of Axial Strain Across Rodent Long Bone Defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone development, maintenance, and regeneration are remarkably sensitive to mechanical cues. Consequently, mechanical stimulation has long been sought as a putative target to promote endogenous healing after fracture. Given the transient nature of bone repair, tissue-level mechanical cues evolve rapidly over time after injury and are challenging to measure non-invasively. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize an implantable strain sensor for non-invasive monitoring of axial strain across a rodent femoral defect during functional activity. Herein, we present the design, characterization, and in vivo demonstration of the devices capabilities for quantitatively interrogating physiological dynamic strains during bone regeneration. Ex vivo experimental characterization of the device showed that it exceeded the technical requirements for sensitivity, signal resolution, and electromechanical stability. The digital telemetry minimized power consumption, enabling long-term intermittent data collection. Devices were implanted in a rat 6 mm femoral segmental defect model and after three days, data were acquired wirelessly during ambulation and synchronized to corresponding radiographic videos, validating the ability of the sensor to non-invasively measure strain in real-time. Lastly, in vivo strain measurements were utilized in a finite element model to estimate the strain distribution within the defect region. Together, these data indicate the sensor is a promising technology to quantify local tissue mechanics in a specimen specific manner, facilitating more detailed investigations into the role of the mechanical environment in dynamic skeletal healing and remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klosterhoff, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzendorfer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wireless Implantable Sensor For Non-Invasive, Longitudinal Quantification Of Axial Strain Across Rodent Long Bone Defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse-Correlation Analysis of Mechanosensation Circuit in C. elegans Reveals Temporal and Spatial Encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must integrate the activity of multiple mechanoreceptors to navigate complex environments. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the general roles of the mechanosensory neurons have been defined, but most studies involve end-point or single-time-point measurements, and thus lack dynamical information. Here, we formulate a set of unbiased quantitative characterizations of the mechanosensory system by using reverse correlation analysis on behavior. We use a custom tracking, selective illumination, and optogenetics platform to compare two mechanosensory systems: the gentle-touch (TRNs) and harsh-touch (PVD) circuits. This method yields characteristic linear filters that allow for prediction of behavioral responses. The resulting filters are consistent with previous findings, and further provide new insights on the dynamics and spatial encoding of the systems. Our results suggest that the tiled network of the gentle-touch neurons has better resolution for spatial encoding than the harsh-touch neurons. Additionally, linear-nonlinear models accurately predict behavioral responses based only on sensory neuron activity. Our results capture the overall dynamics of behavior induced by the activation of sensory neurons, providing simple transformations that quantitatively characterize these systems. Furthermore, this platform can be extended to capture the behavioral dynamics induced by any neuron or other excitable cells in the animal.nnAuthor SummaryAnimals constantly integrate the activity of neurons throughout their bodies to choose the most appropriate behavior. A key goal in quantitative neuroscience is to characterize and predict how neuronal circuits control and modulate behavior. C. elegans, a nematode with a fully mapped connectome, is an ideal model organism for elucidating the links between neuronal circuits and behavior. However, many studies relating activity in neurons to behavior rely on spontaneous behavior and lack information about their dynamics. In this study, we formulate unbiased quantitative characterizations of sensory neurons in C. elegans using with reverse correlation analysis with a white noise stimulus. We use optogenetics to stimulate body touch sensory neurons in freely moving worms, and provide quantitative descriptions that capture the dynamic transformations between sensory neuron activity and behavioral outputs. Our results are consistent with previous findings, and additionally provide new insights on the spatial encoding of these systems. Our system provides a simple platform for characterizing the behavioral output due to specific neurons, and can be extended to any excitable cell in the animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porto, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giblin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse-Correlation Analysis of Mechanosensation Circuit in C. elegans Reveals Temporal and Spatial Encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping-free variant calling using haplotype reconstruction from k-mer frequencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationThe standard protocol for detecting variation in DNA is to map millions of short sequence reads to a known reference and find loci that differ. While this approach works well, it cannot be applied where the sample contains dense variants or is too distant from known references. De novo assembly or hybrid methods can recover genomic variation, but the cost of computation is often much higher. We developed a novel k-mer algorithm and software implementation, Kestrel, capable of characterizing densely-packed SNPs and large indels without mapping, assembly, or de Bruijn graphs.nnResultsWhen applied to mosaic penicillin binding protein (PBP) genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, we found near perfect concordance with assembled contigs at a fraction of the CPU time. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with this approach was able to bypass de novo assemblies. Kestrel has a very low false-positive rate when calling variants over the whole genome, but limitations of a purely k-mer based approach affect sensitivity.nnAvailabilitySource code and documentation for a Java implementation of Kestrel can be found at https://github.com/paudano/kestrel. All test code for this publication is located at https://github.com/paudano/kescases.nnContactpaudano@gatech.edu, fredrik.vannberg@biology.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Audano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping-free variant calling using haplotype reconstruction from k-mer frequencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and misfolding of the flexible tripartite coiled coil domain of glaucoma-associated myocilin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma-associated myocilin is a member of the olfactomedins, a protein family broadly involved in neuronal development and human disease. Molecular studies of the myocilin N-terminal coiled coil demonstrate a unique tripartite architecture: a disulfide-linked, parallel dimer-of-dimers Y-shaped molecule, with distinct tetramer and dimer regions. The structure of the C-terminal 7-heptad dimer elucidates an unexpected repeat pattern involving electrostatic inter-strand stabilization. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal an alternate conformation in which the terminal inter-strand disulfide bond limits the extent of unfolding and results in a kinked configuration. Taken together, full-length myocilin is also branched, with two pairs of C-terminal olfactomedin domains. Selected variants within the N-terminal region alter the apparent quaternary structure of myocilin but do so without compromising stability or causing aggregation. In addition to increasing our structural knowledge of extracellular coiled coils for protein design and biomedically important olfactomedins, this work broadens the scope of protein misfolding in the pathogenesis of myocilin-associated glaucoma.nnHighlightsO_LIGlaucoma-causing extracellular protein associated with amyloid forming propensitynC_LIO_LIStructural studies confirm tripartite parallel dimer-of-dimers coiled coilnC_LIO_LILeucine zipper exhibits non-canonical heptad repeat pattern with disulfide capnC_LIO_LIGlaucoma-associated variants in tetramer alter structure but not stabilitynC_LInneTOC blurbHill et al describe the structure of the coiled-coil region of myocilin, the extracellular olfactomedin family member closely associated with the ocular disorder glaucoma. Myocilins coiled coil adopts a unique Y-shaped parallel dimer-of-timers employing an unusual heptad repeat pattern. Selected disease variants alter quaternary structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donegan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and misfolding of the flexible tripartite coiled coil domain of glaucoma-associated myocilin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Learning Approach to Estimate Collagenous Tissue Nonlinear Anisotropic Stress-Strain Responses from Microscopy Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological collagenous tissues comprised of networks of collagen fibers are suitable for a broad spectrum of medical applications owing to their attractive mechanical properties. In this study, we developed a noninvasive approach to estimate collagenous tissue elastic properties directly from microscopy images using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium (GLBP) tissue, widely used in the fabrication of bioprosthetic heart valves and vascular patches, was chosen as a representative collagenous tissue. A Deep Learning model was designed and trained to process second harmonic generation (SHG) images of collagen networks in GLBP tissue samples, and directly predict the tissue elastic mechanical properties. The trained model is capable of identifying the overall tissue stiffness with a classification accuracy of 84%, and predicting the nonlinear anisotropic stress-strain curves with average regression errors of 0.021 and 0.031. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility and great potential of using the Deep Learning approach for fast and noninvasive assessment of collagenous tissue elastic properties from microstructural images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Learning Approach to Estimate Collagenous Tissue Nonlinear Anisotropic Stress-Strain Responses from Microscopy Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA detection in budding yeast with single fluorophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative measurement of mRNA levels in single cells is necessary to understand phenotypic variability within an otherwise isogenic population of cells. Single-molecule mRNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) has been established as the standard method for this purpose, but current protocols require a long region of mRNA to be targeted by multiple DNA probes. Here, we introduce a new single-probe FISH protocol termed sFISH for budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a single DNA probe labeled with a single fluorophore. In sFISH, we markedly improved probe specificity and signal-to-background ratio by using methanol fixation and inclined laser illumination. We show that sFISH reports mRNA changes that correspond to protein levels and gene copy number. Using this new FISH protocol, we can detect more than 50% of the total target mRNA. We also demonstrate the versatility of sFISH using FRET detection and mRNA isoform profiling as examples. Our FISH protocol with single-fluorophore sensitivity significantly reduces cost and time compared to the conventional FISH protocols and opens up new opportunities to investigate small changes in RNA at the single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA detection in budding yeast with single fluorophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instantaneous Brain Dynamics Mapped to a Continuous State Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of whole-brain activity, from techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, provide a means to observe the brains dynamical operations. However, interpretation of whole-brain dynamics has been stymied by the inherently high-dimensional structure of brain activity. The present research addresses this challenge through a series of scale transformations in the spectral, spatial, and relational domains. Instantaneous multispectral dynamics are first developed from input data via a wavelet filter bank. Voxel-level signals are then projected onto a representative set of spatially independent components. The correlation distance over the instantaneous wavelet-ICA state vectors is a graph that may be embedded onto a lower-dimensional space to assist the interpretation of state-space dynamics. Applying this procedure to a large sample of resting and task data (acquired through the Human Connectome Project), we segment the empirical state space into a continuum of stimulus-dependent brain states. We also demonstrate that resting brain activity includes brain states that are very similar to those adopted during some tasks, as well as brain states that are distinct from experimentally-defined tasks. Back-projection of segmented brain states onto the brains surface reveals the patterns of brain activity that support each experimental state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezafati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instantaneous Brain Dynamics Mapped to a Continuous State Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obstruction of pilus retraction stimulates bacterial surface sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surface association provides numerous fitness advantages to bacteria. Thus, it is critical for bacteria to recognize surface contact and to consequently initiate physiological changes required for a surface-associated lifestyle (1). Ubiquitous microbial appendages called pili are involved in sensing surfaces and mediating downstream surface-associated behaviors (2-6). The mechanism by which pili mediate surface sensing remains unknown, largely due to the difficulty to visualize their dynamic nature and to directly modulate their activity without genetic modification. Here, we show that Caulobacter crescentus pili undergo dynamic cycles of extension and retraction that cease within seconds of surface contact, and this arrest of pilus activity coincides with surface-stimulated holdfast synthesis. By physically blocking pili, we show that imposing resistance to pilus retraction is sufficient to stimulate holdfast synthesis in the absence of surface contact. Thus, resistance to type IV pilus retraction upon surface attachment is used for surface sensing.nnOne Sentence SummaryBacteria use the tension imparted on retracting pilus fibers upon their binding to a surface for surface sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kysela, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biais, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalia, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obstruction of pilus retraction stimulates bacterial surface sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlations, interactions, and predictability in virus-microbe networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Microbes are present in high abundances in the environment and in human-associated microbiomes, often exceeding one million per milliliter. Viruses of microbes are present in even higher abundances and are important in shaping microbial populations, communities, and ecosystems. Given the relative specificity of viral infection, it is essential to identify the functional linkages between viruses and their microbial hosts, particularly given dynamic changes in virus and host abundances. Multiple approaches have been proposed to infer infection networks from time-series of in situ communities, among which correlation-based approaches have emerged as the de facto standard. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of correlation-based inference methods using an in silico approach. In doing so, we compare predicted networks to actual networks to assess the self-consistency of correlation-based inference. At odds with assumptions underlying its widespread use, we find that correlation is a poor predictor of interactions in the context of viral infection and lysis of microbial hosts. The failure to predict interactions holds for methods which leverage product-moment, time-lagged, and relative-abundance based correlations. In closing, we discuss alternative inference methods, particularly model-based methods, as a means to infer interactions in complex microbial communities with viruses.nn2 ImportanceInferring interactions from population time-series is an active and ongoing area of research. It is relevant across many biological systems - in particular in virus-microbe communities, but also in gene regulatory networks, neural networks, and ecological communities broadly. Correlation-based inference - using correlations to predict interactions - is widespread. However, it is well known that "correlation does not imply causation". Despite this, many studies apply correlation-based inference methods to experimental time-series without first assessing the potential scope for accurate inference. Here, we find that several correlation-based inference methods fail to recover interactions within in silica virus-microbe communities, raising questions on their relevance when applied in situ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coenen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlations, interactions, and predictability in virus-microbe networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assortative mating on ancestry-variant traits in admixed Latin American populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAssortative mating is a universal feature of human societies, and individuals from ethnically diverse populations are known to mate assortatively based on similarities in genetic ancestry. However, little is currently known regarding the exact phenotypic cues, or their underlying genetic architecture, which inform ancestry-based assortative mating.nnResultsWe developed a novel approach, using genome-wide analysis of ancestry-specific haplotypes, to evaluate ancestry-based assortative mating on traits whose expression varies among the three continental population groups - African, European, and Native American - that admixed to form modern Latin American populations. Application of this method to genome sequences sampled from Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico revealed widespread ancestry-based assortative mating. We discovered a number of anthropometric traits (body mass, height, facial development and waist-hip ratio) and neurological attributes (educational attainment and schizophrenia) that serve as phenotypic cues for ancestry-based assortative mating. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci show population-specific patterns of both assortative and disassortative mating in Latin America. Ancestry-based assortative mating in the populations analyzed here appears to be driven primarily by African ancestry.nnConclusionsThis study serves as an example of how population genomic analyses can yield novel insights into human behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chande, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabrowski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assortative mating on ancestry-variant traits in admixed Latin American populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-Periodic Patterns of Intrinsic Brain Activity in Individuals and their Relationship to Global Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quasiperiodic patterns (QPPs) as reported by Majeed et al., 2011 are prominent features of the brains intrinsic activity that involve important large-scale networks (default mode, DMN; task positive, TPN) and are likely to be major contributors to widely used measures of functional connectivity. We examined the variability of these patterns in 470 individuals from the Human Connectome Project resting state functional MRI dataset. The QPPs from individuals can be coarsely categorized into two types: one where strong anti-correlation between the DMN and TPN is present, and another where most areas are strongly correlated. QPP type could be predicted by an individuals global signal, with lower global signal corresponding to QPPs with strong anti-correlation. After regression of global signal, all QPPs showed strong anti-correlation between DMN and TPN. QPP occurrence and type was similar between a subgroup of individuals with extremely low motion (or even high motion) and the rest of the sample, which shows that motion is not a major contributor to the QPPs. After regression of estimates of slow respiratory and cardiac induced signal fluctuations, more QPPs showed strong anti-correlation between DMN and TPN, an indication that while physiological noise influences the QPP type, it is not the primary source of the QPP itself. QPPs were more similar for the same subjects scanned on different days than for different subjects. These results provide the first assessment of the variability in individual QPPs and their relationship to physiological parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-Periodic Patterns of Intrinsic Brain Activity in Individuals and their Relationship to Global Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mathematical Model of the Phosphoinositide Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids that constitute a complex network regulating many cellular processes. We propose a computational model that accounts for all known species of phosphoinositides in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. The model replicates the steady-state of the phosphoinositide pathway and most known dynamic phenomena. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis demonstrates model robustness to moderate alterations in any of the parameters. Model analysis suggest that the greatest contributor to PI(4,5)P2 production is a flux representing the direct transformation of PI into PI(4,5)P2 and is also responsible for the maintenance of this pool when PI(4)P is decreased. PI(5)P is also shown to be a significant source for PI(4,5)P2 production. The model was validated with data from siRNA screens that knocked down the expression of several enzymes in the pathway. The screen monitored the activity of the epithelium sodium channel, ENaC, which is activated by PI(4,5)P2. Moderating ENaC activity can have a therapeutic effect in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. Our model suggests control strategies where the activities of the enzyme PIP5KI or the PI4K+PIP5KI+DVL protein complex are decreased and cause an efficacious reduction in PI(4,5)P2 levels while avoiding undesirable alterations in other phosphoinositide pools.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivenca, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliyakina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mathematical Model of the Phosphoinositide Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacodynamic Considerations of Collateral Sensitivity in Design of Antibiotic Treatment Regimen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Although antibiotic resistance is not a new problem, its breadth now constitutes a significant threat to human health. One strategy to help combat resistance is to find novel ways to use existing drugs, even those that display high rates of resistance. For the pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pairs of antibiotics have been identified for which evolution of resistance to drug A increases sensitivity to drug B and vice versa. These research groups have proposed cycling such pairs to treat infections, similar treatment strategies are being investigated for various cancer forms as well.nnWhile an exciting treatment prospect, no cycling experiments have yet been performed with consideration of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). To test the plausibility of this scheme and search for ways to optimize it, we create a mathematical model with explicit PK-PD considerations. We study several possible treatment protocols using pairs of such antibiotics, and investigate the speed of ascent of multiply resistant mutants. Our analyses show that for low concentrations of antibiotics, treatment failure will always occur due to the rapid ascent and fixation of resistant mutants. However, at moderate to high concentrations of some types of bacteriostatic antibiotics with multiday cycling, resistance is prevented from developing and treatment succeeds. This calls for guarded optimism of such treatment protocols whose development can be directed by these types of models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Udekwu, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacodynamic Considerations of Collateral Sensitivity in Design of Antibiotic Treatment Regimen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Prokaryotic Gene Prediction Yields Insights into Transcription and Translation Mechanisms on Whole Genome Scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a conventional view of the prokaryotic genome organization promoters precede operons and RBS sites with Shine-Dalgarno consensus precede genes. However, recent experimental research suggesting a more diverse view motivated us to develop an algorithm with improved gene-finding accuracy. We describe GeneMarkS-2, an ab initio algorithm that uses a model derived by self-training for finding species-specific (native) genes, along with an array of pre-computed heuristic models designed to identify harder-to-detect genes (likely horizontally transferred). Importantly, we designed GeneMarkS-2 to identify several types of distinct sequence patterns (signals) involved in gene expression control, among them the patterns characteristic for leaderless transcription as well as non-canonical RBS patterns. To assess the accuracy of GeneMarkS-2 we used genes validated by COG annotation, proteomics experiments, and N-terminal protein sequencing. We observed that GeneMarkS-2 performed better on average in all accuracy measures when compared with the current state-of-the-art gene prediction tools. Furthermore, the screening of [~]5,000 representative prokaryotic genomes made by GeneMarkS-2 predicted frequent leaderless transcription in both archaea and bacteria. We also observed that the RBS sites in some species with leadered transcription did not necessarily exhibit the Shine-Dalgarno consensus. The modeling of different types of sequence motifs regulating gene expression prompted a division of prokaryotic genomes into five categories with distinct sequence patterns around the gene starts.nn[Supplemental material is available for this article].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemayel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Prokaryotic Gene Prediction Yields Insights into Transcription and Translation Mechanisms on Whole Genome Scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic stroma-free germinal center niche using material-surface driven polyvalent signaling efficiently induces antigen-specific humoral immunity ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells play a major role in the adaptive immune response by producing antigen-specific antibodies against pathogens and imparting immunological memory. Following infection or vaccination, antibody-secreting B cells and memory B cells are generated in specialized regions of lymph nodes and spleens, called germinal centers. Here, we report a fully synthetic ex-vivo system that recapitulates the generation of antigen-specific germinal-center (GC) like B cells using material-surface driven polyvalent signaling. This synthetic germinal center (sGC) reaction was effectively induced using biomaterial-based artificial "follicular T helper cells (TFH)" that provided both natural CD40-CD40L ligation as well as crosslinking of CD40; and by mimicking artificial "follicular dendritic cells (FDC)" to provide efficient, polyvalent antigen presentation. The artificial sGC reaction resulted in efficient B cell expansion, immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching, and expression of germinal center phenotypes. Antigen presentation during sGC reaction selectively enhanced the antigen-specific B cell population and induced somatic hyper-mutations for potential affinity maturation. The resulting B cell population consisted primarily of GC-like B cells (centrocytes) as well as some plasma-like B cells expressing CD138. With concurrent cell sorting, we successfully created highly enriched populations of antigen-specific B cells. Adoptive transfer of these GC-like B cells into non-irradiated isogeneic or non-lethally irradiated congenic recipient mice showed successful engraftment and survival of the donor cells for the 4 week test period. We show that this material-surface driven sGC reaction can be successfully applied to not only splenic B cells but also B cells isolated from more therapeutically relevant sources such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thus making our current work an exciting prospect in the new era of personalized medicine and custom-immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roh, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannon, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leleux, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic stroma-free germinal center niche using material-surface driven polyvalent signaling efficiently induces antigen-specific humoral immunity ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motility in multicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of multicellularity was a watershed event in the history of life, yet the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity is not well understood. Multicellularity opens up opportunities for innovations in intercellular communication, cooperation, and specialization, which can provide selective advantages under certain ecological conditions. The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has never had a multicellular ancestor yet it is closely related to the volvocine algae, a clade containing taxa that range from simple unicells to large, specialized multicellular colonies. Simple multicellular structures have been observed to evolve in C. reinhardtii in response to predation or to settling rate-based selection. Structures formed in response to predation consist of individual cells grouped within a shared transparent extracellular matrix. Evolved isolates form such structures obligately under culture conditions in which their wild type ancestors do not, indicating that newly-evolved multicellularity is heritable. C. reinhardtii is capable of photosynthesis, and possesses an eyespot and two flagella with which it moves towards or away from light in order to optimize input of radiant energy. Motility contributes to C. reinhardtii fitness because it allows cells or colonies to achieve this optimum. Utilizing phototaxis to assay motility, we determined that newly evolved multicellular strains do not exhibit significant directional movement, even though the flagellae of their constituent unicells are present and active. In C. reinhardtii the first steps towards multicellularity in response to predation appear to result in a trade-off between motility and differential survivorship, a trade-off that must overcome by further genetic change to ensure the long-term success of the new multicellular organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motility in multicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Niche Microvascularized Human Bone-Marrow-on-a-Chip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human bone marrow (hBM) is a complex organ critical for hematopoietic and immune homeostasis, and where many cancers metastasize. Yet, understanding the fundamental biology of the hBM in health and diseases remain difficult due to complexity of studying or manipulating the BM in humans. Accurate in vitro models of the hBM microenvironment are critical to further our understanding of the BM niche and advancing new clinical interventions. Although, in vitro culture models that recapitulate some key components of the BM niche have been reported, there are no examples of a fully human, in vitro, organoid platform that incorporates the various niches of the hBM - specifically the endosteal, central marrow, and perivascular niches - thus limiting their physiological relevance. Here we report an hBM-on-a-chip that incorporates these three niches in a single micro-physiological device. Osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs produced robust mineralization on the PDMS surface ("bone layer") and subsequent seeding of endothelial cells and hMSCs in a hydrogel network ("central marrow") created an interconnected vascular network ("perivascular niche") on top. We show that this multi-niche hBM accurately mimics the ECM composition, allows hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and migration, and is affected by radiation. A key finding is that the endosteal niche significantly contributes to hBM physiology. Taken together, this multi-niche micro-physiological system opens up new opportunities in hBM research and therapeutics development, and can be used to better understand hBM physiology, normal and impaired hematopoiesis, and hBM pathologies, including cancer metastasis, multiple myelomas, and BM failures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey Rubio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.876813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Niche Microvascularized Human Bone-Marrow-on-a-Chip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A portable, low-cost device for precise control of specimen temperature under stereomicroscopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To facilitate precise and convenient control of biological sample temperature, we developed a low-cost device that can be used independently or with any stereomicroscope. The purpose of the device is to control the thermal environment during experimental intervals in which a specimen must be manipulated outside of an incubator, e.g. for dissection or slide-mounting in preparation for imaging. Sample temperatures can be both cooled to below and heated to above room temperatures, and stably maintained at a precision of +/- 0.1{degrees}C. To demonstrate the utility of this device, we report improved characterization of the penetrance of a short-acting temperature-sensitive allele in C. elegans embryos, and identification of the upper temperature threshold for embryonic viability for six Caenorhabditis species. By controlling the temperature environment even as a specimen is manipulated, this device offers consistency and flexibility, reduces environmental noise, and enables precision timing in experiments requiring temperature shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Testa, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.882605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A portable, low-cost device for precise control of specimen temperature under stereomicroscopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.25.888164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic-like ribosomal RNA region in Lokiarchaeota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.25.888164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosomes common core, comprised of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and universal ribosomal proteins, connects all life back to a common ancestor and serves as a window to relationships among organisms. The rRNA of the common core is most similar to rRNA of extant bacteria. In eukaryotes, the rRNA of the common core is decorated by expansion segments (ESs) that vastly increase its size. Supersized ESs have not been observed previously in Archaea, and the origin of eukaryotic ESs remains enigmatic. We discovered that the large subunit (LSU) rRNA of two Asgard phyla, Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota, considered to be the closest modern archaeal cell lineages to Eukarya, bridge the gap in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic LSU rRNA. The elongated LSU rRNAs in Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota stem from the presence of two supersized ESs, ES9 and ES39. We applied chemical footprinting experiments to study the structure of Lokiarchaeota ES39. Furthermore, we used covariation and sequence analysis to study the evolution of Asgard ES39s and ES9s. By defining the common eukaryotic ES39 signature fold, we found that Asgard ES39s have more and longer helices than eukaryotic ES39s. While Asgard ES39s have sequences and structures distinct from eukaryotic ES39s, we found overall conservation of a three-way junction across the Asgard species that matches eukaryotic ES39 topology, a result consistent with the accretion model of ribosomal evolution.

SignificanceEukaryotes possess longer and more complex ribosomal RNA (rRNA) than Bacteria and Archaea, including eukaryotic-specific rRNA expansion segments (ESs). The origin and evolution of ESs has long remained a mystery. We show that two recently discovered Asgard archaeal phyla, Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota, contain large subunit rRNA with ESs are "supersized" (>100 nt) compared to all other prokaryotes studied to date. Asgard ESs have distinct structures from eukaryotic ESs, but share a common three-way junction out of which the ES grew. Our findings raise the possibility that supersized ESs existed on the ribosomal surface before the last eukaryotic common ancestor, opening the question of whether ribosomal complexity is more deeply rooted than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhretaha-Aval, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.25.888164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic-like ribosomal RNA region in Lokiarchaeota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneMark-EP and -EP+: automatic eukaryotic gene prediction supported by spliced aligned proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have made several steps towards creating a fast and accurate algorithm for gene prediction in eukaryotic genomes. First, we introduced an automated method for efficient ab initio gene finding, GeneMark-ES, with parameters trained in iterative unsupervised mode. Next, in GeneMark-ET we proposed a method of integration of unsupervised training with information on intron positions revealed by mapping short RNA reads.

Now we describe GeneMark-EP, a tool that utilizes another source of external information, a protein database, readily available prior to a start of a sequencing project. A new specialized pipeline, ProtHint, initiates massive protein mapping to genome and extracts hints to splice sites and translation start and stop sites of potential genes. GeneMark-EP uses the hints to improve estimation of model parameters as well as to adjust co-ordinates of predicted genes if they disagree with the most reliable hints (the -EP+ mode).

Tests of GeneMark-EP and -EP+ demonstrated improvements in gene prediction accuracy in comparison with GeneMark-ES, while the GeneMark-EP+ showed higher accuracy than GeneMark-ET. We have observed that the most pronounced improvements in gene prediction accuracy happened in large eukaryotic genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.891218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneMark-EP and -EP+: automatic eukaryotic gene prediction supported by spliced aligned proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community lifespan, niche expansion and the evolution of interspecific cooperation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection favours individuals who maximise their own reproductive success and that of their close relatives. From this perspective, cooperation that benefits individuals of a different species represents an evolutionary conundrum. The theory of mutualism seeks to resolve this puzzle, and it posits that there must be downstream benefits to cooperators that offset any costs inherently associated with interspecific cooperation. Thus, individuals should only further the survival and fecundity of their interspecific partners if this generates additional return benefits, such as food, shelter or protection. A major challenge for the evolution of mutualism is when the ecological niches of partner species overlap, as this creates a tension between the benefits of exchanging services and the costs of competing for shared resources. Here we study the extent to which niche expansion, in which cooperation augments the common pool of resources, can resolve this problem. We find that niche expansion facilitates the evolution of mutualism, especially when populations are at high densities. Further, we show that niche expansion can promote the evolution of reproductive restraint, in which a focal species adaptively sacrifices its own growth rate to increase the density of partner species. We interpret these results in the context of microbial community interactions, which are often characterized by yield-enhancing exchanges of nutrients, termed  cross-feeding. Our findings suggest that yield-enhancing mutualisms are more prevalent in stable habitats with a constant supply of resources, where populations typically live at high densities, but such mutualisms are particularly vulnerable to the emergence of cheats. In general, our findings highlight the need to integrate both temporal and spatial dynamics in the analysis of mutualisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.02.893321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community lifespan, niche expansion and the evolution of interspecific cooperation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The challenge of RNA branching prediction: a parametric analysis of multiloop initiation under thermodynamic optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediction of RNA base pairings yields insight into molecular structure, and therefore function. The most common methods predict an optimal structure under the standard thermodynamic model. One component of this model is the equation which governs the cost of branching, where three or more helical "arms" radiate out from a multiloop (also known as a junction). The multiloop initiation equation has three parameters; changing those values can significantly alter the predicted structure. We give a complete analysis of the prediction accuracy, stability, and robustness for all possible parameter combinations for a diverse set of tRNA sequences, and also for 5S rRNA. We find that the accuracy can often be substantially improved on a per sequence basis. However, simultaneous improvement within families, and most especially between families, remains a challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poznanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera-Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ielusic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The challenge of RNA branching prediction: a parametric analysis of multiloop initiation under thermodynamic optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Engineered Vascularized Patient-Specific Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction in a Yucatan Pig Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePediatric temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction occurs as a result of acquired, developmental, and/or congenital conditions. Current pediatric reconstruction options are limited. The aim of this project was to develop a proof of principle porcine model for a load bearing, customized 3-dimensional (3D) printed and BMP2-coated scaffold implanted in a pedicled (temporal) flap as a regenerative approach to pediatric TMJ mandibular condyle reconstruction.

Materials and MethodsScaffolds were custom designed and 3D printed based on porcine computed tomography and absorbed with BMP2. Two operations occured: (1) implantation of scaffold in temporalis muscle to establish vascularity, and six weeks later, (2) unilateral condylectomy and rotation of the vascularized scaffold (with preservation of superficial temporal artery) onto mandibular ramus defect and secured with titanium screws. At 6 months post-implantation, the pigs were sacrified. The experimental side (muscle-scaffold) and the control side (unoperated condyle) were individually harvested at 6 months and evaluated by clinical, mechanical, radiographic, and qualitative/histologic methods.

ResultsScaffolds maintained physical properties similar in appearance to unoperated condyles. The vascularized scaffolds had bone formation at edges and adjacent to scaffold-bone interface. New bone was visible in scaffold. Condyle height on the reconstructed side was 68% and 78% of the control side. Reconstructed condyle stiffness was between 20% and 45% of the control side.

ConclusionIn our porcine model, customized 3D printed TMJ scaffolds impregnanted with BMP2 and implanted in and pedicled on temporalis muscle has the ability to (1) reconstruct a TMJ defect model, (2) maintain appropriate condylar height and upper airway diameter, and (3) generate new bone, without impacting functional outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abramowicz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Engineered Vascularized Patient-Specific Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction in a Yucatan Pig Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Systemic Immune Dysregulation in a Rat Trauma Model with Biomaterial-Associated Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthopedic biomaterial-associated infections remain a large clinical challenge, particularly with open fractures and segmental bone loss. Invasion and colonization of bacteria within immune-privileged canalicular networks of the bone can lead to local, indolent infections that can persist for years without symptoms before eventual catastrophic hardware failure. Host immunity is essential for bacterial clearance and an appropriate healing response, and recent evidence has suggested an association between orthopedic trauma and systemic immune dysregulation and immunosuppression. However, the impact of a local infection on this systemic immune response and subsequent effects on the local response is poorly understood and has not been a major focus for addressing orthopedic injuries and infections. Therefore, this study utilized a model of orthopedic biomaterial-associated infection to investigate the effects of infection on the long-term immune response. Here, despite persistence of a local, indolent infection lacking outward symptoms, there was still evidence of long-term immune dysregulation with systemic increases in MDSCs and decreases in T cells compared to non-infected trauma. Further, the trauma only group exhibited a regulated and coordinated systemic cytokine response, which was not present in the infected trauma group. Locally, the infection group had attenuated macrophage infiltration in the local soft tissue compared to the non-infected group. Our results demonstrate widespread impacts of a localized orthopedic infection on the systemic and local immune responses. Characterization of the immune response to orthopedic biomaterial-associated infection may identify key targets for immunotherapies that could optimize both regenerative and antibiotic interventions, ultimately improving outcomes for these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vantucci, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenker, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Systemic Immune Dysregulation in a Rat Trauma Model with Biomaterial-Associated Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Monophasic Action Potential (MAP) is a near replica of the transmembrane potential recorded when an electrode is pushed firmly against cardiac tissue. Despite its many practical uses, the mechanism of MAP signal generation and the reason it is so different from unipolar recordings is not completely known and is a matter of controversy. It is hypothesized that partial depolarization of the cells directly underneath the electrode contributes to the generation of MAP signals. In this paper, we describe a parametric, semi-quantitative method to generate realistic MAP and intermediate forms - multiphasic electrograms different from an ideal MAP - that does not require the partial depolarization hypothesis. The key ideas of our method are the formation of junctional spaces, i.e., electrically isolated pockets between the surface of an electrode and tissue, and the presence of a complex network of passive components that acts as a high-pass filter to distort the signal that reaches the recording amplifier. The passive network is formed by the interaction between the passive tissue properties and the double-layer capacitance of electrodes. We show that it is possible to generate different electrograms by the change of the model parameters and that both the MAP and intermediate forms reside on a continuum of signals. Our model helps to decipher the mechanisms of signal generation and can lead to a better design for electrodes, recording amplifiers, and experimental setups.

SIGNIFICANCERecording the Monophasic Action Potential (MAP) is potentially very useful in both experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology and can provide valuable information about the repolarization phase of the action potential. However, despite its benefits, it currently has only a small and niche role. The main challenge is the technical difficulties of recording an ideal MAP. Our results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of the generation of cardiac electrograms and may help to optimize experiments and improve tools to achieve the full potentials of recording the MAP signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iravanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzelac, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herndon, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.897637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A behavioral polymorphism caused by a single gene inside a supergene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.897637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral evolution relies on genetic changes, yet few social behaviors can be traced to specific genetic sequences in vertebrates. Here, we show experimental evidence that differentiation of a single gene has contributed to divergent behavioral phenotypes in the white-throated sparrow, a common North American songbird. In this species, one of two alleles of ESR1, encoding estrogen receptor  (ER), has been captured inside a differentiating supergene that segregates with an aggressive phenotype, such that ESR1 expression predicts aggression. Here, we show that the aggressive phenotype associated with the supergene is prevented by ESR1 knockdown in a single brain region. Next, we show that in a free-living population, aggression is predicted by allelic imbalance favoring the supergene allele. Cis-regulatory variation between the two alleles affects transcription factor binding sites, DNA methylation, and rates of transcription. This work provides a rare illustration of how genotypic divergence has led to behavioral phenotypic divergence in a vertebrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merritt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinzow-Kramer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.897637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A behavioral polymorphism caused by a single gene inside a supergene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pathway and Network Oriented Approach to Enlighten Molecular Mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes Using Multiple Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorder that is characterized by pancreatic dysfunction in insulin producing beta cells, glucagon secreting alpha cells, and insulin resistance or insulin in-functionality related hyperglycemia. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D), which constitutes 90% of the diabetes cases, is a complex multifactorial disease. In the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) successfully pinpointed the genetic variants (typically single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) that associate with disease risk. However, traditional GWASs focus on the  the tip of the iceberg SNPs, and the SNPs with mild effects are discarded. In order to diminish the burden of multiple testing in GWAS, researchers attempted to evaluate the collective effects of interesting variants. In this regard, pathway-based analyses of GWAS became popular to discover novel multi-genic functional associations. Still, to reveal the unaccounted 85 to 90% of T2D variation, which lies hidden in GWAS datasets, new post-GWAS strategies need to be developed. In this respect, here we reanalyze three meta-analysis data of GWAS in T2D, using the methodology that we have developed to identify disease-associated pathways by combining nominally significant evidence of genetic association with the known biochemical pathways, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and the functional information of selected SNPs. In this research effort, to enlighten the molecular mechanisms underlying T2D development and progress, we integrated different in-silico approaches that proceed in top-down manner and bottom-up manner, and hence presented a comprehensive analysis at protein subnetwork, pathway, and pathway subnetwork levels. Our network and pathway-oriented approach is based on both the significance level of an affected pathway and its topological relationship with its neighbor pathways. Using the mutual information based on the shared genes, the identified protein subnetworks and the affected pathways of each dataset were compared. While, most of the identified pathways recapitulate the pathophysiology of T2D, our results show that incorporating SNP functional properties, protein-protein interaction networks into GWAS can dissect leading molecular pathways, which cannot be picked up using traditional analyses. We hope to bridge the knowledge gap from sequence to consequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakir-Gungor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unlu Yazici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.905547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pathway and Network Oriented Approach to Enlighten Molecular Mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes Using Multiple Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Regulation of Microvascular Angiogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neovascularization is a critical early step toward successful tissue regeneration during wound healing. While vasculature has long been recognized as highly mechanosensitive (to fluid shear, pulsatile luminal pressure, etc.), the effects of extracellular matrix strains on angiogenesis are poorly understood. Previously, we found that dynamic matrix compression in vivo potently regulated neovascular growth during tissue regeneration; however, whether matrix deformations directly regulate00 angiogenesis remained unknown. Here, we tested the effects of load initiation time, strain magnitude, and mode of compressive deformation (uniform compression vs. compressive indentation that also introduced shear stress) on neovascularization and key angiogenic and mechanotransduction signaling pathways by microvascular fragments in vitro. We hypothesized that neovascularization would be enhanced by delayed, moderate compression and inhibited by early, high magnitude compression and by compressive indentation. Consistent with our hypothesis, early, high magnitude loading inhibited vessel growth, while delayed loading enhanced vessel growth. Compressive indentation led to longer, more branched networks than uniform compression - particularly at high strain magnitude. Gene expression was differentially regulated by time of load initiation; genes associated with active angiogenic sprouts were downregulated by early loading but upregulated by delayed loading. Canonical gene targets of the YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction pathway were increased by loading and abrogated by pharmacological YAP inhibition. Together, these data demonstrate that neovascularization is directly responsive to dynamic matrix strain and is particularly sensitive to the timing of load initiation. This work further identifies putative mechanoregulatory angiogenic mechanisms and implicates a critical role for dynamic mechanical cues in vascularized tissue regeneration.

Statement of SignificanceMechanical cues influence tissue regeneration, and although vasculature is known to be mechanically sensitive, remarkably little is known about the effects of bulk extracellular matrix deformation on the nascent vessel networks found in healing tissues. Here, we demonstrated that load initiation time, magnitude, and mode all regulate microvascular growth, as well as upstream angiogenic and mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Across all tested magnitudes and modes, microvascular network formation and upstream signaling were powerfully regulated by the timing of load initiation. This work provides a new foundational understanding of how extracellular matrix mechanics regulate angiogenesis and has critical implications for clinical translation of new regenerative medicine therapies and physical rehabilitation strategies designed to enhance revascularization during tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruehle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastburn, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerckel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Regulation of Microvascular Angiogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.909259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound imaging links soleus muscle neuromechanics and energetics during human walking with elastic ankle exoskeletons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.909259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unpowered exoskeletons with springs in parallel to human plantar flexor muscle-tendons can reduce the metabolic cost of walking. We used ultrasound imaging to look  under the skin and measure how exoskeleton stiffness alters soleus muscle contractile dynamics and shapes the users metabolic rate during walking. Eleven participants (4F, 7M; age: 27.7 {+/-} 3.3 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.25 m s-1 and 0% grade with elastic ankle exoskeletons (rotational stiffness: 0-250 Nm rad-1) in one training and two testing days. Metabolic savings were maximized (4.2%) at a stiffness of 50 Nm rad-1. As exoskeleton stiffness increased, the soleus muscle operated at longer lengths and improved economy (force/activation) during early stance, but this benefit was offset by faster shortening velocity and poorer economy in late stance. Changes in soleus activation rate correlated with changes in users metabolic rate (p = 0.038, R2 = 0.44), highlighting a crucial link between muscle neuromechanics and exoskeleton performance; perhaps informing future  muscle-in-the loop exoskeleton controllers designed to steer contractile dynamics toward more economical force production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuckols, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, T. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.909259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound imaging links soleus muscle neuromechanics and energetics during human walking with elastic ankle exoskeletons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.918441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.918441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appropriately modulating inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may prevent disabilities for the millions of those inflicted annually. In TBI, cellular mediators of inflammation, including macrophages and microglia, possess a range of phenotypes relevant for an immunomodulatory therapeutic approach. It is thought that early phenotypic modulation of these cells will have a cascading healing effect. In fact, an anti-inflammatory, "M2-like" macrophage phenotype after TBI has been associated with neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and improved white matter integrity. There already exists clinical trials seeking an M2-like bias through mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). However, MSCs do not endogenously synthesize key signals that induce robust M2-like phenotypes such as Interleukin-4 (IL-4). To enrich M2-like macrophages in a clinically relevant manner, we augmented MSCs to transiently express IL-4 via synthetic IL-4 mRNA. We observed that these IL-4 expressing MSCs indeed induce a robust M2-like macrophage phenotype and promote anti-inflammatory gene expression in a modified TBI model of closed head injury. However, here we demonstrate that acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages did not translate to improved functional or histological outcomes. This suggests that an acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages cannot solely orchestrate the neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and improved WMI after diffuse TBI. To further understand whether dysfunctional pathways underlie the lack of therapeutic effect, we report transcriptomic analysis of injured and treated brains. Through this, we discovered that inflammation persists in spite of acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages in the brain. Last, we comment on our modified TBI model, behavioral studies, and propose that IL-4 expressing MSCs may also have relevance in other cavitary diseases or in improving biomaterial integration into tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enam, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kader, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azrak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanover, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellamkonda, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.918441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weighted minimizer sampling improves long read mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn this era of exponential data growth, minimizer sampling has become a standard algorithmic technique for rapid genome sequence comparison. This technique yields a sub-linear representation of sequences, enabling their comparison in reduced space and time. A key property of the minimizer technique is that if two sequences share a substring of a specified length, then they can be guaranteed to have a matching minimizer. However, because the k-mer distribution in eukaryotic genomes is highly uneven, minimizer-based tools (e.g., Minimap2, Mashmap) opt to discard the most frequently occurring minimizers from the genome in order to avoid excessive false positives. By doing so, the underlying guarantee is lost and accuracy is reduced in repetitive genomic regions.

ResultsWe introduce a novel weighted-minimizer sampling algorithm. A unique feature of the proposed algorithm is that it performs minimizer sampling while taking into account a weight for each k-mer; i.e, the higher the weight of a k-mer, the more likely it is to be selected. By down-weighting frequently occurring k-mers, we are able to meet both objectives: (i) avoid excessive false-positive matches, and (ii) maintain the minimizer match guarantee. We tested our algorithm, Winnowmap, using both simulated and real long-read data and compared it to a state-of-the-art long read mapper, Minimap2. Our results demonstrate a reduction in the mapping error-rate from 0.14% to 0.06% in the recently finished human X chromosome (154.3 Mbp), and from 3.6% to 0% within the highly repetitive X centromere (3.1 Mbp). Winnowmap improves mapping accuracy within repeats and achieves these results with sparser sampling, leading to better index compression and competitive runtimes.

Contactadam.phillippy@nih.gov

AvailabilityWinnowmap is built on top of the Minimap2 codebase (Li, 2018) and is available at https://github.com/marbl/winnowmap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weighted minimizer sampling improves long read mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Control of Cytokine Signaling via Bioinspired, Polymer-Induced Latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokine signaling is challenging to study and therapeutically exploit as the effects of these protein are often pleiotropic. A subset of cytokines can, however, exert signal specificity via association with latency-inducing proteins which cage the cytokine until disrupted by discreet biological stimuli. Inspired by this precision, here we describe a strategy for synthetic induction of cytokine latency via modification with photo-labile polymers that mimic latency while attached, then restore protein activity in response to light, thus controlling the magnitude, duration, and location of cytokine signals. We characterize the high dynamic range of latent cytokine activity modulation and find that polymer-induced latency, alone, can prolong in vivo circulation and bias receptor subunit binding. We further show that protein de-repression can be achieved with near single-cell resolution and demonstrate the feasibility of transcutaneous photoactivation. Future extensions of this approach could enable multicolor, optical reprogramming of cytokine signaling networks and more precise immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perdue, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chyong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggieri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesinski, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreaden, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Control of Cytokine Signaling via Bioinspired, Polymer-Induced Latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organoid Polymer Functionality and Mode of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Membrane Antigen Presentation Regulates Ex Vivo Germinal Center Epigenetics in Young and Aged B Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major global health threat that continues to rise due to a lack of effective vaccines. Of concern are Klebsiella pneumoniae that fail to induce in vivo germinal center B cell responses, which facilitate antibody production to fight infection. Immunotherapies using antibodies targeting antibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging as promising alternatives, however, cannot be efficiently derived ex vivo, necessitating the need for immune technologies to develop therapeutics. Here, four-arm PEG-organoids were developed to elucidate the effects of polymer end-point chemistry, integrin ligands, and mode of K. pneumoniae antigen presentation on germinal center-like B cell epigenetics, to better define the cell-microenvironment factors regulating ex vivo germinal center dynamics. Notably, PEG vinyl sulfone or acrylate failed to sustain primary immune cells, but functionalization with maleimide (PEG-4MAL) led to B cell expansion and germinal center-like induction. RNA sequencing analysis of lymph node stromal and germinal center B cells showed niche associated heterogeneity of integrin-related genes. Incorporation of niche-mimicking bioadhesive peptides revealed that collagen 1 mimicking peptides promoted germinal center-like dynamics and epigenetics. PEG-4MAL organoids elucidated the impact of K. pneumoniae membrane embedded protein antigen versus soluble antigen presentation on germinal center-like activation and preserved the response across young and aged mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graney, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.947408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organoid Polymer Functionality and Mode of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Membrane Antigen Presentation Regulates Ex Vivo Germinal Center Epigenetics in Young and Aged B Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial respiration is an important source of uncertainty in projecting future climate and carbon (C) cycle feedbacks. Despite intensive studies for two decades, the magnitude, direction, and duration of such feedbacks are uncertain, and their underlying microbial mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we examined the responses of soil respiration and microbial community structure to long-term experimental warming in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Our results indicated that the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration (i.e., Q10) persistently decreased by 12.0{+/-}3.7% across 7 years of warming. Integrated metagenomic and functional analyses showed that microbial community adaptation played critical roles in regulating respiratory acclimation. Incorporating microbial functional gene abundance data into a microbially-enabled ecosystem model significantly improved the modeling performance of soil microbial respiration by 5-19%, compared to the traditional non-microbial model. Model parametric uncertainty was also reduced by 55-71% when gene abundances were used. In addition, our modeling analyses suggested that decreased temperature sensitivity could lead to considerably less heterotrophic respiration (11.6{+/-}7.5%), and hence less soil C loss. If such microbially mediated dampening effects occur generally across different spatial and temporal scales, the potential positive feedback of soil microbial respiration in response to climate warming may be less than previously predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyo Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penton, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.961300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated measurement of long-term bower behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlids using depth sensing and action recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring naturalistic behaviors in laboratory settings is difficult, and this hinders progress in understanding decision-making in response to ecologically-relevant stimuli. In the wild, many animals manipulate their environment to create architectural constructions, which represent a type of extended phenotype affecting survival and/or reproduction, and these behaviors are excellent models of goal-directed decision-making. Here, we describe an automated system for measuring bower construction in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, whereby males construct sand structures to attract mates through the accumulated actions of thousands of individual sand manipulation decisions over the course of many days. The system integrates two orthogonal methods, depth sensing and action recognition, to simultaneously measure the developing bower structure and classify the sand manipulation decisions through which it is constructed. We show that action recognition accurately (>85%) classifies ten sand manipulation behaviors across three different species and distinguishes between scooping and spitting events that occur during bower construction versus feeding. Registration of depth and video data streams enables topographical mapping of these behaviors onto a dynamic 3D sand surface. The hardware required for this setup is inexpensive (<$250 per setup), allowing for the simultaneous recording from many independent aquariums. We further show that bower construction behaviors are non-uniform in time, non-uniform in space, and spatially repeatable across trials. We also quantify a unique behavioral phenotype in interspecies hybrids, wherein males sequentially express both phenotypes of behaviorally-divergent parental species. Our work demonstrates that simultaneously tracking both structure and behavior provides an integrated picture of long-term goal-directed decision-making in a naturalistic, dynamic, and social environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojwala, M. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljapur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowder, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockert, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecesne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated measurement of long-term bower behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlids using depth sensing and action recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adding carbon fiber to shoe soles does not improve running economy: a muscle-level explanation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an attempt to improve their distance-running performance, many athletes race with carbon fiber plates embedded in their shoe soles. Accordingly, we sought to establish whether, and if so how, adding carbon fiber plates to shoes soles reduces athlete aerobic energy expenditure during running (improves running economy). We tested 15 athletes during running at 3.5 m/s in four footwear conditions that varied in shoe sole carbon fiber plate bending stiffness. For each condition, we quantified athlete aerobic energy expenditure and performed biomechanics analyses, which included the use of ultrasound imaging to examine soleus muscle dynamics in vivo. Overall, increased footwear bending stiffness lengthened ground contact time (p=0.048), but did not affect ankle (p[&ge;]0.060), knee (p[&ge;]0.128), or hip (p[&ge;]0.076) joint angles or moments. Additionally, increased footwear bending stiffness did not affect muscle activity (all seven measured leg muscles (p[&ge;]0.146)), stride averaged active soleus volume, (p=0.068) or aerobic power (p=0.458) during running. Hence, footwear bending stiffness does not appear to alter the volume of aerobic energy consuming muscle in the soleus, or any other leg muscle, during running. Therefore, adding carbon fiber plates to shoe soles slightly alters whole-body and calf muscle biomechanics but does not improve running economy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golyski, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adding carbon fiber to shoe soles does not improve running economy: a muscle-level explanation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.972786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape-to-graph Mapping Method for Efficient Characterization and Classification of Complex Geometries in Biological Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.972786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the ever-increasing quality and quantity of imaging data in biomedical research comes the demand for computational methodologies that enable efficient and reliable automated extraction of the quantitative information contained within these images. One of the challenges in providing such methodology is the need for tailoring algorithms to the specifics of the data, limiting their areas of application. Here we present a broadly applicable approach to quantification and classification of complex shapes and patterns in biological or other multi-component formations. This approach integrates the mapping of all shape boundaries within an image onto a global information-rich graph and machine learning on the multidimensional measures of the graph. We demonstrated the power of this method by (1) extracting subtle structural differences from visually indistinguishable images in our phenotype rescue experiments using the endothelial tube formations assay, (2) training the algorithm to identify biophysical parameters underlying the formation of different multicellular networks in our simulation model of collective cell behavior, and (3) analyzing the response of U2OS cell cultures to a broad array of small molecule perturbations.

Author SummaryIn this paper, we present a methodology that is based on mapping an arbitrary set of outlines onto a complete, strictly defined structure, in which every point representing the shape becomes a terminal point of a global graph. Because this mapping preserves the whole complexity of the shape, it allows for extracting the full scope of geometric features of any scale. Importantly, an extensive set of graph-based metrics in each image makes integration with machine learning routines highly efficient even for a small data sets and provide an opportunity to backtrack the subtle morphological features responsible for the automated distinction into image classes. The resulting tool provides efficient, versatile, and robust quantification of complex shapes and patterns in experimental images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhurikhina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.972786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape-to-graph Mapping Method for Efficient Characterization and Classification of Complex Geometries in Biological Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Out-of-register parallel β-sheets and antiparallel β-sheets coexist in 150 kDa oligomers formed by Aβ(1-42) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present solid-state NMR measurements of {beta}-strand secondary structure and inter-strand organization within a 150 kDa oligomeric aggregate of the 42-residue variant of the Alzheimers amyloid-{beta} peptide (A{beta}(1-42)). This oligomer is characterized by a structure that cannot be explained by any previously proposed model for aggregated A{beta}. We build upon our previous report of a {beta}-strand spanned by residues 30-42, which arranges into an antiparallel {beta}-sheet. New results presented here indicate that there is a second {beta}-strand formed by residues 11-24. We show negative results for NMR experiments designed to reveal antiparallel {beta}-sheets formed by this {beta}-strand. Remarkably, we show that this strand is organized into a parallel {beta}-sheet despite the co-existence of an antiparallel {beta}-sheet in the same structure. In addition, the in-register parallel {beta}-sheet commonly observed for amyloid fibril structure does not apply to residues 11-24 in the 150 kDa oligomer. Rather, we present evidence for an inter-strand registry shift of 3 residues that alternates in direction between adjacent molecules along the {beta}-sheet. We corroborated this unexpected scheme for {beta}-strand organization using multiple 2-dimensional NMR and 13C-13C dipolar recoupling experiments. Our findings indicate a previously unknown assembly pathway and inspire a suggestion as to why this aggregate does not grow to larger sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watzlawik, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberry, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.974394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Out-of-register parallel β-sheets and antiparallel β-sheets coexist in 150 kDa oligomers formed by Aβ(1-42)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.975482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Heterochronic Parabiosis in 3D Microphysiological System for Identification of Muscle Rejuvenating Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.975482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure of aged mice to a young systemic milieu revealed remarkable rejuvenation effects on aged tissues, including skeletal muscle. Although some candidate factors have been identified, the exact identity and the underlying mechanisms of putative rejuvenating factors remain elusive, mainly due to the complexity of in vivo parabiosis. Here, we present an in vitro muscle parabiosis system that integrates young- and old-muscle stem cell vascular niche on a three-dimensional microfluidic platform designed to recapitulate key features of native muscle stem cell microenvironment. This innovative system enables mechanistic studies of cellular dynamics and molecular interactions within the muscle stem cell niche, especially in response to conditional extrinsic stimuli of local and systemic factors. We demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling from endothelial cells and myotubes synergistically contribute to the rejuvenation of the aged muscle stem cell function. Moreover, with the adjustable on-chip system, we can mimic both blood transfusion and parabiosis and detect the time-varying effects of anti-geronic and pro-geronic factors in a single organ or multi-organ systems. Our unique approach presents a complementary in vitro model to supplement in vivo parabiosis for identifying potential anti-geronic factors responsible for revitalizing aging organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.975482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Heterochronic Parabiosis in 3D Microphysiological System for Identification of Muscle Rejuvenating Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Annotation of Cell Identities in Dense Cellular Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although identifying cell names in dense image stacks is critical in analyzing functional whole-brain data enabling comparison across experiments, unbiased identification is very difficult, and relies heavily on researchers experiences. Here we present a probabilistic-graphical-model framework, CRF_ID, based on Conditional Random Fields, for unbiased and automated cell identification. CRF_ID focuses on maximizing intrinsic similarity between shapes. Compared to existing methods, CRF_ID achieves higher accuracy on simulated and ground-truth experimental datasets, and better robustness against challenging noise conditions common in experimental data. CRF_ID can further boost accuracy by building atlases from annotated data in highly computationally efficient manner, and by easily adding new features (e.g. from new strains). We demonstrate cell annotation in C. elegans images across strains, animal orientations, and tasks including gene-expression localization, multi-cellular and whole-brain functional imaging experiments. Together, these successes demonstrate that unbiased cell annotation can facilitate biological discovery, and this approach may be valuable to annotation tasks for other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Annotation of Cell Identities in Dense Cellular Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.002527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of action of HBV capsid assembly modulators predicted from binding to early assembly intermediates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.002527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interfering with the self-assembly of virus nucleocapsids is a promising approach for the development of novel antiviral agents. Applied to hepatitis B virus (HBV), this approach has led to several classes of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) that target the virus by either accelerating nucleocapsid assembly or misdirecting it into non-capsid-like particles. Here, we have assessed the structures of early nucleocapsid assembly intermediates, with and without bound CAMs, using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that distinct conformations of the intermediates are induced depending on whether the bound CAM accelerates or misdirects assembly; these structures are predictive of the final assembly. We also selected non-capsid-like structures from our simulations for virtual screening, resulting in the discovery of several compounds with moderate anti-viral activity and low toxicity. Cryo-electron microscopy and capsid melting experiments suggest that our compounds possess a novel mechanism for assembly modulation, potentially opening new avenues for HBV inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korablyov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinazi, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.002527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of action of HBV capsid assembly modulators predicted from binding to early assembly intermediates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMS alters multivoxel patterns in the absence of overall activity changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become one of the major tools for establishing the causal role of specific brain regions in perceptual, motor, and cognitive processes. Nevertheless, a persistent limitation of the technique is the lack of clarity regarding its precise effects on neural activity. Here, we examined the effects of TMS intensity and frequency on concurrently recorded blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals at the site of stimulation. In two experiments, we delivered TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human subjects of both sexes. In Experiment 1, we delivered a series of pulses at high (100% of motor threshold) or low (50% of motor threshold) intensity, whereas in Experiment 2, we always used high intensity but delivered stimulation at four different frequencies (5, 8.33, 12.5, and 25 Hz). We found that the TMS intensity and frequency could be reliably decoded using multivariate analysis techniques even though TMS had no effect on overall BOLD activity at the site of stimulation in either experiment. These results provide important insight into the mechanisms through which TMS influences neural activity.

SignificanceTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising tool for the treatment of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its effectiveness is still impeded by an incomplete understanding of its neural effects. One fundamental unresolved issue is whether TMS leads to local changes in overall neural activity in the absence of a task. Here we performed two experiments where TMS was delivered inside an MRI scanner while brain activity was continuously monitored. We found converging evidence for the notion that TMS affects the pattern of local activity changes but does not lead to an overall increase in activity. These results help clarify the mechanisms of how TMS affects local neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafiei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wokke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMS alters multivoxel patterns in the absence of overall activity changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants mediate how individuals respond to medication, and response differences among racial/ethnic groups have been attributed to patterns of PGx diversity. We hypothesized that genetic ancestry (GA) would provide higher resolution for stratifying PGx risk, since it serves as a more reliable surrogate for genetic diversity than self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE), which includes a substantial social component. We analyzed a cohort of 8,628 individuals from the United States (US), for whom we had both SIRE information and whole genome genotypes, with a focus on the three largest SIRE groups in the US: White, Black, and Hispanic. Whole genome genotypes were used to characterize individuals continental ancestry fractions - European, African, and Native American - and individuals were grouped according to their GA profiles. SIRE and GA groups were found to be highly concordant. Continental ancestry predicts individuals SIRE with >96% accuracy, and accordingly GA provides only a marginal increase in resolution for PGx risk stratification. PGx variants are highly diverged compared to the genomic background; 82 variants show significant frequency differences among SIRE groups, and genome-wide patterns of PGx variation are almost entirely concordant with SIRE. Nevertheless, 97% of PGx variation is found within rather than between groups. Examples of highly differentiated PGx variants illustrate how SIRE partitions PGx variation based on group-specific ancestry patterns and contains valuable information for risk stratification. Finally, we show that individuals who identify as Black or Hispanic benefit more when SIRE is considered for treatment decisions than individuals from the majority White population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.013755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.015198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optoregulated force application to cellular receptors using molecular motors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.015198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction events in physiological environments are difficult to investigate, in part due to the lack of experimental tools to apply forces to mechanosensitive receptors remotely. Inspired by cellular mechanisms for force application (i.e. motor proteins pulling on cytoskeletal fibers), here we present a unique molecular machine that can apply forces at cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions using light as an energy source. The key actuator is a light-driven rotatory molecular motor linked to polymer chains, which is intercalated between a membrane receptor and an engineered biointerface. The light-driven actuation of the molecular motor is converted in mechanical twisting of the polymer chains, which will in turn effectively "pulls" on engaged cell membrane receptors (integrins, cadherins...) within the illuminated area. Applied forces have the adequate magnitude and occur at time scales within the relevant ranges for mechanotransduction at cell-friendly exposure conditions, as demonstrated in forcedependent focal adhesion maturation and T cell activation experiments. Our results reveal the potential of nanomotors for the manipulation of living cells at the molecular scale and demonstrate, for the first time, a functionality which at the moment cannot be achieved by any other means.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colard-Itte, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dattler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuseppone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennewitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Campo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.015198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optoregulated force application to cellular receptors using molecular motors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation of dead cells from contact killing facilitates coexistence in bacterial biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities govern their composition using a wide variety of social interactions, some of which are antagonistic. Many antagonistic mechanisms, such as the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), require killer cells to directly contact target cells. The T6SS is hypothesized to be a highly potent weapon, capable of facilitating the invasion and defense of bacterial populations. However, we find that the efficacy of the T6SS is severely limited by the material consequences of cell death. Through experiments with Vibrio cholerae strains that kill via the T6SS, we show that dead cell debris quickly accumulates at the interface that forms between competing strains, preventing contact and thus preventing killing. While previous experiments have shown that T6SS killing can reduce a population of target cells by as much as one-million-fold, we find that as a result of the formation of dead cell debris barriers, the impact of T6SS killing depends sensitively on the initial concentrations of killer and target cells. Therefore, while the T6SS provides defense against contacting competitors on a single cell level, it is incapable of facilitating invasion or the elimination of competitors on a community level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisan, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation of dead cells from contact killing facilitates coexistence in bacterial biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanics and energetics of walking and running up and downhill: A joint-level perspective to guide design of lower-limb exoskeletons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower-limb wearable robotic devices can provide effective assistance to both clinical and healthy populations; however, how assistance should be applied in different gait conditions and environments is still unclear. We suggest a biologically-inspired approach derived from knowledge of human locomotion mechanics and energetics to establish a  roadmap for wearable robot design. In this study, we characterize the changes in joint mechanics during both walking and running across a range of incline/decline grades and then provide an analysis that informs the development of lower-limb exoskeletons capable of operating across a range of mechanical demands. Eight subjects (6M,2F) completed five walking (1.25 m -1) trials at -15%, -10%, 0%, 10%, and 15% grade and five running (2.25 m s-1) trials at -10%, -5%, 0%, 5%, and 10% grade on a treadmill. We calculated time-varying joint moment and power output for the ankle, knee, and hip. For each gait, we examined how individual limb-joints contributed to total limb positive, negative and net power across grades. For both walking and running, changes in grade caused a redistribution of joint mechanical power generation and absorption. From level to incline walking, the ankles contribution to limb positive power decreased from 44% on the level to 28% at 15% uphill grade (p < 0.0001) while the hips contribution increased from 27% to 52% (p < 0.0001). In running, regardless of the surface gradient, the ankle was consistently the dominant source of lower-limb positive mechanical power (47-55%). In the context of our results, we outline three distinct use-modes that could be emphasized in future lower-limb exoskeleton designs 1) Energy injection: adding positive work into the gait cycle, 2) Energy extraction: removing negative work from the gait cycle, and 3) Energy transfer: extracting energy in one gait phase and then injecting it in another phase (i.e., regenerative braking).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuckols, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riemer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanics and energetics of walking and running up and downhill: A joint-level perspective to guide design of lower-limb exoskeletons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Genome-Scale Metabolic Models Identify Targets of Redox Metabolism in Radiation-Resistant Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Redox cofactor production is integral towards antioxidant generation, clearance of reactive oxygen species, and overall tumor response to ionizing radiation treatment. To identify systems-level alterations in redox metabolism which confer resistance to radiation therapy, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline for integrating multi-omics data into personalized genome-scale flux balance analysis models of 716 radiation-sensitive and 199 radiation-resistant tumors. These models collectively predicted that radiation-resistant tumors reroute metabolic flux to increase mitochondrial NADPH stores and ROS scavenging. Simulated genome-wide knockout screens agreed with experimental siRNA gene knockdowns in matched radiation-sensitive and -resistant cancer cell lines, revealing gene targets involved in mitochondrial NADPH production, central carbon metabolism, and folate metabolism that allow for selective inhibition of glutathione production and H2O2 clearance in radiation-resistant cancers. This systems approach represents a significant advancement in developing quantitative genome-scale models of redox metabolism and identifying personalized metabolic targets for improving radiation sensitivity in individual cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forshaw, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furdui, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Genome-Scale Metabolic Models Identify Targets of Redox Metabolism in Radiation-Resistant Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Ribosomal G-Quadruplexes Regulate Heme Bioavailability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The in vitro formation of stable G-quadruplexes (G4s) in human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was recently reported. However, their formation in cells and their cellular roles have not been resolved. Here, by taking a chemical biology approach that integrates results from immunofluorescence, G4 ligands, heme affinity reagents, and a genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensor, we report that human ribosomes can form G4s in vivo that regulate heme bioavailability. Immunofluorescence experiments indicate that the vast majority of extra-nuclear G4s are associated with rRNA. Moreover, titrating human cells with a G4 ligand alters the ability of ribosomes to bind heme and disrupts cellular heme bioavailability as measured by a genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensor. Overall, these results suggest ribosomes are central hubs of heme metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mestre-Fos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Ribosomal G-Quadruplexes Regulate Heme Bioavailability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.017822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transplantation of muscle stem cell mitochondria rejuvenates the bioenergetic function of dystrophic muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.017822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in various pathologies, including muscular dystrophies. During muscle regeneration, resident stem cells, also known as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), undergo myogenic differentiation to form de novo myofibers or fuse to existing syncytia. Leveraging this cell-cell fusion process, we postulated that mitochondria stemming from MuSCs could be transferred to myofibers during muscle regeneration to remodel the mitochondrial network and restore bioenergetic function. Here, we report that dystrophic MuSCs manifest significant mitochondrial dysfunction and fuse with existing dystrophic myofibers to propagate mitochondrial dysfunction during muscle repair. We demonstrate that by transplanting healthy donor MuSCs into dystrophic host muscle, the mitochondrial network (reticulum) and bioenergetic function can be rejuvenated. Conversely, when bioenergetically-compromised donor MuSCs are transplanted, improvements in mitochondrial organization and bioenergetic function were ablated in the dystrophic recipient. Overall, these data reveal a unique role of muscle stem cells as an essential regulator of myofiber mitochondrial homeostasis and a potential therapeutic target against mitochondrial myopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peykova, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.017822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transplantation of muscle stem cell mitochondria rejuvenates the bioenergetic function of dystrophic muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.047803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NFATc acts as a non-canonical phenotypic stability factor for a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.047803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis remains the cause of over 90% of cancer-related deaths. Cells undergoing metastasis use phenotypic plasticity to adapt to their changing environmental conditions and avoid therapy and immune response. Reversible transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes - Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and its reverse Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition (MET) - form a key axis of phenotypic plasticity during metastasis and therapy resistance. Recent studies have shown that the cells undergoing EMT/MET can attain one or more hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes, the process of which is termed as partial EMT/MET. Cells in hybrid E/M phenotype(s) can be more aggressive than those in either epithelial or mesenchymal state. Thus, it is crucial to identify the factors and regulatory networks enabling such hybrid E/M phenotypes. Here, employing an integrated computational-experimental approach, we show that the transcription factor NFATc can inhibit the process of complete EMT, thus stabilizing the hybrid E/M phenotype. It increases the range of parameters enabling the existence of a hybrid E/M phenotype, thus behaving as a phenotypic stability factor (PSF). However, unlike previously identified PSFs, it does not increase the mean residence time of the cells in hybrid E/M phenotypes, as shown by stochastic simulations; rather it enables the co-existence of epithelial, mesenchymal and hybrid E/M phenotypes and transitions among them. Clinical data suggests the effect of NFATc on patient survival in a tissue-specific or context-dependent manner. Together, our results indicate that NFATc behaves as a non-canonical phenotypic stability factor for a hybrid E/M phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subbalakshmi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.047803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NFATc acts as a non-canonical phenotypic stability factor for a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Side-Impact Collision: Mechanics of Obstacle Negotiation in Sidewinding Snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snakes excel at moving through cluttered environments, and heterogeneities can be used as propulsive contacts for snakes performing lateral undulation. However, sidewinding, often associated with sandy deserts, cuts a broad path through the environment that may increase the vulnerability to obstacles. Our prior work demonstrated that sidewinding can be represented as a pair of orthogonal body waves (vertical and horizontal) that can be independently modulated to achieve high maneuverability and incline ascent, suggesting that sidewinders may also use template modulations to negotiate obstacles. To test this hypothesis, we recorded overhead video of four sidewinder rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes) crossing a line of vertical pegs placed in the substrate. Snakes used three methods to traverse the obstacles: a Propagate Through behavior in which the lifted moving portion of the snake was deformed around the peg and dragged through as the snake continued sidewinding (115/160 runs), Reversal turns that reorient the snake entirely (35/160), or switching to Concertina locomotion (10/160). The Propagate-Through response was only used if the anterior-most region of static contact would propagate along a path anterior to the peg, or if a new region of static contact could be formed near the head to satisfy this condition; otherwise, snakes could only use Reversal Turns or switch to Concertina locomotion. Reversal Turns allowed the snake to re-orient and either escape without further peg contact or resorting to Propagate Through. We developed an algorithm to reproduce the Propagate Through behavior in a robotic model using a modulation of the two-wave template. This range of behavioral strategies provides sidewinders with a versatile range of options for effectively negotiating obstacles in their natural habitat, as well as provide insights into the design and control of robotic systems dealing with heterogeneous habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Astley, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkinson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Side-Impact Collision: Mechanics of Obstacle Negotiation in Sidewinding Snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GRNUlar: Gene Regulatory Network reconstruction using Unrolled algorithm from Single Cell RNA-Sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene regulatory networks (GRNs) are graphs that specify the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. Understanding these interactions is crucial for studying the mechanisms in cell differentiation, growth and development. Computational methods are needed to infer these networks from measured data. Although the availability of single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data provides unprecedented scale and resolution of gene-expression data, the inference of GRNs remains a challenge, mainly due to the complexity of the regulatory relationships and the noise in the data.

ResultsWe propose GRNUlar, a novel deep learning architecture based on the unrolled algorithms idea for GRN inference from scRNA-Seq data. Like some existing methods which use prior information of which genes are TFs, GRNUlar also incorporates this TF information using a sparse multi-task deep learning architecture. We also demonstrate the application of a recently developed unrolled architecture GLAD to recover undirected GRNs in the absence of TF information. These unrolled architectures require supervision to train, for which we leverage the existing synthetic data simulators which generate scRNA-Seq data guided by a GRN. We show that unrolled algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art methods on synthetic data as well as real datasets in both the settings of TF information being absent or available.

AvailabilityGithub link to GRNUlar - https://github.com/Harshs27/GRNUlar

Contacthshrivastava3@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GRNUlar: Gene Regulatory Network reconstruction using Unrolled algorithm from Single Cell RNA-Sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treating Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 via mRNA-encoded Cas13a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, Cas13a has been used to target and mitigate influenza virus A (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic mRNA-based platform. CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) against PB1 and highly conserved regions of PB2 were screened in conjunction with mRNA-encoded Cas13a. Screens were designed such that only guides that decreased influenza RNA levels in a Cas13-mediated fashion, were valid. Cas13a mRNA and validated guides, delivered post-infection, simulating treatment, were tested in combination and across multiplicities of infection. Their function was also characterized over time. Similar screens were performed for guides against SARS-CoV-2, yielding multiple guides that significantly impacted cytopathic effect. Last, the approach was utilized in vivo, demonstrating the ability to degrade influenza RNA in a mouse model of infection, using polymer-formulated, nebulizer-based mRNA delivery. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of Cas13a in mitigating respiratory infections both in vitro and in a mouse model, paving the way for future therapeutic use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanover, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawage, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hincapie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafontaine, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treating Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 via mRNA-encoded Cas13a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote control of CAR T cell therapies by thermal targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The limited ability to control anti-tumor activity within tumor sites contributes to poor CAR T cell responses against solid malignancies. Systemic delivery of biologic drugs such as cytokines can augment CAR T cell activity despite off-target toxicity in healthy tissues that narrows their therapeutic window. Here we develop a platform for remote control of CAR T therapies by thermal targeting. To enable CAR T cells to respond to heat, we construct synthetic thermal gene switches that trigger expression of transgenes in response to mild elevations in local temperature (40-42 {degrees}C) but not to orthogonal cellular stresses such as hypoxia. We show that short pulses of heat (15-30 min) lead to more than 60-fold increases in gene expression without affecting key T cell functions including proliferation, migration, and cytotoxicity. We demonstrate thermal control of broad classes of immunostimulatory agents including CARs, Bispecific T cell Engagers (BiTEs), and cytokine superagonists to enhance proliferation and cell targeting. In mouse models of adoptive transfer, photothermal targeting of intratumoral CAR T cells to control the production of an IL-15 superagonist significantly enhances anti-tumor activity and overall survival. We envision that thermal targeting could improve the safety and efficacy of next-generation therapies by allowing remote control of CAR T cell activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote control of CAR T cell therapies by thermal targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.073361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MSCquartets 1.0: Quartet methods for species trees and networks under the multispecies coalescent model in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.073361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MSCquartets is an R package for species tree hypothesis testing, inference of species trees, and inference of species networks under the Multispecies Coalescent model of incomplete lineage sorting. Input for these analyses are collections of metric or topological locus trees which are then summarized by the quartets displayed on them. Results of hypothesis tests at user-supplied levels are displayed in a simplex plot by color-coded points. The package includes the QDC and WQDC algorithms for topological and metric species tree inference, and the NANUQ algorithm for level-1 topological species network inference, all of which give statistically consistent estimators under the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allman, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.073361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MSCquartets 1.0: Quartet methods for species trees and networks under the multispecies coalescent model in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.075127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism and function of root circumnutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.075127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEarly root growth is critical for plant establishment and survival. We have identified a molecular pathway required for oscillatory root tip movement known as circumnutation. Here we report a multiscale investigation of the regulation and function of this phenomenon. We identify key cell signaling events comprising interaction of the ethylene, cytokinin, and auxin hormone signaling pathways. We identify the gene Oryza sativa Histidine Kinase-1/OsHK1, as well as the auxin influx carrier gene OsAUX1, as essential regulators of this process in rice. Robophysical modelling demonstrated the benefits of tip movement for navigating past obstacles, prompting us to challenge mutant and wild-type plants with different substrates. Consistent with model behavior, root circumnutation facilitated exploration of a solid surface and promoted seedling establishment in rocky soil. Thus, the integration of robotics, physics and biology elucidated the functional importance of root circumnutation and uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation.

One sentence summaryCircumnutation facilitates root exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaskey, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmal, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan-Aydin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray-Cooper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benfey, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.075127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism and function of root circumnutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing Inaccurate Nosology in Mental Health: A Multi Label Data Cleansing Approach for Detecting Label Noise from Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in Mood and Psychosis Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMental health diagnostic approaches are seeking to identify biological markers to work alongside advanced machine learning approaches. It is difficult to identify a biological marker of disease when the traditional diagnostic labels themselves are not necessarily valid.

MethodsWe worked with T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging data collected from individuals with mood and psychosis disorders from over 1400 individuals comprising healthy controls, psychosis patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives including 176 bipolar probands, 134 schizoaffective probands, 240 schizophrenia proband, 581 patients relatives and 362 controls. We assumed there might be noise in the diagnostic labeling process. We detected label noise by classifying the data multiple times using a support vector machine classifier, and then we flagged those individuals in which all classifiers unanimously mislabeled those subjects. Next, we assigned a new diagnostic label to these individuals, based on the biological data (MRI), using iterative data cleansing approach.

ResultsSimulation results showed our method was highly accurate in identifying label noise. Both diagnostic and Biotype categories showed about 65% and 63% respectively of noisy labels with the largest amount of relabeling occurring between the healthy control and bipolar and schizophrenia disorder individuals as well as in the unaffected close relatives. The extraction of imaging features highlighted regional brain changes associated with each group.

ConclusionsThis approach represents an initial step towards developing strategies that need not assume existing mental health diagnostic categories are always valid, but rather allows us to leverage this information while also acknowledging that there are misassignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rokham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falakshahi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing Inaccurate Nosology in Mental Health: A Multi Label Data Cleansing Approach for Detecting Label Noise from Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in Mood and Psychosis Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.082628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Assembly and Screening of Multivalent Immune Cell-Redirecting Therapies for Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.082628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapies that bind with immune cells and redirect their cytotoxic activity towards diseased cells represent a promising and versatile approach to immunotherapy with applications in cancer, lupus, and other diseases; traditional methods for discovering these therapies, however, are often time-intensive and lack the throughput of related target-based discovery approaches. Inspired by the observation that the cytokine, IL-12, can enhance antileukemic activity of the clinically approved T cell redirecting therapy, blinatumomab, here we describe the structure and assembly of a chimeric immune cell-redirecting agent which redirects the lytic activity of primary human T cells towards leukemic B cells and simultaneously co-targets the delivery of T cell-stimulating IL-12. We further describe a novel method for the parallel assembly of compositionally diverse libraries of these bi-specific T cell engaging cytokines (BiTEokines) and their high-throughput phenotypic screening, requiring just days for hit identification and the analysis of structure-function relationships. Using this approach, we identified CD19 x CD3 x IL12 compounds that exhibit ex vivo lytic activity comparable to current FDA-approved therapies for leukemia and correlated drug treatment with specific cell-cell contact, cytokine delivery, and leukemia cell lysis. Given the modular nature of these multivalent compounds and their rapid assembly/screening, we anticipate facile extension of this therapeutic approach to a wide range of immune cells, diseased cells, and soluble protein combinations in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdue, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chyong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreaden, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.082628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Assembly and Screening of Multivalent Immune Cell-Redirecting Therapies for Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nano-Emulsion Adjuvant Enhances Cross-presentation by Lipid Body Formation Independent of Glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we report that a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex(R) (ADJ), stimulated robust CD8 T-cell responses to subunit antigens by modulating multiple steps in the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation, and afforded effective immunity against virus and intracellular bacteria. Cross-presentation induced by TLR agonists requires a critical switch to anabolic metabolism, but ADJ enhanced cross presentation without this metabolic switch in DCs and NLRP3-driven caspase 1 activity. Instead, ADJ induced in DCs, an unique metabolic state, typified by dampened oxidative phosphorylation and basal levels of glycolysis. In the absence of increased glycolytic flux, induction of ROS and lipid bodies (LBs) and alterations in LB composition mediated by ADJ were critical for DC cross-presentation. These findings challenge the prevailing metabolic paradigm by suggesting that DCs can perform effective DC cross-presentation, independent of glycolysis to induce robust T cell-dependent protective immunity to intracellular pathogens. These findings have implications in the rational development of novel adjuvants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suresh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingstad-Bakke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overmyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinaik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dull, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayakhmetov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nano-Emulsion Adjuvant Enhances Cross-presentation by Lipid Body Formation Independent of Glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial helpers allow cyanobacteria to thrive in ferruginous waters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) was a rapid accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere as a result of the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria. This accumulation reflected the pervasiveness of O2 on the planets surface, indicating that cyanobacteria had become ecologically successful in Archean oceans. Micromolar concentrations of Fe2+ in Archean oceans would have reacted with hydrogen peroxide, a byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis, to produce hydroxyl radicals, which cause cellular damage. Yet cyanobacteria colonized Archean oceans extensively enough to oxygenate the atmosphere, which likely required protection mechanisms against the negative impacts of hydroxyl radical production in Fe2+-rich seas. We identify several factors that could have acted to protect early cyanobacteria from the impacts of hydroxyl radical production and hypothesize that microbial cooperation may have played an important role in protecting cyanobacteria from Fe2+ toxicity before the GOE. We found that several strains of facultative anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria (Shewanella) with ROS defense mechanisms increase the fitness of cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) in ferruginous waters. Shewanella species with manganese transporters provided the most protection. Our results suggest that a tightly regulated response to prevent Fe2+ toxicity could have been important for the colonization of ancient ferruginous oceans, particularly in the presence of high manganese concentrations, and may expand the upper bound for tolerable Fe2+ concentrations for cyanobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szeinbaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toporek, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhard, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.085001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial helpers allow cyanobacteria to thrive in ferruginous waters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined pigment and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals synchronized diel patterns of phenotypic light response across domains in the open ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight is the most important environmental control on diel fluctuations in phytoplankton activity, and understanding diel microbial processes is essential to the study of oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Yet, little is known about the in situ frequency of phytoplankton metabolic activities and their coordination across different populations. We investigated the diel orchestration of phytoplankton activity involved in photosynthesis, photoacclimation, and photoprotection by analyzing the pigment and quinone distribution in combination with metatranscriptomes in the surface waters of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We found diel cycles in pigment abundances resulting from the balance of their synthesis and consumption. The night represents a metabolic recovery phase to refill cellular pigment stores, while the photosystems are remodeled towards photoprotection during the day. Transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis and pigment metabolism had highly synchronized diel expression patterns among all taxa, suggesting that there are similar regulatory mechanisms for light and energy metabolism across domains, and that other environmental factors drive niche differentiation. Observed decoupling of diel oscillations in transcripts and related pigments in the NPSG indicates that pigment abundance is modulated by environmental factors extending beyond gene expression/regulation, showing that metatranscriptomes may provide only limited insights on real-time photophysiological metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined pigment and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals synchronized diel patterns of phenotypic light response across domains in the open ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytosolic Par-3 and dynein during asymmetric division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD), which produces two daughters with different fates, is fundamental for generating cellular diversity. In the developing embryos of both invertebrates and vertebrates, asymmetrically dividing progenitors generate daughter cells with differential activity of Notch signaling1-7, a key regulator of cell fate decisions8,9. The cell polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing this Notch asymmetry1,4,6, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, employing in vivo time-lapse imaging in the developing zebrafish forebrain during the mitotic cycle of radial glia, the principal vertebrate neural stem cells10,11, we show that during ACD, endosomes containing the Notch ligand Delta D (Dld) undergo convergent movement toward the cleavage plane, followed by preferential segregation into the posterior (and subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and the dynein motor complex. Employing label-retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol in association with the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (DLIC1) on Dld endosomes, suggesting a direct involvement of Par-3 in dynein-mediated polarized transport of Notch signaling endosomes. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which Par-3 regulates cell fate decision by directly polarizing Notch signaling components during ACD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiple, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytosolic Par-3 and dynein during asymmetric division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-scale Synchronization and Temporal Partitioning of Gene Expression, Metabolism, and Lipid Biosynthesis in Oligotrophic Ocean Surface Waters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight drives daily rhythms of photosynthesis, growth, and division of photoautotrophs throughout the surface oceans. However, the cascading impacts of oscillatory light input on diverse microbial communities and community-scale metabolism remains unclear. Here we use an unsupervised machine learning approach to show that a small number of diel archetypes can explain pervasive periodic dynamics amongst more than 65,000 distinct time series, including transcriptional activity, macromolecules, lipids, and metabolites from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Overall, we find evidence for synchronous timing of carbon-cycle gene expression that underlie daily oscillations in the concentrations of particulate organic carbon. In contrast, we find evidence of asynchronous timing in gene transcription related to nitrogen metabolism and related metabolic processes consistent with temporal niche partitioning amongst microorganisms in the bacterial and eukaryotic domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boysen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coesel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eppley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vislova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gonzalez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbrust, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingalls, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-scale Synchronization and Temporal Partitioning of Gene Expression, Metabolism, and Lipid Biosynthesis in Oligotrophic Ocean Surface Waters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.098871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the itch-sensing skin arbors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.098871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse sensory neurons exhibit distinct neuronal morphologies with a variety of axon terminal arborizations used to subserve their functions. Due to its clinical significance, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch are being intensely studied. However, a complete analysis of itch-sensing terminal arborization morphology is missing. Using a novel MrgprC11CreERT2 transgenic mouse line, we labeled a small subset of itch-sensing neurons that express multiple itch-related molecules including MrgprA3, MrgprC11, histamine receptor H1, IL-31 receptor, 5-HT receptor 1F, natriuretic precursor peptide B, and neuromedin B. By combining sparse genetic labeling and whole-mount PLAP histochemistry, we found that itch-sensing skin arbors exhibit free endings with extensive axonal branching in the superficial epidermis and large receptive fields. These results revealed the unique morphological characteristics of itch-sensing neurons and provide novel insights into the basic mechanisms of itch transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilley, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.098871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the itch-sensing skin arbors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cells Mediate Progression of Load-Induced Osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that manifests as joint damage and synovial inflammation. To date, most studies have focused on the decrease in cartilage stiffness, chondrocyte viability, and changes in matrix-degrading enzymes. With the exception of a few inflammatory cytokines and macrophages, the immune response in OA is poorly characterized, and the crosstalk of joint damage with T and B cells in local lymph nodes is unknown. Here, using an in vivo mouse model of mechanical loading of mouse tibia, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells and subsets of CD4+ T cells, and not B cells, increase in the local lymph nodes and contribute to the progression of load-induced OA pathology. We demonstrate that T cell response is sex- and age-dependent. Mechanical loading of T cell knock-out mice that lack {beta} T cell receptor carrying cells resulted in attenuation of both cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation in loaded joints, with a concomitant increase in {gamma}{delta}+ T cells. Restricting the migration of T cells in lymphoid tissues through the systemic treatment using Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inhibitor, decreased localization of T cells in synovium, and attenuated cartilage degradation. Our results lay the foundation of the role T cells play in the joint damage of load-induced OA and allude to the use of S1P inhibitors and T cell immunotherapies for slowing the progression of OA pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoinette, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meulen, M. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cells Mediate Progression of Load-Induced Osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biphasic Approach for Characterizing Tensile, Compressive, and Hydraulic Properties of the Sclera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring the biomechanical properties of the mouse sclera is of great interest, since altered scleral properties are features of many common ocular pathologies, and the mouse is a powerful species for studying genetic factors in disease. Here, a poroelastic material model is used to analyze data from unconfined compression testing of both pig and mouse sclera, and the tensile modulus, compressive modulus, and permeability of the sclera are obtained at three levels of compressive strain. Values for all three properties measured simultaneously by unconfined compression of pig sclera were comparable to previously reported values measured by tests specific for each property, i.e., compression tests, biaxial tensile tests, and falling-head permeability assays. The repeatability of the approach was evaluated using test-retest experimental paradigm on pig sclera. Repeatability was low for measured compressive stiffness, indicating permanent changes to the samples occurring after the first test. However, reasonable repeatability for tensile stiffness and permeability was observed. The intrinsic material properties of the mouse sclera were measured for the first time. Tensile stiffness and permeability of the sclera in both species were seen to be dependent on the state of compressive strain. We conclude that unconfined compression testing of sclera, when analyzed with poroelastic theory, can be used as a powerful tool to phenotype mouse scleral changes in future genotype-phenotype association studies.

Statement of SignificanceOcular biomechanics is strongly influenced by the sclera, the outermost white coat of the eye. Many ocular diseases are believed to be influenced by pathological changes to scleral microstructure and biomechanics, making intrinsic biomechanical properties an important outcome measure in many studies. However, the small mouse eye precludes the use of most traditional biomechanical characterization techniques. Here, we show that unconfined compression testing analyzed with poroelastic theory can produce measurements of biomechanical properties in the pig sclera comparable to those measured by other traditional techniques. Importantly, this technique can be successfully applied to the mouse sclera, enabling more widespread use of the species as a model for ocular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biphasic Approach for Characterizing Tensile, Compressive, and Hydraulic Properties of the Sclera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First passage time study of DNA strand displacement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA strand displacement, where a single-stranded nucleic acid invades a DNA duplex, is pervasive in genomic processes and DNA engineering applications. The kinetics of strand displacement have been studied in bulk; however, the kinetics of the underlying strand exchange were obfuscated by a slow bimolecular association step. Here, we use a novel single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) approach termed the "fission" assay to obtain the full distribution of first passage times of unimolecular strand displacement. At a frame time of 4.4 ms, the first passage time distribution for a 14-nt displacement domain exhibited a nearly monotonic decay with little delay. Among the eight different sequences we tested, the mean displacement time was on average 35 ms and varied by up to a factor of 13. The measured displacement kinetics also varied between complementary invaders and between RNA and DNA invaders of the same base sequence except for T[-&gt;]U substitution. However, displacement times were largely insensitive to the monovalent salt concentration in the range of 0.25 M to 1 M. Using a one-dimensional random walk model, we infer that the single-step displacement time is in the range of [~]30 {micro}s to [~]300 {micro}s depending on the base identity. The framework presented here is broadly applicable to the kinetic analysis of multistep processes investigated at the single-molecule level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broadwater, D. W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First passage time study of DNA strand displacement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural cytoarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures. In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fezza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vescovi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerating motor neurons prime muscle stem cells for myogenesis by enhancing protein synthesis and mitochondrial bioenergetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout life, skeletal muscle, the arbiter of voluntary movements, is maintained by a population of skeletal muscle-dedicated stem cells, called muscle satellite cells (MuSCs). Similar to other adult stem cells, the function of MuSCs is tightly coordinated by the cellular and acellular components of their microenvironment, or the niche. While the processes that control the coupling of neurotransmission and muscle contraction have been well characterized, little is known on the reciprocal crosstalk between neural cells and MuSCs within the muscle microenvironment. Here, we report that mild peripheral nerve injury enhances MuSC myogenic function and muscle regeneration by synergistically augmenting MuSC mitochondrial bioenergetics and upregulating anabolic protein synthesis pathways. We also demonstrate that chronic disruption or degeneration of neuromuscular synapses, such as in muscular dystrophy and biological aging, abolishes MuSC and motor neuron interactions, causing significant deficits in muscle regeneration following injury. These results underscore the importance of neuromuscular junction and neural network as an essential niche of MuSCs. Determining the significance of MuSC-nerve interactions and their functional outcomes, as well as the possibility of modulating these connections, have important implications for our understanding of neuromuscular disease pathology and development of therapeutic interventions.

HighlightsO_LIMild peripheral nerve injury increases muscle stem cell bioavailability of healthy muscle.
C_LIO_LINerve perturbation stimulates myogenesis by enhancing protein synthesis and mitochondrial metabolism in young, healthy muscle.
C_LIO_LISynergistic crosstalk within neuromuscular niche boosts muscle regeneration in young, healthy muscle.
C_LIO_LIPositive influences from the neural network on muscle stem cells are abolished in pathological denervation manifested in dystrophic and aging muscle.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shcherbina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankar, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsimpardi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerating motor neurons prime muscle stem cells for myogenesis by enhancing protein synthesis and mitochondrial bioenergetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective protection and transport in entangled biological and robotic active matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living systems at all scales aggregate in large numbers for a variety of functions including mating, predation, and survival. The majority of such systems consist of unconnected individuals that collectively flock, school or swarm. However some aggregations involve physically entangled individuals, which can confer emergent mechanofunctional material properties to the collective. Here we study in laboratory experiments and rationalize in theoretical and robotic models the dynamics of physically entangled and motile self-assemblies of centimeter long California blackworms (L. Variegatus). Thousands of individual worms form braids with their long, slender and flexible bodies to make a three-dimensional, soft and shape-shifting  blob. The blob behaves as a living material capable of mitigating damage and assault from environmental stresses through dynamic shape transformations, including minimizing surface area for survival against desiccation and enabling transport (negative thermotaxis) from hazardous environments (like heat). We specifically focus on the locomotion of the blob to understand how an amorphous entangled ball of worms is able to break symmetry to move across a substrate. We hypothesize that the collective blob displays rudimentary differentiation of function across itself, which when combined with entanglement dynamics facilitates directed persistent blob locomotion. To test this, we develop robophysical blobs, which display emergent locomotion in the collective without sophisticated control or programming of any individual robot. The emergent dynamics of the living functional blob and robophysical model can inform the rational design of exciting new classes of adaptive mechanofunctional living materials and emergent swarm robotics.

Significance StatementLiving organisms form collectives across all scales, from bacteria to whales, enabling biological functions not accessible by individuals alone. In a few small cases, the individuals are physically connected to each other, forming to a new class of entangled active matter systems with emergent mechanofunctionalities of the collective. Here, we describe the dynamics of macroscopic aquatic worms that braid their long, soft bodies to form large entangled worm blobs. We discover that the worm blob behaves as a living material to undergo dynamic shape transformations to reduce evaporation or break-symmetry and locomote to safety against thermal stresses. We show that the persistent blob locomotion emerges as a consequence of physical entanglement and functional differentiation of individuals based on spatial location within a blob. We validate these principles in robophysical swarming blobs, that pave the way for new classes of mechanofunctional active matter systems and collective emergent robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozkan Aydin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective protection and transport in entangled biological and robotic active matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Feature Learning Approach for Mapping the Brains Microarchitecture and Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Models of neural architecture and organization are critical for the study of disease, aging, and development. Unfortunately, automating the process of building maps of microarchitectural differences both within and across brains still remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a way to build data-driven representations of brain structure using deep learning. With this model we can build meaningful representations of brain structure within an area, learn how different areas are related to one another anatomically, and use this model to discover new regions of interest within a sample that share similar characteristics in terms of their anatomical composition. We start by training a deep convolutional neural network to predict the brain area that it is in, using only small snapshots of its immediate surroundings. By requiring that the network learn to discriminate brain areas from these local views, it learns a rich representation of the underlying anatomical features that allow it to distinguish different brain areas. Once we have the trained network, we open up the black box, extract features from its last hidden layer, and then factorize them. After forming a low-dimensional factorization of the networks representations, we find that the learned factors and their embeddings can be used to further resolve biologically meaningful subdivisions within brain regions (e.g., laminar divisions and barrels in somatosensory cortex). These findings speak to the potential use of neural networks to learn meaningful features for modeling neural architecture, and discovering new patterns in brain anatomy directly from images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.117473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Feature Learning Approach for Mapping the Brains Microarchitecture and Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel heme-binding enables allosteric modulation in an ancient TIM-barrel glycosidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycosidases are phylogenetically widely distributed enzymes that are crucial for the cleavage of glycosidic bonds. Here, we present the exceptional properties of a putative ancestor of bacterial and eukaryotic family-1 glycosidases. The ancestral protein shares the TIM-barrel fold with its modern descendants but displays large regions with greatly enhanced conformational flexibility. Yet, the barrel core remains comparatively rigid and the ancestral glycosidase activity is stable, with an optimum temperature within the experimental range for thermophilic family-1 glycosidases. None of the ~5500 reported crystallographic structures of ~1400 modern glycosidases show a bound porphyrin. Remarkably, the ancestral glycosidase binds heme tightly and stoichiometrically at a well-defined buried site. Heme binding rigidifies this TIM-barrel and allosterically enhances catalysis. Our work demonstrates the capability of ancestral protein reconstructions to reveal valuable but unexpected biomolecular features when sampling distant sequence space. The potential of the ancestral glycosidase as a scaffold for custom catalysis and biosensor engineering is discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamiz-Arco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Rus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra-Molero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaucher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.118968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel heme-binding enables allosteric modulation in an ancient TIM-barrel glycosidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Deconstruction of Muscle Stem Cell Heterogeneity During Aging Reveals Sensitivity to the Neuromuscular Junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During aging and neuromuscular diseases, there is a progressive loss of skeletal muscle volume and function in that impacts mobility and quality of life. Muscle loss is often associated with denervation and a loss of resident muscle stem cells (satellite cells or MuSCs), but the relationship between MuSCs and neural control has not been established. Herein, using a combination of single-cell transcriptomic analysis, high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging and transgenic young and aged mice as well as from mice with neuromuscular degeneration (Sod1-/-), a compensatory neuro-responsive function for a subset of MuSCs was identified. Genetic rescue of motor neurons in Sod1-/- mice reduced this subset of MuSCs and restored integrity of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in a manner akin to young muscle. Administration of severe neuromuscular trauma induced young MuSCs to specifically engraft in a position proximal to the NMJ but in aging, this behavior was abolished. Contrasting the expression programs of young and aged MuSCs after muscle injury at the single cell level, we observed distinctive gene expression programs between responses to neuro-muscular degeneration and muscle trauma. Collectively, these data reveal MuSCs sense synaptic perturbations during aging and neuro-muscular deterioration, and can exert support for the NMJ, particularly in young muscle.

HighlightsO_LITranscriptional landscapes of single satellite cells from different ages before and after injury as well as neurodegenerative models before and after nervous rescue
C_LIO_LIA population of satellite cells reside in close proximity to neuromuscular synapse, which are lost with age
C_LIO_LIDenervation promotes satellite cell engraftment into post-synaptic regions of young as opposed to aged muscle
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulintz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larouche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castor Macias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurpiers, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merajver, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakkalakal, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Deconstruction of Muscle Stem Cell Heterogeneity During Aging Reveals Sensitivity to the Neuromuscular Junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during chronic wound infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opportunistic pathogens are associated with a number of chronic human infections, yet the evolution of virulence in these organisms during chronic infection remains poorly understood. Here, we tested the evolution of virulence in the human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine chronic wound model using a two-part serial passage and sepsis experiment, and found that virulence evolved in different directions in each line of evolution. We also assessed P. aeruginosa adaptation to a chronic wound after 42 days of evolution, and found that morphological diversity in our evolved populations was limited compared to that previously described in cystic fibrosis (CF) infections. Using whole genome sequencing, we found that genes previously implicated in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis (lasR, pilR, fleQ, rpoN, and pvcA), acquired mutations during the course of evolution in wounds, with some mutations evolving in parallel across all lines of evolution. Our findings highlight that (i) P. aeruginosa heterogeneity may be less extensive in chronic wounds than in CF lungs; (ii) genes involved in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis acquire mutations during chronic wound infection; (iii) similar genetic adaptations are employed by P. aeruginosa across multiple infection environments, and (iv) current models of virulence may not adequately explain the diverging evolutionary trajectories observed in an opportunistic pathogen during chronic wound infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanderwoude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during chronic wound infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TreeMap: A Structured Approach to Fine Mapping of eQTL Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationExpression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) harbor genetic variants modulating gene transcription. Fine mapping of regulatory variants at these loci is a daunting task due to the juxtaposition of causal and linked variants at a locus as well as the likelihood of interactions among multiple variants. This problem is exacerbated in genes with multiple cis-acting eQTL, where superimposed effects of adjacent loci further distort the association signals.

ResultsWe developed a novel algorithm, TreeMap, that identifies putative causal variants in cis-eQTL accounting for multisite effects and genetic linkage at a locus. Guided by the hierarchical structure of linkage disequilibrium, TreeMap performs an organized search for individual and multiple causal variants. Via extensive simulations, we show that TreeMap detects co-regulating variants more accurately than current methods. Furthermore, its high computational efficiency enables genome-wide analysis of long-range eQTL. We applied TreeMap to GTEx data of brain hippocampus samples and transverse colon samples to search for eQTL in gene bodies and in 4 Mbps gene-flanking regions, discovering numerous distal eQTL. Furthermore, we found concordant distal eQTL that were present in both brain and colon samples, implying long-range regulation of gene expression.

AvailabilityTreeMap is available as an R package enabled for parallel processing at https://github.com/liliulab/treemap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderford, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.125880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TreeMap: A Structured Approach to Fine Mapping of eQTL Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generative modeling approach for interpreting population-level variability in brain structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural structure varies across individuals is critical for characterizing the effects of disease, learning, and aging on the brain. However, disentangling the different factors that give rise to individual variability is still an outstanding challenge. In this paper, we introduce a deep generative modeling approach to find different modes of variation across many individuals. To do this, we start by training a variational autoencoder on a collection of auto-fluorescence images from a little over 1,700 mouse brains at 25 micron resolution. To then tap into the learned factors and validate the models expressiveness, we developed a novel bi-directional technique to interpret the latent space-by making structured perturbations to both, the high-dimensional inputs of the network, as well as the low-dimensional latent variables in its bottleneck. Our results demonstrate that through coupling generative modeling frameworks with structured perturbations, it is possible to probe the latent space to provide insights into the representations of brain structure formed in deep neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subakan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitesell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyejo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generative modeling approach for interpreting population-level variability in brain structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compensation of physiological motion enables high-yield whole-cell recording in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.1.1Whole-cell patch-clamp recording in vivo is the gold-standard method for measuring subthreshold electrophysiology from single cells during behavioural tasks, sensory stimulations, and optogenetic manipulation. However, these recordings require a tight, gigaohm resistance, seal between a glass pipette electrodes aperture and a cells membrane. These seals are difficult to form, especially in vivo, in part because of a strong dependence on the distance between the pipette aperture and cell membrane. We elucidate and utilize this dependency to develop an autonomous method for placement and synchronization of pipettes tip aperture to the membrane of a nearby, moving neuron, which enables high-yield seal formation and subsequent recordings in the deep in the brain of the living mouse, in the thalamus. This synchronization procedure nearly doubles the reported gigaseal yield in the thalamus (>3 mm below the pial surface) from 26% (n=17/64) to 48% (n=32/66). Whole-cell recording yield improved from 10% (n = 9/88) to 24% (n=18/76) when motion compensation was used during the gigaseal formation. As an example of its application, we utilized this system to investigate the role of the sensory environment and ventral posterior medial region (VPM) projection synchrony on intracellular dynamics in the barrel cortex. This method results in substantially greater subcortical whole-cell recording yield than previously reported and thus makes pan-brain whole-cell electrophysiology practical in the living mouse brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoy, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kight, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compensation of physiological motion enables high-yield whole-cell recording in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial phosphorylation modulates the structure and function of the G protein gamma subunit in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are often targets of combinatorial post-translational modifications (PTMs) that serve to regulate protein structure and/or function. Emerging evidence suggests that the N-terminal tails of G protein {gamma} subunits - essential components of heterotrimeric G protein complexes - are intrinsically disordered, highly phosphorylated governors of G protein signaling. Here, we demonstrate that the yeast G{gamma} Ste18 undergoes combinatorial, multi-site phosphorylation within its N-terminal IDR. Phosphorylation at S7 is responsive to GPCR activation and osmotic stress while phosphorylation at S3 is responsive to glucose stress and is a quantitative indicator of intracellular pH. Each site is phosphorylated by a distinct set of kinases and both are also interactive, such that phosphomimicry at one site affects phosphorylation on the other. Lastly, we show that phosphorylation produces subtle yet clear changes in IDR structure and that different combinations of phosphorylation modulate the activation rate and amplitude of the scaffolded MAPK Fus3. These data place G{gamma} subunits among the growing list of intrinsically disordered proteins that exploit combinatorial post-translational modification to govern signaling pathway output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nassiri Toosi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial phosphorylation modulates the structure and function of the G protein gamma subunit in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mainly on the Plane: Deep Subsurface Bacterial Proteins Bind and Alter Clathrate Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas clathrates are both a resource and a hindrance. They store massive quantities of natural gas but also can clog natural gas pipelines, with disastrous consequences. Eco-friendly technologies for controlling and modulating gas clathrate growth are needed. Type I Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) from cold-water fish have been shown to bind to gas clathrates via repeating motifs of threonine and alanine. We tested whether proteins encoded in the genomes of bacteria native to natural gas clathrates bind to and alter clathrate morphology. We identified putative clathrate-binding proteins (CBPs) with multiple threonine/alanine motifs in a putative operon (cbp) in metagenomes from natural clathrate deposits. We recombinantly expressed and purified five CbpA proteins, four of which were stable, and experimentally confirmed that CbpAs bound to tetrahydrofuran (THF) clathrate, a low-pressure analog for structure II gas clathrate. When grown in the presence of CbpAs, THF clathrate was polycrystalline and plate-like instead of forming single, octahedral crystals. Two CbpAs yielded branching clathrate crystals, similar to the effect of Type I AFP, while the other two produced hexagonal crystals parallel to the [1 1 1] plane, suggesting two distinct binding modes. Bacterial CBPs may find future utility in industry, such as maintaining a plate-like structure during gas clathrate transportation.

Table of Contents Graphic O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, D. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raut, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mainly on the Plane: Deep Subsurface Bacterial Proteins Bind and Alter Clathrate Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic characterization of soil microbial communities in the Luquillo experimental forest (Puerto Rico) and implications for nitrogen cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phylogenetic and functional diversity of microbial communities in tropical rainforests, and how these differ from temperate communities remain poorly described but are directly related to the increased fluxes of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) from the tropics. Towards closing these knowledge gaps, we analyzed replicated shotgun metagenomes representing distinct life zones from four locations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico. These soils had a distinct microbial community composition and lower species diversity when compared to temperate grasslands or agricultural soils. Unlike temperate soils, LEF soils showed little stratification with depth in the first 0-30cm, with ~45% of community composition differences explained solely by location. The relative abundances and nucleotide sequences of N2O reductases (nosZ) were highly similar between tropical forest and temperate soils. However, respiratory NO reductase (norB) was 2-fold more abundant in the tropical soils, which might be relatable to their greater N2O emissions. Nitrogen fixation (nifH) also showed higher relative abundance in rainforest compared to temperate soils (20% vs. 0.1-0.3% of bacterial genomes in each soil type harbored the gene, respectively). Collectively, these results advance our understanding of spatial diversity and metabolic repertoire of tropical rainforest soil communities, and should facilitate future ecological modeling efforts.

ImportanceTropical rainforests are the largest terrestrial sinks of atmospheric CO2 and the largest natural source of N2O emissions, two critical greenhouse gases for the climate. The microbial communities of rainforest soils that directly or indirectly, through affecting plant growth, contribute to these fluxes remain poorly described by cultured-independent methods. To close this knowledge gap, the present study applied shotgun metagenomics to samples selected from 3 distinct life zones within the Puerto Rico rainforest. The results advance our understanding of microbial community diversity in rainforest soils and should facilitate future studies of natural or manipulated perturbations of these critical ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karthikeyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löffler, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala-del-Rio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic characterization of soil microbial communities in the Luquillo experimental forest (Puerto Rico) and implications for nitrogen cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose promotes resistance of human commensal Escherichia coli against contact-killing by pandemic Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary arms races among organisms are broadly prevalent and bacteria have evolved defensive strategies against various attackers. A common microbial aggression mechanism is the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), a contact-dependent bacterial weapon used to deliver toxic effector proteins into adjacent target cells. Sibling cells constitutively express immunity proteins that neutralize effectors. However, less is known about mechanisms that allow non-sibling bacteria to respond to external cues and survive T6SS attacks independently of immunity proteins. In this study, we show that resistance to T6SS attacks is promoted by a genetically controlled response to exogenous glucose. We observe that multiple human Escherichia coli commensal strains lacking immunity proteins are sensitive to T6SS attacks from pandemic Vibrio cholerae on nutrient-rich media. By contrast, E. coli cells become resistant to attacks when co-cultured on the same media with glucose. We confirm that glucose does not impair V. cholerae T6SS activity. Instead, we find that cAMP receptor protein (CRP), which alters expression of hundreds of genes in response to glucose, controls resistance to T6SS attacks in E. coli cells. Consistent with the observed resistance on media with glucose, an E. coli crp disruption mutant survives significantly better against V. cholerae T6SS attacks even in the absence of glucose. Finally, we also show that resistance to T6SS attacks depends on the pH of the medium and varies based on the target and killer strains.

IMPORTANCEMany Gram-negative bacteria, including important pathogens, encode T6SS genes to deliver toxic effectors and eliminate competitors. Our results uncover a novel defense mechanism against T6SS attacks that is triggered by an external stimulus and mediated by a metabolic response in non-kin target cells. In microbiomes such as those in gastrointestinal tracts where T6SS activity is known to occur, signaling by metabolites like glucose may affect the efficacy of T6SS attacks and alter microbial community composition. Our findings could have vast implications for microbial interactions during pathogen colonization of hosts and survival of bacterial cells in environmental communities. Furthermore, the glucose-mediated resistance observed here might provide a novel example of an evolutionary arms race between killer T6SS cells and target bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crisan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesenfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.166306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose promotes resistance of human commensal Escherichia coli against contact-killing by pandemic Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.161745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A classification-based approach to estimate the number of resting fMRI dynamic functional connectivity states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.161745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has focused on the study of dynamic (vs static) brain connectivity in resting fMRI data. In this work, we focus on temporal correlation between time courses extracted from coherent networks or components called functional network connectivity (FNC). Dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) is most commonly estimated using a sliding window-based approach to capture short periods of FNC change. These data are then clustered to estimate transient connectivity patterns or states. Determining the number of states is a challenging problem. The elbow criterion is a widely used approach to determine the optimal number of states. In our work, we present an alternative approach that evaluates classification (e.g. healthy controls versus patients) as a measure to select the optimal number of states (clusters). We apply different classification strategies to perform classification between healthy controls (HC) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ) for different numbers of states (i.e. varying the model order in the clustering algorithm). We compute cross-validated accuracy for different model orders to evaluate the classification performance. Our results are consistent with our earlier work which shows that overall accuracy improves when dynamic connectivity measures are used separately or in combination with static connectivity measures. Results also show that the optimal model order for classification is different from that using the standard k-means model selection method and that such optimization improves resulting in cross-validated accuracy. The optimal model order obtained from the proposed approach also gives significantly improved classification performance over the traditional model selection method. In sum, the observed results suggest that if ones goal is to perform classification, using the proposed approach as a criterion for selecting the optimal number of states in dynamic connectivity analysis leads to improved accuracy in hold-out data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.161745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A classification-based approach to estimate the number of resting fMRI dynamic functional connectivity states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JAGGED1 Stimulates Cranial Neural Crest Cell Osteoblast Commitment Pathways and Bone Regeneration Independent of Canonical NOTCH Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Craniofacial bone loss is a complex clinical problem with limited regenerative solutions. Currently, BMP2 is used as a bone-regenerative therapy in adults, but in pediatric cases of bone loss, it is not FDA-approved due to concerns of life-threatening inflammation and cancer. Development of a bone-regenerative therapy for children will transform our ability to reduce the morbidity associated with current autologous bone grafting techniques. We discovered that JAGGED1 (JAG1) induces cranial neural crest (CNC) cell osteoblast commitment during craniofacial intramembranous ossification, suggesting that exogenous JAG1 delivery is a potential craniofacial bone-regenerative approach. In this study, we found that JAG1 delivery using synthetic hydrogels containing O9-1 cells, a CNC cell line, into critical-sized calvarial defects in C57BL/6 mice provided robust bone-regeneration. Since JAG1 signals through canonical (Hes1/Hey1) and non-canonical (JAK2) NOTCH pathways in CNC cells, we used RNAseq to analyze transcriptional pathways activated in CNC cells treated with JAG1{+/-}DAPT, a NOTCH-canonical pathway inhibitor. JAG1 upregulated expression of multiple NOTCH canonical pathway genes (Hes1), which were downregulated in the presence of DAPT. JAG1 also induced bone chemokines (Cxcl1), regulators of cytoskeletal organization and cell migration (Rhou), signaling targets (STAT5), promoters of early osteoblast cell proliferation (Prl2c2, Smurf1 and Esrra), and, inhibitors of osteoclasts (Id1). In the presence of DAPT, expression levels of Hes1 and Cxcl1 were decreased, whereas, Prl2c2, Smurf1, Esrra, Rhou and Id1 remain elevated, suggesting that JAG1 induces osteoblast proliferation through these non-canonical genes. Pathway analysis of JAG1+DAPT-treated CNC cells revealed significant upregulation of multiple non-canonical pathways, including the cell cycle, tubulin pathway, regulators of Runx2 initiation and phosphorylation of STAT5 pathway. In total, our data show that JAG1 upregulates multiple pathways involved in osteogenesis, independent of the NOTCH canonical pathway. Moreover, our findings suggest that JAG1 delivery using a synthetic hydrogel, is a bone-regenerative approach with powerful translational potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamalakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas Duron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanso, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballestas-Naissir, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drissi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JAGGED1 Stimulates Cranial Neural Crest Cell Osteoblast Commitment Pathways and Bone Regeneration Independent of Canonical NOTCH Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-space optimal feedback control of optogenetically driven neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe rapid acceleration of tools for recording neuronal populations and targeted optogenetic manipulation has enabled real-time, feedback control of neuronal circuits in the brain. Continuously-graded control of measured neuronal activity poses a wide range of technical challenges, which we address through a combination of optogenetic stimulation and a state-space optimal control framework implemented in the thalamocortical circuit of the awake mouse.

ApproachClosed-loop optogenetic control of neurons was performed in real-time via stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2 expressed in the somatosensory thalamus of the head-fixed mouse. A state-space linear dynamical system model structure was used to approximate the light-to-spiking input-output relationship in both single-neuron as well as multi-neuron scenarios when recording from multielectrode arrays. These models were utilized to design state feedback controller gains by way of linear quadratic optimal control and were also used online for estimation of state feedback, where a parameter-adaptive Kalman filter provided robustness to model-mismatch

Main resultsThis model-based control scheme proved effective for feedback control of single-neuron firing rate in the thalamus of awake animals. Notably, the graded optical actuation utilized here did not synchronize simultaneously recorded neurons, but heterogeneity across the neuronal population resulted in a varied response to stimulation. Simulated multi-output feedback control provided better control of a heterogeneous population and demonstrated how the approach generalizes beyond single-neuron applications

SignificanceTo our knowledge, this work represents the first experimental application of state space model-based feedback control for optogenetic stimulation. In combination with linear quadratic optimal control, the approaches here should generalize to future problems involving the control of highly complex neural circuits. More generally, feedback control of neuronal circuits opens the door to adaptively interacting with the dynamics underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive signaling, enabling a deeper understanding of circuit function and ultimately the control of function in injury or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolus, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willats, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-space optimal feedback control of optogenetically driven neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.163634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome fusions shape an ancient UV sex chromosome system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.163634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-recombining sex chromosomes, like the mammalian Y, often lose genes and accumulate transposable elements, a process termed degeneration1,2. The correlation between suppressed recombination and degeneration is clear in animal XY systems1,2, but the absence of recombination is confounded with other asymmetries between the X and Y. In contrast, UV sex chromosomes, like those found in bryophytes, experience symmetrical population genetic conditions3,4. Here we test for degeneration in the bryophyte UV sex chromosome system through genomic comparisons with new female and male chromosome-scale reference genomes of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. We show that the moss sex chromosomes evolved over 300 million years ago and expanded via two chromosomal fusions. Although the sex chromosomes show signs of weaker purifying selection than autosomes, we find suppressed recombination alone is insufficient to drive gene loss on sex-specific chromosomes. Instead, the U and V sex chromosomes harbor thousands of broadly-expressed genes, including numerous key regulators of sexual development across land plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maumus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreedasyam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiley, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Pozo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBreen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollar, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttunen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burleigh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rensing, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.163634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome fusions shape an ancient UV sex chromosome system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.191866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative benzimidazole resistance and fitness effects of parasitic nematode beta-tubulin alleles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.191866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections by parasitic nematodes inflict a huge burden on the health of humans and livestock throughout the world. Anthelmintic drugs are the first line of defense against these infections. Unfortunately, resistance to these drugs is rampant and continues to spread. To improve treatment strategies, we must understand the genetics and molecular mechanisms that underlie resistance. Studies of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans discovered that a beta-tubulin gene is mutated in benzimidazole (BZ) resistant strains. In parasitic nematode populations, three canonical beta-tubulin alleles, F200Y, E198A, and F167Y, have long been correlated with resistance. Additionally, improvements in sequencing technologies have identified new alleles - E198V, E198L, E198K, E198I, and E198Stop - also correlated with BZ resistance. However, none of these alleles have been proven to cause resistance. To empirically demonstrate this point, we independently introduced the three canonical alleles as well as two of the newly identified alleles, E198V and E198L, into the BZ susceptible C. elegans N2 genetic background. These genome-edited strains were exposed to both albendazole and fenbendazole to quantitatively measure animal responses to BZs. We used a range of doses for each BZ compound to define response curves and found that all five of the alleles conferred resistance to BZ compounds equal to a loss of the entire beta-tubulin gene. These results prove that the parasite beta-tubulin alleles cause resistance. The E198V allele is found at low frequencies in natural parasite populations, suggesting that it could affect fitness. We performed competitive fitness assays and demonstrated that the E198V allele reduces animal health, supporting the hypothesis that this allele is less fit in field populations. Overall, we present a powerful platform to quantitatively assess anthelmintic resistance and effects of specific resistance alleles on organismal fitness in the presence or absence of the drug.

HighlightsO_LIAll three canonical parasitic nematode beta-tubulin alleles (F167Y, E198A, F200Y) and two newly identified alleles (E198V, E198L) confer equal levels of benzimidazole resistance in a defined genetic background using single-generation, high-replication drug response assays.
C_LIO_LIBeta-tubulin variants are strongly selected in albendazole conditions in multigenerational competitive fitness assays, but these alleles confer different levels of benzimidazole resistance over time.
C_LIO_LIOnly the E198V allele confers a fitness cost in control (non-benzimidazole) conditions as compared to all other tested beta-tubulin alleles, suggesting that this intermediate allele might only be found in field populations at low frequency because it causes reduced fitness.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/191866v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clayton M. Dilks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen R. Hahnel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qicong Sheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lijiang Long</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick T. McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik C. Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.191866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative benzimidazole resistance and fitness effects of parasitic nematode beta-tubulin alleles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymeric Pathogen-like Particles-Based Combination Adjuvants Elicit Potent Mucosal T Cell Immunity to Influenza A Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eliciting durable and protective T cell-mediated immunity in the respiratory mucosa remains a significant challenge. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based cationic pathogen-like particles (PLPs) loaded with TLR agonists mimic biophysical properties of microbes and hence, simulate pathogen-pattern recognition receptor interactions to safely and effectively stimulate innate immune responses. We generated micro particle PLPs loaded with TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, GLA) or TLR9 (CpG) agonists, and formulated them with and without a mucosal delivery enhancing carbomer-based nanoemulsion adjuvant (ADJ). These adjuvants delivered intranasally to mice elicited high numbers of influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+/ CD4+ effector and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in lungs and airways. PLPs delivering TLR4 versus TLR9 agonists drove phenotypically and functionally distinct populations of effector and memory T cells. While PLPs loaded with CpG or GLA provided immunity, combining the adjuvanticity of PLP-GLA and ADJ synergistically enhanced the development of airway and lung TRMs and protective immunity to pathogenic influenza A virus. Further, balanced CD8 (Tc1/Tc17) and CD4 (Th1/Th17) recall responses were linked to effective influenza virus control in the lungs. These studies provide mechanistic insights into vaccine-induced T cell immunity in the respiratory tract and pave the way for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brock A Bakke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall Toy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woojong Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallab Pradhan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriela Vogel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandranaik Marinaik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Autumn Larsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshihiro Kawaoka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnendu A Roy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Suresh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymeric Pathogen-like Particles-Based Combination Adjuvants Elicit Potent Mucosal T Cell Immunity to Influenza A Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type and cytosine context-specific evolution of DNA methylation in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type specific epigenetic modifications are critical for brain development and neuropsychiatric diseases. Here we elucidate evolutionary origins of neuron- and oligodendrocyte-specific DNA methylation in human prefrontal cortex, and demonstrate dynamic and distinctive changes of CG and CH methylation. We show that the human brain has experienced pronounced reduction of CG methylation during evolution, which significantly contributed to cell-type specific active regulatory regions. On the other hand, a substantial increase of CH methylation occurred during human brain evolution, associated with fine-tuning expression in development and neuronal subtypes. The majority of differential CG methylation between neurons and oligodendrocytes originated before the divergence of hominoids and catarrhine monkeys, and carries strong signal for genetic risk for schizophrenia. Remarkably, a substantial portion of differential CG methylation between neurons and oligodendrocytes emerged in the human lineage and harbors additional genetic risk for schizophrenia, implicating epigenetic evolution of human cortex in increased vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendizabal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriumi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.203034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type and cytosine context-specific evolution of DNA methylation in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial reprogramming by disturbed flow revealed by single-cell RNA and chromatin accessibility study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disturbed flow (d-flow) induces atherosclerosis by regulating gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs). For further mechanistic understanding, we carried out a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and scATACseq study using endothelial-enriched single-cells from the left- and right carotid artery exposed to d-flow (LCA) and stable-flow (s-flow in RCA) using the mouse partial carotid ligation (PCL) model. We found 8 EC clusters along with immune cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Analyses of marker genes, pathways, and pseudo-time revealed that ECs are highly heterogeneous and plastic. D-flow induced a dramatic transition of ECs from atheroprotective phenotypes to pro-inflammatory, mesenchymal (EndMT), hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem/progenitor cells, and an unexpected immune cell-like (EndICLT) phenotypes. While confirming KLF4/KLF2 as s-flow-sensitive transcription factor binding site, we also found those sensitive to d-flow (RELA, AP1, STAT1, and TEAD1). D-flow reprograms ECs from atheroprotective to pro-atherogenic phenotypes including EndMT and potentially EndICLT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andueza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumme, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial reprogramming by disturbed flow revealed by single-cell RNA and chromatin accessibility study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRAF6-IRF5 kinetics, TRIF, and biophysical factors drive synergistic innate responses to particle-mediated MPLA-CpG co-presentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune responses to pathogens are driven by co-presentation of multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs and PAMP-analogs are also used as immune-adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy by activating various Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), like Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Various combinations of PAMP adjuvants can trigger synergistic immune responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms driving that synergy are poorly understood. Here, we used synthetic particulate carriers co-loaded with MPLA (TLR4-adjuvant) and CpG (TLR9-adjuvant) as pathogen-like particles (PLPs) to dissect the signaling pathways responsible for the integrated, dual-adjuvant immune response. PLP-based co-presentation of MPLA and CpG to mouse bone marrow derived antigen-presenting cells (BM-APCs) elicited synergistic Type-I Interferon (IFN-{beta}) and IL-12p70 responses, which were strongly influenced by the biophysical properties of PLPs. Mechanistically, we found that the adapter protein MyD88 and the Interferon-Regulatory-Factor-5 (IRF-5), but not the canonical factors IRF-3 or IRF-7, were necessary for production of both IFN-{beta} and IL12p70. TRIF signaling was required to elicit the synergistic response; the absence of TRIF abolished synergy. Importantly, both the kinetics and magnitude of downstream TRAF6 and IRF5 signaling (TRIF-TRAF-IRF5 pathway kinetics) drove the observed synergy. These results identify not only the key signaling mechanism that cooperates to generate a combinatorial response to MPLA-CpG dual engagement in BM-APCs, but they also underscore the critical role that signaling kinetics and biophysical presentation plays in integrated responses to combination adjuvants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhita, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atalis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayakhmetov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.207209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRAF6-IRF5 kinetics, TRIF, and biophysical factors drive synergistic innate responses to particle-mediated MPLA-CpG co-presentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TLR7 and RIG-I dual-adjuvant loaded nanoparticles drive broadened and synergistic responses in dendritic cells and boost cellular immunity in influenza vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the existing flu vaccines elicit strong antigen-specific antibody responses, they fail to provide effective, long term protection - partly due to the absence of robust cellular memory immunity. We hypothesized that co-administration of combination adjuvants, mirroring the flu-virus related innate signaling pathways, could elicit strong cellular immunity. Here, we show that the small molecule adjuvant R848 and the RNA adjuvant PUUC, targeting endosomal TLR7s and cytoplasmic RLRs respectively, when delivered together in polymer nanoparticles (NP), elicits a broadened immune responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (mBMDCs) and a synergistic response in both mouse and human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In mBMDCs, NP-R848-PUUC induced both NF-{kappa}B and interferon signaling. Interferon responses to co-delivered R848 and PUUC were additive in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synergistic in human FLT3-differentiated mBMDCs and CAL-1 pDCs. Vaccination with NPs loaded with H1N1 Flu antigen, R848, and PUUC increased percentage of CD8+ T-cells in the lungs, percentage of antigen-specific CD4+T-cells in the spleen, and enhanced overall cytokine-secreting T cell percentages upon antigen restimulation. Also in the spleen, T lymphopenia, especially after in vitro restimulation, was observed. Our results demonstrate that simultaneous engagement of TLR7 and RIG-I pathways using particulate carriers is a potential approach to improve cellular immunity in flu vaccination.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenum, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chukwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.207423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TLR7 and RIG-I dual-adjuvant loaded nanoparticles drive broadened and synergistic responses in dendritic cells and boost cellular immunity in influenza vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.208207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antifibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.208207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoids are widely used as an ophthalmic medication. A common, sight-threatening adverse event of glucocorticoid usage is ocular hypertension, caused by dysfunction of the conventional outflow pathway. We report that netarsudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, rapidly reversed glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in patients whose intraocular pressures were uncontrolled by standard medications. Mechanistic studies in our established mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension show that netarsudil both prevented and reversed intraocular pressure elevation. Further, netarsudil reversed characteristic steroid-induced pathologies as assessed by quantification of outflow function and tissue stiffness, and morphological and immunohistochemical indicators of tissue fibrosis. Thus, rho-kinase inhibitors act directly on conventional outflow cells to efficaciously prevent or reverse fibrotic disease processes in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. These data motivate a novel indication for these agents to prevent or treat ocular hypertension secondary to glucocorticoid administration, and demonstrate the antifibrotic effects of rho-kinase inhibitors in an immune-privileged environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorijavolu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopczynski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samples, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.208207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antifibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time series metagenomic sampling of the Thermopyles, Greece, geothermal springs reveals stable microbial communities dominated by novel sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geothermal springs are barely affected by environmental conditions aboveground as they are continuously supplied with subsurface water with little variability in chemistry. Therefore, changes in their microbial community composition and function, especially over a long period, are expected to be limited but this assumption has not yet been rigorously tested. Toward closing this knowledge gap, we applied whole metagenome sequencing to 17 water samples collected between 2010 and 2016 (two to four samples per year) from the Thermopyles sulfur geothermal springs in central Greece. As revealed by 16S rRNA gene fragments recovered in the metagenomes, Epsilonproteobacteria-related operational taxonomic units (OTUs) dominated most samples, while grouping of samples based on OTU abundances exhibited no apparent seasonal pattern. Similarities between samples regarding functional gene content were high, especially in comparison to other surface water systems in Greece, with all samples sharing >70% similarity in functional pathways. These community-wide patterns were further confirmed by analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), which showed - in addition- that novel species and genera of the chemoautotrophic Campylobacterales order dominated the springs. These MAGs carried different pathways for thiosulfate and/or sulfide oxidation coupled to carbon fixation pathways. Overall, our study showed that even in the long term, functions of microbial communities in a moderately hot terrestrial spring remain stable, driving presumably the corresponding stability in community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meziti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kormas, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.211532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time series metagenomic sampling of the Thermopyles, Greece, geothermal springs reveals stable microbial communities dominated by novel sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicrobeAnnotator: a user-friendly, comprehensive microbial genome annotation pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryHigh-throughput sequencing has increased the number of microbial genomes from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes available. To analyze and compare these genomes, fast and comprehensive annotation pipelines are needed. Although several approaches exist for genome annotation, these are typically not designed for easy incorporation into analysis pipelines, do not combine results from several annotation databases or offer easy-to-use summaries of metabolic reconstructions in a high-throughput mode. Here, we introduce MicrobeAnnotator, a fully automated pipeline for the comprehensive annotation of microbial genomes that combines results from several reference protein databases to reliably summarize the metabolic potential of the genomes based on KEGG modules.

AvailabilityMicrobeAnnotator is implemented in Python and is freely available under an open source Artistic Licence 2.0 from https://github.com/cruizperez/MicrobeAnnotator

Contactcruizperez3@gatech.edu; kostas@ce.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Perez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.211847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicrobeAnnotator: a user-friendly, comprehensive microbial genome annotation pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide variation in DNA methylation linked to developmental stage and chromosomal suppression of recombination in white-throated sparrows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is known to play critical roles in key biological processes. Most of our knowledge on regulatory impacts of DNA methylation has come from laboratory-bred model organisms, which may not exhibit the full extent of variation found in wild populations. Here, we investigated naturally-occurring variation in DNA methylation in a wild avian species, the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). This species offers exceptional opportunities for studying the link between genetic differentiation and phenotypic traits because of a non-recombining chromosome pair linked to both plumage and behavioral phenotypes. Using novel single-nucleotide resolution methylation maps and gene expression data, we show that DNA methylation and the expression of DNA methyltransferases are significantly higher in adults than in nestlings. Genes for which DNA methylation varied between nestlings and adults were implicated in development and cell differentiation and were located throughout the genome. In contrast, differential methylation between plumage morphs was localized to the non-recombining chromosome pair. One subset of CpGs on the non-recombining chromosome was extremely hypomethylated and localized to transposable elements. Changes in methylation predicted changes in gene expression for both chromosomes. In summary, we demonstrate changes in genome-wide DNA methylation that are associated with development and with specific functional categories of genes in white-throated sparrows. Moreover, we observe substantial DNA methylation reprogramming associated with the suppression of recombination, with implications for genome integrity and gene expression divergence. These results offer an unprecedented view of ongoing epigenetic reprogramming in a wild population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide variation in DNA methylation linked to developmental stage and chromosomal suppression of recombination in white-throated sparrows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using genetically encoded heme sensors to probe the mechanisms of heme uptake and homeostasis in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen that can utilize hemin and hemoglobin as iron sources in the iron-scarce host environment. While C. albicans is a heme prototroph, we show here that it can also efficiently utilize external heme as a cellular heme source. Using genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent heme sensors, we show that heme extracted from hemoglobin and free hemin enter the cells with different kinetics. Heme supplied as hemoglobin is taken up via the CFEM (Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane) hemophore cascade, and reaches the cytoplasm over several hours, whereas entry of free hemin via CFEM-dependent and independent pathways is much faster, less than an hour. To prevent an influx of extracellular heme from reaching toxic levels in the cytoplasm, the cells deploy Hmx1, a heme oxygenase. Hmx1 was previously suggested to be involved in utilization of hemoglobin and hemin as iron sources, but we find that it is primarily required to prevent heme toxicity. Taken together, the combination of novel heme sensors with genetic analysis revealed new details of the fungal mechanisms of heme import and homeostasis, necessary to balance the uses of heme as essential cofactor and potential iron source against its toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donegan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornitzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.221606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using genetically encoded heme sensors to probe the mechanisms of heme uptake and homeostasis in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of micro-inversions provides clues for population genetic analysis of humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVariations in the human genome have been studied extensively. However, little is known about the role of micro-inversions (MIs), generally defined as small (<100 bp) inversions, in human evolution, diversity, and health. Depicting the pattern of MIs among diverse populations is critical for interpreting human evolutionary history and obtaining insight into genetic diseases.

ResultsIn this paper, we explored the distribution of MIs in genomes from 26 human populations and 7 nonhuman primate genomes and analyzed the phylogenetic structure of the 26 human populations based on the MIs. We further investigated the functions of the MIs located within genes associated with human health. With hg19 as the reference genome, we detected 6,968 MIs among the 1,937 human samples and 24,476 MIs among the 7 nonhuman primate genomes. The analyses of MIs in human genomes showed that the MIs were rarely located in exonic regions. Nonhuman primates and human populations shared only 82 inverted alleles, and Africans had the most inverted alleles in common with nonhuman primates, which was consistent with the "Out of Africa" hypothesis. The clustering of MIs among the human populations also coincided with human migration history and ancestral lineages.

ConclusionsWe propose that MIs are potential evolutionary markers for investigating population dynamics. Our results revealed the diversity of MIs in human populations and showed that they are essential to constructing human population relationships and have a potential effect on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.218867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of micro-inversions provides clues for population genetic analysis of humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of osteogenic ambulatory mechanical stimulation on early stages of BMP-2mediated bone repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical loading of bone defects through rehabilitation is a promising therapeutic approach to stimulate repair and reduce the risk of non-union; however, little is known about how therapeutic mechanical stimuli modulate early stages of repair before mineralized bone formation. In a previous study, we established an osteogenic mechanical loading protocol using early ambulatory rehabilitation and a compliant, load-sharing fixator in a rat model of BMP-2 mediated bone defect repair. The objective of this study was to investigate the early effects of osteogenic loading on cytokine expression, tissue composition, and angiogenesis during the first 3 weeks of repair in this model. Using a wireless implantable strain sensor for local measurements of mechanical boundary conditions, finite element simulations showed that osteogenic mechanical loading increased mean compressive strain in defect soft tissue during rehabilitative ambulation at 1 week (load-sharing: -1.54 {+/-} 0.17% vs. load-shielded: -0.76 {+/-} 0.06%), and that strain was amplified in remaining soft tissue regions at 3 weeks as mineralization progressed (load-sharing: -1.89 {+/-} 0.35% vs. load-shielded: -1.38 {+/-} 0.35%). Multivariate analysis of multiplex cytokine arrays revealed that loading significantly altered cytokine expression profiles in the defect tissue at 2 weeks compared to load-shielded defects. Specifically, loading reduced VEGF and increased CXCL5 (LIX) levels. Subsequently, vascular volume in loaded defects was reduced relative to load-shielded defects but similar to intact bone at 3 weeks. Endochondral bone repair was also observed histologically in loaded defects only at 3 weeks. Together, these results demonstrate that moderate ambulatory strains previously shown to stimulate functional bone regeneration significantly alter early angiogenic and cytokine signaling and may promote endochondral ossification in large segmental bone defects.

Authors ContributionsB.S.K., N.J.W., and R.E.G. designed the research and performed surgeries; B.S.K., C.E.V., and J.K. performed experiments; B.S.K., C.E.V., J.K., and L.B.W., analyzed data; B.S.K., C.E.V., N.J.W., and R.E.G. wrote the manuscript; All authors interpreted data, critically edited, and have read and approved the final manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klosterhoff, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantucci, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of osteogenic ambulatory mechanical stimulation on early stages of BMP-2mediated bone repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomaterial encapsulation of human mesenchymal stromal cells modulates paracrine signaling response and enhances efficacy for treatment of established osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise as a treatment for osteoarthritis (OA); however, effective translation has been limited by numerous factors ranging from high variability and heterogeneity of hMSCs, to suboptimal delivery strategies, to poor understanding of critical quality and potency attributes. The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of biomaterial encapsulation in alginate microcapsules on human MSC (hMSC) secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines in an OA microenvironment and therapeutic efficacy in treating established OA. Lewis rats underwent Medial Meniscal Transection (MMT) surgery to induce OA. Three weeks post-surgery, after OA was established, rats received intra-articular injections of either encapsulated hMSCs or controls (saline, empty capsules, or non-encapsulated hMSCs). Six weeks post-surgery, microstructural changes in the knee joint were quantified using contrast enhanced microCT. Encapsulated hMSCs attenuated progression of OA including articular cartilage degeneration (swelling and cartilage loss) and subchondral bone remodeling (thickening and hardening). A multiplexed immunoassay panel (41 cytokines) was used to profile the in vitro secretome of encapsulated and non-encapsulated hMSCs in response to IL-1{square}, a key cytokine involved in OA. Non-encapsulated hMSCs showed an indiscriminate increase in all cytokines in response to IL-1{square} while encapsulated hMSCs showed a highly targeted secretory response with increased expression of some pro-inflammatory (IL-1{beta}, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8), anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA), and chemotactic (G-CSF, MDC, IP10) cytokines. These data show that biomaterial encapsulation using alginate microcapsules can modulate hMSC paracrine signaling in response to OA cytokines and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the hMSCs in treating established OA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucha, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tignor, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowle, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomaterial encapsulation of human mesenchymal stromal cells modulates paracrine signaling response and enhances efficacy for treatment of established osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of machine learning and genome-scale metabolic modeling identifies multi-omics biomarkers for radiation resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to ionizing radiation, a first-line therapy for many cancers, is a major clinical challenge. Personalized prediction of tumor radiosensitivity is not currently implemented clinically due to insufficient accuracy of existing machine learning classifiers. Despite the acknowledged role of tumor metabolism in radiation response, metabolomics data is rarely collected in large multi-omics initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and consequently omitted from algorithm development. In this study, we circumvent the paucity of personalized metabolomics information by characterizing 915 TCGA patient tumors with genome-scale metabolic Flux Balance Analysis models generated from transcriptomic and genomic datasets. Novel metabolic biomarkers differentiating radiation-sensitive and -resistant tumors were predicted and experimentally validated, enabling integration of metabolic features with other multi-omics datasets into ensemble-based machine learning classifiers for radiation response. These multi-omics classifiers showed improved classification accuracy, identified novel clinical patient subgroups, and demonstrated the utility of personalized blood-based metabolic biomarkers for radiation sensitivity. The integration of machine learning with genome-scale metabolic modeling represents a significant methodological advancement for identifying prognostic metabolite biomarkers and predicting radiosensitivity for individual patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of machine learning and genome-scale metabolic modeling identifies multi-omics biomarkers for radiation resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogenous response to R-pyocin killing in populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sourced from cystic fibrosis lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous antimicrobials produced by bacteria which are active against other strains of the same species. R-type pyocins are phage tail-like bacteriocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to their anti-pseudomonal activity, R-pyocins have potential as therapeutics in infection. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and is particularly problematic for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). P. aeruginosa from CF lung infections develop increasing resistance to antibiotics, making new treatment approaches essential. P. aeruginosa populations become phenotypically and genotypically diverse during infection, however, little is known of the efficacy of R-pyocins against heterogeneous populations. R-pyocins vary by subtype (R1-R5), distinguished by binding to different residues on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Each type varies in killing spectrum, and each strain produces only one R-type. To evaluate the prevalence of different R-types, we screened P. aeruginosa strains from the International Pseudomonas Consortium Database (IPCD) and from our biobank of CF strains. We found that (i) R1-types were the most prevalent R-type among strains from respiratory sources; (ii) there is a large number of strains lacking R-pyocin genes, and (iii) isolates collected from the same patient have the same R-type. We then assessed the impact of intra-strain diversity on R-pyocin susceptibility and found a heterogenous response to R-pyocins within populations, likely due to differences in the LPS core. Our work reveals that heterogeneous populations of microbes exhibit variable susceptibility to R-pyocins and highlights that there is likely heterogeneity in response to other types of LPS-binding antimicrobials, including phage.

ImportanceR-pyocins have potential as alternative therapeutics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic infection, however little is known about the efficacy of R-pyocins in heterogeneous bacterial populations. P. aeruginosa is known to become resistant to multiple antibiotics, as well as evolve phenotypic and genotypic diversity over time; thus it is particularly difficult to eradicate in chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections. In this study, we found that P. aeruginosa populations from CF lungs maintain the same R-pyocin genotype but exhibit heterogeneity in susceptibility to R-pyocins from other strains. Our findings suggest there is likely heterogeneity in response to other types of LPS-binding antimicrobials, such as phage, highlighting the necessity of further studying the potential of LPS-binding antimicrobial particles as alternative therapies in chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogenous response to R-pyocin killing in populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sourced from cystic fibrosis lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel method for tri-clustering dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) identifies significant schizophrenia effects across multiple states in distinct subgroups of individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBrain imaging data collected from individuals are highly complex with unique variation; however, such variation is typically ignored in approaches that focus on group averages or even supervised prediction. State-of-the-art methods for analyzing dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) subdivide the entire time course into several (possibly overlapping) connectivity states (i.e., sliding window clusters). Though, such an approach does not factor in the homogeneity of underlying data and may end up with a less meaningful subgrouping of the dataset.

MethodsDynamic-N-way tri-clustering (dNTiC) incorporates a homogeneity benchmark to approximate clusters that provide a more apples-to-apples comparison between groups within analogous subsets of time-space and subjects. dNTiC sorts the dFNC states by maximizing similarity across individuals and minimizing variance among the pairs of components within a state.

ResultsResulting tri-clusters show significant differences between schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy control (HC) in distinct brain regions. Compared to HC, SZ in most tri-clusters show hypoconnectivity (low positive) among subcortical, default mode, cognitive control but hyper-connectivity (high positive) between sensory networks. In tri-cluster 3, HC subjects show significantly stronger connectivity among sensory networks and anticorrelation between subcortical and sensory networks compared to SZ. Results also provide statistically significant difference in reoccurrence time between SZ and HC subjects for two distinct dFNC states.

ConclusionsOutcomes emphasize the utility of the proposed method for characterizing and leveraging variance within high-dimensional data to enhance the interpretability and sensitivity of measurements in the study of a heterogeneous disorder like schizophrenia and in unconstrained experimental conditions such as resting fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel method for tri-clustering dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) identifies significant schizophrenia effects across multiple states in distinct subgroups of individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRAKER2: Automatic Eukaryotic Genome Annotation with GeneMark-EP+ and AUGUSTUS Supported by a Protein Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Full automation of gene prediction has become an important bioinformatics task since the advent of next generation sequencing. The eukaryotic genome annotation pipeline BRAKER1 had combined self-training GeneMark-ET with AUGUSTUS to generate genes coordinates with support of transcriptomic data. Here, we introduce BRAKER2, a pipeline with GeneMark-EP+ and AUGUSTUS externally supported by cross-species protein sequences aligned to the genome. Among the challenges addressed in the development of the new pipeline was generation of reliable hints to the locations of protein-coding exon boundaries from likely homologous but evolutionarily distant proteins. Under equal conditions, the gene prediction accuracy of BRAKER2 was shown to be higher than the one of MAKER2, yet another genome annotation pipeline. Also, in comparison with BRAKER1 supported by a large volume of transcript data, BRAKER2 could produce a better gene prediction accuracy if the evolutionary distances to the reference species in the protein database were rather small. All over, our tests demonstrated that fully automatic BRAKER2 is a fast and accurate method for structural annotation of novel eukaryotic genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRAKER2: Automatic Eukaryotic Genome Annotation with GeneMark-EP+ and AUGUSTUS Supported by a Protein Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wing damage affects flight kinematics but not flower tracking performance in hummingbird hawkmoths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrity of their wings is crucial to the many insect species that spend distinct portions of their life in flight. How insects cope with the consequences of wing damage is therefore a central question when studying how robust flight performance is possible with such fragile chitinous wings. It has been shown in a variety of insect species that the loss in lift-force production resulting from wing damage is generally compensated by an increase in wing beat frequency rather than amplitude. The consequences of wing damage for flight performance, however, are less well understood, and vary considerably between species and behavioural tasks. One hypothesis reconciling the varying results is that wing damage might affect fast flight manoeuvres with high acceleration, but not slower ones. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of wing damage on the manoeuvrability of hummingbird hawkmoths (Macroglossum stellatarum) tracking a motorised flower. This assay allowed us to sample a range of movements at different temporal frequencies, and thus assess whether wing damage affected faster or slower flight manoeuvres. We show that hummingbird hawkmoths compensate for the loss in lift force mainly by increasing wing beat amplitude, yet with a significant contribution of wing beat frequency. We did not observe any effects of wing damage on flight manoeuvrability at either high or low temporal frequencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kihlström, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrant, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckl, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.16.252759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wing damage affects flight kinematics but not flower tracking performance in hummingbird hawkmoths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statelets: high dimensional predominant shapes in dynamic functional network connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis is a widely used approach for capturing brain activation patterns, connectivity states, and network organization. However, a typical sliding window plus clustering (SWC) approaches for analyzing dFNC continuously models the system through a fixed set of connectivity patterns or states. It assumes these patterns are span throughout the brain, but in practice, they are more spatially constrained and temporally short-lived. Thus, SWC is not designed to capture transient dynamic changes nor heterogeneity across subjects/time. Here, we adapt time series motifs to model the temporal dynamics of functional connectivity. We propose a state-space data mining approach that combines a probabilistic pattern summarization framework called  Statelets -- a subset of high dimensional state-shape prototypes capturing the dynamics. We handle scale differences using the earth mover distance and utilize kernel density estimation to build a probability density profile for local motifs. We apply the framework to study dFNC collected from patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy control (HC). Results demonstrate SZ subjects exhibit reduced modularity in their brain network organization relative to HC. These statelets in the HC group show more recurrence across the dFNC time-course compared to the SZ. An analysis of the consistency of the connections across time reveals significant differences within visual, sensorimotor, and default mode regions where HC subjects show higher consistency than SZ. The introduced statelet-approach also enables the handling of dynamic information in cross-modal applications to study healthy and disordered brains and multi-modal fusion within a single dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.16.252999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statelets: high dimensional predominant shapes in dynamic functional network connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A thermal trade-off between viral production and degradation drives phytoplankton-virus population dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine viruses interact with their microbial hosts in dynamic environments shaped by variations in abiotic factors, including temperature. However, the impacts of temperature on viral infection of phytoplankton are not well understood. Here we coupled mathematical modeling with experimental datasets to explore the effect of temperature on three Micromonas-prasinovirus pairs. Our model shows the negative consequences of high temperatures on infection and suggests a temperature-dependent threshold between viral production and degradation. Modeling long-term dynamics in environments with different average temperatures revealed the potential for long-term host-virus coexistence, epidemic free, or habitat loss states. Hence, we generalized our model to global sea surface temperature of present and future seas and show that climate change may influence virus-host dynamics differently depending on the virus-host pair. Our study suggests that temperature-dependent changes in the infectivity of virus particles may lead to shifts in virus-host habitats in warmer oceans, analogous to projected changes in the habitats of macro- and micro-organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudoux, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touzeau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranbouille, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.256156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A thermal trade-off between viral production and degradation drives phytoplankton-virus population dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent DNA methylation signatures underlying X chromosome regulation in marsupials and eutherians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) mediated by differential DNA methylation between sexes is well characterized in eutherian mammals. Although XCI is shared between eutherians and marsupials, the role of DNA methylation in marsupial XCI remains contested. Here we examine genome-wide signatures of DNA methylation from methylation maps across fives tissues from a male and female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and present the first whole genome, multi-tissue marsupial "methylome atlas." Using these novel data, we elucidate divergent versus common features of marsupial and eutherian DNA methylation. First, tissue-specific differential DNA methylation in marsupials primarily occurs in gene bodies. Second, females show significant global reduction (hypomethylation) of X chromosome DNA methylation compared to males. We show that this pattern is also observed in eutherians. Third, on average, promoter DNA methylation shows little difference between male and female koala X chromosomes, a pattern distinct from that of eutherians. Fourth, the sex-specific DNA methylation landscape upstream of Rsx, the primary lncRNA associated with marsupial XCI, is consistent with the epigenetic regulation of female-(and presumably inactive X chromosome-) specific expression. Finally, we utilize the prominent female X chromosome hypomethylation and classify 98 previously unplaced scaffolds as X-linked, contributing an additional 14.6 Mb (21.5 %) to genomic data annotated as the koala X chromosome. Our work demonstrates evolutionarily divergent pathways leading to functionally conserved patterns of XCI in two deep branches of mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquezar-Planas, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Ponce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent DNA methylation signatures underlying X chromosome regulation in marsupials and eutherians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.267153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping ribonucleotides embedded in genomic DNA to single-nucleotide resolution using Ribose-Map 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.267153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribose-Map is a user-friendly, standardized bioinformatics toolkit for the comprehensive analysis of ribonucleotide sequencing experiments. It allows researchers to map the locations of ribonucleotides in DNA to single-nucleotide resolution and identify biological signatures of ribonucleotide incorporation. In addition, it can be applied to data generated using any currently available high-throughput ribonucleotide sequencing technique, thus standardizing the analysis of ribonucleotide sequencing experiments and allowing direct comparisons of results. This protocol describes in detail how to use Ribose-Map to analyze raw ribonucleotide sequencing data, including preparing the reads for analysis, locating the genomic coordinates of ribonucleotides, exploring the genome-wide distribution of ribonucleotides, determining the nucleotide sequence context of ribonucleotides, and identifying hotspots of ribonucleotide incorporation. Ribose-Map does not require background knowledge of ribonucleotide sequencing analysis and assumes only basic command-line skills. The protocol requires less than 3 hr of computing time for most datasets and about 30 min of hands-on time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.267153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping ribonucleotides embedded in genomic DNA to single-nucleotide resolution using Ribose-Map]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disproportionate presence of adenosine in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) represent the most common non-standard nucleotides found in the genomic DNA of cells. The distribution of rNMPs in DNA has been studied only in limited genomes, such as yeast nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as human mitochondrial DNA. In this study, we used the ribose-seq protocol and the Ribose-Map bioinformatics toolkit to reveal the distribution of rNMPs incorporated into the whole genome of a photosynthetic unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The study presents the discovery of a disproportionate incorporation of adenosine in the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA, in contrast to the nuclear DNA, relative to the nucleotide content of these C. reinhardtii genomes. Our results demonstrate that the rNMP content in the DNA of the algal organelles reflects an elevated ATP level present in the algal cells. In addition, we reveal specific rNMP biases and patterns in the mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear DNA of C. reinhardtii.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Sayed, W. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinazi, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disproportionate presence of adenosine in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene co-expression analysis of human RNASEH2A reveals functional networks associated with DNA replication, DNA damage response, and cell cycle regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) is a key enzyme for the removal of RNA found in DNA-RNA hybrids, playing a fundamental role in biological processes such as DNA replication, telomere maintenance and DNA damage repair. RNase H2 is a trimer composed of three subunits, being RNASEH2A the catalytic subunit. RNASEH2A expression levels have been shown to be upregulated in transformed and cancer cells. In this study we used a bioinformatics approach to identify RNASEH2A co-expressed genes in different human tissues to uncover biological processes in which RNASEH2A is involved. By implementing this approach, we identified functional networks for RNASEH2A that are not only involved in the processes of DNA replication and DNA damage response, but also in cell cycle regulation. Additional examination of protein-protein networks for RNASEH2A by the STRING database analysis, revealed a high co-expression correlation between RNASEH2A and the genes of the protein networks identified. Mass spectrometry analysis of RNASEH2A-bound proteins highlighted players functioning in cell cycle regulation. Further bioinformatics investigation showed increased gene expression of RNASEH2A in different types of actively cycling cells and tissues, and particularly in several cancers, supporting a biological role for RNASEH2A, but not the other two subunits of RNase H2, in cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene co-expression analysis of human RNASEH2A reveals functional networks associated with DNA replication, DNA damage response, and cell cycle regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide incorporation characteristics around yeast autonomously replicating sequences reveal the labor division of replicative DNA polymerases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleoside monophosphate (rNMP) incorporation in DNA is a natural and prominent phenomenon resulting in DNA structural change and genome instability. While DNA polymerases have different rNMP incorporation rates, little is known whether these enzymes incorporate rNMPs following specific sequence patterns. In this study, we analyzed a series of rNMP incorporation datasets, generated from three rNMP mapping techniques, and obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing wild-type or mutant replicative DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H2 genes. We performed computational analyses of rNMP sites around early and late firing autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) of the yeast genome, from which bidirectional, leading and lagging DNA synthesis starts. We find the preference of rNMP incorporation on the leading strand in wild-type DNA polymerase yeast cells. The leading/lagging-strand ratio of rNMP incorporation changes dramatically within 500 nt from ARSs, highlighting the Pol {delta} - Pol {varepsilon} handoff during early leading-strand synthesis. Furthermore, the pattern of rNMP incorporation is markedly distinct between the leading the lagging strand. Overall, our results show the different counts and patterns of rNMP incorporation during DNA replication from ARS, which reflects the different labor of division and rNMP incorporation pattern of Pol {delta} and Pol {varepsilon}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribonucleotide incorporation characteristics around yeast autonomously replicating sequences reveal the labor division of replicative DNA polymerases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Approach to Automatically Label & Order Brain Activity/Component Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging technique which provides detailed in-sights into brain function and its disruption in various brain disorders. fMRI data can be analyzed using data-driven or region-of-interest based methods. The data-driven analysis of brain activity maps involves several steps, the first of which is identifying whether the maps capture what might be interpreted as intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) or artifacts. This is followed by linking the ICNs to known anatomical and/or functional parcellations. Optionally, as in the study of functional network connectivity (FNC), rearranging the connectivity graph is also necessary for systematic interpretation. Here we present a toolbox that automates all these processes under minimal or no supervision with high accuracy. We provide a pretrained cross-validated elastic-net regularized general linear model for the noisecloud toolbox to separate the ICNs from artifacts. We include several well-known anatomical and functional parcellations from which researchers can choose to label the activity maps. Finally, we integrate a method for maximizing the within-domain modularity to generate a more systematically structured FNC matrix. We improve upon and integrate existing techniques and new methods to design this toolbox which can take care of all the above needs. Specifically, we show that our pretrained model achieves 89% accuracy and 100% precision at classifying ICNs from artifacts in a validation dataset. Researchers are generating brain imaging data and analyzing brain activity at an ever-increasing rate. The Autolabeller toolbox can help automate such analyses for faster and reproducible research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Approach to Automatically Label & Order Brain Activity/Component Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depsipeptide nucleic acids: prebiotic formation, oligomerization, and self-assembly of a new candidate proto-nucleic acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism by which genetic polymers spontaneously formed on the early Earth is currently unknown. The RNA World hypothesis implies that RNA oligomers were produced prebiotically, but the demonstration of this process has proven challenging. Alternatively, RNA may be the product of evolution and some, or all, of its chemical components may have been preceded by functionally analogous moieties that were more readily accessible under plausible early-Earth conditions. We report a new class of nucleic acid analog, depsipeptide nucleic acid, which displays several properties that make it an attractive candidate for the first informational polymer to arise on the Earth. The monomers of depsipeptide nucleic acids can form under plausibly prebiotic conditions. These monomers oligomerize spontaneously when dried from aqueous solutions to form nucleobase-functionalized depsipeptides. Once formed, these depsipeptide nucleic acid oligomers are capable of complementary self-assembly, and are resistant to hydrolysis in the assembled state. These results suggest that the initial formation of primitive, self-assembling, informational polymers may have been relatively facile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hud, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fialho, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greeson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depsipeptide nucleic acids: prebiotic formation, oligomerization, and self-assembly of a new candidate proto-nucleic acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of transporter activity biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The allocation of sugars from photosynthetic leaves to storage tissues in seeds, fruits, and tubers is an important determinant of crop yields. Genetically guided selection and transgenic modification of plant membrane transporters can help enhance crop yields and increase pathogen resistance. Yet, quantitative, systems-level models to support this effort are lacking. Recently, biosensors gained popularity for collecting spatiotemporally resolved information on cell physiology and validating computational models. Here, we report the design and use of genetically-encoded biosensors to measure the activity of SWEETs, the only family of sugar transporters known to facilitate the cellular release of sugar in plants. We created SweetTrac sensors by inserting circularly-permutated GFP into SWEET transporters, resulting in chimeras that translate substrate-triggered conformational rearrangements during the transport cycle into detectable changes in fluorescence intensity. We demonstrate that a combination of cell sorting and bioinformatics can be applied as a general approach to accelerate the design of biosensors for in vivo biochemistry. Finally, mass action kinetics analysis of the biosensors response suggests that SWEETs are low-affinity, near-symmetric transporters that can rapidly equilibrate intra- and extracellular concentrations of sugars.

Significance StatementTransporters are the gatekeepers of the cell. Transporters facilitate the exchange of ions and metabolites between cellular and subcellular compartments, thus controlling processes from bacterial chemotaxis to the release of neurotransmitters. In plants, transporters play critical roles in the allocation of carbon to different organs. Biosensors derived from transporters have been generated to monitor the activity of these proteins within the complex environment of the cell. However, a quantitative framework that reconciles molecular and cellular-level events to help interpret the response of biosensors is still lacking. Here, we created novel sugar transport biosensors and formulated a mathematical model to explain their response. These types of models can help realize multiscale, dynamic simulations of metabolite allocation to guide crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.282301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of transporter activity biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitor binding influences the protonation states of histidines in SARS-CoV-2 main protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an attractive target for antiviral therapeutics. Recently, many high-resolution apo and inhibitor-bound structures of Mpro, a cysteine protease, have been determined, facilitating structure-based drug design. Mpro plays a central role in the viral life cycle by catalyzing the cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 polyproteins. In addition to the catalytic dyad His41-Cys145, Mpro contains multiple histidines including His163, His164, and His172. The protonation states of these histidines and the catalytic nu-cleophile Cys145 have been debated in previous studies of SARS-CoV Mpro, but have yet to be investigated for SARS-CoV-2. In this work we have used molecular dynamics simulations to determine the structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro as a function of the protonation assignments for these residues. We simulated both the apo and inhibitor-bound enzyme and found that the conformational stability of the binding site, bound inhibitors, and the hydrogen bond networks of Mpro are highly sensitive to these assignments. Additionally, the two inhibitors studied, the peptidomimetic N3 and an -ketoamide, display distinct His41/His164 protonation-state-dependent stabilities. While the apo and the N3-bound systems favored N{delta} (HD) and N{epsilon} (HE) protonation of His41 and His164, respectively, the -ketoamide was not stably bound in this state. Our results illustrate the importance of using appropriate histidine protonation states to accurately model the structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in both the apo and inhibitor-bound states, a necessary prerequisite for drug-design efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daidone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti-Polzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kneller, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golosov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Vega, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duca, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermaas, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitor binding influences the protonation states of histidines in SARS-CoV-2 main protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifiability of Tissue Material Parameters from Uniaxial Tests using Multi-start Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining tissue biomechanical material properties from mechanical test data is frequently required in a variety of applications, e.g. tissue engineering. However, the validity of the resulting constitutive model parameters is the subject of debate in the field. Common methods to perform fitting, such as nonlinear least-squares, are known to be subject to several limitations, most notably the uniqueness of the fitting results. Parameter optimization in tissue mechanics often comes down to the "identifiability" or "uniqueness" of constitutive model parameters; however, despite advances in formulating complex constitutive relations and many classic and creative curve-fitting approaches, there is no accessible framework to study the identifiability of tissue material parameters. Our objective was to assess the identifiability of material parameters for established constitutive models of fiber-reinforced soft tissues, biomaterials, and tissue-engineered constructs. To do so, we generated synthetic experimental data by simulating uniaxial tension and compression tests, commonly used in biomechanics. We considered tendon and sclera as example tissues, using constitutive models that describe these fiber-reinforced tissues. We demonstrated that not all of the model parameters of these constitutive models were identifiable from uniaxial mechanical tests, despite achieving virtually identical fits to the stress-stretch response. We further show that when the lateral strain was considered as an additional fitting criterion, more parameters are identifiable, but some remain unidentified. This work provides a practical approach for addressing parameter identifiability in tissue mechanics.

Statement of SignificanceData fitting is a powerful technique commonly used to extract tissue material parameters from experimental data, and which thus has applications in tissue biomechanics and engineering. However, the problem of "uniqueness" or "identifiability" of the fit parameters is a significant issue, limiting the fit results validity. Here we provide a novel method to evaluate data fitting and assess the uniqueness of results in the tissue mechanics constitutive models. Our results indicate that the uniaxial stress-stretch experimental data are not adequate to identify all the tissue material parameters. This study is of potential interest to a wide range of readers because of its application for the characterization of other engineering materials, while addressing the problem of uniqueness of the fitted results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santare, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.289702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifiability of Tissue Material Parameters from Uniaxial Tests using Multi-start Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.290155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell RNAseq of Out-of-Thaw Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Shows Striking Tissue-of-Origin Differences and Inter-donor Cell-Cycle Variations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.290155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from a variety of tissue sources are widely investigated in clinical trials, and the MSCs are often administered immediately after thawing the cryopreserved product. While previous reports have examined the transcriptome of freshly-cultured MSCs from some tissues, little is known about the single-cell transcriptomic profiles of out-of-thaw MSCs from different tissue sources. Such understanding could help determine which tissue origins and delivery methods are best suited for specific indications. Here, we characterized cryopreserved MSCs, immediately post-thaw, from bone marrow (BM) and cord tissue (CT), using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We show that out-of-thaw BM-vs. CT-MSCs have significant differences in gene expression. Gene-set enrichment analyses implied divergent functional potential. In addition, we show that MSC-batches can vary significantly in cell cycle status, suggesting different proliferative vs. immunomodulatory potentials. Our results provide a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic landscape of clinically and industrially relevant MSC products.

HighlightsO_LISingle cell gene expression comparison between Bone-marrow derived MSCs and Cord-tissue derived MSCs
C_LIO_LIDonor effects and cell heterogeneity on tissue-specific MSC gene expression
C_LIO_LISingle Cell Pooling Enhances Differential Expression Analysis for Bone marrow and Cord tissue MSC samples
C_LIO_LIGene ontology reveals tissue specific unique molecular function and pathways
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trochez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.290155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell RNAseq of Out-of-Thaw Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Shows Striking Tissue-of-Origin Differences and Inter-donor Cell-Cycle Variations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.290924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R2DT: computational framework for template-based RNA secondary structure visualisation across non-coding RNA types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.290924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are essential for all life, and the functions of many ncRNAs depend on their secondary (2D) and tertiary (3D) structure. Despite proliferation of 2D visualisation software, there is a lack of methods for automatically generating 2D representations in consistent, reproducible, and recognisable layouts, making them difficult to construct, compare and analyse. Here we present R2DT, a comprehensive method for visualising a wide range of RNA structures in standardised layouts. R2DT is based on a library of 3,632 templates representing the majority of known structured RNAs, from small RNAs to the large subunit ribosomal RNA. R2DT has been applied to ncRNA sequences from the RNAcentral database and produced >13 million diagrams, creating the worlds largest RNA 2D structure dataset. The software is freely available at https://github.com/rnacentral/R2DT and a web server is found at https://rnacentral.org/r2dt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoksza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawrocki, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.290924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R2DT: computational framework for template-based RNA secondary structure visualisation across non-coding RNA types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.286559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIN2 facilitates TRF1-mediated trans- and cis-interactions on physiologically relevant long telomeric DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.286559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shelterin complex consisting of TRF1, TRF2, RAP1, TIN2, TPP1, and POT1, functions to prevent false recognition of telomeres as double-strand DNA breaks, and to regulate telomerase and DNA repair protein access. TIN2 is a core component linking double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins (TRF1 and TRF2) and proteins at the 3 overhang (TPP1-POT1). Since knockdown of TIN2 also removes TRF1 and TRF2 from telomeres, determining TIN2s unique mechanistic function has been elusive. Here, we investigated DNA molecular structures promoted by TRF1-TIN2 using complementary single-molecule imaging platforms, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), and the DNA tightrope assay. We demonstrate that TIN2S and TIN2L isoforms facilitate TRF1-mediated DNA compaction (cis-interactions) and DNA-DNA bridging (trans-interactions) in a telomeric sequence- and length-dependent manner. On the short telomeric DNA substrate (6 TTAGGG repeats), the majority of TRF1 mediated telomeric DNA-DNA bridging events are transient with a lifetime of ~1.95 s. On longer DNA substrates (270 TTAGGG), TIN2 forms multi-protein complexes with TRF1 and stabilizes TRF1-mediated DNA-DNA bridging events that last for at least minutes. Preincubation of TRF1 with its regulator protein Tankyrase 1 significantly reduces TRF1-TIN2 mediated DNA-DNA bridging, whereas TIN2 protects the disassembly of TRF1-TIN2 mediated DNA-DNA bridging upon Tankyrase 1 addition. Our study provides evidence that TIN2 functions to promote TRF1 mediated trans-interactions of telomeric DNA, leading to new mechanistic insight into sister telomere cohesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opersko, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.286559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIN2 facilitates TRF1-mediated trans- and cis-interactions on physiologically relevant long telomeric DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Attributes and Unbiased Computational Modeling for the Prediction of Immunomodulatory Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently being tested in numerous clinical trials as potential cell therapies for the treatment of various diseases and due to their potential immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and regenerative properties. However, variabilities in tissue sources, donors, and manufacturing processes and the lack of defined critical quality attributes (CQAs) and clinically relevant mechanism of action (MoA) pose significant challenges to identify MSC cell therapy products with a predictable therapeutic outcome. This also hinders regulatory considerations and broad clinical translation of MSCs. MSC products are often administered to the patient immediately after thawing from cryopreserved vials (out-of-thaw). However, the qualifying quality-control assays are either performed before cryopreservation, or after culturing the post-thaw cells for 24-48 hours (culture-rescued), none of which represent the out-of-thaw product administered to patients. In this study, we performed a broad functional characterization of out-of-thaw and culture-rescue MSCs from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and cord tissue (CT-MSCs) using macrophage activation and T cell proliferation-based in vitro potency assays and deep phenotypic characterization using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Using this data, we developed unbiased computational models, specifically symbolic regression (SR) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) models to predict the immunomodulatory potency of MSCs. Overall, our results suggest that manufacturing conditions (OOT vs. CR) have a strong effect on MSC-function on MSC interactions with macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-seq analyses of out-of-thaw BM and CT-MSCs indicate a tissue of origin-dependent variability and heterogeneity in the transcriptome profile. Using symbolic regression modeling we identified specific single-cell transcriptomic attributes of MSCs that predict their immunomodulatory potency. In addition, CCA modeling predicted MSC donors with high or low immunomodulatory potency from their transcriptome profiles. Taken together, our results provide a broad framework for identifying predictive CQAs of MSCs that could ultimately help in better understanding of their MOAs and improved reproducibility and manufacturing control of MSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano-Trochez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeto, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontanchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Attributes and Unbiased Computational Modeling for the Prediction of Immunomodulatory Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative and dynamic cell polarity tracking in plant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative information on the spatiotemporal distribution of polarized proteins is central for understanding cell-fate determination, yet collecting sufficient data for statistical analysis is difficult to accomplish with manual measurements. Here we present POME, a semi-automated pipeline for the quantification of cell polarity, and demonstrate its application to a variety of developmental contexts. POME analysis reveals that during asymmetric cell divisions in the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage, polarity proteins BASL and BRXL2 are more asynchronous and less mutually dependent than previously thought. While their interaction is important to maintain their polar localization and recruit other effectors to regulate asymmetric cell divisions, BRXL2 polarization precedes that of BASL and can be initiated in BASLs absence. Uncoupling of polarization from BASL activity is also seen in Brachypodium distachyon, where we find that the MAPKKK BdYDA1 is segregated and polarized following asymmetric division. Our results demonstrate that POME is a versatile tool, which by itself or combined with tissue-level studies and advanced microscopy techniques can help uncover new mechanisms of cell polarity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallner, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative and dynamic cell polarity tracking in plant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constrained brain volume in an efficient coding model explains the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of neurons in mammalian cortex varies by multiple orders of magnitude across different species. In contrast, the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons (E:I ratio) varies in a much smaller range, from 3:1 to 9:1 and remains roughly constant for different sensory areas within a species. Despite this structure being important for understanding the function of neural circuits, the reason for this consistency is not yet understood. While recent models of vision based on the efficient coding hypothesis show that increasing the number of both excitatory and inhibitory cells improves stimulus representation, the two cannot increase simultaneously due to constraints on brain volume. In this work, we implement an efficient coding model of vision under a volume (i.e., total number of neurons) constraint while varying the E:I ratio. We show that the performance of the model is optimal at biologically observed E:I ratios under several metrics. We argue that this happens due to trade-offs between the computational accuracy and the representation capacity for natural stimuli. Further, we make experimentally testable predictions that 1) the optimal E:I ratio should be higher for species with a higher sparsity in the neural activity and 2) the character of inhibitory synaptic distributions and firing rates should change depending on E:I ratio. Our findings, which are supported by our new preliminary analyses of publicly available data, provide the first quantitative and testable hypothesis based on optimal coding models for the distribution of neural types in the mammalian sensory cortices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alreja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemenman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.299040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constrained brain volume in an efficient coding model explains the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term cellulose enrichment selects for highly cellulolytic consortia and competition for public goods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of microbial communities hinders our understanding of how microbial diversity and microbe-microbe interactions impact community functions. Here, using six independent communities originating from the refuse dumps of leaf-cutter ants and enriched using the plant polymer cellulose as the sole source of carbon, we examine how changes in bacterial diversity and interactions impact plant biomass decomposition. Over up to 60 serial transfers ([~]8 months), cellulolytic ability increased then stabilized in four enrichment lines and was variable in two lines. Bacterial community characterization using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed community succession differed between the highly cellulolytic and variably cellulolytic enrichment lines. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses revealed that Cellvibrio and/or Cellulomonas dominated each enrichment line and produced the majority of cellulase enzymes, while diverse taxa were retained within these communities over the duration of transfers. Interestingly, the less cellulolytic communities had a higher diversity of organisms competing for the cellulose breakdown product cellobiose, suggesting that cheating slowed cellulose degradation. In addition, we found competitive exclusion as an important factor shaping all the communities, with the mutual exclusion of specific cellulolytic taxa within individual enrichment lines and the high expression of genes associated with the production of antagonistic compounds. Our results provide insights into how microbial diversity and competition affect the stability and function of cellulose-degrading communities.

ImportanceMicrobial communities are a key driver of the carbon cycle through the breakdown of complex polysaccharides in diverse environments including soil, marine systems, and the mammalian gut.However, due to the complexity of these communities, the species-species interactions that impact community structure and ultimately shape the rate of decomposition are difficult to define. Here we performed serial enrichment on cellulose using communities inoculated from leaf-cutter ant refuse dumps, a cellulose-rich environment. By concurrently tracking cellulolytic ability and community composition and through metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing, we analyzed the ecological dynamics of the enrichment lines. Our data suggest that antagonism is prevalent in these communities and that competition for soluble sugars may slow degradation and lead to community instability. Together, these results help reveal the relationships between competition and polysaccharide decomposition, with implications in diverse areas ranging from microbial community ecology to cellulosic biofuels production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Book, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevrette, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.304485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term cellulose enrichment selects for highly cellulolytic consortia and competition for public goods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Probabilistic and Anisotropic Failure Metric for Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Risk Stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental studies have shown that aortic wall tensile strengths in circumferential and longitudinal directions are different (i.e., anisotropic), and vary significantly among patients with aortic aneurysm. To assess aneurysm rupture and dissection risk, material failure metric of the aortic wall needs to be accurately defined and determined. Previously such risk assessment methods have largely relied on deterministic or isotropic failure metric. In this study, we develop a novel probabilistic and anisotropic failure metric for risk stratification of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA). To this end, uniaxial tensile tests were performed using aortic tissue samples of 84 ATAA patients, from which a joint probability distribution of the anisotropic wall strengths was obtained. Next, the anisotropic failure probability (FP) based on the Tsai-Hill (TH) failure criterion was derived. The novel FP metric, which incorporates uncertainty in the anisotropic failure properties, can be evaluated after the aortic wall stresses are computed from patient-specific biomechanical analysis. For method validation, "ground-truth" risks of additional 41 ATAA patients were numerically-reconstructed using corresponding CT images and tissue testing data. Performance of different risk stratification methods (e.g., with and without patient-specific hyperelastic properties) was compared using p-value and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results show that: (1) the probabilistic FP metric outperforms the deterministic TH metric; and (2) patient-specific hyperelastic properties can help to improve the performance of probabilistic FP metric in ATAA risk stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannucci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshnower, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Probabilistic and Anisotropic Failure Metric for Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Risk Stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of multiple trajectories in single cell RNA-seq data from RNA velocity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trajectory inference methods are used to infer cell developmental trajectories in a continuous biological process, for example, stem cell differentiation. Most of the current trajectory inference methods infer the developmental trajectories based on transcriptome similarity between cells, using single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data. These methods are often restricted to certain trajectory structures like linear structure or tree structure, and the directions of the trajectory can only be determined when the root cell is provided. On the other hand, RNA velocity inference method is shown to be a promising alternative in predicting short term cell developmental direction from the sequencing data. Here by we present CellPath, a single cell trajectory inference method that infers developmental trajectories by integrating RNA velocity information. CellPath is able to find multiple high-resolution cell developmental paths instead of a single backbone trajectory obtained from traditional trajectory inference methods, and it no longer constrains the trajectory structure to be of any specific topology. The direction information provided by RNA-velocity also allows CellPath to automatically detect the root cell and the direction of the dynamic process. We evaluate CellPath on both real and synthetic datasets, and show that CellPath finds more accurate and detailed trajectories compared to the state-of-the-art trajectory inference methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of multiple trajectories in single cell RNA-seq data from RNA velocity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Cortical Adaptation and the Role of Thalamic Synchrony During Wakefulness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid sensory adaptation is observed across all sensory systems, and strongly shapes sensory percepts in complex sensory environments. Yet despite its ubiquity and likely necessity for survival, the mechanistic basis is poorly understood. A wide range of primarily in-vitro and anesthetized studies have demonstrated the emergence of adaptation at the level of primary sensory cortex, with only modest signatures in earlier stages of processing. The nature of rapid adaptation and how it shapes sensory representations during wakefulness, and thus the potential role in perceptual adaptation, is underexplored, as are the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. To address these knowledge gaps, we recorded spiking activity in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the upstream ventral posteromedial (VPm) thalamic nucleus in the vibrissa pathway of awake male and female mice, and quantified responses to whisker stimuli delivered in isolation and embedded in an adapting sensory background. We found that cortical sensory responses were indeed adapted by persistent sensory stimulation; putative excitatory neurons were profoundly adapted, and inhibitory neurons only modestly so. Further optogenetic manipulation experiments and network modeling suggest this largely reflects adaptive changes in synchronous thalamic firing combined with robust engagement of feedforward inhibition, with little contribution from synaptic depression. Taken together, these results suggest that cortical adaptation in the regime explored here results from changes in the timing of thalamic input, and the way in which this differentially impacts cortical excitation and feedforward inhibition, pointing to a prominent role of thalamic gating in rapid adaptation of primary sensory cortex.

Significance StatementRapid adaptation of sensory activity strongly shapes representations of sensory inputs across all sensory pathways over the timescale of seconds, and has profound effects on sensory perception. Despite its ubiquity and theoretical role in the efficient encoding of complex sensory environments, the mechanistic basis is poorly understood, particularly during wakefulness. In this study in the vibrissa pathway of awake mice, we show that cortical representations of sensory inputs are strongly shaped by rapid adaptation, and that this is mediated primarily by adaptive gating of the thalamic inputs to primary sensory cortex and the differential way in which these inputs engage cortical sub-populations of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolus, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoy, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Cortical Adaptation and the Role of Thalamic Synchrony During Wakefulness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Monosynaptic Connectivity Across Brain Structures In-Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryAs the tools to simultaneously record electrophysiological signals from large numbers of neurons within and across brain regions become increasingly available, this opens up for the first time the possibility of establishing the details of causal relationships between monosynaptically connected neurons and the patterns of neural activation that underlie perception and behavior. Although recorded activity across synaptically connected neurons has served as the cornerstone for much of what we know about synaptic transmission and plasticity, this has largely been relegated to ex-vivo preparations that enable precise targeting under relatively well-controlled conditions. Analogous studies in-vivo, where image-guided targeting is often not yet possible, rely on indirect, data-driven measures, and as a result such studies have been sparse and the dependence upon important experimental parameters has not been well studied. Here, using in-vivo extracellular single unit recordings in the topographically aligned rodent thalamocortical pathway, we sought to establish a general experimental and computational framework for inferring synaptic connectivity. Specifically, attacking this problem within a statistical signal-detection framework utilizing experimentally recorded data in the ventral-posterior medial (VPm) region of the thalamus and the homologous region in layer 4 of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) revealed a trade-off between network activity levels needed for the data-driven inference and synchronization of nearby neurons within the population that result in masking of synaptic relationships. Taken together, we provide a framework for establishing connectivity in multi-site, multi-electrode recordings based on statistical inference, setting the stage for large-scale assessment of synaptic connectivity within and across brain structures.

New & NoteworthyDespite the fact that all brain function relies on the long-range transfer of information across different regions, the tools enabling us to measure connectivity across brain structures are lacking. Here, we provide a statistical framework for identifying and assessing potential monosynaptic connectivity across neuronal circuits from population spiking activity that generalizes to large-scale recording technologies that will help us to better understand the signaling within networks that underlies perception and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liew, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmire, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoy, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Monosynaptic Connectivity Across Brain Structures In-Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-enabled inference of functional genetic variants in the face, brain and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lake Malawi cichlid fishes exhibit extensive divergence in form and function among closely related species separated by a relatively small number of genetic changes. During the past million years, hundreds of species have diversified along an ecological axis in rock vs. sand habitats. We compared the genomes of rock- and sand-dwelling species and asked which genetic variants in which genes differed among the groups. We found that 96% of differentiated variants reside in non-coding sequence but these non-coding diverged variants are evolutionarily conserved. The majority of divergent coding variants are missense and/or loss of function. Regions near differentiated variants are enriched for craniofacial, neural and behavioral functional categories. To follow up experimentally, we used rock- vs. sand-species and their hybrids to (i) clarify the push-pull roles of BMP signaling and irx1b in the specification of forebrain territories during gastrulation and (ii) reveal striking context-dependent brain gene expression during adult social behavior. Our results suggest compelling ties between early brain development and adult behavior and highlight the promise of evolutionary reverse genetics - the identification of functional variants from genome sequencing in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvester, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdilleh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norsworthy, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloomquist, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-enabled inference of functional genetic variants in the face, brain and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Development of Neutralizing and Diagnostic SARS-COV-2 Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The need for high-affinity, SARS-CoV-2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is critical in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic, as such reagents can have important diagnostic, research, and therapeutic applications. Of greatest interest is the ~300 amino acid receptor binding domain (RBD) within the S1 subunit of the spike protein because of its key interaction with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor present on many cell types, especially lung epithelial cells. We report here the development and functional characterization of 29 nanomolar-affinity mouse SARS-CoV-2 mAbs created by an accelerated immunization and hybridoma screening process. Differing functions, including binding of diverse protein epitopes, viral neutralization, impact on RBD-hACE2 binding, and immunohistochemical staining of infected lung tissue, were correlated with variable gene usage and sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chapman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wharton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainulainen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martines, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryksin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollweg, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petway, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagarozzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.338095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Development of Neutralizing and Diagnostic SARS-COV-2 Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.342550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gulf of Mexico blue hole harbors high levels of novel microbial lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.342550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploration of oxygen-depleted marine environments has consistently revealed novel microbial taxa and metabolic capabilities that expand our understanding of microbial evolution and ecology. Marine blue holes are shallow karst formations characterized by low oxygen and high organic matter content. They are logistically challenging to sample, and thus our understanding of their biogeochemistry and microbial ecology is limited. We present a metagenomic characterization of Amberjack Hole on the Florida continental shelf (Gulf of Mexico). Dissolved oxygen became depleted at the holes rim (32 m water depth), remained low but detectable in an intermediate hypoxic zone (40-75 m), and then increased to a secondary peak before falling below detection in the bottom layer (80-110 m), concomitant with increases in nutrients, dissolved iron, and a series of sequentially more reduced sulfur species. Microbial communities in the bottom layer contained heretofore undocumented levels of the recently discovered phylum Woesearchaeota (up to 58% of the community), along with lineages in the bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). Thirty-one high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) showed extensive biochemical capabilities for sulfur and nitrogen cycling, as well as for resisting and respiring arsenic. One uncharacterized gene associated with a CPR lineage differentiated hypoxic from anoxic zone communities. Overall, microbial communities and geochemical profiles were stable across two sampling dates in the spring and fall of 2019. The blue hole habitat is a natural marine laboratory that provides opportunities for sampling taxa with under-characterized but potentially important roles in redox-stratified microbial processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patin, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stancil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taillefert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.342550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gulf of Mexico blue hole harbors high levels of novel microbial lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning sparse codes from compressed representations with biologically plausible local wiring constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sparse coding is an important method for unsupervised learning of task-independent features in theoretical neuroscience models of neural coding. While a number of algorithms exist to learn these representations from the statistics of a dataset, they largely ignore the information bottlenecks present in fiber pathways connecting cortical areas. For example, the visual pathway has many fewer neurons transmitting visual information to cortex than the number of photoreceptors. Both empirical and analytic results have recently shown that sparse representations can be learned effectively after performing dimensionality reduction with randomized linear operators, producing latent coefficients that preserve information. Unfortunately, current proposals for sparse coding in the compressed space require a centralized compression process (i.e., dense random matrix) that is biologically unrealistic due to local wiring constraints observed in neural circuits. The main contribution of this paper is to leverage recent results on structured random matrices to propose a theoretical neuroscience model of randomized projections for communication between cortical areas that is consistent with the local wiring constraints observed in neuroanatomy. We show analytically and empirically that unsupervised learning of sparse representations can be performed in the compressed space despite significant local wiring constraints in compression matrices of varying forms (corresponding to different local wiring patterns). Our analysis verifies that even with significant local wiring constraints, the learned representations remain qualitatively similar, have similar quantitative performance in both training and generalization error, and are consistent across many measures with measured macaque V1 receptive fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fallah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willats, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning sparse codes from compressed representations with biologically plausible local wiring constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.352625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StartLink+: Prediction of Gene Starts in Prokaryotic Genomes by an Algorithm Integrating Independent Sources of Evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.352625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algorithms of ab initio gene finding were shown to make sufficiently accurate predictions in prokaryotic genomes. Nonetheless, for up to 15-25% of genes per genome the gene start predictions might differ even when made by the supposedly most accurate tools. To address this discrepancy, we have introduced StartLink+, an approach combining ab initio and multiple sequence alignment based methods. StartLink+ makes predictions for a majority of genes per genome (73% on average); in tests on sets of genes with experimentally verified starts the StartLink+ accuracy was shown to be 98-99%. When StartLink+ predictions made for a large set of prokaryotic genomes were compared with the database annotations we observed that on average the gene start annotations deviated from the predictions for ~5% of genes in AT-rich genomes and for 10-15% of genes in GC-rich genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gemayel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.352625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StartLink+: Prediction of Gene Starts in Prokaryotic Genomes by an Algorithm Integrating Independent Sources of Evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.353573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial modulation of dark versus bright stimulus responses in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.353573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental task of the visual system is to respond to luminance increments and decrements. In primary visual cortex (V1) of cats and primates, luminance decrements elicit stronger, faster, and more salient neural activity (OFF responses) than luminance increments (ON responses). However, studies of V1 in ferrets and mice show that ON responses may be stronger. These discrepancies may arise from differences in species, experimental conditions, or from measuring responses in single neurons versus populations. Here, we examined OFF versus ON responses across different regions of visual space in both single neurons and populations of mouse V1. We used high-density silicon probes and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to assess OFF versus ON dominance in local field potential (LFP), single neuron, and membrane potential responses. Across these levels, we found that OFF responses clearly dominated in the central visual field, whereas ON responses were more evident in the periphery. These observations were clearest in LFP and subthreshold membrane potential. Our findings consolidate and resolve prior conflicting results and reveal that retinotopy may provide a common organizing principle for spatially biasing OFF versus ON processing in mammalian visual systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coletta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murlin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzzu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Baese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.353573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial modulation of dark versus bright stimulus responses in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wing shape evolution in bombycoid moths reveals two distinct strategies for maneuverable flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across insects, wing shape and size have undergone dramatic divergence even in closely related sister groups, but we do not yet know morphology changes in tandem with kinematics to support body weight within available aerodynamic power and how the specific force production patterns are linked to changes in behavior. Hawkmoths and wild silkmoths are two such diverse sister families with divergent wing morphology. Using 3d kinematics and quasi-steady aerodynamic modeling, we compare the aerodynamics and the contributions of wing shape, size, and kinematics in 10 moth species. We find that wing movement also diverges between the clades and underlies two distinct strategies for flight. Hawkmoths use wing kinematics, especially high frequencies, to enhance force, but wing morphologies that reduces power. Silkmoths use wing morphology to enhance force, and high amplitude wingstrokes to reduce power. Both strategies converge on similar aerodynamic power and can support similar body mass ranges, but their within-wingstroke force profiles are quite different and linked to the hovering flight of hawkmoths and the bobbing flight of silkmoths. These two groups of moths each fly more like other, distantly related insects than they do each other, demonstrating the convergence and diversity of flapping flight evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wing shape evolution in bombycoid moths reveals two distinct strategies for maneuverable flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.337758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leapfrog dynamics in phage-bacteria coevolution revealed by joint analysis of cross-infection phenotypes and whole genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.337758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses and their hosts can undergo coevolutionary arms races where hosts evolve increased resistance and viruses evolve counter-resistance. Given these arms race dynamics (ARD), viruses and hosts are each predicted to evolve along a single trajectory as more recently evolved genotypes replace their predecessors. Here, by coupling phenotypic and genomic analyses of coevolving populations of bacteriophage {lambda} and Escherichia coli, we find conflicting evidence for ARD. Virus-host infection phenotypes fit the ARD model, yet whole genome analyses did not. Rather than coevolution unfolding along a single trajectory, cryptic genetic variation emerges during initial virus-host coevolution. This variation is maintained across generations and eventually supplants dominant lineages. These observations constitute what we term  leapfrog coevolutionary dynamics, revealing weaknesses in the predictive power of standard coevolutionary models. The findings shed light on the mechanisms that structure coevolving ecological networks and reveal the limits of using phenotypic assays alone in characterizing coevolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.337758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leapfrog dynamics in phage-bacteria coevolution revealed by joint analysis of cross-infection phenotypes and whole genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.363960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaPop: A pipeline for macro- and micro-diversity analyses and visualization of microbial and viral metagenome-derived populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.363960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrobes and their viruses are hidden engines driving Earths ecosystems from the oceans and soils to humans and bioreactors. Though gene marker approaches can now be complemented by genome-resolved studies of inter- (macrodiversity) and intra- (microdiversity) population variation, analytical tools to do so remain scattered or under-developed.

ResultsHere we introduce MetaPop, an open-source bioinformatic pipeline that provides a single interface to analyze and visualize microbial and viral community metagenomes at both the macro- and micro-diversity levels. Macrodiversity estimates include population abundances and - and {beta}-diversity. Microdiversity calculations include identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms, novel codon-constrained linkage of SNPs, nucleotide diversity ({pi} and {theta}) and selective pressures (pN/pS and Tajimas D) within and fixation indices (FST) between populations. MetaPop will also identify genes with distinct codon usage. Following rigorous validation, we applied MetaPop to the gut viromes of autistic children that underwent fecal microbiota transfers and their neurotypical peers. The macrodiversity results confirmed our prior findings for viral populations (microbial shotgun metagenomes were not available), that diversity did not significantly differ between autistic and neurotypical children. However, by also quantifying microdiversity, MetaPop revealed lower average viral nucleotide diversity ({pi}) in autistic children. Analysis of the percentage of genomes detected under positive selection was also lower among autistic children, suggesting that higher viral {pi} in neurotypical children may be beneficial because it allows populations to better  bet hedge in changing environments. Further, comparisons of microdiversity pre- and post-FMT in the autistic children revealed that the delivery FMT method (oral versus rectal) may influence viral activity and engraftment of microdiverse viral populations, with children who received their FMT rectally having higher microdiversity post-FMT. Overall, these results show that analyses at the macro-level alone can miss important biological differences.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that standardized population and genetic variation analyses will be invaluable for maximizing biological inference, and MetaPop provides a convenient tools package to explore the dual impact of macro- and micro-diversity across microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolduc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temperton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.363960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaPop: A pipeline for macro- and micro-diversity analyses and visualization of microbial and viral metagenome-derived populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Clustering of single-cell gene-expression and cell spatial information via integrated NMF and k-means 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent advances in single cell transcriptomics have allowed us to examine the identity of single cells, which has led to the discovery of new cell types and high resolution maps of cell type composition in tissues. Technologies that measure multiple modalities of single cell data provide a more comprehensive picture of a cell, but they also create challenges for data integration tasks.

ResultsIn our work, we jointly consider the spatial location and gene expression profiles of cells to determine their identity. Specifically, we have developed scHybridNMF (single-cell Hybrid Nonnegative Matrix Factorization), which performs cell type identification by incorporating single cell gene expression data with cell location data. We combined nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with k-means clustering to cohesively represent high-dimensional gene expression data and low-dimensional location data, respectively. We show that scHybridNMF can utilize location data to improve cell type clustering. In particular, we show that under multiple scenarios, including the cases where there is a small number of genes profiled and the location data is noisy, scHybridNMF outperforms sparse NMF, k-means, and an existing method (HMRF) that also uses cell location and gene expression data for cell type identification.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/soobleck/scHybridNMF

Contacthpark@cc.gatech.edu, xiuwei.zhang@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Clustering of single-cell gene-expression and cell spatial information via integrated NMF and k-means]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional single-cell modeling of cellular signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell differences in signaling components can lead to qualitatively different responses to stimuli. Understanding this heterogeneity in signaling response is limited by the inability of time-lapse methods to measure multiple pathway components simultaneously in situ. Here, we present Distribution-Independent Single-Cell ODE modeling (DISCO), a computational method for inference of continuous single-cell signaling dynamics from multiplexed snapshot data. We used DISCO to analyze signaling in the MAPK/ERK pathway of HEK293T cells stimulated with the growth factor EGF. Our model recapitulates known features of the ERK signaling response and enables the detection of hidden cell-to-cell variation in seemingly homogeneous samples. Further, DISCO analysis suggested that the MAPK/ERK pathway transmits signal duration rather than amplitude, and that cell-to-cell variation in MAPK/ERK signaling response depends primarily on initial cell states. Finally, we applied an extended version of DISCO to explain changes in signaling kinetics due to overexpression of a disease-relevant protein. Overall, DISCO enables a deeper understanding of how single-cell variation affects cellular responses in complex signaling systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wade, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional single-cell modeling of cellular signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylation Quantitative Trait Loci are Largely Consistent across Disease States in Crohns disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn a recent study, we identified 1189 CpG sites whose DNA methylation (DNAm) level in blood distinguished Crohns disease (CD) cases from controls. We also demonstrated that the vast majority of these differences were a consequence of disease, rather than a cause of CD. Since methylation can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, here we focus on CpGs under demonstrable genetic control (methylation quantitative trait loci, or mQTLs). By comparing mQTL patterns across disease states and tissue (blood vs. ileum), we may distinguish patterns unique to CD. Such DNAm patterns may be relevant for the developmental origins of CD.

MethodsWe investigated three datasets: (i) 402 blood samples from 164 newly diagnosed pediatric CD patients taken at two time points, and 74 non-IBD controls (ii) 780 blood samples from a non-CD adult population and (iii) 40 ileal biopsies (17 CD cases and 23 non-IBD controls) from group (i). Genome-wide DNAm profiling and genotyping were performed using the Illumina MethylationEPIC and Illumina Multi-Ethnic arrays. SNP-CpG associations were tested via linear models adjusted for age, gender, disease status, disease subtype, estimated cell type and three genotype-based principal components. We used a Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold to identify significantly associated SNP-CpG pairs, but also considered larger sets identified by a false discovery rate criterion

ResultsIn total, we observed 535,448 SNP-CpG associations between 287,881 SNPs and 12,843 CpG sites (P<8.21x10-14). These associations and their effects are highly consistent across different ages, races, disease states, and tissue types, suggesting that the vast majority of these mQTLs participate in common gene regulation. However, genes near CpGs associated with IBD SNPs were enriched for 18 KEGG pathways relevant to IBD-linked immune function and inflammatory responses. We observed suggestive evidence for a small number of tissue-specific associations and disease-specific ileal associations in ileum, though larger studies will be needed to confirm these results.

ConclusionThe vast majority of blood derived mQTLs are commonly shared across individuals. However, we have identified a subset of such, which may be involved in processes related to CD. Independent cohort studies will be required to validate these findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somineni, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartrinli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyams, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellermayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugathasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conneely, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylation Quantitative Trait Loci are Largely Consistent across Disease States in Crohns disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adherent cell remodeling on micropatterns is modulated by Piezo1 channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherent cells utilize local environmental cues to make decisions on their growth and movement. We have previously shown that HEK293 cells grown on the fibronectin stripe patterns were elongated. Here we show that Piezo1 function is involved in cell spreading. Inhibiting the Rho-ROCK pathway also reversibly inhibited cell extension indicating that myosin contractility is involved. Piezo1 expressing HEK cells plated on fibronectin stripes elongated, while a knockout of Piezo1 eliminated elongation. Inhibiting Piezo1 conductance using GsMTx4 or Gd3+ blocked cell spreading, but the cells grew thin tail-like extensions along the patterns. Images of GFP-tagged Piezo1 showed plaques of Piezo1 moving to the extrusion edges, co-localized with focal adhesions. Surprisingly, in non-spreading cells Piezo1 was located primarily on the nuclear envelope. The growth of thin extrusion tails did not occur in Piezo1 knockout cells suggesting that Piezo1 may have functions besides acting as a cation channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jetta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munechika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adherent cell remodeling on micropatterns is modulated by Piezo1 channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.399725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial heterogeneity of glioblastoma cells reveals sensitivity to NAD+ depletion at tumor edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.399725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even after total resection of glioblastoma core lesions by surgery and aggressive post-surgical treatments, life-threatening tumors inevitably recur. A characteristic obstacle in effective treatment is high intratumoral heterogeneity, both longitudinally and spatially. Recurrence occurs predominantly at the brain parenchyma-tumor core interface, a region termed tumor edge. Given the difficulty of accessing it surgically, the composition of the tumor edge, harboring both cancerous and non-cancerous cells, remains largely unknown. Here, to identify phenotypic diversity among heterogeneous glioblastoma core and edge lesions, we uncovered the existence of three phenotypically-distinct clonal subpopulations within individual tumors from glioblastoma patients. Clones from the tumor core shared the same phenotype, exclusively generating tumor-core cells. In contrast, two distinct clonal subtypes were identified at the tumor edge: one generated only edge-lesion cells and the other expanded more broadly to establish both edge- and core-lesions. Using multiple xenograft experimental models in mouse brains, tumor edge development was found to require that both somatic and tumor cells express the NADase CD38, combinedly elevating glioblastoma malignancy. In vitro data suggested that intracellular NADase activity at the edge was provoked through intercellular communication between edge clones and normal astrocytes. Systemic treatment of tumor-bearing mice with 78c, a small-molecule CD38 inhibitor, attenuated the formation of glioblastoma edge lesions, suggesting its clinical potential to pharmacologically eliminate tumor-edge lesions. Collectively, these findings provide novel phenotypic and mechanistic insights into clonal heterogeneity within glioblastoma, particularly in the surgically unresectable, currently understudied tumor edge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanary, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirota, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunieda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorospe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamboni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.399725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial heterogeneity of glioblastoma cells reveals sensitivity to NAD+ depletion at tumor edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of human synovial fluid from osteoarthritis patients and healthy individuals on lymphatic contractility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lymphatic system has been proposed to play a crucial role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The synovial fluid (SF) of arthritic joints contains mediators of the inflammatory response and products of the injury to articular tissues, while lymphatic system plays a critical role in resolving inflammation and overall joint homeostasis. Despite the importance of both the lymphatic system and SF in OA disease, their relationship is still poorly understood. Here, we utilized SF derived from osteoarthritis patients (OASF) and healthy individuals (HSF) to investigate potential effects of SF on migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in vitro, and lymphatic contractility of femoral lymphatic vessels (LVs) ex vivo. Both OASF and HSF treatments led to an increased migratory response in vitro compared to LECs treatment with media without serum. Ex vivo, both OASF and HSF treatments to the lumen of isolated LVs led to significant differences in the tonic and phasic contractions and these observations were dependent on the SF treatment time. Specifically, OASF treatment transiently enhanced the RFLVs tonic contractions. Regarding the phasic contractions, OASF generated either an abrupt reduction after 1 hr of treatment or a complete cease of contractions after an overnight treatment, while HSF treatment displayed a gradual decrease in lymphatic contractility. The observed variations after SF treatments suggest that the pump function of lymphatic vessel draining the joint could be directly compromised in OA and thus might present a new therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michalaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepiyushchikh, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of human synovial fluid from osteoarthritis patients and healthy individuals on lymphatic contractility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Budding Yeast Model for Human Disease Mutations in the EXOSC2 Cap Subunit of the RNA Exosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA exosomopathies, a growing family of tissue-specific diseases, are linked to missense mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of the conserved 10-subunit exoribonuclease complex, the RNA exosome. Such mutations in the cap subunit gene EXOSC2 cause the novel syndrome SHRF (Short stature, Hearing loss, Retinitis pigmentosa and distinctive Facies). In contrast, exosomopathy mutations in the cap subunit gene EXOSC3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1b (PCH1b). Though having strikingly different disease pathologies, EXOSC2 and EXOSC3 exosomopathy mutations result in amino acid substitutions in similar, conserved domains of the cap subunits, suggesting that these exosomopathy mutations have distinct consequences for RNA exosome function. We generated the first in vivo model of the SHRF pathogenic amino acid substitutions using budding yeast by introducing the EXOSC2 mutations in the orthologous S. cerevisiae gene RRP4. The resulting rrp4 mutant cells have defects in cell growth and RNA exosome function. We detect significant transcriptomic changes in both coding and non-coding RNAs in the rrp4 variant, rrp4-G226D, which models EXOSC2 p.Gly198Asp. Comparing this rrp4-G226D mutant to the previously studied S. cerevisiae model of EXOSC3 PCH1b mutation, rrp40-W195R, reveals that these mutants have disparate effects on certain RNA targets, providing the first evidence for different mechanistic consequences of these exosomopathy mutations. Congruently, we detect specific negative genetic interactions between RNA exosome cofactor mutants and rrp4-G226D but not rrp40-W195R. These data provide insight into how SHRF mutations could alter the function of the RNA exosome and allow the first direct comparison of exosomopathy mutations that cause distinct pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sterrett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enyenihi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassler, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrai, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hoof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasken, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Budding Yeast Model for Human Disease Mutations in the EXOSC2 Cap Subunit of the RNA Exosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.413781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hawkmoths use wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation for aerial recovery to vortex ring perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.413781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centimeter-scale fliers that combine wings with springy elements must contend with the high power requirements and mechanical constraints of flapping wing flight. Insects utilize elastic energy exchange to reduce the inertial costs of flapping wing flight and potentially match wingbeat frequencies to a mechanical resonance. Flying at resonance may be energetically favorable under steady conditions, but it is difficult to modulate the frequency of a resonant system. Evidence suggests that insects utilize frequency modulation over long time scales to adjust aerodynamic forces, but it remains an open question the extent to which insects can modulate frequency on the wingstroke-to-wingstroke timescale. If wingbeat frequencies deviate from resonance, the musculature must work against the elastic flight system, thereby potentially increasing energetic costs. To assess how insects address the simultaneous needs for power and control, we tested the capacity for wingstroke-to-wingstroke wingbeat frequency modulation by perturbing free hovering Manduca sexta with vortex rings while recording high-speed video at 2000 fps. Because hawkmoth flight muscles are synchronous, there is at least the potential for the nervous system to modulate frequency on each wingstroke. We observed {+/-} 16% wingbeat frequency modulation in just a few wing strokes. Via instantaneous phase analysis of wing kinematics, we found that over 85% of perturbation responses required active changes in motor input frequency. Unlike their robotic counterparts that explicitly abdicate frequency modulation in favor of energy efficiency, we find that wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation is an underappreciated control strategies that complements other strategies for maneuverability and stability in insect flight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemilere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LDS-VIP FM subteam,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.413781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hawkmoths use wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation for aerial recovery to vortex ring perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-based urinary biomarkers of response and resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has transformed cancer treatment, yet most patients do not derive clinical benefit and responders can acquire resistance to therapy. Noninvasive biomarkers are needed to indicate early on-treatment response and resistance mechanisms. Here we developed ImmuNe Sensors for monItorinG cHeckpoint blockade Therapy (INSIGHT), which comprises a library of mass-barcoded peptide substrates conjugated to PD1 antibodies, as therapeutic sensors. Following systemic administration, INSIGHT carries out the dual role of reinvigorating T cell function and profiling T cell and tumor proteases by the release of cleaved peptides into urine for noninvasive detection by mass spectrometry. We show that an PD1 therapeutic sensor for Granzyme B discriminates early treatment responses before tumor volumes significantly diverge from isotype controls in murine models of colorectal cancer. To differentiate mechanisms of resistance by multivariate analysis, we design a mass-barcoded, 14-plex INSIGHT library to profile proteases differentially expressed by tumors harboring B2m or Jak1 loss-of-function mutations. We find that binary classifiers trained on urine samples indicate response to PD-1 therapy as early as the start of the second dose, and discriminate B2m from Jak1 resistance with high sensitivity and specificity (AUROCs > 0.9). Our data supports the use of activity-based biomarkers for early on-treatment response assessment and classification of refractory tumors based on resistance mechanisms.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mac, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuengkham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stentz, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-based urinary biomarkers of response and resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propagating patterns of intrinsic activity along macroscale gradients coordinate functional connections across the whole brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsic activity of the human brain, observed with resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) and functional connectivity, exhibits macroscale spatial organization such as resting-state networks (RSNs) and functional connectivity gradients (FCGs). Dynamic analysis techniques have shown that the time-averaged maps captured by functional connectivity are mere summaries of time-varying patterns with distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. A better understanding of these patterns might provide insight into aspects of the brains intrinsic activity that cannot be inferred by functional connectivity, RSNs or FCGs. Here, we describe three spatiotemporal patterns of coordinated activity across the whole brain obtained by averaging similar ~20-second-long segments of rsfMRI timeseries. In each of these patterns, activity propagates along a particular macroscale FCG, simultaneously across the cortical sheet and in most other brain regions. In some areas, like the thalamus, the propagation suggests previously-undescribed FCGs. The coordinated activity across areas is consistent with known tract-based connections, and nuanced differences in the timing of peak activity between brain regions point to plausible driving mechanisms. The magnitude of correlation within and particularly between RSNs is remarkably diminished when these patterns are regressed from the rsfMRI timeseries, a quantitative demonstration of their significant role in functional connectivity. Taken together, our results suggest that a few recurring patterns of propagating intrinsic activity along macroscale gradients give rise to and coordinate functional connections across the whole brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.422071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propagating patterns of intrinsic activity along macroscale gradients coordinate functional connections across the whole brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPeatlands are expected to experience sustained yet fluctuating higher temperatures due to climate change, leading to increased microbial activity and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite mounting evidence for viral contributions to these processes in peatlands underlain with permafrost, little is known about viruses in other peatlands. More generally, soil viral biogeography and its potential drivers are poorly understood at both local and global scales. Here, 87 metagenomes and five viral size-fraction metagenomes (viromes) from a boreal peatland in northern Minnesota (the SPRUCE whole-ecosystem warming experiment and surrounding bog) were analyzed for dsDNA viral community ecological patterns, and the recovered viral populations (vOTUs) were compared to our curated PIGEON database of 266,805 vOTUs from diverse ecosystems.

ResultsWithin the SPRUCE experiment, viral community composition was significantly correlated with peat depth, water content, and carbon chemistry, including CH4 and CO2 concentrations, but not with temperature during the first two years of warming treatments. Peat vOTUs with aquatic-like signatures (shared predicted protein content with marine and/or freshwater vOTUs) were significantly enriched in more waterlogged surface peat depths. Predicted host ranges for SPRUCE vOTUs were relatively narrow, generally within a single bacterial genus. Of the 4,326 SPRUCE vOTUs, 164 were previously detected in other soils, mostly peatlands. None of the previously identified 202,372 marine and freshwater vOTUs in our PIGEON database were detected in SPRUCE peat, but 1.9% of 78,203 genus-level viral clusters (VCs) were shared between soil and aquatic environments. On a per-sample basis, vOTU recovery was 32 times higher from viromes compared to total metagenomes.

ConclusionsResults suggest strong viral "species" boundaries between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to some extent between peat and other soils, with differences less pronounced at the "genus" level. The significant enrichment of aquatic-like vOTUs in more waterlogged peat suggests that viruses may also exhibit niche partitioning on more local scales. These patterns are presumably driven in part by host ecology, consistent with the predicted narrow host ranges. Although more samples and increased sequencing depth improved vOTU recovery from total metagenomes, the substantially higher per-sample vOTU recovery after viral particle enrichment highlights the utility of soil viromics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ter Horst, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Medellin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinke, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trubl, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Control of Noise in Mammalian Gene Expression by Dynamic Histone Regulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuation ( noise) in gene expression is critical for mammalian cellular processes. Numerous mechanisms contribute to its origins, yet large noises induced by single transcriptional activator species remain to be experimentally understood. Here, we combined the dynamic regulation of transcriptional activator binding, histone regulator inhibitors, and single-cell quantification of chromatin accessibility, mRNA, and protein to probe putative mechanisms. Using a light-induced expression system, we show that the transcriptional activator forms a positive feedback loop with histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300. It generates epigenetic bistability in H3K27ac, which contributes to large noise. Disable of the positive feedback loop by CBP/p300 and HDAC4/5 inhibitors also reduces heterogeneity in endogenous genes, suggesting a universal mechanism. We showed that the noise was reduced by pulse-wide modulation of transcriptional activator binding due to alternating the system between high and low monostable states. Our findings could provide a mechanism-based approach to modulate noise in synthetic and endogenous gene expressions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.20.423693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Control of Noise in Mammalian Gene Expression by Dynamic Histone Regulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although visual processing impairments have been explored in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying neurobiology of the visual processing impairments has not been widely studied. Also, while some research has hinted at differences in information transfer and flow in SZ, there are few investigations of the dynamics of functional connectivity within visual networks. In this study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data of the visual sensory network (VSN) in 160 healthy control (HC) subjects and 151 SZ subjects. We estimated 9 independent components within the VSN. Then, we calculated the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) using the Pearson correlation. Next, using k-means clustering, we partitioned the dFNCs into five distinct states, and then we calculated the portion of time each subject spent in each state, that we termed the occupancy rate (OCR). Using OCR, we compared HC with SZ subjects and investigated the link between OCR and visual learning in SZ subjects. Besides, we compared the VSN functional connectivity of SZ and HC subjects in each state. We found that this network is indeed highly dynamic. Each state represents a unique connectivity pattern of fluctuations in VSN FNC, and all states showed significant disruption in SZ. Overall, HC showed stronger connectivity within the VSN in states. SZ subjects spent more time in a state in which the connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions of VNS is highly negative. Besides, OCR in a state with strong positive connectivity between middle temporal gyrus and other regions correlated significantly with visual learning scores in SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted dynamic functional network connectivity among cognitive control networks in the progression of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlzheimers disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia that promotes a decline in memory, thinking, and social skills. The initial stages of dementia can be associated with mild symptoms, and symptom progression to a more severe state is heterogeneous across patients. Recent work has demonstrated the potential for functional network mapping to assist in the prediction of symptomatic progression. However, this work has primarily used static functional connectivity (sFC) from rs-fMRI. Recently, dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) has been recognized as a powerful advance in functional connectivity methodology to differentiate brain network dynamics between healthy and diseased populations.

MethodsGroup independent component analysis was applied to extract 17 components within the cognitive control network (CCN) from 1385 individuals across varying stages of AD symptomology. We estimated dFC among 17 components within the CCN, followed by clustering the dFCs into 3 recurring brain states and then estimated a hidden Markov model and the occupancy rate for each subject. Finally, we investigated the link between CCN dFC connectivity features with AD progression.

ResultsProgression of AD symptoms were associated with increases in connectivity within the middle frontal gyrus. Also, the AD with mild and severer symptoms showed less connectivity within the inferior parietal lobule and between this region with the rest of CCN. Finally, comparing with mild dementia, we found that the normal brain spends significantly more time in a state with lower within middle frontal gyrus connectivity and higher connectivity between the hippocampus and the rest of CCN, highlighting the importance of assessing the dynamics of brain connectivity in this disease.

ConclusionOur results suggest that AD progress not only alters the CCN connectivity strength but also changes the temporal properties in this brain network. This suggests the temporal and spatial pattern of CCN as a biomarker that differentiates different stages of AD.

Impact StatementBy assuming that functional connectivity is static over time, many of previous studies have ignored the brain dynamic in Alzheimers disease progression. Here, a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data are used to explore the temporal changes of functional connectivity in the cognitive control network in Alzheimers disease progression. The result of this study would increase our understanding about the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimers Disease and help in finding future treatment of this neurological disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zendehrouh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted dynamic functional network connectivity among cognitive control networks in the progression of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network in Schizophrenia and Links to Symptom Severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSchizophrenia affects around 1% of the global population. Functional connectivity extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has previously been used to study schizophrenia and has great potential to provide novel insights into the disorder. Some studies have shown abnormal functional connectivity in the default mode network of individuals with schizophrenia, and more recent studies have shown abnormal dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in individuals with schizophrenia. However, DMN dFC and the link between abnormal DMN dFC and symptom severity have not been well characterized.

MethodResting-state fMRI data from subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC) across two datasets were analyzed independently. We captured seven maximally independent subnodes in the DMN by applying group independent component analysis and estimated dFC between subnode time courses using a sliding window approach. A clustering method separated the dFCs into five reoccurring brain states. A feature selection method modeled the difference between SZs and HCs using the state-specific FC features. Finally, we used the transition probability of a hidden Markov model to characterize the link between symptom severity and dFC in SZ subjects.

ResultsWe found decreases in the connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increases in the connectivity between the precuneus (PCu) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) (i.e., PCu/PCC) of SZ subjects. In SZ, the transition probability from a state with weaker PCu/PCC and stronger ACC connectivity to a state with stronger PCu/PCC and weaker ACC connectivity increased with symptom severity.

ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate DMN dFC and its link to schizophrenia symptom severity. We identified reproducible neural states in a data-driven manner and demonstrated that the strength of connectivity within those states differed between SZs and HCs. Additionally, we identified a relationship between SZ symptom severity and the dynamics of DMN functional connectivity. We validated our results across two datasets. These results support the potential of dFC for use as a biomarker of schizophrenia and shed new light upon the relationship between schizophrenia and DMN dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zendehrouh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.425152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network in Schizophrenia and Links to Symptom Severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel approach to the empirical characterization of learning in biological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to execute precise, yet complex, motor actions through practice is a trait shared by most organisms. Here we develop a novel experimental approach for the comprehensive investigation and characterization of the learning dynamics of practiced motion. Following the dynamical systems framework, we consider a high-dimensional behavioral space in which a trial-by-trial sequence of motor outputs defines a trajectory that converges to a fixed point - the desired motor output. In this scenario, details of the internal dynamics and the trial-by-trial learning mechanism cannot be disentangled from behavioral noise for nonlinear systems or even well estimated for linear systems with many parameters. To overcome this problem, we introduce a novel approach: the sporadic application of systematic target perturbations that span the behavioral space and allow us to estimate the linearized dynamics in the vicinity of the fixed point. The steady-state Lyapunov equation then allows us to identify the noise covariance. We illustrate the method by analyzing sequence-generating neural networks with either intrinsic or extrinsic noise, at time resolutions that span from spike timing to spiking rates. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in experimentally plausible and realizable settings and show that this method can fully characterize the linearized between-trials learning dynamics as well as extract meaningful internal properties of the unknown mechanism that drives the motor output within each trial. We then illustrate how the approach can be extended to nonlinear learning dynamics through a flexible choice of the basis and magnitude of perturbations.

Significance statementMovement control ties brain activity to measurable external actions in real time, providing a useful tool for both neuroscientists interested in the emergence of stable behavior and biomedical engineers interested in the design of neural prosthesis and brain-machine interfaces. We approach the question of motor skill learning by introducing artificial errors through a novel perturbative scheme amenable to analytic examination in the linearized regime close to the desired behavior. Numerical simulations then demonstrate how to probe the learning dynamics in both linear and nonlinear systems. These findings stress the usefulness of analyzing responses to deliberately induced errors and the importance of properly designing such perturbation experiments. Our approach provides a novel generic tool for monitoring the acquisition of motor skills.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvitanovic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solla, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel approach to the empirical characterization of learning in biological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VeloSim: Simulating single cell gene-expression and RNA velocity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of high throughput single-cell RNA-Sequencing data allows researchers to study the molecular mechanisms that drive the temporal dynamics of cells during differentiation or development. Recent computational methods that build upon single-cell sequencing technology, such as trajectory inference or RNA-velocity estimation, provide a way for researchers to analyze the state of each cell during a continuous dynamic process. However, with the surge of such computational methods, there is still a lack of simulators that can model the cell temporal dynamics, and provide ground truth data to benchmark the computational methods.

Hereby we present VeloSim, a simulation software that can simulate the gene-expression kinetics in cells along continuous trajectories. VeloSim is able to take any trajectory structure composed of basic elements including "linear" and "cycle" as input, and outputs unspliced mRNA count matrix, spliced mRNA count matrix, cell pseudo-time and true RNA velocity of the cells. We demonstrate how VeloSim can be used to benchmark trajectory inference and RNA-velocity estimation methods with different amounts of biological and technical variation within the datasets. VeloSim is implemented into an R package available at https://github.com/PeterZZQ/VeloSim.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VeloSim: Simulating single cell gene-expression and RNA velocity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periplasm homeostatic regulation maintains spatial constraints essential for cell envelope processes and cell viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria consists of two membranes surrounding a periplasm and peptidoglycan layer. Molecular machines spanning the cell envelope depend on spatial constraints and load-bearing forces across the cell envelope and surface. The mechanisms dictating spatial constraints across the cell envelope remain incompletely defined. In Escherichia coli, the coiled-coil lipoprotein Lpp contributes the only covalent linkage between the outer membrane and the underlying peptidoglycan layer. Using proteomics, molecular dynamics and a synthetic lethal screen we show that lengthening Lpp to the upper limit does not change the spatial constraint, but rather impacts the load-bearing capacity across the outer membrane. Our findings demonstrate E. coli expressing elongated Lpp homeostatically counteracts periplasmic enlargement with a combination of tilting Lpp and reducing Lpp abundance. By genetic screening we identified all of the genes in E. coli that become essential in order to enact this homeostasis, and by quantitative proteomics discovered that very few proteins need to be up- or down-regulated in steady-state levels in order to enact this homeostasis. We observed increased levels of factors determining cell stiffness, decrease membrane integrity, increase membrane vesiculation and a dependance on otherwise non-essential tethers to maintain lipid transport and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Further this has implications for understanding how spatial constraint across the envelope controls processes such as flagellum-driven motility, cellular signaling and protein translocation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubenrauch, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schittenhelm, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periplasm homeostatic regulation maintains spatial constraints essential for cell envelope processes and cell viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large-scale neural network training framework for generalized estimation of single-trial population dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technical advances have enabled recording of increasingly large populations of neural activity, even during natural, unstructured behavior. Deep sequential autoencoders are the current state-of-the-art for uncovering dynamics from these datasets. However, these highly complex models include many non-trainable hyperparameters (HPs) that are typically hand tuned with reference to supervisory information (e.g., behavioral data). This process is cumbersome and time consuming and biases model selection toward models with good representations of individual supervisory variables. Additionally, it cannot be applied to cognitive areas or unstructured tasks for which supervisory information is unavailable. Here we demonstrate AutoLFADS, an automated model-tuning framework that can characterize dynamics using only neural data, without the need for supervisory information. This enables inference of dynamics out-of-the-box in diverse brain areas and behaviors, which we demonstrate on several datasets: motor cortex during free-paced reaching, somatosensory cortex during reaching with perturbations, and dorsomedial frontal cortex during cognitive timing tasks. We also provide a cloud software package and comprehensive tutorials that enable new users to apply the method without dedicated computing resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshtkaran, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedler, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large-scale neural network training framework for generalized estimation of single-trial population dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell surface hydrophobicity determines Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregate assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria live in spatially organized aggregates during chronic infections, where they adapt to the host environment, evade immune responses and resist therapeutic interventions. Although it is known that environmental factors such as polymers influence bacterial aggregation, it is not clear how bacterial adaptation during chronic infection impacts the formation and spatial organization of aggregates in the presence of polymers. Here we show that in an in vitro model of cystic fibrosis (CF) containing the polymers eDNA and mucin, O-specific antigen is a major factor in determining the formation of two distinct aggregate assembly types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to alterations in cell surface hydrophobicity. Our findings suggest that during chronic infection, interplay between cell surface properties and polymers in the environment may influence the formation and structure of bacterial aggregates, which would shed new light on the fitness costs and benefits of O-antigen production in environments such as CF lungs.

ImportanceDuring chronic infection, several factors contribute to the biogeography of microbial communities. Heterogeneous populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa form aggregates in cystic fibrosis airways, however, the impact of this population heterogeneity on spatial organization and aggregate assembly is not well understood. In this study we found that changes in O-specific antigen determine the spatial organization of P. aeruginosa cells by altering the relative cell surface hydrophobicity. This finding suggests a role for O-antigen in regulating P. aeruginosa aggregate size and shape in cystic fibrosis airways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell surface hydrophobicity determines Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregate assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representation learning for neural population activity with Neural Data Transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural population activity is theorized to reflect an underlying dynamical structure. This structure can be accurately captured using state space models with explicit dynamics, such as those based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs). However, using recurrence to explicitly model dynamics necessitates sequential processing of data, slowing real-time applications such as brain-computer interfaces. Here we introduce the Neural Data Transformer (NDT), a non-recurrent alternative. We test the NDTs ability to capture autonomous dynamical systems by applying it to synthetic datasets with known dynamics and data from monkey motor cortex during a reaching task well-modeled by RNNs. The NDT models these datasets as well as state-of-the-art recurrent models. Further, its non-recurrence enables 3.9ms inference, well within the loop time of real-time applications and more than 6 times faster than recurrent baselines on the monkey reaching dataset. These results suggest that an explicit dynamics model is not necessary to model autonomous neural population dynamics.

Codegithub.com/snel-repo/neural-data-transformers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.426955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representation learning for neural population activity with Neural Data Transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAStructViz: Graphical base pairing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWe present a new graphical tool for RNA secondary structure analysis. The central feature is the ability to visually compare/contrast up to three base pairing configurations for a given sequence in a compact, standardized circular arc diagram layout. This is complemented by a built-in CT-style file viewer and radial layout substructure viewer which are directly linked to the arc diagram window via the zoom selection tool. Additional functionality includes the computation of some numerical information, and the ability to export images and data for later use. This tool should be of use to researchers seeking to better understand similarities and differences between structural alternatives for an RNA sequence.

Availability and implementationhttps://github.com/gtDMMB/RNAStructViz/wiki

Author contactsmschmidt34@gatech.edu, akirkpatrick3@gatech.edu, and heitsch@math.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitsch, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAStructViz: Graphical base pairing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PrismExp: Predicting Human Gene Function by Partitioning Massive RNA-seq Co-expression Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene co-expression correlations from mRNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) can be used to predict gene function based on the covariance structure that exists within such data. In the past, we showed that RNA-seq co-expression data is highly predictive of gene function and protein-protein interactions. We demonstrated that the performance of such predictions is dependent on the source of the gene expression data. Furthermore, since genes function in different cellular contexts, predictions derived from tissue-specific gene co-expression data outperform predictions derived from cross-tissue gene co-expression data. However, the identification of the optimal tissue type to maximize gene function predictions for all mammalian genes is not trivial. Here we introduce and validate an approach we term Partitioning RNA-seq data Into Segments for Massive co-EXpression-based gene function Predictions (PrismExp), for improved gene function prediction based on RNA-seq co-expression data. With coexpression data from ARCHS4, we apply PrismExp to predict a wide variety of gene functions, including pathway membership, phenotypic associations, and protein-protein interactions. PrismExp outperforms the cross-tissue co-expression correlation matrix approach on all tested domains. Hence, PrismExp can enhance machine learning methods that utilize RNA-seq coexpression correlations to impute knowledge about understudied genes and proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lachmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma'ayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PrismExp: Predicting Human Gene Function by Partitioning Massive RNA-seq Co-expression Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Trajectories in Resting-state FMRI Revealed by Convolutional Variational Autoencoder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent resting-state fMRI studies have shown that brain activity exhibits temporal variations in functional connectivity by using various approaches including sliding window correlation, co-activation patterns, independent component analysis, quasi-periodic patterns, and hidden Markov models. These methods often model the brain activity as a discretized hopping among several brain states that are defined by the spatial configurations of network activity. However, the discretized states are merely a simplification of what is likely to be a continuous process, where each network evolves over time following its unique path. To model these characteristic spatiotemporal trajectories, we trained a variational autoencoder using rs-fMRI data and evaluated the spatiotemporal features of the latent variables obtained from the trained networks. Our results suggest that there are a relatively small number of approximately orthogonal whole-brain spatiotemporal patterns that capture the most prominent features of rs-fMRI data, which can serve as the building blocks to construct all possible spatiotemporal dynamics in resting state fMRI. These spatiotemporal patterns provide insight into how activity flows across the brain in concordance with known network structures and functional connectivity gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltbie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Trajectories in Resting-state FMRI Revealed by Convolutional Variational Autoencoder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning to extract muscle fascicle length changes from dynamic ultrasound images in real-time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and objectiveDynamic muscle fascicle length measurements through B-mode ultrasound have become popular for the non-invasive physiological insights they provide regarding musculoskeletal structure-function. However, current practices typically require time consuming post-processing to track muscle length changes from B-mode images. A real-time measurement tool would not only save processing time but would also help pave the way toward closed-loop applications based on feedback signals driven by in vivo muscle length change patterns. In this paper, we benchmark an approach that combines traditional machine learning (ML) models with B-mode ultrasound recordings to obtain muscle fascicle length changes in real-time. To gauge the utility of this framework for  in-the-loop applications, we evaluate accuracy of the extracted muscle length change signals against time-series derived from a standard, post-hoc automated tracking algorithm.

MethodsWe collected B-mode ultrasound data from the soleus muscle of six participants performing five defined ankle motion tasks: (a) seated, constrained ankle plantarflexion, (b) seated, free ankle dorsi/plantarflexion, (c) weight-bearing, calf raises (d) walking, and then a (e) mix. We trained machine learning (ML) models by pairing muscle fascicle lengths obtained from standardized automated tracking software (UltraTrack) with the respective B-mode ultrasound image input to the tracker, frame-by-frame. Then we conducted hyperparameter optimizations for five different ML models using a grid search to find the best performing parameters for a combination of high correlation and low RMSE between ML and UltraTrack processed muscle fascicle length trajectories. Finally, using the global best model/hyperparameter settings, we comprehensively evaluated training-testing outcomes within subject (i.e., train and test on same subject), cross subject (i.e., train on one subject, test on another) and within/direct cross task (i.e., train and test on same subject, but different task).

ResultsSupport vector machine (SVM) was the best performing model with an average r = 0.70 {+/-}0.34 and average RMSE = 2.86 {+/-}2.55 mm across all direct training conditions and average r = 0.65 {+/-}0.35 and average RMSE = 3.28 {+/-}2.64 mm when optimized for all cross-participant conditions. Comparisons between ML vs. UltraTrack (i.e., ground truth) tracked muscle fascicle length versus time data indicated that ML tracked images reliably capture the salient qualitative features in ground truth length change data, even when correlation values are on the lower end. Furthermore, in the direct training, calf raises condition, which is most comparable to previous studies validating automated tracking performance during isolated contractions on a dynamometer, our ML approach yielded 0.90 average correlation, in line with other accepted tracking methods in the field.

ConclusionsBy combining B-mode ultrasound and classical ML models, we demonstrate it is possible to achieve real-time tracking of human soleus muscle fascicles across a number of functionally relevant contractile conditions. This novel sensing modality paves the way for muscle physiology in-the-loop applications that could be used to modify gait via biofeedback or unlock novel wearable device control techniques that could enable restored or augmented locomotion performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosa, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inan, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning to extract muscle fascicle length changes from dynamic ultrasound images in real-time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating novel protein sequences using Gibbs sampling of masked language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently developed language models (LMs) based on deep neural networks have demonstrated the ability to generate fluent natural language text. LMs pre-trained on protein sequences have shown state of the art performance on a variety of downstream tasks. Protein LMs have also been used to generate novel protein sequences. In the present work we use Gibbs sampling of BERT-style LMs, pre-trained on protein sequences using the masked language modeling task, to generate novel protein sequences. We evaluate the quality of the generated sequences by comparing them to natural sequences from the same family. In particular, we focus on proteins from the chorismate mutase type II family, which has been used in previous work as an example target for protein generative models. We find that the Gibbs sampling process on BERT-style models pretrained on millions to billions of protein sequences is able to generate novel sequences that retain key features of related natural sequences. Further, we find that smaller models fine-tuned or trained from scratch on family-specific data are able to equal or surpass the generation quality of large pre-trained models by some metrics. The ability to generate novel natural-like protein sequences could contribute to the development of improved protein therapeutics and protein-catalysts for industrial chemical production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating novel protein sequences using Gibbs sampling of masked language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Behavior and the Role of Primary Somatosensory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral experience and flexibility are crucial for survival in a constantly changing environment. Despite evolutionary pressures to develop adaptive behavioral strategies in a dynamically changing sensory landscape, the underlying neural correlates have not been well explored. Here, we use genetically encoded voltage imaging to measure signals in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) during sensory learning and behavioral adaptation in the mouse. In response to changing stimulus statistics, mice adopt a strategy that modifies their detection behavior in a context dependent manner as to maintain reward expectation. Surprisingly, neuronal activity in S1 shifts from simply representing stimulus properties to transducing signals necessary for adaptive behavior in an experience dependent manner. Our results suggest that neuronal signals in S1 are part of an adaptive framework that facilitates flexible behavior as individuals gain experience, which could be part of a general scheme that dynamically distributes the neural correlates of behavior during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waiblinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Behavior and the Role of Primary Somatosensory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Antigen-Presenting Cells for Adoptive T Cell Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive T cell therapies are transforming the treatment of solid and liquid tumors, yet their widespread adoption is limited in part by the challenge of generating functional cells. T cell activation and expansion using conventional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is unreliable due to the variable quality of donor-derived APCs. As a result, engineered approaches using nanomaterials presenting T cell activation signals are a promising alternative due to their ability to be robustly manufactured with precise control over stimulation cues. In this work, we design synthetic APCs that consist of liposomes surface-functionalized with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Synthetic APCs selectively target and activate antigen-specific T cell populations to levels similar to conventional protocols using non-specific CD3 and CD28 antibodies without the need for costimulation signals. T cells treated with synthetic APCs produce effector cytokines and demonstrate cytotoxic activity when co-cultured with tumor cells presenting target antigen in vitro. Following adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing mice, activated cells control tumor growth and improve overall survival compared to untreated mice. Synthetic APCs could potentially be used in the future to improve the accessibility of adoptive T cell therapies by removing the need for conventional APCs during manufacturing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahotre, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Antigen-Presenting Cells for Adoptive T Cell Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Undulation Aids Biological and Robotic Earthworm Anchoring and Locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) are characterized by soft, highly flexible and extensible bodies, and are capable of locomoting in most terrestrial environments. Previous studies of earthworm movement have focused on the use of retrograde peristaltic gaits in which controlled contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles results in waves of shortening/thickening and thinning/lengthening of the hydrostatic skeleton. These waves can propel the animal across ground as well as into soil. However, worms can also benefit from axial body bends during locomotion. Such lateral undulation dynamics can aid locomotor function via hooking/anchoring (to provide propulsion), modify travel orientation (to avoid obstacles and generate turns) and even generate snake-like undulatory locomotion in environments where peristaltic locomotion results in poor performance. To the best of our knowledge, the important aspects of locomotion associated with the lateral undulation of an earthworm body are yet to be systematically investigated. In this study, we observed that within confined environments, the worm uses lateral undulation to anchor its body to the walls of their burrows and tip (nose) bending to search the environment. This relatively simple locomotion strategy drastically improved the performance of our soft bodied robophysical model of the earthworm both in a confined (in an acrylic tube) and above-ground heterogeneous environment (rigid pegs), where the peristaltic gait often fails. In summary, lateral undulation facilitates the mobility of earthworm locomotion in diverse environments and can play an important role in the creation of low cost soft robotic devices capable of traversing a variety of environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozkan-Aydin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers Ferrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Undulation Aids Biological and Robotic Earthworm Anchoring and Locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A variant selection framework for genome graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVariation graph representations are projected to either replace or supplement conventional single genome references due to their ability to capture population genetic diversity and reduce reference bias. Vast catalogues of genetic variants for many species now exist, and it is natural to ask which among these are crucial to circumvent reference bias during read mapping.

ResultsIn this work, we propose a novel mathematical framework for variant selection, by casting it in terms of minimizing variation graph size subject to preserving paths of length  with at most{delta} differences. This framework leads to a rich set of problems based on the types of variants (SNPs, indels), and whether the goal is to minimize the number of positions at which variants are listed or to minimize the total number of variants listed. We classify the computational complexity of these problems and provide efficient algorithms along with their software implementation when feasible. We empirically evaluate the magnitude of graph reduction achieved in human chromosome variation graphs using multiple  and{delta} parameter values corresponding to short and long-read resequencing characteristics. When our algorithm is run with parameter settings amenable to long-read mapping ( = 10 kbp,{delta} = 1000), 99.99% SNPs and 73% indel structural variants can be safely excluded from human chromosome 1 variation graph. The graph size reduction can benefit downstream pan-genome analysis.

Implementationhttps://github.com/at-cg/VF

Contactchirag@iisc.ac.in, neda.tavakoli@gatech.edu, aluru@cc.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A variant selection framework for genome graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockdown of Dnmt1 links Gene body DNA methylation to regulation of gene expression and maternal-zygotic transition in the wasp Nasonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene body methylation (GBM) is an ancestral aspect of DNA methylation (Sarda, Zeng, Hunt, & Yi, 2012; Yi, 2012; Zemach, McDaniel, Silva, & Zilberman, 2010) whose role in development has been obscured by the more prominent roles of promoter and CpG island methylation. The wasp Nasonia has little promoter and CpG island methylation, yet retains strong GBM (Park et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Werren et al., 2010), making it an excellent model for elucidating the role of GBM. Here we show that Nasonia DNA methyl transferase 1a (Nv-Dnmt1a) knockdown leads to failures in cellularization and gastrulation of the embryo. Both of these disrupted events are hallmarks of the maternal-zygotic transition (MZT) in insects. Analysis of the embryonic transcriptome and methylome revealed strong reduction of GBM and widespread disruption of gene expression during embryogenesis after Nv-Dnmt1a knockdown. There was a strong correlation between loss of GBM and reduced gene expression in thousands of methylated loci, while affected unmethylated genes tended to be upregulated. We propose that reduced GBM and subsequent lower expression levels of methylated genes was the direct effect of Nv-Dnmt1 knockdown, and that this disruption led to widespread downstream dysregulation of MZT, and manifesting in developmental failure at gastrulation.

Significance StatementThe importance of gene-body methylation (GBM) in development is unclear, due to the difficulty in teasing apart the effects of cis-regulatory methylation from those of GBM in vertebrate model systems. Unlike vertebrate models, the methylation machinery in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis appears to exclusively mediate GBM, thus simplifying interpretation of the role of GBM in development. Knockdown of DNMT1 (Nv-Dnmt1a) in Nasonia leads to embryonic lethality, which we show is caused by a failure of cellularization and gastrulation. Nv-Dnmt1a knockdown resulted in a global loss of GBM in the embryo, which was strongly correlated with a down-regulation of gene expression. We propose that GBM facilitated by Nv-Dnmt1a is required for proper zygotic genome activation in the wasp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockdown of Dnmt1 links Gene body DNA methylation to regulation of gene expression and maternal-zygotic transition in the wasp Nasonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving RNA branching predictions: advances and limitations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimum free energy prediction of RNA secondary structures is based on the Nearest Neighbor Thermodynamics Model. While such predictions are typically good, the accuracy can vary widely even for short sequences, and the branching thermodynamics are an important factor in this variance. Recently, the simplest model for multiloop energetics -- a linear function of the number of branches and unpaired nucleotides -- was found to be the best. Subsequently, a parametric analysis demonstrated that per family accuracy can be improved by changing the weightings in this linear function. However, the extent of improvement was not known due to the ad hoc method used to find the new parameters. Here we develop a branch-and-bound algorithm that finds the set of optimal parameters with the highest average accuracy for a given set of sequences. Our analysis shows that the previous ad hoc parameters are nearly optimal for tRNA and 5S rRNA sequences on both training and testing sets. Moreover, cross-family improvement is possible but more difficult because competing parameter regions favor different families. The results also indicate that restricting the unpaired nucleotide penalty to small values is warranted. This reduction makes analyzing longer sequences using the present techniques more feasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poznanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving RNA branching predictions: advances and limitations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning for robust and flexible tracking in behavioral studies for C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust and accurate behavioral tracking is essential for ethological studies. Common methods for tracking and extracting behavior rely on user adjusted heuristics that can significantly vary across different individuals, environments, and experimental conditions. As a result, they are difficult to implement in large-scale behavioral studies with complex, heterogenous environmental conditions. Recently developed deep-learning methods for object recognition such as Faster R-CNN have advantages in their speed, accuracy, and robustness. Here, we show that Faster R-CNN can be employed for identification and detection of Caenorhabditis elegans in a variety of life stages in complex environments. We applied the algorithm to track animal speeds during development, fecundity rates and spatial distribution in reproductive adults, and behavioral decline in aging populations. By doing so, we demonstrate the flexibility, speed, and scalability of Faster R-CNN across a variety of experimental conditions, illustrating its generalized use for future large-scale behavioral studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning for robust and flexible tracking in behavioral studies for C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relatively Shorter Muscle Lengths Increase the Metabolic Rate of Cyclic Force Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During animal locomotion, force-producing leg muscles are almost exclusively responsible for the whole-bodys metabolic energy expenditure. Animals can change the length of these leg muscles by altering body posture (e.g., joint angles), kinetics (e.g., body weight), or the structural properties of their biological tissues (e.g., tendon stiffness). Currently, it is uncertain whether relative muscle fascicle operating length has a measurable effect on the metabolic energy expenditure of cyclic locomotion-like contractions. To address this uncertainty, we measured the metabolic energy expenditure of human participants as they cyclically produce two distinct ankle moments at three separate ankle angles (90{degrees}, 105{degrees}, 120{degrees}) on a fixed-position dynamometer exclusively using their soleus. Overall, increasing participant ankle angle from 90{degrees} to 120{degrees} (more plantar flexion) reduced minimum soleus fascicle length by 17% (both moment levels, p<0.001) and increased metabolic energy expenditure by an average of 208% (both p<0.001). Across both moment levels, the increased metabolic energy expenditure was not driven by greater fascicle positive mechanical work (higher moment level, p=0.591), fascicle force rate (both p[&ge;]0.235), or active muscle volume (both p[&ge;]0.122); but it was correlated with average relative soleus fascicle length (r=-179, p=0.002) and activation (r=0.51, p<0.001). Therefore, the metabolic energy expended during locomotion can likely be reduced by lengthening active muscles that operate on the ascending-limb of their force-length relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relatively Shorter Muscle Lengths Increase the Metabolic Rate of Cyclic Force Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protocell Arrays for Simultaneous Detection of Diverse Analytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous detection of multiple analytes from a single sample (multiplexing), particularly when at the point of need, can guide complex decision-making without increasing the required sample volume or cost per test. Despite recent advances, multiplexing still typically faces the critical limitation of measuring only one type of molecule per assay platform - for example, only small molecules or only nucleic acids. In this work, we address this bottleneck with a customizable platform that integrates cell-free expression (CFE) with a polymer-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to produce membrane-less "protocells" containing transcription and translation machinery used for analyte detection. Multiple protocells are arrayed in microwells where each protocell droplet performs distinct reactions to detect chemically diverse targets including small molecules, minerals, and nucleic acid sequences, all from the same sample. We demonstrate that these protocell arrays can measure analytes in a human biofluid matrix, maintain function after lyophilization and rehydration, and produce visually interpretable readouts, illustrating its potential for application as a minimal-equipment, field-deployable, multi-analyte detection tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNerney, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protocell Arrays for Simultaneous Detection of Diverse Analytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The relationship between dynamic functional network connectivity and spatial orientation in healthy young adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial orientation is essential to interacting with a physical environment, and better understanding it could contribute to a better understanding of a variety of diseases and disorders that are characterized by deficits in spatial orientation. Many previous studies have focused on the relationship between spatial orientation and individual brain regions, though in recent years studies have begun to examine spatial orientation from a network perspective. This study analyzes dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) values extracted from over 800 resting-state fMRI recordings of healthy young adults (age 22-37 years) and applies unsupervised machine learning methods to identify neural brain states that occur across all subjects. We estimated the occupancy rate (OCR) for each subject, which was proportional to the amount of time that they spent in each state, and investigated the link between the OCR and spatial orientation and the state-specific FNC values and spatial orientation controlling for age and sex. Our findings showed that the amount of time subjects spent in a state characterized by increased connectivity within and between visual, auditory, and sensorimotor networks and within the default mode network while at rest corresponded to their performance on tests of spatial orientation. We also found that increased sensorimotor network connectivity in two of the identified states negatively correlated with decreased spatial orientation, further highlighting the relationship between the sensorimotor network and spatial orientation. This study provides insight into how the temporal properties of the functional brain connectivity within and between key brain networks may influence spatial orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The relationship between dynamic functional network connectivity and spatial orientation in healthy young adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Sites on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein are Susceptible to Proteolysis by Cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Proteases are central to the infection process of SARS-CoV-2. Cleavage of the spike protein on the viruss capsid causes the conformational change that leads to membrane fusion and viral entry into the target cell. Since inhibition of one protease, even the dominant protease like TMPRSS2, may not be sufficient to block SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, other proteases that may play an activating role and hydrolyze the spike protein must be identified. We identified amino acid sequences in all regions of spike protein, including the S1/S2 region critical for activation and viral entry, that are susceptible to cleavage by furin and cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V using PACMANS, a computational platform that identifies and ranks preferred sites of proteolytic cleavage on substrates, and verified with molecular docking analysis and immunoblotting to determine if binding of these proteases can occur on the spike protein that were identified as possible cleavage sites. Together, this study highlights cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V for consideration in SARS-CoV-2 infection and presents methodologies by which other proteases can be screened to determine a role in viral entry. This highlights additional proteases to be considered in COVID-19 studies, particularly regarding exacerbated damage in inflammatory preconditions where these proteases are generally upregulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bollavaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Sites on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein are Susceptible to Proteolysis by Cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency of quorum sensing mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate the expression of multiple genes necessary for establishing and maintaining infection. It has previously been shown that lasR QS mutations frequently arise in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections, however, there has been far less emphasis on determining whether other QS system mutations arise during infection or in other environments. To test this, we utilized 852 publicly available sequenced P. aeruginosa genomes from the Pseudomonas International Consortium Database (IPCD) to study P. aeruginosa QS mutational signatures. To study isolates by source, we focused on a subset of 654 isolates collected from CF, wounds, and non-infection environmental isolates, where we could clearly identify their source. We also worked a small collection of isolates in vitro to determine the impact of lasR and pqs mutations on isolate phenotypes. We found that lasR mutations are common across all environments and are not specific to infection nor a particular infection type. We also found that the pqs system proteins PqsA, PqsH, PqsL and MexT, a protein of increasing importance to the QS field, are highly variable. Conversely, RsaL, a negative transcriptional regulator of the las system, was found to be highly conserved, suggesting selective pressure to repress las system activity. Overall, our findings suggest that QS mutations in P. aeruginosa are common and not limited to the las system; however, LasR is unique in the frequency of putative loss-of-function mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency of quorum sensing mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes in twitchin kinase in vivo revealed by FRET imaging of freely moving C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The force-induced unfolding and refolding of proteins is speculated to be a key mechanism in the sensing and transduction of mechanical signals in the living cell. Yet, little evidence has been gathered for its existence in vivo. Prominently, stretch-induced unfolding is postulated to be the activation mechanism of the twitchin/titin family of autoinhibited sarcomeric kinases linked to the mechanical stress response of muscle. To test the occurrence of mechanical kinase activation in living working muscle, we generated transgenic C. elegans expressing twitchin containing FRET moieties flanking the kinase domain and developed a quantitative technique for extracting FRET signals in freely moving C. elegans, using tracking and simultaneous imaging of animals in three channels (donor fluorescence, acceptor fluorescence, and transmitted light). Computer vision algorithms were used to extract fluorescence signals and muscle contraction states in each frame, in order to obtain fluorescence and body curvature measurements with spatial and temporal precision in vivo. The data revealed statistically significant periodic changes in FRET signals during muscle activity, consistent with a periodic change in the conformation of twitchin kinase. We conclude that stretch-unfolding of twitchin kinase occurs in the active muscle, whereby mechanical activity titrates the signalling pathway of this cytoskeletal kinase. We anticipate that the methods we have developed here could be applied to obtaining in vivo evidence for force-induced conformational changes or elastic behavior of other proteins not only in C. elegans but in other animals in which there is optical transparency (e.g zebrafish).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadota, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayans, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benian, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes in twitchin kinase in vivo revealed by FRET imaging of freely moving C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sod1 Integrates Oxygen Availability to Redox Regulate NADPH Production and the Thiol Redoxome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a highly conserved and abundant antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies superoxide (O2-) by catalyzing its conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells, we discovered that a major new aspect of the antioxidant function of Sod1 is to integrate O2 availability to promote NADPH production. The mechanism involves Sod1-derived H2O2 oxidatively inactivating the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which in turn re-routes carbohydrate flux to the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) to generate NADPH. The aerobic oxidation of GAPDH is exclusively dependent on and rate-limited by Sod1. Thus, Sod1 senses O2 via O2- to balance glycolytic and oxPPP flux, through control of GAPDH activity, for adaptation to life in air. Importantly, this new mechanism for Sod1 antioxidant activity requires the bulk of cellular Sod1, unlike for its role in protection against O2- toxicity, which only requires < 1% of total Sod1. Using mass spectrometry, we identified proteome-wide targets of Sod1-dependent redox signaling, including numerous metabolic enzymes. Altogether, Sod1-derived H2O2 is important for antioxidant defense and a master regulator of metabolism and the thiol redoxome.

Significance StatementCu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a key antioxidant enzyme and its importance is underscored by the fact that its ablation in cell and animal models results in oxidative stress, metabolic defects, and reductions in cell proliferation, viability, and lifespan. Curiously, Sod1 detoxifies superoxide radicals (O2-) in a manner that produces an oxidant as a byproduct, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While much is known about the necessity of scavenging O2-, it is less clear what the physiological roles of Sod1-derived H2O2 are. Herein, we discovered that Sod1-derived H2O2 plays a very important role in antioxidant defense by stimulating the production of NADPH, a vital cellular reductant required for ROS scavenging enzymes, as well as redox regulating a large network of enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montllor-Albalate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonke, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sod1 Integrates Oxygen Availability to Redox Regulate NADPH Production and the Thiol Redoxome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multichromatic Near-Infrared Imaging to Assess Interstitial Lymphatic and Venous Uptake In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceChanges in interstitial fluid clearance are implicated in many diseases. Using NIR imaging with properly sized tracers could enhance our understanding of how venous and lymphatic drainage are involved in disease progression or enhance drug delivery strategies.

AimWe investigated multichromatic NIR imaging with multiple tracers to assess in vivo microvascular clearance kinetics and pathways in different tissue spaces.

ApproachWe used a chemically inert IR Dye 800CW (free dye) to target venous capillaries and a purified conjugate of IR Dye 680RD with a 40 kDa PEG (PEG) to target lymphatic capillaries in vivo. Optical imaging settings were validated and tuned in vitro using tissue phantoms. We investigated multichromatic NIR imagings utility in two in vivo tissue beds - the mouse tail and rat knee joint. We then tested the ability of the approach to detect interstitial fluid perturbations due to exercise.

ResultsIn an in vitro simulated tissue environment, free dye and PEG mixture allowed for simultaneous detection without interference. Co-injected NIR tracers cleared from the interstitial space via distinct routes allowed assessment lymphatic and venous uptake in the mouse tail. We determined that exercise after injection transiently increased lymphatic drainage as measured by lower normalized intensity immediately after exercise, while exercise pre-injection exhibited a transient delay in clearance from the joint

ConclusionsNIR imaging enables of simultaneous imaging of lymphatic and venous-mediated fluid clearance with great sensitivity and can be used to measure transient changes in clearance rates and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raval, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepiyushchikh, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.434298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multichromatic Near-Infrared Imaging to Assess Interstitial Lymphatic and Venous Uptake In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A low-cost, long-term underwater camera trap network coupled with deep residual learning image analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_LIUnderstanding long-term trends in marine ecosystems requires accurate and repeatable counts of fishes and other aquatic organisms on spatial and temporal scales that are difficult or impossible to achieve with diver-based surveys. Long-term, spatially distributed cameras, like those used in terrestrial camera trapping, have not been successfully applied in marine systems due to limitations of the aquatic environment.
C_LIO_LIHere, we develop methodology for a system of low-cost, long-term camera traps (Dispersed Environment Aquatic Cameras), deployable over large spatial scales in remote marine environments. We use machine learning to classify the large volume of images collected by the cameras. We present a case study of these combined techniques use by addressing fish movement and feeding behavior related to grazing halos, a well-documented benthic pattern in shallow tropical reefscapes.
C_LIO_LICameras proved able to function continuously underwater at deployed depths (up to 7 m, with later versions deployed to 40 m) with no maintenance or monitoring for over five months, and collected time-lapse images during daylight hours for a total of over 100,000 images. Our ResNet-50-based deep learning model achieved 92.5% overall accuracy in sorting images with and without fish, and diver surveys revealed that the camera images accurately represented local fish communities.
C_LIO_LIThe cameras and machine learning classification represent the first successful method for broad-scale underwater camera trap deployment, and our case study demonstrates the cameras potential for addressing questions of marine animal behavior, distributions, and large-scale spatial patterns.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilodeau, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauca, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A low-cost, long-term underwater camera trap network coupled with deep residual learning image analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis Early-, Mid- and Late-Stage Progression in the Rat Medial Meniscus Transection Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of synovial joints affecting all tissues, including the articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone. Osteoarthritis animal models can recapitulate aspects of human disease progression and are commonly used to test the development of drugs, biomaterials, and cell therapies for treatment. The rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) model is a surgically induced post-traumatic osteoarthritis model and is one of the most commonly used models for therapeutic development; however, it is typically used to evaluate the efficacy of therapies to prevent disease development rather than testing the treatment of disease progression in already established disease. We describe herein, the qualitative and quantitative changes to articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and formation of osteophytes in rats at early-(3-weeks post-surgery), mid-(6-weeks post-surgery) and late-(12-weeks post-surgery) stages of osteoarthritis progression. Tibiae of MMT-operated animals showed loss of proteoglycan and fibrillation formation on articular cartilage surfaces as early as 3-weeks post-surgery. Using a contrast-enhanced CT technique, quantitative, 3-dimensional analysis of the tibiae showed that the articular cartilage initially thickened at 3- and 6-weeks post-surgery and then decreased at 12-weeks post-surgery. This decrease in cartilage thickness corresponded with increased lesions in the articular cartilage, including fully degraded surfaces down to the subchondral bone layer. In this rat MMT model, subchondral bone thickening was significant at 6-weeks post-surgery and seem to follow cartilage damage. Osteophytes were found at 3-weeks post-surgery, which coincided with articular cartilage degradation. Cartilaginous osteophytes preceded mineralization suggesting that these marginal tissue growths most likely occurred through endochondral ossification. The use of the rat MMT model has predominantly been used out to 3-weeks, and most studies determine the effect of therapies to delay or prevent the onset of osteoarthritis. We provide evidence that an extension of the rat MMT model out to 6 and 12 weeks resembled more severe phenotypes of human osteoarthritis. The mid- to late-stages of rat MMT model can be used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of novel treatments to treat the progression of established disease -- since patients typically present in the clinic when the disease is established and becomes symptomatic, thus evaluating the efficacy of new treatments at the late stage will be important for eventual clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doan, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osteoarthritis Early-, Mid- and Late-Stage Progression in the Rat Medial Meniscus Transection Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.434582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal robophysical model of quadriflagellate self-propulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.434582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotion at the microscale is remarkably sophisticated. Microorganisms have evolved diverse strategies to move within highly viscous environments, using deformable, propulsion-generating appendages such as cilia and flagella to drive helical or undulatory motion. In single-celled algae, these appendages can be arranged in different ways around an approximately 10 {micro}m cell body, and coordinated in distinct temporal patterns. Inspired by the observation that some quadriflagellates (bearing four flagella) have an outwardly similar morphology and flagellar beat pattern, yet swim at different speeds, this study seeks to determine whether variations in swimming performance could arise solely from differences in swimming gait. Robotics approaches are particularly suited to such investigations, where the phase relationships between appendages can be readily manipulated. Here, we developed autonomous, algae-inspired robophysical models that can self-propel in a viscous fluid. These macroscopic robots (length and width = 8.5 cm, height = 2 cm) have four independently actuated  flagella that oscillate back and forth under low-Reynolds number conditions (Re[~] [O] (10-1)). We tested the swimming performance of these robot models with appendages arranged in one of two distinct configurations, and coordinated in one of three distinct gaits. The gaits, namely the pronk, the trot, and the gallop, correspond to gaits adopted by distinct microalgal species. When the appendages are inserted perpendicularly around a central  body, the robot achieved a net performance of 0.15 - 0.63 body lengths per cycle, with the trot gait being the fastest. Robotic swimming performance was found to be comparable to that of the algal microswimmers across all gaits. By creating a minimal robot that can successfully reproduce cilia-inspired drag-based swimming, our work paves the way for the design of next-generation devices that have the capacity to autonomously navigate aqueous environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan Aydin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.434582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal robophysical model of quadriflagellate self-propulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward quantifying the adaptive role of bacterial pangenomes during environmental perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic surveys have revealed that natural microbial communities are predominantly composed of sequence-discrete, species-like populations but the genetic and/or ecological mechanisms that maintain such populations remain speculative, limiting our understanding of population speciation and adaptation to environmental perturbations. To address this knowledge gap, we sequenced 112 Salinibacter ruber isolates and 12 companion metagenomes recovered from four adjacent saltern ponds in Mallorca, Spain that were experimentally manipulated to dramatically alter salinity and light intensity, the two major drivers of these ecosystems. Our analyses showed that the pangenome of the local Sal. ruber population is open and similar in size ([~]15,000 genes) to that of randomly sampled Escherichia coli genomes. While most of the accessory (non-core) genes showed low in situ coverage based on the metagenomes compared to the core genes, indicating that they were functionally unimportant and/or ephemeral, 3.49% of them became abundant when salinity (but not light intensity) conditions changed and encoded for functions related to osmoregulation. Nonetheless, the ecological advantage of these genes, while significant, was apparently not strong enough to purge diversity within the population. Collectively, our results revealed a possible mechanism for how this immense gene diversity is maintained, which has implications for the prokaryotic species concept.

Significance StatementThe pangenomes of bacterial species, i.e., the number of non-redundant genes carried by members of the species, can be enormous based on the genome sequencing of isolates from various sites around the globe and different years. However, to what extent this pattern of gene diversity applies to natural bacterial populations, i.e., strains co-occurring in the same site, and the value of this diversity for population adaptation during environmental transition remains unclear. This study showed that while the pangenome of a natural population can be similarly large, only a small fraction of the pangenome appears to be functionally important when conditions change. Taken together, these results provided quantitative insights into the extent and functional significance of the accessory pangenome of a natural, species-like population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward quantifying the adaptive role of bacterial pangenomes during environmental perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The volvocine algae, which include the single-celled species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the colonial species Volvox carteri, serve as a model in which to study the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. Studies reconstructing the evolutionary history of this group have often relied on datasets of one to a few genes for phylogenetic inference and ancestral character state reconstruction. These studies suggest that multicellularity evolved only once in the volvocine algae, that each of its three colonial families is monophyletic, and that there have been at least three independent origins of cellular differentiation in the group. We performed RNA-Seq on 55 strains representing 47 volvocine algal species and obtained similar data from curated databases on 13 additional strains. We compiled a dataset consisting of transcripts for 40 single-copy, protein-coding, nuclear genes, then subjected the predicted amino acid sequences of these genes to maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and coalescent-based analyses. These analyses show that multicellularity independently evolved at least twice in the volvocine algae and that the colonial family Goniaceae is not monophyletic. Our data further indicate that cellular differentiation independently arose at least four and possibly as many as six times within the group. Altogether, these results show how multicellularity and cellular differentiation are evolutionarily labile in the volvocine algae, affirming their importance for the study of major transitions in the history of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Weighted Network Analysis Framework for the Hourglass Effect - and its Application in the C. Elegans Connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding hierarchy and modularity in natural as well as technological networks is of utmost importance. A major aspect of such analysis involves identifying the nodes that are crucial to the overall processing structure of the network. More recently, the approach of hourglass analysis has been developed for the purpose of quantitatively analyzing whether only a few intermediate nodes mediate the information processing between a large number of inputs and outputs of a network. We develop a new framework for hourglass analysis that takes network weights into account while identifying the core nodes and the extent of hourglass effect in a given weighted network. We use this framework to study the structural connectome of the C. elegans and identify intermediate neurons that form the core of sensori-motor pathways in the organism. Our results show that the neurons forming the core of the connectome show significant differences across the male and hermaphrodite sexes, with most core nodes in the male concentrated in sex-organs while they are located in the head for the hermaphrodite. Our work demonstrates that taking weights into account for network analysis framework leads to emergence of different network patterns in terms of identification of core nodes and hourglass structure in the network, which otherwise would be missed by unweighted approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabrin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovrolis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Weighted Network Analysis Framework for the Hourglass Effect - and its Application in the C. Elegans Connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical interactions for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 identified by machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to the human ACE2 receptor. Based on high-resolution structures, the two viruses bind in practically identical conformations, although several residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) differ between them. Here we have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, machine learning (ML), and free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations to elucidate the differences in RBD binding by the two viruses. Although only subtle differences were observed from the initial MD simulations of the two RBD-ACE2 complexes, ML identified the individual residues with the most distinctive ACE2 interactions, many of which have been highlighted in previous experimental studies. FEP calculations quantified the corresponding differences in binding free energies to ACE2, and examination of MD trajectories provided structural explanations for these differences. Lastly, the energetics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutations were studied, showing that the affinity of the RBD for ACE2 is increased by N501Y and E484K mutations but is slightly decreased by K417N.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical interactions for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 identified by machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa reaches collective decisions via transient segregation of quorum sensing activities across cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria engage in a cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate expression of cooperative exoproducts at the group level. While population-level QS-responses are well studied, we know little about commitments of single cells to QS. Here, we use flow cytometry to track the investment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa individuals into their intertwined Las and Rhl QS-systems. Using fluorescent reporters, we show that QS gene expression (signal synthase, receptor and exoproduct) was heterogenous and followed a gradual instead of a sharp temporal induction pattern. The simultaneous monitoring of two QS genes revealed that cells transiently segregate into low receptor (lasR) expressers that fully commit to QS, and high receptor expressers that delay QS commitment. Our mathematical model shows that such gene expression segregation could mechanistically be spurred by transcription factor limitation. In evolutionary terms, temporal segregation could serve as a QS-brake to allow for a bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuemmerli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa reaches collective decisions via transient segregation of quorum sensing activities across cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The link between static and dynamic brain functional network connectivity and genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphic alleles are genetic factors associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) risk. Although previous studies have explored the link between AD genetic risk and static functional network connectivity (sFNC), to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the association between dynamic FNC (dFNC) and AD genetic risk. Here, we examined the link between sFNC, dFNC, and AD genetic risk with a reproducible, data-driven approach. We used rs-fMRI, demographic, and APOE data from cognitively normal individuals (N=894) between 42 to 95 years of age (mean = 70 years). We divided individuals into low, moderate, and high-risk groups. Using Pearson correlation, we calculated sFNC across seven brain networks. We also calculated dFNC with a sliding window and Pearson correlation. The dFNC windows were partitioned into three distinct states with k-means clustering. Next, we calculated the amount of time each subject spent in each state, called occupancy rate or OCR. We compared both sFNC and OCR, estimated from dFNC, across individuals with different genetic risk and found that both sFNC and dFNC are related to AD genetic risk. We found that higher AD risk reduces within-visual sensory network (VSN) sFNC and that individuals with higher AD risk spend more time in a state with lower within-VSN dFNC. Additionally, we found that AD genetic risk affects whole-brain sFNC and dFNC in women but not in men. In conclusion, we presented novel insights into the links between sFNC, dFNC, and AD genetic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zendehrouh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.437354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The link between static and dynamic brain functional network connectivity and genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building reusable phage and antibiotic treatments via exploitation of bacteria-phage coevolutionary dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with chronic (long-lasting) infections face the problem that treatment options diminish in time as the pathogen evolves increasing resistance. To address this challenge, we exploit phage and bacterial co-evolution, producing dynamic selection pressures that can return the pathogen to a state of susceptibility to the initial (regulator-approved) therapy. We show that phage OMKO1 alone triggers Arms Race Dynamic (ARD) co-evolution with the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, leading to generalized phage resistance and crucially - failure at reuse. In contrast, co-administration of the phage with antibiotics triggers Fluctuating Selection Dynamics (FSD) co-evolution, allowing for effective reuse after 20 days of treatment. We pursue medical relevance in our experiments with the use of clinically important pathogens, antibiotics, phage, and a benchmarked synthetic sputum medium. Phenotypic and genomic characterization of evolved isolates demonstrates that efflux-targeting phage OMKO1 exerts continued selection for antibiotic susceptibility regardless of co-evolutionary dynamic or antibiotic co-treatment, opening the door for evolutionary robust phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building reusable phage and antibiotic treatments via exploitation of bacteria-phage coevolutionary dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity links with treatment response of electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for major depressive disorder (DEP). There is recently increasing attention to evaluate ECTs effect on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). This study aims to compare rs-fMRI of DEP patients with healthy participants, investigate whether dynamic functional network connectivity network (dFNC) estimated from rs-fMRI predicts the ECT outcome, and explore the effect of ECT on brain network states.

MethodResting-state fMRI data were collected from 119 patients with depression or DEP (76 females), and 61 Healthy (HC) participants (34 females) with an age mean of 52.25 (N=180) years old. The pre-ECT and post-ECT Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were 25.59{+/-}6.14 and 11.48{+/-}9.07, respectively. Twenty-four independent components from default mode (DMN) and cognitive control network (CCN) were extracted using group-independent component analysis from pre-ECT and post-ECT rs-fMRI. Then, the sliding window approach was used to estimate the pre-and post-ECT dFNC of each participant. Next, k-means clustering was separately applied to pre-ECT dFNC and post-ECT dFNC to assess three distinct states from each participant. We calculated the amount of time each individual spends in each state, called occupancy rate or OCR. Next, we compared OCR values between HC and DEP participants. We also calculated the partial correlation between pre-ECT OCRs and HDRS change while controlling for age, gender, number of treatment, and site. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of ECT by comparing pre-and post-ECT OCR of DEP and HC participants.

ResultsThe main findings include: 1) DEP patients had significantly lower OCR values than the HC group in a state, where connectivity between CCN and DMN was relatively higher than other states (corrected p= 0.015), 2) Pre-ECT OCR of state, with more negative connectivity between CCN and DMN components, predicted the HDRS changes (R=0.23 corrected p=0.03). This means that those DEP patients who spend less time in this state showed more HDRS change, and 3) The post-ECT OCR analysis suggested that ECT increased the amount of time DEP patients spend in state 2 (corrected p=0.03). Finally, we found ECT increases the total traveled distance in DEP.

ConclusionOur finding suggests that dFNC features, estimated from CCN and DMN, show promise as a predictive biomarker of the ECT outcome of DEP patients. Also, this study identified a possible underlying mechanism associated with the ECT effect in DEP patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva-Posse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic functional connectivity links with treatment response of electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new contact killing toxin permeabilizes cells and belongs to a large protein family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium that causes severe diarrheal cholera disease when ingested by humans. To eliminate competitor cells in both the external environment and inside hosts, V. cholerae uses the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS). The T6SS is a macromolecular weapon employed by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver cytotoxic proteins into adjacent cells. In addition to canonical T6SS gene clusters encoded by all sequenced V. cholerae isolates, strain BGT49 encodes an additional locus, which we named auxiliary cluster 4 (Aux 4). The Aux 4 cluster is located on a mobile genetic element and can be used by killer cells to eliminate both V. cholerae and Escherichia coli cells in a T6SS-dependent manner. A putative toxin encoded in the cluster, which we name TpeV (Type VI Permeabilizing Effector Vibrio), shares no homology to known proteins and does not contain motifs or domains indicative of function. Ectopic expression of TpeV in the periplasm of E. coli permeabilizes cells and disrupts the membrane potential. Using confocal microscopy, we confirm that susceptible target cells become permeabilized when competed with killer cells harboring the Aux 4 cluster. We also determine that tpiV, the gene located immediately downstream of tpeV, encodes an immunity protein that neutralizes the toxicity of TpeV. Finally, we show that TpeV homologs are broadly distributed across important animal and plant pathogens and are localized in proximity to other T6SS genes. Our results suggest that TpeV is a toxin that belongs to a large family of T6SS proteins.

IMPORTANCEBacteria live in polymicrobial communities where competition for resources and space is essential for survival. Proteobacteria use the T6SS to eliminate neighboring cells and cause disease. However, the mechanisms by which many T6SS toxins kill or inhibit susceptible target cells are poorly understood. The sequence of the TpeV toxin we describe here is unlike any previously described protein. We demonstrate that it has antimicrobial activity by permeabilizing cells, eliminating membrane potentials and causing severe cytotoxicity. TpeV homologs are found near known T6SS genes in human, animal and plant bacterial pathogens, indicating that the toxin is a representative member of a broadly distributed protein family. We propose that TpeV-like toxins contribute to the fitness and pathogenicity of many bacteria. Finally, since antibiotic resistance is a critical global health threat, the discovery of new antimicrobial mechanisms could lead to the development of new treatments against resistant strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new contact killing toxin permeabilizes cells and belongs to a large protein family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general framework to learn tertiary structure for protein sequence annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the past five years, deep-learning algorithms have enabled ground-breaking progress towards the prediction of tertiary structure from a protein sequence. Very recently, we developed SAdLSA, a new computational algorithm for protein sequence comparison via deep-learning of protein structural alignments. SAdLSA shows significant improvement over established sequence alignment methods. In this contribution, we show that SAdLSA provides a general machine-learning framework for structurally characterizing protein sequences. By aligning a protein sequence against itself, SAdLSA generates a fold distogram for the input sequence, including challenging cases whose structural folds were not present in the training set. About 70% of the predicted distograms are statistically significant. Although at present the accuracy of the intra-sequence distogram predicted by SAdLSA self-alignment is not as good as deep-learning algorithms specifically trained for distogram prediction, it is remarkable that the prediction of single protein structures is encoded by an algorithm that learns ensembles of pairwise structural comparisons, without being explicitly trained to recognize individual structural folds. As such, SAdLSA can not only predict protein folds for individual sequences, but also detects subtle, yet significant, structural relationships between multiple protein sequences using the same deep-learning neural network. The former reduces to a special case in this general framework for protein sequence annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general framework to learn tertiary structure for protein sequence annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stratification of Risk of Progression to Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis using Measured and Predicted Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important goal of clinical genomics is to be able to estimate the risk of adverse disease outcomes. Between 5% and 10% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients require colectomy within five years of diagnosis, but polygenic risk scores (PRS) utilizing findings from GWAS are unable to provide meaningful prediction of this adverse status. By contrast, in Crohns disease, gene expression profiling of GWAS-significant genes does provide some stratification of risk of progression to complicated disease in the form of a Transcriptional Risk Score (TRS). Here we demonstrate that both measured (TRS) and polygenic predicted gene expression (PPTRS) identify UC patients at 5-fold elevated risk of colectomy with data from the PROTECT clinical trial and UK Biobank population cohort studies, independently replicated in an NIDDK-IBDGC dataset. Prediction of gene expression from relatively small transcriptome datasets can thus be used in conjunction with transcriptome-wide association studies to stratify risk of disease complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haritunians, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasarskis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengesha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rufo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfefferkorn, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeLeiko, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noe, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyams, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugathasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stratification of Risk of Progression to Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis using Measured and Predicted Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of an Urban Sanitation Intervention on Enteric Pathogen Detection in Soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental fecal contamination is common in many low-income cities, contributing to a high burden of enteric infections and associated negative sequelae. To evaluate the impact of a shared onsite sanitation intervention in Maputo, Mozambique on enteric pathogens in the domestic environment, we collected 179 soil samples at shared latrine entrances from intervention (n= 49) and control (n= 51) compounds during baseline (pre-intervention) and after 24 months (post-intervention) as part of the Maputo Sanitation Trial. We tested soils for the presence of nucleic acids associated with 20 enteric pathogens using a multiplex reverse transcription qPCR platform. We detected at least one pathogen-associated target in 91% (163/179) of soils and a median of 3 (IQR=1.5, 5) pathogens. Using a difference-in-difference analysis and adjusting for compound population, visibly wet soil, sun exposure, wealth, temperature, animal presence, and visible feces, we estimate the intervention reduced the probability of [&ge;]1 pathogen detected by 15% (adjusted prevalence ratio, aPR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.0) and the total number of pathogens detected by 35% (aPR =0.65; 0.44, 0.95) in soil 24 months following the intervention. These results suggest that the intervention reduced the presence of some fecal contamination in the domestic environment, but pathogen detection remained prevalent 24-months following the introduction of new latrines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcomb, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of an Urban Sanitation Intervention on Enteric Pathogen Detection in Soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GNPS Dashboard: Collaborative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data in the Web Browser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Access to web-based platforms has enabled scientists to perform research remotely. A critical aspect of mass spectrometry data analysis is the inspection, analysis, and visualization of the raw data to validate data quality and confirm statistical observations. We developed the GNPS Dashboard, a web-based data visualization tool, to facilitate synchronous collaborative inspection, visualization, and analysis of private and public mass spectrometry data remotely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belle-Oudry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Hoyos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marty, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neve, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thukral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Castro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GNPS Dashboard: Collaborative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data in the Web Browser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent myxobacterial behaviors arise from reversal suppression induced by kin contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wide range of biological systems - from microbial swarms to bird flocks, display emergent behaviors driven by coordinated movement of individuals. To this end, individual organisms interact by recognizing their kin and adjusting their motility based on others around them. However, even in the best-studied systems, the mechanistic basis of the interplay between kin recognition and motility coordination is not understood. Here, using a combination of experiments and mathematical modeling, we uncover the mechanism of an emergent social behavior in Myxococcus xanthus. By overexpressing cell surface adhesins, TraA and TraB, involved in kin recognition, large numbers of cells adhere to one another and form organized macroscopic circular aggregates that spin clockwise or counterclockwise. Mechanistically, TraAB adhesion results in sustained cell-cell contacts that trigger cells to suppress cell reversals, and circular aggregates form as the result of cells ability to follow their own cellular slime trails. Furthermore, our in-silico simulations demonstrate a remarkable ability to predict self-organization patterns when phenotypically distinct strains are mixed. For example, defying naive expectations, both models and experiments found that strains engineered to overexpress different and incompatible traAB allelles nevertheless form mixed circular aggregates. Therefore, this work provides key mechanistic insights into M. xanthus social interactions and demonstrates how local cell contacts induce emergent collective behaviors by millions of cells.

ImportanceIn many species, large populations exhibit emergent behaviors whereby all related individuals move in unison. For example, fish in schools can all dart in one direction simultaneously to avoid a predator. Currently, it is impossible to explain how such animals recognize kin through brain cognition and elicit such behaviors at a molecular level. However, microbes also recognize kin and exhibit emergent collective behaviors that are experimentally tractable. Here, using a model social bacterium, we engineer dispersed individuals to organize into synchronized collectives that create emergent patterns. With experimental and mathematical approaches we explain how this occurs at both molecular and population levels. The results demonstrate how the combination of local physical interactions triggers intracellular signaling, which in turn leads to emergent behavior on a population scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balagam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igoshin, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent myxobacterial behaviors arise from reversal suppression induced by kin contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of the gastrocnemius elastic system in response to decreased work and power demand during growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elastic energy storage and release can enhance performance that would otherwise be limited by the force-velocity constraints of muscle. While functional influence of a biological spring depends on tuning between components of an elastic system (the muscle, spring, driven mass, and lever system), we do not know whether elastic systems systematically adapt to functional demand. To test whether altering work and power generation during maturation alters the morphology of an elastic system, we prevented growing guinea fowl (Numida Meleagris) from jumping. At maturity, we compared the jump performance of our treatment group to that of controls and measured the morphology of the gastrocnemius elastic system. We found that restricted birds jumped with lower jump power and work, yet there were no significant between-group differences in the components of the elastic system. Further, subject-specific models revealed no difference in energy storage capacity between groups, though energy storage was most sensitive to variations in muscle properties (most significantly operating length and least dependent on tendon stiffness). We conclude that the gastrocnemius elastic system in the guinea fowl displays little to no plastic response to decreased demand during growth and hypothesize that neural plasticity may explain performance variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>cox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoef, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katugam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzano, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of the gastrocnemius elastic system in response to decreased work and power demand during growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correcting artifacts in ratiometric biosensor imaging; an improved approach for dividing noisy signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accuracy of biosensor ratio imaging is limited by signal/noise. Signals can be weak when biosensor concentrations must be limited to avoid cell perturbation. This can be especially problematic in imaging of low volume regions, e.g., along the cell edge. The cell edge is an important imaging target in studies of cell motility. We show how the division of fluorescence intensities with low signal-to-noise at the cell edge creates specific artifacts due to background subtraction and division by small numbers, and that simply improving the accuracy of background subtraction cannot address these issues. We propose a new approach where, rather than simply subtracting background from the numerator and denominator, we subtract a noise correction factor (NCF) from the numerator only. This NCF can be derived from the analysis of noise distribution in the background near the cell edge or from ratio measurements in the cell regions where signal-to-noise is high. We test the performance of the method first by examining two noninteracting fluorophores distributed evenly in cells. This generated a uniform ratio that could provide a ground truth. We then analyzed actual protein activities reported by a single chain biosensor for the guanine exchange factor Asef, and a dual chain biosensor for the GTPase Cdc42. The reduction of edge artifacts revealed persistent Asef activity in a narrow band ([~]640 nm wide) immediately adjacent to the cell edge. For Cdc42, the NCF method revealed an artefact that would have been obscured by traditional background subtraction approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slattery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correcting artifacts in ratiometric biosensor imaging; an improved approach for dividing noisy signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of the Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties of the Porcine Optic Nerve Head using Micromechanical Testing and Finite Element Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optic nerve head (ONH) biomechanics is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, a blinding ocular condition often characterized by elevation and fluctuation of the intraocular pressure and resulting loads on the ONH. Further, tissue viscoelasticity is expected to strongly influence the mechanical response of the ONH to mechanical loading, yet the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the ONH remain unknown. To determine these properties, we conducted micromechanical testing on porcine ONH tissue samples, coupled with finite element modeling based on a mixture model consisting of a biphasic material with a viscoelastic solid matrix. Our results provide a detailed description of the viscoelastic properties of the porcine ONH at each of its four anatomical quadrants (i.e., nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior). We showed that the ONHs viscoelastic mechanical response can be explained by a dual mechanism of fluid flow and solid matrix viscoelasticity, as is common in other soft tissues. We obtained porcine ONH properties as follows: matrix Youngs modulus E=1.895 [1.056,2 .391] kPa (median [min., max.]), Poissons ratio{nu} =0.142 [0.060,0 .312], kinetic time-constant{tau} =214 [89,921] sec, and hydraulic permeability k=3.854 x 10-1 [3.457 x 10-2,9.994 x 10-1] mm4/(N sec). These values can be used to design and fabricate physiologically appropriate ex vivo test environments (e.g., 3D cell culture) to further understand glaucoma pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of the Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties of the Porcine Optic Nerve Head using Micromechanical Testing and Finite Element Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning latent embedding of multi-modal single cell data and cross-modality relationship simultaneously 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is a challenging task to integrate scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data obtained from different batches. Existing methods tend to use a pre-defined gene activity matrix (GAM) to convert the scATAC-seq data into scRNA-seq data. The pre-defined GAM is often of low quality and does not reflect the dataset-specific relationship between the two data modalities. We propose scDART (single cell Deep learning model for ATAC-seq and RNA-seq Trajectory), a deep learning framework that integrates scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data and learns cross-modalities relationships simultaneously. Specifically, the design of scDART allows it to preserve cell trajectories in continuous cell populations and can be applied to trajectory inference on integrated data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning latent embedding of multi-modal single cell data and cross-modality relationship simultaneously]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repair of critical-size porcine craniofacial bone defects using a collagen-polycaprolactone composite biomaterial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regenerative medicine approaches for massive craniomaxillofacial bone defects face challenges associated with the scale of missing bone, the need for rapid graft-defect integration, and challenges related to inflammation and infection. Mineralized collagen scaffolds have been shown to promote mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis due to their porous nature and material properties, but are mechanically weak, limiting surgical practicality. Previously, these scaffolds were combined with 3D-printed polycaprolactone mesh to form a scaffold-mesh composite to increase strength and promote bone formation in sub-critical sized porcine ramus defects. Here, we compare the performance of mineralized collagen-polycaprolactone composites to the polycaprolactone mesh in a critical-sized porcine ramus defect model. While there were no differences in overall healing response between groups, our data demonstrated broadly variable metrics of healing regarding new bone infiltration and fibrous tissue formation. Abscesses were present surrounding some implants and polycaprolactone polymer was still present after 9-10 months of implantation. Overall, while there was limited successful healing, with 2 of 22 implants showed substantial levels of bone regeneration, and others demonstrating some form of new bone formation, the results suggest targeted improvements to improve repair of large animal models to more accurately represent craniomaxillofacial bone healing. Notably, strategies to increase osteogenesis throughout the implant, modulate the immune system to support repair, and employ shape-fitting tactics to avoid implant micromotion and resultant fibrosis. Improvements to the mineralized collagen scaffolds involve changes in pore size and shape to increase cell migration and osteogenesis and inclusion or delivery of factors to aid vascular ingrowth and bone regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dewey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisgerber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubessa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polkoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repair of critical-size porcine craniofacial bone defects using a collagen-polycaprolactone composite biomaterial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Circadian Disruption Alters Placental Signaling in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian disruption has been largely overlooked as a developmental exposure. The placenta, a conduit between the maternal and fetal environments, may relay circadian cues to the fetus. We have previously shown that developmental chronodisruption causes visual impairment and increased retinal microglial and macrophage marker expression. Here, we investigated the impacts of environmental circadian disruption on fetal and placental outcomes in a C57BL/6J mouse (Mus musculus) model. Developmental chronodisruption had no effect on embryo count, placental weight, or fetal sex ratio. When measured with RNAseq, mice exposed to developmental circadian disruption (CD) had differential placental expression of several transcripts including Serpinf1, which encodes pigment-epithelium derived factor (PEDF). Immunofluorescence of microglia/macrophage markers, Iba1 and CD11b, also revealed significant upregulation of immune cell markers in CD-exposed placenta. Our results suggest that in utero circadian disruption enhances placental immune cell expression, potentially programming a pro-inflammatory tissue environment that increases the risk of chronic disease in adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarkson-Townsend, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermetz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsit, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Circadian Disruption Alters Placental Signaling in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in Cellular Crosstalk between Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts and Bone Osteoblasts with Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musculoskeletal function declines with aging, resulting in an increased incidence of trips and falls. Both bone and muscle experience age-related losses in tissue mass that alter their mechanical interactions in a well characterized manner, but changes in the biochemical interactions between bone and muscle with aging are not well understood. Of note, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a potent growth factor for bone and muscle, can be negatively altered with aging and may help explain losses in these tissues. We recently developed a co-culture system for simultaneous growth of bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and muscle satellite cells (SCs) to investigate the biochemical crosstalk between the two cell types. Here, we utilized an aging rat model to study cellular changes between young and old rat MSCs and SCs, in particular whether 1) young MSCs and SCs have increased proliferation and differentiation compared to old MSCs and SCs; 2) young cells have increased IGF-1 and collagen expression as a measure of crosstalk compared to old cells; and 3) young cells can mitigate the aging phenotype of old cells in co-culture. Rat MSCs and SCs were either mono- or co-cultured in Transwell(R) plates, grown to confluence, and allowed to differentiate for 14 days. Across the 14 days, cell proliferation was measured, with differentiation and crosstalk measurements evaluated at 14 days. The results suggest that in both young and old, proliferation is greater in mono-cultures compared to co-cultures, yet age and cell type did not have a significant effect. Differentiation did not differ between young and old cells, yet MSCs and SCs demonstrated the greatest amount of differentiation in co-culture. Finally, age, cell type, and culture type did not have a significant effect on collagen or IGF-1 expression. These results suggest co-culture may have a controlling effect, with the two cell types acting together to promote differentiation more than in mono-cultures, yet this response was not altered by age. In general, results for old cells had higher variability, suggesting a wider variety in the aging phenotypes demonstrated in these animals. This study was the first to use this rat aging model to investigate changes between bone and skeletal muscle cells, however further investigations are required to determine what signaling changes occur in response to age. Determining these signaling changes could lead to new targets for mitigating the progression of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doering, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in Cellular Crosstalk between Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts and Bone Osteoblasts with Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2 glycans preferentially interact with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 over SARS-CoV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a distinct difference in the interactions of the glycans of the host-cell receptor, ACE2, with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV S-protein receptor-binding domains (RBDs). Our analysis demonstrates that the ACE2 glycan at N90 may offer protection against infections of both coronaviruses, while the ACE2 glycan at N322 enhances interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. The interactions of the ACE2 glycan at N322 with SARS-CoV RBD are blocked by the presence of the RBD glycan at N357 of the SARS-CoV RBD. The absence of this glycosylation site on SARS-CoV-2 RBD may enhance its binding with ACE2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2 glycans preferentially interact with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 over SARS-CoV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High arsenic levels increase activity rather than diversity or abundance of arsenic metabolism genes in paddy soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arsenic (As) metabolism genes are generally present in soils but their diversity, relative abundance, and transcriptional activity in response to different As concentrations remain unclear, limiting our understanding of the microbial activities that control the fate of an important environmental pollutant. To address this issue, we applied metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to paddy soils showing a gradient of As concentrations to investigate As resistance genes (ars) including arsR, acr3, arsB, arsC, arsM, arsI, arsP, and arsH as well as energy-generating As respiratory oxidation (aioA) and reduction (arrA) genes. Somewhat unexpectedly, the relative DNA abundances and diversity of ars, aioA, and arrA genes were not significantly different between low and high ([~]10 vs [~]100 mg kg-1) As soils. By comparison to available metagenomes from other soils, geographic distance rather than As levels drove the different compositions of microbial communities. Arsenic significantly increased ars genes abundance only when its concentration was higher than 410 mg kg-1. In contrast, between low and high As soils, metatranscriptomics revealed a significant increase in transcription of ars and aioA genes, which are induced by arsenite, the dominant As species in paddy soils, but not arrA genes, which are induced by arsenate. These patterns appeared to be community-wide as opposed to taxon-specific. Collectively, our findings advance understanding of how microbes respond to high As levels and the diversity of As metabolism genes in paddy soils and indicated that future studies of As metabolism in soil, or other environments, should include the function (transcriptome) level.

IMPORTANCEArsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid pervasively present in the environment. Microorganisms have evolved the capacity to metabolize As, and As metabolism genes are ubiquitously present in the environment even in the absence of high concentrations of As. However, these previous studies were carried out at the DNA level and thus, the activity of the As metabolism genes detected remains essentially speculative. Here, we show that the high As levels in paddy soils increased the transcriptional activity rather than the relative DNA abundance and diversity of As metabolism genes. These findings advance our understanding of how microbes respond to and cope with high As levels, and have implications for better monitoring and managing an important toxic metalloid in agricultural soils and possibly other ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High arsenic levels increase activity rather than diversity or abundance of arsenic metabolism genes in paddy soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explainable Sleep Stage Classification with Multimodal Electrophysiology Time-series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many automated sleep staging studies have used deep learning approaches, and a growing number have used multimodal data to improve their classification performance. However, few studies using multimodal data have provided model explainability. Some have used traditional ablation approaches that "zero out" a modality. However, the samples that result from this ablation are unlikely to be found in real electroencephalography (EEG) data, which could adversely affect the importance estimates that result. Here, we train a convolutional neural network for sleep stage classification with EEG, electrooculograms (EOG), and electromyograms (EMG) and propose an ablation approach that replaces each modality with values that approximate the line-related noise commonly found in electrophysiology data. The relative importance that we identify for each modality is consistent with sleep staging guidelines, with EEG being important for most sleep stages and EOG being important for Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and nonREM stages. EMG showed low relative importance across classes. A comparison of our approach with a "zero out" ablation approach indicates that while the importance results are consistent for the most part, our method accentuates the importance of modalities to the model for the classification of some stages like REM (p < 0.05). These results suggest that a careful, domain-specific selection of an ablation approach may provide a clearer indicator of modality importance. Further, this study provides guidance for future research on using explainability methods with multimodal electrophysiology data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explainable Sleep Stage Classification with Multimodal Electrophysiology Time-series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and rRNA:rDNA signatures of environmental vs. enteric Enterococcus faecalis isolates under oligotrophic freshwater conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of enterococci as a fecal indicator bacterial group for public health risk assessment has been brought into question by recent studies showing that "naturalized" populations of E. faecalis exist in the extraenteric environment in a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state. The extent to which these naturalized or VBNC E. faecalis can confound water quality monitoring is unclear. To determine if strains isolated from different habitats display different survival strategies and responses, we compared the decay patterns of three E. faecalis isolates from the natural environment (environmental strains) against three human gut isolates (enteric strains) in laboratory mesocosms that simulate an oligotrophic, aerobic freshwater environment. Our results showed similar overall decay rates between enteric and environmental isolates based on viable plate and qPCR counts. However, the enteric isolates exhibited a spike in rRNA:rDNA ratios between days 1 and 3 of the mesocosm incubations that was not observed in environmental isolates, which could indicate a different stress response. Nevertheless, there was no strong evidence of differential expression of genes thought to be related to habitat adaptation in the accompanying mesocosm metatranscriptomes when compared between environmental and enteric isolates. Overall, our results provide novel information on how rRNA levels may vary over different metabolic states (i.e., alive vs. VBNC) for this important indicator bacteria. We also observed some evidence for habitat adaptation in E. faecalis; however, this adaptation may not be substantial or consistent enough for integration in water quality monitoring.

IMPORTANCEEnterococci are commonly used worldwide to monitor environmental fecal contamination and public health risk for waterborne diseases. However, some species within this group can enter an inactive, viable but not culturable (VBNC) state that make it difficult to accurately quantify during routine monitoring. Furthermore, lower-risk, environmental enterococci strains may also confound water quality estimates. We developed an rRNA:rDNA viability assay for E. faecalis (a predominant species within this fecal group) and tested it against both enteric and environmental isolates in freshwater mesocosms to assess whether this approach can serve as a more sensitive water quality monitoring tool. We were unable to reliably distinguish the different isolate types using this assay under the conditions tested here; thus, environmental strains should continue to be counted during routine water monitoring. However, this assay could be useful for distinguishing more recent (i.e., higher risk) fecal pollution because rRNA levels significantly decreased after one week in all isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suttner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Perez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo Domingo, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and rRNA:rDNA signatures of environmental vs. enteric Enterococcus faecalis isolates under oligotrophic freshwater conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting T Cell Quality During Manufacturing Through an Artificial Intelligence-based Integrative Multi-Omics Analytical Platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale, reproducible manufacturing of therapeutic cells with consistently high quality is vital for translation to clinically effective and widely accessible cell therapies. However, the biological and logistical complexity of manufacturing a living product, including challenges associated with their inherent variability and uncertainties of process parameters, currently make it difficult to achieve predictable cell-product quality. Using a degradable microscaffold-based T cell process as an example, we developed an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven experimental-computational platform to identify a set of critical process parameters (CPP) and critical quality attributes (CQA) from heterogeneous, high dimensional, time-dependent multi-omics data, measurable during early stages of manufacturing and predictive of end-of-manufacturing product quality. Sequential, Design-of-Experiment (DOE)-based studies, coupled with an agnostic machine-learning framework, were used to extract feature combinations from media assessment that were highly predictive of total live CD4+ and CD8+ naive and central memory (CD63L+CCR7+) T cells and their ratio in the end-product. This computational workflow could be broadly applied to any cell therapy and provide a roadmap for discovering CQAs and CPPs in cell manufacturing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odeh-Couvertier, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwarshuis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotanchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Garcia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting T Cell Quality During Manufacturing Through an Artificial Intelligence-based Integrative Multi-Omics Analytical Platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.440010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics characterization of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for the identification of putative critical quality attributes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.440010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in the field of regenerative medicine as many studies have shown that MSCs possess immunomodulatory function. Despite this promise, no MSC therapies have been granted licensure from the FDA. This lack of successful clinical translation is due in part to MSC heterogeneity and a lack of critical quality attributes (CQAs). While MSC Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygnease (IDO) activity has been shown to correlate with MSC function, multiple CQAs may be needed to better predict MSC function.

MethodsThree MSC lines (two bone marrow, one iPSC) were expanded to three passages. At the time of harvest for each passage, cell pellets were collected for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and media was collected for cytokine profiling. Harvested cells were also cryopreserved for assessing function using T cell proliferation and IDO activity assays. Linear regression was performed on functional and multiomics data to reduce the number of important features, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to obtain putative CQAs based on variable importance in projection (VIP) scores.

ResultsSignificant functional heterogeneity (in terms of T cell suppression and IDO activity) was observed between the three MSC lines, as well as donor-dependent differences based on passage. Omics characterization revealed distinct differences between cell lines using principal component analysis (PCA). Cell lines separated along principal component 1 based on tissue source (bone marrow vs. iPSC-derived) for NMR, MS, and cytokine profiles. PLSR modeling of important features predicts MSC functional capacity with NMR (R2=0.86), MS (R2=0.83), cytokines (R2=0.70), and a combination of all features (R2=0.88).

DiscussionThe work described here provides a platform for identifying putative CQAs for predicting MSC functional capacity using PLSR modeling that could be used as release criteria and guide future manufacturing strategies for MSCs and other cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maughon, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, A. O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shockey, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stice, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marklein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.440010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics characterization of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for the identification of putative critical quality attributes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The terminal heme synthetic enzyme, Coproheme Decarboxylase, coordinates heme synthesis and uptake in response to iron in Mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme is both an essential cofactor and an abundant source of nutritional iron for the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). While heme is required for Mtb survival and virulence, it is also potentially cytotoxic. Since Mtb has the ability to both make and uptake heme, the de novo synthesis of heme and its acquisition from the host must be balanced in order to mitigate heme toxicity. However, the mechanisms employed by Mtb to regulate heme uptake, synthesis, and bioavailability are poorly understood. By integrating ratiometric heme sensors with mycobacterial genetics, cell biology, and biochemistry, we determined that the terminal heme biosynthetic enzyme, coproheme decarboxylase (ChdC), plays a role in regulating both heme bioavailability and uptake in Mtb. Moreover, we found that Mtb has a preference for scavenging reduced ferrous heme and exhibits a cell surface heme reductase activity that is regulated by ChdC. In Mtb, ChdC expression is down-regulated when iron is limiting, which in-turn increases both heme import and bioavailability. Such a mechanism may serve to protect cells from heme toxicity while trying to meet the nutritional demand for iron. Our results demonstrate that heme synthesis and uptake are tightly integrated in mycobacteria and represent the first example of a heme synthetic enzyme playing a role in controlling heme uptake.

Significance StatementHeme is an essential but potentially cytotoxic cofactor and iron source for the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). To understand how Mtb coordinates heme uptake and synthesis to mitigate heme toxicity, we integrated heme sensors with mycobacterial genetics and biochemical approaches to probe the interplay between heme synthesis and scavenging. We discovered that the terminal heme synthetic enzyme, coproheme decarboxylase (ChdC), negatively regulates heme uptake and utilization in response to iron availability through a mechanism involving control of a ferric heme reductase. During iron limitation, ChdC is downregulated, thereby enhancing exogenous heme reduction, uptake and utilization while simultaneously suppressing heme synthesis, which allows Mtb to avoid heme toxicity. Our results highlight the close coordination between heme synthesis and uptake in mycobacteria.

ClassificationBiological sciences : Biochemistry
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donegan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederweis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The terminal heme synthetic enzyme, Coproheme Decarboxylase, coordinates heme synthesis and uptake in response to iron in Mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Explainable Deep Learning Approach for Multimodal Electrophysiology Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, more biomedical studies have begun to use multimodal data to improve model performance. As such, there is a need for improved multimodal explainability methods. Many studies involving multimodal explainability have used ablation approaches. Ablation requires the modification of input data, which may create out-of-distribution samples and may not always offer a correct explanation. We propose using an alternative gradient-based feature attribution approach, called layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), to help explain multimodal models. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, we selected automated sleep stage classification as our use-case and trained a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) with electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) data. We applied LRP to explain the relative importance of each modality to the classification of different sleep stages. Our results showed that across all samples, EEG was most important, followed by EOG, and EMG. For individual sleep stages, EEG and EOG had higher relevance for classifying awake and non-rapid eye movement 1 (NREM1). EOG was most important for classifying REM, and EEG was most relevant for classifying NREM2-NREM3. Also, LRP gave consistent levels of importance to each modality for correctly classified samples across folds and inconsistent levels of importance for incorrectly classified samples. Our results demonstrate the additional insight that gradient-based approaches can provide relative to ablation methods and highlight their feasibility for explaining multimodal electrophysiology classifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Explainable Deep Learning Approach for Multimodal Electrophysiology Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved constraints increase the predictivity and applicability of a linear programming-based dynamic metabolic modeling framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current metabolic modeling tools suffer from a variety of limitations, from scalability to simplifying assumptions, that preclude their use in many applications. We recently created a modeling framework, LK-DFBA, that addresses a key gap: capturing metabolite dynamics and regulation while retaining a potentially scalable linear programming structure. Key to this frameworks success are the linear kinetics and regulatory constraints imposed on the system. However, while the linearity of these constraints reduces computational complexity, it may not accurately capture the behavior of many biochemical systems. Here, we developed three new classes of LK-DFBA constraints to better model interactions between metabolites and the reactions they regulate. We tested these new approaches on several synthetic and biological systems, and also performed the first-ever comparison of LK-DFBA predictions to experimental data. We found that no single constraint approach was optimal across all systems examined, and systems with the same topological structure but different parameters were often best modeled by different types of constraints. However, we did find that the optimal constraint approach was generally robust to local perturbations of the system, indicating that just a single wild-type dataset could allow identification of the ideal constraint for a given system. These results suggest that the availability of multiple constraint approaches will allow LK-DFBA to model a wider range of metabolic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved constraints increase the predictivity and applicability of a linear programming-based dynamic metabolic modeling framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging the mass balances of cellular metabolism to infer absolute concentrations from relative abundance metabolomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs the large-scale study of metabolites and a direct readout of a systems metabolic state, metabolomics has significant appeal as a source of information for many metabolic modelling platforms and other metabolic analysis tools. However, metabolomics data are typically reported in terms of relative abundances, which precluding use with tools where absolute concentrations are necessary. While chemical standards can be used to determine the absolute concentrations of metabolites, they are often time-consuming to run, expensive, or unavailable for many metabolites. A computational framework that can infer absolute concentrations without the use of chemical standards would be highly beneficial to the metabolomics community.

ResultsWe have developed and characterized MetaboPAC, a computational strategy that leverages the mass balances of a system to infer absolute concentrations in metabolomics datasets. MetaboPAC uses a kinetic equations approach and an optimization approach to predict the most likely response factors that describe the relationship between absolute concentrations and their relative abundances. We determined that MetaboPAC performed significantly better than the other approaches assessed on noiseless data when at least 60% of kinetic equations are known a priori. Under the most realistic conditions (low sampling frequency, high noise data), MetaboPAC significantly outperformed other methods in the majority of cases when 100% of the kinetic equations were known. For metabolomics datasets extracted from systems that are well-studied and have partially known kinetic structures, MetaboPAC can provide valuable insight about their absolute concentration profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging the mass balances of cellular metabolism to infer absolute concentrations from relative abundance metabolomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCOUR: A stepwise machine learning framework for predicting metabolite-dependent regulatory interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe topology of metabolic networks is both well-studied and remarkably well-conserved across many species. The regulation of these networks, however, is much more poorly characterized, though it is known to be divergent across organisms - two characteristics that make it difficult to model metabolic networks accurately. While many computational methods have been built to unravel transcriptional regulation, there have been few approaches developed for systems-scale analysis and study of metabolic regulation. Here, we present a stepwise machine learning framework that applies established algorithms to identify regulatory interactions in metabolic systems based on metabolic data: Stepwise Classification Of Unknown Regulation, or SCOUR.

ResultsWe evaluated our framework on both noiseless and noisy data, using several models of varying sizes and topologies to show that our approach is generalizable. We found that, when testing on data under the most realistic conditions (low sampling frequency and high noise), SCOUR could identify reaction fluxes controlled only by the concentration of a single metabolite (its primary substrate) with high accuracy. The positive predictive value (PPV) for identifying reactions controlled by the concentration of two metabolites ranged from 32-88% for noiseless data, 9.2-49% for either low sampling frequency/low noise or high sampling frequency/high noise data, and 6.6-27% for low sampling frequency/high noise data, with results typically sufficiently high for lab validation to be a practical endeavor. While the PPVs for reactions controlled by three metabolites were lower, they were still in most cases significantly better than random classification.

ConclusionsSCOUR uses a novel approach to synthetically generate the training data needed to identify regulators of reaction fluxes in a given metabolic system, enabling metabolomics and fluxomics data to be leveraged for regulatory structure inference. By identifying and triaging the most likely candidate regulatory interactions, SCOUR can drastically reduce the amount of time needed to identify and experimentally validate metabolic regulatory interactions. As high-throughput experimental methods for testing these interactions are further developed, SCOUR will provide critical impact in the development of predictive metabolic models in new organisms and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orosco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCOUR: A stepwise machine learning framework for predicting metabolite-dependent regulatory interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Dynamics in Escherichia coli-based Cell-Free Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of metabolic engineering has yielded remarkable accomplishments in using cells to produce valuable molecules, and cell-free expression (CFE) systems have the potential to push the field even further. However, CFE systems still face some outstanding challenges, including endogenous metabolic activity that is poorly understood yet has a significant impact on CFE productivity. Here, we use metabolomics to characterize the temporal metabolic changes in CFE systems and their constituent components, including significant metabolic activity in central carbon and amino acid metabolism. We find that while changing the reaction starting state via lysate pre-incubation impacts protein production, it has a comparatively small impact on metabolic state. We also demonstrate that changes to lysate preparation have a larger effect on protein yield and temporal metabolic profiles, though general metabolic trends are conserved. Finally, while we improve protein production through targeted supplementation of metabolic enzymes, we show that the endogenous metabolic activity is fairly resilient to these enzymatic perturbations. Overall, this work highlights the robust nature of CFE reaction metabolism as well as the importance of understanding the complex interdependence of metabolites and proteins in CFE systems to guide optimization efforts.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Dynamics in Escherichia coli-based Cell-Free Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maturation of Human Long-lived Plasma Cells Results in Resistance to Apoptosis by Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody secreting cells (ASC) circulate after vaccination and migrate to the bone marrow (BM) where a subset known as long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) persist and secrete antibodies for a lifetime. The mechanisms of how circulating ASC become LLPC are not well elucidated. Here, we show that human blood ASCs have distinct morphology, transcriptomes, and epigenetics compared to BM LLPC. LLPC acquire transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the apoptosis pathway to support their survival. Upregulation of pro-survival gene expression accompanies downregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression in LLPC. While pro-apoptotic gene loci are less accessible, pro-survival gene loci are not always accompanied by accessibility changes. Importantly, we show similar LLPC morphological and transcriptional maturation of blood ASC in response to the novel in vitro BM mimetic. In all, our study demonstrates that blood ASC in the BM microniche must undergo morphological and molecular changes to mature into apoptotic-resistant LLPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joyner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boss, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonial, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. E.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.445269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maturation of Human Long-lived Plasma Cells Results in Resistance to Apoptosis by Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying dysregulated immune cell subsets following critical volumetric muscle loss with pseudo-time trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in permanent functional deficits and remains a substantial regenerative medicine challenge. A coordinated immune response is crucial for timely myofiber regeneration, however the immune response following VML has yet to be fully characterized. Here, we leveraged dimensionality reduction and pseudo-time analysis techniques to elucidate the cellular players underlying a functional or pathological outcome as a result of subcritical or critical VML in the murine quadriceps, respectively. We found that critical VML presented with a sustained presence of M2-like and CD206hiLy6Chi  hybrid macrophages whereas subcritical defects resolved these populations. These macrophage subsets may contribute to fibrogenesis in critical VML, especially in the presence of TGF-{beta}. Furthermore, several T cell populations were significantly elevated in critical VML compared to subcritical injuries. Specifically, there was a significant increase of CD127+ T cells at days 3 and 7, and upregulated CD127 expression may indicate aberrant IL-7 signaling in critical VML. These results demonstrate a dysregulated immune response in critical VML that is unable to resolve the chronic inflammatory state and transition to a pro-regenerative microenvironment. These data provide important insights into potential therapeutic strategies which could reduce the immune cell burden and pro-fibrotic signaling characteristic of VML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hymel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying dysregulated immune cell subsets following critical volumetric muscle loss with pseudo-time trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Immune Modulatory Potency Using Targeted Lipidomic Profiling of Sphingolipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell therapies are expected to increase over the next decade due to increasing demand for clinical applications. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been explored to treat a number of diseases, with some successes in early clinical trials. Despite early successes, poor MSC characterization results in lessened therapeutic capacity once in vivo. Here, we characterized bone-marrow (BM), adipose derived and umbilical cord tissue MSCs sphingolipids (SLs), a class of bioactive lipids, using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. We found ceramide levels differed based upon donors sex in BM-MSCs. We detected fatty acyl chain variants in MSCs from all 3 sources. Linear discriminant analysis revealed that MSCs separated based on tissue source. Principal component analysis showed IFN-{gamma} primed and unstimulated MSCs separated according to their SL signature. Lastly, we detected higher ceramide levels in low IDO MSCs, indicating sphingomeylinase or ceramidase enzymatic activity may be involved in their immune potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyshnya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Immune Modulatory Potency Using Targeted Lipidomic Profiling of Sphingolipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae Organizing System (MICOS) Machinery Supports Heme Biosynthesis by Enabling Optimal Performance of Ferrochelatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme is an essential cofactor required for a plethora of cellular processes in eukaryotes. In metazoans the heme biosynthetic pathway is typically partitioned between the cytosol and mitochondria, with the first and final steps taking place in the mitochondrion. The pathway has been extensively studied, and all the biosynthetic enzymes have been structurally characterized to varying extents. Nevertheless, our understanding of the regulation of heme synthesis and factors that influence this process in metazoans remains incomplete. Herein we investigate the molecular organization as well as the catalytic and structural features of the terminal pathway enzyme, ferrochelatase (Hem15), in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemical and genetic analyses reveal dynamic association of Hem15 with Mic60, a core component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS). Loss of MICOS negatively impacts Hem15 activity and results in accumulation of highly reactive and potentially toxic tetrapyrrole precursors that may result in oxidative damage. Restoring intermembrane connectivity in MICOS-deficient cells mitigates these cytotoxic effects. Our data provide new insights into how heme biosynthetic machinery is organized and regulated, linking mitochondrial architecture-organizing factors to heme homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dietz, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohovych, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addis, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzilotta, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlock, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalimonchuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae Organizing System (MICOS) Machinery Supports Heme Biosynthesis by Enabling Optimal Performance of Ferrochelatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) binds and buffers labile heme, which is largely oxidized, in human embryonic kidney cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme oxygenases (HO) detoxify heme by oxidatively degrading it into carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin, which is reduced to bilirubin and excreted. Humans express two isoforms: inducible HO-1, which is up-regulated in response to various stressors, including excess heme, and constitutive HO-2. While much is known about the regulation and physiological function of HO-1, comparatively little is known about the role of HO-2 in regulating heme homeostasis. The biochemical necessity for expressing constitutive HO-2 is largely dependent on whether heme is sufficiently abundant and accessible as a substrate under conditions in which HO-1 is not induced. By measuring labile heme, total heme, and bilirubin in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells with silenced or over-expressed HO-2, and various HO-2 mutant alleles, we found that endogenous heme is too limiting to support HO-2 catalyzed heme degradation. Rather, we discovered that a novel role for HO-2 is to bind and buffer labile heme. Taken together, in the absence of excess heme, we propose that HO-2 regulates heme homeostasis by acting as a heme buffering factor in control of heme bioavailability. When heme is in excess, HO-1 is induced and both HO-2 and HO-1 can provide protection from heme toxicity by enzymatically degrading it. Our results explain why catalytically inactive mutants of HO-2 are cytoprotective against oxidative stress. Moreover, the change in bioavailable heme due to HO-2 overexpression, which selectively binds ferric over ferrous heme, is consistent with the labile heme pool being oxidized, thereby providing new insights into heme trafficking and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischhacker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.447256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) binds and buffers labile heme, which is largely oxidized, in human embryonic kidney cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TSEBRA: Transcript Selector for BRAKER 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBRAKER is a suite of automatic pipelines, BRAKER1 and BRAKER2, for the accurate annotation of protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomes. Each pipeline trains statistical models of protein-coding genes based on provided evidence and, then predicts protein-coding genes in genomic sequences using both the extrinsic evidence and statistical models. For training and prediction, BRAKER1 and BRAKER2 incorporate complementary extrinsic evidence: BRAKER1 uses only RNA-seq data while BRAKER2 uses only a database of cross-species proteins. The BRAKER suite has so far not been able to reliably exceed the accuracy of BRAKER1 and BRAKER2 when incorporating both types of evidence simultaneously. Currently, for a novel genome project where both RNA-seq and protein data are available, the best option is to run both pipelines independently, and to pick one, likely better output. Therefore, one or another type of the extrinsic evidence would remain unexploited.

ResultsWe present TSEBRA, a software that selects gene predictions (transcripts) from the sets generated by BRAKER1 and BRAKER2. TSEBRA uses a set of rules to compare scores of overlapping transcripts based on their support by RNA-seq and homologous protein evidence. We show in computational experiments on genomes of 11 species that TSEBRA achieves higher accuracy than either BRAKER1 or BRAKER2 running alone and that TSEBRA compares favorably with the combiner tool EVidenceModeler.

ConclusionTSEBRA is an easy-to-use and fast software tool. It can be used in concert with the BRAKER pipeline to generate a gene prediction set supported by both RNA-seq and homologous protein evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TSEBRA: Transcript Selector for BRAKER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treadmill exercise promotes retinal astrocyte plasticity and protects against retinal degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise has been shown to be an effective neuroprotective intervention that preserves retinal function and structure in several animal models of retinal degeneration. However, retinal cell morphology and cell types governing exercise-induced retinal neuroprotection remain elusive. Previously, we found that the protective effects of exercise in animal models of retinal disease were accompanied by increased levels of circulating and retinal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and required intact signal transduction with its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB). Studies of neurodegenerative diseases in the brain demonstrate that neurons and astrocytes express BDNF and TrkB. Additionally, astrocytes have been shown to alter their morphology in response to exercise. Here, we have investigated the role of retinal astrocytes as mediators of exercise-induced retinal neuroprotection in a light-induced retinal degeneration mouse model (LIRD). We found that treadmill exercise in both our dim (control maintenance light levels) and LIRD groups promote increased retinal astrocytic population, GFAP expression, branching and endpoints, dendritic complexity, and promotes BDNF-astrocyte interaction. In contrast, LIRD animals that were inactive had significant reductions in all measured parameters. Our findings indicate that exercise is sufficient to rescue retinal astrocyte morphology in a LIRD model maintaining branching and dendritic arborization similar to retinal astrocytes that are not undergoing degeneration. These studies provide essential information to current knowledge gaps in regards to exercise-induced neuroprotection and will additionally provide knowledge in exercise intervention optimization as a rehabilitative method.

Significance statementThis study represents an essential step in determining the cell-types governing and morphological alterations elicited from exercise which may provide neural repair and protection. Similar to astrocytes in the brain, retinal astrocytes alter their morphology in response to exercise. Our studies demonstrate exercise promotes increased interactions between retinal astrocytes and neural growth factors in healthy retinas as well as in retinas undergoing degeneration, which may ultimately protect dying retinal neurons. These studies provide insight into the potential neuroprotective role astrocytes play in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacko, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatright, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treadmill exercise promotes retinal astrocyte plasticity and protects against retinal degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotyping the tumor-immune microenvironment (TiME) in vivo by cellular-level optical imaging reveals unique combination phenotypes with variable inflammation and endothelial anergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies have shown unprecedented clinical benefits in several malignancies1-3. However, clinical responses remain variable and unpredictable, indicating the need to develop predictive platforms that can improve patient stratification4. Phenotyping of tumors into hot, altered, or cold5 based on assessment of only T-cell infiltration in static tumor biopsies provides suboptimal prediction of immunotherapy response6,7. In vivo dynamic mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment such as tumor angiogenesis and leukocyte trafficking5,8,9 also play a central role in modulating anti-tumor immunity and therefore immunotherapy response. Here, we report novel tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) phenotyping in vivo in patients with non-invasive spatially-resolved cellular-level imaging based on endogenous contrast. Investigating skin cancers as a model, with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging10, we determined four major phenotypes with variable prevalence of vasculature (Vasc) and inflammation (Inf) features: VaschiInfhi, VaschiInflo, VascloInfhi and Vascmed/hiInflo. The VaschiInfhi phenotype correlates with high immune activation, exhaustion, and vascular signatures while VaschiInflo with endothelial anergy and immune exclusion. Automated quantification of TiME features demonstrates moderate-high accuracy and correlation with corresponding gene expression. Prospectively analyzed response to topical immunotherapy show highest response in VascloInfhi, and reveals the added value of vascular features in predicting treatment response. Our novel in vivo cellular-level imaging and phenotyping approach can potentially advance our fundamental understanding of TiME, develop robust predictors for immunotherapy outcomes and identify novel targetable pathways in future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tembo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtansky, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jilani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete-Dechent, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulitzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marghoob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotyping the tumor-immune microenvironment (TiME) in vivo by cellular-level optical imaging reveals unique combination phenotypes with variable inflammation and endothelial anergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Local Explainability Approach for Spectral Insight into Raw EEG-Based Deep Learning Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frequency domain of electroencephalography (EEG) data has developed as a particularly important area of EEG analysis. EEG spectra have been analyzed with explainable machine learning and deep learning methods. However, as deep learning has developed, most studies use raw EEG data, which is not well-suited for traditional explainability methods. Several studies have introduced methods for spectral insight into classifiers trained on raw EEG data. These studies have provided global insight into the frequency bands that are generally important to a classifier but do not provide local insight into the frequency bands important for the classification of individual samples. This local explainability could be particularly helpful for EEG analysis domains like sleep stage classification that feature multiple evolving states. We present a novel local spectral explainability approach and use it to explain a convolutional neural network trained for automated sleep stage classification. We use our approach to show how the relative importance of different frequency bands varies over time and even within the same sleep stages. Furthermore, to better understand how our approach compares to existing methods, we compare a global estimate of spectral importance generated from our local results with an existing global spectral importance approach. We find that the {delta} band is most important for most sleep stages, though {beta} is most important for the non-rapid eye movement 2 (NREM2) sleep stage. Additionally, {theta} is particularly important for identifying Awake and NREM1 samples. Our study represents the first approach developed for local spectral insight into deep learning classifiers trained on raw EEG time series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Local Explainability Approach for Spectral Insight into Raw EEG-Based Deep Learning Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Local Ablation Approach for Explaining Multimodal Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the growing use of multimodal data for deep learning classification in healthcare research, more studies have begun to present explainability methods for insight into multimodal classifiers. Among these studies, few have utilized local explainability methods, which could provide (1) insight into the classification of each sample and (2) an opportunity to better understand the effects of demographic and clinical variables within datasets (e.g., medication of subjects in electrophysiology data). To the best of our knowledge, this opportunity has not yet been explored within multimodal classification. We present a novel local ablation approach that shows the importance of each modality to the correct classification of each class and explore the effects of demographic and clinical variables upon the classifier. As a use-case, we train a convolutional neural network for automated sleep staging with electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) data. We find that EEG is the most important modality across most stages, though EOG is particular important for non-rapid eye movement stage 1. Further, we identify significant relationships between the local explanations and subject age, sex, and state of medication which suggest that the classifier learned specific features associated with these variables across multiple modalities and correctly classified samples. Our novel explainability approach has implications for many fields involving multimodal classification. Moreover, our examination of the degree to which demographic and clinical variables may affect classifiers could provide direction for future studies in automated biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Local Ablation Approach for Explaining Multimodal Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diel population dynamics and mortality of Prochlorococcus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthesis fuels primary production at the base of marine food webs. Yet, in many surface ocean ecosystems, diel-driven primary production is tightly coupled to daily loss. This tight coupling raises the question: which top-down drivers predominate in maintaining persistently stable picocyanobacterial populations over longer time scales? Motivated by high-frequency surface water measurements taken in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), we developed multitrophic models to investigate bottom-up and top-down mechanisms underlying the balanced control of Prochlorococcus populations. We find that incorporating photosynthetic growth with viral- and predator-induced mortality is sufficient to recapitulate daily oscillations of Prochlorococcus abundances with baseline community abundances. In doing so, we infer that grazers function as the primary top-down factor despite high standing viral particle densities while identifying the potential for light-dependent viral traits and non-canonical loss factors to shape the structure and function of marine microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coenen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugenne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follett, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, M. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gonzalez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbrust, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follows, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribalet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diel population dynamics and mortality of Prochlorococcus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenome-based comparisons of decay rates and host-specificity of fecal microbial communities for improved microbial source tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fecal material in the environment is a primary source of pathogens that cause waterborne diseases and affect over a billion people worldwide. Microbial source tracking (MST) assays based on single genes (e.g., 16S rRNA) do not always provide the resolution needed to attribute fecal contamination sources. In this work, we used dialysis bag mesocosms simulating a freshwater habitat that were spiked separately with cow, pig, or human feces to monitor the decay of host-specific fecal signals over time with metagenomics, traditional qPCR, and culture-based methods. Sequencing of the host fecal communities used as inocula recovered 79 non-redundant metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) whose abundance patterns showed that the majority of the fecal community signal was not detectable in the mesocosm metagenomes after four days. Several MAGs showed high host specificity, and thus are promising candidates for biomarkers for their respective host type. Traditional qPCR methods varied in their correlation with MAG decay kinetics. Notably, the human-specific Bacteroides assay, HF183/BFDRev, consistently under-estimated fecal pollution due to not being present in all hosts and/or primer mismatches. This work provides new insights on the persistence and decay kinetics of host-specific gut microbes in the environment and identifies several MAGs as putative biomarkers for improved MST.

SYNOPSISWe track cow, pig, and human fecal pollution in lake water over time with metagenomics and benchmark these novel protocols against standard culture-based and qPCR tests for water quality monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suttner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenome-based comparisons of decay rates and host-specificity of fecal microbial communities for improved microbial source tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.448995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast alignment and preprocessing of chromatin profiles with Chromap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.448995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present Chromap, an ultrafast method for aligning and preprocessing high throughput chromatin profiles. Chromap is comparable to BWA-MEM and Bowtie2 in alignment accuracy and is over 10 times faster than traditional workflows on bulk ChIP-seq / Hi-C profiles and than 10x Genomics CellRanger v2.0.0 pipeline on single-cell ATAC-seq profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.448995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast alignment and preprocessing of chromatin profiles with Chromap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.448984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Intrinsic Functional Brain Organization Emerges from Three Canonical Spatiotemporal Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.448984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional MRI has yielded seemingly disparate insights into large-scale organization of the human brain. The brains large-scale organization can be divided into two broad categories - zero-lag representations of functional connectivity structure and time-lag representations of traveling wave or propagation structure. Here we sought to unify observed phenomena across these two categories in the form of three low-frequency spatiotemporal patterns composed of a mixture of standing and traveling wave dynamics. We showed that a range of empirical phenomena, including functional connectivity gradients, the task-positive/task-negative anti-correlation pattern, the global signal, time-lag propagation patterns, the quasiperiodic pattern, and the functional connectome network structure are manifestations of these three spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns account for much of the global spatial structure that underlies functional connectivity analyses, and unifies phenomena in resting-state functional MRI previously thought distinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.448984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Intrinsic Functional Brain Organization Emerges from Three Canonical Spatiotemporal Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotics drive expansion of rare pathogens in a chronic infection microbiome model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic (long-lasting) infections are globally a major and rising cause of morbidity and mortality. Unlike typical acute infections, chronic infections are ecologically diverse, characterized by the presence of a polymicrobial mix of opportunistic pathogens and human-associated commensals. To address the challenge of chronic infection microbiomes, we focus on a particularly well-characterized disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), where polymicrobial lung infections persist for decades despite frequent exposure to antibiotics. Epidemiological analyses point to conflicting results on the benefits of antibiotic treatment, and are confounded by the dependency of antibiotic exposures on prior pathogen presence, limiting their ability to draw causal inferences on the relationships between antibiotic exposure and pathogen dynamics. To address this limitation, we develop a synthetic infection microbiome model, and benchmark on clinical data. We show that, in the absence of antibiotics, the microbiome structure in a synthetic sputum medium is highly repeatable and dominated by oral commensals. In contrast, challenge with physiologically relevant antibiotic doses leads to substantial community perturbation characterized by multiple alternate pathogen-dominant states and enrichment of drug-resistant species. These results provide evidence that antibiotics can drive the expansion (via competitive release) of previously rare opportunistic pathogens and offer a path towards microbiome-informed conditional treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotics drive expansion of rare pathogens in a chronic infection microbiome model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TedSim: temporal dynamics simulation of single cell RNA-sequencing data and cell division history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, the combined scRNA-seq and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technologies have enabled simultaneous readouts of gene expressions and lineage barcodes, which allows for the reconstruction of the cell division tree, and makes it possible to trace the origin of each cell type. Computational methods are emerging to take advantage of the jointly profiled scRNA-seq and lineage barcode data to better reconstruct the cell division history or to infer the cell state trajectories.

Here, we present TedSim (single cell Temporal dynamics Simulator), a simulator that simulates the cell division events from the root cell to present-day cells, simultaneously generating the lineage barcodes and scRNA-seq data. In particular, TedSim generates cells from multiple cell types through cell division events. TedSim can be used to benchmark and investigate computational methods which use either or both of the two types of data, scRNA-seq and lineage barcodes, to study cell lineages, ancestral cells or cell trajectories. TedSim is available at: https://github.com/Galaxeee/TedSim.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TedSim: temporal dynamics simulation of single cell RNA-sequencing data and cell division history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-scales modulate optimal lysis-lysogeny decision switches and near-term phage fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperate phage can initiate lysis or lysogeny after infecting a bacterial host. The genetic switch between lysis and lysogeny is mediated by phage regulatory genes as well as host and environmental factors. Recently, a new class of decision switches was identified in phage of the SPbeta group, mediated by the extracellular release of small, phage-encoded peptides termed arbitrium. Arbitrium peptides can be taken up by bacteria prior to infection, modulating the decision switch in the event of a subsequent phage infection. Increasing concentration of arbitrium increases the chance that a phage infection will lead to lysogeny, rather than lysis. Although prior work has centered on the molecular mechanisms of arbitrium-induced switching, here we focus on how selective pressures impact the benefits of plasticity in switching responses. In this work, we examine the possible advantages of near-term adaptation of communication-based decision switches used by the SPbeta-like group. We combine a nonlinear population model with a control theoretic approach to evaluate the relationship between a putative phage reaction norm (i.e., the probability of lysogeny as a function of arbitrium) and the near-term time horizon. We show the adaptive potential of communication-based lysis-lysogeny responses and find that optimal switching between lysis to lysogeny increases near-term fitness compared to fixed responses. We further find that plastic responses are robust to the inclusion of cellular-level stochasticity. These findings provide a principled basis to explore the long-term evolution of phage-encoded decision systems mediated by extracellular decision-signaling molecules, and the feedback between phage reaction norms and ecological context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucia-Sanz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-scales modulate optimal lysis-lysogeny decision switches and near-term phage fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Point-of-care analyte quantification and digital readout via lysate-based cell-free biosensors interfaced with personal glucose monitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Field-deployable diagnostics based on cell-free systems have advanced greatly, but on-site quantification of target analytes remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate that Escherichia coli lysate-based cell-free biosensors coupled to a personal glucose monitor (PGM) can enable on-site analyte quantification, with the potential for straightforward reconfigurability to diverse types of analytes. We show that analyte-responsive regulators of transcription and translation can modulate production of the reporter enzyme {beta}-galactosidase, which in turn converts lactose into glucose for PGM quantification. Because glycolysis is active in the lysate and would readily deplete converted glucose, we decoupled enzyme production and glucose conversion to increase endpoint signal output. This lysate metabolism did, however, allow for one-pot removal of glucose present in complex samples (like human serum) without confounding target quantification. Taken together, we show that integrating lysate-based cell-free biosensors with PGMs enables accessible target detection and quantification at the point of need.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppe, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Point-of-care analyte quantification and digital readout via lysate-based cell-free biosensors interfaced with personal glucose monitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive shifts underlie the divergence in wing morphology in bombycoid moths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of flapping flight is linked to the prolific success of insects. Across Insecta, wing morphology diversified, strongly impacting aerodynamic performance. In the presence of ecological opportunity, discrete adaptive shifts and early bursts are two processes hypothesized to give rise to exceptional morphological diversification. Here, we use the sister-families Sphingidae and Saturniidae to answer how the evolution of aerodynamically important traits is linked to clade divergence and through what process(es) these traits evolve. Many agile Sphingidae evolved hover-feeding behaviors, while adult Saturniidae lack functional mouth parts and rely on a fixed energy budget as adults. We find that Sphingidae underwent an adaptive shift in wing morphology coincident with life history and behavior divergence, evolving small high aspect-ratio wings advantageous for power reduction that can be moved at high frequencies, beneficial for flight control. In contrast, Saturniidae, which do not feed as adults, evolved large wings and morphology which surprisingly does not reduce aerodynamic power, but could contribute to their erratic flight behavior, aiding in predator avoidance. We suggest that after the evolution of flapping flight, diversification of wing morphology can be potentiated by adaptative shifts, shaping the diversity of wing morphology across insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Sikandar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinderwala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive shifts underlie the divergence in wing morphology in bombycoid moths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.448877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.448877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype.

MethodsKra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections.

ResultsAs expected, the kra monkeys controlled parasitaemia and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without antimalarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopaenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modeling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low.

ConclusionsKra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera-Mora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saney, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderberg, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nural, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machiah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpuzoglu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBarry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MaHPIC-Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirouvanziam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissinger, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galinski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.448877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic model-driven exometabolomic characterisation of human dopaminergic neuronal metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Starting with a comprehensive generic reconstruction of human metabolism, we generated high-quality, constraint-based, genome-scale, cell-type and condition specific models of metabolism in human dopaminergic neurons, the cell type most vulnerable to degeneration in Parkinsons disease. They are a synthesis of extensive manual curation of the biochemical literature on neuronal metabolism, together with novel, quantitative, transcriptomic and targeted exometabolomic data from human stem cell-derived, midbrainspecific, dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Thermodynamic constraint-based modelling enabled qualitatively accurate and moderately quantitatively accurate prediction of dopaminergic neuronal metabolite exchange fluxes, including predicting the consequences of metabolic perturbations in a manner also consistent with literature on monogenic mitochondrial Parkinsons disease. These dopaminergic neurons models provide a foundation for a quantitative systems biochemistry approach to metabolic dysfunction in Parkinsons disease. Moreover, the plethora of novel mathematical and computational approaches required to develop them are generalisable to study any other disease associated with metabolic dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preciat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willacey, C. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modamio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Assal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vempala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengerer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwamborn, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankemeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic model-driven exometabolomic characterisation of human dopaminergic neuronal metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA and the Goldilocks Zone: Where Mg2+ concentration is just right 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnesium, the most abundant divalent cation in cells, catalyzes RNA cleavage but also promotes RNA folding. Because folding can protect RNA from cleavage, we predicted a "Goldilocks peak", which is a local maximum in RNA lifetime at the Mg2+ concentration required for folding. Here we use simulation and experiment to discover an innate yet sophisticated mechanism of control of RNA lifetime. By simulation we characterized the RNA Goldilocks peak and its dependence on cleavage parameters and extent of folding. Supporting experiments with yeast tRNAPhe and Tetrahymena ribozyme P4-P6 domains show that structured RNA can inhabit a Goldilocks peak in vitro. The Goldilocks peaks are tunable by differences in cleavage rate constants, Mg2+ binding cooperativity, and Mg2+ affinity. Broad ranges of those folding and cleavage parameters produce Goldilocks peaks of different intensities. Goldilocks behavior allows ultrafine control of RNA chemical lifetime, whereas non-folding RNAs do not display a Goldilocks peak. In sum, the effects of Mg2+ on RNA persistence are expected to be pleomorphic, both protecting and degrading RNA. In evolutionary context, Goldilocks behavior may have shaped RNA in an early Earth environment containing Mg2+ and other metals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth-Metzler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel-Pinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA and the Goldilocks Zone: Where Mg2+ concentration is just right]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradient-mixing LEGO robots for purifying DNA origami nanostructures of multiple components rate-zonal centrifugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA origami purification is critical in emerging applications of functionalized DNA nanostructures from basic fundamental biophysics, nanorobots to therapeutics. Advances in DNA origami purification have led to the establishment of rate-zonal centrifugation (RZC) as a scalable, high-yield, and contamination-free approach to purifying DNA origami nanostructures. In RZC purification, a linear density gradient is created using viscous agents, such as glycerol and sucrose, to separate molecules based on their mass and shape during high-rpm centrifugation. However, current methods for creating density gradients are typically time-consuming because of their reliance on slow passive diffusion. Here, we built a LEGO gradient mixer to rapidly create a quasi-continuous density gradient with minimal layering of concentrations using simple rotational motion. We found that rotating two layers of different concentrations at an angle can reduce the diffusion time from a few hours to mere minutes. The instrument needed to perform the movement can be constructed from low-cost components, such as Arduino and LEGO Mindstorms pieces, and has comparable efficacy to commercial gradient mixers currently available. Our results demonstrate that the creation of a linear density gradient can be achieved with minimal labor, time, and cost with this machine. With the recent advances in DNA origami production, we anticipate our findings to further improve the viability of scaling up DNA origami purification in grams quantities. Our simple process enables automated large-scale purification of functionalized DNA origami more feasible in resource-constrained settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sentosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djutanta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Showkeir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezvani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariadi, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradient-mixing LEGO robots for purifying DNA origami nanostructures of multiple components rate-zonal centrifugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The core root microbiome of Spartina alterniflora is predominated by sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in Georgia salt marshes, USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSalt marshes are dominated by the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora on the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines. Although soil microorganisms are well known to mediate important biogeochemical cycles in salt marshes, little is known about the role of root microbiomes in supporting the health and productivity of marsh plant hosts. Leveraging in situ gradients in aboveground plant biomass as a natural laboratory, we investigated the relationships between S. alterniflora primary productivity, sediment redox potential, and the physiological ecology of bulk sediment, rhizosphere, and root microbial communities at two Georgia barrier islands over two growing seasons.

ResultsA marked decrease in prokaryotic alpha diversity with high abundance and increased phylogenetic dispersion was found in the S. alterniflora root microbiome. Significantly higher rates of enzymatic organic matter decomposition, as well as the relative abundances of putative sulfur (S)-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing, and nitrifying prokaryotes correlated with plant productivity. Moreover, these functional guilds were overrepresented in the S. alterniflora rhizosphere and root core microbiomes. Core microbiome bacteria from the Candidatus Thiodiazotropha genus, with the metabolic potential to couple S oxidation with C and N fixation, were shown to be highly abundant in the root and rhizosphere of S. alterniflora.

ConclusionsThe S. alterniflora root microbiome is dominated by highly active and competitive species taking advantage of available carbon substrates in the oxidized root zone. Two microbially-mediated mechanisms are proposed to stimulate S. alterniflora primary productivity: (i.) Enhanced microbial activity replenishes nutrients and terminal electron acceptors in higher biomass stands, and (ii.) coupling of chemolithotrophic S oxidation with carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixation by root and rhizosphere associated prokaryotes detoxify sulfide in the root zone while potentially transferring fixed C and N to the host plant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rolando, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The core root microbiome of Spartina alterniflora is predominated by sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in Georgia salt marshes, USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH TO ESTIMATING INITIAL CONDITIONS OF BRAIN NETWORK MODELS IN REFERENCE TO MEASURED FMRI DATA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Brain Network Models (BNMs) are a family of dynamical systems that simulate whole brain activity using neural mass models to represent local activity in different brain regions that influence each other via a global structural network. Research has been interested in using these network models to explain measured whole brain activity measured via resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Properties computed over longer periods of simulated and measured data such as average functional connectivity (FC), have shown to be comparable with similar properties estimated from measured rs-fMRI data. While this shows that these network models have similar properties over the dynamical landscape, it is unclear how well simulated trajectories compare with empirical trajectories on a timepoint-by-timepoint basis. Previous studies have shown that BNMs are able to produce relevant features at shorter timescales, but analysis of short-term trajectories or transient dynamics as defined by synchronized predictions from BNM made at the same timescale as the collected data has not yet been conducted. Relevant neural processes exist in the time frame of measurements and are often used in task fMRI studies to understand neural responses to behavioral cues. Therefore, it is important to investigate how much of these dynamics are captured by our current brain simulations. To test the nature of BNMs short term trajectories against observed data, we utilize a deep learning technique known as Neural ODE that based on an observed sequence of fMRI measurements, estimates the initial conditions such that the BNMs simulation is synchronized to produce the closest trajectory relative to the observed data. We test to see if the parameterization of a specific well studied BNM, the Firing Rate Model, calculated by maximizing its accuracy in reproducing observed short term trajectories matches with the parameterized model that produces the best average long-term metrics. Our results show that such an agreement between parameterization using long and short simulation analysis exists if also considering other factors such as the sensitivity in accuracy with relative to changes in structural connectivity. Therefore, we conclude that there is evidence that by solving for initial conditions, BNMs can be simulated in a meaningful way when comparing against measured data trajectories, although future studies are necessary to establish how BNM activity relate to behavioral variables or to faster neural processes during this time period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH TO ESTIMATING INITIAL CONDITIONS OF BRAIN NETWORK MODELS IN REFERENCE TO MEASURED FMRI DATA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent collective locomotion in an active polymer model of entangled worm blobs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous worm and arthropod species form physically-connected aggregations in which interactions among individuals give rise to emergent macroscale dynamics and functionalities that enhance collective survival. In particular, some aquatic worms such as the California blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus) entangle their bodies into dense blobs to shield themselves against external stressors and preserve moisture in dry conditions. Motivated by recent experiments revealing emergent locomotion in blackworm blobs, we investigate the collective worm dynamics by modeling each worm as a self-propelled Brownian polymer. Though our model is two-dimensional, compared to real three-dimensional worm blobs, we demonstrate how a simulated blob can collectively traverse temperature gradients via the coupling between the active motion and the environment. By performing a systematic parameter sweep over the strength of attractive forces between worms, and the magnitude of their directed self-propulsion, we obtain a rich phase diagram which reveals that effective collective locomotion emerges as a result of finely balancing a tradeoff between these two parameters. Our model brings the physics of active filaments into a new meso- and macroscale context and invites further theoretical investigation into the collective behavior of long, slender, semi-flexible organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan-Aydin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuazon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent collective locomotion in an active polymer model of entangled worm blobs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamic state controls timing and synchronization of primary somatosensory cortical representations in the awake mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thalamus controls transmission of sensory signals from periphery to cortex, ultimately shaping perception. Despite this significant role, dynamic thalamic gating and the consequences for downstream cortical sensory representations have not been well studied in the awake brain. We optogenetically modulated the ventro-posterior medial thalamus in the vibrissa pathway of the awake mouse, and measured spiking activity in the thalamus, and activity in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) using extracellular electrophysiology and genetically encoded voltage imaging. Thalamic hyperpolarization significantly enhanced thalamic sensory-evoked bursting, yet surprisingly the S1 cortical response was not amplified, but instead timing precision was significantly increased, spatial activation more focused, and there was an increased synchronization of cortical inhibitory neurons. A thalamocortical network model implicates the modulation of precise timing of feedforward thalamic population spiking, presenting a highly sensitive, timing-based gating of sensory signaling to cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morissette, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamic state controls timing and synchronization of primary somatosensory cortical representations in the awake mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent coordination patterns provide near perfect behavior decoding in a comprehensive motor program for insect flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of motor activity can be used to decode behavior state. Precise spike timing encoding is present in many motor systems, but is not frequently utilized to decode behavior or to examine how coordination is achieved across many motor units. Testing whether the same coordinated sets of muscles control different movements is difficult without a complete motor representation at the level of the currency of control - action potentials. Here, we demonstrate nearly perfect decoding of six hawk moth flight behaviors elicited in response to wide-field drifting visual stimuli about the flight axes - pitch, roll, and yaw - using a comprehensive, spike-resolved motor program and a simple linear decoding pipeline. A complex decoding scheme is not necessary, even if the functional patterns of control are nonlinear. We show that muscle covariation present in one pair of visual stimulus conditions can be used to decode behavior in a different pair of visual stimulus conditions, indicating the presence of conserved muscle coordination patterns at the level of motor neuronal timings in functionally distinct behaviors. We also demonstrate that as few as half the muscles can be used to retain decoding performance, linking coordination to redundancy in encoding, if not function, across the entire moth flight motor program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angjelichinoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarokh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent coordination patterns provide near perfect behavior decoding in a comprehensive motor program for insect flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Gradient-based Spectral Explainability Method for EEG Deep Learning Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The automated feature extraction capabilities of deep learning classifiers have promoted their broader application to EEG analysis. In contrast to earlier machine learning studies that used extracted features and traditional explainability approaches, explainability for classifiers trained on raw data is particularly challenging. As such, studies have begun to present methods that provide insight into the spectral features learned by deep learning classifiers trained on raw EEG. These approaches have two key shortcomings. (1) They involve perturbation, which can create out-of-distribution samples that cause inaccurate explanations. (2) They are global, not local. Local explainability approaches can be used to examine how demographic and clinical variables affected the patterns learned by the classifier. In our study, we present a novel local spectral explainability approach. We apply it to a convolutional neural network trained for automated sleep stage classification. We apply layer-wise relevance propagation to identify the relative importance of the features in the raw EEG and subsequently examine the frequency domain of the explanations to determine the importance of each canonical frequency band locally and globally. We then perform a statistical analysis to determine whether age and sex affected the patterns learned by the classifier for each frequency band and sleep stage. Results showed that {delta}, {beta}, and {gamma} were the overall most important frequency bands. In addition, age and sex significantly affected the patterns learned by the classifier for most sleep stages and frequency bands. Our study presents a novel spectral explainability approach that could substantially increase the level of insight into classifiers trained on raw EEG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Gradient-based Spectral Explainability Method for EEG Deep Learning Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An information theoretic method to resolve millisecond-scale spike timing precision in a comprehensive motor program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory inputs in nervous systems are often encoded at the millisecond scale in a temporally precise code. There is now a growing appreciation for the prevalence of precise timing encoding in motor systems. Animals from moths to birds control motor outputs using precise spike timing, but we largely do not know at what scale timing matters in these circuits due to the difficulty of recording a complete set of spike-resolved motor signals and relatively few methods for assessing spike timing precision. We introduce a method to estimate spike timing precision in motor circuits using continuous MI estimation at increasing levels of added uniform noise. This method can assess spike timing precision at fine scales for encoding rich motor output variation. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach compared to a previously established discrete information theoretic method of assessing spike timing precision. We use this method to analyze a data set of simultaneous turning (yaw) torque output and EMG recordings from the 10 primary muscles of Manduca sexta as tethered moths visually tracked a robotic flower moving with a 1 Hz sinusoidal trajectory. We know that all 10 muscles in this motor program encode the majority of information about yaw torque in spike timings, but we do not know whether individual muscles receive information encoded at different levels of precision. Using the continuous MI method, we demonstrate that the scale of temporal precision in all motor units in this insect flight circuit is at the sub-millisecond or millisecond-scale, with variation in precision scale present between muscle types. This method can be applied broadly to estimate spike timing precision in sensory and motor circuits in both invertebrates and vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An information theoretic method to resolve millisecond-scale spike timing precision in a comprehensive motor program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel municipal sewage-associated bacterial genomes and their potential in source tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the genomic diversity of raw municipal wastewater (sewage) microbial communities, including to what extent sewage-specific populations exist and how they can be used to improve source attribution and partitioning in sewage-contaminated waters. Herein, we used the influent of three wastewater treatment plants in Atlanta, Georgia (USA) as inoculum in multiple controlled laboratory mesocosms to simulate sewage contamination events and followed these perturbed freshwater microbial communities with metagenomics over a 7-day observational period. We describe 15 abundant non-redundant bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) ubiquitous within all sewage inoculum yet absent from the unperturbed freshwater control at our analytical limit of detection. Tracking the dynamics of populations represented by these MAGs revealed varied decay kinetics, depending on (inferred) phenotypes, e.g., anaerobes decayed faster under the well-aerated incubation conditions. Notably, a portion of these populations show decay patterns similar to common markers, Enterococcus and HF183. Comparisons against MAGs from different sources such as human and animal feces, revealed low cross-reactivity, indicating how genomic collections could be used to sensitively identify sewage contamination and partition signal among multiple sources. Overall, our results indicate the usefulness of metagenomic approaches for assessing sewage contamination in waterbodies and provides needed methodologies for doing so.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindner, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel municipal sewage-associated bacterial genomes and their potential in source tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIGAR-V2: Efficient TWAS Tool with Nonparametric Bayesian eQTL Weights of 49 Tissue Types from GTEx V8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS) methods first train gene expression prediction models using reference transcriptomic data, and then test the association between the predicted genetically regulated gene expression and phenotype of interest. Most existing TWAS tools require cumbersome preparation of genotype input files and extra coding to enable parallel computation. To improve the efficiency of TWAS tools, we develop TIGAR-V2, which directly reads VCF files, enables parallel computation, and reduces up to 90% computation cost (mainly due to loading genotype data) compared to the original version. TIGAR-V2 can train gene expression imputation models using either nonparametric Bayesian Dirichlet Process Regression (DPR) or Elastic-Net (as used by PrediXcan), perform TWAS using either individual-level or summary-level GWAS data, and implements both burden and variance-component statistics for gene-based association tests. We trained gene expression prediction models by DPR for 49 tissues using GTEx V8 by TIGAR-V2 and illustrated the usefulness of these Bayesian cis-eQTL weights through TWAS of breast and ovarian cancer utilizing public GWAS summary statistics. We identified 88 and 37 risk genes respectively for breast and ovarian cancer, most of which are either known or near previously identified GWAS (~95%) or TWAS (~40%) risk genes and three novel independent TWAS risk genes with known functions in carcinogenesis. These findings suggest that TWAS can provide biological insight into the transcriptional regulation of complex diseases. TIGAR-V2 tool, trained Bayesian cis-eQTL weights, and LD information from GTEx V8 are publicly available, providing a useful resource for mapping risk genes of complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrish, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIGAR-V2: Efficient TWAS Tool with Nonparametric Bayesian eQTL Weights of 49 Tissue Types from GTEx V8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ipsilateral stimulus encoding in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex of awake mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateralization is a hallmark of somatosensory processing in the mammalian brain. However, in addition to their contralateral representation, unilateral tactile stimuli also modulate neuronal activity in somatosensory cortices of the ipsilateral hemisphere. The cellular organization and functional role of these ipsilateral stimulus responses in awake somatosensory cortices, especially regarding stimulus coding, are unknown. Here, we targeted silicon probe recordings to the vibrissa region of primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortex of awake head-fixed mice of either sex while delivering ipsilateral and contralateral whisker stimuli. Ipsilateral stimuli drove larger and more reliable responses in S2 than in S1, and activated a larger fraction of stimulus-responsive neurons. Ipsilateral stimulus-responsive neurons were rare in layer 4 of S1, but were located in equal proportion across all layers in S2. Linear classifier analyses further revealed that decoding of the ipsilateral stimulus was more accurate in S2 than S1, while S1 decoded contralateral stimuli most accurately. These results reveal substantial encoding of ipsilateral stimuli in S1 and especially S2, consistent with the hypothesis that higher cortical areas may integrate tactile inputs across larger portions of space, spanning both sides of the body.

S1ignificance StatementTactile information obtained by one side of the body is represented in the activity of neurons of the opposite brain hemisphere. However unilateral tactile stimulation also modulates neuronal activity in the other, or ipsilateral, brain hemisphere. This ipsilateral activity may play an important role in the representation and processing of tactile information, in particular when the sense of touch involves both sides of the body. Our work in the whisker system of awake mice reveals that neocortical ipsilateral activity, in particular that of deep layer excitatory neurons of secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), contains information about the presence and the velocity of unilateral tactile stimuli, which supports a key role for S2 in integrating tactile information across both body sides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ipsilateral stimulus encoding in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex of awake mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous emergence of multicellular heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Major Transitions in evolution include events and processes that result in the emergence of new levels of biological individuality. For collectives to undergo Darwinian evolution, their traits must be heritable, but the emergence of higher-level heritability is poorly understood and has long been considered a stumbling block for nascent evolutionary transitions. A change in the means by which genetic information is utilized and transmitted has been presumed necessary. Using analytical models, synthetic biology, and biologicallyinformed simulations, we explored the emergence of trait heritability during the evolution of multicellularity. Contrary to existing theory, we show that no additional layer of genetic regulation is necessary for traits of nascent multicellular organisms to become heritable; rather, heritability and the capacity to respond to natural selection on multicellular-level traits can arise "for free." In fact, we find that a key emergent multicellular trait, organism size at reproduction, is usually more heritable than the underlying cell-level trait upon which it is based, given reasonable assumptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamani-Dahaj, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, w. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous emergence of multicellular heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drop, Swap, and Generate: A Self-Supervised Approach for Generating Neural Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meaningful and simplified representations of neural activity can yield insights into how and what information is being processed within a neural circuit. However, without labels, finding representations that reveal the link between the brain and behavior can be challenging. Here, we introduce a novel unsupervised approach for learning disentangled representations of neural activity called Swap-VAE. Our approach combines a generative modeling framework with an instance-specific alignment loss that tries to maximize the representational similarity between transformed views of the input (brain state). These transformed (or augmented) views are created by dropping out neurons and jittering samples in time, which intuitively should lead the network to a representation that maintains both temporal consistency and invariance to the specific neurons used to represent the neural state. Through evaluations on both synthetic data and neural recordings from hundreds of neurons in different primate brains, we show that it is possible to build representations that disentangle neural datasets along relevant latent dimensions linked tso behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azabou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabagia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drop, Swap, and Generate: A Self-Supervised Approach for Generating Neural Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of a chordate-specific mechanism for myoblast fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The size of an animal is determined by the size of its musculoskeletal system. Myoblast fusion is an innovative mechanism that allows for multinucleated muscle fibers to compound the size and strength of individual mononucleated cells. However, the evolutionary history of the control mechanism underlying this important process is currently unknown. The phylum Chordata hosts closely related groups that span distinct myoblast fusion states: no fusion in cephalochordates, restricted fusion and multinucleation in tunicates, and extensive, obligatory fusion in vertebrates. To elucidate how these differences may have evolved, we studied the evolutionary origins and function of membrane-coalescing agents Myomaker and Myomixer in various groups of chordates. Here we report that Myomaker likely arose through gene duplication in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, while Myomixer appears to have evolved de novo in early vertebrates. Functional tests revealed an unexpectedly complex evolutionary history of myoblast fusion in chordates. A pre-vertebrate phase of muscle multinucleation driven by Myomaker was followed by the later emergence of Myomixer that enables the highly efficient fusion system of vertebrates. Thus, our findings reveal the evolutionary origins of chordate-specific fusogens and illustrate how new genes can shape the emergence of novel morphogenetic traits and mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyeno, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fissette, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samudra, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggenschwiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grishin, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.453587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of a chordate-specific mechanism for myoblast fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive multi-omics single-cell data integration reveals greater heterogeneity in the human immune system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics enables the definition of diverse human immune cell types across multiple tissues and disease contexts. Still, deeper biological understanding requires comprehensive integration of multiple single-cell omics (transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell-receptor repertoire). To improve the identification of diverse cell types and the accuracy of cell-type classification in multi-omics single-cell datasets, we developed SuPERR-seq, a novel analysis workflow to increase the resolution and accuracy of clustering and allow for the discovery of previously hidden cell subsets. In addition, SuPERR-seq accurately removes cell doublets and prevents widespread cell-type misclassification by incorporating information from cell-surface proteins and immunoglobulin transcript counts. This approach uniquely improves the identification of heterogeneous cell types in the human immune system, including a novel subset of antibody-secreting cells in the bone marrow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babcock, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.453651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive multi-omics single-cell data integration reveals greater heterogeneity in the human immune system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-glycosylation profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G mutant and its ancestral protein characterized by advanced mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-glycosylation plays an important role in the structure and function of membrane and secreted proteins. The spike protein on the surface of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, is heavily glycosylated and the major target for developing vaccines, therapeutic drugs and diagnostic tests. The first major SARS-CoV-2 variant carries a D614G substitution in the spike (S-D614G) that has been associated with altered conformation, enhanced ACE2 binding, and increased infectivity and transmission. In this report, we used mass spectrometry techniques to characterize and compare the N-glycosylation of the wild type (S-614D) or variant (S-614G) SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins prepared under identical conditions. The data showed that half of the N-glycosylation sequons changed their distribution of glycans in the S-614G variant. The S-614G variant showed a decrease in the relative abundance of complex-type glycans (up to 45%) and an increase in oligomannose glycans (up to 33%) on all altered sequons. These changes led to a reduction in the overall complexity of the total N-glycosylation profile. All the glycosylation sites with altered patterns were in the spike head while the glycosylation of three sites in the stalk remained unchanged between S-614G and S-614D proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bundy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfitt, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirkle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-glycosylation profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G mutant and its ancestral protein characterized by advanced mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular organization in lab-evolved and extant multicellular species obeys a maximum entropy law 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of multicellular organisms is due in part to their ability to form complex structures. How cells pack in these structures is a fundamental biophysical issue, underlying their functional properties. However, much remains unknown about how cell packing geometries arise, and how they are affected by random noise during growth - especially absent developmental programs. Here, we quantify the statistics of cellular neighborhoods of two different multicellular eukaryotes: lab-evolved "snowflake" yeast and the green alga Volvox carteri. We find that despite large differences in cellular organization, the free space associated with individual cells in both organisms closely fits a modified gamma distribution, consistent with maximum entropy predictions originally developed for granular materials. This  entropic cellular packing ensures a degree of predictability despite noise, facilitating parent-offspring fidelity even in the absence of developmental regulation. Together with simulations of diverse growth morphologies, these results suggest that gamma-distributed cell neighborhood sizes are a general feature of multicellularity, arising from conserved statistics of cellular packing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhn, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamani-Dahaj, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honerkamp-Smith, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wioland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleath, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular organization in lab-evolved and extant multicellular species obeys a maximum entropy law]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An age-depth model and revised stratigraphy of vertebrate-bearing units in Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Almost a half-century ago excavations at Natural Trap Cave (NTC) began to yield evidence of the steppe paleoecology along the western slope of the Bighorn Mountains in north central Wyoming. The first decade of fieldwork led to the discovery of a diverse fauna that existed at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. Stratigraphic deposits below the entrance of the cave were studied soon after excavations began, but never formally published. Although stratigraphy, taphonomy, and depositional circumstances were briefly discussed over the following years, little has been done to correlate the numerous stratigraphic schemes used by various authors. In this study, four stratigraphic sections were measured and analysed to establish an easily modifiable lithostratigraphic system of nomenclature. We provide the first correlations of all stratigraphic nomenclature used throughout excavations at NTC to facilitate comparisons with current and previous collections and publications. By leveraging more than 100 radioisotopic dates we developed an age-depth model and chronostratigraphic framework to further interrogate spatiotemporal relationships between strata, paleoenvironmental proxies, and fossil assemblages. Deposition is shown to be discontinuous; sediment accumulation in the study area is restricted to the buildup through peak penultimate and Last Glacial maxima. More recent (<10 ka) Holocene deposits unconformably cover the eroded surface of underlying Pleistocene strata. There is active reworking of sediments with transport and deposition of reactivated sediments within the Lower Chamber. We note that the two hiatuses coincide with interglacial periods and may reflect changing depositional circumstances within the cave such as extended periods of non-deposition, erosion, or bypass (possibly leading to deposition in the Lower Chamber). Contrary to previous reports, we demonstrate that it is unlikely a prominent snow cone existed or contributed to the pattern of sediment and fossil distribution within the study area, furthermore, we do not observe a continuous Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the study area. Further stratigraphic work will be needed to better understand the interrelationship between Main and Lower chamber deposits and the evolution of sediment accumulation in NTC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lovelace, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minckley, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitterman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiniger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenderson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meachen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An age-depth model and revised stratigraphy of vertebrate-bearing units in Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase UTX enhances the epigenetic silencing of HIV proviruses and induces HIV-1 DNA hypermethylation but fails to permanently block HIV reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One strategy for a functional cure of HIV-1 is "block and lock", which seeks to permanently suppress the rebound of quiescent HIV-1 by epigenetic silencing. For the HIV LTR, both histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation are associated with viral suppression, while H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) is correlated with viral expression. However, H3K27me3 is readily reversed upon activation of T-cells through the T-cell receptor. To suppress latent HIV-1 in a stable fashion, we depleted the expression or inhibited the activity of UTX/KDM6A, the major H3K27 demethylase, and investigated its impact on latent HIV-1 reactivation in T cells. Inhibition of UTX dramatically enhanced H3K27me3 levels at the HIV LTR and were associated with increased DNA methylation. In latently infected cells from patients, GSK-J4, which is a potent dual inhibitor of the H3K27me3/me2-demethylases JMJD3/KDM6B and UTX/KDM6A, effectively suppressed the reactivation of latent HIV-1 and induced DNA methylation at specific sites in the 5LTR of latent HIV-1 by the enhanced recruitment of DNMT3A to HIV-1. Nonetheless, suppression of HIV-1 through epigenetic silencing required the continued treatment with GSK-J4 and was rapidly reversed after removal of the drug. Thus, epigenetic silencing by itself appears to be insufficient to permanently silence HIV-1 proviral transcription.

Author SummaryThe "block and lock" strategy for a functional HIV-1 cure is based on the premise that permanent inactivation of the HIV-1 can be achieved by epigenetic silencing of the proviral DNA. For cellular genes, long-term silencing is achieved during cell differentiation by the induction of specific epigenetic modifications involving histone and DNA methylation. During HIV-1 silencing, histone methylation and DNA methylation are observed, but both sets of modifications can be reversed upon activation of T-cells through the T-cell receptor or potent latency reversing agents. In an attempt to enhance silencing of HIV-1 transcription, we used an inhibitor of H3K27 demethylases to increase H3K27 methylation. This in turn led to enhanced DNA methylation of HIV-1. Unfortunately, although the treatment effectively silenced HIV-1 and prevented viral reactivation, the silencing effects were short-lived and quickly reversed after removal of the drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase UTX enhances the epigenetic silencing of HIV proviruses and induces HIV-1 DNA hypermethylation but fails to permanently block HIV reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific biotin labeling in vivo resolves regional neuronal proteomic differences in mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isolation and proteomic profiling of brain cell types, particularly neurons, pose several technical challenges which limit our ability to resolve distinct cellular phenotypes in neurological diseases. Therefore, we generated a novel mouse line that enables cell type-specific expression of a biotin ligase, TurboID, via Cre-lox strategy for in vivo proximity-dependent biotinylation of proteins. Using adenoviral-based and transgenic approaches, we show striking protein biotinylation in neuronal cell bodies and axons throughout the mouse brain. We quantified more than 2,000 neuron-derived proteins following enrichment that mapped to numerous subcellular compartments. Synaptic, transmembrane transporters, ion channel subunits, and disease-relevant druggable targets were among the most significantly enriched proteins. Remarkably, we resolved brain region-specific proteomic profiles of Camk2a neurons with distinct functional molecular signatures and disease associations that may underlie regional neuronal vulnerability. Leveraging the neuronal specificity of this in vivo biotinylation strategy, we used an antibody-based approach to uncover regionally unique patterns of neuron-derived signaling phospho-proteins and cytokines, particularly in the cortex and cerebellum. Our work provides a proteomic framework to investigate cell type-specific mechanisms driving physiological and pathological states of the brain as well as complex tissues beyond the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rayaprolu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betarbet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunna, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettemoeller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific biotin labeling in vivo resolves regional neuronal proteomic differences in mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo evolution of macroscopic multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While early multicellular lineages necessarily started out as relatively simple groups of cells, little is known about how they became Darwinian entities capable of open-ended multicellular adaptation1,2. To explore this, we initiated the Multicellularity Long Term Evolution Experiment (MuLTEE), selecting for larger group size in the snowflake yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model system. Given the historical importance of oxygen limitation3, our ongoing experiment consists of three metabolic treatments4: anaerobic, obligately aerobic, and mixotrophic yeast. After 600 rounds of selection, snowflake yeast in the anaerobic treatment evolved to be macroscopic, becoming ~2{middle dot}104 times larger (~mm scale) and ~104-fold more biophysically tough, while retaining a clonal multicellular life cycle. They accomplished this through sustained biophysical adaptation, evolving increasingly elongate cells that initially reduced the strain of cellular packing, then facilitated branch entanglements that enabled groups of cells to stay together even after many cellular bonds fracture. In contrast, snowflake yeast competing for low oxygen remained microscopic, evolving to be just ~6-fold larger, underscoring the critical role of oxygen levels in the evolution of multicellular size. Taken together, this work provides unique insight into an ongoing evolutionary transition in individuality, showing how simple groups of cells overcome fundamental biophysical limitations via gradual, yet sustained, multicellular adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamani-Dahaj, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo evolution of macroscopic multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable Flow-induced Expression of KLK10 Inhibits Endothelial Inflammation and Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAtherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arterial regions exposed to disturbed blood flow (d-flow), while regions exposed to stable flow (s-flow) are protected. The proatherogenic and atheroprotective effects of d-flow and s-flow are mediated in part by the global changes in endothelial cell gene expression, which regulates endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Previously, we identified Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 10 (KLK10, a secreted serine protease) as a flow-sensitive gene in arterial endothelial cells, but its role in endothelial biology and atherosclerosis was unknown.

Methods and ResultsHere, we show that KLK10 is upregulated under s-flow conditions and downregulated under d-flow conditions using in vivo mouse models and in vitro studies with cultured endothelial cells (ECs). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and scATAC sequencing (scATACseq) study using the partial carotid ligation mouse model showed flow-regulated KLK10 expression at the epigenomic and transcription levels. Functionally, KLK10 protected against d-flow-induced inflammation and permeability dysfunction in human artery ECs (HAECs). Further, treatment of mice in vivo with rKLK10 decreased arterial endothelial inflammation in d-flow regions. Additionally, rKLK10 injection or ultrasound-mediated transfection of KLK10-expressing plasmids inhibited atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Studies using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs revealed that the anti-inflammatory effects of KLK10 were mediated by a Protease Activated Receptors (PAR1/2)-dependent manner. However, unexpectedly, KLK10 did not cleave the PARs. Through a proteomics study, we identified HTRA1 (High-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1), which bound and cleaved KLK10. Further, siRNA knockdown of HTRA1 prevented KLK10s anti-inflammatory and barrier protective function in HAECs, suggesting that HTRA1 regulates KLK10 function. Moreover, KLK10 expression was significantly reduced in human coronary arteries with advanced atherosclerotic plaques compared to those with less severe plaques.

ConclusionKLK10 is a flow-sensitive endothelial protein and, in collaboration with HTRA1, serves as an anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and anti-atherogenic factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andueza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamargo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa-Roel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosnier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamandis, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable Flow-induced Expression of KLK10 Inhibits Endothelial Inflammation and Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike opening dynamics and energetics reveal the individual roles of glycans and their collective impact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein, which protrudes from the SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope, binds to human ACE2, initiated by at least one protomers receptor binding domain (RBD) switching from a "down" (closed) to an "up" (open) state. Here, we used large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and two-dimensional replica exchange umbrella sampling calculations with more than a thousand windows and an aggregate total of 160 {micro}s of simulation to investigate this transition with and without glycans. We find that the glycosylated spike has a higher barrier to opening and also energetically favors the down state over the up state. Analysis of the S-protein opening pathway reveals that glycans at N165 and N122 interfere with hydrogen bonds between the RBD and the N-terminal domain in the up state, while glycans at N165 and N343 can stabilize both the down and up states. Finally we estimate how epitope exposure for several known antibodies changes along the opening path. We find that the BD-368-2 antibodys epitope is continuously exposed, explaining its high efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 spike opening dynamics and energetics reveal the individual roles of glycans and their collective impact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and Validation of the Structure of Lotka-Volterra Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For close to a century, Lotka-Volterra (LV) models have been used to investigate interactions among populations of different species. For a few species, these investigations are straightforward. However, with the arrival of large and complex microbiomes, unprecedently rich data have become available and await analysis. In particular, these data require us to ask which microbial populations of a mixed community affect other populations, whether these influences are activating or inhibiting and how the interactions change over time. Here we present two new inference strategies for interaction parameters that are based on a new algebraic LV inference (ALVI) method. One strategy uses different survivor profiles of communities grown under similar conditions, while the other pertains to time series data. In addition, we address the question of whether observation data are compliant with the LV structure or require a richer modeling format.

The code and data used in this manuscript are available at "https://github.com/LBSA-VoitLab/Inference_and_Validation_of_the_Structure_of_Lotka_Volterra_Models".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivenca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.14.456346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and Validation of the Structure of Lotka-Volterra Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomics of healthy and stony coral tissue loss disease affected Montastraea cavernosa corals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stony coral tissue loss disease, first observed in Florida in 2014, has now spread along the entire Florida Reef Tract and on reefs in many Caribbean countries. The disease affects a variety of coral species with differential outcomes, and in many instances results in whole-colony mortality. We employed untargeted metabolomic profiling of Montastraea cavernosa corals affected by stony coral tissue loss disease to identify metabolic markers of disease. Herein, extracts from apparently healthy, diseased, and recovered corals, Montastraea cavernosa, collected at a reef site near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida were subjected to liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Unsupervised principal component analysis reveals wide variation in metabolomic profiles of healthy corals of the same species, which differ from diseased corals. Using a combination of supervised and unsupervised data analyses tools, we describe metabolite features that explain variation between the apparently healthy corals, between diseased corals, and between the healthy and the diseased corals. By employing a culture-based approach, we assign sources of a subset of these molecules to the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodiniaceae. Specifically, we identify various endosymbiont-specific lipid classes, such as betaine lipids, glycolipids, and tocopherols, which differentiate samples taken from apparently healthy corals and diseased corals. Given the variation observed in metabolite fingerprints of corals, our data suggests that metabolomics is a viable approach to link metabolite profiles of different coral species with their susceptibility and resilience to numerous coral diseases spreading through reefs worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiyesimi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushijima, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomics of healthy and stony coral tissue loss disease affected Montastraea cavernosa corals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of small RNA pathways underlies germline RNAi incompetence in wild C. elegans strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery that experimental delivery of dsRNA can induce gene silencing at target genes revolutionized genetics research, by both uncovering essential biological processes and creating new tools for developmental geneticists. However, the efficacy of exogenous RNAi varies dramatically within the C. elegans population, raising questions about our understanding of RNAi in the lab relative to its activity and significance in nature. Here, we investigate why some wild-type strains fail to mount a robust RNAi response to germline targets. We observe diversity in mechanism: in some strains, the response is stochastic, either on or off among individuals, while in others the response is consistent but delayed. Increased activity of the Argonaute PPW-1, which is required for germline RNAi in the laboratory strain N2, rescues the response in some strains, but dampens it further in others. Among wild-type strains, genes known to mediate RNAi exhibited very high expression variation relative to other genes in the genome as well as allelic divergence and strain-specific instances of pseudogenization at the sequence level. Our results demonstrate functional diversification in the small RNA pathways in C. elegans, and suggest that RNAi processes are evolving rapidly and dynamically in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of small RNA pathways underlies germline RNAi incompetence in wild C. elegans strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and Enhancement of Ultrasensitivity through Posttranslational Modulation of Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal amplification converts a linear input to a steeply sigmoid output and is central to cellular functions. One canonical signal amplifying motif is zero-order ultrasensitivity through the posttranslational modification (PTM) cycle signaling proteins. The functionality of this signaling motif has been examined conventionally by supposing that the total amount of the protein substrates remains constant. However, covalent modification of signaling proteins often results in changes in their stability, which affects the abundance of the protein substrates. Here we use a mathematical model to explore the signal amplification properties in such scenarios. Our simulations indicate that PTM-induced protein stabilization brings the enzymes closer to saturation, and as a result, ultrasensitivity may emerge or is greatly enhanced, with a steeper sigmoidal response of higher magnitude and generally longer response time. In cases where PTM destabilizes the protein, ultrasensitivity can be regained through changes in the activities of the involved enzymes or from increased protein synthesis. Interestingly, ultrasensitivity is not limited to modified or unmodified protein substrates; the total protein substrate can also exhibit ultrasensitivity. It is conceivable that cells use inducible protein stabilization as a way to boost signal amplification while saving energy by keeping the protein substrate at low basal conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumbale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and Enhancement of Ultrasensitivity through Posttranslational Modulation of Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ultrafast snap of a finger is mediated by skin friction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The snap of a finger has been used as a form of communication and music for millennia across human cultures. However, a systematic analysis of the dynamics of this rapid motion has not yet been performed. Using high-speed imaging and force sensors, we analyze the dynamics of the finger snap. Our analysis reveals the central role of skin friction in mediating the snap dynamics by acting as a latch to control the resulting high velocities. We evaluate the role of this frictional latch experimentally, by covering the thumb and middle finger with different materials to produce different friction coefficients and varying compressibility. In doing so, we reveal that the compressible, frictional latch of the finger pads likely operate in a regime optimally tuned for both friction and compression. We also develop a soft, compressible friction-based latch-mediated spring actuated (LaMSA) model to further elucidate the key role of friction and how it interacts with a compressible latch. Our mathematical model reveals that friction plays a dual role in the finger snap, both aiding in force loading and energy storage while hindering energy release. Our work reveals how friction between surfaces can be harnessed as a tunable latch system and provide design insight towards the frictional complexity in many robotics and ultra-fast energy-release structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challita, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ultrafast snap of a finger is mediated by skin friction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task processing (e.g., the preparation and execution of responses) and task representation (e.g., the activation and maintenance of stimulus-response and context information) are two facets of cognitive control supported by lateral frontal cortex (LFC). However, the mechanistic overlap (or distinction) between these two facets is unknown. We explored this by combining a complex task mapping with a pre-cueing procedure. Participants made match/non-match judgments on pairs of stimuli during fMRI recording. Pre-cues on each trial gave variable amounts of information to the participant in anticipation of the stimulus. Our results demonstrated that regions throughout LFC were more active at the stimulus (when responses could be executed) than at the cue (when they could only be prepared), indicating that they supported execution of the task agnostic to the specific task representation. A subset of regions in left caudal LFC showed increased activity with more cue information at the cue and the reverse at the stimulus, suggesting their involvement in reducing uncertainty within the task representation. These results suggest that one component of task processing is preparing and executing the task according to the relevant representation, confined to left caudal LFC, while non-representational functions that occur primarily during execution are supported by different regions throughout the rest of LFC. We further conducted an exploratory investigation of connectivity between the two groups of regions in this study and their potential relationship to the fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks. Regions with both patterns of activity appear to be part of the fronto-parietal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial habitability of the early Mars lacustrine environment sustained by iron redox cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies have reported new data on the estimated compositions of chemical components at Gale crater; however, there is still a lack of information regarding potential past support of biomass and detectable biomarkers of ancient life. In this study we evaluate microbial habitability of early Mars constrained by the recently reconstructed water chemistry at Gale. The modeled community is based on Fe-metabolizing bacteria with the ability to utilize solid-phase iron oxides (e.g., magnetite) as an electron source or sink. Our results illustrate the plausibility of a sustained community in Gale Lake and provides suggestions for future modelled and laboratory-based studies to further evaluate the past habitability of Mars, biosignatures and their preservation potential, and hidden metabolic potential.

One Sentence SummaryThis work provides an existence proof of habitability on early Mars and demonstrates modeling processes by which the habitability of extraterrestrial environments can be explored quantitatively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial habitability of the early Mars lacustrine environment sustained by iron redox cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Freeze-thaw Cycles Enable a Prebiotically Plausible and Continuous Pathway from Nucleotide Activation to Nonenzymatic RNA Copying 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA copying using chemically activated nucleotides is thought to have played a key role in the emergence of genetic information on the early Earth. A longstanding question concerns the number and nature of different environments that might have been necessary to enable all of the steps from nucleotide synthesis to RNA replication. Here we explore three sequential steps from this overall pathway: nucleotide activation, synthesis of imidazolium-bridged dinucleotides, and template-directed primer extension. We find that all three steps can take place in one reaction mixture, under conditions of multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Recent experiments have demonstrated a potentially prebiotic methyl isocyanide-based nucleotide activation chemistry. Unfortunately, the original version of this approach is incompatible with nonenzymatic RNA copying because the high required concentration of the imidazole activating group prevents the accumulation of the essential imidazolium-bridged dinucleotide needed for primer extension. Here we report that ice eutectic phase conditions facilitate not only the methyl isocyanide-based activation of ribonucleotide 5'-monophosphates with stoichiometric 2-aminoimidazole, but also the subsequent conversion of these activated mononucleotides into imidazolium-bridged dinucleotides. Furthermore, this one pot approach is compatible with template-directed primer extension in the same reaction mixture. Our results suggest that the simple and common environmental fluctuation of freeze-thaw cycles could have played an important role in prebiotic nucleotide activation and nonenzymatic RNA copying.

Significance StatementThe replication of RNA without the aid of evolved enzymes may have enabled the inheritance of useful molecular functions during the origin of life. Several key steps on the path to RNA replication have been studied in isolation, including chemical nucleotide activation, synthesis of a key reactive intermediate, and nonenzymatic RNA copying. Here we report a prebiotically plausible scenario under which these reactions can happen together under mutually compatible conditions. Thus, this pathway could potentially have operated in nature without the complicating requirement for exchange of materials between distinct environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Freeze-thaw Cycles Enable a Prebiotically Plausible and Continuous Pathway from Nucleotide Activation to Nonenzymatic RNA Copying]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comammox Nitrospira bacteria outnumber canonical nitrifiers irrespective of electron donor mode and availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria coexist with canonical ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria in a wide range of environments. Whether this is due to competitive or cooperative interactions, or a result of niche separation is not yet clear. Understanding the factors driving coexistence of nitrifiers is critical to manage nitrification processes occurring in engineered and natural ecosystems. In this study, microcosm-based experiments were used to investigate the impact of nitrogen source and loading on the population dynamics of nitrifiers in drinking water biofilter media. Shotgun sequencing of DNA followed by co-assembly and reconstruction of metagenome assembled genomes revealed clade A2 comammox bacteria were likely the primary nitrifiers within microcosms and increased in abundance over Nitrsomonas-like ammonia and Nitrospira-like nitrite oxidizing bacteria irrespective of nitrogen source type or loading. Changes in comammox bacterial abundance did not correlate with either ammonia or nitrite oxidizing bacterial abundance in urea amended systems where metabolic reconstruction indicated potential for cross feeding between ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria. In contrast, comammox bacterial abundance demonstrated a negative correlation with nitrite oxidizers in ammonia amended systems. This suggests potentially weaker synergistic relationships between ammonia and nitrite oxidizers might enable comammox bacteria to displace nitrite oxidizers from complex nitrifying communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilardi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comammox Nitrospira bacteria outnumber canonical nitrifiers irrespective of electron donor mode and availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degree of connectivity among populations influences their ability to respond to natural and anthropogenic stressors. In marine systems, determining the scale, rate, and directionality of larval dispersal is therefore central to understanding how coral metapopulations are interconnected and the degree of resiliency in the event of a localized disturbance. Understanding these source-sink dynamics is essential to guide restoration efforts and for the study of ecology and evolution in the ocean. The patterns and mechanisms of connectivity in the deep-sea (> 200 meters deep) are largely understudied. In this study, we investigated the spatial diversity patterns and metapopulation connectivity of the octocoral Paramuricea biscaya throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Paramuricea biscaya is one of the most abundant corals on the lower continental slope (between 1200 and 2500 m) in the GoM. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) directly impacted populations of this species and thus are considered primary targets for restoration. We used a combination of seascape genomic analyses, high-resolution ocean circulation modeling, and larval dispersal simulations to quantify the degree of population structuring and connectivity among P. biscaya populations. Evidence supports the hypotheses that the genetic diversity of P. biscaya is predominantly structured by depth, and that larval dispersal among connected populations is asymmetric due to dominant ocean circulation patterns. Our results suggest that there are intermediate unsampled populations in the central GoM that serve as stepping stones for dispersal. The data suggest that the DeSoto Canyon area, and possibly the West Florida Escarpment, critically act as sources of larvae for areas impacted by the DWH oil spill in the Mississippi Canyon. This work illustrates that the management of deep-sea marine protected areas should incorporate knowledge of connectivity networks and depth-dependent processes throughout the water column.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galaska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kilometer-scale larval dispersal processes predict metapopulation connectivity pathways for Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-scale larval dispersal and connectivity processes are key to species survival, growth, recovery and adaptation under rapidly changing disturbances. Quantifying both are required to develop any effective management strategy. In the present work, we examine the dispersal pattern and potential connectivity of a common deep-water coral, Paramuricea biscaya, found in the northern Gulf of Mexico by evaluating predictions of physical models with estimates of genetic connectivity. While genetic approaches provide estimates of realized connectivity, they do not provide information on the dispersal process. Physical circulation models can now achieve kilometer-scale resolution sufficient to provide detailed insight into the pathways and scales of larval dispersal. A high-resolution regional ocean circulation model is integrated for 2015 and its advective pathways are compared with the outcome of the genetic connectivity estimates of corals collected at six locations over the continental slope at depths comprised between 1000 and 3000 meters. Furthermore, the likely interannual variability is extrapolated using ocean hindcasts available for this basin. The general connectivity pattern exhibits a dispersal trend from east to west following 1000 to 2000-meter isobaths, corresponding to the overall westward near-bottom circulation. The connectivity networks predicted by our model were mostly congruent with the estimated genetic connectivity patterns. Our results show that although dispersal distances of 100 km or less are common, depth differences between tens to a few hundred meters can effectively limit larval dispersal. A probabilistic graphic model suggests that stepping-stone dispersal mediated by intermediate sites provides a likely mechanism for long-distance connectivity between the populations separated by distances of 300 km or greater, such as those found in the DeSoto and Keathley canyons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracco, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrini, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kilometer-scale larval dispersal processes predict metapopulation connectivity pathways for Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Snapshot of the Global Drinking Water Virome: Diversity and Metabolic Potential Vary with Residual Disinfectant Use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are important drivers of microbial community ecology and evolution, influencing microbial mortality, metabolism, and horizontal gene transfer. However, the effects of viruses remain largely unknown in many environments, including in drinking water systems. Drinking water metagenomic studies have offered a whole community perspective of bacterial impacts on water quality, but have not yet considered the influences of viruses. In this study, we address this gap by mining viral DNA sequences from publicly available drinking water metagenomes from distribution systems in six countries around the world. These datasets provide a snapshot of the taxonomic diversity and metabolic potential of the global drinking water virome; and provide an opportunity to investigate the effects of geography, climate, and drinking water treatment practices on viral diversity. Both environmental conditions and differences in sample processing were found to influence the viral composition. Using free chlorine as the residual disinfectant was associated with clear differences in viral taxonomic diversity and metabolic potential, with significantly fewer viral populations and less even viral community structures than observed in distribution systems without residual disinfectant. Additionally, drinking water viruses carry antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as genes to survive oxidative stress and nitrogen limitation. Through this study, we have demonstrated that viral communities are diverse across drinking water systems and vary with the use of residual disinfectant. Our findings offer directions for future research to develop a more robust understanding of how virus-bacteria interactions in drinking water distribution systems affect water quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raskin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigginton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhaime, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Snapshot of the Global Drinking Water Virome: Diversity and Metabolic Potential Vary with Residual Disinfectant Use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison between Lotka-Volterra and Multivariate Autoregressive models of ecological interaction systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LILotka-Volterra (LV) and Multivariate Autoregressive (MAR) models are computational frameworks with different mathematical structures that have both been proposed for the same purpose of extracting governing features of dynamic interactions among coexisting populations of different species from observed time series data.
C_LIO_LIWe systematically compare the feasibility of the two modeling approaches, using four synthetically generated datasets and seven ecological datasets from the literature.
C_LIO_LIThe overarching result is that LV models outperform MAR models in most cases and are generally superior for representing cases where the dependent variables deviate greatly from their steady states. A large dynamic range is particularly prevalent when the populations are highly abundant, change considerably over time, and exhibit a large signal-to-noise ratio. By contrast, MAR models are better suited for analyses of populations with low abundances and for investigations where the quantification of noise is important.
C_LIO_LIWe conclude that the choice of either one or the other modeling framework should be guided by the specific goals of the analysis and the dynamic features of the data.
C_LI

Availability of algorithms usedhttps://github.com/LBSA-VoitLab/Comparison-Between-LV-and-MAR-Models-of-Ecological-Interaction-Systems
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivenca, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison between Lotka-Volterra and Multivariate Autoregressive models of ecological interaction systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Activation Maximization-based Approach for Insight into Electrophysiology Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectral analysis remains a hallmark approach for gaining insight into electrophysiology modalities like electroencephalography (EEG). As the field of deep learning has progressed, more studies have begun to train deep learning classifiers on raw EEG data, which presents unique problems for explainability. A growing number of studies have presented explainability approaches that provide insight into the spectral features learned by deep learning classifiers. However, existing approaches only attribute importance to different frequency bands. Most of the methods cannot provide insight into the actual spectral values or the relationship between spectral features that models have learned. Here, we present a novel adaptation of activation maximization for electrophysiology time-series that generates samples that indicate the features learned by classifiers by optimizing their spectral content. We evaluate our approach within the context of EEG sleep stage classification with a convolutional neural network, and we find that our approach is able to identify spectral patterns known to be associated with each sleep stage. We also find surprising results suggesting that our classifier may have prioritized the use of eye and motion artifact when identifying Awake samples. Our approach is the first adaptation of activation maximization to the domain of raw electrophysiology classification. Additionally, our approach has implications for explaining any classifier trained on highly dynamic, long time-series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Activation Maximization-based Approach for Insight into Electrophysiology Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo mRNA delivery to virus-specific T cells by light-induced ligand exchange of MHC class I antigen-presenting nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous delivery of mRNA to multiple populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T cells is challenging given the diversity of peptide epitopes and polymorphism of class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHCI). We developed Ag-presenting nanoparticles (APNs) for mRNA delivery using pMHCI molecules that were refolded with photocleavable peptides to allow rapid ligand exchange by UV light and site-specifically conjugated with a lipid tail for post-insertion into preformed mRNA lipid nanoparticles. Across different TCR transgenic mouse models (P14, OT-1, Pmel), UV-exchanged APNs bound and transfected their cognate Ag-specific CD8+ T cells equivalent to APNs produced using conventionally refolded pMHCI molecules. In mice infected with PR8 influenza, multiplexed delivery of UV-exchanged APNs against three immunodominant epitopes led to ~50% transfection of a VHH mRNA reporter in cognate Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. Our data shows that UV-mediated peptide exchange can be used to rapidly produce APNs for mRNA delivery to multiple populations of Ag-specific T cells in vivo.

TeaserLight-induced rapid production of antigen-presenting nanoparticles for mRNA delivery to multiple virus-specific T cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahotre, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawage, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Trenkle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuengkham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo mRNA delivery to virus-specific T cells by light-induced ligand exchange of MHC class I antigen-presenting nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Brain Network States during Suspenseful Film Viewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of brain activity evoked by naturalistic stimuli have found narrative suspense produces reliable patterns of activation consistent with increased attention to the narrative and decreased processing of non-narrative stimuli (Bezdek et al., 2015). Yet the progression of brain states (i.e. patterns of activity levels across the whole brain) at suspense peaks and how they differ from suspense valleys or resting state scans has not previously been investigated. We used a fast fMRI acquisition sequence to measure sub-second brain states at peaks and valleys of narrative suspense and during rest. We found five brain states that occur during suspenseful film viewing, four of which differ in their frequency near suspense peaks compared to valleys. The pattern of results is consistent with the theoretical view that suspense captures and focuses attentional processing, triggering subsequent cognitive processing of narrative events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bezdek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Brain Network States during Suspenseful Film Viewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Structure and Functional Adaptations of the Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) mediate the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules. Here we provide a structure of the yeast NPC in which the inner ring is resolved by cryo-EM at - helical resolution to show how flexible connectors tie together different structural and functional layers in the spoke. These connectors are targets for phosphorylation and regulated disassembly in cells with an open mitosis. Moreover, some nucleoporin pairs and karyopherins have similar interaction motifs, which suggests an evolutionary and mechanistic link between assembly and transport. We also provide evidence for three major NPC variants that foreshadow functional specializations at the nuclear periphery. Cryo-electron tomography extended these studies to provide a comprehensive model of the in situ NPC with a radially-expanded inner ring. Our model reveals novel features of the central transporter and nuclear basket, suggests a role for the lumenal ring in restricting dilation and highlights the structural plasticity required for transport by the NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unruh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludke, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Structure and Functional Adaptations of the Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity optimization of a rhodopsin-based fluorescent voltage indicator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to optically image cellular transmembrane voltage at millisecond-timescale resolution can offer unprecedented insight into the function of living brains in behaving animals. The chemigenetic voltage indicator Voltron is bright and photostable, making it a favorable choice for long in vivo imaging of neuronal populations at cellular resolution. Improving the voltage sensitivity of Voltron would allow better detection of spiking and subthreshold voltage signals. We performed site saturation mutagenesis at 40 positions in Voltron and screened for increased {Delta}F/F0 in response to action potentials (APs) in neurons. Using a fully automated patch-clamp system, we discovered a Voltron variant (Voltron.A122D) that increased the sensitivity to a single AP by 65% compared to Voltron. This variant (named Voltron2) also exhibited approximately 3-fold higher sensitivity in response to sub-threshold membrane potential changes. Voltron2 retained the sub-millisecond kinetics and photostability of its predecessor, with lower baseline fluorescence. Introducing the same A122D substitution to other Ace2 opsin-based voltage sensors similarly increased their sensitivity. We show that Voltron2 enables improved sensitivity voltage imaging in mice, zebrafish and fruit flies. Overall, we have discovered a generalizable mutation that significantly increases the sensitivity of Ace2 rhodopsin-based sensors, improving their voltage reporting capability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsegaye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehorova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walpita, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagnola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasseman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity optimization of a rhodopsin-based fluorescent voltage indicator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting direct physical interactions in multimeric proteins with deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate descriptions of protein-protein interactions are essential for understanding biological systems. Remarkably accurate atomic structures have been recently computed for individual proteins by AlphaFold2 (AF2). Here, we demonstrate that the same neural network models from AF2 developed for single protein sequences can be adapted to predict the structures of multimeric protein complexes without retraining. In contrast to common approaches, our method, AF2Complex, does not require paired multiple sequence alignments. It achieves higher accuracy than some complex protein-protein docking strategies and provides a significant improvement over AF-Multimer, a new development of AlphaFold for multimeric proteins. Moreover, we introduce metrics for predicting direct protein-protein interactions between arbitrary protein pairs and validate AF2Complex on some challenging benchmark sets and the E. coli proteome. Lastly, using the cytochrome c biogenesis system I as an example, we present high-confidence models of three sought-after assemblies formed by eight members of this system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting direct physical interactions in multimeric proteins with deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein pre-formed fibrils induce prion-like protein aggregation and neurotoxicity in C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor decline and the aggregation of -synuclein protein. Growing evidence suggests that -synuclein aggregates may spread from neurons of the digestive tract to the brain in a prion-like manner. While rodent models have recapitulated gut-to-brain -synuclein transmission, animal models that are amenable to high-throughput investigations are needed to facilitate the discovery of disease mechanisms. Here we describe the first C. elegans models in which feeding with -synuclein pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) induced prion-like dopamine neuron degeneration and seeding of aggregation of human -synuclein expressed in the host. PFF acceleration of -synuclein aggregation in C. elegans muscle cells was associated with a progressive motor deficit, whereas feeding with -synuclein monomer produced much milder effects. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the C. elegans syndecan sdn-1, and enzymes involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis, afforded protection from PFF-induced seeding of aggregation and toxicity, as well as dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This work offers new models by which to investigate gut-derived -synuclein spreading and propagation of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezeanii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerigenahally, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein pre-formed fibrils induce prion-like protein aggregation and neurotoxicity in C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning framework for inference of single-trial neural population activity from calcium imaging with sub-frame temporal resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many brain areas, neural populations act as a coordinated network whose state is tied to behavior on a moment-by-moment basis and millisecond timescale. Two-photon (2p) calcium imaging is a powerful tool to probe network-scale computation, as it can measure the activity of many individual neurons, monitor multiple cortical layers simultaneously, and sample from identified cell types. However, estimating network state and dynamics from 2p measurements has proven challenging because of noise, inherent nonlinearities, and limitations on temporal resolution. Here we describe RADICaL, a deep learning method to overcome these limitations at the population level. RADICaL extends methods that exploit dynamics in spiking activity for application to deconvolved calcium signals, whose statistics and temporal dynamics are quite distinct from electrophysiologically-recorded spikes. It incorporates a novel network training strategy that capitalizes on the timing of 2p sampling to recover network dynamics with high temporal precision. In synthetic tests, RADICaL infers network state more accurately than previous methods, particularly for high-frequency components. In real 2p recordings from sensorimotor areas in mice performing a "water grab" task, RADICaL infers network state with close correspondence to single-trial variations in behavior, and maintains high-quality inference even when neuronal populations are substantially reduced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grier, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning framework for inference of single-trial neural population activity from calcium imaging with sub-frame temporal resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Xenobiotics in the Dark Metabolome using Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Mass Defect Analysis and Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of xenobiotics in nontargeted metabolomic analyses is a vital step in understanding human exposure. Xenobiotic metabolism, excretion, and co-existence with other endogenous molecules however greatly complicate nontargeted studies. While mass spectrometry (MS)-based platforms are commonly used in metabolomic measurements, deconvoluting endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics is often challenged by the lack of xenobiotic parent and metabolite standards as well as the numerous isomers possible for each small molecule m/z feature. Here, we evaluate the use of ion mobility spectrometry coupled with MS (IMS-MS) and mass defect filtering in a xenobiotic structural annotation workflow to reduce large metabolomic feature lists and uncover potential xenobiotic classes and species detected in the metabolomic studies. To evaluate the workflow, xenobiotics having known high toxicities including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were examined. Initially, to address the lack of available IMS collision cross section (CCS) values for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 88 PFAS standards were evaluated with IMS-MS to both develop a targeted PFAS CCS library and for use in machine learning predictions. The CCS values for biomolecules and xenobiotics were then plotted versus m/z, clearly distinguishing the biomolecules and halogenated xenobiotics. The xenobiotic structural annotation workflow was then used to annotate potential PFAS features in NIST human serum. The workflow reduced the 2,423 detected LC-IMS-MS features to 80 possible PFAS with 17 confidently identified through targeted analyses and 48 additional features correlating with possible CompTox entries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodds, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Xenobiotics in the Dark Metabolome using Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Mass Defect Analysis and Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative binding of TCR and CD4 to pMHC enhances TCR sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigen recognition of CD4+ T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) can be greatly enhanced by the coreceptor CD41-7. Yet, understanding of the molecular mechanism is hindered by the ultra-low affinity of CD4 binding to class-II peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC)1,7-10. Using two-dimensional (2D) mechanical-based assays, we determined a CD4-pMHC interaction to have 3-4 logs lower affinity than cognate TCR-pMHC interactions8, and to be susceptible to increased dissociation by forces (slip bond)5,8,11. In contrast, CD4 binds TCR-prebound pMHC at 3-6 logs higher affinity, forming TCR-pMHC-CD4 trimolecular bonds that are prolonged by force (catch bond)5,8,11 and modulated by protein mobility on the cell membrane, indicating profound TCR-CD4 cooperativity. Consistent with a tri-crystal structure12, using DNA origami as a molecular ruler to titrate spacing between TCR and CD4 indicates that 7-nm proximity optimizes trimolecular bond formation with pMHC. Our results reveal how CD4 augments TCR antigen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rushdi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffitts, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnihotri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariuzza, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative binding of TCR and CD4 to pMHC enhances TCR sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of neuromuscular junction dynamics following ischemic and aged skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both aging and neuromuscular diseases lead to significant changes in the morphology and functionality of the neuromuscular synapse. Skeletal muscles display a remarkable regenerative capacity, however, are still susceptible to diseases of aging and peripheral nerve perturbations. In this study, we assessed how neuromuscular synapses differ in aged and injured skeletal muscle using an improved neuromuscular junction (NMJ) staining and imaging method. We found that both aged and ischemic skeletal muscle display Wallerian degeneration of the presynaptic motor axons and fragmentation of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Quantifiable measurements of various metrics of the NMJs provide a more concrete idea of the dynamics that are occurring in the muscle microenvironment. We questioned whether neuronal degradation precedes myofiber atrophy or vice versa. Previously, it was shown that a cellular crosstalk exists among the motor neurons, myofibers, vasculature, and mitochondria within the muscle microdomain. It is apparent that lack of blood flow to motor neurons in ischemic skeletal muscle disrupts the structure of NMJs, however it is unclear if the aging condition experiences similar dynamics. We demonstrated that both aged and ischemic skeletal muscle demonstrate similar patterns of degeneration, characterized by a smaller percentage overlap of presynaptic and postsynaptic sides, greater fragmentation of AChRs, and a smaller area of AChR clusters. Together, these results reveal high resolution, precise parallels between the aged and ischemic NMJs.

Impact StatementThe goal of this study was to assess changes in presynaptic motor neurons and postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors following an ischemic injury model and compare this with an aging model. This was accomplished by characterizing key components of NMJ morphology, including overlap and size of the receptors. There is currently limited research investigating the cellular communication between skeletal muscle fibers and motor neurons. Additionally, there is limited work comparing neuromuscular remodeling in aged and young models. With the substantial prevalence of neuromuscular disorders, especially in the aging population, it is essential to understand nerve-muscle interactions in order to promote increased mobility and improved quality of life in both injury and aging models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aliya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castels, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of neuromuscular junction dynamics following ischemic and aged skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitizing solid tumors to CAR-mediated cytotoxicity using synthetic antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CAR T cell immunotherapy relies on CAR targeting of tumor-associated antigens, yet heterogenous antigen expression, interpatient variation, and off-tumor expression by healthy cells remain barriers. Here, we develop synthetic antigens to sensitize solid tumors for recognition and elimination by CAR T cells. Unlike tumor-associated antigens, we design synthetic antigens that are orthogonal to endogenous proteins to eliminate off-tumor targeting and that have a small genetic footprint to facilitate efficient tumor delivery to tumors by viral vectors. Using the RSV-F camelid single-domain antibody (VHH) as a synthetic antigen, we show that adoptive transfer of VHH CAR T cells to mice bearing VHH expressing tumors reduced tumor burden in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer, improved survival, induced epitope spread, and protected against tumor rechallenge. Our work supports in situ delivery of synthetic antigens to treat antigen low or negative tumors with CAR T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamat, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanover, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiveaud, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuengkham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahotre, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitizing solid tumors to CAR-mediated cytotoxicity using synthetic antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Model Visualization-based Approach for Insight into Waveforms and Spectra Learned by CNNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent years have shown a growth in the application of deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to electrophysiology analysis. However, using neural networks with raw time-series data makes explainability a significant challenge. Multiple explainability approaches have been developed for insight into the spectral features learned by CNNs from EEG. However, across electrophysiology modalities, and even within EEG, there are many unique waveforms of clinical relevance. Existing methods that provide insight into waveforms learned by CNNs are of questionable utility. In this study, we present a novel model visualization-based approach that analyzes the filters in the first convolutional layer of the network. To our knowledge, this is the first method focused on extracting explainable information from EEG waveforms learned by CNNs while also providing insight into the learned spectral features. We demonstrate the viability of our approach within the context of automated sleep stage classification, a well-characterized domain that can help validate our approach. We identify 3 subgroups of filters with distinct spectral properties, determine the relative importance of each group of filters, and identify several unique waveforms learned by the classifier that were vital to the classifier performance. Our approach represents a significant step forward in explainability for electrophysiology classifiers, which we also hope will be useful for providing insights in future studies.

Clinical RelevanceOur approach can assist with the development and validation of clinical time-series classifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Model Visualization-based Approach for Insight into Waveforms and Spectra Learned by CNNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Methods for Elucidating Modality Importance in Multimodal Electrophysiology Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal classification is increasingly common in biomedical informatics studies. Many such studies use deep learning classifiers with raw data, which makes explainability difficult. As such, only a few studies have applied explainability methods, and new methods are needed. In this study, we propose sleep stage classification as a testbed for method development and train a convolutional neural network with electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram, and electromyogram data. We then present a global approach that is uniquely adapted for electrophysiology analysis. We further present two local approaches that can identify subject-level differences in explanations that would be obscured by global methods and that can provide insight into the effects of clinical and demographic variables upon the patterns learned by the classifier. We find that EEG is globally the most important modality for all sleep stages, except non-rapid eye movement stage 1 and that local subject-level differences in importance arise. We further show that sex, followed by medication and age had significant effects upon the patterns learned by the classifier. Our novel methods enhance explainability for the growing field of multimodal classification, provide avenues for the advancement of personalized medicine, and yield novel insights into the effects of demographic and clinical variables upon classifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.01.474276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Methods for Elucidating Modality Importance in Multimodal Electrophysiology Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embracing enzyme promiscuity with activity-based compressed biosensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale activity-based profiling of proteases requires identifying substrates that are specific to each individual protease. However, this process becomes increasingly difficult as the number of target proteases increases because most substrates are promiscuously cleaved by multiple proteases. We introduce a method - Substrate Libraries for Compressed sensing of Enzymes (SLICE) - for selecting complementary sets of promiscuous substrates to compile libraries that classify complex protease samples (1) without requiring deconvolution of the compressed signals and (2) without the use of highly specific substrates. SLICE ranks substrate libraries according to two features: substrate orthogonality and protease coverage. To quantify these features, we design a compression score that was predictive of classification accuracy across 140 in silico libraries (Pearson r = 0.71) and 55 in vitro libraries (Pearson r = 0.55) of protease substrates. We demonstrate that a library comprising only two protease substrates selected with SLICE can accurately classify twenty complex mixtures of 11 enzymes with perfect accuracy. We envision that SLICE will enable the selection of peptide libraries that capture information from hundreds of enzymes while using fewer substrates for applications such as the design of activity-based sensors for imaging and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuttle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liakakos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embracing enzyme promiscuity with activity-based compressed biosensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of a cis-acting SNP that controls Type VI Secretion in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression contribute to phenotypic diversity and thus facilitate the adaptation of microbes and other organisms to new niches. Comparative genomics can be used to infer rewiring of regulatory architecture based on large effect mutations like loss or acquisition of transcription factors but may be insufficient to identify small changes in non-coding, intergenic DNA sequence of regulatory elements that drive phenotypic divergence. In human-derived Vibrio cholerae, the response to distinct chemical cues triggers production of multiple transcription factors that can regulate the Type VI Secretion System (T6), a broadly distributed weapon for interbacterial competition. However, to date, the signaling network remains poorly understood because no regulatory element has been identified for the major T6 locus. Here we identify a conserved cis-acting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) controlling T6 transcription and activity. Sequence alignment of the T6 regulatory region from diverse V. cholerae strains revealed conservation of the SNP that we rewired to interconvert V. cholerae T6 activity between chitin-inducible and constitutive states. This study supports a model of pathogen evolution through a non-coding cis-regulatory mutation and preexisting, active transcription factors that confers a different fitness advantage to tightly regulated strains inside a human host and unfettered strains adapted to environmental niches.

ImportanceOrganisms sense external cues with regulatory circuits that trigger the production of transcription factors, which bind specific DNA sequences at promoters ("cis" regulatory elements) to activate target genes. Mutations of transcription factors or their regulatory elements create phenotypic diversity, allowing exploitation of new niches. Waterborne pathogen Vibrio cholerae encodes the Type VI Secretion System "nanoweapon" to kill competitor cells when activated. Despite identification of several transcription factors, no regulatory element has been identified in the promoter of the major Type VI locus, to date. Combining phenotypic, genetic, and genomic analysis of diverse V. cholerae strains, we discovered a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Type VI promoter that switches its killing activity between a constitutive state beneficial outside hosts and an inducible state for constraint in a host. Our results support a role for non-coding DNA in adaptation of this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of a cis-acting SNP that controls Type VI Secretion in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Which lower-limb joints compensate for destabilising energy during walking in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining stability during perturbed locomotion requires coordinated responses across multiple levels of organization (e.g., legs, joints, muscle-tendon units). However, current approaches to investigating such responses lack a "common currency" that is both shared across scales and can be directly related to perturbation demands. We used mechanical energetics to investigate the demands imposed on a leg by a transient increase in unilateral treadmill belt speed targeted to either early or late stance. We collected full body kinematics and kinetics from 7 healthy participants during 222 total perturbations. From across-subject means, we found early stance perturbations elicited no change in net work exchanged between the perturbed leg and the treadmill but net positive work at the overall leg level, and late stance perturbations elicited positive work at the leg/treadmill interface but no change in net work at the overall leg level. Across all perturbations, changes in ankle and knee work from steady state best reflected changes in overall leg work on the perturbed and contralateral sides, respectively. Broadening this paradigm to include joint level (vs. leg level) perturbations and including muscle-tendon unit mechanical energetics may reveal neuromechanical responses used in destabilizing environments which could inform design of balance-assisting devices and interventions.

Subject Areasbiomechanics, biomedical engineering, bioengineering
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golyski, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Which lower-limb joints compensate for destabilising energy during walking in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Biomechanical Assessment of Iridial Deformations and Muscle Contractions in Human Eyes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The iris is a muscular organ whose deformations can cause primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), a leading cause of blindness. PACG risk assessment does not consider iridial biomechanical factors, despite their expected influence on iris deformations. Here we exploited an existing biometric data set consisting of near-infrared movies acquired during the pupillary light reflex (PLR) as a unique resource to study iris biomechanics. The PLR caused significant (>100%) and essentially spatially uniform radial strains in the iris in vivo, consistent with previous findings. Inverse finite element modeling showed that sphincter muscle tractions were c. 5-fold greater than iridial stroma stiffness (range 4- to 13-fold, depending on sphincter muscle size). This muscle traction is greater than has been previously estimated, which may be due to methodological differences and/or to different patient populations in our study (European descent) vs. previous studies (Asian); the latter possibility is of particular interest due to differential incidence rates of PACG in these populations. Our methodology is fast and inexpensive and may be a useful tool in understanding biomechanical factors contributing to PACG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Biomechanical Assessment of Iridial Deformations and Muscle Contractions in Human Eyes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catch bond models explain how force amplifies TCR signaling and antigen discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central to T cell biology, the T cell receptor (TCR) integrates forces in its triggering process upon interaction with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC)1-3. Phenotypically, forces elicit TCR catch-slip bonds with strong pMHCs but slip-only bonds with weak pMHCs4-10. While such correlation is commonly observed, the quantitative bond pattern and degree of "catchiness" vary. We developed two models based on the structure, elastic properties, and force-induced conformational changes of the TCR-pMHC-I/II complexes to derive from their bond characteristics more intrinsic parameters that underlie structural mechanisms, predict T cell signaling, and discriminate antigens. Applying the models to 55 datasets of 12 {beta}TCRs and their mutants interacting with corresponding pMHCs without coreceptor engagement demonstrated the ability for structural and physical parameters to quantitatively integrate and classify a broad range of bond behaviors and biological activities. Comparing to the generic two-state model for catch-slip bond that also fits the data, our models can distinguish class I from class II MHC systems and their best-fit parameters correlate with the TCR/pMHC potency to trigger T cell activation, which the generic model cannot. The models were tested by mutagenesis using structural analysis, bond profile measurement, and functional assay of a MHC and a TCR mutated to alter conformation changes. The extensive comparisons between theory and experiment provided strong validation of the models and testable hypothesis regarding specific conformational changes that control bond profiles, thereby suggesting structural mechanisms for the inner workings of the TCR mechanosensing machinery and plausible explanation of why and how force may amplify TCR signaling and antigen discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushdi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catch bond models explain how force amplifies TCR signaling and antigen discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septin-Mediated Mechanobiological Reprogramming of T Cell Transmigration and 3D Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The all-terrain motility of lymphocytes in tissues and tissue-like gels is best described as amoeboid motility. For amoeboid motility, lymphocytes do not require specific biochemical or structural modifications to the surrounding extracellular matrix. Instead, they rely on changing shape and steric interactions with the microenvironment. However, the exact mechanism of amoeboid motility remains elusive. Here we report that septins shape T cells for amoeboid motility. Specifically, septins form F-actin and alpha-actinin-rich cortical rings at the sites of cortex-indenting collisions of T cells with the extracellular matrix. Cortical rings compartmentalize cells into chains of spherical segments that are spatially conformed to the available lumens, forming transient  hourglass-shaped steric locks onto the surrounding collagen fibers. The steric lock facilitates pressure-driven peristaltic propulsion of cytosolic content by individually contracting cell segments. Our results demonstrate that septins provide microenvironment-guided partitioning of actomyosin contractility and steric pivots for amoeboid motility of T cells in tissue-like microenvironments.

GLOSSARYO_LISteric interactions - interactions by the means of their spatial collision dependent on objects shapes.
C_LIO_LISteric guidance - cell navigation within crowded 3D environments, determined by the available passages around and between steric hindrances.
C_LIO_LIPeristaltic treadmilling - locomotion mode by the means of a repeated sequence of polarized cell cortex extension, stabilization, and retraction, accompanied by translocation of nucleus and cytoplasm via circumferential cortex contractility.
C_LI

Significance StatementT cells can be highly motile, searching for cognate antigens or better yet targets in chimeric antigen receptor therapy settings. However, mechanisms of motility remain elusive for T cells migrating in structurally and biochemically diverse tissues. Here we address one pivotal question of basic and clinical immunology - How T cells achieve the  all-terrain motility? Here we decipher and report septin-based T cell motility in a 3D tissue-like environment. Specifically, we show that septins facilitate cell morphological responsiveness to the steric obstacles, i.e., collagen fiber-wise partitioning of actomyosin cortex contractility and cell-obstacle steric interactions. These responses coordinate peristaltic propulsion of the lymphocytes cytosolic content along its individually contracting cell segments, forming the obstacle-avoiding motility, i.e., circumnavigation, shared across various tested lymphocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishweshwarayah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartagena-Rivera, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokholyan, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabdanov, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septin-Mediated Mechanobiological Reprogramming of T Cell Transmigration and 3D Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibodies targeting conserved non-canonical antigens and endemic coronaviruses associate with favorable outcomes in severe COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While there have been extensive analyses characterizing cellular and humoral responses across the severity spectrum in COVID-19, predictors of outcomes within severe COVID-19 remain to be comprehensively elucidated. Recently, we identified divergent monocyte states as predictors of outcomes within severe COVID-19, but corresponding humoral profiles of risk have not been delineated. Furthermore, the nature of antibodies (Abs) directed against viral antigens beyond the spike protein or endemic coronavirus antigens and their associations with disease severity and outcomes remain poorly defined. We performed deep molecular profiling of Abs directed against a wide range of antigenic specificities in severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. The profiles consisted of canonical (S, RBD, N) and non-canonical (orf3a, orf8, nsp3, nps13 and M) antigenic specificities. Notably, multivariate machine learning (ML) models, generated using profiles of Abs directed against canonical or non-canonical antigens, were equally discriminative of recovery and mortality COVID-19 outcomes. In both ML models, survivors were associated with increased virus-specific IgA and IgG3 antibodies and with higher antigen-specific antibody galactosylation. Intriguingly, pre-pandemic healthy controls had cross-reactive Abs directed against nsp13 which is a conserved protein in other alpha and beta coronaviruses. Notably, higher levels of nsp13-specific IgA antibodies were associated with recovery in severe COVID-19. In keeping with these findings, a model built on Ab profiles for endemic coronavirus antigens was also predictive of COVID-19 outcome bifurcation, with higher levels of IgA and IgG3 antibodies against OC43 S and NL63 S being associated with survival. Our results suggest the importance of Abs targeting non-canonical SARS-CoV-2 antigens as well as those directed against endemic coronaviruses in favorable outcomes of severe COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peddireddy, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cillo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVerry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsios, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibodies targeting conserved non-canonical antigens and endemic coronaviruses associate with favorable outcomes in severe COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methacrylate-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Enable Non-Invasive Monitoring of Photocrosslinked Hydrogel Scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photocrosslinked hydrogels, such as methacrylate-modified gelatin (gelMA) and hyaluronic acid (HAMA), are widely utilized as tissue engineering scaffolds and/or drug delivery vehicles, but lack a suitable means for non-invasive, longitudinal monitoring of surgical placement, biodegradation, and drug release. Therefore, we developed a novel photopolymerizable X-ray contrast agent, methacrylate-modified gold nanoparticles (AuMA NPs), to enable covalent-linking to methacrylate-modified hydrogels (gelMA and HAMA) in one-step during photocrosslinking and non-invasive monitoring by X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Hydrogels exhibited a linear increase in X-ray attenuation with increased Au NP concentration to enable quantitative imaging by contrast-enhanced micro-CT. The enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation kinetics of gelMA-Au NP hydrogels were longitudinally monitored by micro-CT for up to one month in vitro, yielding results that were consistent with concurrent measurements by optical spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. Importantly, AuMA NPs did not disrupt the hydrogel network, rheology, mechanical properties, and hydrolytic stability compared with gelMA alone. GelMA-Au NP hydrogels were thus able to be bioprinted into well-defined three-dimensional architectures supporting endothelial cell viability and growth. Overall, AuMA NPs enabled the preparation of both conventional photopolymerized hydrogels and bioprinted scaffolds with tunable X-ray contrast for noninvasive, longitudinal monitoring of placement, degradation, and NP release by micro-CT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finamore, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomov, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabboul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpooshan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methacrylate-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Enable Non-Invasive Monitoring of Photocrosslinked Hydrogel Scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-delivered TLR4 and RIG-I agonists enhance immune response to SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent success in vaccinating populations against SARS-CoV-2, concerns about immunity duration, continued efficacy against emerging variants, protection from infection and transmission, and worldwide vaccine availability, remain. Although mRNA, pDNA, and viral-vector based vaccines are being administered, no protein subunit-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is approved. Molecular adjuvants targeting pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) could improve and broaden the efficacy and durability of vaccine responses. Native SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulate various PRRs, including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic-acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RIG-I). We hypothesized that targeting the same PRRs using adjuvants on nanoparticles along with a stabilized spike (S) protein antigen could provide broad and efficient immune responses. Formulations targeting TLR4 (MPLA), TLR7/8 (R848), TLR9 (CpG), and RIG-I (PUUC) delivered on degradable polymer-nanoparticles (NPs) were combined with the S1 subunit of S protein and assessed in vitro with isogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (iso-MLRs). For in vivo studies, the adjuvanted nanoparticles were combined with stabilized S protein and assessed using intranasal and intramuscular prime-boost vaccination models in mice. Combination NP-adjuvants targeting both TLR and RIG-I (MPLA+PUUC, CpG+PUUC, or R848+PUUC) differentially increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1{beta}, IL-12p70, IL-27, IFN-{beta}) by APCs cultured in vitro, and induced differential T cell proliferation. When delivered intranasally, MPLA+PUUC NPs enhanced local CD4+CD44+ activated memory T cell responses while MPLA NPs increased anti-S-protein-specific IgG and IgA in the lung. Following intramuscular delivery, PUUC-carrying NPs induced strong humoral immune responses, characterized by increases in anti-S-protein IgG and neutralizing antibody titers and germinal center B cell populations (GL7+ and BCL6+ B cells). MPLA+PUUC NPs further boosted S-protein-neutralizing antibody titers and T follicular helper cell populations in draining lymph nodes. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2-mimicking adjuvants and subunit vaccines could lead to robust and unique route-specific adaptive immune responses and may provide additional tools against the pandemic.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=58 SRC="FIGDIR/small/478507v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atalis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenum, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantucci, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armenta-Ochoa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-delivered TLR4 and RIG-I agonists enhance immune response to SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-performance Flexible Microelectrode Array with PEDOT:PSS Coated 3D Micro-cones for Electromyographic Recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) electromyography (EMG) recordings are essential for identifying and analyzing single motor unit activity. While high-density electrodes allow for greater spatial resolution, the smaller electrode area translates to a higher impedance and lower SNR. In this study, we developed an implantable and flexible 3D microelectrode array (MEA) with low impedance that enables high-quality EMG recording. With polyimide micro-cones realized by standard photolithography process and PEDOT:PSS coating, this design can increase effective surface area by up to 250% and significantly improve electrical performance for electrode sites with various geometric surface areas, where the electrode impedance is at most improved by 99.3%. Acute EMG activity from mice was recorded by implanting the electrodes in vivo, and we were able to detect multiple individual motor units simultaneously and with high resolution (SNR >> 100). The charge storage capacity was measured to be 34.2 mC/cm2, indicating suitability of the electrodes for stimulation applications as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-performance Flexible Microelectrode Array with PEDOT:PSS Coated 3D Micro-cones for Electromyographic Recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systematic Approach for Explaining Time and Frequency Features Extracted by CNNs from Raw EEG Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for raw electroencephalography (EEG) analysis has grown increasingly common. However, relative to earlier machine learning and deep learning methods with manually extracted features, CNNs for raw EEG analysis present unique problems for explainability. As such, a growing group of methods have been developed that provide insight into the spectral features learned by CNNs. However, spectral power is not the only important form of information within EEG, and the capacity to understand the roles of specific multispectral waveforms identified by CNNs could be very helpful. In this study, we present a novel model visualization-based approach that adapts the traditional CNN architecture to increase interpretability and combines that inherent interpretability with a systematic evaluation of the model via a series of novel explainability methods. Our approach evaluates the importance of spectrally distinct first-layer clusters of filters before examining the contributions of identified waveforms and spectra to cluster importance. We evaluate our approach within the context of automated sleep stage classification and find that, for the most part, our explainability results are highly consistent with clinical guidelines. Our approach is the first to systematically evaluate both waveform and spectral feature importance in CNNs trained on EEG data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systematic Approach for Explaining Time and Frequency Features Extracted by CNNs from Raw EEG Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental and analytical framework for ''mix-and-read'' assays based on split luciferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of immunodetection assays including the widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in applications such as point-of-care detection is often limited by the need for protein immobilization and multiple binding and washing steps. Here, we describe an experimental and analytical framework for the development of simple and modular "mix-and-read" enzymatic complementation assays based on split luciferase that enable sensitive detection and quantification of analytes in solution. In this assay, two engineered protein binders targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the target analyte were each fused to non-active fragments of luciferase to create biosensor probes. Binding proteins to two model targets, lysozyme and Sso6904, were isolated from a combinatorial library of Sso7d mutants using yeast surface display. In the presence of the analyte, probes were brought into close proximity, reconstituting enzymatic activity of luciferase and enabling detection of low picomolar concentrations of the analyte by chemiluminescence. Subsequently, we constructed an equilibrium binding model that relates binding affinities of the binding proteins for the target, assay parameters such as the concentrations of probes used, and assay performance (limit of detection and concentration range over which the target can be quantified). Overall, our experimental and analytical framework provide the foundation for the development of split luciferase assays for detection and quantification of various targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McArthur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Teran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thatavarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental and analytical framework for ''mix-and-read'' assays based on split luciferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic molecular evolution of a supergene with suppressed recombination in white-throated sparrows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In white throated sparrows, two alternative morphs differing in plumage and behavior segregate with a large chromosomal rearrangement. As with sex chromosomes such as the mammalian Y, the rearranged version of chromosome two (ZAL2m) is in a near-constant state of heterozygosity, offering opportunities to investigate both degenerative and selective processes during the early evolutionary stages of  supergenes. Here, we generated, synthesized, and analyzed extensive genome-scale data to better understand the forces shaping the evolution of the ZAL2m chromosome in this species. We found that features of ZAL2m are consistent with substantially reduced recombination and low levels of degeneration. We also found evidence that selective sweeps took place both on ZAL2m and its standard counterpart, ZAL2, after the rearrangement event. Signatures of positive selection were associated with allelic bias in gene expression, suggesting that antagonistic selection has operated on gene regulation. Finally, we discovered a region exhibiting two long-range haplotypes inside the rearrangement on ZAL2m. These two haplotypes appear to have been maintained by balancing selection, retaining genetic diversity within the supergene. Together, our analyses illuminate mechanisms contributing to the evolution of a young chromosomal polymorphism, revealing complex selective processes acting concurrently with genetic degeneration to drive the evolution of supergenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layman, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.481145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic molecular evolution of a supergene with suppressed recombination in white-throated sparrows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cell-specific gene regulatory networks from single cell gene expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell profiling techniques including multi-omics and spatial-omics technologies allow researchers to study cell-cell variation within a cell population. These variations extend to biological networks within cells, in particular, the gene regulatory networks (GRNs). GRNs rewire as the cells evolve, and different cells can have different governing GRNs. However, existing GRN inference methods usually infer a single GRN for a population of cells, without exploring the cell-cell variation in terms of their regulatory mechanisms. Recently, jointly profiled single cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility data have been used to infer GRNs. Although methods based on such multi-omics data were shown to improve over the accuracy of methods using only single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data, they do not take full advantage of the single cell resolution chromatin accessibility data.

We propose CeSpGRN (Cell Specific Gene Regulatory Network inference), which infers cell-specific GRNs from scRNA-seq, single cell multi-omics, or single cell spatial-omics data. CeSpGRN uses a Gaussian weighted kernel that allows the GRN of a given cell to be learned from the sequencing profile of itself and its neighboring cells in the developmental process. The kernel is constructed from the similarity of gene expressions or spatial locations between cells. When the chromatin accessibility data is available, CeSpGRN constructs cell-specific prior networks which are used to further improve the inference accuracy.

We applied CeSpGRN to various types of real-world datasets and inferred various regulation changes that were shown to be important in cell development. We also quantitatively measured the performance of CeSpGRN on simulated datasets and compared with baseline methods. The results show that CeSpGRN has a superior performance in reconstructing the GRN for each cell, as well as in detecting the regulatory interactions that differ between cells. CeSpGRN is available at https://github.com/PeterZZQ/CeSpGRN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongseok, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cell-specific gene regulatory networks from single cell gene expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global phylogeography of marine Synechococcus in coastal areas reveals strikingly different communities than in the open ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine Synechococcus comprise a numerically and ecologically prominent phytoplankton group, playing a major role in both carbon cycling and trophic networks in all oceanic regions except in the polar oceans. Despite their high abundance in coastal areas, our knowledge of Synechococcus communities in these environments is based on only a few local studies. Here, we use the global metagenome dataset of the Ocean Sampling Day (June 21st 2014) to get a snapshot of the taxonomic composition of coastal Synechococcus communities worldwide, by recruitment on a reference database of 141 picocyanobacterial genomes, representative of the whole Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and Cyanobium diversity. This allowed us to unravel drastic community shifts over small to medium scale gradients of environmental factors, in particular along European coasts. The combined analysis of the phylogeography of natural populations and the thermophysiological characterization of eight strains, representative of the four major Synechococcus lineages (clades I to IV), also brought novel insights about the differential niche partitioning of clades I and IV, which most often co-dominate the Synechococcus community in cold and temperate coastal areas. Altogether, this study tackles the main differences between open-ocean and coastal communities worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leconte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyet, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrant, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoebeke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partensky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Six, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garczarek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global phylogeography of marine Synechococcus in coastal areas reveals strikingly different communities than in the open ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the "cost of generating force" hypothesis across frequency in human running and hopping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The volume of active muscle and duration of extensor muscle force well-explain the associated metabolic energy expenditure across body mass and speed during level-ground running and hopping. However, if these parameters fundamentally drive metabolic energy expenditure, then they should pertain to multiple modes of locomotion and provide a simple framework for relating biomechanics to metabolic energy expenditure in bouncing gaits. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of the  cost of generating force hypothesis to link biomechanics and metabolic energy expenditure during human running and hopping across step frequencies. We asked participants to run and hop at 0%, {+/-}8% and {+/-}15% of preferred step frequency. We calculated changes in active muscle volume, force duration, and metabolic energy expenditure. Overall, as step frequency increased, active muscle volume decreased due to postural changes via effective mechanical advantage (EMA) or duty factor. Accounting for changes in EMA and muscle volume better related to metabolic energy expenditure during running and hopping at different step frequencies than assuming a constant EMA and muscle volume. Thus, to ultimately develop muscle mechanics models that can explain metabolic energy expenditure across different modes of locomotion, we suggest more precise measures of muscle force production that include the effects of EMA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the "cost of generating force" hypothesis across frequency in human running and hopping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of can1/cat1 genes and expression of a dominant any1 mutation establish an effective canavanine selection in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positive and counter-selectable markers have been successfully integrated as a part of numerous genetic assays in many model organisms. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of resistance to arginine analog canavanine and its applicability for genetic selection in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Deletion of both arginine permease genes cat1 and can1 provides strong drug resistance, while the single can1 deletion does not have impact on canavanine resistance. Surprisingly, the widely used can1-1 allele does not match to the can1 gene but rather corresponds to the any1-523C>T allele. The strong canavanine-resistance conferred by this allele arises from an inability to deposit basic amino acid transporters on the cellular membrane. any1-523C>T leads to reduced post-translational modifications of Any1 regulated by the Tor2 kinase. We also demonstrate that any1-523C>T is a dominate allele. Our results uncover the mechanisms of canavanine-resistance in fission yeast and open the opportunity of using cat1, can1 and any1 mutant alleles in genetic assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ait Saada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobachev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.484000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of can1/cat1 genes and expression of a dominant any1 mutation establish an effective canavanine selection in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlap across psychotic disorders: A functional network connectivity analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional network connectivity has previously been shown to distinguish patient groups from healthy controls (HC). However, the overlap across schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar (BP), and schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is not clear yet. This study focuses on finding overlap across these three psychotic disorders using dynamic FNC (dFNC) and compares it with static FNC (sFNC). We used resting-state fMRI, demographics, and clinical information from the Bipolar- Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes cohort. The data includes three groups of patients with schizophrenia (SZP, N=102), bipolar (BPP, N=102), and schizoaffective (SADP, N=102), their relatives SZR (N=102), BPR (N=102), SADR (N=102), and HC (N=118) groups. After estimating each individuals dFNC, we put them into three identical states. We estimated five different features, including occupancy rate (OCR), number of transitions, the total number of transitions, and the total distance traveled. Finally, the extracted features are tested statistically across patients and HC groups. In addition, we explored the link between the clinical scores and the extracted features. We found that the OCR difference between SZP and SZR in state2, between BPP and HC in state1, and between SADP and HC in state2. Also, state2 OCR separates SZP from BPP, state 3 OCR separates BPP from SZP and SADP. Moreover, the OCR and traveled distance feature extracted from SZ and BP could significantly predict PANSS Total and PANSS General scores. Finally, combined distance features of all disorders showed a significant relationship to PANSS Total and PANSS General scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.484190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlap across psychotic disorders: A functional network connectivity analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iSparse kmeans: a two-step clustering approach for big dynamic functional network connectivity data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) estimated from resting-state functional magnetic imaging (rs-fMRI) studies the temporally varying of functional integration between brain networks. In a typical dFNC pipeline, a clustering stage to summarize the connectivity patterns that are transiently but reliably realized over the course of a scanning session. However, identifying the right number of clusters through a conventional clustering criterion computed by running the algorithm repeatedly, over a large range of cluster numbers is time-consuming and requires substantial computational power even for typical dFNC datasets, and the computational demands become prohibitive as datasets become larger and scans longer. Here we developed a new dFNC pipeline, called iterative sparse kmeans or iSparse kmeans, to analyze large dFNC data without having access to huge computational power.

MethodIn iSparse kmeans, we implement two-step clustering. In the first step, we randomly use a sub-sample dFNC data and identify several sets of states at different model orders. In the second step, we aggregate all dFNC states estimated from all iterations in the first step and use this to identify the optimum number of clusters using the elbow criteria. Additionally, we use this new reduced dataset and estimate a final set of states by performing a second kmeans clustering on the aggregated dFNC states from the first k-means clustering. To validate the reproducibility of iSparse kmeans, we analyzed four dFNC datasets from the human connectome project (HCP).

ResultsWe found that both conventional kmeans and iSparse kmeans generate similar brain dFNC states while iSparse kmeans is 27 times faster than the traditional method in finding the optimum number of clusters. We show that the results are replicated across four different datasets from HCP.

ConclusionWe developed a new analytic pipeline which facilitates analysis of large dFNC datasets without having access to a huge computational power source. We validated the reproducibility of the result across multiple datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.484193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iSparse kmeans: a two-step clustering approach for big dynamic functional network connectivity data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.484598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volatile hydrogen cyanide released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides a competitive advantage over Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm and in vivo lung environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.484598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse bacterial volatile compounds alter bacterial stress responses and physiology, but their contribution to population dynamics in polymicrobial communities is not well known. In this study, we showed that airborne volatile hydrogen cyanide (HCN) produced by a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains leads to at-a-distance inhibition of the growth of a wide array of Staphylococcus aureus strains. We determined that low oxygen level environments not only enhance P. aeruginosa HCN production but also increase S. aureus sensitivity to HCN, which impacts P. aeruginosa-S. aureus competition in microaerobic in vitro mixed biofilms as well as in an in vitro cystic fibrosis lung sputum medium. Consistently, we demonstrated that production of HCN provides a competitive advantage to P. aeruginosa in a mouse model of airways co-infected by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Our study therefore demonstrates that P. aeruginosa HCN contributes to local and distant airborne competition against S. aureus and potentially other HCN-sensitive bacteria in contexts relevant to cystic fibrosis and other polymicrobial infectious diseases.

IMPORTANCEAirborne volatile compounds produced by bacteria are often only considered as attractive or repulsive scents, but they also directly contribute to bacterial physiology. Here we showed that volatile hydrogen cyanide (HCN) released by a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth in low oxygen in vitro biofilms or aggregates and in vivo lung environments. These results are of pathophysiological relevance, since lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are known to present microaerophilic areas and to be commonly associated with the presence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in polymicrobial communities. Our study therefore provides insights into how a bacterial volatile compound can contribute to the exclusion of S. aureus and other HCN-sensitive competitors from P. aeruginosa ecological niches. It opens new perspectives for the management or monitoring of P. aeruginosa infections in lower lung airway infections and other polymicrobial disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letoffe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touqui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.484598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volatile hydrogen cyanide released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides a competitive advantage over Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm and in vivo lung environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extended longevity geometrically-inverted proximal tubule organoids for protein uptake studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While some in vitro platforms have been adapted to study proteinuric kidney disease, organoids have been challenging to study the disease. This is because apical access is historically difficult, and this is the surface on which megalin (LRP2), an endocytic receptor responsible for tubular reabsorption of filtered plasma proteins, resides. Based on our previous geometrically-inverted organoids, this study established high-throughput basal-in and apical-out proximal tubule organoids to study proteinuric kidney disease in a more physiologically consistent manner. Organoids successfully formed around a minimal Matrigel scaffold, and were maintained in culture for 90+ days, the longest reported hanging drop culture to date. The proximal tubule organoids exhibited good polarization, showed upregulation of maturity markers, such as aquaporin-1 and megalin, and experienced less epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition compared to 2D cells. To assess protein uptake, fluorescent albumin was placed in the surrounding media, facing the apical surface, and organoids demonstrated functional protein uptake even at 90 days. To mimic proteinuric conditions, organoids were exposed to human serum albumin and released kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a common biomarker for kidney injury, in both dose- and time-dependent manners. While this study focuses on applications for modeling proteinuric kidney disease conditions, these organoids are envisioned to have broad utility where apical proximal tubule cell access is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parigoris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extended longevity geometrically-inverted proximal tubule organoids for protein uptake studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An anchored experimental design and meta-analysis approach to address batch effects in large-scale metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale untargeted metabolomics studies suffer from individual variation, batch effects and instrument variability, making comparisons of common spectral features across studies difficult. One solution is to compare studies after compound identification. However, compound identification is expensive and time consuming. We successfully identify common spectral features across multiple studies, with a generalizable experimental design approach. First, we included an anchor strain, PD1074, during sample and data collection. Second, we collected data in blocks with multiple controls. These anchors enabled us to successfully integrate three studies of Caenorhabditis elegans for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data from five different assays. We found 34% and 14% of features to be significant in LC-MS and NMR, respectively. Between 20-50% of spectral features differ in a mutant and among a set of genetically diverse natural strains, suggesting this reduced set of spectral features are excellent targets for compound identification.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/485859v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@84abe1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3066fforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba166corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@164cf0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Fourteen C. elegans strains are used in three individual studies. PD1074, the anchor control strain (orange), is grown alongside test strains (green, yellow, purple). Multiple biological replicates of PD1074 captures environmental variation in growth conditions. Non-polar and polar metabolic data across the three studies (i.e., natural strains, central metabolism mutants, and UGT mutants) were collected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data acquisition controls in each block included biological reference material and pooled PD1074 samples. Biological replicates of PD1074 (n = 42 for LC-MS, n = 52 for NMR) were included in all batches. Meta-analysis provided comparable inferences to mixed effects models, and the estimated relative effects of each test strain to PD1074 and straightforward comparisons of test strains across experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouveia, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asef, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An anchored experimental design and meta-analysis approach to address batch effects in large-scale metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fold Evolution by Creative Destruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms by which new protein folds emerge and diverge pose central questions in biological sciences. Incremental mutation and step-wise adaptation explain relationships between topologically similar protein folds. However, the universe of folds is diverse and riotous, suggesting roles of more potent and creative forces. Sequence and structure similarity are observed between topologically distinct folds, indicating that proteins with distinct folds may share common ancestry.

We found evidence of common ancestry between three distinct {beta}-barrel folds: OB, SH3 and cradle loop barrel (CLB). The data suggest a mechanism of fold evolution that interconverts SH3, OB and CLB. This mechanism, which we call creative destruction, can be generalized to explain other examples of fold evolution including circular permutation. In creative destruction, an open reading frame duplicates or otherwise merges with another to produce a fused polypeptide. A merger forces two ancestral domains into a new sequence and spatial context. The fused polypeptide can explore folding landscapes that are inaccessible to either of the independent ancestral domains. However, the folding landscapes of the fused polypeptide are not fully independent of those of the ancestral domains. Creative destruction is thus partially conservative in that a daughter fold would inherit some motifs from the ancestral folds. After a merger and refolding, adaptive processes such as mutation and loss of extraneous segments optimize the new daughter fold.

SignificanceMechanisms of emergence and early diversification of structured proteins present deep and difficult problems in evolutionary biology. Here we excavate the deepest evolutionary history, found within the translation machinery, which is an ancient molecular fossil and the birthplace of all proteins. We demonstrate common origins of some of the simplest, oldest and most common protein folds. Furthermore, the data suggest a mechanism, that we call creative destruction, that explains at molecular level how simple folds spawn more complex folds. In this mechanism, new folds emerge from old folds via gene duplication, expression, exploration of new folding landscapes and adaptation. Creative destruction explains the facile emergence of complex from simple architectures in a funneled exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Carreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fold Evolution by Creative Destruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural systems underlying RDoC social constructs: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscientists have sought to identify the underlying neural systems supporting social processing that allow interaction and communication, forming social relationships, and navigating the social world. Through the use of NIMHs Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, we evaluated consensus among studies that examined brain activity during social tasks to elucidate regions comprising the "social brain". We examined convergence across tasks corresponding to the four RDoC social constructs, including Affiliation and Attachment, Social Communication, Perception and Understanding of Self, and Perception and Understanding of Others. We performed a series of coordinate-based meta-analyses using the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) method. Meta-analysis was performed on whole-brain coordinates reported from 864 fMRI contrasts using the NiMARE Python package, revealing convergence in medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, bilateral insula, amygdala, fusiform gyrus, precuneus, and thalamus. Additionally, four separate RDoC-based meta-analyses revealed differential convergence associated with the four social constructs. These outcomes highlight the neural support underlying these social constructs and inform future research on alterations among neurotypical and atypical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobo, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottenhorn, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hare, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moor, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartley, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeving, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural systems underlying RDoC social constructs: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilizing brain-computer interfaces through alignment of latent dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) restore motor function to people with paralysis by translating brain activity into control signals for external devices. In current iBCIs, instabilities at the neural interface result in a degradation of decoding performance, which necessitates frequent supervised recalibration using new labeled data. One potential solution is to use the latent manifold structure that underlies neural population activity to facilitate a stable mapping between brain activity and behavior. Recent efforts using unsupervised approaches have improved iBCI stability using this principle; however, existing methods treat each time step as an independent sample and do not account for latent dynamics. Dynamics have been used to enable high performance prediction of movement intention, and may also help improve stabilization. Here, we present a platform for Nonlinear Manifold Alignment with Dynamics (NoMAD), which stabilizes iBCI decoding using recurrent neural network models of dynamics. NoMAD uses unsupervised distribution alignment to update the mapping of nonstationary neural data to a consistent set of neural dynamics, thereby providing stable input to the iBCI decoder. In applications to data from monkey motor cortex collected during motor tasks, NoMAD enables accurate behavioral decoding with unparalleled stability over weeks-to months-long timescales without any supervised recalibration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karpowicz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalasena, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedler, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshtkaran, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilizing brain-computer interfaces through alignment of latent dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, Efficient, and Accurate Neuro-Imaging Denoising via Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volumetric functional imaging is widely used for recording neuron activities in vivo, but there exist tradeoffs between the quality of the extracted calcium traces, imaging speed, and laser power. While deep-learning methods have recently been applied to denoise images, their applications to downstream analyses, such as recovering high-SNR calcium traces, have been limited. Further, these methods require temporally-linked pre-registered data with ultrafast rates. Here, we demonstrate supervised deep-denoising methods to circumvent these tradeoffs for several applications, including whole-brain imaging, large field-of-view imaging in freely moving animals, and recovering complex neurite structures in C. elegans. Our framework has 30x smaller memory footprint, and is fast in training and inference (50-70ms); it is highly accurate and generalizable, and further, only small, non-temporally-sequential, independently-acquired training datasets ([~]500 images) are needed. We envision that the framework will enable faster and long-term imaging experiments necessary to study neuronal mechanisms of many behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, Efficient, and Accurate Neuro-Imaging Denoising via Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative ectodomain interaction among TCRαβ, CD3γε, and CD3δε enhances TCR mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TCR signaling poses a mechanical problem: pMHC binding occurs at the TCR{beta} ectodomain (ECD) head, whereas ITAM phosphorylation occurs on CD3 cytoplasmic tails. Chemistry cannot bridge this >10 nm gap, requiring the two events to be coupled through the TCR-CD3 interface, thus involving conformational allostery and being regulatable by force. Although weak ECD cis-interactions between TCR{beta} and CD3 have been proposed to contribute to this coupling, their kinetics and mechanical competence remain elusive. Here, we quantify TCR{beta}-CD3 ECD cis-interactions in a pseudo-cis configuration using two-dimensional binding and single-bond force spectroscopy, finding that TCR{beta}-CD3{gamma}{varepsilon} and TCR{beta}-CD3{delta}{varepsilon} interactions have low affinity and rapid kinetics, yet form catch bonds. Critically, concurrent engagement of CD3{gamma}{varepsilon} and CD3{delta}{varepsilon} produces high cis-cooperativity, yielding a stronger and longer-lasting CD3{gamma}{varepsilon}-TCR{beta}-CD3{delta}{varepsilon} trimolecular catch bond than the sum of the two dimeric bonds, with force-stabilized lifetimes matching those of agonist TCR-pMHC trans-interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal an expanded, cooperative, and asymmetric contact network, making CD3{delta}{varepsilon} more force-responsive and susceptible to conformational change than CD3{gamma}{varepsilon}. Interface mutations do not alter force-free affinities but remodel cooperative cis-bond profiles, leading to an inverse correlation with trans-bond profiles and T cell signaling. These results identify cooperative ECD cis-interaction as a mechanically regulatable allosteric coupling element at the TCR-CD3 junction important to antigen recognition and signal initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grazette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogsgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative ectodomain interaction among TCRαβ, CD3γε, and CD3δε enhances TCR mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rhizodynamics robot: Automated imaging system for studying long-term dynamic root growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of plant root growth in real time has been difficult to achieve in an automated, high-throughput, and systematic fashion. Dynamic imaging of plant roots is important in order to discover novel root growth behaviors and to deepen our understanding of how roots interact with their environments. We designed and implemented the Generating Rhizodynamic Observations Over Time (GROOT) robot, an automated, high-throughput imaging system that enables time-lapse imaging of 90 containers of plants and their roots growing in a clear gel medium over the duration of weeks to months. The system uses low-cost, widely available materials. As a proof of concept, we employed GROOT to collect images of orchid root growth of multiple species over six months. Beyond imaging plant roots, our system is highly customizable and can be used to collect time-lapse image data of different container sizes and configurations regardless of what is being imaged, making it applicable to many fields that require longitudinal time-lapse recording.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCaskey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, E. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benfey, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rhizodynamics robot: Automated imaging system for studying long-term dynamic root growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rye: genetic ancestry inference at biobank scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biobank projects around the world are generating genomic data for many thousands and even millions of individuals. Computational methods are needed to handle these massive data sets, including tools for genetic ancestry (GA) inference. Current methods for GA inference are generally accurate, but they are slow and do not scale to biobank-size genomic datasets. Here we present Rye - a new algorithm for GA inference at biobank scale. We compare the accuracy and runtime performance of Rye to the widely used RFMix and ADMIXTURE programs, and we apply it to a dataset of 488,221 genome-wide variant samples from the UK Biobank. Rye infers GA based on principal component analysis (PCA) of genomic variant samples from ancestral reference populations and query individuals. The algorithms accuracy is powered by Metropolis-Hastings optimization and its speed is provided by non-negative least squares (NNLS) regression. Rye produces highly accurate GA estimates for three-way admixed populations - African, European, and Native American - compared to RFMix and ADMIXTURE (R2 = 0.998 - 1.00), and shows 50x runtime improvement compared to ADMIXTURE on the UK Biobank dataset. Rye analysis of UK Biobank samples demonstrates how it can be used to infer GA at different levels of relatedness. We discuss user consideration and options for the use of Rye; the program and its documentation are distributed on the GitHub repository: https://github.com/healthdisparities/rye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino-Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rye: genetic ancestry inference at biobank scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Severe drought events trigger long-term salt marsh dieback in the Southeastern and Gulf of Mexico USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frequency of salt marsh dieback events has increased over the last 25 years with unknown consequences to the resilience of the ecosystem to accelerated sea level rise (SLR). Salt marsh ecosystems impacted by sudden vegetation dieback events were previously thought to recover naturally within a few months to years. In this study, we provide evidence that approximately 14% of total marsh area has not revegetated 10-years after a dieback event in Charleston, SC. Dieback onset coincided with a severe drought in 2012, and a second dieback event occurred in 2016 after a historic flood influenced by Hurricane Joaquin in October of 2015, with unvegetated zones reaching nearly 30% of total marsh area in 2017. Most affected areas were associated with lower elevation zones in the interior of the marsh (midmarsh). During the 2013 dieback event, we estimate that unvegetated midmarsh area expanded by 300%. Grass planting was shown to be an effective restoration practice, with restored plants having greater aboveground biomass than relict sites after two years of transplanting. A positive restoration outcome indicated that the stressors that caused the initial dieback are no longer present. Despite that, many dieback areas have not recovered naturally even as they are located within the typical elevation range of a healthy vegetated marsh. A mechanistic modelling approach was used to assess the effects of vegetation dieback on salt marsh resilience to SLR. Predictions indicate that a highly productive restored marsh (2000 g m-2 y-1) would persist at a moderate SLR rate of 60 cm 100 y-1, whereas a non- restored mudflat would lose all of its elevation capital after 100 years. Thus, rapid restoration of marsh dieback is critical to avoid further degradation. Also, failure to incorporate the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events which trigger irreversible marsh diebacks underestimates salt marsh vulnerability to climate change. At an elevated SLR rate of 122 cm 100 y-1, most likely an extreme climate change scenario, even highly productive ecosystems augmented by sediment placement would not keep pace with SLR. Thus, climate change mitigation actions are also urgently needed to preserve present-day marsh ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rolando, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.18.488673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Severe drought events trigger long-term salt marsh dieback in the Southeastern and Gulf of Mexico USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weak tension accelerates hybridization and dehybridization of short oligonucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hybridization and dehybridization of DNA subject to tension is relevant to fundamental genetic processes and to the design of DNA-based mechanobiology assays. While strong tension accelerates DNA melting and decelerates DNA annealing, the effects of tension weaker than 5 pN are less clear. In this study, we developed a DNA bow assay, which uses the bending rigidity of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to exert weak tension on a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) target in the range of 2pN to 6pN. Combining this assay with single-molecule FRET, we measured the hybridization and dehybridization kinetics between a 15 nt ssDNA under tension and a 8-9 nt oligo, and found that both the hybridization and dehybridization rates monotonically increase with tension for various nucleotide sequences tested. These findings suggest that the nucleated duplex in its transition state is more extended than the pure dsDNA or ssDNA counterpart. Our simulations using the coarse-grained oxDNA2 model indicate that the increased extension of the transition state is due to exclusion interactions between unpaired ssDNA regions in close proximity to one another. This study highlights an example where the ideal worm-like chain models fail to explain the kinetic behavior of DNA in the low force regime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weak tension accelerates hybridization and dehybridization of short oligonucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging scales from spiking activity to the local field potential through latent dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As emerging technologies enable measurement of precise details of the activity within microcircuits at ever-increasing scales, there is a growing need to identify the salient features and patterns within the neural populations that represent physiologically and behaviorally relevant aspects of the network. Accumulating evidence from recordings of large neural populations suggests that neural population activity frequently exhibits relatively low-dimensional structure, with a small number of variables explaining a substantial fraction of the structure of the activity. While such structure has been observed across the brain, it is not known how reduced-dimension representations of neural population activity relate to classical metrics of "brain state," typically described in terms of fluctuations in the local field potential (LFP), single-cell activity, and behavioral metrics. Here, we relate the latent dynamics of spiking activity of populations of neurons in the whisker area of primary somatosensory cortex of awake mice to classic measurements of cortical state in S1. We found that a hidden Markov model fit the population spiking data well with a relatively small number of states, and that putative inhibitory neurons played an outsize role in determining the latent state dynamics. Spiking states inferred from the model were more informative of the cortical state than a direct readout of the spiking activity of single neurons or of the population. Further, the spiking states predicted both the trial-by-trial variability in sensory responses and one aspect of behavior, whisking activity. Our results show how classical measurements of brain state relate to neural population spiking dynamics at the scale of the microcircuit and provide an approach for quantitative mapping of brain state dynamics across brain areas.

Author SummaryBrain states have long been known to strongly shape sensory perception, decision making, cognition, and movement. Brain state during wakefulness changes constantly, classically assessed using changes in the spectral features of the local field potential (LFP) and behavioral measures. However, the connection between these classical measurements of brain state and the collective dynamics of populations of neurons is unclear. Here we fit a latent-variable model to population spiking activity, finding that latent variables inferred under the model are highly predictive of cortical state changes and that the latent dynamics are profoundly shaped by inhibitory cell activity. Our approach connects the activity patterns of ensembles of neurons to a classical measurement of brain state and opens new avenues for investigating brain state dynamics across diverse cortical areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sederberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging scales from spiking activity to the local field potential through latent dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StandardRat: A multi-center consensus protocol to enhance functional connectivity specificity in the rat brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-free functional connectivity in animal models provides an experimental framework to examine connectivity phenomena under controlled conditions and allows comparison with invasive or terminal procedures. To date, animal acquisitions are performed with varying protocols and analyses that hamper result comparison and integration. We introduce StandardRat, a consensus rat functional MRI acquisition protocol tested across 20 centers. To develop this protocol with optimized acquisition and processing parameters, we initially aggregated 65 functional imaging datasets acquired in rats from 46 centers. We developed a reproducible pipeline for the analysis of rat data acquired with diverse protocols and determined experimental and processing parameters associated with a more robust functional connectivity detection. We show that the standardized protocol enhances biologically plausible functional connectivity patterns, relative to pre-existing acquisitions. The protocol and processing pipeline described here are openly shared with the neuroimaging community to promote interoperability and cooperation towards tackling the most important challenges in neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrosiers-Gregoire, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anckaerts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeles-Valdez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriere, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockx, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broadwater, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez-Negrete, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiaen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clavijo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Perez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doelemeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dopfel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falfan-Melgoza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Ibanez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelderman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henckens, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofwijks, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaesser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambers</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StandardRat: A multi-center consensus protocol to enhance functional connectivity specificity in the rat brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-length genome assembly and annotation of blackberry (Rubus argutus, cv. Hillquist) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBlackberries (Rubus spp.) are the fourth most economically important berry crop worldwide. Genome assemblies and annotations have been developed for Rubus species in subgenus Idaeobatus, including black raspberry (R. occidentalis), red raspberry (R. idaeus), and R. chingii, but very few genomic resources exist for blackberries and their relatives in subgenus Rubus.

FindingsHere we present a chromosome-length assembly and annotation of the diploid blackberry germplasm accession  Hillquist (R. argutus).  Hillquist is the only known source of primocane-fruiting (annual-fruiting) in tetraploid fresh-market blackberry breeding programs and is represented in the pedigree of many important cultivars worldwide. The  Hillquist assembly, generated using PacBio long reads scaffolded with Hi-C sequencing, consisted of 298 Mb, of which 270 Mb (90%) was placed on seven chromosome-length scaffolds with an average length of 38.6 Mb. Approximately 52.8% of the genome was composed of repetitive elements. The genome sequence was highly collinear with a novel maternal haplotype-resolved linkage map of the tetraploid blackberry selection A-2551TN and genome assemblies of R. chingii and red raspberry. A total of 38,503 protein-coding genes were predicted using the assembly and Iso-Seq and RNA-seq data, of which 72% were functionally annotated.

ConclusionsThe utility of the  Hillquist genome has been demonstrated here by the development of the first genotyping-by-sequencing based linkage map of tetraploid blackberry and the identification of several possible candidate genes for primocane-fruiting within the previously mapped locus. This chromosome-length assembly will facilitate future studies in Rubus biology, genetics, and genomics and strengthen applied breeding programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargent, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hytönen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascagni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olukolu, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poorten, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashrafi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-length genome assembly and annotation of blackberry (Rubus argutus, cv. Hillquist)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within- and between-subject reproducibility and variability in multi-modal, longitudinal brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network analysis provides new and important insights into the function of complex systems such as the brain by examining structural and functional networks constructed from diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and Electro/Magnetoencephalography (E/MEG) data. Although network models can shed light on cognition and pathology, questions remain regarding the importance of these findings, due in part to the reproducibility of the core measurements and subsequent modeling strategies. In order to ensure that results are reproducible, we need a better understanding of within- and between-subject variability over long periods of time. Here, we analyze a longitudinal, 8 session, multi-modal (dMRI, and simultaneous EEG-fMRI), and multiple task imaging data set. We first investigate the reproducibility of individual brain connections and network measures and find that across all modalities, within-subject reproducibility is higher than between-subject reproducibility, reaffirming the ability to detect individual differences in network structure in both structural and functional human brain networks. We see high variability in the reproducibility of pairwise connections between brain regions, but observe that in EEG-derived networks, during both rest and task, alpha-band connectivity is consistently more reproducible than networks derived from other frequency bands. Further, reproducible connections correspond to strong connections. Structural networks show a higher reliability in network statistics than functional networks, and certain measures such as synchronizability and eigenvector centrality are consistently less reliable than other network measures across all modalities. Finally, we find that structural dMRI networks outperform functional networks in their ability to identify individuals using a fingerprinting analysis. Our results highlight that functional networks likely reflect state-dependent variability not present in structural networks, and that the analysis of either structural or functional networks to study individual differences should depend on whether or not one wants to take into account state dependencies of the observed networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasylyshyn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giesbrecht, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafton, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within- and between-subject reproducibility and variability in multi-modal, longitudinal brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single trial variability in neural activity during a working memory task: A window into multiple distinct information processing sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of information stored in working memory requires persistent coordination of activity among multiple brain regions. It is generally assumed that the pattern of such coordinated activity remains consistent for a given task. Thus, to separate this task-relevant signal from noise, multiple trials of the same task are completed, and the neural response is averaged across trials to generate an event-related potential (ERP). However, from trial to trial, the neuronal activity recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) is actually spatially and temporally diverse, conflicting with the assumption of a single pattern of activity for a given task. Here, we show that variability in neuronal activity among single time-locked trials arises from the presence of multiple forms of stimulus dependent synchronized activity (i.e., distinct ERPs). We develop a data-driven classification method based on community detection to identify three discrete spatio-temporal clusters, or subtypes, of trials with different patterns of activation that are further associated with differences in decision-making processes. These results demonstrate that differences in the patterns of neural activity during working memory tasks represent fluctuations in the engagement of distinct brain networks and cognitive processes, suggesting that the brain can choose from multiple mechanisms to perform a given task.

Significance StatementWorking memory is a complex cognitive ability requiring coordinated activity among multiple brain regions to encode, maintain, and retrieve information. It is generally assumed that the pattern of coordination among brain regions remains consistent and one can average data across multiple trials of the same task. We instead show that there is significant variability in the patterns of brain activity among trials of the same task and develop a method to classify brain activity into distinct subtypes of responses, each with a different spatial and temporal pattern. The subtypes are associated with differences in decision-making processes, suggesting that the brain can use multiple mechanisms to perform a given task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shucard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shucard, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single trial variability in neural activity during a working memory task: A window into multiple distinct information processing sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corals are imminently threatened by climate change-amplified marine heatwaves. Yet how to conserve reef ecosystems faced with this threat remains unclear, since protected reefs often seem equally or more susceptible to thermal stress as unprotected ones. Here, we disentangle this apparent paradox, revealing that the relationship between reef disturbance and heatwave impacts depends upon the focal scale of biological organization. We document a heatwave of unprecedented duration that culminated in an 89% loss of coral cover. At the community level, losses hinged on pre-heatwave community structure, with sites dominated by competitive corals--which were predominantly protected from local disturbance--undergoing the greatest losses. In contrast, at the species level, survivorship of individual coral colonies typically decreased as local disturbance intensified, illustrating that underlying chronic disturbances can impair resilience to thermal stress at this scale. Our study advances understanding of the relationship between climate change and local disturbance, knowledge of which is crucial for coral conservation this century.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baum, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claar, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietjen, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magel, J. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maucieri, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt-Irwin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.489595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blockade of TGF-β signaling reactivates HIV-1/SIV reservoirs and immune responses in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.489595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated levels of TGF-{beta}, a potent immunosuppressive factor, are present in HIV-1 infected individuals even after years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). TGF-{beta} plays a critical role in maintaining immune cells in a resting state by inhibiting cell activation and proliferation. Resting HIV-1 target cells represent one of the main cellular reservoirs after long term ART and the low inducibility of the latent provirus constitutes one of the major obstacles to "kick and kill" cure strategies. We hypothesized that releasing cells from TGF-{beta}-driven signaling would promote latency reversal. To test our hypothesis, we compared ex vivo models of HIV-1 latency reactivation with and without TGF-{beta} and a TGF-{beta} type 1 receptor (TGFBR1) inhibitor, galunisertib. We also tested the effect of galunisertib in SIV infected, ART treated macaques by monitoring SIV envelope (env) protein expression via PET/CT using the Cu64-anti gp120 Fab (7D3) probe, along with plasma and tissue viral loads (VL). Exogenous TGF-1{beta} reduced HIV-1 reactivation in U1 and ACH2 latency models. Galunisertib increased HIV-1 latency reversal both in ex vivo models and in PBMC from HIV-1 infected, cART treated aviremic donors. In vivo, oral galunisertib promoted increased SIV env protein total standardized uptake values (SUVtot) in PET/CT images of tissues (gut and lymph nodes) of 5 out of 7 aviremic, long-term ART-treated, SIV-infected, macaques. This increase correlated with an increase in SIV RNA in gut tissue. Two out of 7 animals also exhibited increases in plasma viral load. Higher anti-SIV T cell responses and anti-SIV env antibody titers were detected after galunisertib treatment in most animals. In summary, our data suggest that blocking TGF-{beta} signaling simultaneously increases retroviral reactivation events and enhances anti-SIV immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arainga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirreff, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avitia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRaven, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuruthiyil, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heybeli, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaisin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo-Redondo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villinger, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.489595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blockade of TGF-β signaling reactivates HIV-1/SIV reservoirs and immune responses in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Predicts Treatment Response in Bipolar & Major Depressive Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) patients with complex symptoms presents a challenge to clinicians. Patients tend to spend more time in a depressive state than a manic state. In such complex cases, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), which is not based on pathophysiology, can lead to misdiagnosis as major depressive disorder (MDD) and an imperfect or even harmful medication response. A biologically-based classification algorithm is needed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Osuch et al. (2018) presented a kernel support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to predict the medication-class of response from new patient samples whose diagnoses were unclear. Here we also utilize the kernel support vector machine (SVM) algorithm but with a few novel contributions. We applied the robust, fully automated neuromark independent component analysis (ICA) framework to extract comparable features in a multi-dataset setting and learn a kernel function for support vector machine (SVM) on multiple feature subspaces. The neuromark framework successfully replicates the prior result with 95.45% accuracy (sensitivity 90.24%, specificity 92.3%). To further evaluate the generalizability of our approach, we incorporated two additional datasets comprising bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. We validated the trained algorithm on these datasets, resulting in a testing accuracy of up to 89% (sensitivity 0.88, specificity 0.89) without using site or scanner harmonization techniques. We also translated the model to predict improvement scores of major depressive disorder (MDD) with up to 70% accuracy. This approach reveals some salient biological markers of medication-class of response within mood disorders.

HighlightsO_LIWe demonstrate a DSM-free approach for predicting treatment response from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.
C_LIO_LIWe identify several replicable biomarkers using the approach.
C_LIO_LIOur work has potential for clinical application by replacing trial-and-error in treating complex psychiatric disorders.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockholt, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misiura, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Predicts Treatment Response in Bipolar & Major Depressive Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell kinetic modeling of redox-based drug metabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells are highly heterogeneous in their metabolism and typically experience elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor cells survive under these chronic oxidative conditions by upregulating antioxidant systems compared to healthy cells. Radiation and the majority of chemotherapies used clinically for treatment of HNSCC rely directly or indirectly upon the generation of short-lived ROS to induce cancer cell death. To investigate the heterogeneity of cellular responses to chemotherapeutic ROS generation in tumor and healthy tissue, we leveraged single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to perform redox systems-level simulations of quinone-cycling {beta}-lapachone treatment as a source of NQO1-dependent rapid superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Transcriptomic data from 10 HNSCC patient tumors was used to populate over 4000 single cell antioxidant enzymatic models. The simulations reflected significant systems-level differences between the redox states of healthy and cancer cells, demonstrating in some patient samples a targetable cancer cell population or in others statistically indistinguishable effects between non-malignant and malignant cells. Subsequent multivariate analyses between healthy and malignant cellular models point to distinct contributors of redox responses between these phenotypes. This model framework provides a mechanistic basis for explaining mixed outcomes of NQO1-bioactivatable therapeutics despite the tumor specificity of these drugs as defined by NQO1/catalase expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raddatz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furdui, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell kinetic modeling of redox-based drug metabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scMoMaT: Mosaic integration of single cell multi-omics matrices using matrix trifactorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell data integration methods aim to integrate cells across data batches and modalities, and obtain a comprehensive view of the cells. Single cell data integration tasks can be categorized into horizontal, vertical, diagonal, and mosaic integration, where mosaic integration is the most general and challenging case with few methods developed. We propose scMoMaT, a method that is able to integrate single cell multi-omics data under the mosaic integration scenario using matrix tri-factorization. During integration, scMoMaT is also able to uncover the cluster specific bio-markers across modalities. These multi-modal bio-markers are used to interpret and annotate the clusters to cell types. Moreover, scMoMaT can integrate cell batches with unequal cell type compositions. Applying scMoMaT to multiple real and simulated datasets demonstrated these features of scMoMaT and showed that scMoMaT has superior performance compared to existing methods. We also show that integrated cell embedding combined with learned bio-markers leads to cell type annotations of higher quality or resolution compared to their original annotations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariappan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scMoMaT: Mosaic integration of single cell multi-omics matrices using matrix trifactorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Negative Periocular Pressure on Biomechanics of the Optic Nerve Head and Cornea: A Computational Modeling Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate the effects of negative periocular pressure (NPP), and concomitant intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering, on the biomechanics of the optic nerve head (ONH) and cornea.

MethodsWe developed a validated finite element (FE) model of the eye to compute tissue biomechanical strains induced in response to NPP delivered using the Multi-Pressure Dial (MPD) system. The model was informed by clinical measurements of IOP lowering and was based on published tissue properties. We also conducted sensitivity analyses by changing pressure loads and tissue properties.

ResultsApplication of -7.9 mmHg NPP decreased strain magnitudes in the ONH by c. 50% while increasing corneal strain magnitudes by c. 25%. Comparatively, a similar increase in corneal strain was predicted to occur due to an increase in IOP of 4 mmHg. Sensitivity studies indicated that NPP lowers strain in the ONH by reducing IOP and that these effects persisted over a range of tissue stiffnesses and spatial distributions of NPP.

ConclusionsNPP is predicted to considerably decrease ONH strain magnitudes. It also increases corneal strain but to an extent expected to be clinically insignificant. Thus, using NPP to lower IOP and hence decrease ONH mechanical strain is likely biomechanically beneficial for glaucoma patients.

Translational RelevanceThis study provides the first description of how NPP affects ONH biomechanics and explains the underlying mechanism of ONH strain reduction. It complements current empirical knowledge about the MPD system and guides future studies of NPP as a treatment for glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdahl, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Negative Periocular Pressure on Biomechanics of the Optic Nerve Head and Cornea: A Computational Modeling Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.491028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narrowband gamma oscillations propagate and synchronize throughout the mouse thalamocortical visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.491028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmic oscillations of neural activity permeate sensory systems. Studies in the visual system propose that broadband gamma oscillations (30 - 80 Hz) facilitate neuronal communication underlying visual perception. However, broadband gamma oscillations within and across visual areas show widely varying frequency and phase, providing constraints for synchronizing spike timing. Here, we analyzed data from the Allen Brain Observatory and performed new experiments that show narrowband gamma (NBG) oscillations (50 - 70 Hz) propagate and synchronize throughout the awake mouse thalamocortical visual system. Lateral geniculate (LGN) neurons fired with millisecond precision relative to NBG phase in primary visual cortex (V1) and multiple higher visual areas (HVAs). NBG in HVAs depended upon retinotopically aligned V1 activity, and neurons that fired at NBG frequencies showed enhanced functional connectivity within and across visual areas. Remarkably, LGN ON versus OFF neurons showed distinct and reliable spike timing relative to NBG oscillation phase across LGN, V1, and HVAs. Taken together, NBG oscillations may serve as a novel substrate for precise coordination of spike timing in functionally distinct subnetworks of neurons spanning multiple brain areas during awake vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.491028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narrowband gamma oscillations propagate and synchronize throughout the mouse thalamocortical visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BOA: A Partitioned View of Genome Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo genome assembly is a fundamental problem in computational molecular biology that aims to reconstruct an unknown genome sequence from a set of short DNA sequences (or reads) obtained from the genome. High throughput sequencers could generate several billions of such short reads in a single run. However, the relative ordering of the reads along the target genome is not known a priori. This lack of information is one of the main contributors to the increased complexity of the assembly process. Typically, state-of-the-art approaches produce an ordering of the reads toward the end of the assembly process, making it rather too late to benefit from the ordering information. In this paper, with the dual objective of improving assembly quality as well as exposing a high degree of parallelism for assemblers, we present a partitioning-based approach. Our framework--which we call BOA (for bucket-order-assemble)--uses a bucketing alongside graph- and hypergraph-based partitioning techniques to produce a partial ordering of the reads. This partial ordering enables us to divide the read set into disjoint blocks that can be independently assembled in parallel using any state-of-the-art serial assembler of choice. We tested the BOA framework on a variety of genomes. Experimental results show that the hypergraph variant of our approach, Hyper-BOA, consistently improves both the overall assembly quality and performance. For the inputs tested, the Hyper-BOA framework consistently improves the N50 values of the popular standalone MEGAHIT assembler by an average of 1.70x and up to 2.13x; while the largest alignment length improves 1.47x on average and up to 1.94x. The time to solution also consistently improves between 3-4x for the system sizes tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emre Kurt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalyurek, U. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamoorthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadayappan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BOA: A Partitioned View of Genome Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Approach for Estimating Explanation Uncertainty in fMRI dFNC Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, many neuroimaging studies have begun to integrate gradient-based explainability methods to provide insight into key features. However, existing explainability approaches typically generate a point estimate of importance and do not provide insight into the degree of uncertainty associated with explanations. In this study, we present a novel approach for estimating explanation uncertainty for convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained on neuroimaging data. We train a CNN for classification of individuals with schizophrenia (SZs) and controls (HCs) using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) data. We apply Monte Carlo batch normalization (MCBN) and generate an explanation following each iteration using layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP). We then examine whether the resulting distribution of explanations differs between SZs and HCs and examine the relationship between MCBN-based LRP explanations and regular LRP explanations. We find a number of significant differences in LRP relevance for SZs and HCs and find that traditional LRP values frequently diverge from the MCBN relevance distribution. This study provides a novel approach for obtaining insight into the level of uncertainty associated with gradient-based explanations in neuroimaging and represents a significant step towards increasing reliability of explainable deep learning methods within a clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Approach for Estimating Explanation Uncertainty in fMRI dFNC Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of imaging modalities with lipidomic characterization to investigate MSCs potency metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used as therapeutics targets for numerous autoimmune diseases. However, MSC therapies have had limited success so far in clinical trials, mainly being heterogenous population it is difficult to determine MSCs efficiencies. It is critical to understand internal signaling of individual MSCs population that directly affect the cell phenotype. Lipid signaling is closely associated with cell shape so, a holistic approach to understand how changes in lipid metabolites trickles all the way to single cell phenotype could reveal deeper understanding of MSCs functional regulation. So, we aim to evaluate lipid metabolic profiles of single cell MSCs with known variability in immune regulation and explore the phenotypic changes that occur because of differences in lipid signaling. We use longitudinal label free phase imaging strategies to obtain cell phenotypic features which are directly correlated with single cell lipid metabolome obtained using advanced MALDI-MSI technique. Correlation maps indicate associations between lipid signaling and phenotypic changes in MSCs.

Moreover, a novel machine learning clustering approach detects the heterogeneity in the MSCs subpopulation then methodically see how each heterogenous population is being impacted by the changes in lipid profiles which could be linked to the functional behaviors of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyadarshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Grouw, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liversage, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tehrani, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of imaging modalities with lipidomic characterization to investigate MSCs potency metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UNDESRTANDING MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL IMMUNE POTENCY:A MORPHOLOMIC AND LIPIDOMIC PERSPECTIVE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interest in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an immune therapy has been on the rise for the past two decades with cutting edge research yielding promising results, but there are currently no MSC therapies approved by the food and drug administration (FDA). Failure of MSCs to translate as a therapy has been reported by the National Cell Manufacturing Consortium (NCMC) to be due to a lack of reliable potency metrics and sufficient understanding of the mechanism of action. Here we show that cell membrane components are a good candidate to interrogate the MSC immunomodulatory mechanism of action and provide a method to increase MSC potency through the sphingolipid pathway. We found that high and low indolamine-2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) potency cells have distinct morphological signatures that is also reflected in the sphingolipid activity, with low IDO potency cell lines having low sphingomyelinase activity and high IDO potency cell lines having high sphingomyelinase activity. Perturbation of the salvage pathway with the addition of exogenous neutral sphingomyelinase not only shifted morphological signatures to a high potency profile, but also significantly increased IDO activity within both high and low IDO potency donors. These results provide a proof of concept for the engineering of MSC immunomodulation and provides further evidence for the role sphingolipids in MSC immunomodulation that can enable further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PRIYADARSHANI, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UNDESRTANDING MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL IMMUNE POTENCY:A MORPHOLOMIC AND LIPIDOMIC PERSPECTIVE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining Effects of Schizophrenia on EEG with Explainable Deep Learning Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder that affects millions of people globally. At this time, diagnosis of SZ is based upon symptoms, which can vary from patient to patient and create difficulty with diagnosis. To address this issue, researchers have begun to look for neurological biomarkers of SZ and develop methods for automated diagnosis. In recent years, several studies have applied deep learning to raw EEG for automated SZ diagnosis. However, the use of raw time-series data makes explainability more difficult than it is for traditional machine learning algorithms trained on manually engineered features. As such, none of these studies have sought to explain their models, which is problematic within a healthcare context where explainability is a critical component. In this study, we apply perturbation-based explainability approaches to gain insight into the spectral and spatial features learned by two distinct deep learning models trained on raw EEG for SZ diagnosis for the first time. We develop convolutional neural network (CNN) and CNN long short-term memory network (CNN-LSTM) architectures. Results show that both models prioritize the T8 and C3 electrodes and the {delta}- and {gamma}-bands, which agrees with previous literature and supports the overall utility of our models. This study represents a step forward in the implementation of deep learning models for clinical SZ diagnosis, and it is our hope that it will inspire the more widespread application of explainability methods for insight into deep learning models trained for SZ diagnosis in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattiraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining Effects of Schizophrenia on EEG with Explainable Deep Learning Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the forest and the tree: Building representations of both individual and collective dynamics with transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex time-varying systems are often studied by abstracting away from the dynamics of individual components to build a model of the population-level dynamics from the start. However, when building a population-level description, it can be easy to lose sight of each individual and how they contribute to the larger picture. In this paper, we present a novel transformer architecture for learning from time-varying data that builds descriptions of both the individual as well as the collective population dynamics. Rather than combining all of our data into our model at the onset, we develop a separable architecture that operates on individual time-series first before passing them forward; this induces a permutation-invariance property and can be used to transfer across systems of different size and order. After demonstrating that our model can be applied to successfully recover complex interactions and dynamics in many-body systems, we apply our approach to populations of neurons in the nervous system. On neural activity datasets, we show that our model not only yields robust decoding performance, but also provides impressive performance in transfer across recordings of different animals without any neuron-level correspondence. By enabling flexible pre-training that can be transferred to neural recordings of different size and order, our work provides a first step towards creating a foundation model for neural decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azabou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabagia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the forest and the tree: Building representations of both individual and collective dynamics with transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing discrete and continuous behavioral variability using warped autoregressive HMMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core goal in systems neuroscience and neuroethology is to understand how neural circuits generate naturalistic behavior. One foundational idea is that complex naturalistic behavior may be composed of sequences of stereotyped behavioral syllables, which combine to generate rich sequences of actions. To investigate this, a common approach is to use autoregressive hidden Markov models (ARHMMs) to segment video into discrete behavioral syllables. While these approaches have been successful in extracting syllables that are interpretable, they fail to account for other forms of behavioral variability, such as differences in speed, which may be better described as continuous in nature. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a class of warped ARHMMs (WARHMM). As is the case in the ARHMM, behavior is modeled as a mixture of autoregressive dynamics. However, the dynamics under each discrete latent state (i.e. each behavioral syllable) are additionally modulated by a continuous latent "warping variable." We present two versions of warped ARHMM in which the warping variable affects the dynamics of each syllable either linearly or nonlinearly. Using depth-camera recordings of freely moving mice, we demonstrate that the failure of ARHMMs to account for continuous behavioral variability results in duplicate cluster assignments. WARHMM achieves similar performance to the standard ARHMM while using fewer behavioral syllables. Further analysis of behavioral measurements in mice demonstrates that WARHMM identifies structure relating to response vigor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costacurta, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing discrete and continuous behavioral variability using warped autoregressive HMMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low diversity and microdiversity of comammox bacteria in wastewater systems suggests wastewater-specific adaptation within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies have found Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa-like bacteria to be the principal or sole comammox bacteria in nitrogen removal systems for wastewater treatment. In contrast, multiple populations of strict ammonia and nitrite oxidizers co-exist in similar systems. This apparent lack of diversity is surprising and could impact the feasibility of leveraging comammox bacteria for nitrogen removal. We used full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and genome-resolved metagenomics to compare population-level (i.e., species) diversity of comammox bacteria with that of strict nitrifiers in full-scale wastewater treatment systems and assess whether these observations were consistent or diverged at the strain-level. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that while Nitrosomonas-like bacteria exhibited higher population-level diversity, the effective microdiversity of most Nitrospira-like bacteria were comparatively higher except for one Nitrospira Lineage II population. Comammox bacterial metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were associated with Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa. The average amino acid identity between comammox bacterial MAGs (93% {+/-} 3) across systems was significantly higher than that of the Nitrosomonas-like ammonia oxidizers (73%{+/-}8) and the Nitrospira-like nitrite oxidizer MAGs (75%{+/-}13), suggesting that the same comammox population was detected in all systems. Comammox bacteria and some ammonia oxidizers MAGs were significantly less microdiverse than most ammonia and nitrite oxidizers. Interestingly, strain-resolved analysis also indicates that different nitrogen removal systems harbor different comammox bacterial strains within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster. These results suggest that comammox bacteria associated with Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa have low species- and strain-level diversity in nitrogen removal systems and may thus harbor specific adaptations to the wastewater ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilardi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khunjar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Clippeleir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lücker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.495745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low diversity and microdiversity of comammox bacteria in wastewater systems suggests wastewater-specific adaptation within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plate-Q: A Frugal Microplate-Reader for Bacterial Signal Quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microplate readers are laboratory instruments used to measure biological properties and reactions within a microplate. A microplate consists of small wells in which separated reactions take place. These reactions convert the progression of biochemical processes into optical signals. A microplate reader detects these signals and quantifies a parameter of interest. Most lab-grade microplate readers can cost up to $20,000, making them unaffordable for underfunded labs and developing countries. In light of this, we developed Plate-Q, a $150 frugal microplate reader capable of quantifying green fluorescence protein and optical density of bacterial samples from 96-hole microplates. Rather than using optical sensors found in laboratory microplate readers, Plate-Q takes advantage of a Raspberry-Pi camera to capture images of a microplate and manually extract brightness values using computer vision algorithms. Plate-Q utilizes 440nm excitation lights with a 510nm emission filter to measure GFP expression and 600nm lights for optical density readings. However, camera-based technologies have three main problems: lens distortion, signal interference, and brightness calculations. Plate-Q addresses these problems through camera movement over the well-plate, image optimization, 3D printed well-plate covers and mathematical regression algorithms. In testing with fusarium dual-plasmid biosensors, Plate-Q showed comparable accuracy to commercial microplate readers with an average error of .034 and a root mean squared error of .012 for fluorescence and an average error of .045 and root mean squared error of .023 error for optical density. Users can scan for other fluorescent proteins by changing the light source and filter for different wavelengths. With all aspects of Plate-Q being open source, labs worldwide can quantify samples in an affordable and time-efficient manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendilraj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standeven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.495768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plate-Q: A Frugal Microplate-Reader for Bacterial Signal Quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neurotoxic TDP-43 fibril polymorphs can be generated by heterotypic interactions with α-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloid aggregates of specific proteins form important pathological hallmarks in many neurodegenerative diseases, defining neuronal degeneration and disease onset. Recently, increasing numbers of patients show co-morbidities and overlaps between multiple neurodegenerative diseases, presenting distinct phenotypes. Such overlaps are often accompanied by co-localizations of more than one amyloid protein, prompting the question of whether direct interactions between different amyloid proteins could generate heterotypic amyloids. To answer this question, we investigated the effect of -synuclein (S) on TDP-43 aggregation inspired by their co-existence in pathologies such as Lewy body dementia and limbic predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy. We previously showed that S and prion-like C-terminal domain (PrLD) of TDP-43 synergistically interact with one another to generate toxic heterotypic aggregates in vitro. Here, we extend these studies to investigate whether S induces structurally and functionally distinct polymorphs of PrLD aggregates. Using S -PrLD heterotypic aggregates generated in two different stoichiometric proportions, we show that S can effect PrLD fibril forms. The fibril samples have distinctive residue-level structural signatures in NMR spectra, dye-binding capability, proteinase K (PK) stability, and SDS-sensitive thermal stability. By gold nanoparticle labeling and TEM, we show the presence of both S and PrLD proteins within the same fibrils, and thus the existence of hetertypic hybrid fibrils. We also observe that S and PrLD co-localize in the cytosol of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and show that the heterotypic PrLD fibrils selectively induce synaptic dysfunction in primary cortical neurons. These findings establish the existence of heterotypic amyloid polymorphs and provide a molecular basis for the observed overlap between synucleinopathies and TDP-43 proteinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pungamalai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangachari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neurotoxic TDP-43 fibril polymorphs can be generated by heterotypic interactions with α-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active and passive mechanics for rough terrain traversal in centipedes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centipedes coordinate body and limb flexion to generate propulsion. On flat solid surfaces, the limb-stepping patterns can be characterized according to the direction in which limbaggregates propagate, opposite to (retrograde) or with the direction of motion (direct). It is unknown how limb and body dynamics are modified in terrain with terradynamic complexity more representative of their natural heterogeneous environments. Here, we investigated how centipedes that use retrograde and direct limp-stepping patterns, S. polymorpha and S. sexspinosus, respectively, coordinate their body and limbs to navigate laboratory environments which present footstep challenges and terrain rugosity. We recorded the kinematics and measured the locomotive performance of these animals traversing two rough terrains with randomly distributed step heights and compared the kinematics to those on a flat frictional surface. S. polymorpha exhibited similar body and limb dynamics across all terrains and a decrease in speed with increased terrain roughness. Unexpectedly, when placed in a rough terrain, S. sexspinosus changed the limb-stepping pattern from direct to retrograde. Further, for both species, traversal of rough terrains was facilitated by hypothesized passive mechanics: upon horizontal collision of a limb with a block, the limb passively bent and later continued the stepping pattern. While centipedes have many degrees of freedom. our results suggest these animals negotiate limb-substrate interactions and navigate complex terrains, by offloading complex control and leveraging the innate flexibility of their limbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active and passive mechanics for rough terrain traversal in centipedes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of inter-chain distance maps of protein complexes with 2D attention-based deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Residue-residue distance information is useful for predicting the tertiary structures of protein monomers or the quaternary structures of protein complexes. Many deep learning methods have been developed to predict intra-chain residue-residue distances of monomers accurately, but very few methods can accurately predict inter-chain residue-residue distances of protein complexes. We develop a new deep learning method CDPred (i.e., Complex Distance Prediction) based on the 2D attention-powered residual network architecture to address the gap. CDPred predicts the inter-chain distance maps of dimers (homodimers or heterodimers) from the features extracted from multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and the intra-chain distance maps of predicted tertiary structures of monomers. Tested on two homodimer test datasets, CDPred achieves the precision of 61.56% and 43.26% for top L/5 inter-chain contact predictions (L: length of the monomer in homodimer), respectively, which is substantially higher than DeepHomos 37.40% and 23.08% and GLINTERs 48.09% and 36.74%. And tested on the two heterodimer test datasets, the top L/5 inter-chain contact prediction precision (L: length of the shorter monomer in heterodimer) of CDPred is 47.59% and 22.87% respectively, which surpasses GLINTERs 23.24% and 13.49%. Moreover, we demonstrate that the residue-residue co-evolutionary features calculated from multiple sequence alignments by a deep learning language model are more informative for the inter-chain contact prediction than the traditional statistical optimization approach of maximizing direct co-evolutionary signals, and large intra-chain distances in the intra-chain distance maps of monomers are more useful for the inter-chain distance prediction than small intra-chain distances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of inter-chain distance maps of protein complexes with 2D attention-based deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural definition for a bacterial strain and clonal complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale surveys of prokaryotic communities (metagenomes) as well as isolate genomes have revealed that their diversity is predominantly organized in sequence-discrete units that may be equated to species. Specifically, genomes of the same species commonly show genome-aggregate average nucleotide identity (ANI) >95% among themselves and ANI <90% to members of other species, while genomes showing ANI 90-95% are comparatively rare. However, it remains unclear if such "discontinuities" or gaps in ANI values can be observed within species and thus, used to advance and standardize intra-species units such as strains and sequence types. By analyzing 18,123 complete isolate genomes from 330 bacterial species with at least ten genome representatives each as well as available long-read metagenomes, we show that such a discontinuity exists between 99.2-99.8% (mean 99.5%) ANI. The 99.5% ANI threshold is largely consistent with how sequence types have been defined in previous epidemiological studies but provides clusters with [~]20% higher accuracy in terms of evolutionary and gene-content relatedness of the grouped genomes, while strains should be consequently defined at higher ANI values (>99.99% proposed). Collectively, our results should facilitate future micro-diversity studies across clinical or environmental settings because they provide a more natural definition of intra-species units of diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feistel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural definition for a bacterial strain and clonal complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.495998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotation of Phage Genomes with Multiple Genetic Codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.495998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some of recently discovered in human gut microbiome highly divergent crAssphages were reported to use multiple genetic codes. Opal or amber stop codon reassignments were present in parts of the genomes, while the standard genetic code was used in the remaining genome sections. Essentially, the phage genomes were divided into distinct blocks where one or another code was used. We have developed a tool, Mgcod, that identifies blocks with specific genetic codes and annotates protein-coding regions. We used Mgcod to scan a large set of human metagenomic contigs. As a result, we identified hundreds of contigs of viral origin with the standard genetic code used in some parts while genetic codes with opal or amber stop codon reassignments were used in others. Many of these contigs originated from known crAssphages. Further investigation revealed that while the genes in one genomic block could be translated by a distinct genetic code, translation of genes by either of the two genetic codes genes in an adjacent block would produce proteins with little difference from each other. The dual-coded genes were enriched with early-stage phage genes, while a single code was used for the late-stage genes. The code-block structure expands the phages ability to infect bacteria whose genomes employ the standard genetic code. The new tool provides means for accurate annotation of unusual genomes of these phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfennig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.495998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotation of Phage Genomes with Multiple Genetic Codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic cell type structures in vivo neuronal activity across multiple time scales. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYCell type is hypothesized to be a key determinant of the role of a neuron within a circuit. However, it is unknown whether a neurons transcriptomic type influences the timing of its activity in the intact brain. In other words, can transcriptomic cell type be extracted from the time series of a neurons activity? To address this question, we developed a new deep learning architecture that learns features of interevent intervals across multiple timescales (milliseconds to >30 min). We show that transcriptomic cell class information is robustly embedded in the timing of single neuron activity recorded in the intact brain of behaving animals (calcium imaging and extracellular electrophysiology), as well as in a bio-realistic model of visual cortex. In contrast, we were unable to reliably extract cell identity from summary measures of rate, variance, and interevent interval statistics. We applied our analyses to the question of whether transcriptomic subtypes of excitatory neurons represent functionally distinct classes. In the calcium imaging dataset, which contains a diverse set of excitatory Cre lines, we found that a subset of excitatory cell types are computationally distinguishable based upon their Cre lines, and that excitatory types can be classified with higher accuracy when considering their cortical layer and projection class. Here we address the fundamental question of whether a neuron, within a complex cortical network, embeds a fingerprint of its transcriptomic identity into its activity. Our results reveal robust computational fingerprints for transcriptomic types and classes across diverse contexts, defined over multiple timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azabou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougall-Vigier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskaran-Nair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic cell type structures in vivo neuronal activity across multiple time scales.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Toxin-Antidote Selfish Element Increases Fitness of its Host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selfish genetic elements can promote their transmission at the expense of individual survival, creating conflict between the element and the rest of the genome. Recently, a large number of toxin-antidote (TA) post-segregation distorters have been identified in non-obligate outcrossing nematodes. Their origin and the evolutionary forces that keep them at intermediate population frequencies are poorly understood. Here, we study a TA element in C. elegans called peel-1/zeel-1. Two major haplotypes of this locus, with and without the selfish element, segregate in C. elegans. Here we study the fitness consequences of the peel-1/zeel-1 element outside of its role in gene drive in non-outcrossing animals. We demonstrate that loss of the toxin peel-1 decreased fitness of hermaphrodites and resulted in reductions in fecundity and body size. This fitness advantage is independent of the antidote zeel-1, suggesting that a distinct peel-1 pathway plays a biological role. This work demonstrates that a TA element can provide a fitness benefit to its hosts, either during their initial evolution or by being co-opted by the animals following their selfish spread. These findings guide our understanding on how TA elements can remain in a population where gene drive is minimized, helping resolve the mystery of prevalent TA elements in selfing animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Toxin-Antidote Selfish Element Increases Fitness of its Host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Cell-type-specific Differences of Single-cell Datasets using UMAP and SHAP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the rapid advances in single-cell profiling technologies, larger-scale investigations that require comparisons of multiple single-cell datasets can lead to novel findings. Specifically, quantifying cell-type-specific responses to different conditions across single-cell datasets could be useful in understanding how the difference in conditions is induced at a cellular level. Here we present a computational pipeline that quantifies the cell-type-specific differences and identifies genes responsible for the differences. We quantify differences observed in a low-dimensional UMAP space as a proxy for the difference present in the high-dimensional space and use SHAP to quantify genes driving the differences. Here we applied our algorithm to the Iris flower dataset, scRNA-seq dataset, and mass cytometry dataset, and demonstrate that it can robustly quantify the cell-type-specific differences and it can also identify genes that are responsible for the differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Cell-type-specific Differences of Single-cell Datasets using UMAP and SHAP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCPNet : A parallel maximum capacity-based genome-scale gene network construction framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene regulatory network (GRN) reconstruction from gene expression profiles is a compute- and data-intensive problem. Numerous methods based on diverse approaches including mutual information, random forests, Bayesian networks, correlation measures, as well as their transforms and filters such as data processing inequality, have been proposed. However, an effective GRN reconstruction method that performs well in all three aspects of computational efficiency, data size scalability, and output quality remains elusive. Simple techniques such as Pearson correlation are fast to compute but ignore indirect interactions, while more robust methods such as Bayesian networks are prohibitively time consuming to apply to tens of thousands of genes.

ResultsWe developed MCP Score, a novel maximum-capacity-path based metric to quantify the relative strengths of direct and indirect gene-gene interactions. We further present MCPNet, an efficient, parallelized GRN reconstruction software based on MCP Score, to reconstruct networks in unsupervised and semi-supervised manners. Using synthetic and real S. cervisiae datasets as well as real A. thaliana datasets, we demonstrate that MCPNet produces better quality networks as measured by AUPR, is significantly faster than all other GRN inference software, and also scales well to tens of thousands of genes and hundreds of CPU cores. Thus, MCPNet represents a new GRN inferencing tool that simultaneously achieves quality, performance, and scalability requirements.

AvailabilitySource code freely available for download at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6499748 and https://github.com/AluruLab/MCPNet, implemented in C++ and supported on Linux.

Contactaluru@cc.gatech.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chockalingam, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCPNet : A parallel maximum capacity-based genome-scale gene network construction framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal development, not aggregation, drives the transition to multicellularity in an isogenic model system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in the evolutionary transition to multicellularity is the origin of multicellular groups as biological individuals capable of adaptation. Comparative work, supported by theory, suggests clonal development should facilitate this transition, though this hypothesis has never been tested in a single model system. We evolved 20 replicate populations of otherwise isogenic clonally-reproducing  snowflake yeast ({Delta}ace2/{Delta}ace2) and aggregative  floc yeast (GAL1p::FLO1/ GAL1p::FLO1) with daily selection for rapid growth in liquid media, which favors faster cell division, followed by selection for rapid sedimentation, which favors larger multicellular groups. While both genotypes adapted to this regime, growing faster and having higher survival during the group-selection phase, there was a stark difference in evolutionary dynamics. Aggregative floc yeast obtained nearly all of their increased fitness from faster growth, not improved group survival; indicating that selection acted primarily at the level of cells. In contrast, clonal snowflake yeast mainly benefited from higher group-dependent fitness, indicating a shift in the level of biological individuality from cells to groups. Through genome sequencing and mathematical modeling, we show that the genetic bottlenecks in a clonal life cycle also drive much higher rates of genetic drift--a result with complex implications for this evolutionary transition. Our results highlight the central role that early multicellular life cycles play in the process of multicellular adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pentz, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGillivray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBose, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal development, not aggregation, drives the transition to multicellularity in an isogenic model system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic activity organizes olfactory representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing and vision sensory systems are tuned to the natural statistics of acoustic and electromagnetic energy on earth, and are evolved to be sensitive in ethologically relevant ranges. But what are the natural statistics of odors, and how do olfactory systems exploit them? Dissecting an accurate machine learning model1 for human odor perception, we find a computable representation for odor at the molecular level that can predict the odor-evoked receptor, neural, and behavioral responses of nearly all terrestrial organisms studied in olfactory neuroscience. Using this olfactory representation (Principal Odor Map, POM), we find that odorous compounds with similar POM representations are more likely to co-occur within a substance and be metabolically closely related; metabolic reaction sequences2 also follow smooth paths in POM despite large jumps in molecular structure. Just as the brains visual representations have evolved around the natural statistics of light and shapes, the natural statistics of metabolism appear to shape the brains representation of the olfactory world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Lengeling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechering, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerkin, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiltschko, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic activity organizes olfactory representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Relationships between Functional Network Connectivity and Cognition with an Explainable Clustering Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of clustering algorithms to fMRI functional network connectivity (FNC) data has been extensively studied over the past decade. When applied to FNC, these analyses assign samples to an optimal number of groups without a priori assumptions. Through these groupings, studies have provided insights into the dynamics of network connectivity through the identification of different brain states and have identified subgroups of individuals with unique brain activity. However, the manner in which underlying brain networks influence the identified groups is yet to be fully understood. In this study, we apply k-means clustering to resting-state fMRI-based static FNC data collected from 37,784 healthy individuals. We identified 2 groups of individuals with statistically significant differences in cognitive performance in several test metrics. Then, by applying two different versions of G2PC, a global permutation feature importance approach, and logistic regression with elastic net regularization, we were able to identify the relative importance of brain network pairs and their underlying features to the resulting groups. Through these approaches, together with the visualization of centroids connectivity matrices, we were able to explain the observed differences in cognition in terms of specific key brain networks. We expect that our results will shed further light upon the effect of underlying brain networks on encountered cognitive differences between groups with unique brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapera Sancho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Relationships between Functional Network Connectivity and Cognition with an Explainable Clustering Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.500264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaGeneMark-2: Improved Gene Prediction in Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.500264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of protein-coding genes in metagenomic contigs presents a well-known challenge. Particularly difficult is to identify short and incomplete genes as well as positions of translation initiation sites. It is frequently assumed that initiation of translation in prokaryotes is controlled by a ribosome binding site (RBS), a sequence with the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) consensus situated in the 5 UTR. However, [~]30% of the 5,007 genomes, representing the RefSeq collection of prokaryotic genomes, have either non-SD RBS sequences or no RBS site due to physical absence of the 5 UTR (the case of leaderless transcription). Predictions of the gene 3 ends are much more accurate; still, errors could occur due to the use of incorrect genetic code. Hence, an effective gene finding algorithm would identify true genetic code in a process of the sequence analysis. In this work prediction of gene starts was improved by inferring the GC content dependent generating functions for RBS sequences as well as for promoter sequences involved in leaderless transcription. An additional feature of the algorithm was the ability to identify alternative genetic code defined by a reassignment of the TGA stop codon (the only stop codon reassignment type known in prokaryotes). It was demonstrated that MetaGeneMark-2 made more accurate gene predictions in metagenomic sequences than several existing state-of-the-art tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gemayel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.500264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaGeneMark-2: Improved Gene Prediction in Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Idiosyncratic relation between human brain activity and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research in neuroscience often assumes universal neural mechanisms, but increasing evidence points towards sizeable individual differences in brain activations. What remains unclear is the extent of the idiosyncrasy and whether different types of analyses are associated with different levels of idiosyncrasy. Here we develop a new method for addressing these questions. The method consists of computing the within-subject reliability and subject-to-group similarity of brain activations and submitting these values to a computational model that quantifies the relative strength of group- and subject-level factors. We apply this method to a perceptual decision-making task (N=50) and find that activations related to task, reaction time (RT), and confidence are influenced equally strongly by group- and subject-level factors. Both group- and subject-level factors are dwarfed by a noise factor, though higher levels of smoothing increases their contributions relative to noise. Overall, our method allows for the quantification of group- and subject-level factors of brain activations and thus provides a more detailed understanding of the idiosyncrasy levels in brain activations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Idiosyncratic relation between human brain activity and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular spatially resolved gene neighborhood networks in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have offered promising treatments against several disorders. However, the clinical efficacy and consistency remain underdeveloped. Single-cell and bulk molecular analyses have provided considerable heterogeneity of MSCs due to origin, expansion, and microenvironment. Image-based cellular omics methods elucidate ultimate variability in stem cell colonies, otherwise masked by bulk omics approaches. Here, we present a spatially resolved Gene Neighborhood Network (spaGNN) method to produce transcriptional density maps and analyze neighboring RNA distributions in single human MSCs and chondrocytes cultured on 2D collagen-coated substrates. This proposed strategy provides cell classification based on subcellular spatial features and gene neighborhood networks. Machine learning-based clustering of resultant data yields subcellular density classes of 20-plex biomarkers containing diverse transcript and protein features. The spaGNN reveals tissue-source-specific MSC transcription and spatial distribution characteristics. Multiplexed spaGNN analysis allows for rapid examination of spatially resolved subcellular features and activities in a broad range of cells used in pre-clinical and clinical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Form, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantalaris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular spatially resolved gene neighborhood networks in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Language for Finding Mass Spectrometry Data Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even though raw mass spectrometry data is information rich, the vast majority of the data is underutilized. The ability to interrogate these rich datasets is handicapped by the limited capability and flexibility of existing software. We introduce the Mass Spec Query Language (MassQL) that addresses these issues by enabling an expressive set of mass spectrometry patterns to be queried directly from raw data. MassQL is an open-source mass spectrometry query language for flexible and mass spectrometer manufacturer-independent mining of MS data. We envision the flexibility, scalability, and ease of use of MassQL will empower the mass spectrometry community to take fuller advantage of their mass spectrometry data and accelerate discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagas, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevenger, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crandall, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crusemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damiani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globisch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, P. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuckeroth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakhkhorov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlbacher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama-Chamu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzzatto Knaan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marty, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Language for Finding Mass Spectrometry Data Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCS Predictor 2.0: An Open-Source Jupyter Notebook Tool for Filtering Out False Positives in Metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolite annotation continues to be the widely accepted bottleneck in non-targeted metabolomics workflows. Annotation of metabolites typically relies on a combination of high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with parent and tandem measurements, isotope cluster evaluations, and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis. Chromatographic retention time matching with standards is often used at the later stages of the process, which can also be followed by metabolite isolation and structure confirmation utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The measurement of gas phase collision cross section (CCS) values by ion mobility (IM) spectrometry also adds an important dimension to this workflow by generating an additional molecular parameter that can be used for filtering unlikely structures. The millisecond timescale of IM spectrometry allows the rapid measurement of CCS values and allows easy pairing with existing MS workflows. Here, we report on a highly accurate machine learning algorithm (CCSP 2.0) in an open-source Jupyter Notebook format to predict CCS values based on linear support vector regression models. This tool allows customization of the training set to the needs of the user, enabling the production of models for new adducts or previously unexplored molecular classes. CCSP produces predictions with accuracy equal to or greater than existing machine learning approaches such as CCSbase, DeepCCS and AllCCS, while being better aligned with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. Another unique aspect of CCSP 2.0 its inclusion of a large library of 1613 molecular descriptors via the Mordred Python package, further encoding the fine aspects of isomeric molecular structures. CCS prediction accuracy was tested using CCS values in the McLean CCS Compendium with median relative errors of 1.25, 1.73 and 1.87% for the 170 [M-H]-, 155 [M+H]+ and 138 [M+Na]+ adducts tested. For class-matched data sets, CCS predictions via CCSP allowed filtering of 36.1% of incorrect structures while retaining a total of 100% of the correct annotations using a {Delta}CCS threshold of 2.8% and a mass error of 10 ppm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rainey, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asef, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCS Predictor 2.0: An Open-Source Jupyter Notebook Tool for Filtering Out False Positives in Metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular profiling of a recently-evolved social behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social behaviors are essential for survival and reproduction and vary within and among species. We integrate single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq), comparative genomics, and automated behavior analysis to investigate a recently-evolved social "bower building" behavior in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. We functionally profile telencephalic nuclei matched to 38 paired behaving/control individuals. Our data suggest bower behavior has evolved in part through divergence in a gene module selectively expressed in a subpopulation of glia lining the pallium. Downregulation of the module is associated with glial departure from quiescence and rebalancing of neuronal subpopulation proportions in the putative homologue of the hippocampus. We show further evidence that behavior-associated excitation of neuronal populations that project to the putative hippocampus mediate glial function and rebalancing. Our work suggests that bower behavior has evolved through changes in glia and region-specific neurogenesis, and more broadly shows how snRNA-seq can generate insight into uncharted behaviors and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenhagen, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular profiling of a recently-evolved social behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore Translocation of Topologically Linked DNA Catenanes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrical signal associated with a biopolymer translocating through a nanoscale pore depends depends on the size, topology, and configuration of each molecule. Building upon recent interest in using solid-state nanopores for studying the topology of knotted and supercoiled DNA, we present the first experimental observations of topologically linked catenanes translocating through a solid-state nanopore. Using restriction enzymes, linked circular molecules were isolated from the mitochondrial DNA of Crithidia fasciculata, a structure known as a kinetoplast that is comprised of thousands of topologically interlocked minicircles. Digested kinetoplasts produce a spectrum of catenane topologies, which are identified from their nanopore translocation signals by spikes in the blockade current associated with the topological linkages. We identify the translocation signatures of 2-catenanes, linear and triangular 3-catenanes, and several types of 4- and 5-catenanes as well as more complex structures. Measurements of the translocation time of 2- and 3-catenanes suggest that topological friction between the linkages and the pore slows the translocation time of these structures, as predicted in recent simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rheaume, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klotz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore Translocation of Topologically Linked DNA Catenanes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vertical growth dynamics of biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the biofilm life cycle, bacteria attach to a surface then reproduce, forming crowded, growing communities. Many theoretical models of biofilm growth dynamics have been proposed; however, difficulties in measuring biofilm height accurately across relevant time and length scales have prevented testing these models or their biophysical underpinnings empirically. Using white light interferometry, we measure the heights of microbial colonies with nanometer precision from inoculation to their final equilibrium height, producing a novel and detailed empirical characterization of vertical growth dynamics. We show that models relying on logistic growth or nutrient depletion fail to capture biofilm height dynamics on short and long time scales. Our empirical results support a simple model inspired by the fact that biofilms only interact with the environment through their interfaces. This interface model captures the growth dynamics from short to long time scales (10 minutes to 14 days) of diverse microorganisms, including prokaryotes like gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes like aerobic and anaerobic yeast. This model provides heuristic value, highlighting the biophysical constraints that limit vertical growth as well as establishing a quantitative model for biofilm development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bravo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGillivray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vertical growth dynamics of biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry imaging reveals early metabolic priming of cell lineage in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine; however, few algorithms of quality control at the earliest stages of differentiation have been established. Despite lipids having known functions in cell signaling, their role in pluripotency maintenance and lineage specification is underexplored. We investigated changes in iPSC lipid profiles during initial loss of pluripotency over the course of spontaneous differentiation using co-registration of confocal microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging. We identified lipids that are highly informative of the temporal stage of the differentiation and can reveal lineage bifurcation occurring metabolically. Several phosphatidylinositol species emerged from machine learning analysis as early metabolic markers of pluripotency loss, preceding changes in Oct4. Manipulation of phospholipids via PI 3-kinase inhibition during differentiation manifested in spatial reorganization of the colony and elevated expression of NCAM-1. In addition, continuous inhibition of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase during differentiation resulted in increased pluripotency maintenance. Our machine learning analysis highlights the predictive power of metabolic metrics for evaluating lineage specification in the initial stages of spontaneous iPSC differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Grouw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roysam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mass spectrometry imaging reveals early metabolic priming of cell lineage in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining Reproducibility of EEG Schizophrenia Biomarkers Across Explainable Machine Learning Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that adversely effects millions of individuals globally. Current diagnostic efforts are symptom based and hampered due to the variability in symptom presentation across individuals and overlap of symptoms with other neuropsychiatric disorders. This spawns the need for (1) biomarkers to aid with empirical SZ diagnosis and (2) the development of automated diagnostic approaches that will eventually serve in a clinical decision support role. In this study, we train random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) models to differentiate between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls using spectral features extracted from resting state EEG data. We then perform two explainability analyses to gain insight into key frequency bands and channels. In our explainability analyses, we examine the reproducibility of SZ biomarkers across models with the goal of identifying those that have potential clinical implications. Our model performance results are well above chance level indicating the broader utility of spectral information for SZ diagnosis. Additionally, we find that the RF prioritizes the upper {gamma}-band and is robust to loss of information from individual electrodes, while the SVM prioritizes the  and {theta}-bands and P4 and T8 electrodes. It is our hope that our findings will inform future efforts towards the empirical diagnosis of SZ and towards the development of clinical decision support systems for SZ diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattiraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining Reproducibility of EEG Schizophrenia Biomarkers Across Explainable Machine Learning Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supraorbital whiskers act as wind-antennae in rat anemotaxis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We know little about mammalian anemotaxis, wind-sensing. Recently, however, Hartmann and colleagues showed whisker-based anemotaxis in rats. To investigate how whiskers sense airflow, we tracked whisker tips in anesthetized or cadaver rats under no airflow, low airflow and high (fan-blowing) airflow. Whisker tips showed little movement under no airflow conditions and all whisker tips moved during high airflow. Low airflow conditions - most similar to naturally occurring wind stimuli - engaged whisker tips differentially. Most whiskers moved little, the long supraorbital whisker showed maximal displacement and , A1, {beta}, and {gamma} whiskers also showed movements. The long supraorbital whisker differs from other whiskers in its exposed dorsal position, upward bending, length and thin diameter. Ex vivo extracted long supraorbital whiskers also showed exceptional airflow displacement, suggesting whisker-intrinsic biomechanics mediate the unique airflow-sensitivity. Micro computed tomography revealed that the ring-wulst - the follicle structure receiving the most sensitive afferents - was more complete/ closed in supraorbital and other wind-sensitive whiskers than in non-wind-sensitive whiskers, suggesting specialization of the supraorbital for omni-directional sensing. We localized and targeted the cortical supraorbital whisker representation in simultaneous Neuropixels recordings with D/E-row whisker barrels. Responses to wind-stimuli were stronger in the supraorbital whisker representation than in D/E-row barrel cortex. We assessed the behavioral significance of whiskers in an airflow-sensing paradigm. We observed that rats spontaneously turn towards airflow stimuli in complete darkness. Selective trimming of wind-responsive whiskers diminished airflow turning responses more than trimming of non-wind-responsive whiskers. Lidocaine injections targeted to supraorbital whisker follicles also diminished airflow turning responses compared to control injections. We conclude that supraorbital whiskers act as wind antennae.

New and NoteworthyAnimals rely on sensory processing of airflow (anemotaxis) to guide navigation and survival. We examined mechanisms of rat anemotaxis by combining whisker tracking, biomechanical analysis, micro computed tomography of follicle structure, Neuropixels recordings in the barrel field, behavior of airflow turning and whisker interference by trimming and lidocaine injections. This diversity of methods led to a coherent pattern of results. Whiskers greatly differ in their airflow sensitivity and strongly wind-responsive whiskers - in particular long supraorbital whiskers - determine behavioral responses to airflow stimuli in rats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mugnaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrotra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supraorbital whiskers act as wind-antennae in rat anemotaxis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RiboXYZ: A comprehensive database for visualizing and analyzing ribosomestructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in Cryo-EM led to a surge of ribosome structures deposited over the past years, including structures from different species, conformational states, or bound with different ligands. Yet, multiple conflicts of nomenclature make the identification and comparison of structures and ortholog components challenging. We present RiboXYZ (available at https://ribosome.xyz), a database that provides organized access to ribosome structures, with several tools for visualisation and study. The database is up-to-date with the Protein Data Bank (PDB) but provides a standardized nomenclature that allows for searching and comparing ribosomal components (proteins, RNA, ligands) across all the available structures. In addition to structured and simplified access to the data, the application has several specialized visualization tools, including the identification and prediction of ligand binding sites, and 3D superimposition of ribosomal components. Overall, RiboXYZ provides a useful toolkit that complements the PDB database, by implementing the current conventions and providing a set of auxiliary tools that have been developed explicitly for analyzing ribosome structures. This toolkit can be easily accessible by both experts and non-experts in structural biology so that they can search, visualize and compare structures, with various potential applications in molecular biology, evolution, and biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kushner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RiboXYZ: A comprehensive database for visualizing and analyzing ribosomestructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RTNet: A neural network that exhibits the signatures of human perceptual decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convolutional neural networks show promise as models of biological vision. However, their decision behavior, including the facts that they are deterministic and use equal number of computations for easy and difficult stimuli, differs markedly from human decision-making, thus limiting their applicability as models of human perceptual behavior. Here we develop a new neural network, RTNet, that generates stochastic decisions and human-like response time (RT) distributions. We further performed comprehensive tests that showed RTNet reproduces all foundational features of human accuracy, RT, and confidence and does so better than all current alternatives. To test RTNets ability to predict human behavior on novel images, we collected accuracy, RT, and confidence data from 60 human subjects performing a digit discrimination task. We found that the accuracy, RT, and confidence produced by RTNet for individual novel images correlated with the same quantities produced by human subjects. Critically, human subjects who were more similar to the average human performance were also found to be closer to RTNets predictions, suggesting that RTNet successfully captured average human behavior. Overall, RTNet is a promising model of human response times that exhibits the critical signatures of perceptual decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafiei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.505015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RTNet: A neural network that exhibits the signatures of human perceptual decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems-wide dissection of organic acid assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals a novel path to underground metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is one of the most frequent and severe causes of nosocomial infection. This organism is also a major cause of airway infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Pa is known to have a remarkable metabolic plasticity, allowing it to thrive in diverse environmental conditions and ecological niches, yet little is known about the central metabolic pathways which sustain its growth during infection, or precisely how these pathways operate. In this work, we used a combination of  omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and 13C-fluxomics) and reverse genetics to provide a systems-level insight into how the infection-relevant organic acids, succinate and propionate, are metabolized by Pa. Moreover, through structural and kinetic analysis of the 2-methylcitrate synthase (PrpC) and its paralogue, citrate synthase (GltA), we show how these two crucial enzymatic steps are interconnected in Pa organic acid assimilation. We found that Pa can rapidly adapt to the loss of GltA function by acquiring mutations in a transcriptional repressor, which then de-represses prpC expression. Our findings provide a clear example of how  underground metabolism, facilitated by enzyme substrate promiscuity, "rewires" Pa metabolism, allowing it to overcome the loss of a crucial enzyme. This pathogen-specific knowledge is critical for the advancement of a model-driven framework to target bacterial central metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlstedt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gläser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brear, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Rocha, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems-wide dissection of organic acid assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals a novel path to underground metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-driven insights into super protein complexes for outer membrane protein biogenesis in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To reach their final destinations, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of gram-negative bacteria undertake an eventful journey beginning in the cytosol. Multiple molecular machines, chaperones, proteases, and other enzymes facilitate the translocation and assembly of OMPs. These helpers usually associate, often transiently, forming large protein assemblies. They are not well-understood due to experimental challenges in capturing and characterizing protein-protein interactions (PPIs), especially transient ones. Using AF2Complex, we introduce a high-throughput, deep learning pipeline to identify PPIs within the E. coli cell envelope and apply it to several proteins from an OMP biogenesis pathway. Among the top confident hits obtained from screening ~1,500 envelope proteins, we find not only expected interactions but also unexpected ones with profound implications. Subsequently, we predict atomic structures for these protein complexes. These structures, typically of high confidence, explain experimental observations, and lead to mechanistic hypotheses for how a chaperone assists a nascent, precursor OMP emerging from a translocon, how another chaperone prevents it from aggregating and docks to an {beta}-barrel assembly port, and how a protease performs quality control. This work presents a general strategy for investigating biological pathways by using structural insights gained from deep learning-based predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakajima An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-driven insights into super protein complexes for outer membrane protein biogenesis in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ion Mobility for Unknown Metabolite Identification: Hope or Hype? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ion mobility (IM) spectrometry provides semi-orthogonal data to mass spectrometry (MS), showing promise for identifying unknown metabolites in complex non-targeted metabolomics datasets. While current literature has showcased IM-MS for identifying unknowns under near ideal circumstances, less work has been conducted to evaluate the performance of this approach in metabolomics studies involving highly complex samples with difficult matrices. Here, we present a workflow incorporating de novo molecular formula annotation and MS/MS structure elucidation using SIRIUS 4 with experimental IM collision cross-section (CCS) measurements and machine learning CCS predictions to identify differential unknown metabolites in mutant strains of Caenorhabditis elegans. For many of those ion features this workflow enabled the successful filtering of candidate structures generated by in silico MS/MS predictions, though in some cases annotations were challenged by significant hurdles in instrumentation performance and data analysis. While for 37% of differential features we were able to successfully collect both MS/MS and CCS data, fewer than half of these features benefited from a reduction in the number of possible candidate structures using CCS filtering due to poor matching of the machine learning training sets, limited accuracy of experimental and predicted CCS values, and lack of candidate structures resulting from the MS/MS data. When using a CCS error cutoff of {+/-}3%, an average 28% of candidate structures could be successfully filtered. Herein, we identify and describe the bottlenecks and limitations associated with the identification of unknowns in non-targeted metabolomics using IM-MS to focus and provide insight on areas requiring further improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asef, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouveia, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ion Mobility for Unknown Metabolite Identification: Hope or Hype?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid-State Single-Molecule Sensing with the Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing evidence of the potential habitability of Ocean Worlds across our Solar System is motivating the advancement of technologies capable of detecting life as we know it - sharing a common ancestry or common physicochemical origin to life on Earth - or dont know it, representing a distinct genesis event of life quite different than our one known example. Here, we propose the Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE), a solid-state single-molecule instrument payload that aims to search for life based on the detection of amino acids and informational polymers (IPs) at the parts per billion to trillion level. As a first proof-of- principle in a laboratory environment, we demonstrate single-molecule detection of the amino acid L-proline at a 10 {micro}M concentration in a compact system. Based on ELIEs solid-state quantum electronic tunneling sensing mechanism, we further propose the quantum property of the HOMO-LUMO gap (energy difference between a molecules highest energy occupied molecular orbital and lowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital) as a novel approach to measure amino acid complexity. Finally, we assess the potential of ELIE to discriminate between abiotically and biotically derived (-amino acids in order to reduce false positive risk for life detection. Nanogap technology can also be applied to the detection of nucleobases and short sequences of IPs such as, but not limited to, RNA and DNA. Future missions may utilize ELIE to target preserved biosignatures on the surface of Mars, extant life in its deep subsurface, or life or its biosignatures in the plume, surface, or subsurface of ice moons such as Enceladus or Europa.

One Sentence SummaryA solid-state nanogap can determine the abundance distribution of amino acids, detect nucleic acids, and shows potential for detecting life as we know it and life as we dont.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Colon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohshiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid-State Single-Molecule Sensing with the Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from colony image data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When grown on agar surfaces, microbes can produce distinct multicellular spatial structures called colonies, which contain characteristic sizes, shapes, edges, textures, and degrees of opacity and color. For over one hundred years, researchers have used these morphology cues to classify bacteria and guide more targeted treatment of pathogens. Advances in genome sequencing technology have revolutionized our ability to classify bacterial isolates and while genomic methods are in the ascendancy, morphological characterization of bacterial species has made a resurgence due to increased computing capacities and widespread application of machine learning tools. In this paper, we revisit the topic of colony morphotype on the within-species scale and apply concepts from image processing, computer vision, and deep learning to a dataset of 69 environmental and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. We find that colony morphology and complexity under common laboratory conditions is a robust, repeatable phenotype on the level of individual strains, and therefore forms a potential basis for strain classification. We then use a deep convolutional neural network approach with a combination of data augmentation and transfer learning to overcome the typical data starvation problem in biological applications of deep learning. Using a train/validation/test split, our results achieve an average validation accuracy of 92.9% and an average test accuracy of 90.7% for the classification of individual strains. These results indicate that bacterial strains have characteristic visual  fingerprints that can serve as the basis of classification on a sub-species level. Our work illustrates the potential of image-based classification of bacterial pathogens and highlights the potential to use similar approaches to predict medically relevant strain characteristics like antibiotic resistance and virulence from colony data.

Author SummarySince the birth of microbiology, scientists have looked at the patterns of bacterial growth on agar (colony morphology) as a key tool for identifying bacterial species. We return to this traditional approach with modern tools of computer vision and deep learning and show that we can achieve high levels of classification accuracy on a within-species scale, despite what is considered a  data-starved dataset. Our results show that strains of the environmental generalist and opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa have a characteristic morphological  fingerprint that enables accurate strain classification via a custom deep convolutional neural network. Our work points to extensions towards predicting phenotypes of interest (e.g. antibiotic resistance, virulence), and suggests that sample size limitations may be less restrictive than previously thought for deep learning applications in biology, given appropriate use of data augmentation and transfer-learning tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rattray, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez Zacarias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molotkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis-Lemus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel-Alarcon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from colony image data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trade-offs constrain adaptive pathways to T6 survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microbial communities are characterized by intense competition for nutrients and space. One way for an organism to gain control of these resources is by eliminating nearby competitors. The Type VI Secretion System (T6) is a nano-harpoon used by many bacteria to inject toxins into neighboring cells. While much is understood about mechanisms of T6-mediated toxicity, little is known about the ways that competitors can defend themselves against this attack, especially in the absence of their own T6. Here we use directed evolution to examine the evolution of T6 resistance, subjecting eight replicate populations of Escherichia coli to T6 attack by Vibrio cholerae. Over ~500 generations of competition, the E. coli evolved to survive T6 attack an average of 27-fold better than their ancestor. Whole genome sequencing reveals extensive parallel evolution. In fact, we found only two pathways to increased T6 survival: apaH was mutated in six of the eight replicate populations, while the other two populations each had mutations in both yejM and yjeP. Synthetic reconstruction of individual and combined mutations demonstrate that yejM and yjeP are synergistic, with yejM requiring the mutation in yejP to provide a benefit. However, the mutations we identified are pleiotropic, reducing cellular growth rates, and increasing susceptibility to antibiotics and elevated pH. These trade-offs underlie the effectiveness of T6 as a bacterial weapon, and help us understand how the T6 shapes the evolution of bacterial interactions.

SignificanceBacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth and often live in dense, diverse communities, where they interact with each other. One of the most common interactions is antagonism. While most research has focused on diffusible toxins (e.g., antibiotics), bacteria have also evolved a contact-dependent nano-harpoon, the Type VI Secretion System (T6), to kill neighboring cells and compete for resources. While the co-evolutionary dynamics of antibiotic exposure is well understood, no prior work has examined how targets of T6 evolve resistance. Here, we use experimental evolution to observe how an Escherichia coli target evolves resistance to T6 when it is repeatedly competing with a Vibrio cholerae killer. After 30 rounds of competition, we identified mutations in three genes that improve E. coli survival, but found that these mutations come at a cost to other key fitness components. Our findings provide new insight into how contact-dependent antagonistic interaction drives evolution in a polymicrobial community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacGillivray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesenfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silhavy, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trade-offs constrain adaptive pathways to T6 survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of the HIV-1 reservoir in T cells from persons with HIV-1 on suppressive antiretroviral therapy using expanded natural killer cells ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) alone has been ineffective in reducing HIV-1 reservoirs in persons with HIV-1 (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to inefficiencies in reservoir reactivation and adaptive immune responses. However, NK cells that are activated with cytokines may be able to target HIV-1 reservoirs more efficiently. To study the therapeutic potential of NK cells, we expanded blood NK cells from multiple donors ex vivo into CD56brightCD16+ "eNK" cells using artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) expressing membrane-bound IL21. eNK cells express multiple activating receptors and are highly cytotoxic against specific target cells. eNK cells can also kill HIV-infected CD4 T cells via antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) using broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 Env gp120/gp41. Importantly, eNK cells from PWH on ART efficiently killed autologous HIV-1+ T cells reactivated by a combination of vorinostat (SAHA) and IL-15 or an IL-15 superagonist (N-803), as detected by declines in proviral load, inducible HIV-1 mRNA, and virus release. Adoptive immunotherapy with eNK cells is therefore a promising approach to reduce the latent HIV-1 reservoir in PWH when combined with LRA treatment.

Author SummarySuccessful antiretroviral therapy (ART) eliminates progression to AIDS by reducing HIV to nearly indetectable levels by routine clinical measurements of blood samples. However, more sensitive DNA and RNA measurements show that most persons on ART retain a reservoir of long lived latently infected cells, which remain undetected by the immune system while no HIV is being produced. In nearly all cases, ART interruption results in a rebound of HIV production and spread, requiring an immediate return to ART. Currently the goal of HIV eradication is to achieve a "functional cure", where HIV reservoirs are reduced to the point where ART can be interrupted indefinitely, and low levels of infected cells remaining can be controlled by the immune system. Our eradication strategy combines HIV latency-reversing agents (LRAs), ex vivo expansion of natural killer (NK) cells, and enhancement of specificity and killing of infected cells with broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. In this study, we have demonstrated that NK cells from person living with HIV can be isolated and expanded ex vivo into "eNK" cells that kill HIV-infected cells without killing uninfected cells, especially when broadly neutralizing antibodies are present, and can significantly reduce HIV reservoirs after LRA treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Checkley Luttge, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LUTTGE, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wald, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enick, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyktor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellors, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of the HIV-1 reservoir in T cells from persons with HIV-1 on suppressive antiretroviral therapy using expanded natural killer cells ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor microenvironments impair T cell receptor affinity and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells underpin effective anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma; however, their functions are attenuated due to various immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in disease progression. T cell function is elicited by the T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes antigen peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) expressed on tumor cells via direct physical contact, i.e., two-dimensional (2D) interaction. TCR-pMHC 2D affinity plays a central role in antigen recognition and discrimination, and is sensitive to both the conditions of the T cell and the microenvironment in which it resides. Herein, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells residing in TME have lower 2D TCR-pMHC bimolecular affinity and TCR-pMHC-CD8 trimolecular avidity, pull fewer TCR-pMHC bonds by endogenous forces, flux lower level of intracellular calcium in response to antigen stimulation, exhibit impaired in vivo activation, and show diminished anti-tumor effector function. These detrimental effects are localized in the tumor and tumor draining lymph node (TdLN), and affect both antigen-inexperienced and antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells irrespective of their TCR specificities. These findings implicate impaired antigen recognition as a mechanism of T cell dysfunction in the TME.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Melia, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jothikumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohner, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manspeaker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushdi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chingozha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiperez-Campillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor microenvironments impair T cell receptor affinity and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dynamic response of quorum-sensing to density is robust to signal supplementation and signal synthase knockouts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing (QS) is a widespread mechanism of environment sensing and behavioral coordination in bacteria. At its core, QS is based on the production, sensing and response to small signaling molecules. Previous work with Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows that QS can be used to achieve quantitative resolution and deliver a dosed response to the bacterias density environment, implying a sophisticated mechanism of control. To shed light on how the mechanistic signal components contribute to graded responses to density, we assess the impact of genetic (AHL signal synthase deletion) and/or signal supplementation (exogenous AHL and PQS addition) perturbations on lasB reaction-norms to changes in density. Our approach condenses data from 2,000 timeseries (over 74,000 individual observations) into a comprehensive view of QS-controlled gene expression across variation in genetic, environmental, and signal determinants of lasB expression. We first confirm that deleting either ({Delta}lasI, {Delta}rhlI) or both ({Delta}lasIrhlI) signal synthase genes attenuates QS response. In the {Delta}rhlI background we show persistent yet attenuated density-dependent lasB expression due to native 3-oxo-C12 signaling. We then test if density-independent quantities of signal (3-oxo-C12, C4, PQS or combined) added to the WT either flatten or increase the reaction norm and find that the WT response is robust to all tested concentrations of signal, alone or in combination. We then move to progressively supplementing the genetic knockouts and find that cognate signal supplementation ({Delta}lasI+3-oxo-C12, {Delta}rhlI+C4) is sufficient to restore lasB expression and as well as reactivity to density encoded by the intact signal synthase. We also find that dual supplementation of the double synthase knockout restores expression but does not flatten the reaction norm. Despite adding a density-independent amount of AHL, the double signal synthase can still quantitively sense density. Our results show that a positive reaction norm to density is robust to multiple combinations of gene deletion and density-independent signal supplementation and that while density-independent signal supplementation can increase mean expression, the WT QS still retains the ability to quantitatively respond to density. Our work develops a modular approach to query the robustness and mechanistic bases of the central environmental sensing phenotype of quorum sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rattray, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dynamic response of quorum-sensing to density is robust to signal supplementation and signal synthase knockouts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening and Development of Constitutively Synergistic Combination Drug Formulations for T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in multiagent chemotherapy have led to recent improvements in overall survival for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, a significant fraction do not respond to frontline chemotherapy or later relapse with recurrent disease, after which long-term survival rates remain low. To address the challenge of developing new, effective treatment options for these patients, we conducted a series of high-throughput combination drug screens to identify chemotherapies that synergize in a lineage-specific manner with MRX-2843, a small molecule dual MERTK and FLT3 kinase inhibitor currently in clinical testing for treatment of relapsed/refractory leukemias and solid tumors. Using experimental and computational approaches, we found that MRX-2843 synergized strongly - and in a ratio-dependent manner - with vincristine chemotherapy to inhibit T-ALL cell expansion and, based on these findings, we developed multiagent lipid nanoparticle formulations of these drugs that not only constitutively maintained ratiometric drug synergy following T-ALL cell delivery, but also improved anti-leukemic activity following drug encapsulation. To determine the clinical relevance of these combination drug formulations and the therapeutic impact of ratiometric drug synergy, we compared the efficacy of lipid nanoparticles comprising synergistic, additive, and antagonistic ratios of MRX-2843 and vincristine, and observed that trends in in vitro synergy were directly recapitulated in primary T-ALL patient samples. Together, these findings present a systematic approach to high-throughput combination drug screening and multiagent drug delivery that maximizes the therapeutic potential of combined MRX-2843 and vincristine in T-ALL. This broadly generalizable approach could lead to the development of constitutively synergistic combination products for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelvin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecca, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jui, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRyckere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreaden, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening and Development of Constitutively Synergistic Combination Drug Formulations for T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular exercise promotes whole-body health and prevents disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms throughout a whole organism are incompletely understood. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) profiled the temporal transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, lipidome, phosphoproteome, acetylproteome, ubiquitylproteome, epigenome, and immunome in whole blood, plasma, and 18 solid tissues in Rattus norvegicus over 8 weeks of endurance exercise training. The resulting data compendium encompasses 9466 assays across 19 tissues, 25 molecular platforms, and 4 training time points in young adult male and female rats. We identified thousands of shared and tissue- and sex-specific molecular alterations. Temporal multi-omic and multi-tissue analyses demonstrated distinct patterns of tissue remodeling, with widespread regulation of immune, metabolism, heat shock stress response, and mitochondrial pathways. These patterns provide biological insights into the adaptive responses to endurance training over time. For example, exercise training induced heart remodeling via altered activity of the Mef2 family of transcription factors and tyrosine kinases. Translational analyses revealed changes that are consistent with human endurance training data and negatively correlated with disease, including increased phospholipids and decreased triacylglycerols in the liver. Sex differences in training adaptation were widespread, including those in the brain, adrenal gland, lung, and adipose tissue. Integrative analyses generated novel hypotheses of disease relevance, including candidate mechanisms that link training adaptation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular health, and tissue injury and recovery. The data and analysis results presented in this study will serve as valuable resources for the broader community and are provided in an easily accessible public repository (https://motrpac-data.org/).

HighlightsO_LIMulti-tissue resource identifies 35,439 analytes regulated by endurance exercise training at 5% FDR across 211 combinations of tissues and molecular platforms.
C_LIO_LIInterpretation of systemic and tissue-specific molecular adaptations produced hypotheses to help describe the health benefits induced by exercise.
C_LIO_LIRobust sex-specific responses to endurance exercise training are observed across multiple organs at the molecular level.
C_LIO_LIDeep multi-omic profiling of six tissues defines regulatory signals for tissue adaptation to endurance exercise training.
C_LIO_LIAll data are available in a public repository, and processed data, analysis results, and code to reproduce major analyses are additionally available in convenient R packages.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagro Armenteros, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bararpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkayeva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pie</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Irregular optogenetic stimulation waveforms can induce naturalistic patterns of hippocampal spectral activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionBrain stimulation is a fundamental and effective therapy for neurological diseases including Parkinsons disease, essential tremor, and epilepsy. One key challenge in delivering effective brain stimulation is identifying the stimulation parameters, such as the amplitude, frequency, contact configuration, and pulse width, that induce an optimal change in symptoms, behavior, or neural activity. Most clinical and translational studies use constant-frequency pulses of stimulation, but stimulation with irregular pulse patterns or non-pulsatile waveforms might induce unique changes in neural activity that could enable better therapeutic responses. Here, we comprehensively evaluate several optogenetic stimulation waveforms, report their differing effects on hippocampal spectral activity, and compare these induced effects to activity recorded during natural behavior.

MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were prepared for pan-neuronal excitatory optogenetic stimulation of the medial septum (hSyn-ChR2) and 16-channel microelectrode recording in CA1 and CA3 layers of the hippocampus. We performed grid and random sampling of the parameters comprising several stimulation waveforms, including standard pulse, nested pulse, sinusoid, double sinusoid, and Poisson pulse waveforms.

ResultsWe comprehensively report the effects of changing stimulation parameters in these parameter spaces on two key biomarkers of hippocampal function, theta (4-10 Hz) and gamma (32-50 Hz) power. Similarly, robust excitation of hippocampal gamma power was observed across all waveforms, whereas no set of stimulation parameters was sufficient to consistently increase power in the theta band beyond baseline levels of activity (despite the prominent role of the medial septum in pacing hippocampal theta oscillations). Using a manifold learning algorithm to compare high-dimensional neural activity, we show that irregular stimulation patterns produce differing effects with respect to multi-band patterns of activity and can induce activity patterns that more closely resemble activity recorded during natural behavior than conventional parameters.

ConclusionOur counter-intuitive findings - that stimulation of the medial septum ubiquitously does not increase hippocampal theta power, and that different waveforms have similar effects on single power bands - contradict recent trends in brain stimulation research, necessitating greater caution and fewer mechanistic assumptions as to how a given stimulation target or waveform will modulate a neurophysiological biomarker of disease. We also reveal that irregular stimulation patterns can have biomimetic utility, promoting their exploration in medical applications where inducing a particular activity pattern can have therapeutic benefit. Last, we demonstrate a scalable data-driven analysis strategy that can make the discovery of such physiologically informed temporal stimulation patterns more empirically tractable in translational settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxpati, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Irregular optogenetic stimulation waveforms can induce naturalistic patterns of hippocampal spectral activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of homogentisic acid as a precursor in trimethoprim metabolism and natural product biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opportunistic infections by Burkholderia cenocepacia are life threatening for patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. These infections are often associated with variable clinical outcomes, prompting an interest into molecular investigations of phenotypes associated with disease severity. The production of the pyomelanin pigment is one such phenotype, which was recently linked to the ability of clinical strains to carry out biotransformation of the antibiotic trimethoprim. However, this biotransformation product was not identified, and differences in metabolite production associated with pyomelanin pigmentation are poorly understood. Here, we identify several key metabolites produced exclusively by the pyomelanin-producing strains. To provide insight into the structures and biosynthetic origin of these metabolites, we developed a mass spectrometry-based strategy coupling unsupervised in silico substructure prediction with stable isotope labeling referred to as MAS-SILAC (Metabolite Annotation assisted by Substructure discovery and Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture). This approach led to discovery of homogentisic acid as a precursor for biosynthesis of several natural products and for biotransformation of trimethoprim, representing a previously unknown mechanism of antibiotic tolerance. This work presents application of computational methods for analysis of untargeted metabolomic data to link the chemotype of pathogenic microorganisms with a specific phenotype. The observations made in this study provide insights into the clinical significance of the melanated phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mcavoy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threatt, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of homogentisic acid as a precursor in trimethoprim metabolism and natural product biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 1D Model Characterizing the Role of Spatiotemporal Contraction Distributions on Lymph Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLymphedema is a condition in which the two primary functions of the lymphatic system, immunity and lymph transport, are compromised. Computational models of lymphatic function to characterize lymph transport have proved useful in quantifying changes in lymph transport in health and disease; however, much is unknown regarding the regulation of contractions throughout a lymphatic network. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of pacemaking cells and contractile wave propagation on lymph transport using a 1-D mathematical model.

MethodA 1D fluid-solid modeling framework with constitutive relationships were employed to characterize the interaction between the contracting vessel wall and the lymph flow during contractions. The time-space distribution of contraction waves along the length of a three-lymphangion chain, was determined by prescribing the location of pacemaking cells and parameters that govern the contractile wave propagation, with the total contractile response at each location determined as the summation of the local electrical signals.

ResultsSpatiotemporal changes in radius and lymphangion ejection fraction from our illustrative simulations mimic well values reported in isolated lymphatics from the wild-type (WT) and Smmhc-CreERT2;Cx45fx/fx knock-out (KO) reported in the literature. The flow rate is 5.43 and 2.45 L/hr in the WT and the KO (average) models, respectively. The average and the peak WSS in the WT model are 0.08 and 4 dyn/cm2 and -0.03 and 0.87 dyn/cm2 in the KO (average) models, respectively.

ConclusionsThe factors that govern the timing of lymphatic contractions remain largely unknown; but these factors likely play a central role in health and disease. This modeling framework captures well lymphatic contractile wave propagations and how it relates to lymph transport and may motivate novel assays and experimental endpoints to evaluate subtle changes in lymphatic pumping function in the development and progression of lymphedema.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gleason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.508881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 1D Model Characterizing the Role of Spatiotemporal Contraction Distributions on Lymph Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Nonlinear Hyperelastic Property of Arterial Tissues on the Pulse Wave Velocity based on the Unified-Fiber-Distribution (UFD) Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a key, independent risk factor for future cardiovascular events. The Moens-Korteweg equation describes the relation between PWV and the stiffness of arterial tissue with an assumption of isotopic linear elastic property of the arterial wall. However, the arterial tissue exhibits highly nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behaviors. There is a limited study regarding the effect of arterial nonlinear and anisotropic properties on the PWV. In this study, we investigated the impact of the arterial nonlinear hyperelastic properties on the PWV, based on our recently developed unified-fiber-distribution (UFD) model. The UFD model considers the fibers (embedded in the matrix of the tissue) as a unified distribution, which expects to be more physically consistent with the real fiber distribution than existing models that separate the fiber distribution into two/several fiber families. With the UFD model, we fitted the measured relation between the PWV and blood pressure which obtained a good accuracy. We also modeled the aging effect on the PWV based on observations that the stiffening of arterial tissue increases with aging, and the results agree well with experimental data. In addition, we did parameter studies on the dependence of the PWV on the arterial properties of fiber initial stiffness, fiber distribution, and matrix stiffness. The results indicate the PWV increases with increasing overall fiber component in the circumferential direction. The dependences of the PWV on the fiber initial stiffness, and matrix stiffness are not monotonic and change with different blood pressure. The results of this study could provide new insights into arterial property changes and disease information from the clinical measured PWV data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshnower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Nonlinear Hyperelastic Property of Arterial Tissues on the Pulse Wave Velocity based on the Unified-Fiber-Distribution (UFD) Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular proteomic profiling using proximity labelling by TurboID-NES in microglial and neuronal cell lines. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.0Different brain cell types play distinct roles in brain development and disease. Molecular characterization of cell-specific mechanisms using cell type-specific approaches at the protein (proteomic) level, can provide biological and therapeutic insights. To overcome the barriers of conventional isolation-based methods for cell type-specific proteomics, in vivo proteomic labeling with proximity dependent biotinylation of cytosolic proteins using biotin ligase TurboID, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) of labeled proteins, has emerged as a powerful strategy for cell type-specific proteomics in the native state of cells without need for cellular isolation. To complement in vivo proximity labeling approaches, in vitro studies are needed to ensure that cellular proteomes using the TurboID approach are representative of the whole cell proteome, and capture cellular responses to stimuli without disruption of cellular processes. To address this, we generated murine neuroblastoma (N2A) and microglial (BV2) lines stably expressing cytosolic TurboID to biotinylate the cellular proteome for downstream purification and analysis using MS. TurboID-mediated biotinylation captured 59% of BV2 and 65% of N2A proteomes under homeostatic conditions. TurboID expression and biotinylation minimally impacted homeostatic cellular proteomes of BV2 and N2A cells, and did not affect cytokine production or mitochondrial respiration in BV2 cells under resting or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated conditions. These included endo-lysosome, translation, vesicle and signaling proteins in BV2 microglia, and synaptic, neuron projection and microtubule proteins in N2A neurons. The effect of LPS treatment on the microglial proteome was captured by MS analysis of biotinylated proteins (>500 differentially-abundant proteins) including increased canonical pro-inflammatory proteins (Il1a, Irg1, Oasl1) and decrease anti-inflammatory proteins (Arg1, Mgl2).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayaprolu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular proteomic profiling using proximity labelling by TurboID-NES in microglial and neuronal cell lines.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory in Repetitive Protein-Protein Interaction Series -- in Memory of the Late Professor Robert M. Nerem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past three decades, the senior author had interacted with and been mentored by the late Professor Robert M. Nerem. In his memory, the authors summarized several observations made, ideas conceptualized, and mathematical models developed during this period for quantitatively analyzing memory effects in repetitive protein-protein interactions (PPI). Interactions between proteins in an organism coordinate its biological processes and may impact its responses to changing environment and diseases through feedback systems. Feedback systems function by using changes in the past to influence behaviors in the future, which we refer here as memory. Specifically, we consider how proteins on cell or in isolation retain information about prior interactions to impact current interactions. The micropipette, biomembrane force probe and atomic force microscopic techniques were used to repeatedly assay several PPIs. The resulting time series were analyzed by a previous and two new models to extract three memory indices of short (seconds), intermediate (minutes), and long (hours) timescales. We found that interactions of cell membrane, but not soluble, T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) exhibits short-term memory that impacts on-rate, but not off-rate of the binding kinetics. Peptide dissociation from MHC resulted in intermediate- and long-term memories in TCR-pMHC interactions. However, we observed no changes in kinetic parameters by repetitive measurements on living cells over intermediate timescale using stable pMHCs. Parameters quantifying memory effects in PPIs could provide additional information regarding biological mechanisms. The methods developed herein also provide tools for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosado, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrich, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grakoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evavold, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory in Repetitive Protein-Protein Interaction Series -- in Memory of the Late Professor Robert M. Nerem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Greater Neuroimaging Classification Transparency via the Integration of Explainability Methods and Confidence Estimation Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of neuroimaging has increasingly sought to develop artificial intelligence-based models for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder automated diagnosis and clinical decision support. However, if these models are to be implemented in a clinical setting, transparency will be vital. Two aspects of transparency are (1) confidence estimation and (2) explainability. Confidence estimation approaches indicate confidence in individual predictions. Explainability methods give insight into the importance of features to model predictions. In this study, we integrate confidence estimation and explainability approaches for the first time. We demonstrate their viability for schizophrenia diagnosis using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) data. We compare two confidence estimation approaches: Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) and MC batch normalization (MCBN). We combine them with two gradient-based explainability approaches, saliency and layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), and examine their effects upon explanations. We find that MCD often adversely affects model gradients, making it ill-suited for integration with gradient-based explainability methods. In contrast, MCBN does not affect model gradients. Additionally, we find many participant-level differences between regular explanations and the distributions of explanations for combined explainability and confidence estimation approaches. This suggests that a similar confidence estimation approach used in a clinical context with explanations only output for the regular model would likely not yield adequate explanations. We hope that our findings will provide a starting point for the integration of the two fields, provide useful guidance for future studies, and accelerate the development of transparent neuroimaging clinical decision support systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miler, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Greater Neuroimaging Classification Transparency via the Integration of Explainability Methods and Confidence Estimation Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elephants have an adaptable prehensile grip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephants have long been observed to grip objects with their trunk, but little is known about how they adjust their strategy for different weights. In this study, we challenge a female African elephant at Zoo Atlanta to lift 20 to 60 kg barbell weights with only its trunk. We measure the trunks shape and wrinkle geometry from a frozen elephant trunk at the Smithsonian. We observe several strategies employed to accommodate heavier weights, including accelerating less, orienting the trunk more vertically, and wrapping the barbell with a greater trunk length. Mathematical models show that increasing barbell weights are associated with constant trunk tensile force and an increasing barbell-wrapping surface area due to the trunks wrinkles. Our findings may inspire the design of more adaptable soft robotic grippers that can improve grip using surface morphology such as wrinkles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seleb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancebo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgart, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elephants have an adaptable prehensile grip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stromal STAT5-mediated trophic activity regulates hematopoietic multipotent progenitor niche factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5a and STAT5b) are intrinsically critical for normal hematopoiesis but are also expressed in stromal cells. Here, STAT5ab knockout (KO) was generated with a variety of bone marrow hematopoietic and stromal Cre transgenic mouse strains. Vav1-Cre, the positive control for loss of multipotent hematopoietic function, surprisingly dysregulated niche factor mRNA expression and deleted STAT5ab in CD45neg cells. Single cell transcriptome analysis of bone marrow from wild-type or Vav1-Cre KO mice showed hematopoietic stem cell myeloid commitment priming and upregulated protein translation genes. Nes+ cells were detected in both CD45neg and CD45+ clusters and deletion of STAT5ab with Nes-Cre caused hematopoietic repopulating defects. To follow up on these promiscuous Cre promoter deletions in CD45neg and CD45+ bone marrow cell populations, more stroma-specific Cre strains were generated and demonstrated reduction in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Functional support for niche-supporting activity was assessed using STAT5-deficient MSCs. With Lepr-Cre, niche factor mRNAs were downregulated by STAT5ab deletion with validation of reduced IGF-1 and CXCL12 proteins. Furthermore, computational analyses (differential expression/co-expression) revealed a key role for STAT5ab/Cish balance with Cish strongly co-expressed in MSCs and HSCs primed for differentiation. Therefore STAT5ab-associated gene regulation supports the bone marrow microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunting, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stromal STAT5-mediated trophic activity regulates hematopoietic multipotent progenitor niche factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion Assisted Hemin Affinity (DAsHA) Proteomics Reveals an Expanded Landscape of Heme Binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme b (iron protoporphyrin IX) plays important roles in biology as a metallocofactor and signaling molecule. However, the targets of heme signaling and the network of proteins that mediate the exchange of heme from sites of synthesis or uptake to heme dependent or regulated proteins are poorly understood. Herein, we describe a quantitative mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics strategy to identify exchange labile hemoproteins in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells that may be relevant to heme signaling and trafficking. The strategy involves depleting endogenous heme with the heme biosynthetic inhibitor succinylacetone (SA), leaving putative heme binding proteins in their apo-state, followed by the capture of those proteins using hemin-agarose resin and finally elution and identification by mass spectrometry. By identifying only those proteins that interact with high specificity to hemin-agarose relative to control beaded agarose in a SA-dependent manner, we have expanded the number of proteins and ontologies that may be involved in binding and buffering labile heme or are targets of heme signaling. Notably, these include proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, DNA damage response, RNA splicing, cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking, many of which have been associated with heme through complimentary studies published recently. Taken together, these results provide support for the emerging role for heme in an expanded set of cellular processes from genome integrity to protein trafficking and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestre-Fos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion Assisted Hemin Affinity (DAsHA) Proteomics Reveals an Expanded Landscape of Heme Binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified model for the dynamics of ATP-independent ultrafast contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, several ciliated protists possess the remarkable ability to execute ultrafast motions using protein assemblies called myonemes, which contract in response to Ca2+ ions. Existing theories, such as actomyosin contractility and macroscopic biomechanical latches, do not adequately describe these systems, necessitating new models to understand their mechanisms. In this study, we image and quantitatively analyze the contractile kinematics observed in two ciliated protists (Vorticella sp and Spirostomum sp), and, based on the mechanochemistry of these organisms, we propose a minimal mathematical model that reproduces our observations as well as those published previously. Analyzing the model reveals three distinct dynamic regimes, differentiated by the rate of chemical driving and the importance of inertia. We characterize their unique scaling behaviors and kinematic signatures. Besides providing insights into Ca2+-powered myoneme contraction in protists, our work may also inform the rational design of ultrafast bioengineered systems such as active synthetic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molines, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified model for the dynamics of ATP-independent ultrafast contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scMultiSim: simulation of multi-modality single cell data guided by cell-cell interactions and gene regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simulated single-cell data is essential for designing and evaluating computational methods in the absence of experimental ground truth. Existing simulators typically focus on modeling one or two specific biological factors or mechanisms that affect the output data, which limits their capacity to simulate the complexity and multi-modality in real data. Here, we present scMultiSim, an in silico simulator that generates multi-modal single-cell data, including gene expression, chromatin accessibility, RNA velocity, and spatial cell locations while accounting for the relationships between modalities. scMultiSim jointly models various biological factors that affect the output data, including cell identity, within-cell gene regulatory networks (GRNs), cell-cell interactions (CCIs), and chromatin accessibility, while also incorporating technical noises. Moreover, it allows users to adjust each factors effect easily. We validated scMultiSims simulated biological effects and demonstrated its applications by benchmarking a wide range of computational tasks, including cell clustering and trajectory inference, multi-modal and multi-batch data integration, RNA velocity estimation, GRN inference and CCI inference using spatially resolved gene expression data. Compared to existing simulators, scMultiSim can benchmark a much broader range of existing computational problems and even new potential tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squires, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scMultiSim: simulation of multi-modality single cell data guided by cell-cell interactions and gene regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GSearch: Ultra-Fast and Scalable Microbial Genome Search by combining Kmer Hashing with Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome search and/or classification is a key step in microbiome studies and has recently become more challenging due to the increasing number of available (reference) genomes and the fact that traditional methods do not scale well with large databases. By combining k-mer hashing-based probabilistic data structures (e.g., (Prob/Super/Densified)-MinHash or SetSketch) to estimate genomic distance, with a graph-based nearest neighbor search algorithm (called Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs, or HNSW), we created a new data structure and developed an associated computer program, GSearch, that is orders of magnitude faster than alternative tools while maintaining high accuracy and low memory usage. For example, GSearch can identify/classify 8,000 query genomes against all available microbial or viral genomes (n=[~]318,000 or [~]3,000,000) within a few minutes on a personal laptop, using only [~]6GB of memory or less (e.g., 2.5G via SetSketch). Notably, GSearch will be even faster compared to other tools with even larger database size due to O(log(N)) time complexity and will scale well with billions of database genomes based on a database splitting strategy. Further, GSearch implements a three-step classification pipeline that accounts for the degree of novelty of query genomes relative to the database genome to maximize specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, GSearch solves a major bottleneck of microbiome studies that require genome search and/or classification of microbial or viral genomes. GSearch is available at: https://github.com/jean-pierreBoth/gsearch
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-both, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GSearch: Ultra-Fast and Scalable Microbial Genome Search by combining Kmer Hashing with Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evasion from shared neutralizing antibody response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A detailed understanding of the molecular features of the neutralizing epitopes developed by viral escape mutants is important for predicting and developing vaccines or therapeutic antibodies against continuously emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we report three human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated from COVID-19 recovered individuals during first wave of pandemic in India. These mAbs had publicly shared near germline gene usage and potently neutralized Alpha and Delta, but poorly neutralized Beta and completely failed to neutralize Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants. Structural analysis of these three mAbs in complex with trimeric spike protein showed that all three mAbs are involved in bivalent spike binding with two mAbs targeting class-1 and one targeting class-4 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) epitope. Comparison of immunogenetic makeup, structure, and function of these three mAbs with our recently reported class-3 RBD binding mAb that potently neutralized all SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed precise antibody footprint, specific molecular interactions associated with the most potent multi-variant binding / neutralization efficacy. This knowledge has timely significance for understanding how a combination of certain mutations affect the binding or neutralization of an antibody and thus have implications for predicting structural features of emerging SARS-CoV-2 escape variants and to develop vaccines or therapeutic antibodies against these.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valanparambil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottimukkala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edara, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Gardner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheedarla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkerke, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neish, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roback, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrammert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Krishna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evasion from shared neutralizing antibody response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal dormancy strategies in fluctuating environments given delays in phenotypic switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have evolved different mechanisms in response to periods of environmental stress, including dormancy - a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity. Transitions to and from dormancy can be random or induced by changes in environmental conditions. Prior theoretical work has shown that stochastic transitioning between active and dormant states at the individual level can maximize fitness at the population level. However, such theories of  bet-hedging strategies typically neglect certain physiological features of transitions to dormancy, including time lags to gain protective benefits. Here, we construct and analyze a dynamic model that couples stochastic changes in environmental state with the population dynamics of organisms that can initiate dormancy after an explicit time delay. Stochastic environments are simulated using a multi-state Markov chain through which the mean and variance of environmental residence time can be adjusted. In the absence of time lags (or in the limit of very short lags), we find that bet-hedging strategy transition probabilities scale inversely with the mean environmental residence times, consistent with prior theory. We also find that increasing delays in dormancy decreases optimal transitioning probabilities, an effect that can be influenced by the correlations of environmental noise. When environmental residence times - either good or bad - are uncorrelated, the maximum population level fitness is obtained given low levels of transitioning between active and dormant states. However when environmental residence times are correlated, optimal dormancy initiation and termination probabilities increase insofar as the mean environmental persistent time is longer than the delay to reach dormancy. We also find that bet hedging is no longer advantageous when delays to enter dormancy exceed the mean environmental residence times. Altogether, these results show how physiological limits to dormancy and environmental dynamics shape the evolutionary benefits and even viability of bet hedging strategies at population scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magalie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal dormancy strategies in fluctuating environments given delays in phenotypic switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Robust Bayesian Approach to Bulk Gene Expression Deconvolution withNoisy Reference Signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDifferential gene expression in bulk transcriptomics data can reflect change of transcript abundance within a cell type and/or change in the proportion of cell types within the sample. Expression deconvolution methods can help differentiate these scenarios and enable more accurate inference of gene regulation by estimating the contributions of individual cell types to bulk transcriptomic profiles. However, the accuracy of these methods is sensitive to technical and biological differences between bulk profiles and the cell type-signatures required by them as references.

ResultsWe present BEDwARS, a Bayesian deconvolution method specifically designed to address differences between reference signatures and the unknown true signatures underlying bulk transcriptomic profiles. Through extensive benchmarking utilizing eight different datasets derived from pancreas and brain, we demonstrate that BEDwARS outperforms leading in-class methods for estimating cell type proportions and signatures. Furthermore, we systematically show that BEDwARS is more robust to noisy reference signatures than all compared methods. Finally, we apply BEDwARS to newly generated RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data on over 100 induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural organoids to study mechanisms underlying a rare pediatric condition (Dihydropyridine Dehydrogenase deficiency), identifying the possible involvement of ciliopathy and impaired translational control in the etiology of the disorder.

ConclusionWe propose a new approach to bulk gene expression deconvolution which estimates the cell type proportions and cell type signatures simultaneously and is robust to commonly seen mismatches between reference and true cell type signatures. Application of our method lead to novel findings about mechanisms of a rare pediatric condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchonville, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Robust Bayesian Approach to Bulk Gene Expression Deconvolution withNoisy Reference Signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highlight Results, Don't Hide Them: Enhance interpretation, reduce biases and improve reproducibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most neuroimaging studies display results that represent only a tiny fraction of the collected data. While it is conventional to present "only the significant results" to the reader, here we suggest that this practice has several negative consequences for both reproducibility and understanding. This practice hides away most of the results of the dataset and leads to problems of selection bias and irreproducibility, both of which have been recognized as major issues in neuroimaging studies recently. Opaque, all-or-nothing thresholding, even if well-intentioned, places undue influence on arbitrary filter values, hinders clear communication of scientific results, wastes data, is antithetical to good scientific practice, and leads to conceptual inconsistencies. It is also inconsistent with the properties of the acquired data and the underlying biology being studied. Instead of presenting only a few statistically significant locations and hiding away the remaining results, we propose that studies should "highlight" the former while also showing as much as possible of the rest. This is distinct from but complementary to utilizing data sharing repositories: the initial presentation of results has an enormous impact on the interpretation of a study. We present practical examples for voxelwise, regionwise and cross-study analyses using publicly available data that was analyzed previously by 70 teams (NARPS; Botvinik-Nezer, et al., 2020), showing that it is possible to balance the goals of displaying a full set of results with providing the reader reasonably concise and "digestible" findings. In particular, the highlighting approach sheds useful light on the kind of variability present among the NARPS teams results, which is primarily a varied strength of agreement rather than disagreement. Using a meta-analysis built on the informative "highlighting" approach shows this relative agreement, while one using the standard "hiding" approach does not. We describe how this simple but powerful change in practice---focusing on highlighting results, rather than hiding all but the strongest ones---can help address many large concerns within the field, or at least to provide more complete information about them. We include a list of practical suggestions for results reporting to improve reproducibility, cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses.

HighlightsO_LIMost studies do not present all results of their analysis, hiding subthreshold ones.
C_LIO_LIHiding results negatively affects the interpretation and understanding of the study.
C_LIO_LINeuroimagers should present all results of their study, highlighting key ones.
C_LIO_LIUsing the public NARPS data, we show several benefits of the "highlighting" approach.
C_LIO_LIThe highlighting approach improves individual studies and meta-analyses.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handwerker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandettini, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highlight Results, Don't Hide Them: Enhance interpretation, reduce biases and improve reproducibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neuropsychiatric Disorder Subtypes and Subtype-dependent Variation in Diagnostic Deep Learning Classifier Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinicians and developers of deep learning-based neuroimaging clinical decision support systems (CDSS) need to know whether those systems will perform well for specific individuals. However, relatively few methods provide this capability. Identifying neuropsychiatric disorder subtypes for which CDSS may have varying performance could offer a solution. Dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) is often used to study disorders and develop neuroimaging classifiers. Unfortunately, few studies have identified neurological disorder subtypes using dFNC. In this study, we present a novel approach with which we identify 4 states of dFNC activity and 4 schizophrenia subtypes based on their time spent in each state. We also show how the performance of an explainable diagnostic deep learning classifier is subtype-dependent. We lastly examine how the dFNC features used by the classifier vary across subtypes. Our study provides a novel approach for subtyping disorders that (1) has implications for future scientific studies and (2) could lead to more reliable CDSS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neuropsychiatric Disorder Subtypes and Subtype-dependent Variation in Diagnostic Deep Learning Classifier Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different genetic architectures of complex traits and their relevance to polygenic score performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the many insights gleaned from GWAS, polygenic predictions of complex traits have had limited success, particularly when these predictions are applied to individuals of non-European descent. A deeper understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits may inform why some traits are easier to predict than others.

MethodsExamining 163 complex traits from the UK Biobank, we compared and contrasted three aspects of genetic architecture (SNP heritability, LD variability, and genomic inequality) with three aspects of polygenic score performance (prediction accuracy in the source population, portability across populations, and trait divergence across populations). Here, genomic inequality refers to how unequally the genetic variance of each trait is distributed across the top trait-associated SNPs, as quantified via a novel application of Gini coefficients.

ResultsConsistent with reduced statistical power, polygenic predictions of binary traits performed worse than predictions of quantitative traits. Traits with low Gini coefficients (i.e., highly polygenic architectures) include hip circumference as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Traits with large population-level differences in polygenic scores include skin pigmentation and hair color. Focusing on 96 quantitative traits, we found that highly heritable traits were easier to predict and had predictions that were more portable to other ancestries. Traits with highly divergent polygenic score distributions across populations were less likely to have portable predictions. Intriguingly, LD variability was largely uninformative regarding the portability of polygenic predictions. This suggests that factors other than the differential tagging of causal SNPs drive the reduction in polygenic score accuracy across populations. Subsequent analyses identified suites of traits with similar genetic architecture and polygenic score performance profiles. Importantly, lifestyle and psychological traits tended to have low heritability, as well as poor predictability and portability.

ConclusionsNovel metrics capture different aspects of trait-specific genetic architectures and polygenic score performance. Our findings also caution against the application of polygenic scores to traits like general happiness, alcohol frequency, and average income, especially when polygenic scores are applied to individuals who have an ancestry that differs from the original source population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, N. R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different genetic architectures of complex traits and their relevance to polygenic score performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Library Transgenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans via Transgenic Arrays Resulting in Diversity of Integrated Sequences (TARDIS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput transgenesis using synthetic DNA libraries is a powerful method for systematically exploring genetic function. Diverse synthesized libraries have been used for protein engineering, identification of protein-protein interactions, characterization of promoter libraries, developmental and evolutionary lineage tracking, and various other exploratory assays. However, the need for library transgenesis has effectively restricted these approaches to single-cell models. Here we present Transgenic Arrays Resulting in Diversity of Integrated Sequences (TARDIS), a simple yet powerful approach to large-scale transgenesis that overcomes typical limitations encountered in multicellular systems. TARDIS splits the transgenesis process into a two-step process: creation of individuals carrying experimentally introduced sequence libraries, followed by inducible extraction and integration of individual sequences/library components from the larger library cassette into engineered genomic sites. Thus, transformation of a single individual, followed by lineage expansion and functional transgenesis, gives rise to thousands of genetically unique transgenic individuals. We demonstrate the power of this system using engineered, split selectable TARDIS sites in Caenorhabditis elegans to generate (1) a large set of individually barcoded lineages and (2) transcriptional reporter lines from pre-defined promoter libraries. We find that this approach increases transformation yields up to approximately 1000-fold over current single-step methods. While we demonstrate the utility of TARDIS using C. elegans, in principle the process is adaptable to any system where experimentally generated genomic loci landing pads and diverse, heritable DNA elements can be generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerdyk-Schauwecker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banse, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.30.514301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Library Transgenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans via Transgenic Arrays Resulting in Diversity of Integrated Sequences (TARDIS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-mediated double-strand break repair in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are challenging lesions to repair. Human cells employ at least three DSB repair mechanisms, with a preference for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) over homologous recombination (HR) and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ)1,2. In contrast to HR, NHEJ and MMEJ do not utilize a DNA template molecule to recover damaged and/or lost nucleotides2. NHEJ directly ligates broken DNA ends, while MMEJ exploits the alignment of short microhomologies on the DSB sides and is associated with deletions of the sequence between the microhomologies3,4. It is unknown whether and to what extent a transcript RNA has a direct role in DSB-repair mechanisms in mammalian cells. Here, we show that both coding and non-coding transcript RNA facilitates DSB repair in a sequence-specific manner in human cells. Depending on its sequence complementarity with the broken DNA ends, the transcript RNA could promote the repair of a DSB or gap in its DNA gene via NHEJ or MMEJ, or mediate RNA-templated repair. The transcript RNA influences DSB repair by NHEJ and MMEJ even when the transcription level is low. The results demonstrate an unexpected role of transcript RNA in directing the way DSBs are repaired in human cells and maintaining genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channagiri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pursell, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-mediated double-strand break repair in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Model of High-Speed Endovascular Sonothrombolysis with Vortex Ultrasound-Induced Shear Stress to Treat Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This research aims to demonstrate a novel vortex ultrasound enabled endovascular thrombolysis method designed for treating cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). This is a topic of significant importance since current treatment modalities for CVST still fail in as many as 20-40% of the cases and the incidence of CVST has increased since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with conventional anticoagulant or thrombolytic drugs, sonothrombolysis has the potential to remarkably shorten the required treatment time owing to the direct clot targeting with acoustic waves. However, previously reported strategies for sonothrombolysis have not demonstrated clinically meaningful outcomes (e.g., recanalization within 30 minutes) in treating large, completely occluded veins or arteries. In this paper, we demonstrated a new vortex ultrasound technique for endovascular sonothrombolysis utilizing wave-matter interaction-induced shear stress to enhance the lytic rate substantially. Our in vitro experiment showed that the lytic rate was increased by at least 64.3 % compared with the nonvortex endovascular ultrasound treatment. A 3.1 g, 7.5 cm long, completely occluded in vitro 3D model of acute CVST was fully recanalized within 8 minutes with a record-high lytic rate of 237.5 mg/min for acute bovine clot in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that the vortex ultrasound causes no vessel wall damage over ex vivo bovine veins. This vortex ultrasound thrombolysis technique potentially presents a new life-saving tool for severe CVST cases that cannot be efficaciously treated using existing therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayton, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Model of High-Speed Endovascular Sonothrombolysis with Vortex Ultrasound-Induced Shear Stress to Treat Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial and Viral Genome and Proteome Nitrogen Demand Varies Across Multiple Spatial Scales Within a Marine Oxygen Minimum Zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient availability can significantly influence microbial genomic and proteomic streamlining, for example by selecting for lower nitrogen to carbon ratios. Oligotrophic open ocean microbes have streamlined genomic nitrogen requirements relative to their counterparts in nutrient-rich coastal waters. However, steep gradients in nutrient availability occur at meter- and even micron-level spatial scales. It is unclear if such gradients also structure genomic and proteomic stoichiometry. Focusing on the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), we use comparative metagenomics to examine how nitrogen availability shapes microbial and viral genome properties along the vertical gradient across the OMZ and between two size fractions distinguishing free-living versus particle-associated microbes. We find a substantial increase in nitrogen content of encoded proteins in particle-associated over free-living bacteria and archaea across nitrogen availability regimes over depth. Within each size-fraction, we find that bacterial and viral genomic nitrogen tends to increase with increasing nitrate concentrations with depth. In contrast to cellular genes, the nitrogen content of virus proteins does not differ between size fractions. We identified arginine as a key amino acid in modulating the C:N ratio of core genes for bacteria, archaea, and viruses. Functional analysis reveals that particle-associated bacterial metagenomes are enriched for genes involved in arginine metabolism and organic nitrogen compound catabolism. Our results are consistent with nitrogen streamlining in both cellular and viral genomes on spatial scales of meters to microns. These effects are similar in magnitude to those previously reported across scales of thousands of kilometers.

IMPORTANCEThe genomes of marine microbes can be shaped by nutrient cycles, with ocean-scale gradients in nitrogen availability known to influence microbial amino acid usage. It is unclear, however, how genomic properties are shaped by nutrient changes over much smaller spatial scales, for example along the vertical transition into oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) or from the exterior to interior of detrital particles. Here, we measure protein nitrogen usage by marine bacteria, archaea, and viruses using metagenomes from the nitracline of the eastern tropical North Pacific OMZ including both particle-associated and non-associated biomass. Our results show higher genomic and proteomic nitrogen content in particle-associated microbes and at depths with higher nitrogen availability for cellular and viral genomes. This discovery suggests that stoichiometry influences microbial and viral evolution across multiple scales, including the micro- to millimeter scale associated with particle-associated versus free-living lifestyles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bristow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thamdrup, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial and Viral Genome and Proteome Nitrogen Demand Varies Across Multiple Spatial Scales Within a Marine Oxygen Minimum Zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit-specific selective vulnerability in the DMN persists in the face of widespread amyloid burden. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between brainwide functional decline and accumulation of pathological protein aggregates in Alzheimers disease (AD) is complex and not well understood. A set of highly interconnected cortical regions known as the default mode network (DMN) exhibits selective vulnerability to both functional decline and amyloid beta (A{beta}) plaques in early AD. One possibility is that early A{beta} accumulation in the DMN drives vulnerability. However, it is unknown whether there is something intrinsic to neuronal projections within the DMN that biases these circuits towards dysfunction. Here we directly test this hypothesis using long-term recordings of the spiking activity of ensembles of single units in freely behaving mice characterized by global cortical and hippocampal A{beta} burden (APP/PS1). Specifically, we track the interactions of a population of neurons within a DMN region and two additional populations that comprise monosynaptic targets, one within and the other outside the DMN. In addition, we record single neurons in hippocampus and examine interactions between the in-DMN and out-DMN cortical circuits triggered on hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, stereotyped hippocampal events that contribute to memory consolidation in the cortex. We examine the statistics of local activity as well as inter-regional communication in a region, genotype, and brain-state dependent manner. Our data reveal dysfunction restricted to the in-DMN projecting circuit. In contrast, communication along neuronal projections that originate in the DMN but target an out-DMN population is equivalent in APP/PS1 and WT mice. Circuit dysfunction is most evident throughout sleep, and particularly disrupted within sharp-wave ripples. Summarily, our results indicate that, even in the face of transgene overexpression and widespread A{beta}, there is distinct intrinsic and selective vulnerability. This vulnerability to amyloidosis is circuit-specific and conditioned on target, and neither source nor amyloid burden. These data raise the possibility that neuronal function in the DMN is not universally vulnerable; DMN subnetworks whose interactions involve targets outside the DMN may be resilient to A{beta}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunwasser, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitesell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit-specific selective vulnerability in the DMN persists in the face of widespread amyloid burden.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular gene interactions drive modular pan-genome evolution in bacteria. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depending on the scale of observation, bacterial genomes are both organized and fluid. While individual bacterial genomes show signatures of organization (e.g., operons), pan-genomes reveal genome fluidity, both in terms of gene content and order (synteny). Here we ask how mutational forces (including recombination and horizontal gene transfer) combine with selection and gene interactions to shape genome organization and variation both within and across strains. We first build an evolutionary simulation model to assess the impact of gene interactions on pan-genome structure. A neutral evolutionary model can produce transient co-segregation of initially linked genes but is vulnerable on longer time-scales to perturbing mutational events. In contrast, incorporation of modular gene fitness interactions can produce sustainable clusters of linked and co-segregating genes, with the network of co-segregation recapitulating the defined simulation  ground-truth network of gene interactions. To test our model predictions, we exploit the increasing number of closed genomes in model species to define gene co-segregation networks in the pan-genomes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using these highly curated pan-genomes, we identify modular clusters of physically linked and co-segregating genes and show that the resulting co-segregation networks map onto underlying gene-regulatory and metabolic gene interaction networks. The results imply that co-segregation networks can contribute to accessory genome annotation, and more generally that gene interactions are the primary force shaping genome structure and operon evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular gene interactions drive modular pan-genome evolution in bacteria.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Lesion Progression in a Chronic Model of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations through Combined MRI and Histology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), also known as cavernous angiomas, are blood vessel abnormalities comprised of clusters of grossly enlarged and hemorrhage-prone capillaries. The prevalence in the general population, including asymptomatic cases, is estimated to be 0.5%. Some patients develop severe symptoms, including seizures and focal neurologic deficits, while others have no symptoms. The causes of this remarkable presentation heterogeneity within a primarily monogenic disease remain poorly understood. To address this problem, we have established a chronic mouse model of CCM, induced by postnatal ablation of Krit1 with Pdgfb-CreERT. These mice develop CCM lesions gradually over 4-6 months of age throughout of the brain. We examined lesion progression in these mice with T2-weighted 7T MRI protocols. Precise volumetric analysis of individual lesions revealed non-monotonous behavior, with some lesions temporarily growing smaller. However, the cumulative lesional volume invariably increased over time and accelerated after about 3 months. Next, we established a modified protocol for dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR imaging and produced quantitative maps of gadolinium tracer MultiHance in the lesions, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity in lesional permeability. Multivariate comparisons of MRI properties of the lesions with cellular markers for endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia revealed that increased cell density surrounding lesions correlates with stability, while increased vasculature within and surrounding lesions may correlate with instability. Our results lay a foundation for better understanding individual lesion properties and provide a comprehensive pre-clinical platform for testing new drug and gene therapies for controlling CCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharifi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulutas, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalani, M. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tvrdik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Lesion Progression in a Chronic Model of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations through Combined MRI and Histology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.517999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural characterization of a viral RNA and G-protein containing, membranous organelle formed in respiratory syncytial virus infected cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.517999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal statementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript because since deposition of this preprint, they have become aware of the possibility that the findings reported may be an artefact. Carter et al. (J Struct Biol 2018 Jan;201(1):15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.10.009) have reported that multilamellar bodies exhibit autofluorescence under cryogenic conditions. Thus, there is a possibility that stress induced by virus infection may stimulate formation of the features reported in this article, and autofluorescence, rather than specific labelling led them to identify the puncta as compartments containing RSV proteins or genomes. They are working to address these issues. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijayakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spink, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrow, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkiolaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutch, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.517999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural characterization of a viral RNA and G-protein containing, membranous organelle formed in respiratory syncytial virus infected cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Epitope-Transcriptomics Reveal Lung Stromaland Immune Cell Response Kinetics to Nanoparticle delivered RIG-I and TLR4 Agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung-resident and circulatory lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal cells, expressing various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), detect pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), and defend against respiratory pathogens and injuries. Here, we report the early responses of murine lungs to nanoparticle-delivered PAMPs, specifically the RIG-I agonist poly-U/UC (PUUC), with or without the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Using cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq), we characterized the responses at 4 and 24 hours after intranasal administration. Within 4 hours, ribosome-associated transcripts decreased in both stromal and immune cells, followed by widespread interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Using RNA velocity, we show that lung-neutrophils dynamically regulate the synthesis of cytokines like CXCL-10, IL-1, and IL-1{beta}. Co-delivery of MPLA and PUUC increased chemokine synthesis and upregulated antimicrobial binding proteins targeting iron, manganese, and zinc in many cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. Overall, our results elucidate the early PAMP-induced cellular responses in the lung and demonstrate that stimulation of the RIG-I pathway, with or without TLR4 agonists, induces a ubiquitous microbial defense state in lung stromal and immune cells. Nanoparticle-delivered combination PAMPs may have applications in intranasal antiviral and antimicrobial therapies and prophylaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keenum, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atalis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Epitope-Transcriptomics Reveal Lung Stromaland Immune Cell Response Kinetics to Nanoparticle delivered RIG-I and TLR4 Agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying eukaryotes in drinking water metagenomes and factors influencing their biogeography. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biogeography of eukaryotes in drinking water systems is poorly understood relative to prokaryotes or viruses. A common challenge with studying complex eukaryotic communities from natural and engineered systems is that the metagenomic analysis workflows are currently not as mature as those that focus on prokaryotes or even viruses. In this study, we benchmarked different strategies to recover eukaryotic sequences and genomes from metagenomic data and applied the best-performing workflow to explore eukaryotic communities present in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). We developed an ensemble approach that exploits k-mer and reference-based strategies to improve eukaryotic sequence identification from metagenomes and identified MetaBAT2 as the best performing binning approach for clustering of eukaryotic sequences. Applying this workflow on the DWDSs metagenomes showed that eukaryotic sequences typically constituted a small proportion (i.e., <1%) of the overall metagenomic data. Eukaryotic sequences showed higher relative abundances in surface water-fed and chlorine disinfected systems. Further, the alpha and beta-diversity of eukaryotes were correlated with prokaryotic and viral communities. Finally, a co-occurrence analysis highlighted clusters of eukaryotes whose presence and abundance in DWDSs is affected by disinfection strategies, climate conditions, and source water types.

SynopsisAfter benchmarking tools and developing a dedicated consensus workflow for eukaryotic sequence detection in metagenomes, the experimental, environmental, and engineering factors affecting their biogeography in drinking water distribution systems were investigated

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518372v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabrielli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delafont, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying eukaryotes in drinking water metagenomes and factors influencing their biogeography.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrastive learning of protein representations with graph neural networks for structural and functional annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although protein sequence data is growing at an ever-increasing rate, the protein universe is still sparsely annotated with functional and structural annotations. Computational approaches have become efficient solutions to infer annotations for unlabeled proteins by transferring knowledge from proteins with experimental annotations. Despite the increasing availability of protein structure data and the high coverage of high-quality predicted structures, e.g., by AlphaFold, many existing computational tools still only rely on sequence data to predict structural or functional annotations, including alignment algorithms such as BLAST and several sequence-based deep learning models. Here, we develop PenLight, a general deep learning framework for protein structural and functional annotations. PenLight uses a graph neural network (GNN) to integrate 3D protein structure data and protein language model representations. In addition, PenLight applies a contrastive learning strategy to train the GNN for learning protein representations that reflect similarities beyond sequence identity, such as semantic similarities in the function or structure space. We benchmarked PenLight on a structural classification task and a functional annotation task, where PenLight achieved higher prediction accuracy and coverage than state-of-the-art methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrastive learning of protein representations with graph neural networks for structural and functional annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical networks relating to arousal are differentially coupled to neural activity and hemodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even in the absence of specific sensory input or a behavioral task, the brain produces structured patterns of activity. This organized activity is modulated by changes in arousal. Here, we use wide-field voltage imaging to establish how arousal relates to cortical network voltage and hemodynamic activity in spontaneously behaving head-fixed male and female mice expressing the voltage-sensitive fluorescent FRET sensor Butterfly 1.2. We find that global voltage and hemodynamic signals are both positively correlated with changes in arousal with a maximum correlation of 0.5 and 0.25 respectively at a time lag of 0 seconds. We next show that arousal influences distinct cortical regions for both voltage and hemodynamic signals. These include a broad positive correlation across most sensory-motor cortices extending posteriorly to the primary visual cortex observed in both signals. In contrast, activity in prefrontal cortex is positively correlated to changes in arousal for the voltage signal while it is a slight net negative correlation observed in the hemodynamic signal. Additionally, we show that coherence between voltage and hemodynamic signals relative to arousal is strongest for slow frequencies below 0.15 Hz and is near zero for frequencies greater than 1Hz. We finally show that coupling patterns are dependent on the behavioral state of the animal with correlations being driven by periods of increased orofacial movement. Our results indicate that while hemodynamic signals show strong relations to behavior and arousal, these relations are distinct from those observed by voltage activity.

Significance StatementWe leverage wide-field voltage imaging to examine the relation between cortical changes in membrane potential dynamics and hemodynamics. These two signals are then examined with respect to changes in arousal, as measured by pupil diameter, in awake head fixed mice. Our results show similarities as well as important differences in the correlation of arousal with neuronal population activity dynamics and the hemodynamic signal. Further, the spatial activity correlation maps with arousal depended differentially on the behavioral state of the animal in a frequency dependent manner. Our results indicate that the modulation of brain networks by arousal is dynamically regulated, and only partly overlap between functional networks determined from hemodynamic or voltage activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Baese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissette, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Chatelier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical networks relating to arousal are differentially coupled to neural activity and hemodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated Regulation of Cdc42ep1, Actin, and Septin Filaments during Neural Crest Cell Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The septin cytoskeleton has been demonstrated to interact with other cytoskeletal components to regulate various cellular processes, including cell migration. However, the mechanisms of how septin regulates cell migration are not fully understood. In this study, we use the highly migratory neural crest cells of frog embryos to examine the role of septin filaments in cell migration. We found that septin filaments are required for proper migration of neural crest cells by controlling both the speed and the direction of cell migration. We further determined that septin filaments regulate these features of cell migration by interacting with actin stress fibers. In neural crest cells, septin filaments co-align with actin stress fibers, and the loss of septin filaments leads to impaired stability and contractility of actin stress fibers. In addition, we showed that a partial loss of septin filaments leads to drastic changes in the orientations of newly formed actin stress fibers, suggesting that septin filaments help maintain the persistent orientation of actin stress fibers during directed cell migration. Lastly, our study revealed that these activities of septin filaments depend on Cdc42ep1, which co-localizes with septin filaments in the center of neural crest cells. Cdc42ep1 interacts with septin filaments in a reciprocal manner, with septin filaments recruiting Cdc42ep1 to the cell center and Cdc42ep1 supporting the formation of septin filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hladyshau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated Regulation of Cdc42ep1, Actin, and Septin Filaments during Neural Crest Cell Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-occurrence and cooperation between comammox and anammox bacteria in a full-scale attached growth municipal wastewater treatment process. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperation between comammox and anammox bacteria for nitrogen removal has been recently reported in laboratory-scale systems including synthetic community construct; however, there are no reports of full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems with such cooperation. Here, we report intrinsic and extant kinetics as well as genome-resolved community characterization of a full-scale integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) system where comammox and anammox bacteria co-occur and appear to drive nitrogen loss. Intrinsic batch kinetic assays indicated that majority of the aerobic ammonia oxidation was driven by comammox bacteria (1.75 {+/-} 0.08 mg-N/g TS-h) in the attached growth phase with minimal contribution by ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Interestingly, a portion of total inorganic nitrogen ([~]8%) was consistently lost during these aerobic assays. Aerobic nitrite oxidation assays eliminated the possibility of denitrification as a cause of nitrogen loss, while anaerobic ammonia oxidation assays resulted in rates consistent with anammox stoichiometry. Full-scale experiments at different dissolved oxygen (DO = 2-6 mg/L) set points indicated persistent nitrogen loss that was partly sensitive to DO concentrations. Genome-resolved metagenomics confirmed high abundance (relative abundance 6.53 {+/-} 0.34%) of two Brocadia-like anammox populations while comammox bacteria within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster were lower in abundance (0.37% {+/-} 0.03%) and Nitrosomonas-like ammonia oxidizers even lower (0.12% {+/-} 0.02%). Collectively, our study reports for the first time the co-occurrence and co-operation of comammox and anammox bacteria in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment system.

SynopsisComammox and anammox cooperation resulted in dissolved oxygen concentration dependent nitrogen loss in municipal wastewater treatment system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilardi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-occurrence and cooperation between comammox and anammox bacteria in a full-scale attached growth municipal wastewater treatment process.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and Spectral Components of the BOLD Global Signal in Rat Resting-State Functional MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), the global signal average captures widespread fluctuations related to unwanted sources of variance such as motion and respiration, and has long been used as a regressor to reduce noise during data preprocessing. However, coherent neural activity in spatially-extended functional networks can also contribute to the global signal. The relative contributions of neural and non-neural sources to the global signal remain poorly understood. This study sought to tackle this problem through the comparison of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) global signal to an adjacent non-brain tissue signal from the same scan in rs-fMRI obtained from anesthetized rats. In this dataset motion was minimal and ventilation was phase-locked to image acquisition to minimize respiratory fluctuations. In addition to contrasting the spatial and spectral components of these two signals, we also observed these differences across the use of three different anesthetics: isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, and a combination of dexmedetomidine and light isoflurane. Here, we report differences in the spectral composition of the two signals as evaluated by a power spectral density (PSD) estimate and a fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) calculation. Additionally, we show spatial selectivity for specific brain structures that show an increased correlation to the global signal both statically and dynamically, through Pearsons correlation and co-activation pattern analysis, respectively. All of the observed differences between the BOLD global signal and the adjacent non-brain tissue signal were maintained across all three anesthetic conditions, showing that the global signal is distinct from the noise contained in the tissue signal. This study provides a unique perspective to the contents of the global signal and their origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anumba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltbie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and Spectral Components of the BOLD Global Signal in Rat Resting-State Functional MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One prominent feature of the infraslow BOLD signal during rest or task is quasi-periodic spatiotemporal pattern (QPP) of signal changes that involves an alternation of activity in key functional networks and propagation of activity across brain areas, and that is known to tie to the infraslow neural activity involved in attention and arousal fluctuations. This ongoing whole-brain pattern of activity might potentially modify the response to incoming stimuli or be modified itself by the induced neural activity. To investigate this, we presented checkerboard sequences flashing at 6Hz to subjects. This is a salient visual stimulus that is known to produce a strong response in visual processing regions. Two different visual stimulation sequences were employed, a systematic stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus appeared every 20.3 secs and a random stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus occurred randomly every 14~62.3 secs. Three central observations emerged. First, the two different stimulation conditions affect the QPP waveform in different aspects, i.e., systematic stimulation has greater effects on its phase and random stimulation has greater effects on its magnitude. Second, the QPP was more frequent in the systematic condition with significantly shorter intervals between consecutive QPPs compared to the random condition. Third, the BOLD signal response to the visual stimulus across both conditions was swamped by the QPP at the stimulus onset. These results provide novel insights into the relationship between intrinsic patterns and stimulated brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeburger, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Model for Self-Limiting β-strand Arrangement Within an Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Oligomer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous reports revealed that sodium dodecyl sulfate near its critical micelle concentration can drive the assembly of A{beta}42 along an oligomeric pathway. This pathway produces a 150 kDa peptide oligomer (approximately 32 peptide molecules or protomers) that does not aggregate further into amyloid fibrils. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed structural features distinguishing the 150 kDa oligomer from fibrils. A puzzling feature was the coexistence of parallel and antiparallel {beta}-sheets within the oligomer structure. Here we present new atomic-level structural constraints obtained via solid-state NMR spectroscopy, benefitting from improved resolution via sample concentration by ultracentrifugation. In addition, two-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction revealed a 4-fold symmetric shape. We propose a structural model to rationalize the solid-sate NMR- and cryo-EM-derived structural constraints. This model has a hollow square cylinder shape, with antiparallel {beta}-sheets formed by residues 33-39 lining the inner walls and parallel {beta}-sheets formed by residues 11-22 lining the outer walls. Within successive layers, the outer {beta}-strands on each side of the square cylinder alternate between two forms: one within a U-shaped protomer and another within L-shaped protomer. Molecular dynamics simulations show that, when the oligomer model is embedded in a lipid membrane, ions permeate through the central pore, with cation selectivity. The model further motivates an assembly pathway-based interpretation that may explain why the 150 kDa oligomer does not undergo further aggregation into amyloid fibrils.

Significance StatementA{beta} oligomers are thought to be the most toxic species in Alzheimers disease. Their sizes range from 2 to [~]50 protomers. Most published experimental data on A{beta} oligomers indicate that they, like fibrils, are composed of {beta}-sheets, but it is a mystery why any {beta}-sheet aggregate would exist as a stable oligomer without undergoing further aggregation into fibrils. Here, structural constraints from solid-state NMR and cryo-EM led us to an oligomer model with a hollow square cylinder shape capable of conducting ions when embedded in a lipid membrane. Based on the model, we argue that geometric frustration may distinguish the assembly pathway that produces this oligomer from fibril-forming assembly pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watzlawik, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roband, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberry, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Model for Self-Limiting β-strand Arrangement Within an Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Oligomer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using light for energy: examining the evolution of phototrophic metabolism via synthetic construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of phototrophy was pivotal in increasing the size and scale of the biosphere, as it allowed organisms to utilize light-driven energy transport to drive biological processes. Retinalophototrophy, one of two independently evolved phototrophic pathways, consists of a simple system of microbial rhodopsins which have spread broadly through the tree of life via horizontal gene transfer. Here, we sought to determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a heterotrophic fungus with no known evolutionary history of phototrophy, can function as a facultative artificial phototroph after acquiring a single rhodopsin gene. We transformed S. cerevisiae into a facultative phototroph by inserting a rhodopsin protein from Ustilago maydis into the yeast vacuole, allowing light to pump protons into the vacuolar compartment, a function typically driven by consuming ATP. We show that yeast with rhodopsins gain a selective advantage when grown under green light, growing more rapidly than their non-phototrophic ancestor or rhodopsin-bearing yeast cultured in the dark. These results underscore the remarkable ease with which rhodopsins may be horizontally transferred even in eukaryotes, providing novel biological function without first requiring evolutionary optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using light for energy: examining the evolution of phototrophic metabolism via synthetic construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
13C ENDOR Spectroscopy-Guided MD Computations Reveals the Structure of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex of an Active, N-linked Glycosylated Lipoxygenase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are enzymes responsible for producing important cell signaling mediators and have been extensively studied for their potential clinical relevance as well as to advance our understanding of enzyme catalysis. The common inability to capture and characterize LOX-substrate complexes by Xray co-crystallography requires the development of alternative structural methods. We previously reported the integration of 13C/1H electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) to visualize the complex structure of the paradigmatic LOX from soybean, SLO, with substrate linoleic acid (LA). However, this required substitution of the catalytic mononuclear, nonheme iron by the structurally faithful, yet inactive Mn2+ ion as a spin-probe. Unlike canonical Fe-LOXs from plants and animals, LOXs from pathogenic fungi contain active mononuclear manganese metallocentres. Here, we report the ground-state active-site structure of the native, fully glycosylated fungal LOX from M. oryzae, MoLOX complexed with LA obtained through the 13C/1H ENDOR-guided MD approach. The Mn-oxygen-to-LA donor carbon distance (DAD) for MoLOX-LA, 3.4 {+/-} 0.3 [A], matches the distance in the single representative X-ray co-structure of an animal 8R-LOX with its natural fatty acid substrate, and slightly elongated from that of the SLO-LA complex, 3.1 {+/-} 0.2 [A], despite its  carboxylate-out substrate binding orientation versus  carboxylate-in for SLO. The results provide unique insight into the evolutionary divergence of the ground-state DAD in the LOX family, which influences the activation barrier for hydrogen tunneling, and give a structural basis for guiding development of MoLOX inhibitors. The work highlights the robustness of ENDOR-guided MD approach to describe LOX-substrate structures that elude conventional X-ray techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[13C ENDOR Spectroscopy-Guided MD Computations Reveals the Structure of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex of an Active, N-linked Glycosylated Lipoxygenase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task learning is subserved by a domain-general brain network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most important human faculties is the ability to acquire not just new memories but the capacity to perform entirely new tasks. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms underlying the learning of novel tasks. Specifically, it is unclear to what extent learning of different tasks depends on domain-general and/or domain-specific brain mechanisms. Here human subjects (N=45) learned to perform six new tasks while undergoing functional MRI. The different tasks required the engagement of perceptual, motor, and various cognitive processes (attention, expectation, speed-accuracy tradeoff, and metacognition). We found that a bilateral frontoparietal network was more active during the initial compared to the later stages of task learning, and that this effect was stronger for task variants requiring more new learning. Critically, the same frontoparietal network was engaged by all six tasks, demonstrating its domain generality. Finally, although task learning decreased the overall activity in the frontoparietal network, it increased the connectivity strength between the different nodes of that network. These results demonstrate the existence of a domain-general brain network whose activity and connectivity reflect learning for a wide variety of new tasks, and thus may underlie the human capacity for acquiring new abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task learning is subserved by a domain-general brain network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational restriction shapes inhibition of a multidrug efflux adaptor protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane efflux pumps play a major role in bacterial multidrug resistance. The tripartite multidrug efflux pump system from Escherichia coli, AcrAB-TolC, is a target for inhibition to lessen resistance development and restore antibiotic efficacy, with homologs in other ESKAPE pathogens. Here, we rationalize a mechanism of inhibition against the periplasmic adaptor protein, AcrA, using a combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, cellular efflux assays, and molecular dynamics simulations. We define the structural dynamics of AcrA and find that an inhibitor can inflict long-range stabilisation across all four of its domains, whereas an interacting efflux substrate has minimal effect. Our results support a model where an inhibitor forms a molecular wedge within a cleft between the lipoyl and {beta} domains of AcrA, diminishing its conformational transmission of drug-evoked signals from AcrB to TolC. This work provides molecular insights into multidrug adaptor protein function which could be valuable for developing antimicrobial therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Lewis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moniruzzaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, L. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobott, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschmid, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zgurskaya, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reading, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational restriction shapes inhibition of a multidrug efflux adaptor protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropsychiatric Disorder Subtyping Via Clustered Deep Learning Classifier Explanations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying subtypes of neuropsychiatric disorders based on characteristics of their brain activity has tremendous potential to contribute to a better understanding of those disorders and to the development of new diagnostic and personalized treatment approaches. Many studies focused on neuropsychiatric disorders examine the interaction of brain networks over time using dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Some of these studies involve the use of either deep learning classifiers or traditional clustering approaches, but usually not both. In this study, we present a novel approach for subtyping individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders within the context of schizophrenia (SZ). We train an explainable deep learning classifier to differentiate between dFNC data from individuals with SZ and controls, obtaining a test accuracy of 79%. We next make use of cross-validation to obtain robust average explanations for SZ training participants across folds, identifying 5 SZ subtypes that each differ from controls in a distinct manner and that have different degrees of symptom severity. These subtypes specifically differ from one another in their interaction between the visual network and the subcortical, sensorimotor, and auditory networks and between the cerebellar network and the cognitive control and subcortical networks. Additionally, there are statistically significant differences in negative symptom scores between the subtypes. It is our hope that the proposed novel subtyping approach will contribute to the improved understanding and characterization of SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropsychiatric Disorder Subtyping Via Clustered Deep Learning Classifier Explanations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biologically-informed deep neural networks provide quantitative assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity in post-treatment glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral heterogeneity poses a significant challenge to the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). This heterogeneity is further exacerbated during GBM recurrence, as treatment-induced reactive changes produce additional intratumoral heterogeneity that is ambiguous to differentiate on clinical imaging. There is an urgent need to develop non-invasive approaches to map the heterogeneous landscape of histopathological alterations throughout the entire lesion for each patient. We propose to predictively fuse Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with the underlying intratumoral heterogeneity in recurrent GBM using machine learning (ML) by leveraging image-localized biopsies with their associated locoregional MRI features. To this end, we develop BioNet, a biologically-informed neural network model, to predict regional distributions of three tissue-specific gene modules: proliferating tumor, reactive/inflammatory cells, and infiltrated brain tissue. BioNet offers valuable insights into the integration of multiple implicit and qualitative biological domain knowledge, which are challenging to describe in mathematical formulations. BioNet performs significantly better than a range of existing methods on cross-validation and blind test datasets. Voxel-level prediction maps of the gene modules by BioNet help reveal intratumoral heterogeneity, which can improve surgical targeting of confirmatory biopsies and evaluation of neuro-oncological treatment effectiveness. The non-invasive nature of the approach can potentially facilitate regular monitoring of the gene modules over time, and making timely therapeutic adjustment. These results also highlight the emerging role of ML in precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argenziano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Save, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petridis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biologically-informed deep neural networks provide quantitative assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity in post-treatment glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural damping renders the insect exoskeleton mechanically insensitive to non-sinusoidal deformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscles act through elastic and dissipative elements to mediate movement, but these elements can introduce dissipation and filtering which are important for energetics and control. The high power requirements of flapping flight can be reduced by the insects exoskeleton, which acts as a structurally damped spring under purely sinusoidal deformation. However, this purely sinusoidal dynamic regime does not encompass the asymmetric wing strokes of many insects or non-periodic deformations induced by external perturbations. As such, it remains unknown whether a structural damping model applies broadly and what implications it has for control. We used a vibration testing system to measure the mechanical properties of isolated Manduca sexta thoraces under symmetric, asymmetric, and band-limited white noise deformations. We measured a thoracic stiffness of 2980 Nm-1 at 25 Hz and physiological peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.92 mm. Power savings and dissipation were indistinguishable between symmetric and asymmetric conditions, demonstrating that no additional energy is required to deform the thorax non-sinusoidally. Under white noise conditions, stiffness and damping were invariant with frequency, which is consistent with a structural damping model and suggests the thorax has no frequency-dependent filtering properties. A simple flat frequency response function fits our measured frequency response. This work demonstrates the potential of structurally damped materials to simplify motor control by eliminating any velocity-dependent filtering that viscoelastic elements usually impose between muscle and appendage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural damping renders the insect exoskeleton mechanically insensitive to non-sinusoidal deformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dcSBM: A federated constrained source-based morphometry approach for multivariate brain structure mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The examination of multivariate brain morphometry patterns has gained attention in recent years, especially for their powerful exploratory capabilities in the study of differences between patients and controls. Among many existing methods and tools for analysis of brain anatomy based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data, data-driven source based morphometry (SBM) focuses on the exploratory detection of such patterns. Constrained source-based morphometry (constrained SBM) is a widely used semi-blind extension of SBM that enables extracting maximally independent reference-alike sources using the constrained independent component analysis (ICA) approach. In order to operate, constrained SBM needs the data to be locally accessible. However, there exist many reasons (e.g., the concerns of revealing identifiable rare disease information, or violating strict IRB policies) that may preclude access to data from different sites. In this scenario, constrained SBM fails to leverage the benefits of decentralized data. To mitigate this problem, we present a novel approach: decentralized constrained source-based morphometry (dcSBM). In dcSBM, the original data never leaves the local site. Each site operates constrained ICA on their private local data while using a common distributed computation platform. Then, an aggregator/master node aggregates the results estimated from each local site and applies statistical analysis to find out the significant sources. In our approach, we first use UK Biobank sMRI data to investigate the reliability of our dcSBM algorithm. Finally, we utilize two additional multi-site patient datasets to validate our model by comparing the resulting group difference estimates from both centralized and decentralized constrained SBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dcSBM: A federated constrained source-based morphometry approach for multivariate brain structure mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tail wags the dog is unsupported by biomechanical Modeling of Canidae Tails Use during Terrestrial Motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dogs and other members of Canidae utilize their tails for different purposes, including agile movements, such as running and jumping. In this study, we utilized motion capture biomechanical data of a border collie executing an agile rotational jump maneuver. This data created a 17-segment biomechanical model of the border collies (Canis familiaris) limb movement during agile jumps. This model was verified by comparing it to the biomechanical movement and fitting the dogs agile task with an RMSE less than 2.5%. Using this joint model, we held specific segments constant to view their inertial impact on the dog during the aerial phase of jumping. Results suggest that the tail, hind limbs, and fore limb provides little to no inertial advantage during these rotational jump maneuvers. The tail of dogs likely does have a minimal impact on inertia, the opposite of animals like the gecko. This work could alleviate unknown biomechanical use of the tails to understand the behavioral biomechanics of lesser-known species in their ability to use their tail for rapid and taxing behaviors, including sprinting or climbing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rottier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohnel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jusufi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tail wags the dog is unsupported by biomechanical Modeling of Canidae Tails Use during Terrestrial Motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.520434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Reveals Lipidome Remodeling Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.520434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers affecting the female reproductive system. It may present little or no symptoms at the early stages, and typically unspecific symptoms at later stages. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the subtype responsible for most ovarian cancer deaths. However, very little is known about the metabolic course of this disease, particularly in its early stages. In this longitudinal study, we examined the temporal course of serum lipidome changes using a robust HGSC mouse model and machine learning data analysis. Early progression of HGSC was marked by increased levels of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. In contrast, later stages featured more diverse lipids alterations, including fatty acids and their derivatives, triglycerides, ceramides, hexosylceramides, sphingomyelins, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylinositols. These alterations underscored unique perturbations in cell membrane stability, proliferation, and survival during cancer development and progression, offering potential targets for early detection and prognosis of human ovarian cancer.

TeaserTime-resolved lipidome remodeling in an ovarian cancer model is studied through lipidomics and machine learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bifarin, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzuk, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.520434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Reveals Lipidome Remodeling Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Convolutional Autoencoder-based Explainable Clustering Approach for Resting-State EEG Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning methods have frequently been applied to electroencephalography (EEG) data. However, while supervised EEG classification is well-developed, relatively few studies have clustered EEG, which is problematic given the potential for clustering EEG to identify novel subtypes or patterns of dynamics that could improve our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders. There are established methods for clustering EEG using manually extracted features that reduce the richness of the feature space for clustering, but only a couple studies have sought to use deep learning-based approaches with automated feature learning to cluster EEG. Those studies involve separately training an autoencoder and then performing clustering on the extracted features, and the separation of those steps can lead to poor quality clustering. In this study, we propose an explainable convolutional autoencoder-based approach that combines model training with clustering to yield high quality clusters. We apply the approach within the context of schizophrenia (SZ), identifying 8 EEG states characterized by varying levels of {delta} activity. We also find that individuals who spend more time outside of the dominant state tend to have increased negative symptom severity. Our approach represents a significant step forward for clustering resting-state EEG data and has the potential to lead to novel findings across a variety of neurological and neuropsychological disorders in future years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Convolutional Autoencoder-based Explainable Clustering Approach for Resting-State EEG Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-dependent IL-12 signaling in CAR T cells promotes regional to systemic disease targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapeutic responses are hampered by limited T cell trafficking, persistence, and durable anti-tumor activity in solid tumor microenvironments. However, these challenges can be largely overcome by relatively unconstrained synthetic engineering strategies, which are being harnessed to improve solid tumor CAR T cell therapies. Here, we describe fully optimized CAR T cells targeting tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG72) for the treatment of solid tumors, identifying the CD28 transmembrane domain upstream of the 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain as a driver of potent anti-tumor activity and IFN{gamma} secretion. These findings have culminated into a phase 1 trial evaluating safety, feasibility, and bioactivity of TAG72-CAR T cells for the treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer (NCT05225363). Preclinically, we found that CAR T cell-mediated IFN{gamma} production facilitated by IL-12 signaling was required for tumor cell killing, which was recapitulated by expressing an optimized membrane-bound IL-12 (mbIL12) molecule on CAR T cells. Critically, mbIL12 cell surface expression and downstream signaling was induced and sustained only following CAR T cell activation. CAR T cells with mbIL12 demonstrated improved antigen-dependent T cell proliferation and potent cytotoxicity in recursive tumor cell killing assays in vitro and showed robust in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in human xenograft models of ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis. Further, locoregional administration of TAG72-CAR T cells with antigen-dependent IL-12 signaling promoted durable anti-tumor responses against both regional and systemic disease in mice and was associated with improved systemic T cell persistence. Our study features a clinically-applicable strategy to improve the overall efficacy of locoregionally-delivered CAR T cells engineered with antigen-dependent immune-modulating cytokines in targeting both regional and systemic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhapola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishihara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-dependent IL-12 signaling in CAR T cells promotes regional to systemic disease targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native Triboelectric Nanogenerator Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry of Egg Proteins Relevant to Objects of Cultural Heritage at Picoliter and Nanomolar Quantities. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has found widespread success in measuring native-like protein structures in the gas-phase and, when combined with ion mobility (IM), is capable of measuring protein collision cross sections (CCS) and stabilities. These methods are well validated, but often rely on samples that are abundantly available through repeated recombinant protein expression. For ultra-precious and irreplaceable samples from cultural heritage objects, protein content can be far below the micromolar and microliter levels required for robust protein experiments, a major hurdle in characterizing protein higher order structure and degradation mechanisms. Combining triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and IM-MS enables measuring protein size and stability rapidly from ultra-small sample quantities. Here, TENG IM-MS is implemented with standard and sub-micron emitters to characterize proteins relevant to cultural heritage objects, and demonstrates native structures can be obtained even at nanomolar concentrations and picoliter quantities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popowich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arslanoglu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native Triboelectric Nanogenerator Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry of Egg Proteins Relevant to Objects of Cultural Heritage at Picoliter and Nanomolar Quantities.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-regulated spontaneous conformational changes of integrins α5β1 and αVβ3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force can modulate the properties and functions of macromolecules by inducing conformational changes, such as coiling/uncoiling, zipping/unzipping, and folding/unfolding. Here we compared force-modulated bending/unbending of two purified integrin ectodomains, 5{beta}1 and V{beta}3, using single-molecule approaches. Similar to previously characterized mechano-sensitive macromolecules, the conformation of 5{beta}1 is determined by a threshold head-to-tail tension, suggesting a canonical energy landscape with a deep energy well that traps the integrin in the bent state until sufficient force tilts the energy landscape to accelerate transition to the extended state. By comparison, V{beta}3 exhibits bi-stability even without force and can spontaneously transition between the bent and extended conformations in a wide range of forces without energy supplies. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed consecutive formation and disruption of 7 hydrogen bonds during V{beta}3 bending and unbending, respectively. Accordingly, we constructed an energy landscape with hexa-stable intermediate states to break down the energy barrier separating the bent and extended states into smaller ones, making it possible for the thermal agitation energy to overcome them sequentially and to be accumulated and converted into mechanical work required for V{beta}3 to bend against force. Our study elucidates the different inner workings of 5{beta}1 and V{beta}3 at the sub-molecular level, sheds lights on how their respectively functions are facilitated by their distinctive mechano-sensitivities, helps understand their signal initiation processes, and provides critical concepts and useful design principles for engineering of protein-based biomechanical nanomachines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-regulated spontaneous conformational changes of integrins α5β1 and αVβ3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the physiological and structural contributors to the dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition in local cortical networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overall balance of excitation and inhibition in cortical networks is central to their functionality and normal operation. Such orchestrated co-evolution of excitation and inhibition is established through convoluted local interactions between neurons, which are organized by specific network connectivity structures and are dynamically controlled by modulating synaptic activities. Therefore, identifying how such structural and physiological factors contribute to establishment of overall balance of excitation and inhibition is crucial in understanding the homeostatic plasticity mechanisms that regulate the balance. We use biologically plausible mathematical models to extensively study the effects of multiple key factors on overall balance of a network. We characterize a networks baseline balanced state by certain functional properties, and demonstrate how variations in physiological and structural parameters of the network deviate this balance and, in particular, result in transitions in spontaneous activity of the network to high-amplitude slow oscillatory regimes. We show that deviations from the reference balanced state can be continuously quantified by measuring the ratio of mean excitatory to mean inhibitory synaptic conductances in the network. Our results suggest that the commonly observed ratio of the number of inhibitory to the number of excitatory neurons in local cortical networks is almost optimal for their stability and excitability. Moreover, the values of inhibitory synaptic decay time constants and density of inhibitory-to-inhibitory network connectivity are critical to overall balance and stability of cortical networks. However, network stability in our results is sufficiently robust against modulations of synaptic quantal conductances, as required by their role in learning and memory.

SummaryWe leverage computational tractability of a biologically plausible conductance-based meanfield model to perform a comprehensive bifurcation and sensitivity analysis that demonstrates how variations in key synaptic and structural parameters of a local cortical network affect networks stability and overall excitation-inhibition balance. Our results reveal optimality and criticality of baseline biological values for several of these parameters, and provide predictions on their effects on networks dynamics which can inform identifying pathological conditions and guide future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the physiological and structural contributors to the dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition in local cortical networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain signatures indexing variation in internal processing during perceptual decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain activity is highly variable even while performing the same cognitive task with consequences for performance. Discovering, characterizing, and linking variability in brain activity to internal processes has primarily relied on experimentally inducing changes (e.g., via attention manipulation) to identify neuronal and behavioral consequences or studying spontaneous changes in ongoing brain dynamics. However, changes in internal processing could arise from many factors, such as variation in strategy or arousal, that are independent of experimental conditions. Here we utilize a data-driven clustering method based on modularity-maximation to identify consistent spatial-temporal EEG activity patterns across individual trials and relate this activity to behavioral performance. Subjects (N = 25) performed a motion direction discrimination task with six interleaved levels of motion coherence. Modularity-maximization based clustering identified two discrete spatial-temporal clusters, or subtypes, of trials with different patterns of brain activity. Surprisingly, even though Subtype 1 occurred more frequently with lower motion coherence, it was nonetheless associated with faster response times. Computational modeling suggests that Subtype 1 was characterized by a lower threshold for reaching a decision. These results highlight trial-to-trial variability in decision processes usually masked to experimenters and provide a method for identifying endogenous brain state variability relevant to cognition and behavior.

Highlights Brain activity is highly variable.
 We find multiple and distinct stimulus-driven patterns in EEG.
 With changes in decision-making and drift-diffusion parameters.
 These results suggest a new way to identify brain states relevant to behavior.


Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain signatures indexing variation in internal processing during perceptual decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are adaptable organelles with diverse cellular functions critical to whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While chronic endurance exercise training is known to alter mitochondrial activity, these adaptations have not yet been systematically characterized. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) mapped the longitudinal, multi-omic changes in mitochondrial analytes across 19 tissues in male and female rats endurance trained for 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks. Training elicited substantial changes in the adrenal gland, brown adipose, colon, heart and skeletal muscle, while we detected mild responses in the brain, lung, small intestine and testes. The colon response was characterized by non-linear dynamics that resulted in upregulation of mitochondrial function that was more prominent in females. Brown adipose and adrenal tissues were characterized by substantial downregulation of mitochondrial pathways. Training induced a previously unrecognized robust upregulation of mitochondrial protein abundance and acetylation in the liver, and a concomitant shift in lipid metabolism. The striated muscles demonstrated a highly coordinated response to increase oxidative capacity, with the majority of changes occurring in protein abundance and post-translational modifications. We identified exercise upregulated networks that are downregulated in human type 2 diabetes and liver cirrhosis. In both cases HSD17B10, a central dehydrogenase in multiple metabolic pathways and mitochondrial tRNA maturation, was the main hub. In summary, we provide a multi-omic, cross-tissue atlas of the mitochondrial response to training and identify candidates for prevention of disease-associated mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevener, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rector, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyfault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneMark-ETP: Automatic Gene Finding in Eukaryotic Genomes in Consistence with Extrinsic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale genomic initiatives, such as the Earth BioGenome Project, require efficient methods for eukaryotic genome annotation. Here we present an automatic gene finder, GeneMark-ETP, integrating genomic-, transcriptomic- and protein-derived evidence that has been developed with a focus on large plant and animal genomes. GeneMark-ETP first identifies genomic loci where extrinsic data is sufficient for making gene predictions with  high confidence. The genes situated in the genomic space between the high confidence genes are predicted in the next stage. The set of high confidence genes serves as an initial training set for the statistical model. Further on, the model parameters are iteratively updated in the rounds of gene prediction and parameter re-estimation. Upon reaching convergence, GeneMark-ETP makes the final predictions and delivers the whole complement of predicted genes. GeneMark-ETP outperformed gene finders using a single type of extrinsic evidence. Comparisons with gene finders utilizing both transcript- and protein-derived extrinsic evidence, MAKER2, and TSEBRA, demonstrated that GeneMark-ETP delivered state-of-the-art gene prediction accuracy with the margin of outperforming existing approaches increasing in its applications to larger and more complex eukaryotic genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.524024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneMark-ETP: Automatic Gene Finding in Eukaryotic Genomes in Consistence with Extrinsic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metacommunity Structure Preserves Genome Diversity in the Presence of Gene-specific Selective Sweeps. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The horizontal transfer of genes is fundamental for the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbial communities, such as oceanic plankton, soil, and the human microbiome. In the case of an acquired beneficial gene, classic population genetics would predict a genome-wide selective sweep, whereby the genome spreads clonally with the gene, removing genome diversity. Instead, several sources of metagenomic data show the existence of "gene-specific sweeps", whereby a beneficial gene spreads across a bacterial community, maintaining genome diversity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this process, including the decreasing gene flow between ecologically distant populations, frequency-dependent selection from linked deleterious allelles, and very high rates of horizontal gene transfer. Here, we propose an additional possible scenario grounded in eco-evolutionary principles. Specifically, we show by a mathematical model and simulations that a metacommunity where species can occupy multiple patches helps maintain genome diversity. Assuming a scenario of patches dominated by single species, our model predicts that diversity only decreases moderately upon the arrival of a new beneficial gene, and that losses in diversity can be quickly restored. We explore the generic behavior of diversity as a function of three key parameters, frequency of insertion of new beneficial genes, migration rates and horizontal transfer rates.Our results provides a testable explanation for how diversity can be maintained given gene-specific sweeps even in the absence of high horizontal gene transfer rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pompei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bella, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosentino Lagomarsino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metacommunity Structure Preserves Genome Diversity in the Presence of Gene-specific Selective Sweeps.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Atlas: Maturation and Survival Pathways Unraveled by Single Cell Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human bone marrow (BM) plasma cells are heterogeneous, ranging from newly arrived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) to long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). We provide single cell transcriptional resolution of 17,347 BM ASC from 5 healthy adults. Fifteen clusters were identified ranging from newly minted ASC (cluster 1) expressing MKI67 and high MHC Class II that progressed to late clusters 5-8 through intermediate clusters 2-4. Additional clusters included early and late IgM-predominant ASC of likely extra-follicular origin; IFN-responsive; and high mitochondrial activity ASC. Late ASCs were distinguished by differences in G2M checkpoints, MTOR signaling, distinct metabolic pathways, CD38 expression, and utilization of TNF-receptor superfamily members. They mature through two distinct paths differentiated by the degree of TNF signaling through NFKB. This study provides the first single cell resolution atlas and molecular roadmap of LLPC maturation, thereby providing insight into differentiation trajectories and molecular regulation of these essential processes in the human BM microniche. This information enables investigation of the origin of protective and pathogenic antibodies in multiple diseases and development of new strategies targeted to the enhancement or depletion of the corresponding ASC.

One Sentence Summary: The single cell transcriptomic atlas of human bone marrow plasma cell heterogeneity shows maturation of class-switched early and late subsets, specific IgM and Interferon-driven clusters, and unique heterogeneity of the late subsets which encompass the long-lived plasma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonial, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentenaar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knechtle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruthamuthu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajalingam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincenti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breeden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. E.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Atlas: Maturation and Survival Pathways Unraveled by Single Cell Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent Simplicities in Stochastic Intergenerational Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do complex systems maintain key emergent "state variables" at desired target values to within specified tolerances? This question was first posed in the context of homeostasis in living systems over a century ago, and yet the precise quantitative rules governing this phenomenon have remained fiercely debated. We herein present a direct solution through a synthesis of high-precision experiments and first principles-based physics theory. After introducing a general approach that incorporates the inherently stochastic and dynamic nature of organismal homeostasis, we provide direct experimental evidence that stochastic intergenerational homeostasis is indeed maintained. Next, we identify a series of emergent simplicities hidden in these data. Remarkably, the dynamics of intergenerational homeostasis of organismal sizes are Markovian, or history-independent. The precision data reveal an intergenerational scaling law that fully determines, with no fine-tuning parameters, the exact stochastic map governing homeostasis, as borne out by compelling data- theory matches. These emergent simplicities in turn yield the necessary and sufficient condition for stochastic homeostasis, with surprising implications for the architecture of the underlying control system. Validation across different growth conditions, cell morphologies, experimental modalities, and organisms comprehensively establishes the universality of the results presented here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosser, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer-Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent Simplicities in Stochastic Intergenerational Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and maintenance of stable coexistence during a long-term multicellular evolution experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of multicellular life spurred evolutionary radiations, fundamentally changing many of Earths ecosystems. Yet little is known about how early steps in the evolution of multicellularity transform eco-evolutionary dynamics, e.g., via niche expansion processes that may facilitate coexistence. Using long-term experimental evolution in the snowflake yeast model system, we show that the evolution of multicellularity drove niche partitioning and the adaptive divergence of two distinct, specialized lineages from a single multicellular ancestor. Over 715 daily transfers, snowflake yeast were subject to selection for rapid growth in rich media, followed by selection favoring larger group size. Both small and large cluster-forming lineages evolved from a monomorphic ancestor, coexisting for over ~4,300 generations. These small and large sized snowflake yeast lineages specialized on divergent aspects of a trade-off between growth rate and survival, mirroring predictions from ecological theory. Through modeling and experimentation, we demonstrate that coexistence is maintained by a trade-off between organismal size and competitiveness for dissolved oxygen. Taken together, this work shows how the evolution of a new level of biological individuality can rapidly drive adaptive diversification and the expansion of a nascent multicellular niche, one of the most historically-impactful emergent properties of this evolutionary transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lac, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and maintenance of stable coexistence during a long-term multicellular evolution experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Physiological Process Links Global Patterns of Functional MRI, Respiratory Activity, and Autonomic Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is closely attuned to visceral signals from the bodys internal environment, as evidenced by the numerous associations between neural, hemodynamic, and peripheral physiological signals. We show that these brain-body co-fluctuations can be captured by a single spatiotemporal pattern. Across several independent samples, as well as single-echo and multi-echo fMRI data acquisition sequences, we identify widespread co-fluctuations in the low-frequency range (0.01 - 0.1 Hz) between resting-state global fMRI signals, neural activity, and a host of autonomic signals spanning cardiovascular, pulmonary, exocrine and smooth muscle systems. The same brain-body co-fluctuations observed at rest are elicited by arousal induced by cued deep breathing and intermittent sensory stimuli, as well as spontaneous phasic EEG events during sleep. Further, we show that the spatial structure of global fMRI signals is maintained under experimental suppression of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) variations, suggesting that respiratory-driven fluctuations in arterial CO2 accompanying arousal cannot explain the origin of these signals in the brain. These findings establish the global fMRI signal as a significant component of the arousal response governed by the autonomic nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Physiological Process Links Global Patterns of Functional MRI, Respiratory Activity, and Autonomic Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global analysis of aging-related protein structural changes uncovers enzyme polymerization-based control of longevity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with progressive phenotypic changes over time. Virtually all cellular phenotypes are produced by proteins and structural alterations in proteins can lead to age-related diseases. Nonetheless, comprehensive knowledge of proteins undergoing structural-functional changes during cellular aging and their contribution to age-related phenotypes is lacking. Here, we conducted proteome-wide analysis of early age-related protein structural changes in budding yeast using limited proteolysis-mass spectrometry. The results, compiled in online ProtAge-catalog, unravelled age-related functional changes in regulators of translation, protein folding and amino acid metabolism. Mechanistically, we found that folded glutamate synthase Glt1 polymerizes into supramolecular self-assemblies during aging causing breakdown of cellular amino acid homeostasis. Inhibiting Glt1 polymerization by mutating the polymerization interface restored amino acid levels in aged cells, attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and led to life span extension. Altogether, this comprehensive map of protein structural changes enables identifying novel mechanisms of age-related phenotypes and offers opportunities for their reversal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paukstyte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Cabezas, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnyder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elomaa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarameri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vihinen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juutila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieminen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toronen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jokitalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krisko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huiskonen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hietakangas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picotti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barral, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarikangas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.524173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global analysis of aging-related protein structural changes uncovers enzyme polymerization-based control of longevity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIC recruitment by synthetic reader-actuators to polycomb-silenced genes blocks triple-negative breast cancer invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientists have used small molecule inhibitors and genetic knockdown of gene-silencing polycomb repressive complexes (PRC1/2) to determine if restoring the expression of tumor suppressor genes can block proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. A major limitation of this approach is that inhibitors can not restore key transcriptional activators that are mutated in many cancers, such as p53 and members of the BRAF SWI/SNF complex. Furthermore, small molecule inhibitors can alter the activity of, rather than inhibit, the polycomb enzyme EZH2. While chromatin has been shown to play a major role in gene regulation in cancer, poor clinical results for polycomb chromatin-targeting therapies for diseases like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) could discourage further development of this emerging avenue for treatment. To overcome the limitations of inhibiting polycomb to study epigenetic regulation, we developed an engineered chromatin protein to manipulate transcription. The synthetic reader-actuator (SRA) is a fusion protein that directly binds a target chromatin modification and regulates gene expression. Here, we report the activity of an SRA built from polycomb chromodomain and VP64 modules that bind H3K27me3 and subunits of the Mediator complex, respectively. In SRA-expressing BT-549 cells, we identified 122 upregulated differentially expressed genes (UpDEGs, [&ge;] 2-fold activation, adjusted p < 0.05). On-target epigenetic regulation was determined by identifying UpDEGs at H3K27me3-enriched, closed chromatin. SRA activity induced activation of genes involved in cell death, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of migration and invasion. SRA-expressing BT-549 cells showed reduced spheroid size in Matrigel over time, loss of invasion, and activation of apoptosis. These results show that Mediator-recruiting regulators broadly targeted to silenced chromatin activate silenced tumor suppressor genes and stimulate anti-cancer phenotypes. Therefore further development of gene-activating epigenetic therapies might benefit TNBC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIC recruitment by synthetic reader-actuators to polycomb-silenced genes blocks triple-negative breast cancer invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems neuroscience has experienced an explosion of new tools for reading and writing neural activity, enabling exciting new experiments (e.g., all-optical interrogation, closed-loop control) for interrogating neural circuits. Unfortunately, these advances have drastically increased the complexity of designing experiments, with ad hoc decisions often resulting in suboptimal or even failed experiments. Bridging model and experiment via simulation can help solve this problem, leveraging advances in computational models to provide a low-cost testbed for experiment design, model validation, and methods engineering. Specifically, we require an integrated approach that incorporates simulation of the experimental interface into computational models, but no existing tool integrates optogenetics, two-photon calcium imaging, electrode recording, and flexible closed-loop processing with neural population simulations. To address this need, we have developed Cleo: the Closed-Loop, Electrophysiology, and Optophysiology experiment simulation testbed. Cleo is a Python package enabling injection of virtual recording and stimulation devices as well as closed-loop control with realistic latency into a Brian spiking neural network model. Notably, it is the only publicly available tool to date simulating two-photon and multi-opsin/wavelength optogenetics. To facilitate adoption and extension by the community, Cleo is open-source, modular, tested, and documented, and can export results to various data formats. Here we describe the design and features of Cleo, evaluate output of individual components and integrated experiments, and demonstrate its utility for advancing optogenetic techniques in prospective experiments using previously published systems neuroscience models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruzado, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willats, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Explainable Fuzzy Clustering Approach for fMRI Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis has illuminated brain network interactions across many neuropsychiatric disorders. A common analysis approach involves using hard clustering methods to identify transitory states of brain activity, and in response to this, other methods have been developed to quantify the importance of specific dFNC interactions to identified states. Some of these methods involve perturbing individual features and examining the number of samples that switch states. However, only a minority of samples switch states. As such, these methods actually identify the importance of dFNC features to the clustering of a subset of samples rather than the overall clustering. In this study, we present a novel approach that more capably identifies the importance of each feature to the overall clustering. Our approach uses fuzzy clustering to output probabilities of each sample belonging to states and then measures their Kullback-Leibler divergence after perturbation. We show the viability of our approach in the context of schizophrenia (SZ) default mode network analysis, identifying significant differences in state dynamics between individuals with SZ and healthy controls. We further compare our approach with an existing approach, showing that it captures the effects of perturbation upon most samples. We also find that interactions between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the anterior cingulate cortex and the PCC and precuneus are important across methods. We expect that our novel explainable clustering approach will enable further progress in rs-fMRI analysis and to other clustering applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Explainable Fuzzy Clustering Approach for fMRI Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unknown lipids project: harmonized methods improve compound identification and data reproducibility in an inter-laboratory untargeted lipidomics study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Untargeted lipidomics allows analysis of a broader range of lipids than targeted methods and permits discovery of unknown compounds. Previous ring trials have evaluated the reproducibility of targeted lipidomics methods, but inter-laboratory comparison of compound identification and unknown feature detection in untargeted lipidomics has not been attempted. To address this gap, five laboratories analyzed a set of mammalian tissue and biofluid reference samples using both their own untargeted lipidomics procedures and a common chromatographic and data analysis method. While both methods yielded informative data, the common method improved chromatographic reproducibility and resulted in detection of more shared features between labs. Spectral search against the LipidBlast in silico library enabled identification of over 2,000 unique lipids. Further examination of LC-MS/MS and ion mobility data, aided by hybrid search and spectral networking analysis, revealed spectral and chromatographic patterns useful for classification of unknown features, a subset of which were highly reproducible between labs. Overall, our method offers enhanced compound identification performance compared to targeted lipidomics, demonstrates the potential of harmonized methods to improve inter-site reproducibility for quantitation and feature alignment, and can serve as a reference to aid future annotation of untargeted lipidomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rempfert, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colby, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodsworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unknown lipids project: harmonized methods improve compound identification and data reproducibility in an inter-laboratory untargeted lipidomics study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Robust Consensus Modeling Approach for Identifying Cellular and Media Metabolites Predictive of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise in regenerative medicine applications due in part to their ability to modulate immune cells. However, MSCs demonstrate significant functional heterogeneity in terms of their immunomodulatory function because of differences in MSC donor/tissue source, as well as non-standardized manufacturing approaches. As MSC metabolism plays a critical role in their ability to expand to therapeutic numbers ex vivo, we comprehensively profiled intracellular and extracellular metabolites throughout the expansion process to identify predictors of immunomodulatory function (T cell modulation and indoleamine-2,3-dehydrogenase (IDO) activity). Here, we profiled media metabolites in a non-destructive manner through daily sampling and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as MSC intracellular metabolites at the end of expansion using mass spectrometry (MS). Using a robust consensus machine learning approach, we were able to identify panels of metabolites predictive of MSC immunomodulatory function for 10 independent MSC lines. This approach consisted of identifying metabolites in 2 or more machine learning models and then building consensus models based on these consensus metabolite panels. Consensus intracellular metabolites with high predictive value included multiple lipid classes (such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins) while consensus media metabolites included proline, phenylalanine, and pyruvate. Pathway enrichment identified metabolic pathways significantly associated with MSC function such as sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and autophagy. Overall, this work establishes a generalizable framework for identifying consensus predictive metabolites that predict MSC function, as well as guiding future MSC manufacturing efforts through identification of high potency MSC lines and metabolic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Grouw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maughon, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolyn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facundo, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stice, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annie, B.-W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Robust Consensus Modeling Approach for Identifying Cellular and Media Metabolites Predictive of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) is a dynamic storage and secretory organ that regulates systemic homeostasis, yet the impact of endurance exercise training and sex on its molecular landscape has not been fully established. Utilizing an integrative multi-omics approach with data generated by the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC), we identified profound sexual dimorphism in the dynamic response of rat scWAT to endurance exercise training. Despite similar cardiorespiratory improvements, only male rats reduced whole-body adiposity, scWAT adipocyte size, and total scWAT triglyceride abundance with training. Multi-omic analyses of adipose tissue integrated with phenotypic measures identified sex-specific training responses including enrichment of mTOR signaling in females, while males displayed enhanced mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Overall, this study reinforces our understanding that sex impacts scWAT biology and provides a rich resource to interrogate responses of scWAT to endurance training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagendorf, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whytock, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirshman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vamvini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Study Group, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel enhancer-AAV approach selectively targeting dentate granule cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian brain contains the most diverse array of cell types of any organ, including dozens of neuronal subtypes with distinct anatomical and functional characteristics. The brain leverages these neuron-type-specializations to perform diverse circuit operations and thus execute different behaviors properly. Through the use of Cre lines, access to specific neuron types has steadily improved over past decades. Despite their extraordinary utility, development and cross-breeding of Cre lines is time-consuming and expensive, presenting a significant barrier to entry for many investigators. Furthermore, cell-based therapeutics developed in Cre mice are not clinically translatable. Recently, several AAV vectors utilizing neuron-type-specific regulatory transcriptional sequences (enhancer-AAVs) were developed which overcome these limitations. Using a publicly available RNAseq dataset, we evaluated the potential of several candidate enhancers for neuron-type-specific targeting in the hippocampus. Here we identified a promising enhancer-AAV for targeting dentate granule cells and validated its selectivity in wild-type adult mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel enhancer-AAV approach selectively targeting dentate granule cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolution with a seed bank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dormancy is as an adaptation to living in fluctuating environments. It can also influence species interactions, for example, by providing organisms with a refuge from predators and parasites. Here we test the hypothesis that dormancy generates a seed bank of protected individuals that can modify antagonistic coevolutionary dynamics. We experimentally evolved a spore-forming bacterial host along with a phage parasite that can infect active but not dormant cells. Seed banks buffered population dynamics against phage infection and retained phenotypic diversity that was otherwise lost to directional selection. By storing genetic diversity, seed banks also altered the distribution of host alleles, which contributed to dampened coevolutionary dynamics. Our findings demonstrate that dormancy generates a seed bank that can modify the eco-evolutionary outcomes of host-parasite systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolution with a seed bank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ciliary ARL13B inhibits developmental kidney cystogenesis in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ARL13B is a small GTPase enriched in cilia. Deletion of Arl13b in mouse kidney results in renal cysts and an associated absence of primary cilia. Similarly, ablation of cilia leads to kidney cysts. To investigate whether ARL13B functions from within cilia to direct kidney development, we examined kidneys of mice expressing an engineered cilia-excluded ARL13B variant, ARL13BV358A. These mice retained renal cilia and developed cystic kidneys. Because ARL13B functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARL3, we examined kidneys of mice expressing an ARL13B variant that lacks ARL3 GEF activity, ARL13BR79Q. We found normal kidney development with no evidence of cysts in these mice. Taken together, our results show that ARL13B functions within cilia to inhibit renal cystogenesis during mouse development, and that this function does not depend on its role as a GEF for ARL3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Sciver, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigante, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ciliary ARL13B inhibits developmental kidney cystogenesis in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explainable Fuzzy Clustering Framework Reveals Divergent Default Mode Network Connectivity Dynamics in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data has yielded insights into many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. A common dFNC analysis approach uses hard clustering methods like k-means clustering to assign samples to states that summarize network dynamics. However, hard clustering methods obscure network dynamics by assuming (1) that all samples within a cluster are equally like their assigned centroids and (2) that samples closer to one another in the data space than to their centroids are well-represented by their centroids. In addition, it can be hard to compare subjects, as in some cases an individual may not manifest a state strongly enough to enter a hard cluster. Approaches that allow a dimensional approach to connectivity patterns (e.g., fuzzy clustering) can mitigate these issues. In this study, we present an explainable fuzzy clustering framework by combining fuzzy c-means clustering with several explainability metrics. We apply our framework for schizophrenia (SZ) default mode network analysis, identifying 5 states and characterizing those states with a new explainability approach. While also showing that features typically used in hard clustering can be extracted in our framework, we present a variety of unique features to quantify state dynamics and identify effects of SZ upon network dynamics. We further uncover relationships between symptom severity and interactions of the precuneus with the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Given the ease of implementing our framework and its enhanced insight into network dynamics, it has great potential for use in future dFNC studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explainable Fuzzy Clustering Framework Reveals Divergent Default Mode Network Connectivity Dynamics in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus novelty uncovers coding diversity in visual cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting novel stimuli in the environment is critical for learning and survival, yet the neural basis of novelty processing is not understood. To characterize cell type-specific novelty processing, we surveyed the activity of [~]15,000 excitatory and inhibitory neurons in mice performing a visual task with novel and familiar stimuli. Clustering revealed a dozen functional neuron types defined by experience-dependent encoding. Vasoactive-intestinal-peptide (Vip) expressing inhibitory neurons were diverse, encoding novel stimuli, omissions of familiar stimuli, or behavioral features. Distinct Somatostatin (Sst) expressing inhibitory neurons encoded either familiar or novel stimuli. Subsets of excitatory neurons co-clustered with specific Vip or Sst subpopulations, while Sst and Vip inhibitory clusters were non-overlapping. This study establishes that novelty processing is mediated by diverse functional neuron types in the visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollerenshaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yavorska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buice, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiggins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledochowitsch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponvert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billeh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Departee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hytnen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus novelty uncovers coding diversity in visual cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards estimating the number of strains that make up a natural bacterial population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What a strain is and how many strains make up a natural bacterial population remain elusive concepts despite their apparent importance for assessing the role of intra-population diversity in disease emergence or response to environmental perturbations. To advance these concepts, we sequenced 138 randomly selected Salinibacter ruber isolates from two solar salterns and assessed these genomes against companion short-read metagenomes from the same samples. The distribution of genome-aggregate average nucleotide identity (ANI) values among these isolates revealed a bimodal distribution, with significantly lower occurrence of values between 99.2% and 99.8% relative to ANI >99.8% or <99.2%, revealing a natural "gap" in the sequence space within species. Accordingly, we used this ANI gap to define genomovars and a higher ANI value of >99.99% and shared gene-content >99.0% to define strains. Using these thresholds and extrapolating from how many metagenomic reads each genomovar uniquely recruited, we estimated that -although our 138 isolates represented about 80% of the Sal. ruber population- the total population in one pond is composed of 5,500 to 11,000 genomovars, the great majority of which appear to be rare in situ. These data also revealed that the most frequently recovered isolate in lab media was often not the most abundant genomovar in situ, suggesting that cultivation biases are significant, even in cases that cultivation procedures are thought to be robust. Preliminary analyses of available genomes revealed that the thresholds used for defining strains and distinct intra-species units (genomovars) may be broadly applicable to additional bacterial species.

Significance StatementStrains are the smallest distinguishable units within a microbial species. Strains that carry unique gene content often underly the emergence of disease outbreaks and the response of the species to environmental perturbations. Therefore, a major challenge in microbiome research across environmental and clinical settings is to evaluate how many strains of the same species coexist in nature and how dominant strains emerge from this diversity. Unfortunately, the available theoretical concept of strain is not directly applicable to culture-independent surveys. Here, we provide such a practical definition for strain and use it to show that that the number of strains making up a natural bacterial population may be large, in the order of a few thousands, but not infinite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Cardenas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segura, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards estimating the number of strains that make up a natural bacterial population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons coordinate their activity to produce an astonishing variety of motor behaviors. Our present understanding of motor control has grown rapidly thanks to new methods for recording and analyzing populations of many individual neurons over time. In contrast, current methods for recording the nervous systems actual motor output - the activation of muscle fibers by motor neurons - typically cannot detect the individual electrical events produced by muscle fibers during natural behaviors and scale poorly across species and muscle groups. Here we present a novel class of electrode devices ("Myomatrix arrays") that record muscle activity at unprecedented resolution across muscles and behaviors. High-density, flexible electrode arrays allow for stable recordings from the muscle fibers activated by a single motor neuron, called a "motor unit", during natural behaviors in many species, including mice, rats, primates, songbirds, frogs, and insects. This technology therefore allows the nervous systems motor output to be monitored in unprecedented detail during complex behaviors across species and muscle morphologies. We anticipate that this technology will allow rapid advances in understanding the neural control of behavior and in identifying pathologies of the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrambide, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashefi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Mendes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenschow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondakath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanawalla, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder-Markey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giszter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Q. Lima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Car</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The las and rhl Quorum Sensing Systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Form a Multi-Signal Reciprocal Network Which Can Tune Reactivity to Variations in Physical and Social Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Researchers often view the multi-signal quorum sensing systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a hierarchy, topped by the las system which acts as a master regulator. By experimentally controlling the concentration of auto-inducer signals in a signal null strain (PAO1{Delta}lasI{Delta}rhlI), we show that the two primary quorum sensing systems--las and rhl--act reciprocally rather than hierarchically. Just as the las systems 3-oxo-C12-HSL can induce increased expression of rhlI, the rhl systems C4-HSL increases the expression level of lasI. We develop a mathematical model to quantify relationships both within and between the las and rhl quorum sensing systems and the downstream genes they influence. The results show that not only do the systems interact reciprocally, but they do so cooperatively and nonlinearly, with the combination of C4-HSL and 3-oxo-C12-HSL increasing expression level far more than the sum of their individual effects. We computationally assess how our parameterized model responds to variation in social (population density) and physical (mass transfer) environment and demonstrate that a reciprocal architecture is more responsive to density and more robust to mass transfer than a strict hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Zayat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattray, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The las and rhl Quorum Sensing Systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Form a Multi-Signal Reciprocal Network Which Can Tune Reactivity to Variations in Physical and Social Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.531236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutively synergistic multiagent drug formulations targeting MERTK, FLT3, and BCL-2 for treatment of AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.531236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although high-dose, multi-agent chemotherapy has improved leukemia survival rates in recent years, treatment outcomes remain poor in high-risk subsets, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in infants. Development of new, more effective therapies for these patients is therefore an urgent, unmet clinical need. To address this challenge, we developed a nanoscale combination drug formulation that exploits ectopic expression of MERTK tyrosine kinase and dependency on BCL-2 family proteins for leukemia cell survival in pediatric AML and MLL-rearranged precursor B-cell ALL (infant ALL). In a novel, high-throughput combination drug screen, the MERTK/FLT3 inhibitor MRX-2843 synergized with venetoclax and other BCL-2 family protein inhibitors to reduce AML cell density in vitro. Neural network models based on drug exposure and target gene expression were used to identify a classifier predictive of drug synergy in AML. To maximize the therapeutic potential of these findings, we developed a combination monovalent liposomal drug formulation that maintains ratiometric drug synergy in cell-free assays and following intracellular delivery. The translational potential of these nanoscale drug formulations was confirmed in a genotypically diverse set of primary AML patient samples and both the magnitude and frequency of synergistic responses were not only maintained but were improved following drug formulation. Together, these findings demonstrate a systematic, generalizable approach to combination drug screening, formulation, and development that maximizes therapeutic potential, was effectively applied to develop a novel nanoscale combination therapy for treatment of AML, and could be extended to other drug combinations or diseases in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelvin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecca, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jui, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRyckere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreaden, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.531236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutively synergistic multiagent drug formulations targeting MERTK, FLT3, and BCL-2 for treatment of AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.533816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyTorch-FEA: Autograd-enabled Finite Element Analysis Methods with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.533816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationFinite-element analysis (FEA) is widely used as a standard tool for stress and deformation analysis of solid structures, including human tissues and organs. For instance, FEA can be applied at a patient-specific level to assist in medical diagnosis and treatment planning, such as risk assessment of thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture/dissection. These FEA-based biomechanical assessments often involve both forward and inverse mechanics problems. Current commercial FEA software packages (e.g., Abaqus) and inverse methods exhibit performance issues in either accuracy or speed.

MethodsIn this study, we propose and develop a new library of FEA code and methods, named PyTorch-FEA, by taking advantage of autograd, an automatic differentiation mechanism in PyTorch. We develop a class of PyTorch-FEA functionalities to solve forward and inverse problems with improved loss functions, and we demonstrate the capability of PyTorch-FEA in a series of applications related to human aorta biomechanics. In one of the inverse methods, we combine PyTorch-FEA with deep neural networks (DNNs) to further improve performance.

ResultsWe applied PyTorch-FEA in four fundamental applications for biomechanical analysis of human aorta. In the forward analysis, PyTorch-FEA achieved a significant reduction in computational time without compromising accuracy compared with Abaqus, a commercial FEA package. Compared to other inverse methods, inverse analysis with PyTorch-FEA achieves better performance in either accuracy or speed, or both if combined with DNNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.533816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyTorch-FEA: Autograd-enabled Finite Element Analysis Methods with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised biological network alignment with graph neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDespite the advances in sequencing technology, massive proteins with known sequences remain functionally unannotated. Biological network alignment (NA), which aims to find the node correspondence between species protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, has been a popular strategy to uncover missing annotations by transferring functional knowledge across species. Traditional NA methods assumed that topologically similar proteins in PPIs are functionally similar. However, it was recently reported that functionally unrelated proteins can be as topologically similar as functionally related pairs, and a new data-driven or supervised NA paradigm has been proposed, which uses protein function data to discern which topological features correspond to functional relatedness.

ResultsHere, we propose GraNA, a deep learning framework for the supervised NA paradigm for the pairwise network alignment problem. Employing graph neural networks, GraNA utilizes within-network interactions and across-network anchor links for learning protein representations and predicting functional correspondence between across-species proteins. A major strength of GraNA is its flexibility to integrate multi-faceted non-functional relationship data, such as sequence similarity and ortholog relationships, as anchor links to guide the mapping of functionally related proteins across species. Evaluating GraNA on a benchmark dataset composed of several NA tasks between different pairs of species, we observed that GraNA accurately predicted the functional relatedness of proteins and robustly transferred functional annotations across species, outperforming a number of existing NA methods. When applied to a case study on a humanized yeast network, GraNA also successfully discovered functionally replaceable human-yeast protein pairs that were documented in previous studies.

AvailabilityThe code of GraNA is available at https://github.com/luo-group/GraNA.

Contactyunan@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised biological network alignment with graph neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation in a Box: Orthogonal Evolution in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitochondrion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to re-engineer and creatively evolve the translation system (TS) would allow invention of new coded polymers by altering the amino acid sidechain inventory and by shifting the polypeptide backbone into new chemical spaces. Unfortunately, the TS is difficult to manipulate and is more constrained over evolution than any other biological system. An orthogonal TS, running in parallel to the primary TS within a given host cell, would release constraints and allow TS manipulation. A fully orthogonal TS requires dedicated rRNAs, rProteins, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and initiation and termination factors, none of which interact with the primary TS. The S. cerevisiae mitochondrial TS is fully orthogonal to the cytosolic TS. Mito-rRNAs, mito- rProteins, mito-tRNAs, mito-aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and mito-translation factors are distinct from, physically separated from, and functionally independent of their cytosolic counterparts. Here, the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial translation system was subjected to various stresses including antibiotics, mutagenesis and truncation of mito-rProteins, or wholesale replacement of mito-rProteins. Directed evolution of these stressed systems was facilitated by controlled transitions between fermentation and respiration, by changing the carbon source in the growth medium; the dependence of S. cerevisiae survival on mitochondrial translation can be toggled on and off. Specific recreation of the resulting mutations recapitulate the evolved phenotypes. The method developed here appears to be a general approach for discovering functional dependencies. Suppressor mutations reveal functional dependencies within the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial TS. For example proteins Rrg9 or Mrx1 interact with the mito-TS and have critical role in its function. The combined results indicate that the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial TS can be engineered and evolved in isolation of the cytosolic TS.

SignificanceThe Central Dogma of Molecular Biology rules life on Earth. Information flows from DNA to mRNA to protein. In the last step of the Central Dogma, the translation system decodes mRNA and produces coded proteins by linking amino acids into polymers. Engineering and evolving the translation system could permits full technical control over this process and could lead to the generation of novel polymers. Here, we use the mitochondrial translation system in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for directed evolution of translation. We modify and evolve the translation system both directly and indirectly using antibiotics and gene editing tools and then measure resulting functionality. Our results show this secondary translation system inside S. cerevisiae mitochondria can be used as an approach for translation engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothschild-Mancinelli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Carreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobachev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation in a Box: Orthogonal Evolution in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitochondrion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
optSelect: using agent-based modeling and binary PSO techniques for ensemble feature selection and stability assessment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent studies have shown that the ensemble feature selection approaches are essential for generating robust classifiers. Existing methods for aggregating feature lists from different methods require use of arbitrary thresholds for selecting the top ranked features and do not account for classification accuracy while selecting the optimal set. Here we present a two-stage ensemble feature selection framework for finding the optimal set of features without compromising on classification accuracy.nnMethods and ResultsWe present herein optSelect, a multi agent-based stochastic optimization approach for nested ensemble feature selection. Stage one involves function perturbation, where ranked list of features are generated using different methods and stage two involves data perturbation, where feature selection is performed within randomly selected subsets of the training data and the optimal set of features is selected within each set using the optSelect. The agents are assigned to different behavior states and move according to a binary PSO algorithm. A multi-objective fitness function is used to evaluate the classification accuracy of the agents. We evaluate the system performance using the random probe method and using five publicly available microarray datasets. The performance of optSelect is compared with single feature selection techniques and existing aggregation methods. The results show that the optSelect algorithm improves the classification accuracy compared to both individual and existing rank aggregation methods. The algorithm is incorporated into an R package, optSelect.nnContactkuppal2@emory.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uppal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[optSelect: using agent-based modeling and binary PSO techniques for ensemble feature selection and stability assessment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEACOIN2.0: an interactive mining and visualization tool for information retrieval, summarization, and knowledge discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe rapidly increasing size of biomedical databases such as MEDLINE requires the use of intelligent data mining methods for information extraction and summarization. Existing biomedical text-mining tools have limited capabilities for inferring topological and network relationships between biomedical terms. Very often too much is returned during summarization leading to information overload.nnResultsWe present herein SEACOIN 2.0, an interactive knowledge discovery and hypothesis generation tool for biomedical literature.SEACOIN generates k-ary relational networks of biomedical terms using a novel term ranking scheme to facilitate efficient information retrieval, summarization, and visual data exploration. Summarization is presented via multiple dynamic visualization panels. We evaluate the system performance in information retrieval and features extraction using the BioCreative 2013 Track 3 learning corpus. An average F-measure of 94% was achieved for document retrieval and an average precision of 88% was achieved for identification of top co-occurrence terms. The system allows interactive mining of complex implicit and explicit relationships among biomedical entities (genes, chemicals, diseases/disorders, mutations, etc.) and provides a framework for hypothesis generation. It also improves our understanding of various biological processes and disease mechanisms.nnContacteva.lee@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uppal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEACOIN2.0: an interactive mining and visualization tool for information retrieval, summarization, and knowledge discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical genomic guided engineering of gamma-valerolactone tolerant yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGamma valerolactone (GVL) is a promising technology for degradation of biomass for biofuel production; however, GVL has adverse toxicity effects on fermentative microbes. Using a combination of chemical genomics and chemical proteomics we sought to understand the mechanism toxicity and resistance to GVL with the goal of engineering a GVL-tolerant, xylose-fermenting yeast.nnResultsChemical genomic profiling of GVL predicted that this chemical affects membranes and membrane-bound processes. We show that GVL causes rapid, dose-dependent cell permeability, and is synergistic with ethanol. Chemical genomic profiling of GVL revealed that deletion of the functionally related enzymes Pad1p and Fdc1p, which act together to decarboxylate phenolic acids to vinyl derivatives, increases yeast tolerance to GVL. Further, overexpression of Pad1p sensitizes cells to GVL toxicity. To improve GVL tolerance, we deleted PAD1 and FDC1 in a xylose-fermenting yeast strain. The modified strain exhibited increased anaerobic growth, sugar utilization, and ethanol production in synthetic hydrolysate with 1.5% GVL, and under other conditions. Chemical proteomic profiling of the engineered strain revealed that enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis were more abundant in the presence of GVL compared to the background strain. The engineered GVL strain contained greater amounts of ergosterol than the background strain.nnConclusionsWe found that GVL exerts toxicity to yeast by compromising cellular membranes, and that this toxicity is synergistic with ethanol. Deletion of PAD1 and FDC1 conferred GVL resistance to a xylose-fermenting yeast strain by increasing ergosterol content in cells. The GVL-tolerant strain fermented sugars in the presence of GVL levels that were inhibitory to the unmodified strain. This strain represents a xylose fermenting yeast specifically tailored to GVL produced hydrolysates
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bottoms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higbee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical genomic guided engineering of gamma-valerolactone tolerant yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modified antibiotic adjuvant ratios can slow and steer the evolution of resistance: co-amoxiclav as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the spread of antibiotic resistance outstrips the introduction of new antibiotics, reusing existing antibiotics is increasingly important. One promising method is to combine antibiotics with synergistically acting adjuvants that inhibit resistance mechanisms, allowing drug killing. Here we use co-amoxiclav (a commonly used and clinically important drug combination of the {beta}-lactam antibiotic amoxicillin and the {beta}-lactamase inhibitor clavulanate) to ask whether treatment efficacy and resistance evolution can be decoupled via component dosing modifications.nnA simple mathematical model predicts that different ratios of these two drug components can produce distinct evolutionary responses despite similar initial levels of control. We test this hypothesis by selecting Escherichia coli with a plasmid encoded {beta}-lactamase (ESBL CTX-M-14), against different proportions of amoxicillin and clavulanate. Consistent with our theory, we found that while resistance evolved under all conditions, the component ratio influenced both the rate and mechanism of resistance evolution. Specifically, we found that the current clinical practice of high amoxicillin to clavulanate ratios resulted in the most rapid failure due to the evolution of gene dosing responses. Increased plasmid copy number allowed E. coli to increase {beta}-lactamase dosing and effectively titrate out the low quantities of clavulanate, restoring amoxicillin resistance. In contrast, we found high clavulanate ratios were more robust - plasmid copy number did not increase, although porin or efflux resistance mechanisms were found, as in all drug ratios. Our results indicate that by changing the ratio of adjuvant to antibiotic we can slow and steer the path of resistance evolution. We therefore suggest the use of increased clavulanate dosing regimens to slow the rate of resistance evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modified antibiotic adjuvant ratios can slow and steer the evolution of resistance: co-amoxiclav as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput ANI Analysis of 90K Prokaryotic Genomes Reveals Clear Species Boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question in microbiology is whether there is a continuum of genetic diversity among genomes or clear species boundaries prevail instead. Answering this question requires robust measurement of whole-genome relatedness among thousands of genomes and from diverge phylogenetic lineages. Whole-genome similarity metrics such as Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) can provide the resolution needed for this task, overcoming several limitations of traditional techniques used for the same purposes. Although the number of genomes currently available may be adequate, the associated bioinformatics tools for analysis are lagging behind these developments and cannot scale to large datasets. Here, we present a new method, FastANI, to compute ANI using alignment-free approximate sequence mapping. Our analyses demonstrate that FastANI produces an accurate ANI estimate and is up to three orders of magnitude faster when compared to an alignment (e.g., BLAST)-based approach. We leverage FastANI to compute pairwise ANI values among all prokaryotic genomes available in the NCBI database. Our results reveal a clear genetic discontinuity among the database genomes, with 99.8% of the total 8 billion genome pairs analyzed showing either >95% intra-species ANI or <83% inter-species ANI values. We further show that this discontinuity is recovered with or without the most frequently represented species in the database and is robust to historic additions in the public genome databases. Therefore, 95% ANI represents an accurate threshold for demarcating almost all currently named prokaryotic species, and wide species boundaries may exist for prokaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput ANI Analysis of 90K Prokaryotic Genomes Reveals Clear Species Boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Vibrio cholerae Type VI Secretion System Can Modulate Host Intestinal Mechanics to Displace Commensal Gut Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiota help defend against bacterial pathogens; the mechanisms that pathogens possess to overcome this defense, however, remain largely unknown. We developed a zebrafish model and used live imaging to directly study how the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae invades the intestine. The gut microbiota of fish mono-colonized by commensal strain Aeromonas veronii was displaced by V. cholerae expressing its Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), a syringe-like apparatus that deploys effector proteins into target cells. Surprisingly, displacement was independent of T6SS-mediated killing of Aeromonas, driven instead by T6SS-induced enhancement of zebrafish intestinal movements that led to expulsion of the resident commensal by the host. Deleting an actin crosslinking domain from the T6SS apparatus returned intestinal motility to normal and thwarted expulsion, without weakening V. cholerae's ability to kill Aeromonas in vitro. Our finding that bacteria can manipulate host physiology to influence inter-microbial competition has implications for both pathogenesis and microbiome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logan, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Vibrio cholerae Type VI Secretion System Can Modulate Host Intestinal Mechanics to Displace Commensal Gut Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple mung bean infection model for studying the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we highlight the development of a simple and high throughput mung bean model to study virulence in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The model is easy to setup and infection and virulence can be monitored for up to 10 days. In a first test of the model, we found that mung bean seedlings infected with PAO1 showed poor development of roots and high mortality rates compared to un-infected controls. We also found that a quorum sensing (QS) mutant was significantly less virulent when compared with the PAO1 wild type. Our work introduces a new tool for studying virulence in P. aeruginosa, that will allow for high throughput virulence studies of mutants, and for testing the in vivo efficacy of new therapies at a time when new antimicrobial drugs are desperately needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple mung bean infection model for studying the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-specific awake reactivation in human V1 after visual training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converging human studies have demonstrated that brain activity patterns observed during task performance reemerge in the following restful awake state. Such "awake reactivation" has been demonstrated across higher-order cortex for complex images or associations. However, it remains unclear what specific training components are reactivated in these studies. Here we sought to provide evidence for the reactivation of a particular visual feature - Gabor orientation. Following extensive training on a visual task, we found robust reactivation in human V1 that lasted at least eight minutes. This effect was not present in higher retinotopic areas such as V2, V3, V3A, or V4v, demonstrating that the effects in V1 are not due to top-down processes such as conscious rehearsal. Furthermore, the amount of awake reactivation predicted the amount of performance improvement on the visual task. These results demonstrate that functionally-relevant awake reactivation of specific visual features occurs in early sensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-specific awake reactivation in human V1 after visual training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the seafloor microbiome of the Gulf of Mexico and its response to oil perturbation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbial ecology of oligotrophic deep ocean sediments is understudied relative to their shallow counterparts, and this lack of understanding hampers our ability to predict responses to current and future perturbations. The Gulf of Mexico has experienced two of the largest accidental marine oil spills, the 1979 Ixtoc-1 blowout and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) discharge. Here, microbial communities were characterized for 29 sites across multiple years in >700 samples. The composition of the seafloor microbiome was broadly consistent across the region and was well approximated by the overlying water depth and depth within the sediment column, while geographic distance played a limited role. Biogeographical distributions were employed to generate predictive models for over 4000 OTU that leverage easy-to-obtain geospatial variables which are linked to measured sedimentary oxygen profiles. Depth stratification and putative niche diversification are evidenced by the distribution of taxa that mediate the microbial nitrogen cycle. Further, these results demonstrate that sediments impacted by the DWH spill had returned to near baseline conditions after two years. The distributions of benthic microorganisms in the Gulf can be constrained, and moreover deviations from these predictions may pinpoint impacted sites and aid in future response efforts or long-term stability studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overholt, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwing, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollander, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the seafloor microbiome of the Gulf of Mexico and its response to oil perturbation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo origin of multicellularity in response to predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from unicellular to multicellular life was one of a few major events in the history of life that created new opportunities for more complex biological systems to evolve. Predation is hypothesized as one selective pressure that may have driven the evolution of multicellularity. Here we show that de novo origins of simple multicellularity can evolve in response to predation. We subjected outcrossed populations of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to selection by the filter-feeding predator Paramecium tetraurelia. Two of five experimental populations evolved multicellular structures not observed in unselected control populations within ~750 asexual generations. Considerable variation exists in the evolved multicellular life cycles, with both cell number and propagule size varying among isolates. Survival assays show that evolved multicellular traits provide effective protection against predation. These results support the hypothesis that selection imposed by predators may have played a role in some origins of multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boswell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo origin of multicellularity in response to predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological advantages and evolutionary limitations of aggregative multicellular development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All multicellular organisms develop through one of two basic routes: they either aggregate from free-living cells, creating potentially-chimeric multicellular collectives, or they develop clonally via mother-daughter cellular adhesion. While evolutionary theory makes clear predictions about trade-offs between these developmental modes, these have never been experimentally tested in otherwise genetically-identical organisms. We engineered unicellular bakers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to develop either clonally ( snowflake, {Delta}ace2), or aggregatively ( floc, GAL1p::FLO1), and examined their fitness in a fluctuating environment characterized by periods of growth and selection for rapid sedimentation. When cultured independently, aggregation was far superior to clonal development, providing a 35% advantage during growth, and a 2.5-fold advantage during settling selection. Yet when competed directly, clonally-developing snowflake yeast rapidly displaced aggregative floc. This was due to unexpected social exploitation: snowflake yeast, which do not produce adhesive FLO1, nonetheless become incorporated into flocs at a higher frequency than floc cells themselves. Populations of chimeric clusters settle much faster than floc alone, providing snowflake yeast with a fitness advantage during competition. Mathematical modeling suggests that such developmental cheating may be difficult to circumvent; hypothetical  choosy floc that avoid exploitation by maintaining clonality pay an ecological cost when rare, often leading to their extinction. Our results highlight the conflict at the heart of aggregative development: non-specific cellular binding provides a strong ecological advantage - the ability to quickly form groups - but this very feature leads to its exploitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pentz, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez-Zacarias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological advantages and evolutionary limitations of aggregative multicellular development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferrous iron mediates translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Today, Mg2+ is an essential cofactor with diverse structural and functional roles in lifes oldest macromolecular machine, the translation system. We tested whether ancient Earth conditions (low O2, high Fe2+, high Mn2+) can revert the ribosome to a functional ancestral state. First, SHAPE (Selective 2 Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension) was used to compare the effect of Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ on the tertiary structure of rRNA. Then, we used in vitro translation reactions to test whether Fe2+ or Mn2+ could mediate protein production, and quantified ribosomal metal content. We found that: (i) Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ had strikingly similar effects on rRNA folding; (ii) Fe2+ and Mn2+ can replace Mg2+ as the dominant divalent cation during translation of mRNA to functional protein; (iii) Fe and Mn associate extensively with the ribosome. Given that the translation system originated and matured when Fe2+ and Mn2+ were abundant, these findings suggest that Fe2+ and Mn2+ played a role in early ribosomal evolution.nnSIGNIFICANCERibosomes are found in every living organism where they are responsible for the translation of messenger RNA into protein. The ribosomes centrality to cell function is underscored by its evolutionary conservation; the core structure has changed little since its inception ~4 billion years ago when ecosystems were anoxic and metal-rich. The ribosome is a model system for the study of bioinorganic chemistry, owing to the many highly coordinated divalent metal cations that are essential to its function. We studied the structure, function, and cation content of the ribosome under early Earth conditions (low O2, high Fe2+, high Mn2+). Our results expand the roles of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in ancient and extant biochemistry as cofactors for ribosomal structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bray, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferrous iron mediates translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haemolymph removal by the parasite Varroa destructor can trigger the proliferation of the Deformed Wing Virus in mite infested bees (Apis mellifera), contributing to enhanced pathogen virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The association between the Deformed Wing Virus and the parasitic mite Varroa destructor has been identified as a major cause of worldwide honey bee colony losses. The mite acts as a vector of the viral pathogen and can trigger its replication in infected bees. However, the mechanistic details underlying this tripartite interaction are still poorly defined, and, in particular, the causes of viral proliferation in mite infested bees.nnHere we develop and test a novel hypothesis - grounded in ecological predator-prey theory - that mite feeding destabilizes viral immune control through the removal of both viral  prey and immune  predators, triggering uncontrolled viral replication. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that experimental removal of increasing volumes of haemolymph from individual bees results in increasing viral densities. In contrast, we find no support for alternative proposed mechanisms of viral expansion via mite immune-suppression or within-host viral evolution.nnOverall, these results provide a new model for the mechanisms driving pathogen-parasite interactions in bees, which ultimately underpin honey bee health decline and colony losses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Annoscia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Prisco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Paoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Fabbro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grozinger, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haemolymph removal by the parasite Varroa destructor can trigger the proliferation of the Deformed Wing Virus in mite infested bees (Apis mellifera), contributing to enhanced pathogen virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fast Adaptive Algorithm for Computing Whole-Genome Homology Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWhole-genome alignment is an important problem in genomics for comparing different species, mapping draft assemblies to reference genomes, and identifying repeats. However, for large plant and animal genomes, this task remains compute and memory intensive.nnResultsWe introduce an approximate algorithm for computing local alignment boundaries between long DNA sequences. Given a minimum alignment length and an identity threshold, our algorithm computes the desired alignment boundaries and identity estimates using kmer-based statistics, and maintains sufficient probabilistic guarantees on the output sensitivity. Further, to prioritize higher scoring alignment intervals, we develop a plane-sweep based filtering technique which is theoretically optimal and practically efficient. Implementation of these ideas resulted in a fast and accurate assembly-to-genome and genome-to-genome mapper. As a result, we were able to map an error-corrected whole-genome NA12878 human assembly to the hg38 human reference genome in about one minute total execution time and < 4 GB memory using 8 CPU threads, achieving more than an order of magnitude improvement in both runtime and memory over competing methods. Recall accuracy of computed alignment boundaries was consistently found to be > 97% on multiple datasets. Finally, we performed a sensitive self-alignment of the human genome to compute all duplications of length [&ge;] 1 Kbp and [&ge;] 90% identity. The reported output achieves good recall and covers 5% more bases than the current UCSC genome browsers segmental duplication annotation.nnAvailabilityhttps://github.com/marbl/MashMapnnContactadam.phillippy@nih.gov, aluru@cc.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fast Adaptive Algorithm for Computing Whole-Genome Homology Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition in biofilms between Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates is driven by R-pyocins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a number of different human infections and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to treat due to a number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the organisms propensity to form multicellular biofilms. Epidemic strains of P. aeruginosa often dominate within the lungs of individual CF patients, but how they achieve this is poorly understood. One of the ways strains of P. aeruginosa can compete, is by producing chromosomally encoded bacteriocins, called pyocins. Three major classes of pyocin have been identified in P. aeruginosa: soluble pyocins (S-types) and tailocins (R- and F-types). In this study, we investigated the distribution of S- and R-type pyocins in 24 clinical strains isolated from individual CF patients and then focused on understanding their roles on inter-strain competition. We found that (i) each strain produced only one R-pyocin type, but the number of S-pyocins varied between strains; (ii) R-pyocins were generally important for strain dominance during competition assays in planktonic cultures and biofilm communities in strains with both disparate R and S pyocin sub-types. (iii) purified R-pyocins demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against established biofilms. Our work provides support for a key role played by R-pyocins in the competition between P. aeruginosa strains, and may help explain why certain strains and lineages of P. aeruginosa dominate and displace others during CF lung infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of exploiting R-pyocins for therapeutic gains in an era when antibiotic resistance is a global concern.nnIMPORTANCEA major clinical problem caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is chronic biofilm infection of the lungs in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Epidemic P. aeruginosa strains dominate and displace others during CF infection, but these intra-species interactions remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that R-pyocins (bacterocins) are important factors in driving competitive interactions in biofilms between P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different CF patients. In addition, we found that these phage-like pyocins are inhibitory against mature biofilms of susceptible strains. This highlights the potential of R-pyocins as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents, at a time when new antimicrobial therapies are desperately needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oluyombo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penfold, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition in biofilms between Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates is driven by R-pyocins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hawkmoth flight in the unsteady wakes of flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flying animals maneuver and hover through environments where wind gusts and flower wakes produce unsteady flow. Although both flight maneuvers and aerodynamic mechanisms have been studied independently, little is known about how these interact in an environment where flow is already unsteady. Moths forage from flowers by hovering in the flowers wake. We investigate hawkmoths tracking a 3D-printed robotic flower in a wind tunnel. We visualize the flow in the wake and around the wings and compare tracking performance to previous experiments in a still air flight chamber. Like in still air, moths flying in the flower wake exhibit near perfect tracking at low frequencies where natural flowers move. However, tracking in the flower wake results in a larger overshoot between 2-5 Hz. System identification of flower tracking reveals that moths also display reduced-order dynamics in wind, compared to still air. Smoke visualization of the flower wake shows that the dominant vortex shedding corresponds to the same frequency band as the increased overshoot. Despite these large effects on tracking dynamics in wind, the leading edge vortex (LEV) remains bound to the wing throughout the wingstroke and does not burst. The LEV also maintains the same qualitative structure seen in steady air. Persistence of a stable LEV during decreased flower tracking demonstrates the interplay between hovering and maneuvering.nnSummary statementWe examined how moths maneuver in the wake of flowers and discover that flower tracking dynamics are simplified compared to still air, while the leading edge vortex does not burst and extends continuously across the wings and thorax.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthews, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hawkmoth flight in the unsteady wakes of flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information sharing for a coordination game in fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective action dilemmas pervade the social and biological sciences - from human decision-making to bacterial quorum sensing. In these scenarios, individuals sense cues from the environment to adopt a suitable phenotype or change in behavior. However, when cues include signals from other individuals, then the appropriate behavior of each individual is linked. Here, we develop a framework to quantify the influence of information sharing on individual behavior in the context of two player coordination games. In this framework, the environment stochastically switches between two states, and the state determines which one of two actions players must coordinate on. Given a stochastically switching environment, we then consider two versions of the game that differ in the way players acquire information. In the first model, players independently sense private environmental cues, but do not communicate with each other. We find there are two types of strategies that emerge as Nash equilibria and fitness maximizers - players prefer to commit to one particular action when private information is poor, or prefer to employ phenotypic plasticity when it is good. The second model adds an additional layer of communication, where players share social cues as well. When the quality of social information is high, we find the socially optimal strategy is a novel "majority logic" strategy that bases decision-making on social cues. Our game-theoretic approach offers a principled way of investigating the role of communication in group decision-making under uncertain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paarporn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eksin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information sharing for a coordination game in fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid proteotyping reveals cancer biology and drug response determinants in the NCI-60 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the rapid and reproducible acquisition of quantitative proteome maps for the NCI-60 cancer cell lines and their use to reveal cancer biology and drug response determinants. Proteome datasets for the 60 cell lines were acquired in duplicate within 30 working days using pressure cycling technology and SWATH mass spectrometry. We consistently quantified 3,171 proteotypic proteins annotated in the SwissProt database across all cell lines, generating a data matrix with 0.1% missing values, allowing analyses of protein complexes and pathway activities across all the cancer cells. Systematic and integrative analysis of the genetic variation, mRNA expression and proteomic data of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines uncovered complementarity between different types of molecular data in the prediction of the response to 240 drugs. We additionally identified novel proteomic drug response determinants for clinically relevant chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies. We anticipate that this study represents a significant advance toward the translational application of proteotypes, which reveal biological insights that are easily missed in the absence of proteomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martignetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bork, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhold, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid proteotyping reveals cancer biology and drug response determinants in the NCI-60 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of strain level diversity on robust inference of virus-induced mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection and lysis of phytoplankton by viruses affects population dynamics and nutrient cycles within oceanic microbial communities. However, estimating the quantitative rates of viral-induced lysis remains challenging in situ. The modified dilution method is the most commonly utilised empirical approach to estimate virus-induced killing rates of phytoplankton. The lysis rate estimates of the modified dilution method are based on models of virus-host interactions involving only a single virus and a single host population. Here, using modelling approaches, we examine the robustness of the modified dilution method in multi-strain, complex communities. We assume that strains differ in their life history traits, including growth rates (of hosts) and lysis rates (by viruses). We show that trait differences affect resulting experimental dynamics such that lysis rates measured using the modified dilution method may be driven by the fastest replicating strains; which are not necessarily the most abundant in situ. We discuss the implications of using the modified dilution method and alternative dilution-based approaches for estimating viral-induced lysis rates in marine microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of strain level diversity on robust inference of virus-induced mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing the roles of dorsolateral and anterior PFC in visual metacognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual metacognition depends on regions within the prefrontal cortex. Two areas in particular have been repeatedly implicated: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC). However, it is still unclear what the function of each of these areas is and how they differ from each other. To establish the specific roles of DLPFC and aPFC in metacognition, we employed online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to causally interfere with their functioning during confidence generation. Human subjects from both sexes performed a perceptual decision-making task and provided confidence ratings. We found a clear dissociation between the two areas: DLPFC TMS lowered confidence ratings, whereas aPFC TMS increased metacognitive ability but only for the second half of the experimental blocks. These results support a functional architecture where DLPFC reads out the strength of the sensory evidence and relays it to aPFC, which makes the confidence judgement by potentially incorporating additional, non-perceptual information. Indeed, simulations from a model that incorporates these putative DLPFC and aPFC functions reproduced our behavioral results. These findings establish DLPFC and aPFC as distinct nodes in a metacognitive network and suggest specific contributions from each of these regions to confidence generation.nnSignificancennThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known to be critical for metacognition. Two of its sub-regions - dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and anterior PFC (aPFC) - have specifically been implicated in confidence generation. However, it is unclear if these regions have distinct functions related to the underlying metacognitive computation. Using a causal intervention with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we demonstrate that DLPFC and aPFC have dissociable contributions: targeting DLPFC decreased average confidence ratings, while targeting aPFC specifically affected metacognitive scores. Based on these results, we postulated specific functions for DLPFC and aPFC in metacognitive computation and corroborated them using a computational model that reproduced our results. Our causal results reveal the existence of a specialized modular organization in PFC for confidence generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing the roles of dorsolateral and anterior PFC in visual metacognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERASE: a novel surface reconditioning strategy for single-molecule experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While surface-based single-molecule experiments have revolutionized our understanding of biology and biomolecules, the workflow in preparing for such experiments, especially surface cleaning and functionalization remains labor-intensive and time-consuming. Even worse, meticulously assembled flow channels can be used only once for most experiments. A reusable surface would thus dramatically increase productivity and efficiency of single-molecule experiments. In this paper, we report a novel surface reconditioning strategy termed ERASE (Epitaxial Removal Aided by Strand Exchange) that allows a single flow cell to be used for vast repetition of single-molecule experiments. In this method, biomolecules immobilized to the surface through a nucleic acid duplex are liberated when a competing DNA strand disrupts the duplex via toehold-mediated strand displacement. We demonstrate the wide-range applicability of this method with various common surface preparation techniques, fluorescent dyes, and biomolecules including the bacterial ribosome. Beyond time and cost savings, we also show ERASE can assort molecules based on a nucleic acid barcode sequence, thus allowing experiments on different molecules in parallel. Our method increases the utility of prepared surfaces and is a significant improvement to the current single-use paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broadwater, D. W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/282632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERASE: a novel surface reconditioning strategy for single-molecule experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of Helicobacter pylori that cause ulcer or gastric cancer typically express a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). CagY is an ortholog of VirB10 that, unlike other VirB10 orthologs, has a large middle repeat region (MRR) with extensive repetitive sequence motifs, which undergo CD4+ T cell-dependent recombination during infection of mice. Recombination in the CagY MRR reduces T4SS function, diminishes the host inflammatory response, and enables the bacteria to colonize at a higher density. Since CagY is known to bind human 5{beta}1 integrin, we tested the hypothesis that recombination in the CagY MRR regulates T4SS function by modulating binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Using a cell-free microfluidic assay, we found that H. pylori binding to 5{beta}1 integrin under shear flow is dependent on the CagY MRR, but independent of the presence of the T4SS pili, which are only formed when H. pylori is in contact with host cells. Similarly, expression of CagY in the absence of other T4SS genes was necessary and sufficient for whole bacterial cell binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Bacteria with variant cagY alleles that reduced T4SS function showed comparable reduction in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, though CagY was still expressed on the bacterial surface. We speculate that cagY-dependent modulation of H. pylori T4SS function is mediated by alterations in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, which in turn regulates the host inflammatory response so as to maximize persistent infection.nnIMPORTANCEInfection with H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers, and is the most important risk factor for gastric cancer, the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The major H. pylori virulence factor that determines whether infection causes disease or asymptomatic colonization is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), a sort of molecular syringe that injects bacterial products into gastric epithelial cells and alters host cell physiology. We previously showed that recombination in CagY, an essential T4SS component, modulates the function of the T4SS. Here we found that these recombination events produce parallel changes in specific binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, a host cell receptor that is essential for T4SS-dependent translocation of bacterial effectors. We propose that CagY-dependent binding to 5{beta}1 integrin acts like a molecular rheostat that alters T4SS function and modulates the host immune response to promote persistent infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skoog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikis, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral Fitness Across a Continuum from Lysis to Latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevailing paradigm in ecological studies of viruses and their microbial hosts is that the reproductive success of viruses depends on the proliferation of the "predator", i.e., the virus particle. Yet, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and the virus genome - the actual unit of selection - can persist and proliferate from one cell generation to the next without lysis or the production of new virus particles. Here, we propose a theoretical framework to quantify the invasion fitness of viruses using an epidemiological cell-centric metric that focuses on the proliferation of viral genomes inside cells instead of virus particles outside cells. This cell-centric metric enables direct comparison of viral strategies characterized by obligate killing of hosts (e.g., via lysis), persistence of viral genomes inside hosts (e.g., via lysogeny), and strategies along a continuum between these extremes (e.g., via chronic infections). As a result, we can identify environmental drivers, life history traits, and key feedbacks that govern variation in viral propagation in nonlinear population models. For example, we identify threshold conditions given relatively low densities of susceptible cells and relatively high growth rates of infected cells in which lysogenic and other chronic strategies have higher potential viral reproduction than lytic strategies. Altogether, the theoretical framework helps unify the ongoing study of eco-evolutionary drivers of viral strategies in natural environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbudak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral Fitness Across a Continuum from Lysis to Latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/297127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous Viral Strategies Promote Coexistence in Virus-Microbe Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/297127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses of microbes, including bacterial viruses (phage), archaeal viruses, and eukaryotic viruses, can influence the fate of individual microbes and entire populations. Here, we model distinct modes of virus-host interactions and study their impact on the abundance and diversity of both viruses and their microbial hosts. We consider two distinct viral populations infecting the same microbial population via two different strategies: lytic and chronic. A lytic strategy corresponds to viruses that exclusively infect and lyse their hosts to release new virions. A chronic strategy corresponds to viruses that infect hosts and then continually release new viruses via a budding process without cell lysis. The chronic virus can also be passed on to daughter cells during cell division. The long-term association of virus and microbe in the chronic mode drives differences in selective pressures with respect to the lytic mode. We utilize invasion analysis of the corresponding nonlinear differential equation model to study the ecology and evolution of heterogenous viral strategies. We first investigate stability of equilibria, and characterize oscillatory and bistable dynamics in some parameter regions. Then, we derive fitness quantities for both virus types and investigate conditions for competitive exclusion and coexistence. In so doing we find unexpected results, including a regime in which the chronic virus requires the lytic virus for survival and invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulbudak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/297127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous Viral Strategies Promote Coexistence in Virus-Microbe Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Significant Computational Building Blocks through Comprehensive Deep Dive of NGS Secondary Analysis Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid advancements in next generation sequencing technologies have greatly improved the throughput of sequencing and reduced the cost to under $1000 per genome propelling ambitious projects across the globe that are pursuing sequencing million or more genomes. In addition, the sequencing throughput is increasing and the cost is decreasing at a rate much faster than the Moores law. This necessitates equivalent rate of acceleration of NGS secondary analysis that assembles the reads into full genomes and identifies variants between genomes. Conventional improvement in hardware can at best help accelerate this according to the Moores law if the corresponding software is able to use the hardware efficiently. This is currently not the case for majority of the dozens of software tools used for NGS secondary analysis. Thus, to keep pace with the rate of advancement of sequencers, we need - 1) hardware that is designed taking into account the computational requirements of NGS secondary analysis and 2) software tools that use the hardware efficiently.nnIn this work, we take the first step towards that goal by identifying the computational requirements of NGS secondary analysis. We surveyed dozens of software tools from all the three major problems in secondary analysis - sequence mapping, de novo assembly, and variant calling - to select seven popular tools and a workflow for an in depth analysis. We performed runtime profiling of the tools using multiple real datasets to find that the majority of the runtime is dominated by just four building blocks - Smith Waterman alignment, FM-index based sequence search, Debruijn graph construction and traversal and pairwise hidden markov model algorithm. Together, these building blocks cover 80.5%-98.2% of the runtime for sequence mapping, 63.9%-99.4% of the runtime for De novo assembly, and 72%-93% of the runtime for variant calling. The beauty of this result is that by just tailoring our software and hardware for these building blocks, we can get a major performance improvement of NGS secondary analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasimuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Significant Computational Building Blocks through Comprehensive Deep Dive of NGS Secondary Analysis Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring how generation intervals link strength and speed of epidemics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infectious-disease outbreaks are often characterized by the reproductive number and exponential rate of growth r. provides information about out-break control and predicted final size. Directly estimating is difficult, while r can often be estimated from incidence data. These quantities are linked by the generation interval - the time between when an individual is infected by an infector, and when that infector was infected. It is often infeasible to ob-tain the exact shape of a generation-interval distribution, and to understand how this shape affects estimates of . We show that estimating generation interval mean and variance provides insight into the relationship between and r. We use examples based on Ebola, rabies and measles to explore approximations based on gamma-distributed generation intervals, and find that use of these simple approximations are often sufficient to capture the r- relationship and provide robust estimates of .
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champredon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring how generation intervals link strength and speed of epidemics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical states control visual spatial perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many factors modulate the state of cortical activity, but the importance of cortical states for sensory perception remains debated. We trained mice to detect spatially localized visual stimuli, and simultaneously measured local field potentials and excitatory and inhibitory neuron populations across layers of primary visual cortex (V1). Cortical states with low firing rates and correlations between excitatory neurons, and reduced oscillatory activity in Layer 4, accurately predicted single trials of visual spatial detection behavior. Our results show that cortical states exert strong effects at the initial stage of cortical processing in V1, and play a decisive role for visual spatial behavior in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Speed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical states control visual spatial perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the Ciona larval brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tadpole-type larva of Ciona has emerged as an intriguing model system for the study of neurodevelopment. The Ciona intestinalis connectome has been recently mapped, revealing the smallest central nervous system (CNS) known in any chordate, with only 177 neurons. This minimal CNS is highly reminiscent of larger CNS of vertebrates, sharing many conserved developmental processes, anatomical compartments, neuron subtypes, and even specific neural circuits. Thus, the Ciona tadpole offers a unique opportunity to understand the development and wiring of a chordate CNS at single-cell resolution. Here we report the use of single-cell RNAseq to profile the transcriptomes of single cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from the whole brain of Ciona robusta (formerly intestinalis Type A) larvae. We have also compared these profiles to bulk RNAseq data from specific subsets of brain cells isolated by FACS using cell type-specific reporter plasmid expression. Taken together, these datasets have begun to reveal the compartment- and cell-specific gene expression patterns that define the organization of the Ciona larval brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the Ciona larval brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of active viral infections within the Sphagnum microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphagnum-dominated peatlands play an important role in global carbon storage and represent significant sources of economic and ecological value. While recent efforts to describe microbial diversity and metabolic potential of the Sphagnum microbiome have demonstrated the importance of its microbial community, little is known about the viral constituents. We used metatranscriptomics to describe the diversity and activity of viruses infecting microbes within the Sphagnum peat bog. The vegetative portions of 6 Sphagnum plants were obtained from a peatland in northern Minnesota and total RNA extracted and sequenced. Metatranscriptomes were assembled and contigs screened for the presence of conserved virus marker genes. Using bacteriophage capsid protein, gp23, as a marker for phage diversity, we identified 33 contigs representing undocumented phage s that were active in the community at the time of sampling. Similarly, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Virus (NCLDV) major capsid protein were used as markers for ssRNA viruses and NCLDV, respectively. In total 114 contigs were identified as originating from undescribed ssRNA viruses, 22 of which represent near-complete genomes. An additional 64 contigs were identified as being from NCLDVs. Finally, 7 contigs were identified as putative virophage or polinto-like viruses. We developed co-occurrence networks with these markers in relation to the expression of potential-host housekeeping gene rpb1 to predict virus-host relationships, identifying 13 groups. Together, our approach offers new tools for the identification of virus diversity and interactions in understudied clades, and suggest viruses may play a considerable role in the ecology of the Sphagnum microbiome.nnSignificanceSphagnum-dominated peatlands play an important role in maintaining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by modifying conditions in the surrounding soil to favor its own growth over other plant species. This slows rates of decomposition and facilitates the accumulation of fixed carbon in the form of partially decomposed biomass. The unique environment produced by Sphagnum enriches for the growth of a diverse microbial consortia that benefit from and support the mosss growth, while also maintaining the hostile soil conditions. While a growing body of research has begun to characterize the microbial groups that colonize Sphagnum, little is currently known about the ecological factors that constrain community structure and define ecosystem function. Top-down population control by viruses is almost completely undescribed. This study provides insight into the significant viral influence on the Sphagnum microbiome, and identifying new potential model systems to study virus-host interactions in the peatland ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stough, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of active viral infections within the Sphagnum microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental system drift in motor ganglion patterning between distantly related tunicates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The larval nervous system of the solitary tunicate Ciona is a simple model for the study of chordate neurodevelopment. The development and connectivity of the Ciona Motor Ganglion (MG) has been studied in fine detail, but how this important structure develops in other tunicates is not well known. By comparing gene expression patterns in the developing MG of the distantly related tunicate Molgula occidentalis, we found that its patterning is highly conserved compared to the Ciona MG. MG neuronal subtypes in Molgula were specified in the exact same positions as in Ciona, though the timing of subtype-specific gene expression onset was slightly shifted to begin earlier, relative to mitotic exit and differentiation. In transgenic Molgula embryos electroporated with Dmbx reporter plasmids, we were also able to characterize the morphology of the lone pair of descending decussating neurons (ddNs) in Molgula, revealing the same unique contralateral projection seen in Ciona ddNs and their putative vertebrate homologs the Mauthner cells. Although Dmbx expression labels the ddNs in both species, cross-species transgenic assays revealed significant changes to the cis-regulatory logic underlying Dmbx transcription. We found that Dmbx cis-regulatory DNAs from Ciona can drive highly specific reporter gene expression in Molgula ddNs, but Molgula sequences are not active in Ciona ddNs. This acute divergence in the molecular mechanisms that underlie otherwise functionally conserved cis-regulatory DNAs supports the recently proposed idea that the extreme genetic plasticity observed in tunicates may be attributed to the extreme rigidity of the spatial organization of their embryonic cell lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental system drift in motor ganglion patterning between distantly related tunicates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-periodic patterns contribute to functional connectivity in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity is widely used to study the coordination of activity between brain regions over time. Functional connectivity in the default mode and task positive networks is particularly important for normal brain function. However, the processes that give rise to functional connectivity in the brain are not fully understood. It has been postulated that low-frequency neural activity plays a key role in establishing the functional architecture of the brain. Quasi-periodic patterns (QPPs) are a reliably observable form of low-frequency neural activity that involve the default mode and task positive networks. Here, QPPs from resting-state and working memory task-performing individuals were acquired. The spatiotemporal pattern, strength, and frequency of the QPPs between the two groups were compared and the contribution of QPPs to functional connectivity in the brain was measured. In task-performing individuals, the spatiotemporal pattern of the QPP changes, particularly in task-relevant regions, and the QPP tends to occur with greater strength and frequency. Differences in the QPPs between the two groups could partially account for the variance in functional connectivity between resting-state and task-performing individuals. The QPPs contribute strongly to connectivity in the default mode and task positive networks and to the strength of anti-correlation seen between the two networks. Many of the connections affected by QPPs are also disrupted during several neurological disorders. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamic neural processes that give rise to functional connectivity in the brain and how they may be disrupted during disease.nnHighlightsO_LIQuasi-periodic patterns (QPPs) of low-frequency activity contribute to functional connectivitynC_LIO_LIThe spatiotemporal pattern of QPPs differs between resting-state and task-performing individualsnC_LIO_LIQPPs account for significant functional connectivity in the DMN and TPN during rest and task performancenC_LIO_LIChanges in functional connectivity in these networks may reflect differences in QPPsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belloy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezafati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-periodic patterns contribute to functional connectivity in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation Sequence-analysis Toolkit (NeST): A standardized bioinformatics framework for analyzing Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in next-generation sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have led to the development of numerous bioinformatics tools and pipelines. As these tools vary in their output function and complexity and some are not well-standardized, it is harder to choose a suitable pipeline to identify variants in NGS data. Here, we present NeST (NGS-analysis Toolkit), a modular consensus-based variant calling framework. NeST uses a combination of variant callers to overcome potential biases of an individual method used alone. NeST consists of four modules, that integrate open-source bioinformatics tools, a custom Variant Calling Format (VCF) parser and a summarization utility, that generate high-quality consensus variant calls. NeST was validated using targeted-amplicon deep sequencing data from 245 Plasmodium falciparum isolates to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms conferring drug resistance. The results were verified using Sanger sequencing data for the same dataset in a supporting publication [28]. NeST offers a user-friendly pipeline for variant calling with standardized outputs and minimal computational demands for easy deployment for use with various organisms and applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmedes, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plucinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talundzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udhayakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation Sequence-analysis Toolkit (NeST): A standardized bioinformatics framework for analyzing Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in next-generation sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptic Native American ancestry recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
European and African descendants settled the continental US during the 17th-19th centuries, coming into contact with established Native American populations. The resulting admixture among these groups yielded a significant reservoir of cryptic Native American ancestry in the modern US population. We analyzed the patterns of Native American admixture seen for the three largest genetic ancestry groups in the US population: African American, European American, and Hispanic/Latino. The three groups show distinct Native American ancestry profiles, which are indicative of their historical patterns of migration and settlement across the country. Native American ancestry in the modern African American population does not coincide with local geography, instead forming a monophyletic group with origins in the southeastern US, consistent with the Great Migration of the early 20th century. European Americans show Native American ancestry that tracks their geographic origins across the US, indicative of ongoing contact during westward expansion, and Native American ancestry can resolve Hispanic/Latino individuals into distinct local groups formed by more recent migration from Mexico and Puerto Rico. We found an anomalous pattern of Native American ancestry from the US southwest, which most likely corresponds to the Nuevomexicano descendants of early Spanish settlers to the region. We addressed a number of controversies surrounding this population, including the extent of Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Nuevomexicanos are less admixed than nearby Mexican-American individuals, with more European and less Native American and African ancestry, and while they do show demonstrable Sephardic Jewish ancestry, the fraction is no greater than seen for other Hispanic/Latino populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptic Native American ancestry recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Properties of Simulated Brain Network Models and Empirical Resting State Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain Network Models have become a promising theoretical framework in simulating signals that are representative of whole brain activity such as resting state fMRI. However, it has been difficult to compare the complex brain activity between simulated and empirical data. Previous studies have used simple metrics that surmise coordination between regions such as functional connectivity, and we extend on this by using various different dynamical analysis tools that are currently used to understand resting state fMRI. We show that certain properties correspond to the structural connectivity input that is shared between the models, and certain dynamic properties relate more to the mathematical description of the Brain Network Model. We conclude that the dynamic properties that gauge more temporal structure rather than spatial coordination in the rs-fMRI signal seem to provide the largest contrasts between different BNMs and the unknown empirical dynamical system. Our results will be useful in constraining and developing more realistic simulations of whole brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Properties of Simulated Brain Network Models and Empirical Resting State Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-responsive and metabolic gene regulation are altered in low S-adenosylmethionine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl donor that modifies proteins such as histones, nucleic acids and produces phosphatidylcholine. Thus variations in SAM levels could affect processes from lipogenesis to epigenetic gene regulation. SAM is hypothesized to link metabolism and chromatin modification, however, its role in acute gene regulation is poorly understood. We recently found that Caenorhabditis elegans with reduced SAM had deficiencies in bacterial-induced H3K4 trimethylation at selected pathogen-response genes, decreasing their expression and limiting survival on the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This led us to the hypothesis that SAM may be generally required stress-responsive transcription. Here we show that C. elegans with low SAM fail to activate genome-wide transcriptional programs when exposed to bacterial or xenotoxic stress. However, heat shock responses were unaffected. We also investigated the role of two H3K4 methyltransferases that use SAM, set-2/SET1, and set-16/MLL and found that set-2/SET1 has a specific requirement in bacterial stress responses, whereas set-16/MLL was required for survival in all three stresses. These results define a role for SAM and H3K4 methyltransferases in the acute genome-wide remodeling of gene expression in response to stress. Finally, we find that the ability to modify metabolic gene expression correlates with enhanced survival in stress conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-responsive and metabolic gene regulation are altered in low S-adenosylmethionine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle Stem Cell Niche Dysregulation in Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable regenerative capacity; however, after volumetric muscle loss (VML) due to traumatic injury or surgery this regenerative response is significantly diminished, causing chronic functional deficits. The critical defect size at which the muscle will not functionally recover has not yet been established and subsequently, the relative contribution of crucial muscle components, including muscle stem cells and the muscle stem cell niche, are unknown. In this study, we created VML injuries of 2, 3, or 4 mm diameter, full-thickness defects in the mouse quadriceps. The 2, 3, and 4 mm injuries resulted in a defect of 5, 15, or 30% of the quadriceps mass, respectively. At 14 and 28 days after injury, histological analyses revealed injury size-dependent differences in myofiber morphology and fibrosis; the number of small myofibers increased with increasing injury size. The results showed that the 3 mm injury was at a threshold point, as myofibers were unable to bridge the defect, there was persistent fibrosis and inflammation, and significantly increased number of myofibers with centrally located nuclei. We then further investigated the 3 mm VML for nerve and vascular regeneration. These injured muscles were accompanied by a drastic increase in denervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), while assessment of angiogenesis via micro-CT analysis revealed a significant increase in vascular volume primarily from small diameter vessels after VML injury. Collectively, these data indicate that the spatial and temporal control of the fibrotic and neuromotor response are critical to regeneration and could be potential therapeutic targets, as they are the most dysregulated components of the muscle stem cell niche after VML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruehle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Emeterio, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle Stem Cell Niche Dysregulation in Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-evaluating the salty divide: phylogenetic specificity of transitions between marine and freshwater systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine and freshwater microbial communities are phylogenetically distinct and transitions between habitat types are thought to be infrequent. We compared the phylogenetic diversity of marine and freshwater microorganisms and identified specific lineages exhibiting notably high or low similarity between marine and freshwater ecosystems using a meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene tag-sequencing datasets. As expected, marine and freshwater microbial communities differed in the relative abundance of major phyla and contained habitat-specific lineages; at the same time, however, many shared taxa were observed in both environments. Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria sequences had the highest similarity between marine and freshwater sample pairs. Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria contained the highest number of Minimum Entropy Decomposition nodes shared by marine and freshwater samples. Shared nodes included lineages of the abundant alphaproteobacterial group SAR11 that have not previously been reported in 16S rRNA gene surveys of freshwater lakes. Our results suggest that shared taxa are numerous, but tend to occur sporadically and at low relative abundance in one habitat type, leading to an underestimation of transition frequency between marine and freshwater habitats. Lineages with a high degree of shared taxa or habitat-specific diversification represent targets for genome-scale investigations into microbial adaptations and evolutionary innovations. Rare taxa with abundances near or below detection, including lineages that appear to have crossed the salty divide relatively recently, may have novel adaptations enabling them to exploit opportunities for niche expansion when environments are disturbed or conditions change.nnImportanceThe distribution of microbial diversity across environments yields insight into processes that create and maintain this diversity as well as potential to infer how communities will respond to future environmental changes. We integrated datasets from dozens of freshwater lake and marine samples to compare diversity across open water habitats differing in salinity. Our novel combination of sequence-based approaches revealed phyla and proteobacterial classes inferred to include more or less recent transitions across habitat types as well as specific lineages that are shared by marine and freshwater environments at the level of 16S rRNA sequence types. Our findings contribute to understanding the ecological and evolutionary controls on microbial distributions, and open up new questions regarding the plasticity and adaptability of particular lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-evaluating the salty divide: phylogenetic specificity of transitions between marine and freshwater systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic biases in disease forecasting - the role of behavior change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a simple susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, the initial speed at which infected cases increase is indicative of the long-term trajectory of the outbreak. Yet during real-world outbreaks, individuals may modify their behavior and take preventative steps to reduce infection risk. As a consequence, the relationship between the initial rate of spread and the final case count may become tenuous. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis by comparing the dynamics arising from a simple SIR epidemic model with those from a modified SIR model in which individuals reduce contacts as a function of the current or cumulative number of cases. Dynamics with behavior change exhibit significantly reduced final case counts even though the initial speed of disease spread is nearly identical for both of the models. We show that this difference in final size projections depends critically in the behavior change of individuals. These results also provide a rationale for integrating behavior change into iterative forecast models. Hence, we propose to use a Kalman filter to update models with and without behavior change as part of iterative forecasts. When the ground truth outbreak includes behavior change, sequential predictions using a simple SIR model perform poorly despite repeated observations while predictions using the modified SIR model are able to correct for initial forecast errors. These findings highlight the value of incorporating behavior change into baseline epidemic and dynamic forecast models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eksin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paarporn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/349506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic biases in disease forecasting - the role of behavior change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Electrical Stimulation Promotes the Excitability and Plasticity of ESC-derived Neurons following Glutamate-induced Inhibition In vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is rapidly gaining traction as a therapeutic tool for mediating the repair and recovery of the injured central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanisms and impact of these stimulation paradigms at a molecular, cellular and network level remain largely unknown. In this study, we used embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neuron and glial cocultures to investigate network maturation following acute administration of L-glutamate, which is a known mediator of excitotoxicity following CNS injury. We then modulated network maturation using chronic low frequency stimulation (LFS) and direct current stimulation (DCS) protocols. We demonstrated that L-glutamate impaired the rate of maturation of ESC-derived neurons and glia immediately and over a week following acute treatment. The administration of chronic LFS and DCS protocols individually following L-glutamate infusion significantly promoted the excitability of neurons as well as network synchrony, while the combination of LFS/DCS did not. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that LFS and DCS alone significantly up-regulated the expression of excitability and plasticity-related transcripts encoding N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit (NR2A), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Ras-related protein (RAB3A). In contrast, the simultaneous administration of LFS/DCS down-regulated BDNF and RAB3A expression. Our results demonstrate that LFS and DCS stimulation can modulate network maturation excitability and synchrony following the acute administration of an inhibitory dose of L-glutamate, as well as an upregulation of NR2A, BDNF and RAB3A gene expression. Our study also provides a novel framework for investigating the effects of electrical stimulation on neuronal responses and network formation/repair after traumatic brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latchoumane, C.-F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eslampanah Sendi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tehrani, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stice, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghovanloo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karumbaiah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Electrical Stimulation Promotes the Excitability and Plasticity of ESC-derived Neurons following Glutamate-induced Inhibition In vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-stimulus oscillatory activity predicts successful episodic encoding for both young and older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Healthy aging is associated with declines in episodic memory performance that are due in part to deficits in encoding. Emerging results from young adult studies suggest that the neural activity during the time-period preceding stimulus presentation is sensitive to episodic memory performance. It is unknown whether age-related declines in episodic memory are due solely to changes in the recruitment of processes elicited by stimuli during encoding or also in processes recruited in anticipation of these stimuli. Here, we recorded oscillatory EEG while young and old participants encoded visual and auditory words that were preceded by cues indicating the stimulus modality. Alpha oscillatory activity preceding and following stimulus onset was predictive of subsequent memory accuracy similarly across age. Frontal beta oscillations linked to semantic elaboration during encoding were reduced by age. Post-stimulus theta power was positively predictive of episodic memory accuracy for old but not young adults, potentially reflecting older adults' tendency to self-generate associations during encoding. Collectively, these results suggest that the preparatory mobilization of neural processes prior to encoding that benefits episodic memory performance is not affected by age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strunk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-stimulus oscillatory activity predicts successful episodic encoding for both young and older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparing for the worst: Evidence that older adults proactively downregulate negative affect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related differences in processing emotional stimuli are well established. However, previous studies have only assessed the impact of age on emotional processing and encoding in response to, not in anticipation of, emotional stimuli. In the current study, we investigated age-related differences in the impact of emotional anticipation on affective responses and episodic memory for emotional images. Young and older were scanned while encoding negative and neutral images preceded by cues that were either valid or invalid predictors of image valence. Participants were asked to rate the emotional intensity of the images and to complete an episodic recognition task immediately after scanning. Using multivariate behavioral partial least squares (PLS) analysis, we found that young and older adults recruit the same set of brain regions to differentially support emotional processing during the anticipation of emotional images. Specifically, anticipatory recruitment of the amygdala, ventromedial PFC, and hippocampus in older adults predicts reduced memory for negative than neutral images for older adults and the opposite for young adults. Seed PLS analyses further show inverse coupling between the amygdala and ventromedial PFC activation following negative cues, consistent with the top-down spontaneous suppression of negative affect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that the "positivity effect" seen in older adults memory performance is related to the spontaneous suppression of negative affect in anticipation of, not just in response to, negative stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparing for the worst: Evidence that older adults proactively downregulate negative affect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can we obtain in vivo transmural mean hoop stress of the aortic wall without knowing patient-specific material properties and residual deformations? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that residual deformations/stresses alter the mechanical behavior of arteries, e.g. the pressure-diameter curves. In an effort to enable personalized analysis of the aortic wall stress, approaches have been developed to incorporate experimentally-derived residual deformations into in vivo loaded geometries in finite element simulations using thick-walled models. Solid elements are typically used to account for "bending-like" residual deformations. Yet, the difficulty in obtaining patient-specific residual deformations and material properties has become one of the biggest challenges of these thick-walled models. In thin-walled models, fortunately, static determinacy offers an appealing prospect that allows for the calculation of the thin-walled membrane stress without patient-specific material properties. The membrane stress can be computed using forward analysis by enforcing an extremely stiff material property as penalty treatment, which is referred to as the forward penalty approach. However, thin-walled membrane elements, which have zero bending stiffness, are incompatible with the residual deformations, and therefore, it is often stated as a limitation of thin-walled models. In this paper, by comparing the predicted stresses from thin-walled models and thick-walled models, we demonstrate that the transmural mean hoop stress is the same for the two models and can be readily obtained from in vivo clinical images without knowing the patient-specific material properties and residual deformations. Computation of patient-specific mean hoop stress can be greatly simplified by using membrane model and the forward penalty approach, which may be clinically valuable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can we obtain in vivo transmural mean hoop stress of the aortic wall without knowing patient-specific material properties and residual deformations?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of in vivo constitutive parameters of the aortic wall: a machine learning approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The patient-specific biomechanical analysis of the aorta demands the in vivo mechanical properties of individual patients. Current inverse approaches have shown the feasibility of estimating the nonlinear, anisotropic material parameters from in vivo image data using certain optimization schemes. However, since such inverse methods are dependent on iterative nonlinear optimization, these methods are highly computation-intensive, which may take weeks to complete for only a single patient, inhibiting rapid feedback for clinical use. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have led to revolutionary breakthroughs in many applications. A potential paradigm-changing solution to the bottleneck associated with patient-specific computational modeling is to incorporate ML algorithms to expedite the procedure of in vivo material parameter identification. In this paper, we developed a ML-based approach to identify the material parameters from three-dimensional aorta geometries obtained at two different blood pressure levels, namely systolic and diastolic geometries. The nonlinear relationship between the two loaded shapes and the constitutive parameters are established by a ML-model, which was trained and tested using finite element (FE) simulation datasets. Cross-validation was used to adjust the ML-model structure on a training/validation dataset. The accuracy of the ML-model was examined using a testing dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of in vivo constitutive parameters of the aortic wall: a machine learning approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic mRNA expressed Cas13a mitigates RNA virus infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of the CRISPR-Cas system as a technology has transformed our ability to modify nucleic acids. Prokaryotes evolved one member of this family, CRISPR-Cas effector, Cas13a, as an RNA-guided ribonuclease that protects them from invading bacteriophages. Here, we demonstrate that Cas13a can be programmed to target eukaryotic viral pathogens, influenza virus A (IVA) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in human cells. We designed synthetic mRNA coding for Cas13a, which when guided by CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) to target influenza virus or hRSV RNA, significantly mitigates these infections both prophylactically, therapeutically, and over time. These data demonstrate a possible new class of synthetic mRNA-powered anti-viral interventions.nnOne Sentence SummarycrRNA guided Cas13a halts RNA virus infections
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bawage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic mRNA expressed Cas13a mitigates RNA virus infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaMaps - Strain-level metagenomic assignment and compositional estimation for long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequence classification should be fast, accurate and information-rich. Emerging long-read sequencing technologies promise to improve the balance between these factors but most existing methods were designed for short reads. MetaMaps is a new method, specifically developed for long reads, that combines the accuracy of slower alignment-based methods with the scalability of faster k-mer-based methods. Using an approximate mapping algorithm, it is capable of mapping a long-read metagenome to a comprehensive RefSeq database with >12,000 genomes in <30 GB or RAM on a laptop computer. Integrating these mappings with a probabilistic scoring scheme and EM-based estimation of sample composition, MetaMaps achieves >95% accuracy for species-level read assignment and r2 > 0.98 for the estimation of sample composition on both simulated and real data. Uniquely, MetaMaps outputs mapping locations and qualities for all classified reads, enabling functional studies (e.g. gene presence/absence) and the detection of novel species not present in the current database.nnAvailability and ImplementationMetaMaps is implemented in C++/Perl and freely available from https://github.com/DiltheyLab/MetaMaps (GPL v3).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dilthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaMaps - Strain-level metagenomic assignment and compositional estimation for long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme allelic heterogeneity at a Caenorhabditis elegans beta-tubulin locus explains natural resistance to benzimidazoles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzimidazoles (BZ) are essential components of the limited chemotherapeutic arsenal available to control the global burden of parasitic nematodes. The emerging threat of BZ resistance among nearly all nematode species necessitates the development of novel strategies to identify genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance. All detection of parasitic helminth resistance to BZ is focused on the genotyping of three variant sites in the orthologs of the {beta}-tubulin gene found to confer resistance in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Because of the limitations of laboratory and field experiments in parasitic nematodes, it is difficult to look beyond these three sites, and additional BZ resistance is observed in the field. Here, we took an unbiased genome-wide mapping approach in the free-living nematode species C. elegans to identify the genetic underpinnings of natural resistance to the commonly used BZ, albendazole (ABZ). We found a wide range of natural variation in ABZ resistance in natural C. elegans populations. In agreement with known mechanisms of BZ resistance in parasites, we find that a majority of the variation in ABZ resistance among wild C. elegans strains is caused by variation in the {beta}-tubulin gene ben-1. This result shows empirically that resistance to ABZ naturally exists and segregates within the C. elegans population, suggesting that selection in natural niches could enrich for resistant alleles. We identified 25 distinct ben-1 alleles that are segregating at low frequencies within the C. elegans population, including many novel molecular variants. Population genetic analyses indicate that ben-1 variation arose multiple times during the evolutionary history of C. elegans and provide evidence that these alleles likely occurred recently because of local selective pressures. Additionally, we find purifying selection at all five {beta}-tubulin genes, despite predicted loss-of-function resistants variants in ben-1, indicating that BZ resistance in natural niches is a stronger selective pressure than loss of one {beta}-tubulin gene. Furthermore, we use genome-editing to show that the most common parasitic nematode {beta}-tubulin allele that confers BZ resistance, F200Y, confers resistance in C. elegans. Importantly, we identified a novel genomic region that is correlated with ABZ resistance in the C. elegans population but independent of ben-1 and the other {beta}-tubulin loci, suggesting that there are multiple mechanisms underlying BZ resistance. Taken together, our results establish a population-level resource of nematode natural diversity as an important model for the study of mechanisms that give rise to BZ resistance.nnAuthor summaryNematode parasites have a tremendous impact on human health with almost two billion people infected worldwide. The control of nematode infections relies mainly on the efficacy of a limited repertoire of anthelmintic compounds, including the benzimidazoles (BZ). Already a significant problem in veterinary medicine, increasing evidence exists for the development of BZ resistance in nematodes that infect humans. Laboratory screens and field surveys identified {beta}-tubulin genes as major determinants of BZ resistance in nematodes but detailed population-wide genetic analyses of resistance mechanisms are only just beginning. Therefore, we took advantage of the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to study the genetic basis of resistance to the commonly used BZ, albendazole (ABZ) in a natural nematode population. Performing genome-wide association mappings, we were able to identify extreme heterogeneity in the {beta}-tubulin gene ben-1 as a major determinant of ABZ resistance. Moreover, our study provided new insights into the effects of missense and loss-of-function alleles at this locus, and how anthelmintic resistance could have developed within a natural nematode population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahnel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme allelic heterogeneity at a Caenorhabditis elegans beta-tubulin locus explains natural resistance to benzimidazoles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Gait Phases from Joint Kinematics during Walking with Switched Linear Dynamical Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-robot interaction (HRI) for gait rehabilitation could benefit from data-driven, subject-specific gait models that account for gait phases and gait dynamics. Here we address the current limitation in gait models driven by averaged kinematic data, which do not model interlimb gait dynamics and have not been shown to precisely identify gait events. We used Switched Linear Dynamical Systems (SLDS) to model joint angle kinematic data from healthy individuals walking on a treadmill during normal gait and during gait perturbed by electrical muscle stimulation. We compared model-inferred gait phases to gait phases measured independently via a force plate. We found that SLDS models accounted for over 88% of the variation in each joint angle and labeled the joint kinematics with the correct gait phase with 84% precision on average. The transitions between hidden states matched measured gait events, with a median absolute difference of 25ms. To our knowledge, this is the first time that SLDS inferred gait phases have been validated by an external measure of gait, instead of against pre-defined gait phase durations. SLDS provide individual-specific representations of gait that incorporate both gait phases and gait dynamics. SLDS may be useful for developing control policies for HRI aimed at improving gait by allowing for changes in control to be precisely timed to different gait phases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drnach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Gait Phases from Joint Kinematics during Walking with Switched Linear Dynamical Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Diversity in a Military Impacted Lagoon (Vieques, Puerto Rico) as Revealed by Metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Anones Lagoon, located in the island municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico (PR), received extensive bombing during military practices by the US Navy for decades. After military activities ceased in 2003, the bombing range was designated as part of a larger Superfund site by US EPA. Here, we employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to investigate how microbial communities responded to pollution by heavy metals and explosives at this lagoon. Sediment samples (0-5 cm) from Anones were collected in 2005 and 2014 and compared to samples from two reference lagoons, i.e., Guaniquilla, Cabo Rojo (a natural reserve) and Condado, San Juan (PRs capital city). Consistent with selection under low anthropogenic impacts, Guaniquilla exhibited the highest degree of diversity with lower frequency of genes related to xenobiotics metabolism among the three lagoons. Notably, a clear shift was observed in Anones, with Euryarchaeota becoming enriched (9% of total) and a concomitant increase in community diversity, by about one order of magnitude, after almost 10 years without bombing activities. In contrast, genes associated with explosives biodegradation and heavy metal transformation significantly decreased in abundance in Anones 2014 (by 91.5%). Five unique population genomes were recovered from the Anones 2005 sample that encoded genetic determinants implicated in biodegradation of contaminants. Collectively, these results provided new insights into the natural attenuation of explosive contaminants by the benthic microbial communities of the Anones lagoon and could serve as reference points to enhance bioremediation actions at this site and for assessing other similarly impacted sites.nnImportanceThis study represents the first assessment of the benthic microbial community in the Anones Lagoon in Vieques, Puerto Rico after the impact of intense pollution by bombs and unconventional weapons during military training exercises. Evaluating the microbial diversity of Anones, represents an opportunity to assess the microbial succession patterns during the active process of natural attenuation of pollutants. The culture-independent techniques employed to study these environmental samples allowed the recovery of almost complete genomes of several abundant species that were likely involved in the biodegradation of pollutants and thus, represented species responding to the strong selection pressure posed by military activities. Further, our results showed that natural attenuation has proceeded to a great extend ten years after the cease of military activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila-Santiago, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSanta-Pagan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massol-Deya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Diversity in a Military Impacted Lagoon (Vieques, Puerto Rico) as Revealed by Metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, versatile, and quantitative annotation of complex images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a generic smartphone app for quantitative annotation of complex images. The app is simple enough to be used by children, and annotation tasks are distributed across app users, contributing to efficient annotation. We demonstrate its flexibility and speed by annotating >30,000 images, including features of rice root growth and structure, stem cell aggregate morphology, and complex worm (C. elegans) postures, for which we show that the speed of annotation is >130-fold faster than state-of-the-art techniques with similar accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaskey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, versatile, and quantitative annotation of complex images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Limb Ischemia Induces Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle Motor Unit and Myonuclear- and Mitochondrial-Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Critical limb ischemia, the most severe form of peripheral artery disease, leads to extensive damage and alterations in skeletal muscle homeostasis. Although recent developments towards revascularization therapies have been introduced, there has been limited research into treatments for ischemic myopathy. To elucidate the regenerative mechanism of the muscle stem cell and its niche components in response to ischemic insults, we explored interactions between the vasculature, motor neuron, muscle fiber, and the muscle stem cell. We first investigated changes in the neuromuscular junction and motor neuron innervation following a surgical hindlimb ischemia model of critical limb ischemia in mice. Along with previous findings that support remodeling of the neuromuscular junction, we report that ischemic injury also causes significant alterations to the myofiber through a muscle stem cell-mediated increase of myonuclei number per fiber, a concomitant decrease in myonuclear domain size, and an increase in relative mitochondrial content per myonucleus. These results indicate that as a regenerative response to critical limb ischemia, myofibers exhibit myonuclear expansion to allow enhanced transcriptional support and an increase in mitochondrial content for bioenergetic need of the energy-demanding tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Limb Ischemia Induces Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle Motor Unit and Myonuclear- and Mitochondrial-Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging single cell RNA sequencing experiments to model intra-tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEMany cancers can be treated with targeted therapy. Almost inevitably, tumors develop resistance to targeted therapy, either from preexistence or by evolving new genotypes and traits. Intra-tumor heterogeneity serves as a reservoir for resistance, which often occurs due to selection of minor cellular sub-clones. On the level of gene expression, the  clonal heterogeneity can only be revealed by high-dimensional single cell methods. We propose to use a general diversity index (GDI) to quantify heterogeneity on multiple scales and relate it to disease evolution.nnMETHODSWe focused on individual patient samples probed with single cell RNA sequencing to describe heterogeneity. We developed a pipeline to analyze single cell data, via sample normalization, clustering and mathematical interpretation using a generalized diversity measure, and exemplify the utility of this platform using single cell data.nnRESULTSWe focused on three sources of RNA sequencing data: two healthy bone marrow (BM) samples, two acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, each sampled before and after BM transplant (BMT), four samples of pre-sorted lineages, and six lung carcinoma patients with multi-region sampling. While healthy/normal samples scored low in diversity overall, GDI further quantified in which respect these samples differed. While a widely used Shannon diversity index sometimes reveals less differences, GDI exhibits differences in the number of potential key drivers or clonal richness. Comparing pre and post BMT AML samples did not reveal differences in heterogeneity, although they can be very different biologically.nnCONCLUSIONGDI can quantify cellular heterogeneity changes across a wide spectrum, even when standard measures, such as the Shannon index, do not. Our approach offers wide applications to quantify heterogeneity across samples and conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altrock, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging single cell RNA sequencing experiments to model intra-tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of BMP-2 dose and delivery of microvascular fragments on healing of bone defects with concomitant volumetric muscle loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic composite bone-muscle injuries, such as open fractures, often require multiple surgical interventions and still typically result in long-term disability. Clinically, a critical indicator of composite injury severity is vascular integrity; vascular damage alone is sufficient to assign an open fracture to the most severe category. Challenging bone injuries are often treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), an osteoinductive growth factor, delivered on collagen sponge. Previous studies in a composite defect model found that a minimally bridging dose in the segmental defect model was unable to overcome concomitant muscle damage, but the effect of BMP dose on composite injuries has not yet been studied. Here, we test the hypotheses that BMP-2-mediated functional regeneration of composite extremity injuries is dose dependent and can be further enhanced via co-delivery of adipose-derived microvascular fragments (MVF), which have been previously shown to increase tissue vascular volume. Although MVF treatment did not improve healing outcomes, we observed a significant BMP-2 dose-dependent increase in regenerated bone volume and biomechanical properties. While high dose BMP-2 delivery can induce heterotopic ossification (HO) and increased inflammation, the maximum 10 g dose used in this study did not result in HO and was associated with a lower circulating inflammatory cytokine profile than the low dose (2.5 g) group. These data support the potential benefits of an increased, though still moderate, BMP-2 dose for treatment of bone defects with concomitant muscle damage. Future work to improve vascularization may further improve healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruehle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantucci, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of BMP-2 dose and delivery of microvascular fragments on healing of bone defects with concomitant volumetric muscle loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective intercellular communication through ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical relationships between sensors and actuators [1-5] have been fundamental to the development of complex life forms; Abundant flows are generated and persist in aquatic environments by swimming organisms [6-13], while responding promptly to external stimuli is key to survival [14-19]. Here, akin to a chain reaction [20-22], we present the discovery of hydrodynamic trigger waves in cellular communities of the protist Spirostomum ambiguum, propagating hundreds of times faster than the swimming speed. Coiling its cytoskeleton, Spirostomum can contract its long body by 50% within milliseconds [23], with accelerations reaching 14g-forces. Surprisingly, a single cellular contraction (transmitter) is shown to generate long-ranged vortex flows at intermediate Reynolds numbers, which can trigger neighbouring cells, in turn. To measure the sensitivity to hydrodynamic signals (receiver), we further present a high-throughput suction-flow device to probe mechanosensitive ion channel gating [24] by back-calculating the microscopic forces on the cell membrane. These ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves are analysed and modelled quantitatively in a universal framework of antenna and percolation theory [25, 26]. A phase transition is revealed, requiring a critical colony density to sustain collective communication. Our results suggest that this signalling could help organise cohabiting communities over large distances, influencing long-term behaviour through gene expression, comparable to quorum sensing [16]. More immediately, as contractions release toxins [27], synchronised discharges could also facilitate the repulsion of large predators, or conversely immobilise large prey. We postulate that beyond protists numerous other freshwater and marine organisms could coordinate with variations of hydrodynamic trigger waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathijssen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective intercellular communication through ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-periodic patterns of brain activity in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have been shown to have disrupted functional connectivity in the default mode and task positive networks. Traditional fMRI analysis techniques that focus on  static changes in functional connectivity have been successful in identifying differences between healthy controls and individuals with ADHD. However, such analyses are unable to explain the mechanisms behind the functional connectivity differences observed. Here, we study dynamic changes in functional connectivity in individuals with ADHD through investigation of quasi-periodic patterns (QPPs). QPPs are reliably recurring low-frequency spatiotemporal patterns in the brain linked to infra-slow electrical activity. They have been shown to contribute to functional connectivity observed through static analysis techniques. We find that QPPs contribute to functional connectivity specifically in regions that are disrupted during ADHD. Individuals with ADHD also show differences in the spatiotemporal pattern observed within the QPPs. This difference results in a weaker contribution of QPPs to functional connectivity in the default mode and task positive networks. We conclude that quasi-periodic patterns provide insight into the mechanisms behind functional connectivity differences seen in individuals with ADHD. This allows for a better understanding of the etiology of the disorder and development of effective treatments.nnHighlights O_LIDefault mode and task positive network connectivity is disrupted in ADHDnC_LIO_LIQuasi-periodic patterns contribute to typical functional connectivity in the DMN and TPNnC_LIO_LIThe contribution of QPPs to functional connectivity is diminished in individuals with ADHDnC_LIO_LIQPPs could explain BOLD dynamics underlying static functional connectivity differences in ADHDnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassil, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-periodic patterns of brain activity in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic G-quadruplexes on the surface of the human ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profound similarities and critical differences mark ribosomes across phylogeny. The ribosomal core, approximated by the prokaryotic ribosome, is universal, yet mammalian ribosomes are nearly twice as large as those of prokaryotes. Differences in size are due in part to rRNA expansion segments. Here we show rRNA tentacles of Expansion Segment 7 (ES7) of Homo sapiens can form G-quadruplexes in vitro. G-quadruplex-forming regions are located on the most surface-exposed regions of the ribosome, near the termini of rRNA tentacles. We characterized rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit by computation, circular dichroism, gel mobility, fluorescent probes, nuclease accessibility, electrophoretic mobility shifts and blotting. We investigated ES7 and oligomers derived from ES7, intact 28S rRNA, and 80S ribosomes and polysomes. We used mass spectrometry to identify proteins that bind to rRNA G-quadruplexes in cell lysates. Proteins that associate with rRNA G-quadruplexes include helicases (DDX3, CNBP, DDX21, DDX17) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). And finally, by multiple sequence alignments, we observed that G-quadruplex-forming sequences appear to be a general feature LSU rRNA of the phylum Chordata but not in other phyla. It is known that G-quadruplexes form in telomeres, promoters, and untranslated regions of mRNA but, to our knowledge, they have not been reported previously in ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mestre-Fos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttapitugsakul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartell, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic G-quadruplexes on the surface of the human ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A histidine kinase gene is required for large radius root tip circumnutation and surface exploration in rice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate growth patterns that accompany plant organ elongation have long intrigued biologists 1. Circumnutation refers to the circular or elliptical growth of the tip of a plant organ around a central axis. While the utility of circumnutation for climbing plants is clear, its function in roots is less obvious. Additionally, the genetic requirements for root circumnutation are not known. Here we show that mutations in a gene encoding a histidine kinase abolish large radius root tip circumnutation in rice. Using a gel-based imaging system and a whole genome sequenced mutant population, we identified three different mutant alleles of the gene OsHK1 that exhibit increased seedling root depth. Time-lapse imaging indicated that this phenotype is likely due to a lack of large radius root tip circumnutation in OsHK1 mutants. Treatment of mutant roots with the plant hormone zeatin rescues circumnutation, indicating that OsHK1 functions in a cytokinin-related signaling pathway. We found that OsHK1 mutants are impaired in their ability to explore flat surfaces, suggesting that circumnutation facilitates root exploration at the interface of compacted soil horizons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaskey, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benfey, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A histidine kinase gene is required for large radius root tip circumnutation and surface exploration in rice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, volumetric live-cell imaging using high-resolution light-field microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing diverse anatomical and functional traits that span many spatial scales with high spatio-temporal resolution provides insights into the fundamentals of living organisms. Light-field microscopy (LFM) has recently emerged as a scanning-free, scalable method that allows for high-speed, volumetric functional brain imaging. Given those promising applications at the tissue level, at its other extreme, this highly-scalable approach holds great potential for observing structures and dynamics in single-cell specimens. However, the challenge remains for current LFM to achieve subcellular level, near-diffraction-limited 3D spatial resolution. Here, we report high-resolution LFM (HR-LFM) for live-cell imaging with a resolution of 300-700 nm in all three dimensions, an imaging depth of several micrometers, and a volume acquisition time of milliseconds. We demonstrate the technique by imaging various cellular dynamics and structures and tracking single particles. The method may advance LFM as a particularly useful tool for understanding biological systems at multiple spatio-temporal levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Holzapfel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshuller, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takamaru, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, volumetric live-cell imaging using high-resolution light-field microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feeding rapidly alters microbiome composition and gene transcription in the clownfish gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDiet is a major determinant of intestinal microbiome composition. While studies have evaluated microbiome responses to diet variation, less is understood of how the act of feeding influences the microbiome, independent of diet type. Here, we use the clownfish Premnas biaculeatus, a species reared commonly in ornamental marine aquaculture, to test how the diversity, predicted gene content, and gene transcription of the microbiome vary over a two-day diurnal period with a single daily feeding event. This study used fish fed four times daily, once daily, or every three days prior to the diurnal period, allowing us also to test how feeding frequency affected microbiome diversity. The amount of time between feedings had no affect on baseline diversity of the microbiome. In contrast, the act of feeding itself caused a significant short term change in the microbiome, with microbiome diversity, predicted gene content, and gene transcription varying significantly between time points immediately before and 1.5 hours post feeding. Variation was driven by abundance shifts involving exact sequence variants (ESVs), with one ESV identified as Photobacterium sp. increasing from <0.5% of sequences immediately pre-feeding to 34% at 1.5 hours post-feeding. Other ESVs from a range of microbial groups also increased dramatically after feeding, with the majority also detected in the food. One ESV identified as Clostridium perfringens represented up to 55% of sequences but did not vary significantly over the diurnal period and was not detected in the food. Post-feeding samples were enriched in transcripts and predicted genes for social interactions, cell motility, and coping with foreign DNA, whereas time points farther from feeding were enriched in genes of diverse catabolic and biosynthetic functions. These results confirm feeding as a significant destabilizing force in clownfish intestinal microbiomes, likely due to both input of cells attached to food and stimulation of resident microbes. Microbes such as Photobacterium may episodically transition from environmental reservoirs to growth in the gut, likely in association with food particles. This transition may be facilitated by functions for navigating a new environment and interacting with neighboring microbes and host cells. Other taxa, such as Clostridium, are comparatively stable intestinal members and less likely to be affected by passing food. Conclusions about microbiome ecology may therefore differ based on when samples were collected relative to the last feeding.nnImportanceDespite extensive study of intestinal microbiome diversity and the role of diet type in structuring gut microbial communities, we know very little about short-term changes in the intestinal microbiome as a result of feeding alone. Sampling microbiomes over a feeding cycle will allow us to differentiate opportunistic, feeding-responsive microbes from resident, potentially commensal members of the gut community. Also, since feeding has the potential to alter microbiome structure, sampling at different points relative to the last feeding event will likely yield different conclusions about microbiome composition and function. This variation should be addressed in comparative microbiome studies. Our study contributes to knowledge of short-term changes in the gut microbiome associated with feeding events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feeding rapidly alters microbiome composition and gene transcription in the clownfish gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive eQTLs reveal the evolutionary impacts of pleiotropy and tissue-specificity, while contributing to health and disease in human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory DNA has the potential to be adaptive, and large numbers of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have recently been identified in humans. For the first time, a comprehensive study of adaptive eQTLs is possible. Many eQTLs have large allele frequency differences between populations, and these differences can be due to natural selection. Here, we combined population branch statistics with tissue-specific eQTL data to identify positively selected loci in human populations. Adaptive eQTLs tend to affect fewer tissues than non-adaptive eQTLs. Because the tissue breadth of an eQTL can be viewed as a measure of pleiotropy, these results suggest that pleiotropy can inhibit adaptation. The proportion of eQTLs that are adaptive varies by tissue, and we find that eQTLs that regulate expression in testis, thyroid, blood, or sun-exposed skin are enriched for adaptive outliers. By contrast, eQTLs that regulate expression in the cerebrum or female-specific tissues have a relative lack of adaptive outliers. These results reveal tissues that have been the targets of adaptation during the last 100,000 years of human evolution. The strongest adaptive signal in many regions of the human genome is an eQTL, including an eQTL associated with the Duffy blood group and malaria resistance. Scans of selection also reveal that many adaptive eQTLs are closely linked to disease-associated loci. Taken together, our results indicate that adaptive eQTLs have played an important role in human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quiver, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive eQTLs reveal the evolutionary impacts of pleiotropy and tissue-specificity, while contributing to health and disease in human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust methods for characterizing the cellular architecture (cytoarchitecture) of the brain are needed to differentiate brain areas, identify neurological diseases, and model architectural differences across species. Current methods for mapping the cytoarchitecture and, in particular, identifying laminar (layer) divisions in tissue samples require the expertise of trained neuroanatomists to manually annotate the various regions-of-interest and cells within an image. However, as neuroanatomical datasets grow in volume, manual annotations become inefficient, impractical, and risk the potential of biasing results. In this paper, we propose an automated framework for cellular detection and density estimation that enables the detection of laminar divisions within retinal and neocortical histology datasets. Our approach for layer detection uses total variation minimization to find a small number of change points in the density that signify the beginning and end of each layer. We apply these methods to micron-scale histology images from a variety of cortical areas of the mouse brain and retina, as well as synthetic datasets. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using automation to reveal the cytoarchitecture of neurological samples in high-resolution images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ElectroPen: An ultralow-cost piezoelectric electroporator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroporation is a basic yet powerful method for delivering small molecules (RNA, DNA, drugs) across cell membranes by application of an electrical field. Due to its vital role, electroporation has wide applicability from genetically engineering cells, to drug- and DNA-based vaccine delivery. Despite its broad applications in biological research, the high cost of electroporators is an obstacle for many budget-conscious laboratories. To address this need, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and hand-held electroporator inspired by a common household piezoelectric gas lighter. The proposed "ElectroPen" device costs about 20 cents, is portable (13 g), is fabricated on-demand using 3D-printing, and delivers repeatable exponentially decaying pulses of about 2000 V in 5 ms. We provide a proof-of-concept demonstration by genetically transforming plasmids into E. coli strains and show comparable transformation efficiency and cell growth with commercial devices, but at a fraction of the cost. Our results are validated by an independent team across the globe, providing a real-world example of democratizing science through frugal tools. Thus, the simplicity, accessibility, and affordability of our device holds potential for making modern synthetic biology accessible in high-school, community, and field-ecology laboratories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byagathvalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standeven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ElectroPen: An ultralow-cost piezoelectric electroporator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance diagnostics as a public health tool to combat antibiotic resistance: A model-based evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid point-of-care resistance diagnostics (POC-RD) are thought to be a key tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance. By tailoring drug choice to infection genotype, doctors can improve treatment efficacy while limiting costs of inappropriate antibiotic prescription. Here we combine epidemiological theory and data to assess the potential of POC-RD innovations in a public health context, as a means to limit or even reverse selection for antibiotic resistance. POC-RD can be used to impose a non-biological fitness cost on resistant strains, by triggering targeted interventions that reduce their opportunities for transmission. We assess this diagnostic-imposed fitness cost in the context of a spectrum of bacterial population biologies and POC-RD conditional strategies, and find that the expected impact varies from selection against resistance for obligate pathogens to marginal public health improvements for opportunistic pathogens with high  bystander antibiotic exposure during asymptomatic carriage (e.g. the pneumococcus). We close by generalizing the notion of RD-informed strategies to incorporate both POC and carriage surveillance information, and illustrate that coupling transmission control interventions to the discovery of resistant strains in carriage can potentially select against resistance in a broad range of opportunistic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAdams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollein Waldetoft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedijanto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance diagnostics as a public health tool to combat antibiotic resistance: A model-based evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wsp pathway undergoes positive evolutionary selection during chronic infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Author Contributions Author Contributions Introductory paragraph Results Discussion Materials and Methods References ESG and CWM performed the experimental work. JSH performed the colony PCR. SBC infected and sampled the porcine burn wounds. DS generated the sequence library. MW and GRL quantified the strain frequency in the wounds. ESG, CWM, MW, VSC, and DJW conceptualized the project and wrote the manuscript.nnIntroductory paragraph Author Contributions Introductory paragraph Results Discussion Materials and Methods References Pathogens experience pressure in an infection to adapt, with selection favoring mutants that persist. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly ad ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloag, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaney, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wsp pathway undergoes positive evolutionary selection during chronic infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLaMST: Grow Lineages along Minimum Spanning Tree for B Cell Receptor Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cell affinity maturation enables B cells to generate high-affinity antibodies. This process involves somatic hypermutation of B cell immunoglobulin receptor (BCR) genes and selection by their ability to bind antigens. Lineage trees are used to describe this microevolution of B cell immunoglobulin genes. In a lineage tree, each node is one BCR sequence that mutated from the germinal center and each directed edge represents a single base mutation, insertion or deletion. In BCR sequencing data, the observed data only contains a subset of BCR sequences in this microevolution process. Therefore, reconstructing the lineage tree from experimental data requires algorithms to build the tree based on partially observed tree nodes. We developed a new algorithm named Grow Lineages along Minimum Spanning Tree (GLaMST), which efficiently reconstruct the lineage tree given observed BCR sequences that correspond to a subset of the tree nodes. GLaMST constructs the minimum-spanning-tree (MST) to approximate the landscape of how observed BCR sequences are related, uses the MST to guide the interpolation of the closest unobserved sequence, updates the MST for the interpolation of additional unobserved sequences, and iterates until a full lineage tree is completed, where all observed sequences are connected by interpolated unobserved sequences and single base operations of mutations, insertions and deletions. Through comparison using simulated and real data, GLaMST outperforms existing algorithms in simulations with high rates of mutation, insertion and deletion, and generates lineage trees with smaller size and closer to ground truth according to tree features that highly correlated with selection pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. E.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLaMST: Grow Lineages along Minimum Spanning Tree for B Cell Receptor Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing DNA, RNA and protein levels for measuring microbial activity in nitrogen-amended soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-omic techniques can offer a comprehensive overview of microbial communities at the gene, transcript and protein levels. However, to what extent these levels reflect in situ process rates is less clear, especially in highly complex habitats such as soils. Here we performed microcosm incubations using soil from a site with a history of agricultural management. Microcosms, amended with isotopically labelled ammonium and urea to simulate a fertilization event, showed nitrification (up to 4.1 {+/-} 0.87 {micro}g N-NO3- g-1 dry soil d-1) and accumulation of N2O after 192 hours of incubation. Nitrification activity (NH4+[-&gt;]NH2OH[-&gt;]NO2-[-&gt;]NO3-) was accompanied by a 6-fold increase in relative expression of the 16S rRNA gene (RNA/DNA) between 10 and 192 hours of incubation for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira. In contrast, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) nitrifiers showed stable gene expression during incubations but were generally more abundant (DNA level) than their Betaproteobacteria AOB counterparts. A strong relationship between nitrification activity and (mostly) betaproteobacterial ammonia monooxygenase (amoA; NH4+[-&gt;]NH2OH) and nitrite oxidoreductase (nxrA; NO2-[-&gt;]NO3-) transcript abundances revealed that mRNA levels quantitatively reflected measured activity and were generally more sensitive than the DNA level in the microcosm incubations. Although peptides related to housekeeping proteins from nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were detected, their abundance was not significantly correlated with activity, revealing that meta-proteomics provided only a qualitative assessment of activity. Altogether, these findings underscore the strengths and limitations of multi-omic approaches for assessing complex microbial communities and provide the molecular means to assess nitrification processes in soils.nnIMPORTANCEEven though the use of omic approaches has expanded our knowledge of the diversity of microbial communities in natural and engineered systems, it is less clear how well the use of whole community DNA-, RNA- or protein-based approaches reflect microbial activities. To this end, we directly compared the different levels of molecular information (i.e., DNA, RNA or proteins) in order to assess which level best correlated with isotope-based measurements of nitrification activity in agricultural soils after fertilization. This work reveals the strengths as well as the associated limitations of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metaproteomic approaches in serving as reliable proxies for examining microbial activities in highly diverse environments like soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee-Sanford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löffler, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing DNA, RNA and protein levels for measuring microbial activity in nitrogen-amended soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embracing the dropouts in single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One primary reason that makes the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data challenging is dropouts, where the data only captures a small fraction of the transcriptome of each cell. Many computational algorithms developed for single-cell RNA-seq adopted gene selection and dimension reduction strategies to address the dropouts. Here, an opposite view is explored. Instead of treating dropouts as a problem to be fixed, we embrace it as a useful signal for defining cell types. We present an iterative co-occurrence clustering algorithm that works with binarized single-cell RNA-seq count data. Surprisingly, although all the quantitative information is removed after the data is binarized, co-occurrence clustering of the binarized data is able to effectively identify cell populations, as well as cell-type specific pathways. We demonstrate that the binary dropout patterns of the data provides not only overlapping but also complementary information compared to the quantitative gene expression counts in single-cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embracing the dropouts in single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncontractile tissue forces mask muscle fiber forces underlying muscle spindle Ia afferent firing rates in stretch of relaxed rat muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stretches of relaxed cat and rat muscle elicit similar history-dependent muscle spindle Ia firing rates that resemble history-dependent forces seen in single activated muscle fibers (Nichols and Cope, 2004). During stretch of relaxed cat muscle, whole musculotendon forces exhibit history-dependence that mirror history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates, where both muscle force and muscle spindle firing rates are elevated in the first stretch in a series of stretch-shorten cycles (Blum et al., 2017). By contrast, rat musculotendon are only mildly history-dependent and do not mirror history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates in the same way (Haftel et al., 2004). We hypothesized that history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates elicited in stretch of relaxed rat muscle would mirror history-dependent muscle fiber forces, which are masked by noncontractile tissue at the level of whole musculotendon force. We removed noncontractile tissue force contributions from the recorded musculotendon force using an exponentially-elastic tissue model. We then show that the remaining estimated muscle fiber force resembles history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates recorded simultaneously. These forces also resemble history-dependent forces recorded in stretch of single activated fibers and attributed to muscle cross-bridge mechanisms (Campbell and Moss, 2000). Our results suggest that history-dependent muscle spindle firing in both rats and cats arise from stretch of cross-bridges in muscle fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncontractile tissue forces mask muscle fiber forces underlying muscle spindle Ia afferent firing rates in stretch of relaxed rat muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GRIBCG: A software for selection of sgRNAs in the design of balancer chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBalancer chromosomes are tools used by fruit fly geneticists to prevent meiotic recombination. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been shown capable of generating inversions similar to the chromosomal rearrangements present in balancer chromosomes. Extending the benefits of balancer chromosomes to other multicellular organisms could significantly accelerate biomedical and plant genetics research.nnResultsHere, we present GRIBCG (Guide RNA Identifier for Balancer Chromosome Generation), a tool for the rational design of balancer chromosomes. GRIBCG identifies single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) for use with Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9). These sgRNAs would efficiently cut a chromosome multiple times while minimizing off-target cutting in the rest of the genome. We describe the performance of this tool on six model organisms and compare our results to two routinely used fruit fly balancer chromosomes.nnConclusionGRIBCG is the first of its kind tool for the design of balancer chromosomes using CRISPR/Cas9. GRIBCG can accelerate genetics research by providing a fast, systematic and simple to use framework to induce chromosomal rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GRIBCG: A software for selection of sgRNAs in the design of balancer chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why Put-Up with Immunity when there is Resistance: An Excursion into the Population and Evolutionary Dynamics of Restriction-Modification and CRISPR-Cas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can readily generate mutations that prevent bacteriophage (phage) adsorption and thus make bacteria resistant to infections with these viruses. Nevertheless, the majority of bacteria carry complex innate and/or adaptive immune systems: restriction-modification (RM) and CRISPR-Cas, respectively. Both RM and CRISPR-Cas are commonly assumed to have evolved and be maintained to protect bacteria from succumbing to infections with lytic phage. Using mathematical models and computer simulations, we explore the conditions, under which selection mediated by lytic phage will favor such complex innate and adaptive immune systems, as opposed to simple envelope resistance. The results of our analysis suggest that when populations of bacteria are confronted with lytic phage: (i) In the absence of immunity, resistance to even multiple bacteriophage species with independent receptors can evolve readily. (ii) RM immunity can benefit bacteria by preventing phage from invading established bacterial populations and particularly so when there are multiple bacteriophage species adsorbing to different receptors. (iii) Whether CRISPR-Cas immunity will prevail over envelope resistance depends critically on the length of the co-evolutionary arms race between the bacteria acquiring spacers and the phage generating CRISPR-escape mutants. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of the evolution and maintenance of RM and CRISPR-Cas and highlight fundamental questions that remain unanswered.nnSummaryThe two most widely used tools for manipulating and editing DNA restriction and Cas9 endonucleases both originate from studies of mechanisms that provide bacteria with immunity to infections with lytic bacteriophage (phage): restriction modification and CRISPR-Cas. Using mathematical and computer simulations, we explore the a priori conditions under which selection mediated by lytic phage will favor the evolution and maintenance of restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas immunity in bacteria that, by mutation, can generate envelope resistance to these phage. The results of our analysis make predictions and raise testable-hypotheses about the genetic and ecological conditions under which these immune systems, rather than envelope resistance, will evolve and be maintained as the dominant mechanism of protecting bacteria from succumbing to infections with these viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why Put-Up with Immunity when there is Resistance: An Excursion into the Population and Evolutionary Dynamics of Restriction-Modification and CRISPR-Cas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell membrane potential fluctuations evince network scale-freeness and quasicriticality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What information single neurons receive about general neural circuit activity is a fundamental question for neuroscience. Somatic membrane potential fluctuations are driven by the convergence of synaptic inputs from a diverse cross-section of upstream neurons. Furthermore, neural activity is often scale-free implying that some measurements should be the same, whether taken at large or small scales. Together, convergence and scale-freeness support the hypothesis that single membrane potential recordings carry useful information about high-dimensional cortical activity. Conveniently, the theory of "critical branching networks" (a purported explanation for scale-freeness) provides testable predictions about scale-free measurements which are readily applied to membrane potential fluctuations. To investigate, we obtained whole-cell current clamp recordings of pyramidal neurons in visual cortex of turtles with unknown genders. We isolated fluctuations in membrane potential below the firing threshold and analyzed them by adapting the definition of "neuronal avalanches" (spurts of population spiking). The membrane potential fluctuations we analyzed were scale-free and consistent with critical branching. These findings recapitulated results from large-scale cortical population data obtained separately in complementary experiments using microelectrode arrays (previously published (Shew et al., 2015)). Simultaneously recorded single-unit local field potential did not provide a good match; demonstrating the specific utility of membrane potential. Modeling shows that estimation of dynamical network properties from neuronal inputs is most accurate when networks are structured as critical branching networks. In conclusion, these findings extend evidence for critical branching while also establishing subthreshold pyramidal neuron membrane potential fluctuations as an informative gauge of high-dimensional cortical population activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell membrane potential fluctuations evince network scale-freeness and quasicriticality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-aware detection of sensory stimuli in the cortex of the awake mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical responses to sensory inputs vary across repeated presentations of identical stimuli, but how this trial-to-trial variability impacts detection of sensory inputs is not fully understood. Using multi-channel local field potential (LFP) recordings in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of the awake mouse, we optimized a data-driven cortical state classifier to predict single-trial sensory-evoked responses, based on features of the spontaneous, ongoing LFP recorded across cortical layers. Our findings show that, by utilizing an ongoing prediction of the sensory response generated by this state classifier, an ideal observer improves overall detection accuracy and generates robust detection of sensory inputs across various states of ongoing cortical activity in the awake brain, which could have implications for variability in the performance of detection tasks across brain states.nnAuthor summaryEstablishing the link between neural activity and behavior is a central goal of neuroscience. One context in which to examine this link is in a sensory detection task, in which an animal is trained to report the presence of a barely perceptible sensory stimulus. In such tasks, both sensory responses in the brain and behavioral responses are highly variable. A simple hypothesis, originating in signal detection theory, is that perceived inputs generate neural activity that cross some threshold for detection. According to this hypothesis, sensory response variability would predict behavioral variability, but previous studies have not born out this prediction. Further complicating the picture, sensory response variability is partially dependent on the ongoing state of cortical activity, and we wondered whether this could resolve the mismatch between response variability and behavioral variability. Here, we use a computational approach to study an adaptive observer that utilizes an ongoing prediction of sensory responsiveness to detect sensory inputs. This observer has higher overall accuracy than the standard ideal observer. Moreover, because of the adaptation, the observer breaks the direct link between neural and behavioral variability, which could resolve discrepancies arising in past studies. We suggest new experiments to test our theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sederberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-aware detection of sensory stimuli in the cortex of the awake mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling gene expression of the host response to a Plasmodium vivax irradiated sporozoite immunization and infectious challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of vaccines that provide sterile protection against human malaria is a major global public health priority requiring a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in natural and vaccine-induced sterile immunity. RNAseq was used to profile gene expression of peripheral blood samples from 12 Duffy positive (Fy+) (Plasmodium vivax susceptible) volunteers enrolled in a phase 2 trial who were vaccinated with radiation attenuated P. vivax sporozoites (RAS; 5 were protected, 7 not) and from 5 Fy- (P. vivax resistant) volunteers exposed to mosquitoes harboring live non-attenuated sporozoites. Blood samples were obtained before and after immunization as well as after controlled infection with live P vivax sporozoites. The most profound changes in gene expression were observed between baseline and post-challenge, with 97 distinct signatures differentiating protected and not protected Fy+ individuals. Differentiation was also observed between Fy- and Fy+ protected individuals, notably with downregulation of multiple inflammatory responses as well as extracellular matrix-related gene activity. Analysis of transcriptional modules shows that both B-cell and T-cell signaling are reduced while cell cycle regulation, interferon response, and other informative signatures are elevated in individuals who are not protected against malaria. An asymptomatic individual had an intermediate profile indicative of differential transcription associated with pathology and symptomology. Systems biology thus provides insight into how whole malaria-attenuated sporozoites prime the immune system to protect against malaria, as well as the transcription responses that are associated with sterile protection.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYTranscriptomic analysis has shed considerable light on the molecular mechanisms of vaccine efficacy against a variety of viral pathogens, but has not yet been used in relation to parasite vaccinology. Here we describe whole peripheral blood gene expression profiling to contrast the contributions of myeloid and lymphoid immune responses to vaccine-induced and natural protection against Plasmodium vivax- mediated malaria. Two modes of modular bioinformatic analyses are applied to RNAseq data from pre- and post-vaccination samples from 19 volunteer participants in a clinical trial investigating the efficacy of an irradiated sporozoite vaccine. During active infection, both B- and T-cell activity are reduced in individuals who are not protected by vaccination relative to those who are protected. Lack of the Fy antigen prevents entry of parasite into red blood cells, thereby providing natural clinical immunity, but we also document differences in T-cell and neutrophil activity in these individuals relative to those protected by irradiation of the parasite. One individual who was asymptomatic for malaria but had blood parasite despite vaccination showed an intermediate response indicating how systems biology approaches can distinguish gene expression associated with pathology and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Pena, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafat, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimalla, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arevalo-Herrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling gene expression of the host response to a Plasmodium vivax irradiated sporozoite immunization and infectious challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of cyclization-decyclization kinetics of short DNA with sticky ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclization of DNA with sticky ends is commonly used to construct DNA minicircles and to measure DNA bendability. The cyclization probability of short DNA (<150 bp) has a strong length dependence, but how it depends on the rotational positioning of the sticky ends around the helical axis is less clear. To shed light upon the determinants of the cyclization probability of short DNA, we measured cyclization and decyclization rates of [~]100-bp DNA with sticky ends over two helical periods using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The cyclization rate increases monotonically with length, indicating no excess twisting, while the decyclization rate oscillates with length, higher at half-integer helical turns and lower at integer helical turns. The oscillation profile is kinetically and thermodynamically consistent with a three-state cyclization model in which sticky-ended short DNA first bends into a torsionally-relaxed teardrop, and subsequently transitions to a more stable loop upon terminal base stacking. We also show that the looping probability density (the J factor) extracted from this study is in good agreement with the worm-like chain model near 100 bp. For shorter DNA, we discuss various experimental factors that prevent an accurate measurement of the J factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of cyclization-decyclization kinetics of short DNA with sticky ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIGAR: An Improved Bayesian Tool for Transcriptomic Data Imputation Enhances Gene Mapping of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) that test for association between the study trait and the imputed gene expression levels from cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) genotypes have successfully enhanced the discovery of genetic risk loci for complex traits. By using the gene expression imputation models fitted from reference datasets that have both genetic and transcriptomic data, TWAS facilitates gene-based tests with GWAS data while accounting for the reference transcriptomic data. The existing TWAS tools like PrediXcan and FUSION use parametric imputation models that have limitations for modeling the complex genetic architecture of transcriptomic data. Therefore, we propose an improved Bayesian method that assumes a data-driven nonparametric prior to impute gene expression. Our method is general and flexible and includes both the parametric imputation models used by PrediXcan and FUSION as special cases. Our simulation studies showed that the nonparametric Bayesian model improved both imputation R2 for transcriptomic data and the TWAS power over PrediXcan. In real applications, our nonparametric Bayesian method fitted transcriptomic imputation models for 2X number of genes with 1.7X average regression R2 over PrediXcan, thus improving the power of follow-up TWAS. Hence, the nonparametric Bayesian model is preferred for modeling the complex genetic architecture of transcriptomes and is expected to enhance transcriptome-integrated genetic association studies. We implement our Bayesian approach in a convenient software tool "TIGAR" (Transcriptome-Integrated Genetic Association Resource), which imputes transcriptomic data and performs subsequent TWAS using individual-level or summary-level GWAS data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoi, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIGAR: An Improved Bayesian Tool for Transcriptomic Data Imputation Enhances Gene Mapping of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
History-dependent perturbation response in limb muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Muscle mediates movement but movement is typically unsteady and perturbed. Muscle is known to behave non-linearly and with history dependent properties during steady locomotion, but the importance of history dependence in mediating muscles function during perturbations remains less clear. To explore muscles capacity to mitigate perturbations, we constructed a series of perturbations that varied only in kinematic history, keeping instantaneous position, velocity and time from stimulation constant. We discovered that muscles perturbation response is profoundly history dependent, varying by four fold as baseline frequency changes, and dissipating energy equivalent to ~ 6 times the kinetic energy of all the limbs (nearly 2400 W Kg-1). Muscles energy dissipation during a perturbation is predicted primarily by the force at the onset of the perturbation. This relationship holds across different frequencies and timings of stimulation. This history dependence behaves like a viscoelastic memory producing perturbation responses that vary with the frequency of the underlying movement.nnSummary StatementThe response of muscles to rapid, identical strain perturbations is history dependent, but is captured by a viscoelastic model with memory. Muscle function during perturbations therefore depends on locomotor frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Libby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chukwueke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[History-dependent perturbation response in limb muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base-pair mismatch can destabilize small DNA loops through cooperative kinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base pair mismatch can relieve mechanical stress in highly strained DNA molecules, but how it affects their kinetic stability is not known. Using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), we measured the lifetimes of tightly bent DNA loops with and without base pair mismatch. Surprisingly, for loops captured by stackable sticky ends, the mismatch decreased the loop lifetime despite reducing the overall bending stress, and the decrease was largest when the mismatch was placed at the DNA midpoint. These findings show that base pair mismatch transfers bending stress to the opposite side of the loop through an allosteric mechanism known as cooperative kinking. Based on this mechanism, we present a three-state model that explains the apparent dichotomy between thermodynamic and kinetic stability of DNA loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base-pair mismatch can destabilize small DNA loops through cooperative kinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive evaluation of long read error correction methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThird-generation single molecule sequencing technologies can sequence long reads, which is advancing the frontiers of genomics research. However, their high error rates prohibit accurate and efficient downstream analysis. This difficulty has motivated the development of many long read error correction tools, which tackle this problem through sampling redundancy and/or leveraging accurate short reads of the same biological samples. Existing studies to asses these tools use simulated data sets, and are not sufficiently comprehensive in the range of software covered or diversity of evaluation measures used.nnResultsIn this paper, we present a categorization and review of long read error correction methods, and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the corresponding long read error correction tools. Leveraging recent real sequencing data, we establish benchmark data sets and set up evaluation criteria for a comparative assessment which includes quality of error correction as well as run-time and memory usage. We study how trimming and long read sequencing depth affect error correction in terms of length distribution and genome coverage post-correction, and the impact of error correction performance on an important application of long reads, genome assembly. We provide guidelines for practitioners for choosing among the available error correction tools and identify directions for future research.nnConclusionsDespite the high error rate of long reads, the state-of-the-art correction tools can achieve high correction quality. When short reads are available, the best hybrid methods outperform non-hybrid methods in terms of correction quality and computing resource usage. When choosing tools for use, practitioners are suggested to be careful with a few correction tools that discard reads, and check the effect of error correction tools on downstream analysis. Our evaluation code is available as open-source at https://github.com/haowenz/LRECE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive evaluation of long read error correction methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge for molecular biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centrifuge is an essential tool for many aspects of research and medical diagnostics. However, conventional centrifuges are often inaccessible outside of conventional laboratory settings, such as remote field sites, require a constant external power source, and can be prohibitively costly in resource-limited settings and STEM-focused programs. Here we present the 3D-Fuge, a 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge, as a novel alternative to standard benchtop centrifuges. Based on the design principles of a paper-based centrifuge, this 3D-printed instrument increases the volume capacity to 2 mL and can reach hand-powered centrifugation speeds up to 6,000 rpm. The 3D-Fuge devices presented here are capable of centrifugation of a wide variety of different solutions such as spinning down samples for biomarker applications and performing nucleotide extractions as part of a portable molecular lab setup. We introduce the design and proof-of-principle trials that demonstrate the utility of low-cost 3D printed centrifuges for use in remote and educational settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byagathvalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standeven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge for molecular biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent characterization of the carotid and cerebral artery morphologies in a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell anemia using ultrasound and microcomputed tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children with sickle cell anemia have elevated stroke risks as well as other arterial complications, but morphological changes to large arteries are not well defined, and the focus has been on the microcirculation where deoxygenation promotes sickling of red blood cells. The goal of this study was to define morphological changes in carotid and cerebral arteries in the Townes transgenic sickle cell mouse model, and to specifically determine anatomical measurement differences in mice homozygous for {beta}-globin S mutation (SS) compared to heterozygous (AS) littermate controls. We used a combination of live imaging with ultrasound and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) imaging of corrosion casted vessels to quantify arterial dimensions and changes in mice 4, 12, and 24 weeks of age with or without sickle cell anemia. 12 week SS mice had significantly larger common carotid artery diameters than AS mice, and significantly larger diameters in the extracranial and intracranial portions of the internal carotid artery (ICA), determined by ultrasound and micro-CT, respectively. There were also side specific differences between the left and right vessels. There was significant narrowing along ICA length in 12-and 24-week SS mice, decreasing by as much as 70%, such that there was no difference in size between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, where the ICA terminates, by genotype. Significant narrowing along the length was also measured in the anterior cerebral arteries of 12-and 24-week SS mice, but not AS. Collectively, these findings indicate that sickle cell anemia causes increased arterial dimensions in 12-and 24-week aged mice. We also provide these measurements for the common carotid, internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries for left and right sides, for AS and SS genotypes as a reference for other investigators using in silico modeling of arterial complications caused by aging with sickle cell anemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlear, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollavaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariyo, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omojola, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent characterization of the carotid and cerebral artery morphologies in a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell anemia using ultrasound and microcomputed tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Complexity of Sequence to Graph Alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Availability of extensive genetics data across multiple individuals and populations is driving the growing importance of graph based reference representations. Aligning sequences to graphs is a fundamental operation on several types of sequence graphs (variation graphs, assembly graphs, pan-genomes, etc.) and their biological applications. Though research on sequence to graph alignments is nascent, it can draw from related work on pattern matching in hypertext. In this paper, we study sequence to graph alignment problems under Hamming and edit distance models, and linear and affine gap penalty functions, for multiple variants of the problem that allow changes in query alone, graph alone, or in both. We prove that when changes are permitted in graphs either standalone or in conjunction with changes in the query, the sequence to graph alignment problem is [Formula]-complete under both Hamming and edit distance models for alphabets of size [&ge;] 2. For the case where only changes to the sequence are permitted, we present an O(|V| + m|E|) time algorithm, where m denotes the query size, and V and E denote the vertex and edge sets of the graph, respectively. Our result is generalizable to both linear and affine gap penalty functions, and improves upon the run-time complexity of existing algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Complexity of Sequence to Graph Alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microhabitat predicts species differences in exploratory behavior in Lake Malawi cichlids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encountering and adaptively responding to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental challenge facing animals and is linked to fitness. Behavioral responses to novel stimuli, or exploratory behavior, can differ strongly between closely related species; however, the ecological and evolutionary factors underlying these differences are not well understood, in part because most comparative investigations have focused on only two species. In this study, we investigate exploratory behavior across 23 species in a previously untested vertebrate system, Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, which comprises hundreds of phenotypically diverse species that have diverged in the past one million years. We investigate behavioral variation across species, across microhabitats, and across environmental contexts. We find strong species differences in behavior that are associated with microhabitat, demonstrate that intermediate microhabitats are associated with higher levels of exploratory behavior, show that patterns of behavioral covariation across contexts are characteristic of modular complex traits, and contrast Malawi cichlid data with behavioral data from selectively bred high-and low-exploratory zebrafish. Taken together, our results tie ecology to species differences in behavior, and highlight Lake Malawi cichlids as a powerful system for understanding the evolution, ecology, and biology of natural behavioral variation.

HighlightsO_LIMalawi cichlids exhibit high phenotypic variance in exploratory behaviors
C_LIO_LISpecies differences in exploratory behavior are explained by microhabitat
C_LIO_LIRock-dwelling species exhibit strong edge preferences across assays
C_LIO_LIIntermediate habitats are associated with "high exploratory" open field behavior
C_LIO_LIPatterns of behavioral covariance across contexts are modular in Malawi cichlids
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microhabitat predicts species differences in exploratory behavior in Lake Malawi cichlids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of  Vibrio cholerae  genomes using a novel bioinformatic tool identifies new, active Type VI Secretion System gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLike many bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, which causes fatal cholera, deploys a harpoon-like Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) to compete against other microbes in environmental and host settings. The T6SS punctures adjacent cells and delivers toxic effector proteins that are harmless to bacteria carrying cognate immunity factors. Only four effector/immunity pairs encoded on one large and three auxiliary gene clusters have been characterized from largely clonal, patient-derived strains of V. cholerae.

ResultsWe sequenced two dozen V. cholerae strain genomes from diverse sources and developed a novel and adaptable bioinformatic tool based on Hidden Markov Models. We identified two new T6SS auxiliary gene clusters; one, Aux 5, is described here. Four Aux 5 loci are present in the host strain, each with an atypical effector/immunity gene organization. Structural prediction of the putative effector indicated it is a lipase, which we name TleV1 (Type VI lipase effector Vibrio, TleV1). Ectopic TleV1 expression induced toxicity in E. coli, which was rescued by co-expression of the TleV1 immunity factor. A clinical V. cholerae reference strain expressing the Aux 5 cluster used TleV1 to lyse its parental strain upon contact via its T6SS but was unable to kill parental cells expressing TleV1s immunity factor.

ConclusionWe developed a novel bioinformatic method and identified new T6SS gene clusters in V. cholerae. We also showed the TleV1 toxin is delivered in a T6SS-manner by V. cholerae and can lyse other bacterial cells. Our web-based tool may be modified to identify additional novel T6SS genomic loci in diverse bacterial species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crisan, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chande, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of  Vibrio cholerae  genomes using a novel bioinformatic tool identifies new, active Type VI Secretion System gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGCN: Disease gene prioritization by disease and gene embedding through graph convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationProper prioritization of candidate genes is essential to the genome-based diagnostics of a range of genetic diseases. However, it is a highly challenging task involving limited and noisy knowledge of genes, diseases and their associations. While a number of computational methods have been developed for the disease gene prioritization task, their performance is largely limited by manually crafted features, network topology, or pre-defined rules of data fusion.

ResultsHere, we propose a novel graph convolutional network-based disease gene prioritization method, PGCN, through the systematic embedding of the heterogeneous network made by genes and diseases, as well as their individual features. The embedding learning model and the association prediction model are trained together in an end-to-end manner. We compared PGCN with five state-of-the-art methods on the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) dataset for tasks to recover missing associations and discover associations between novel genes and diseases. Results show significant improvements of PGCN over the existing methods. We further demonstrate that our embedding has biological meaning and can capture functional groups of genes.

AvailabilityThe main program and the data are available at https://github.com/lykaust15/Disease_gene_prioritization_GCN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwahara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGCN: Disease gene prioritization by disease and gene embedding through graph convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptations of Atribacteria to life in methane hydrates: hot traits for cold life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas hydrates harbor gigatons of natural gas, yet their microbiomes remain understudied. We bioprospected 16S rRNA amplicons, metagenomes, and metaproteomes from methane hydrate-bearing sediments under Hydrate Ridge (offshore Oregon, USA, ODP Site 1244, 2-69 mbsf) for novel microbial metabolic and biosynthetic potential. Atribacteria sequences generally increased in relative sequence abundance with increasing sediment depth. Most Atribacteria ASVs belonged to JS-1-Genus 1 and clustered with other sequences from gas hydrate-bearing sediments. We recovered 21 metagenome-assembled genomic bins spanning three geochemical zones in the sediment core: the sulfate-methane transition zone, metal (iron/manganese) reduction zone, and gas hydrate stability zone. We found evidence for bacterial fermentation as a source of acetate for aceticlastic methanogenesis and as a driver of iron reduction in the metal reduction zone. In multiple zones, we identified a Ni-Fe hydrogenase-Na+/H+ antiporter supercomplex (Hun) in Atribacteria and Firmicutes bins and in other deep subsurface bacteria and cultured hyperthermophiles from the Thermotogae phylum. Atribacteria expressed tripartite ATP-independent (TRAP) transporters downstream from a novel regulator (AtiR). Atribacteria also possessed adaptations to survive extreme conditions (e.g., high salt brines, high pressure, and cold temperatures) including the ability to synthesize the osmolyte di-myo-inositol-phosphate as well as expression of K+-stimulated pyrophosphatase and capsule proteins.

Originality-Significance StatementThis work provides insights into the metabolism and adaptations of microbes that are ubiquitous and abundant in methane-rich ecosystems. Our findings suggest that bacterial fermentation is a source of acetate for aceticlastic methanogenesis and a driver of iron reduction in the metal reduction zone. Atribacteria, the most abundant phylum in gas hydrate-bearing sediments, possess multiple strategies to cope with environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretz, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptations of Atribacteria to life in methane hydrates: hot traits for cold life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nature of the perceptual representation for decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is becoming widely appreciated that human perceptual decision making is suboptimal but the nature and origins of this suboptimality remain poorly understood. Most past research has employed tasks with two stimulus categories, but such designs cannot fully capture the limitations inherent in naturalistic perceptual decisions where choices are rarely between only two alternatives. We conducted four experiments with tasks involving multiple alternatives and used computational modeling to determine the decision-level representation on which the perceptual decisions were based. The results from all four experiments pointed to the existence of robust suboptimality such that most of the information in the sensory representation was lost during the transformation to a decision-level representation. These results reveal severe limits in the quality of decision-level representations for multiple alternatives and have strong implications about perceptual decision making in naturalistic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nature of the perceptual representation for decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial-nuclear heme trafficking is regulated by GTPases that control mitochondrial dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule. All heme-dependent processes require that heme is trafficked from its site of synthesis in the mitochondria to hemoproteins in virtually every subcellular compartment. However, the mechanisms governing the mobilization of heme out of the mitochondria, and the spatio-temporal dynamics of these processes, are poorly understood. To address this, we developed a pulse-chase assay in which, upon the initiation of heme synthesis, heme mobilization into the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus is monitored using fluorescent heme sensors. Surprisingly, we found that heme trafficking to the nucleus occurs at a faster rate than to the matrix or cytosol. Further, we demonstrate that GTPases in control of mitochondrial fusion, Mgm1, and fission, Dnm1, are positive and negative regulators of mitochondrial-nuclear heme trafficking, respectively. We also find that heme controls mitochondrial network morphology. Altogether, our results indicate that mitochondrial dynamics and heme trafficking are integrally coupled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Guzman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohovych, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlock, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalimonchuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial-nuclear heme trafficking is regulated by GTPases that control mitochondrial dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progranulin deficiency leads to reduced glucocerebrosidase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation in the GRN gene, encoding the progranulin (PGRN) protein, shows a dose-dependent disease correlation, wherein haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and complete loss results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Although the exact function of PGRN is unknown, it has been increasingly implicated in lysosomal physiology. Here we report that PGRN interacts with the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and is essential for proper GBA activity. GBA activity is significantly reduced in tissue lysates from PGRN-deficient mice. This is further evidence that reduced lysosomal hydrolase activity may be a pathological mechanism in cases of GRN-related FTLD and NCL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paushter, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overkleeft, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progranulin deficiency leads to reduced glucocerebrosidase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of de novo mutations and mutant lineages arising in a simple, constant environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large, asexual population founded by a single clone evolves into a population teeming with many, whether or not its environment is structured, and whether or not resource levels are constant or fluctuating. The maintenance of genetic complexity in such populations has been attributed to balancing selection, or to either clonal interference or clonal reinforcement, arising from antagonistic or synergistic interactions, respectively. To distinguish among these possibilities, to identify targets of selection and establish when and how often they are hit, as well as to gain insight into how de novo mutations interact, we carried out 300-500 generation glucose-limited chemostat experiments founded by an E. coli mutator. To discover all de novo mutations reaching [&ge;]1% frequency, we performed whole-genome, whole-population sequencing at [~]1000X-coverage every 50 generations. To establish linkage relationships among these mutations and depict the dynamics of evolving lineages we sequenced the genomes of 96 clones from each population when allelic diversity was greatest. Operon-specific mutations that enhance glucose uptake arose to high frequency first, followed by global regulatory mutations. Late-arising mutations were related to energy conservation as well as to mitigating pleiotropic effects wrought by earlier regulatory changes. We discovered extensive polymorphism at relatively few loci, with identical mutations arising independently in different lineages, both between and within replicate populations. Out of more than 3,000 SNPs detected in nearly 1,800 genes or intergenic regions, only 17 reached a frequency [&ge;] 98%, indicating that the evolutionary dynamics of adaptive lineages was dominated by clonal interference. Finally, our data show that even when mutational input is increased by an ancestral defect in DNA repair, the spectrum of beneficial mutations that reach high frequency in a simple, constant resource-limited environment is narrow, resulting in extreme parallelism where many adaptive mutations arise but few ever go to fixation.

Author SummaryMicrobial evolution experiments open a window on the tempo and dynamics of evolutionary change in asexual populations. High-throughput sequencing can be used to catalog de novo mutations, determine in which lineages they arise, and assess allelic interactions by tracking the fate of those lineages. This adaptive genetics approach makes it possible to discover whether clonal interactions are antagonistic or synergistic, and complements genetic screens of induced deleterious/loss-of-function mutants. We carried out glucose-limited chemostat experiments founded by an E. coli mutator and performed whole-genome, whole-population sequencing on 300-500 generation evolutions, cataloging 3,346 de novo mutations that reached [&ge;]1% frequency. Mutations enhancing glucose uptake rose to high frequency first, followed by global regulatory changes that modulate growth rate and limiting resource assimilation, then by mutations that favor energy conservation or mitigate pleiotropic effects of earlier regulatory changes. We discovered that a few loci were highly polymorphic, with identical mutations arising independently in different lineages, both between and within replicate populations. Thus, when mutational input is increased by an ancestral defect in DNA repair, the spectrum of beneficial mutations that arises under constant resource-limitation is narrow, resulting in extreme parallelism where many adaptive mutations arise but few ever become fixed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinnersley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boswell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of de novo mutations and mutant lineages arising in a simple, constant environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial defiance as a form of prodrug failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classifying the mechanisms of antibiotic failure has led to the development of new treatment strategies for killing bacteria. Among the currently described mechanisms, which include resistance, persistence and tolerance, we propose bacterial defiance as a form of antibiotic failure specific to prodrugs. As a prototypic model of a bacteria-activated prodrug, we construct cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which are charge neutralized until activated by a bacterial protease. This construct successfully eliminated the vast majority of bacteria populations, while localizing activity to bacterial membranes and maintaining low active drug concentration. However, we observed defiant bacteria populations, which survive in the presence of identical drug concentration and exposure time. Using a multi-rate kinetic feedback model, we show that bacteria switch between susceptibility and defiance under clinically relevant environmental (e.g., hyperthermia) and genetic (e.g., downregulated protease expression) conditions. From this model, we derive a dimensionless quantity (Bacterial Advantage Heuristic, BAH) - representing the balance between bacterial proliferation and prodrug activation - that perfectly classifies bacteria as defiant or susceptible across a broad range of conditions. To apply this concept to other classes of prodrugs, we expand this model to include both linear and nonlinear terms and use general pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., half-life, EC50, etc.). Taken together, this model reveals an analogous dimensionless quantity (General Advantage Key, GAK), which can applied to prodrugs with different activation mechanisms. We envision that these studies will enable the development of more effective prodrugs to combat antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial defiance as a form of prodrug failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marine deep biosphere microbial communities assemble in near-surface sediments in Aarhus Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of microbial diversity in marine sediments have identified a core set of taxa unique to the marine deep biosphere. Previous studies have suggested that these specialized communities are shaped by processes in the surface seabed, in particular that their assembly is associated with the transition from the bioturbated upper zone to the nonbioturbated zone below. To test this hypothesis, we performed a fine-scale analysis of the distribution and activity of microbial populations within the upper 50 cm of sediment from Aarhus Bay (Denmark). Sequencing and qPCR were combined to determine the depth distributions of bacterial and archaeal taxa (16S rRNA genes) and sulfate-reducing microorganisms (dsrB gene). Mapping of radionuclides throughout the sediment revealed a region of intense bioturbation at 0-6 cm depth. The transition from bioturbated sediment to the subsurface below (7 cm depth) was marked by a shift from dominant surface populations to common deep biosphere taxa (e.g. Chloroflexi & Atribacteria). Changes in community composition occurred in parallel to drops in microbial activity and abundance caused by reduced energy availability below the mixed sediment surface. These results offer direct evidence for the hypothesis that deep subsurface microbial communities present in Aarhus Bay mainly assemble already centimeters below the sediment surface, below the bioturbation zone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaencker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starnawski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochum, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdelman, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjeldsen, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marine deep biosphere microbial communities assemble in near-surface sediments in Aarhus Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics Integrative Analysis of Acute and Relapsing Malaria in a Non-Human Primate Model of P. vivax infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems-scale analysis of multiple layers of molecular and cellular data has significant potential for providing novel insights into malaria pathology and immunity. We present here a unique longitudinal multi-omics dataset encompassing Macaca mulatta blood and bone marrow responses to infection by Plasmodium cynomolgi, a non-human primate (NHP) parasite species used to model P. vivax malaria acute and relapsing infections in humans. We analyzed relationships across multiple biological layers using a mutual information-based machine learning approach to integrate heterogeneous longitudinal datasets and constructed an atlas of multi-omics relatedness networks (MORNs). Using this technique, we were able to detect signatures that defined both acute and relapsing infections. Importantly, relapse infections could be distinguished from both acutely-infected and uninfected NHP, suggesting that the host-parasite interactions during relapses are unique compared to acute Plasmodium infections. To our knowledge, this is the first report of large-scale, longitudinal multi-omics analysis of malaria in any system. This dataset, along with the method used to analyze it, provides a unique resource for the malaria research community and demonstrates the power of longitudinal infection study designs, NHP model systems and integrative multi-omics analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galinski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics Integrative Analysis of Acute and Relapsing Malaria in a Non-Human Primate Model of P. vivax infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolving multiplexed protease signatures with substrate reduction and activity clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteases are pleiotropic, promiscuous enzymes that degrade proteins and peptides, which drive important processes in health and disease. The ability to quantify the activity of protease signatures by sampling with Massively Multiplexed Activity (MMA) libraries will provide unparalleled biological information. Under such a framework, a designed library of peptide substrates is exposed to a cocktail of proteases, the cleavage velocity of each substrate is measured, and individual protease activity levels are inferred from the data. Previous studies have developed individual protease sensors, but multiplexed substrate cleavage data becomes difficult to interpret as the number of cross-cutting proteases increases. Computational methods for parsing this data to estimate individual protease activities primarily use an extensive compendium of all possible protease-substrate combinations, which require impractical amounts of training data when scaling up to MMA libraries. Here we provide a computational method for estimating protease activities efficiently by reducing the number of substrates and clustering proteases with similar cleavage activities into families. This method is scalable and will enable the future use of MMA libraries with applications spanning therapeutic and diagnostic biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolving multiplexed protease signatures with substrate reduction and activity clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cis-regulatory change underlying the motor neuron-specific loss of terminal selector gene expression in immotile tunicate larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary history of animal body plans cannot be fully reconstructed without considering the roles of both novelties and losses. Some of the more remarkable examples of massively parallel evolutionary losses in animals comes from many species in the tunicate genus Molgula that have independently lost the swimming larva and instead develop as tail-less, immotile larvae that bypass the period of swimming and dispersal observed in other tunicates, marine invertebrate chordates that alternate between motile larval and sessile adult life cycle stages. The larvae of Molgula occulta and other tail-less species do not fully develop structures that are essential for swimming behavior, including notochord, tail muscles, and otolith, and loss-of-function mutations have been identified in various genes required for the differentiation of these tissues. However, little is known about the extent of development of the larval nervous system in M. occulta. While differentiated neurons might in principle be entirely dispensable to the non-swimming larva, the adult has a fully functional nervous system like any other tunicate. To further investigate this conundrum, we studied the specification and patterning of the M. occulta Motor Ganglion, which is the key central nervous system compartment that drives the motor movements of swimming tunicate larvae. We found that the expression patterns of important regulators of MG neuron subtype specification are highly conserved during the development of the non-swimming larvae of M. occulta, suggesting that the gene networks regulating their expression are largely intact in this species, despite the loss of swimming ability. However, we identified a M. occulta-specific reduction in expression of the important motor neuron terminal selector gene Ebf (Collier/Olf/EBF or COE) in the Motor Ganglion. Although M. occulta Ebf is predicted to encode a fully functional protein, its expression was reduced in developing motor neurons when compared to species with swimming larvae, which was corroborated by measuring allele-specific expression of Ebf in interspecific hybrid embryos produced by crossing M. occulta with the closely related swimming species M. oculata. Comparative reporter construct experiments also revealed a specific cis-regulatory sequence change that underlies the reduced expression of M. occulta Ebf in motor neurons, but not in other tissues and cell types. This points to a potential mechanism for arresting larval motor neuron differentiation in the non-swimming larvae of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racioppi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyrieras, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristoratore, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiaen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swalla, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cis-regulatory change underlying the motor neuron-specific loss of terminal selector gene expression in immotile tunicate larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt7a-releasing synthetic hydrogel enhances local skeletal muscle regeneration and muscle stem cell engraftment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle possesses efficient ability to regenerate upon minor injuries, but its capacity to regenerate is severely compromised with traumatic injuries and muscle-associated diseases. Recent evidence suggests that skeletal muscle regeneration can be accelerated by transplantation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) or treatment with promyogenic factors, such as Wingless-type MMTV Integrated 7a (Wnt7a) protein. Although direct intramuscular injection is the simplest method to deliver MuSCs and Wnt7a for regenerative therapy, direct injection is not viable in many clinical cases where the structural integrity is severely compromised. To address this challenge, we engineered a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel to facilitate the co-delivery of pro-myogenic factors, such as Wnt7a, and MuSCs to skeletal muscles affected by severe trauma or muscular dystrophies. Wnt7a release rate can be controlled by modulating the polymer density of the hydrogel, and this release rate can be further accelerated through the proteolytic degradation of the hydrogel. Treating cryo-injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles with Wnt7a-loaded hydrogels resulted in an accelerated regenerative response, measured by increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area, bulk TA mass, and number of Pax7+ MuSCs at the injury site, compared to the TA muscles treated with Wnt7a-free hydrogels. Co-delivery of Wnt7a and primary MuSCs using the synthetic hydrogel to the cryo-injured TA muscles significantly increased cellular migration during the engraftment process. This work provides a synthetic biomaterial platform for advancing treatment strategies of skeletal muscle trauma and diseases, specifically in conditions where direct intramuscular injection may be challenging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/569921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt7a-releasing synthetic hydrogel enhances local skeletal muscle regeneration and muscle stem cell engraftment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction of Ancestral Networks by Integer Linear Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe study of the evolutionary history of biological networks enables deep functional understanding of various bio-molecular processes. Network growth models, such as the Duplication-Mutation with Complementarity (DMC) model, provide a principled approach to characterizing the evolution of protein-protein interactions (PPI) based on duplication and divergence. Current methods for model-based ancestral network reconstruction primarily use greedy heuristics and yield sub-optimal solutions.

ResultsWe present a new Integer Linear Programming (ILP) solution for maximum likelihood reconstruction of ancestral PPI networks using the DMC model. We prove the correctness of our solution that is designed to find the optimal solution. It can also use efficient heuristics from general-purpose ILP solvers to obtain multiple optimal and near-optimal solutions that may be useful in many applications. Experiments on synthetic data show that our ILP obtains solutions with higher likelihood than those from previous methods, and is robust to noise and model mismatch. We evaluate our algorithm on two real PPI networks, with proteins from the families of bZIP transcription factors and the Commander complex. On both the networks, solutions from our ILP have higher likelihood and are in better agreement with independent biological evidence from other studies.

AvailabilityA Python implementation is available at https://bitbucket.org/cdal/.

Contactvaibhav.rajan@nus.edu.sg
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction of Ancestral Networks by Integer Linear Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A beneficial genomic rearrangement creates multiple versions of calcipressin in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is a major source of genetic novelty and evolutionary adaptation, providing a molecular substrate that can generate biological complexity and diversity (Ohno 1967, Taylor and Raes 2004). Despite an abundance of genomic evidence from extant organisms suggesting the importance of gene duplication, consensus about how they arise and functionally diversify is lacking (Innan and Kondrashov 2010). In the process of studying the adaptation of laboratory strains of C. elegans to new food sources, we identified a recombinant inbred line (RIL) with higher relative fitness and hyperactive exploration behavior compared to either parental strain. Using bulk-segregant analysis and short-read resequencing, we identified a de novo beneficial, complex rearrangement of the rcan-1 gene, which we resolved into five new unique tandem inversion/duplications using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing. rcan-1 encodes an ortholog to human RCAN1/DSCR1, which has been implicated as a causal gene for Down syndrome (Fuentes, Genesca et al. 2000). The genomic rearrangement in rcan-1 causes two complete and two truncated versions of the rcan-1 coding region, with a variety of modified promoter and 3 regions, which ultimately reduce whole-body gene expression. This rearrangement does not phenocopy a loss-of-function allele, which indicates that the rearrangement was necessary for the observed fitness gains. Our results demonstrate that adaptation can occur through unexpectedly complex genetic changes that can simultaneously duplicate and diversify a gene, providing the molecular substrate for future evolutionary change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biliya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A beneficial genomic rearrangement creates multiple versions of calcipressin in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico bacteria evolve robust cooperation via complex quorum-sensing strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species of bacteria collectively sense and respond to their social and physical environment via  quorum sensing (QS), a communication system controlling extracellular cooperative traits. Despite detailed understanding of the mechanisms of signal production and response, there remains considerable debate over the functional role(s) of QS: in short, what is it for? Experimental studies have found support for diverse functional roles: density sensing, mass-transfer sensing, genotype sensing, etc. While consistent with theory, these results cannot separate whether these functions were drivers of QS adaption, or simply artifacts or  spandrels of systems shaped by distinct ecological pressures. The challenge of separating spandrels from drivers of adaptation is particularly hard to address using extant bacterial species with poorly understood current ecologies (let alone their ecological histories). To understand the relationship between environmental challenges and trajectories of QS evolution, we used an agent-based simulation modeling approach. Given genetic mixing, our simulations produce behaviors that recapitulate features of diverse microbial QS systems, including coercive (high signal / low response) and generalized reciprocity (signal auto-regulation) strategists -- that separately and in combination contribute to QS-dependent resilience of QS-controlled cooperation in the face of diverse cheats. We contrast our in silico results with bacterial QS architectures that have evolved under largely unknown ecological contexts, highlighting the critical role of genetic constraints in shaping the shorter term (experimental evolution) dynamics of QS. More broadly, we see experimental evolution of digital organisms as a complementary tool in the search to understand the emergence of complex QS architectures and functions.nnAuthor summaryBacteria communicate and cooperate using complex cell-cell signaling systems known as quorum-sensing (QS). While the molecular mechanisms are often well understood, the reasons why bacteria use QS are less clear -- how has QS aided survival and growth? The answer to this question is dependent on the environment of adaptation, and unfortunately our current understanding of QS bacterial ecology is broadly lacking. To address this gap, we studied the evolution of  digital organisms, individual-based computer simulations of bacterial populations evolving under defined environmental contexts. Our results pinpoint how simple environmental challenges (variable density and genetic mixing) can lead to the emergence of complex strategies that recapitulate features of bacterial QS, and open a path towards reverse-engineering the environmental drivers of QS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattray, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico bacteria evolve robust cooperation via complex quorum-sensing strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hourglass organization of the C. elegans connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We approach the C. elegans connectome as an information processing network that receives input from about 90 sensory neurons, processes that information through a highly recurrent network of about 80 interneurons, and it produces a coordinated output from about 120 motor neurons that control the nematodes muscles. We focus on the feedforward flow of information from sensory neurons to motor neurons, and apply a recently developed network analysis framework referred to as the "hourglass effect". The analysis reveals that this feedforward flow traverses a small core ("hourglass waist") that consists of 10-15 interneurons. These are mostly the same interneurons that were previously shown (using a different analytical approach) to constitute the "rich-club" of the C. elegans connectome. This result is robust to the methodology that separates the feedforward from the feedback flow of information. The set of core interneurons remains mostly the same when we consider only chemical synapses or the combination of chemical synapses and gap junctions. The hourglass organization of the connectome suggests that C. elegans has some similarities with encoder-decoder artificial neural networks in which the input is first compressed and integrated in a low-dimensional latent space that encodes the given data in a more efficient manner, followed by a decoding network through which intermediate-level sub-functions are combined in different ways to compute the correlated outputs of the network. The core neurons at the hourglass waist represent the information bottleneck of the system, balancing the representation accuracy and compactness (complexity) of the given sensory information.

Author SummaryThe C. elegans nematode is the only species for which the complete wiring diagram ("connectome") of its neural system has been mapped. The connectome provides architectural constraints that limit the scope of possible functions of a neural system. In this work, we identify one such architectural constraint: the C. elegans connectome includes a small set (10-15) of neurons that compress and integrate the information provided by the much larger set of sensory neurons. These intermediate-level neurons encode few sub-functions that are combined and re-used in different ways to activate the circuits of motor neurons, which drive all higher-level complex functions of the organism such as feeding or locomotion. We refer to this encoding-decoding structure as "hourglass architecture" and identify the core neurons at the "waist" of the hourglass. We also discuss the similarities between this property of the C. elegans connectome and artificial neural networks. The hourglass architecture opens a new way to think about, and experiment with, intermediate-level neurons between input and output neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabrin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovrolis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hourglass organization of the C. elegans connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated evolution of oligodendrocytes in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discussions of human brain evolution have largely focused on increased neuron numbers and changes in their connectivity and expression. However, it is increasingly appreciated that oligodendrocytes play important roles in cognitive function and disease. Whether both cell-types follow similar or distinctive evolutionary trajectories is not known. We examined the transcriptomes of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. We identified human-specific trajectories of gene expression in neurons and oligodendrocytes and show that both cell-types exhibit human-specific upregulation. Moreover, oligodendrocytes have undergone accelerated gene expression evolution in the human lineage compared to neurons. The signature of acceleration is enriched for cell type-specific expression alterations in schizophrenia. These results underscore the importance of oligodendrocytes in human brain evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendizabal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriumi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated evolution of oligodendrocytes in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing is (almost) everything in a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight motor program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual motor units. Across all the many signals that control a behavior how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole motor program with spike-level resolution. To do this, we took advantage of the relatively few motor units controlling the wings of a hawk moth, Manduca sexta. We simultaneously recorded nearly every action potential from all major wing muscles and the resulting forces in tethered flight. We found that timing encodes more information about turning behavior than spike count in every motor unit, even though there is sufficient variation in count alone. Flight muscles vary broadly in function as well as in the number and timing of spikes. Nonetheless, each muscle with multiple spikes consistently blends spike timing and count information in a 3:1 ratio. Coding strategies are consistent. Finally, we assess the coordination of muscles using pairwise redundancy measured through interaction information. Surprisingly, not only are all muscle pairs coordinated, but all coordination is accomplished almost exclusively through spike timing, not spike count. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.nnSignificance StatementBrains can encode precise sensory stimuli and specific motor systems also appear to be precise, but how important are millisecond changes in timing of neural spikes across the whole motor program for a behavior? We record every spike that the hawk moths nervous system sends to its wing muscles. We show that all muscles convey the majority of their information in spike timing. The number of spikes does play a role, but not in a coordinated way across muscles. Instead, all coordination is done using in the millisecond timing of in spikes. The importance and prevalence of timing across the motor program pose new questions for how nervous systems create precise, coordinated motor commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing is (almost) everything in a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight motor program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat-triggered remote control of CRISPR-dCas9 for tunable transcriptional modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging CRISPR technologies are enabling powerful new approaches to control mammalian cell functions, yet the lack of spatially-defined, noninvasive modalities to direct their function limit their potential as biological tools and pose a major challenge for clinical translation. Here we confer remote control of CRISPR-dCas9 activity using thermal gene switches, enabling the dynamic regulation of gene expression using short pulses of heat to modulate transcriptional commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat-triggered remote control of CRISPR-dCas9 for tunable transcriptional modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteases as Biological Bits for Programmable Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered biocircuits that interface with living systems as plug-and-play constructs may enable new applications for programmable therapies and diagnostics. We create biological bits (bbits) using proteases - a family of pleiotropic, promiscuous enzymes - to construct the biological equivalent of Boolean logic gates, comparators and analog-to-digital converters. We use these modules to write a cell-free bioprogram that can combine with bacteria-infected blood, quantify infection burden, and then calculate and unlock a selective drug dose. Inspired by probabilistic computing, we leverage multi- and common-target protease promiscuity as the biological analog of superposition to program three probabilistic bbits that solve all implementations of the two-bit oracle problem, Learning Parity with Noise. Treating a network of dysregulated proteases in a living animal as an oracle, we use this algorithm to resolve the probability distribution of coagulation proteases in vivo, allowing diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with high sensitivity and specificity (AUROC = 0.92) in a mouse model of thrombosis. Our results demonstrate that protease activity can be programmed in cell-free systems to carry out classical and probabilistic algorithms for programmable medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteases as Biological Bits for Programmable Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and dynamics of slime molds in various environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells, including unicellulars, are highly sensitive to external constraints from their environment. Amoeboid cells change their cell shape during locomotion and in response to external stimuli. Physarum polycephalum is a large multinucleated amoeboid cell that extends and develops pseudopods. In this paper, changes in cell behavior and shape were measured during the exploration of homogenous and non-homogenous environments that presented neutral, and nutritive and/or adverse substances. In the first place, we developed a fully automated image analysis method to measure quantitatively changes in both migration and shape. Then we measured various metrics that describe the area covered, the exploration dynamics, the migration rate and the slime mold shape. Our results show that: 1) Not only the nature, but also the spatial distribution of chemical substances affect the exploration behavior of slime molds; 2) Nutritive and adverse substances both slow down the exploration and prevent the formation of pseudopods; and 3) Slime mold placed in an adverse environment preferentially occupies previously explored areas rather than unexplored areas using mucus secretion as a buffer. Our results also show that slime molds migrate at a rate governed by the substrate up until they get within a critical distance to chemical substances.nnAuthor summaryPhysarum polycephalum, also called slime mold, is a giant single-celled organism that can grow to cover several square meters, forming search fronts that are connected to a system of intersecting veins. An original experimental protocol allowed tracking the shape of slime mold placed in homogenous substrates containing an attractant (glucose) or a repellent (salt), or inhomogeneous substrates that contained an attractive spot (glucose), an eccentric slime mold and a repulsive spot (salt) in between. For the first time, the rate of exploration of unexplored areas (primary growth) and the rate of extension in previously explored areas (secondary growth) were rigorously measured, by means of a sophisticated image analysis program. This paper shows that the chemical composition of the substrate has more influence on the morphology and growth dynamics of slime mold than that of concentrated spots of chemicals. It was also found that on a repulsive substrate, slime mold exhibits a bias towards secondary growth, which suggests that the mucus produced during slime mold migration acts as a protective shell in adverse environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino-Ramirez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussutour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and dynamics of slime molds in various environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Earth Mover’s Distance for Viral Outbreak Investigations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses mutate at extremely high rates forming an intra-host viral population of closely related variants (or quasi-species) [4]. High variability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) making them particularly dangerous by allowing them to evade the hosts immune system. HIV and HCV outbreaks pose a significant problem for public health for solving which it is critical to infer transmission clusters, i.e., to decide whether two viral samples belong to the same outbreak. Initial approach [10] was based on estimating relatedness between two samples as the distance between consensuses of the corresponding viral populations. The distance between closest pair of representatives from two populations, MinDist, has been shown to be significantly more accurate [2]. Unfortunately, MinDist computation requires a cumbersome RNA-seq data assembly and identification of all viral sequences from a given project. We present a novel approach that allows to bypass read assembly and estimate the distance between viral samples based on k-mer (i.e. a substring of length k) distribution in RNA-seq reads. The experimental validation using sequencing data from HCV outbreaks shows that the proposed algorithms can successfully identify genetic relatedness between viral populations, infer transmission clusters and outbreak sources, as well decide whether the primary spreader is present in the sequenced outbreak sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knyazev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khudyakov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunimovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skums, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelikovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Earth Mover’s Distance for Viral Outbreak Investigations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Models of Phage-Antibiotics Combination Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global public health crisis. Bacteriophage therapy (or "phage therapy") constitutes a potential alternative approach to treat MDR infections. However, the effective use of phage therapy may be limited when phage-resistant bacterial mutants evolve and proliferate during treatment. Here, we develop a nonlinear population dynamics model of combination therapy that accounts for the system-level interactions between bacteria, phage and antibiotics for in-vivo application given an immune response against bacteria. We simulate the combination therapy model for two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one which is phage-sensitive (and antibiotic resistant) and one which is antibiotic-sensitive (and phage-resistant). We find that combination therapy outperforms either phage or antibiotic alone, and that therapeutic effectiveness is enhanced given interaction with innate immune responses. Notably, therapeutic success can be achieved even at sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, e.g., ciprofloxacin. These in-silico findings provide further support to the nascent application of combination therapy to treat MDR bacterial infections, while highlighting the role of innate immunity in shaping therapeutic outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gonzalez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Models of Phage-Antibiotics Combination Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete Community Assemblages Within Hypersaline Paleolake Sediments of Pilot Valley, Utah 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypersaline paleolake sediments are understudied ecosystems whose microbial ecology is largely unknown. Here we present mineralogical, geochemical, and small-subunit 16S rRNA gene sequence data on one such environment, the Pilot Valley Basin (PVB), a sub-basin of ancient Lake Bonneville located in northwest Utah. PVB exhibits a variety of aqueous minerals including phyllosilicates, carbonates, and sulfates, as well as microbially-induced sedimentary structures. As perchlorate occurs naturally (up to 6.5 ppb) in Pilot Valley sediments, and because recent evidence suggests that it is subject to biotic reduction, PVB has been proposed as a Mars analog site for astrobiological studies. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to investigate microbial diversity and community structure along horizontal and vertical transects within the upper basin sediments and beta diversity analyses indicate that the microbial communities in Pilot Valley are structured into three discrete groups. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the main archaeal phylum, Euryarchaeota, make up ~23% of the sequences, while OTUs belonging to three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides and Gemmatimonadetes, constitute ~60-70% of the sequences recovered at all sites. Diversity analyses indicate that the specific composition of each community correlates with sediment grain size, and with biogeochemical parameters such as nitrate and sulfate concentrations. Interestingly, OTUs belonging to the phylum Gemmatimonadetes are co-located with extreme halophilic archaeal and bacterial taxa, which suggests a potential new attribute, halophilicity, of this newly-recognized phylum. Altogether, results of this first comprehensive geomicrobial study of Pilot Valley reveal that basin sediments harbor a complex and diverse ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munakata Marr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/634642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete Community Assemblages Within Hypersaline Paleolake Sediments of Pilot Valley, Utah]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron subtype-specific effector gene expression in the Motor Ganglion of Ciona 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system of the Ciona larva contains only 177 neurons. The precise regulation of neuron subtype-specific morphogenesis and differentiation observed in during the formation of this minimal connectome offers a unique opportunity to dissect gene regulatory networks underlying chordate neurodevelopment. Here we compare the transcriptomes of two very distinct neuron types in the hindbrain/spinal cord homolog of Ciona, the Motor Ganglion (MG): the Descending decussating neuron (ddN, proposed homolog of Mauthner Cells in vertebrates) and the MG Interneuron 2 (MGIN2). Both types are invariantly represented by a single bilaterally symmetric left/right pair of cells in every larva. Supernumerary ddNs and MGIN2s were generated in synchronized embryos and isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for transcriptome profiling. Differential gene expression analysis revealed ddN- and MGIN2-specific enrichment of a wide range of genes, including many encoding potential "effectors" of subtype-specific morphological and functional traits. More specifically, we identified the upregulation of centrosome-associated, microtubule-stabilizing/bundling proteins and extracellular matrix proteins and axon guidance cues as part of a single intrinsic regulatory program that might underlie the unique polarization of the ddNs, the only descending MG neurons that cross the midline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibboney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Feduchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron subtype-specific effector gene expression in the Motor Ganglion of Ciona]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Relationship between BOLD and Neural Activity Arises from Temporally Sparse Events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting state functional magnetic resonance (rs-fMRI) imaging offers insights into how different brain regions are connected into functional networks. It was recently shown that networks that are almost identical to the ones created from conventional correlation analysis can be obtained from a subset of high-amplitude data, suggesting that the functional networks may be driven by instantaneous co-activations of multiple brain regions rather than ongoing oscillatory processes. The rs-fMRI studies, however, rely on the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, which is only indirectly sensitive to neural activity through neurovascular coupling. To provide more direct evidence that the neuronal co-activation events produce the time-varying network patterns seen in rs-fMRI studies, we examined the simultaneous rs-fMRI and local field potential (LFP) recordings in rats performed in our lab over the past several years. We developed complementary analysis methods that focus on either the temporal or spatial domain, and found evidence that the interaction between LFP and BOLD may be driven by instantaneous co-activation events as well. BOLD maps triggered on high-amplitude LFP events resemble co-activation patterns created from rs-fMRI data alone, though the co-activation time points are defined differently in the two cases. Moreover, only LFP events that fall into the highest or lowest thirds of the amplitude distribution result in a BOLD signal that can be distinguished from noise. These findings provide evidence of an electrophysiological basis for the time-varying co-activation patterns observed in previous studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Relationship between BOLD and Neural Activity Arises from Temporally Sparse Events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allelic polymorphism shapes collective phenotypes in evolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that chronically infects the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) by forming antibiotic resistant biofilms. Emergence of phenotypically diverse isolates within CF P. aeruginosa populations has previously been reported, however, the impact of heterogeneity on social behaviors and community function is poorly understood. Here we describe how this heterogeneity impacts on behavioral traits by evolving the strain PAO1 in biofilms grown in a synthetic sputum medium for 50 days. We measured social trait production and antibiotic tolerance and used a metagenomic approach to analyze and assess genomic changes over the duration of the evolution experiment. We found that (i) evolutionary trajectories were reproducible in independently evolving populations; (ii) over 60% of genomic diversity occurred within the first 10 days of selection. We then focused on quorum sensing (QS), a well-studied P. aeruginosa trait that is commonly mutated in strains isolated from CF lungs. We found that at the population level (i) evolution in sputum medium selected for decreased production of QS and QS-dependent traits; (ii) there was a significant correlation between lasR mutant frequency, the loss of protease and the 3O-C12-HSL signal, and an increase in resistance to clinically relevant {beta}-lactam antibiotics, despite no previous antibiotic exposure. Overall, our findings provide insights into the effect of allelic polymorphism on community functions in diverse P. aeruginosa populations. Further, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa population and evolutionary dynamics can impact on traits important for virulence and can lead to increased tolerance to {beta}-lactam antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allelic polymorphism shapes collective phenotypes in evolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionalized microcarriers improve T cell manufacturing by facilitating migratory memory T cell production and increasing CD4/CD8 ratio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown promise in treating cancer, but manufacturing large numbers of high quality cells remains challenging. Critically, current T cell expansion technologies only partially recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment found in the human lymph nodes. In these organs, T cells expand at high cell density with autocrine/paracrine signaling, as well as signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we describe a T cell expansion system using degradable gelatin microcarriers functionalized with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which address several of these shortcomings. We show that using this system, we can achieve approximately 2-fold greater expansion compared to functionalized magnetic beads, the current industry standard. Furthermore, carriers generated higher numbers of CCR7+CD62L+ migratory, central memory T cells and CD4+ T cells across multiple donors. Both these phenotypes have emerged as important for establishing durable and effective responses in patients receiving T cell immunotherapies. We further demonstrate that carriers can achieve greater memory cell yield compared to beads across a range of IL2 concentrations from 20 U/mL to 100 U/mL. These differences were greater at lower IL2 concentrations, indicating that the carriers are more efficient. We optimized this system using a design of experiments (DOE) approach and found that the carrier concentration affects the memory cell yield in a quadratic manner, where high or low concentrations are detrimental to memory formation. Finally, we show that carriers do not hinder CAR transduction and can maintain the CD4 and memory phenotype advantages in CAR-transduced T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwarshuis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotanchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/646760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionalized microcarriers improve T cell manufacturing by facilitating migratory memory T cell production and increasing CD4/CD8 ratio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modification of primary amines to higher order amines reduces in vivo hematological and immunotoxicity of cationic nanocarriers through TLR4 and complement pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, cationic polymer nanoparticles have been investigated for nucleic acid delivery. Despite promising in vitro transfection results, most formulations have failed to translate into the clinic due to significant in vivo toxicity - especially when delivered intravenously. To address this significant problem, we investigated the detailed mechanisms that govern the complex in vivo systemic toxicity response to common polymeric nanoparticles. We determined that the toxicity response is material dependent. For branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) nanoparticles - toxicity is a function of multiple pathophysiological responses - triggering of innate immune sensors, induction of hepatic toxicity, and significant alteration of hematological properties. In contrast, for chitosan-based nanoparticles - systemic toxicity is primarily driven through innate immune activation. We further identified that modification of primary amines to secondary and tertiary amines using the small molecule imidazole-acetic-acid (IAA) ameliorates in vivo toxicity from both nanocarriers by different, material-specific mechanisms related to Toll-like receptor 4 activation (for bPEI) and complement activation driven neutrophil infiltration (for chitosan), respectively. Our results provide a detailed roadmap for evaluating in vivo toxicity of nanocarriers and identifies potential opportunities to reduce toxicity for eventual clinical translation.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/647305v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (27K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63c7a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c8ac52org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a9589dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f8ec62_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Paolo, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lash, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayakhmetov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modification of primary amines to higher order amines reduces in vivo hematological and immunotoxicity of cationic nanocarriers through TLR4 and complement pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrainHub: A phylogenetic tool to construct pathogen transmission networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In exploring the epidemiology of infectious diseases, networks have been used to reconstruct contacts among individuals and/or populations. Summarizing networks using pathogen metadata (e.g., host species and place of isolation) and a phylogenetic tree is a nascent, alternative approach. In this paper, we introduce a tool for reconstructing transmission networks in arbitrary space from phylogenetic information and metadata. Our goals are to provide a means of deriving new insights and infection control strategies based on the dynamics of the pathogen lineages derived from networks and centrality metrics. We created a web-based application, called StrainHub, in which a user can input a phylogenetic tree based on genetic or other data along with characters derived from metadata using their preferred tree search method. StrainHub generates a transmission network based on character state changes in meta-data, such as place or source of isolation, mapped on the phylogenetic tree. The user has the option to calculate centrality metrics on the nodes including betweenness, closeness, degree, and a new metric, the source/hub ratio. The outputs include the network with values for metrics on its nodes and the tree with characters reconstructed. All of these results can be exported for further analysis.nnAvailabilityhttps://github.com/abschneider/StrainHub and strainhub.io
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Bernardi Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostager, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioce, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalyürek, U. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrainHub: A phylogenetic tool to construct pathogen transmission networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting brain fluctuations are intrinsically coupled to visual response dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do intrinsic brain dynamics interact with processing of external sensory stimuli? We sought new insights using functional (f)MRI to track spatiotemporal activity patterns at the whole brain level in lightly anesthetized mice, during both resting conditions and visual stimulation trials. Our results provide evidence that quasiperiodic patterns (QPPs) govern mouse resting brain dynamics. QPPs captured the temporal alignment of global brain fluctuations, anti-correlation of the Default Mode (DMN)- and Task Positive (TPN)-like networks, and activity in neuromodulatory nuclei of the reticular formation. While visual stimulation could trigger a transient spatiotemporal pattern highly similar to intrinsic QPPs, global signal fluctuations and QPPs during rest periods could explain variance in the following visual responses. QPPs and the global signal thus appeared to capture a common arousal-related brain-state fluctuation, orchestrated through neuromodulation. Our findings provide new frontiers to understand the neural processes that shape functional brain states and modulate sensory input processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belloy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanreusel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanaudekerke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Linden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keliris, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting brain fluctuations are intrinsically coupled to visual response dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vitro and in-vivo Characterization of a Multi-Stage Enzyme-Responsive Nanoparticle-in-Microgel Pulmonary Drug Delivery System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the lung is an obvious target for site-specific delivery of many therapeutics for respiratory airway diseases such as asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis, novel strategies are needed to avoid key physiologic barriers for efficient delivery and controlled release of therapeutics to the lungs. Specifically, deposition into the deep lung requires particles with a 1-5 {micro}m aerodynamic diameter; however, particles with a geometric diameter less than 6 {micro}m are rapidly cleared by alveolar macrophages. Additionally, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells prefer smaller (< 300 nm) nanoparticles for efficient endocytosis. Here we address these contradictory design requirements by using a nanoparticle-inside-microgel system (Nano-in-Microgel). Using an improved maleimide-thiol based Michael Addition during (water-in-oil) Emulsion (MADE) method, we fabricated both trypsin-responsive and neutrophil elastase-responsive polymeric Nano-in-Microgel to show the versatility of the system in easily exchanging enzyme-responsive crosslinkers for disease-specific proteases. By varying the initial macromer concentration, from 20-50 % w/v, the size distribution means ranged from 4-8 {micro}m, enzymatic degradation of the microgels is within 30 minutes, and in vitro macrophage phagocytosis is lower for the higher % w/v. We further demonstrated that in vivo lung delivery of the multi-stage carriers through the pulmonary route yields particle retention up to several hours and followed by clearance within in naive mice. Our results provide a further understanding of how enzymatically-degradable multi-stage polymeric carriers can be used for pulmonary drug delivery.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=60 SRC="FIGDIR/small/650911v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (15K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dcd1dcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@55e23eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@788c02org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@30161f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vitro and in-vivo Characterization of a Multi-Stage Enzyme-Responsive Nanoparticle-in-Microgel Pulmonary Drug Delivery System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating Sequence Alignment to Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aligning DNA sequences to an annotated reference is a key step for genotyping in biology. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated improved inference by aligning reads to a variation graph, i.e., a reference sequence augmented with known genetic variations. Given a variation graph in the form of a directed acyclic string graph, the sequence to graph alignment problem seeks to find the best matching path in the graph for an input query sequence. Solving this problem exactly using a sequential dynamic programming algorithm takes quadratic time in terms of the graph size and query length, making it difficult to scale to high throughput DNA sequencing data. In this work, we propose the first parallel algorithm for computing sequence to graph alignments that leverages multiple cores and single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) operations. We take advantage of the available inter-task parallelism, and provide a novel blocked approach to compute the score matrix while ensuring high memory locality. Using a 48-core Intel Xeon Skylake processor, the proposed algorithm achieves peak performance of 317 billion cell updates per second (GCUPS), and demonstrates near linear weak and strong scaling on up to 48 cores. It delivers significant performance gains compared to existing algorithms, and results in run-time reduction from multiple days to three hours for the problem of optimally aligning high coverage long (PacBio/ONT) or short (Illumina) DNA reads to an MHC human variation graph containing 10 million vertices.nnAvailabilityThe implementation of our algorithm is available at https://github.com/ParBLiSS/PaSGAL. Data sets used for evaluation are accessible using https://alurulab.cc.gatech.edu/PaSGAL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating Sequence Alignment to Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurogenin regulates effectors of migratory neuron cell behaviors in Ciona 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bipolar tail neurons (BTNs) of Ciona develop according to a highly dynamic, yet highly stereotyped developmental program and thus could serve as an accessible model system for neuronal delamination, migration, and polarized axon outgrowth. Here we used FACS/RNAseq to profile the transcriptional output of Neurogenin in the BTNs, searching for candidate effectors of BTN cell behaviors. We identified several candidate genes that might play conserved roles in similar cell behaviors in other animals, including mammals. Among the more interesting candidates were several microtubule-binding proteins and TGF{beta} pathway antagonists. A small Gi subunit was also found to be upregulated in migrating BTNs, and interfering with its function through expression of a dominant negative inhibited delamination and a complete epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We propose models for the regulation of BTN behaviors by the identified candidate effectors, establishing a foundation for testing effector gene functions that might be conserved in chordate neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibboney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razy-Krajka, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurogenin regulates effectors of migratory neuron cell behaviors in Ciona]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome data enhances predictive models of lung function in people with CF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrobiome sequencing has brought increasing attention to the polymicrobial context of chronic infections. However, clinical microbiology continues to focus on canonical human pathogens, which may overlook informative, but non-pathogenic, biomarkers. We address this disconnect in lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF).

MethodsWe collected health information (lung function, age, BMI) and sputum samples from a cohort of 77 children and adults with CF. Samples were collected during a period of clinical stability and 16S rDNA sequenced for airway microbiome compositions. We use Elastic Net regularization to train linear models predicting lung function and extract the most informative features.

ResultsModels trained on whole microbiome quantitation outperform models trained on pathogen quantitation alone, with or without the inclusion of patient metadata. Our most accurate models retain key pathogens as negative predictors (Pseudomonas, Achromobacter) along with established correlates of CF disease state (age, BMI, CF related diabetes). In addition, our models select non-pathogen taxa (Fusobacterium, Rothia) as positive predictors of lung health.

ConclusionsThese results support a reconsideration of clinical microbiology pipelines to ensure the provision of informative data to guide clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecenko, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome data enhances predictive models of lung function in people with CF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nanometer difference in myofilament lattice spacing of two cockroach leg muscles explains their different functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle is highly organized across scales. Consequently, small changes in arrangement of myofilaments can influence macroscopic function. Two leg muscles of a cockroach, have identical innervation, mass, twitch responses, length-tension curves, and force-velocity relationships. However, during running, one muscle is dissipative, while the other produces significant positive mechanical work. Using time resolved x-ray diffraction in intact, contracting muscle, we simultaneously measured the myofilament lattice spacing, packing structure, and macroscopic force production of these muscle to test if nanoscale differences could account for this conundrum. While the packing patterns are the same, one muscle has 1 nm smaller lattice spacing at rest. Under isometric activation, the difference in lattice spacing disappeared explaining the two muscles identical steady state behavior. During periodic contractions, one muscle undergoes a 1 nm greater change in lattice spacing, which correlates with force. This is the first identified feature that can account for the muscles different functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tune, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nanometer difference in myofilament lattice spacing of two cockroach leg muscles explains their different functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diminished cortical excitation during perceptual impairments in a mouse model of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory impairments are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These impairments affect visual perception (Robertson and Baron-Cohen, 2017), and have been hypothesized to arise from imbalances in cortical excitatory and inhibitory activity (Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003; Nelson and Valakh, 2015; Sohal and Rubenstein, 2019); however, there is little direct evidence testing this hypothesis in identified excitatory and inhibitory neurons during impairments of sensory perception. Several recent studies have examined cortical activity in transgenic mouse models of ASD (Goel et al., 2018; Antoine et al., 2019; Lazaro et al., 2019), but have provided conflicting evidence for excitatory versus inhibitory activity deficits. Here, we utilized a genetically relevant mouse model of ASD (CNTNAP2-/- knockout, KO; Arking et al., 2008; Penagarikano et al., 2011) and directly recorded putative excitatory and inhibitory population spiking in primary visual cortex (V1) while measuring visual perceptual behavior (Speed et al., 2019). We found quantitative impairments in the speed, accuracy, and contrast sensitivity of visual perception in KO mice. These impairments were simultaneously associated with elevated inhibitory and diminished excitatory neuron activity evoked by visual stimuli during behavior, along with aberrant 3 - 10 Hz oscillations in superficial cortical layers 2/3 (L2/3). These results establish that perceptual deficits relevant for ASD can arise from diminished sensory activity of excitatory neurons in feedforward layers of cortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowood, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diminished cortical excitation during perceptual impairments in a mouse model of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and comparative genomic analysis of integrated prophage-like sequences in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huanglongbing (HLB; yellow shoot disease) is a severe worldwide infectious disease for citrus family plants. The pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is an alphapro-teobacterium of the Rhizobiaceae family that has been identified as the cause. The virulence of CLas has been attributed, in part, to prophage encoded genes. Prophage and prophage like elements have been identified in 12 of the 15 CLas available genomes, and are classified into three prophage types. Here, we re-examined all 15 CLas genomes using a de novo prediction approach and expanded the number of prophage like elements from 16 to 33. Further, we find that all CLas contain at least one prophage-like sequence. Comparative analysis reveals a prevalent, albeit previously unknown, prophage-like sequence type that is a remnant of an integrated prophage. Notably, this remnant prophage is found in the Ishi-1 CLas strain that had previously been reported as lacking prophages. Our findings provide both a resource and new insights into the evolutionary relationship between phage and CLas pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Mirazo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and comparative genomic analysis of integrated prophage-like sequences in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time monitoring of mechanical cues in the regenerative niche reveal dynamic strain magnitudes that enhance bone repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical loads exerted on the skeleton during activities such as walking are important regulators of bone repair, but dynamic biomechanical signals are difficult to measure inside the body. The inability to measure the mechanical environment in injured tissues is a significant barrier to developing integrative regenerative and rehabilitative strategies that can accelerate recovery from fracture, segmental bone loss, and spinal fusion. Here we engineered an implantable strain sensor platform and measured strain across a bone defect in real-time throughout rehabilitation. We used the sensor to longitudinally quantify mechanical cues imparted by a load-sharing fixation plate that significantly enhanced bone regeneration in rats. We found that sensor readings correlated with the status of healing, suggesting a potential role for strain sensing as an X-ray-free healing assessment platform. This study demonstrates a promising approach to quantitatively develop and exploit mechanical rehabilitation strategies that enhance bone repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klosterhoff, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karipott, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruehle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time monitoring of mechanical cues in the regenerative niche reveal dynamic strain magnitudes that enhance bone repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization during early embryonic development are governed by dynamic, spatially and temporally varying morphogen signals. Analogous tissue patterns emerge spontaneously in embryonic stem cell (ESC) models for gastrulation, but mechanistic insight into this self-organization is limited by a lack of molecular methods to precisely control morphogen signal dynamics. Here we combine optogenetic stimulation and single-cell imaging approaches to study self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells. Precise control of morphogen signal dynamics, achieved through activation of canonical Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling over a broad high dynamic range (>500-fold) using an optoWnt optogenetic system, drove broad transcriptional changes and mesendoderm differentiation of human ESCs at high efficiency (>95% cells). Furthermore, activating Wnt signaling in subpopulations of ESCs in 2D and 3D cultures induced cell self-organization and morphogenesis reminiscent of human gastrulation, including changes in cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Our findings thus reveal an instructive role for Wnt in directing cell patterning in this ESC model for gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/667105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer Exacerbates Chemotherapy Induced Sensory Neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/667105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For the constellation of neurological disorders known as chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, mechanistic understanding, and treatment remain deficient. Here we present the first evidence in preclinical investigation of rats that chronic sensory neuropathy depends on non-linear interactions between cancer and chemotherapy. Global transcriptional profiling of dorsal root ganglia revealed differential expression, notably in regulators of neuronal excitability, metabolism and inflammatory responses, all of which were unpredictable from effects observed with either chemotherapy or cancer alone. Systemic interactions between cancer and chemotherapy also determined the extent of deficits in sensory encoding and ion channel protein expression by single mechanosensory neurons, with the potassium ion channel Kv3.3 emerging as a potential contributor to sensory neuron dysfunction. These original findings identify novel contributors to peripheral neuropathy, and emphasize the fundamental dependence of neuropathy on the systemic interaction between chemotherapy and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Housley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matyunina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/667105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer Exacerbates Chemotherapy Induced Sensory Neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic and structural diversity of aromatically dense pili from environmental metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroactive type IV pili, or e-pili, are used by some microbial species for extracellular electron transfer. Recent studies suggest that e-pili may be more phylogenetically and structurally diverse than previously assumed. Here, we used updated aromatic density thresholds ([&ge;]9.8% aromatic amino acids, [&le;]22-aa aromatic gaps, and aromatic amino acids at residues 1, 24, 27, 50 and/or 51, and 32 and/or 57) to search for putative e-pilin genes in metagenomes from diverse ecosystems with active microbial metal cycling. Environmental putative e-pilins were diverse in length and phylogeny, and included truncated e-pilins in Geobacter spp., as well as longer putative e-pilins in Fe(II)-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria and Zetaproteobacteria.nnOriginality and SignificanceElectroactive pili (e-pili) are used by microorganisms to respire solid metals in their environment through extracellular electron transfer. Thus, e-pili enable microbes to occupy specific environmental niches. Additionally, e-pili have important potential for biotechnological applications. Currently the repertoire of known e-pili is small, and their environmental distribution is largely unknown. Using sequence analysis, we identified numerous genes encoding putative e-pili from diverse anoxic, metal-rich ecosystems. Our results expand the diversity of putative e-pili in environments where metal oxides may be important electron acceptors for microbial respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bray, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowle, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simister, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic and structural diversity of aromatically dense pili from environmental metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infect While the Iron is Scarce: Nutrient Explicit Phage-Bacteria Games 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine microbial primary production is influenced by the availability and uptake of essential nutrients, including iron. Although marine microbes have evolved mechanisms to scavenge sub-nanomolar concentrations of iron, recent observations suggest that viruses may co-opt these very same mechanisms to facilitate infection. The "Ferrojan Horse Hypothesis" proposes that viruses incorporate iron atoms into their tail fiber proteins to adsorb to target host receptors. Here, we propose an evolutionary game theoretic approach to consider the joint strategies of hosts and viruses in environments with limited nutrients (like iron). We analyze the bimatrix game and find that evolutionarily stable strategies depend on the stability and quality of nutrient conditions. For example, in highly stable iron conditions, virus pressure does not change host uptake strategies. However, when iron levels are dynamic, virus pressure can lead to fluctuations in the extent to which hosts invest in metabolic machinery that increases both iron uptake and susceptibility to viral infection. Altogether, this evolutionary game model provides further evidence that viral infection and nutrient dynamics jointly shape the fate of microbial populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/674382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infect While the Iron is Scarce: Nutrient Explicit Phage-Bacteria Games]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular and Microbial Microenvironments in Chronically Diseased Lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To visualize the personalized distributions of pathogens, chemical environments including microbial metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and their metabolic products within and between human lungs afflicted with cystic fibrosis, we generated 3D microbiome and metabolome maps of six explanted lungs from three cystic fibrosis patients. These 3D spatial maps revealed that the chemical environments are variable between patients and within the lungs of each patient. Although the patients microbial ecosystems were defined by the dominant pathogen, their chemical diversity was not. Additionally, the chemical diversity between locales in lungs of the same individual sometimes exceeded inter-individual variation. Thus, the chemistry and microbiome of the explanted lungs appear to be not only personalized but also regiospecific. Previously undescribed analogs of microbial quinolones and antibiotic metabolites were also detected. Furthermore, mapping the chemical and microbial distributions allowed visualization of microbial community interactions, such as increased production of quorum sensing quinolones in locations where Pseudomonas was in contact with Staphylococcus and Granulicatella, consistent with in vitro observations of bacteria isolated from these patients. Visualization of microbe-metabolite associations within a host organ in early-stage CF disease in animal models will help elucidate a complex interplay between the presence of a given microbial structure, antibiotics, metabolism of antibiotics, microbial virulence factors, and host responses.nnImportanceMicrobial infections are now recognized to be polymicrobial and personalized in nature. A comprehensive analysis and understanding of the factors underlying the polymicrobial and personalized nature of infections remains limited, especially in the context of the host. By visualizing microbiomes and metabolomes of diseased human lungs, we describe how different the chemical environments are between hosts that are dominated by the same pathogen and how community interactions shape the chemical environment, or vice versa. We highlight that three-dimensional organ mapping are hypothesis building tools that allow us to design mechanistic studies aimed at addressing microbial responses to other microbes, the host, and pharmaceutical drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvoy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protsyuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzzatto-Knaan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouha, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohwer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular and Microbial Microenvironments in Chronically Diseased Lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness and productivity increase with ecotypic diversity among E. coli evolved in a simple, constant environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Community productivity often correlates with diversity. In the microbial world this phenomenon can sometimes be explained by highly-specific metabolic interactions that include cross-feeding and syntrophy. Such interactions help account for the astonishing variety of microbial life, and drive many of the biogeochemical cycles without which life as we know it could not exist. While it is difficult to recapitulate experimentally how these interactions evolved among multiple taxa, we can explore in the laboratory how they arise within one. These experiments provide insight into how different bacterial ecotypes evolve and from these, possibly new  species. We have previously shown that in a simple, constant environment a single clone of E. coli can give rise to a consortium of genetically-and physiologically-differentiated strains, in effect, a set of ecotypes, that coexist by cross-feeding. We marked these different ecotypes and their shared ancestor by integrating fluorescent protein into their genomes. We then used flow cytometry to show that each strain by itself is more fit than the shared ancestor, that pairs of evolved strains are fitter still, and that the entire consortium is fittest of all. We further demonstrate that the rank order of fitness values agrees with estimates of yield, indicating that an experimentally evolved consortium more efficiently converts resources to offspring than its ancestor or any member acting in isolation.nnImportanceIn the microbial world, diversity and productivity of communities and consortia often correlate positively. However, it is challenging to tease apart a consortium whose members have co-evolved, and connect estimates of their fitness and the fitness of their ancestor(s) with estimates of productivity. Such analyses are prerequisite to understanding the evolutionary origins of all biological communities. Here we dissect an E. coli consortium that evolved in the laboratory and show that cooperative interactions are favored under continuous glucose limitation because a partnership of ecotypes is better able to scavenge all available resources and more efficiently convert those resources to offspring than any single individual. Such interactions may be a prelude to a special form of syntrophy, and are likely to be key determinants of microbial community structure in nature, including those having clinical significance, such as chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnersley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosebrock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROSENZWEIG, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness and productivity increase with ecotypic diversity among E. coli evolved in a simple, constant environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anaerobic digestion microbiome: a collection of 1600 metagenome-assembled genomes shows high species diversity related to methane production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicroorganisms in biogas reactors are essential for degradation of organic matter and methane production through anaerobic digestion process. However, a comprehensive genome-centric comparison, including relevant metadata for each sample, is still needed to identify the globally distributed biogas community members and serve as a reliable repository.nnResultsHere, 134 publicly available datasets derived from different biogas reactors were used to recover 1,635 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing different bacterial and archaeal species. All genomes were estimated to be >50% complete and nearly half were [&ge;]90% complete with [&le;]5% contamination. In most samples, specialized microbial communities were established, while only a few taxa were widespread among the different reactor systems. Metabolic reconstruction of the MAGs enabled the prediction of functional traits related to biomass degradation and methane production from waste biomass. An extensive evaluation of the replication index provided an estimation of the growth rate for microbes involved in different steps of the food chain. The recovery of many MAGs belonging to Candidate Phyla Radiation and other underexplored taxa suggests their specific involvement in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter.nnConclusionsThe outcome of this study highlights a high flexibility of the biogas microbiome. The dynamic composition and adaptability to the environmental conditions, including temperatures and a wide range of substrates, were demonstrated. Our findings enhance the mechanistic understanding of anaerobic digestion microbiome and substantially extend the existing repository of genomes. The established database represents a relevant resource for future studies related to this engineered ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campanaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Rojas, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalovszki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kougias, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlüter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelidaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anaerobic digestion microbiome: a collection of 1600 metagenome-assembled genomes shows high species diversity related to methane production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validating paired-end read alignments in sequence graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph based non-linear reference structures such as variation graphs and colored de Bruijn graphs enable incorporation of full genomic diversity within a population. However, transitioning from a simple string-based reference to graphs requires addressing many computational challenges, one of which concerns accurately mapping sequencing read sets to graphs. Paired-end Illumina sequencing is a commonly used sequencing platform in genomics, where the paired-end distance constraints allow disambiguation of repeats. Many recent works have explored provably good index-based and alignment-based strategies for mapping individual reads to graphs. However, validating distance constraints efficiently over graphs is not trivial, and existing sequence to graph mappers rely on heuristics. We introduce a mathematical formulation of the problem, and provide a new algorithm to solve it exactly. We take advantage of the high sparsity of reference graphs, and use sparse matrix-matrix multiplications (SpGEMM) to build an index which can be queried efficiently by a mapping algorithm for validating the distance constraints. Effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated using real reference graphs, including a human MHC variation graph, and a pan-genome de-Bruijn graph built using genomes of 20 B. anthracis strains. While the one-time indexing time can vary from a few minutes to a few hours using our algorithm, answering a million distance queries takes less than a second.nn2012 ACM Subject ClassificationMathematics of computing [-&gt;] Paths and connectivity problems; Applied computing [-&gt;] Computational genomics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validating paired-end read alignments in sequence graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of extracellular multiheme cytochromes discovered in a betaproteobacterium during Mn(III) reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble ligand-bound Mn(III) can support anaerobic microbial respiration in diverse aquatic environments. Thus far, Mn(III) reduction has only been associated with certain Gammaproteobacteria. Here, we characterized microbial communities enriched from Mn-replete sediments of Lake Matano, Indonesia. Our results provide the first evidence for biological reduction of soluble Mn(III) outside the Gammaproteobacteria. Metagenome assembly and binning revealed a novel betaproteobacterium, which we designate "Candidatus Dechloromonas occultata." This organism dominated the enrichment and expressed a porin-cytochrome c complex typically associated with iron-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria and a novel cytochrome c-rich protein cluster (Occ), including an undecaheme putatively involved in extracellular electron transfer. This occ gene cluster was also detected in diverse aquatic bacteria, including uncultivated Betaproteobacteria from the deep subsurface. These observations provide new insight into the taxonomic and functional diversity of microbially-driven Mn(III) reduction in natural environments.

Originality-Significance StatementRecent observations suggest that Mn(III)-ligand complexes are geochemically important in diverse aquatic environments. Thus far, microbially-driven Mn(III) reduction has only been associated with Gammaproteobacteria encoding three-component outer-membrane porin-cytochrome c conduits. Here, we demonstrate that Betaproteobacteria dominate in abundance and with respect to protein expression during biologically-mediated Mn(III) reduction in an enrichment culture from an anoxic lacustrine system. Using metaproteomics, we detect for the first time that Betaproteobacteria express a two-component porin-cytochrome c conduit, and an uncharacterized extracellular undecaheme (11-heme) c-type cytochrome. Although this is the first definitive report of an undecaheme within the Betaproteobacteria, we find evidence that they are widespread in uncultivated strains. These results widen the phylogenetic diversity of Mn(III)-reducing bacteria, and provide new insights into potential molecular mechanisms for soluble Mn(III) reduction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szeinbaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavazos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiChristina, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhard, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of extracellular multiheme cytochromes discovered in a betaproteobacterium during Mn(III) reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking light-dependent life history traits with population dynamics for Prochlorococcus and cyanophage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prochlorococcus grow in diurnal rhythms driven by diel cycles. Their ecology depends on light, nutrients, and top-down mortality processes including lysis by viruses. Cyanophage, viruses that infect cyanobacteria, are also impacted by light. For example, extracellular viability and intra-cell infection kinetics of some cyanophage vary between light and dark conditions. Nonetheless, it remains unclear if light-dependent viral life history traits scale-up to influence population-level dynamics. Here we examined the impact of diel-forcing on both cellular- and population-scale dynamics in multiple Prochlorococcus-phage systems. To do so, we developed a light-driven population model including both cellular growth and viral infection dynamics. We then tested the model against measurements of experimental infection dynamics with diel forcing to examine the extent to which population level changes in both viral and host abundances could be explained by light-dependent life history traits. Model-data integration reveals that light-dependent adsorption can improve fits to population dynamics for some virus-host pairs. However, light-dependent variation alone does not fully explain realized host and virus population dynamics. Instead, we show evidence of a previously unrecognized lysis saturation at relatively high virus to cell ratios. Altogether, our study represents a quantitative approach to integrate mechanistic models to reconcile Prochlorococcus-virus dynamics spanning cellular to population scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking light-dependent life history traits with population dynamics for Prochlorococcus and cyanophage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extent and context dependence of pleiotropy revealed by high-throughput single-cell phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleiotropy - when a single mutation affects multiple traits - is a controversial topic with far-reaching implications. Pleiotropy plays a central role in debates about how complex traits evolve and whether biological systems are modular or are organized such that every gene has the potential to affect many traits. Pleiotropy is also critical to initiatives in evolutionary medicine that seek to trap infectious microbes or tumors by selecting for mutations that encourage growth in some conditions at the expense of others. Research in these fields, and others, would benefit from understanding the extent to which pleiotropy reflects inherent relationships among phenotypes that correlate no matter the perturbation (vertical pleiotropy). Alternatively, pleiotropy may result from genetic changes that impose correlations between otherwise independent traits (horizontal pleiotropy). We distinguish these possibilities by using clonal populations of yeast cells to quantify the inherent relationships between single-cell morphological features. Then, we demonstrate how often these relationships underlie vertical pleiotropy and how often these relationships are modified by genetic variants (QTL) acting via horizontal pleiotropy. Our comprehensive screen measures thousands of pairwise trait correlations across hundreds of thousands of yeast cells and reveals ample evidence of both vertical and horizontal pleiotropy. Additionally, we observe that the correlations between traits can change with the environment, genetic background and cell-cycle position. These changing dependencies suggest a nuanced view of pleiotropy: biological systems demonstrate limited pleiotropy in any given context, but across contexts (e.g., across diverse environments and genetic backgrounds) each genetic change has the potential to influence a larger number of traits. Our method suggests that exploiting pleiotropy for applications in evolutionary medicine would benefit from focusing on traits with correlations that are less dependent on context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiler-Samerotte, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramjeawan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegal, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extent and context dependence of pleiotropy revealed by high-throughput single-cell phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When be Temperate: On the Fitness Benefits of Lysis vs. Lysogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial viruses, i.e.,  bacteriophage or  phage, can infect and lyse their bacterial hosts, releasing new viral progeny. In addition to the lytic pathway, certain bacteriophage (i.e.,  temperate bacteriophage) can also initiate lysogeny, a latent mode of infection in which the viral genome is integrated into and replicated with the bacterial chromosome. Subsequently, the integrated viral genome, i.e., the  prophage, can induce and restart the lytic pathway. Here, we explore the relationship between infection mode, ecological context, and viral fitness, in essence asking: when should viruses be temperate? To do so, we use network loop analysis to quantify fitness in terms of network paths through the life history of an infectious pathogen that start and end with infected cells. This analysis reveals that temperate strategies, particularly those with direct benefits to cellular fitness, should be favored at low host abundances. This finding applies to a spectrum of mechanistic models of phage-bacteria dynamics spanning both explicit and implicit representations of intracellular infection dynamics. However, the same analysis reveals that temperate strategies, in and of themselves, do not provide an advantage when infection imposes a cost to cellular fitness. Hence, we use evolutionary invasion analysis to explore when temperate phage can invade microbial communities with circulating lytic phage. We find that lytic phage can drive down niche competition amongst microbial cells, facilitating the subsequent invasion of latent strategies that increase cellular resistance and/or immunity to infection by lytic viruses - notably this finding holds even when the prophage comes at a direct fitness cost to cellular reproduction. Altogether, our analysis identifies broad ecological conditions that favor latency and provide a principled framework for exploring the impacts of ecological context on both the short- and long-term benefits of being temperate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When be Temperate: On the Fitness Benefits of Lysis vs. Lysogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signature of pruriceptive MrgprA3+ neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Itch, initiated by the activation of sensory neurons, is frequently associated with dermatological or systemic diseases and significantly affects patient quality of life. MrgprA3+ sensory neurons have been identified as one of the major itch-sensing neuronal populations. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that peripheral pathological conditions induce physiological regulations of sensory neurons, which is critical for the maintenance of chronic itch sensation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here we performed RNA sequencing of genetically labeled MrgprA3+ neurons under both naive and allergic contact dermatitis condition. Our results revealed the unique molecular signature of itch-sensing neurons and the distinct transcriptional profile changes that result in response to dermatitis. We found enrichment of nine Mrgpr family members and two histamine receptors in MrgprA3+ neurons, suggesting that MrgprA3+ neurons are the main, direct neuronal target for histamine and Mrgprs agonists. In addition, Ptpn6 and Pcdh12 were identified as novel and highly selective markers of MrgprA3+ neurons. We also discovered that MrgprA3+ neurons respond to skin dermatitis in a way that is unique from other sensory neurons by regulating a combination of transcriptional factors, ion channels, and key molecules involved in synaptic transmission. These results significantly increase our knowledge of itch transmission and uncover potentially novel targets for combating itch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signature of pruriceptive MrgprA3+ neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements in Manduca sexta via elastic energy exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the vast majority of flying insects, wing movements are generated indirectly via the deformations of the exoskeleton. Indirect measurements of inertial and aerodynamic power requirements suggest that elastic energy exchange in spring-like structures may reduce the high power requirements of flight by recovering energy from one wingstroke to the next. We directly measured deformation mechanics and elastic energy storage in a hawkmoth Manduca sexta thorax by recording the force required to deform the thorax over a frequency range encompassing typical wingbeat frequencies. We found that a structural damping model, not a viscoelastic model, accurately describes the thoraxs linear spring-like properties and frequency independent dissipation. The energy recovered from thorax deformations is sufficient to minimize flight power requirements. By removing the passive musculature, we find that the exoskeleton determines thorax mechanics. To assess the factors that determine the exoskeletons spring-like properties, we isolated functional thorax regions, disrupted strain in an otherwise intact thorax, and compared results to a homogeneous hemisphere. We found that mechanical coupling between spatially separated thorax regions improves energy exchange performance. Furthermore, local mechanical properties depend on global strain patterns. Finally, the addition of scutum deformations via indirect actuation provides additional energy recovery without added dissipation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements in Manduca sexta via elastic energy exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAPH-ire TFx: A Machine Learning Recommendation Method and Webtool for the Prediction of Functional Post-Translational Modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a rapidly expanding feature class of significant importance in cell biology. Due to a high burden of experimental proof, the number of functional PTMs in the eukaryotic proteome is currently underestimated. Furthermore, not all PTMs are functionally equivalent. Therefore, computational approaches that can confidently recommend the functional potential of experimental PTMs are essential. To address this challenge, we developed SAPH-ire TFx (https://saphire.biosci.gatech.edu/): a multi-feature neural network model and web resource optimized for recommending experimental PTMs with high potential for biological impact. The model is rigorously benchmarked against independent datasets and alternative models, exhibiting unmatched performance in the recall of known functional PTM sites and the recommendation of PTMs that were later confirmed experimentally. An analysis of feature contributions to model outcome provides further insight on the need for multiple rather than single features to capture the breadth of functional data in the public domain.

Contactmtorres35@gatech.edu

Supplementary InformationSee Tables S1-S6 & Figures S1-S4.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=189 SRC="FIGDIR/small/731026v2_figS1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4dbe8dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1936d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15eef8aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c07cea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure S1.C_FLOATNO ROC curves at different KFSC thresholds. (unfurled in Figure 1E).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/731026v2_figS4.gif" ALT="Figure 4">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@48e892org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9cf372org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@32da4dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@99fd89_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure S4.C_FLOATNO Model recall and recommendation comparison for PTMs associated with validated functional SLiMs from the ELM resource.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>English, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAPH-ire TFx: A Machine Learning Recommendation Method and Webtool for the Prediction of Functional Post-Translational Modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational search for UV radiation resistance strategies in Deinococcus swuensis isolated from Paramo ecosystems. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is widely known as deleterious for many organisms since it can cause damage to biomolecules either directly or indirectly via the formation of reactive oxygen species. The goal of this study was to analyze the capacity of high-mountain Espeletia hartwegiana plant phyllosphere microorganisms to survive UVR and to identify genes related to resistance strategies. A strain of Deinococcus swuensis showed a high survival rate of up to 60% after UVR treatment at 800J/m2 and was used for differential expression analysis using RNA-seq after exposing cells to 400J/m2 of UVR (with >95% survival rate). Differentially expressed genes were identified using the R-Bioconductor package NOISeq and compared with other reported resistance strategies reported for this genus. Genes identified as being overexpressed included transcriptional regulators and genes involved in protection against damage by UVR. Non-coding (nc)RNAs were also differentially expressed, some of which have not been previously implicated. This study characterized the early resistance strategy used by D. swuensis and indicates the involvement of ncRNAs in the adaptation to extreme environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Riano, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta Garcia, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Castillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambrano, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational search for UV radiation resistance strategies in Deinococcus swuensis isolated from Paramo ecosystems.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The heme biosynthetic enzyme, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and GTPases in control of mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites, regulate heme mobilization to the nucleus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme is an iron-containing cofactor and signaling molecule that is essential for much of aerobic life. All heme-dependent processes in eukaryotes require that heme is trafficked from its site of synthesis in the mitochondria to hemoproteins located throughout the cell. However, the mechanisms governing the mobilization of heme out of the mitochondria, and the spatio-temporal dynamics of these processes, are poorly understood. Herein, using genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors, we developed a live cell assay to monitor heme distribution dynamics between the mitochondrial inner-membrane, where heme is synthesized, and the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, and nucleus. We found that heme distribution occurs simultaneously via parallel pathways. In fact, surprisingly, we find that trafficking to the nucleus is [~]25% faster than to the cytosol or mitochondrial matrix. Moreover, we discovered that the heme biosynthetic enzyme, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and GTPases in control of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery, Mgm1 and Dnm1, and ER contact sites, Gem1, regulate the flow of heme between the mitochondria and nucleus. Altogether, our results indicate that the nucleus acquires heme faster than the cytosol or mitochondrial matrix, presumably for mitochondrial-nuclear retrograde signaling, and that GTPases that regulate mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites are hard-wired to cellular heme distribution systems.nnSummary StatementThe factors that govern the trafficking of heme, an essential but potentially cytotoxic cofactor and signaling molecule, are poorly understood. Herein, we developed a live-cell assay to monitor heme distribution kinetics and identified the first enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway and GTPases in control of mitochondrial-ER contact sites and dynamics as being critical modulators of heme trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Guzman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohovych, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlock, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalimonchuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The heme biosynthetic enzyme, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and GTPases in control of mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites, regulate heme mobilization to the nucleus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic characterization of creek sediment microbial communities from a major agricultural region in Salinas, California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the public health risks associated with natural creek sediments that are affected by runoff and fecal pollution from agricultural and livestock practices. For instance, the persistence of foodborne pathogens originating from agricultural activities such as Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in such sediments remains poorly quantified. Towards closing these knowledge gaps, the water-sediment interface of two creeks in the Salinas River Valley was sampled over a nine-month period using metagenomics and traditional culture-based tests for STEC. Our results revealed that these sediment communities are extremely diverse and comparable to the functional and taxonomic diversity observed in soils. With our sequencing effort (~4 Gbp per library), we were unable to detect any pathogenic Escherichia coli in the metagenomes of 11 samples that had tested positive using culture-based methods, apparently due to relatively low pathogen abundance. Further, no significant differences were detected in the abundance of human- or cow-specific gut microbiome sequences compared to upstream, more pristine (control) sites, indicating natural dilution of anthropogenic inputs. Notably, a high baseline level of metagenomic reads encoding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was found in all samples and was significantly higher compared to ARG reads in metagenomes from other environments, suggesting that these communities may be natural reservoirs of ARGs. Overall, our metagenomic results revealed that creek sediments are not a major sink for anthropogenic runoff and the public health risk associated with these sediment microbial communities may be low.nnIMPORTANCECurrent agricultural and livestock practices contribute to fecal contamination in the environment and the spread of food and water-borne disease and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Traditionally, the level of pollution and risk to public health is assessed by culture-based tests for the intestinal bacterium, E. coli. However, the accuracy of these traditional methods (e.g., low quantification, and false positive signal when PCR-based) and their suitability for sediments remains unclear. We collected sediments for a time series metagenomics study from one of the most highly productive agricultural regions in the U.S. in order to assess how agricultural runoff affects the native microbial communities and if the presence of STEC in sediment samples can be detected directly by sequencing. Our study provided important information on the potential for using metagenomics as a tool for assessment of public health risk in natural environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suttner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carychao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic characterization of creek sediment microbial communities from a major agricultural region in Salinas, California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigating memory effects during undulatory locomotion on hysteretic materials. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Undulatory swimming in flowing media like water is well-studied, but little is known about loco-motion in environments that are permanently deformed by body-substrate interactions like snakes in sand, eels in mud, and nematode worms in rotting fruit. We study the desert-specialist snake Chion-actis occipitalis traversing granular matter and find body inertia is negligible despite rapid transit and speed dependent granular reaction forces. New surface resistive force theory (RFT) calculation reveals how this snakes wave shape minimizes memory effects and optimizes escape performance given physiological limitations (power). RFT explains the morphology and waveform dependent performance of a diversity of non-sand-specialist, but overpredicts the capability of snakes with high slip. Robophysical experiments recapitulate aspects of these failure-prone snakes and elucidate how reencountering previously remodeled material hinders performance. This study reveals how memory effects stymied the locomotion of a diversity of snakes in our previous studies [Marvi et al, Science, 2014] and suggests the existence of a predictive model for history-dependent granular physics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiebel, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astley, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubicki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamrin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigating memory effects during undulatory locomotion on hysteretic materials.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characterization and computational phenotyping of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from Colombian sugarcane fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have shown that the sugarcane microbiome harbors diverse plant growth promoting (PGP) microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the objective of this study was to design a genome-enabled approach to prioritize sugarcane associated nitrogen-fixing bacteria according to their potential as biofertilizers. Using a systematic high throughput approach, 22 pure cultures of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated and tested for diazotrophic potential by PCR amplification of nitrogenase (nifH) genes, common molecular markers for nitrogen fixation capacity. Genome sequencing confirmed the presence of intact nitrogenase nifH genes and operons in the genomes of 18 of the isolates. Isolate genomes also encoded operons for phosphate solubilization, siderophore production operons, and other PGP phenotypes. Klebsiella pneumoniae strains comprised 14 of the 22 nitrogen-fixing isolates, and four others were members of closely related genera to Klebsiella. A computational phenotyping approach was developed to rapidly screen for strains that have high potential for nitrogen fixation and other PGP phenotypes while showing low risk for virulence and antibiotic resistance. The majority of sugarcane isolates were below a genotypic and phenotypic threshold, showing uniformly low predicted virulence and antibiotic resistance compared to clinical isolates. Six prioritized strains were experimentally evaluated for PGP phenotypes: nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of siderophores, gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid. Results from the biochemical assays were consistent with the computational phenotype predictions for these isolates. Our results indicate that computational phenotyping is a promising tool for the assessment of benefits and risks associated with bacteria commonly detected in agricultural ecosystems.nnIMPORTANCEA genome-enabled approach was developed for the prioritization of native bacterial isolates with the potential to serve as biofertilizers for sugarcane fields in Colombias Cauca Valley. The approach is based on computational phenotyping, which entails predictions related to traits of interest based on bioinformatic analysis of whole genome sequences. Bioinformatic predictions of the presence of plant growth promoting traits were validated with experimental assays and more extensive genome comparisons, thereby demonstrating the utility of computational phenotyping for assessing the benefits and risks posed by bacterial isolates that can be used as biofertilizers. The quantitative approach to computational phenotyping developed here for the discovery of biofertilizers has the potential for use with a broad range of applications in environmental and industrial microbiology, food safety, water quality, and antibiotic resistance studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina-Cordoba, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chande, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Aguirre, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaby, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/780809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characterization and computational phenotyping of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from Colombian sugarcane fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Admixture-enabled selection for rapid adaptive evolution in the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdmixture occurs when previously isolated populations come together and exchange genetic material. We hypothesized that admixture can enable rapid adaptive evolution in human populations by introducing novel genetic variants (haplotypes) at intermediate frequencies, and we tested this hypothesis via the analysis of whole genome sequences sampled from admixed Latin American populations in Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico.nnResultsOur screen for admixture-enabled selection relies on the identification of loci that contain more or less ancestry from a given source population than would be expected given the genome-wide ancestry frequencies. We employed a combined evidence approach to evaluate levels of ancestry enrichment at (1) single loci across multiple populations and (2) multiple loci that function together to encode polygenic traits. We found cross-population signals of African ancestry enrichment at the major histocompatibility locus on chromosome 6, consistent with admixture-enabled selection for enhanced adaptive immune response. Several of the human leukocyte antigen genes at this locus (HLA-A, HLA-DRB51 and HLA-DRB5) showed independent evidence of positive selection prior to admixture, based on extended haplotype homozygosity in African populations. A number of traits related to inflammation, blood metabolites, and both the innate and adaptive immune system showed evidence of admixture-enabled polygenic selection in Latin American populations.nnConclusionsThe results reported here, considered together with the ubiquity of admixture in human evolution, suggest that admixture serves as a fundamental mechanism that drives rapid adaptive evolution in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chande, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Admixture-enabled selection for rapid adaptive evolution in the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noninvasive Sleep Scoring in Mice using Electric Field Sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRodent sleep scoring in principally reliant on electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG), but this approach is invasive, can be expensive, and requires expertise and specialized equipment. Affordable, simple to use, and noninvasive ways to accurately quantify rodent sleep are needed.nnNew methodWe developed and validated a new method for sleep-wake staging in mice using cost-effective, noninvasive electric field (EF) sensors that detect respiration and other movements. We validated recordings from EF sensors attached to the exterior of specialty chambers used to continuously capture sleep with EEG/EMG, then compared this to EF sensors attached to vivarium home-cages.nnResultsEF sensors quantified 3-state sleep architecture (wake, rapid eye movement - REM - sleep, and non-REM sleep) with high agreement (>93%) and comparable inter- and intra-scorer error as expert EEG/EMG scoring. Novices given an instruction document with examples were able to score sleep comparable to expert scorers (>91% agreement). Additionally, EF sensors were able to quantify 3-state sleep scoring in traditional mouse home cages.nnComparison with existing methodMost noninvasive sleep assessment technology requires animal contact, altered cage environments, and/or can only discern 2 states of arousal (wake or asleep). The EF sensors are able to discriminate REM from non-REM sleep accurately and from outside the animals home cage.nnConclusionsEF sensors provide a simple and reliable method to accurately score 3-state sleep architecture; (i) from outside the typical home cage, (ii) where noninvasive approaches are preferred, or (iii) which EEG/EMG is not possible.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/794552v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (43K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b36cf3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b5fdc9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@28a6dforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e39a5a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kloefkorn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiani, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goolsby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noninvasive Sleep Scoring in Mice using Electric Field Sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Droplet Digital PCR Human mtDNA Assay for Global Fecal Source Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provides a promising target for microbial source tracking because it is unique to humans and universal across human individuals. We developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay, hCYTB484, targeting the cytochrome b gene of the human mtDNA and compared the performance of the hCYTB484 assay with a widely used assay targeting human-associated Bacteroides, the HF183/BacR287 assay. We also defined and validated the analytical limit of detection and analytical lower limit of quantification; these analytical limits determine the concentration levels above which samples are declared to be positive and quantifiable for the target, respectively. We found both assays to be highly specific (95%) against cow and pig feces; however, the hCYTB484 was more sensitive when tested against individual human feces from US, Bangladesh, and Mozambique (100% versus a mean of 51% across the 3 countries). To further compare the performance of the two assays, we utilized a receiver operating characteristic curve, showing that the hCYTB484 marker was widely distributed across human feces from the 3 different geographical regions tested and in higher quantities than the HF183/BacR287 marker. The higher performance of the hCYTB484 marker in individual feces is a desirable characteristic in the detection of fecal pollution from sources to which fewer individuals contribute, such as non-sewered types of sanitation that serve most of Earths population and carry the highest risk of exposure to fecal-oral pathogens.nnImportanceThe usefulness of an ideal human-specific, culture- and library-independent marker to the microbial source tracking field is reflected by the numerous efforts to develop such markers; however, thus far, microbial-based markers of this type have exhibited variable source-specificity across geographies and variable sensitivity across scales of fecal waste. Most of the worlds population is served by non-sewered forms of sanitation that also carry the highest risk of exposure to fecal-oral pathogens. This reality underscores the need for markers of human fecal contamination that have high sensitivity in fecal pollution sources to which fewer individuals contribute to, such as fecal sludges found in pit latrines. We show that human mtDNA-based methods can be highly source-specific and highly sensitive in smaller scales of fecal pollution, providing a useful addition to the microbial source tracking toolbox by complementing the variable performance of microbial-based markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Droplet Digital PCR Human mtDNA Assay for Global Fecal Source Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting cellular position in the Drosophila embryo from Single-Cell Transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq technologies are rapidly evolving but while very informative, in standard scRNAseq experiments the spatial organization of the cells in the tissue of origin is lost. Conversely, spatial RNA-seq technologies designed to keep the localization of the cells have limited throughput and gene coverage. Mapping scRNAseq to genes with spatial information increases coverage while providing spatial location. However, methods to perform such mapping have not yet been benchmarked. To bridge the gap, we organized the DREAM Single-Cell Transcriptomics challenge focused on the spatial reconstruction of cells from the Drosophila embryo from scRNAseq data, leveraging as gold standard genes with in situ hybridization data from the Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project reference atlas. The 34 participating teams used diverse algorithms for gene selection and location prediction, while being able to correctly localize rare subpopulations of cells. Selection of predictor genes was essential for this task and such genes showed a relatively high expression entropy, high spatial clustering and the presence of prominent developmental genes such as gap and pair-ruled genes and tissue defining markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanevski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaiskos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, H. V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karathanasis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafemeister, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolovitzky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajewsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting cellular position in the Drosophila embryo from Single-Cell Transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial ERK activation is a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory immune responses in Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a central regulator of gene expression, pro-survival signaling, and inflammation. However, the importance of MAPK pathway signaling in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimers Disease (AD) remains unclear. Here we examined the role of MAPK signaling in microglia using pre-clinical in-vitro and in-vivo models of AD pathology integrated with quantitative proteomics studies of post-mortem human brains.nnMethodsWe performed multiplexed immunoassay analyses of MAPK phosphoproteins, particularly ERK1/2, in acutely-isolated microglia and brain tissue from wild-type and 5xFAD mice. Neuropathological studies of mouse and human brain tissues were performed to quantify total and phosphorylated ERK protein in AD. The importance of ERK signaling in unstimulated and interferon {gamma} (IFN{gamma})-stimulated primary microglia cultures was investigated using NanoString transcriptomic profiling, coupled with functional assays of amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) and neuronal phagocytosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) likely responsible for ERK signaling in homeostatic microglia and disease-associated-microglia (DAM) states and ERK-regulated human AD risk genes were identified using gene expression data. Total and phosphorylated MAPKs in human post-mortem brain tissues were measured in quantitative proteomic datasets.nnResultsPhosphorylated ERK was the most strongly up-regulated signaling protein within the MAPK pathway in microglia acutely isolated from 5xFAD brains. Neuroinflammatory transcriptomic and phagocytic profiling of mouse microglia confirmed that ERK is a critical regulator of IFN{gamma}-mediated pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, although it was also important for constitutive microglial functions. Phospho-ERK was an upstream regulator of disease-associated microglia (DAM) gene expression (Trem2, Tyrobp), as well as of several human AD risk genes (Bin1, Cd33, Trem2, Cnn2). Among RTKs that signal via ERK, CSF1R and MERTK were primarily expressed by homeostatic microglia while AXL and FLT1 were likely regulators of ERK signaling in DAM. Within DAM, FLT4 and IGF1R were specifically expressed by pro- and anti-inflammatory DAM sub-profiles respectively. In quantitative proteomic analyses of post-mortem human brains from non-disease, asymptomatic and cognitively-impaired AD cases, ERK1 and ERK2 were the only MAPK pathway signaling proteins with increased protein expression and positive associations with neuropathological grade. Moreover, in a phospho-proteomic study of post-mortem human brains from controls, asymptomatic and symptomatic AD cases, we found evidence for a progressive increased flux through the ERK signaling pathway.nnConclusionsOur integrated analyses using pre-clinical models and human proteomic data strongly suggest that ERK phosphorylation in microglia is a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory immune response in AD pathogenesis and that modulation of ERK via upstream RTKs may reveal novel avenues for immunomodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial ERK activation is a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory immune responses in Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Network Constraints and Recurrent Neural Networks reproduce unique Trajectories and State Transitions seen over the span of minutes in resting state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large scale patterns of spontaneous whole brain activity seen in resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI), are in part believed to arise from neural populations interacting through the structural fiber network [18]. Generative models that simulate this network activity, called Brain Network Models (BNM), are able to reproduce global averaged properties of empirical rsfMRI activity such as functional connectivity (FC) [7, 27]. However, they perform poorly in reproducing unique trajectories and state transitions that are observed over the span of minutes in whole brain data [20]. At very short timescales between measurements, it is not known how much of the variance these BNM can explain because they are not currently synchronized with the measured rsfMRI. We demonstrate that by solving for the initial conditions of BNM from an observed data point using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and integrating it to predict the next time step, the trained network can explain large amounts of variance for the 5 subsequent time points of unseen future trajectory. The RNN and BNM combined system essentially models the network component of rsfMRI, and where future activity is solely based on previous neural activity propagated through the structural network. Longer instantiations of this generative model simulated over the span of minutes can reproduce average FC and the 1/f power spectrum from 0.01 to 0.3 Hz seen in fMRI. Simulated data also contain interesting resting state dynamics, such as unique repeating trajectories, called QPPs [22] that are highly correlated to the empirical trajectory which spans over 20 seconds. Moreover, it exhibits complex states and transitions as seen using k-Means analysis on windowed FC matrices [1]. This suggests that by combining BNMs with RNN to accurately predict future resting state activity at short timescales, it is learning the manifold of the network dynamics, allowing it to simulate complex resting state trajectories at longer time scales. We believe that our technique will be useful in understanding the large-scale functional organization of the brain and how different BNMs recapitulate different aspects of the system dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Network Constraints and Recurrent Neural Networks reproduce unique Trajectories and State Transitions seen over the span of minutes in resting state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative multiplexed proteomics of mouse microglia by flow-cytometric sorting reveals a core set of highly-abundant microglial proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProteomic characterization of microglia provides the most proximate assessment of functionally relevant molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation. However, microglial proteomics studies have been limited by low cellular yield and contamination by non-microglial proteins using existing enrichment strategies.

MethodsWe coupled magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of microglia with tandem mass tag-mass spectrometry (TMT-MS) to obtain a highly-pure microglial proteome and identified a core set of highly-abundant microglial proteins in adult mouse brain. We interrogated existing human proteomic data for Alzheimers disease (AD) relevance of highly-abundant microglial proteins and performed immuno-histochemical and in-vitro validation studies.

ResultsQuantitative multiplexed proteomics by TMT-MS of CD11b+ MACS-enriched (N = 5 mice) and FACS-isolated (N = 5 mice), from adult wild-type mice, identified 1,791 proteins. A total of 203 proteins were highly abundant in both datasets, representing a core-set of highly abundant microglial proteins. In addition, we found 953 differentially enriched proteins comparing MACS and FACS-based approaches, indicating significant differences between both strategies. The FACS-isolated microglia proteome was enriched with cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomal proteins involved in protein metabolism and immune system functions, as well as an abundance of canonical microglial proteins. Conversely, the MACS-enriched microglia proteome was enriched with mitochondrial and synaptic proteins and higher abundance of neuronal, oligodendrocytic and astrocytic proteins. From the 203 consensus microglial proteins with high abundance in both datasets, we confirmed microglial expression of moesin (Msn) in wild-type and 5xFAD mouse brains as well as in human AD brains. Msn expression is nearly exclusively found in microglia that surround A{beta} plaques in 5xFAD brains. In in-vitro primary microglial studies, Msn silencing by siRNA decreased A{beta} phagocytosis and increased lipopolysaccharide-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In network analysis of human brain proteomic data, Msn was a hub protein of an inflammatory co-expression module positively associated with AD neuropathological features and cognitive dysfunction.

ConclusionsUsing FACS coupled with TMT-MS as the method of choice for microglial proteomics, we define a core set of highly-abundant adult microglial proteins. Among these, we validate Msn as highly-abundant in plaque-associated microglia with relevance to human AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rayaprolu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/802694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative multiplexed proteomics of mouse microglia by flow-cytometric sorting reveals a core set of highly-abundant microglial proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Awake reactivation and suppression after brief task exposure depend on task novelty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously learned information is known to be reactivated during periods of quiet wakefulness and such awake reactivation is considered to be a key mechanism for memory consolidation. We recently demonstrated that feature-specific awake reactivation occurs in early visual cortex immediately after extensive visual training on a novel task. To understand the exact role of awake reactivation, here we investigated whether such reactivation depends specifically on the task novelty. Subjects completed a brief visual task that was either novel or extensively trained on previous days. Replicating our previous results, we found that awake reactivation occurs for the novel task even after a brief learning period. Surprisingly, however, brief exposure to the extensively trained task led to "awake suppression" such that neural activity immediately after the exposure diverged from the pattern for the trained task. Further, subjects who had greater performance improvement showed stronger awake suppression. These results suggest that the brain operates different post-task processing depending on prior visual training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Awake reactivation and suppression after brief task exposure depend on task novelty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing age related hearing loss through engineering accessible and affordable hearing technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing Aids have dominated the audiological market for decades. While the costs of the electronic components have reduced substantially, the cost of a hearing aid has risen steadily to the point that it has become unaffordable for the vast majority of the population with Age Related Hearing Loss (ARHL). Here, we present an ultra-low-cost, affordable and accessible hearing aid device ( LoCHAid), specifically targeted for ARHL in elderly patients. The LoCHAid costs only 98 cents (< $1) to mass manufacture and can be personalized for each user through a 3D-printable case. It is designed to be an over-the-counter (OTC) self-serviceable solution for elderly individuals with ARHL. Electroacoustic measurements show that the device meets most of the targets set out by the WHO Preferred Product Profile and Consumer Technology Association for Hearing Aids. The frequency response of the hearing aid shows selectable gain in the range of 4-8 kHz, and mild to moderate gain between 200-1000 Hz, and shows very limited total distortion (1%). Simulated gain measurements show that the LoCHAid is well fitted to a range of ARHL profiles for males and females between the ages of 60-79 years. Overall, the measurements show that the device has the potential to benefit individuals with ARHL. Thus, our proposed design addresses a long-standing and grand challenge of affordable and accessible hearing technology for every elderly person on this planet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, U. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchaiah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing age related hearing loss through engineering accessible and affordable hearing technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-based Molecular Networking in the GNPS Analysis Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular networking has become a key method used to visualize and annotate the chemical space in non-targeted mass spectrometry-based experiments. However, distinguishing isomeric compounds and quantitative interpretation are currently limited. Therefore, we created Feature-based Molecular Networking (FBMN) as a new analysis method in the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) infrastructure. FBMN leverages feature detection and alignment tools to enhance quantitative analyses and isomer distinction, including from ion-mobility spectrometry experiments, in molecular networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duehrkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvepalli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protsyuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicheler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouellec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin H., C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSayles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyne, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito-Nothias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluskal,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-based Molecular Networking in the GNPS Analysis Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multicellular Network Mechanism for Temperature-Robust Food Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responsiveness to external cues is a hallmark of biological systems. In complex environments, organisms must remain responsive to specific inputs even as other internal or external factors fluctuate. Here we show how Caenorhabditis elegans can discriminate between food levels to modulate lifespan despite temperature perturbations. While robustness of fixed outputs has been described, our findings uncover a more complex robustness process that maintains food-responsiveness. This end-to-end robustness from environment to physiology is mediated by food-sensing neurons that communicate via TGF-{beta} and serotonin signals to form a multicellular gene network. Mechanistically, specific regulations in this network change with temperature to maintain similar food-responsiveness in the lifespan output. Together, our findings provide a basis for gene-environment interactions and unveil computations that integrate environmental cues to govern physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entchev, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ch'ng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multicellular Network Mechanism for Temperature-Robust Food Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Redox Balance Enhances the Effects of BRAF-inhibition in Melanoma Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMelanomas harboring BRAF mutations can be treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), but responses are varied and tumor recurrence is inevitable. Here, using an integrative approach of experimentation and mathematical flux balance analyses in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells, we report that elevated antioxidant capacity is linked to BRAFi sensitivity in melanoma cells. High levels of antioxidant metabolites in cells with reduced BRAFi sensitivity confirm this conclusion. By extending our analyses to other melanoma subtypes in TCGA, we predict that elevated redox capacity is a general feature of melanomas, not previously observed. We propose that redox vulnerabilities could be exploited for therapeutic benefits and identify unsuspected combination targets to enhance the effects of BRAFi in any melanoma, regardless of mutational status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/818989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Redox Balance Enhances the Effects of BRAF-inhibition in Melanoma Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of substrate-template stability, temperature, phosphate location, and nick-site base pairs on non-enzymatic DNA ligation: Defining parameters for optimization of ligation rates and yields with carbodiimide activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-enzymatic, chemical ligation is an important tool for the generation of synthetic DNA structures, which are used for a wide range of applications. Surprisingly, reported chemical ligation yields range from 30% to 95% for the same chemical activating agent and comparable DNA structures. We report a systematic study of DNA ligation using a well-defined bimolecular test system and water-soluble carbodiimide (EDC) as a phosphate-activating agent. Our results reveal interplay between template-substrate stability and the rates of the chemical steps of ligation, which can cause yields to increase or decrease with increasing temperature. Phosphate location at the nick site also exhibits a strong influence on ligation rates and yields, with a 3 phosphate providing yields near 100% after 24 hours for particularly favourable reaction conditions, while comparable reactions with the phosphate on the 5 position of the nick site only reach 40% ligation even after 48 hours. Ligation rates are also shown to be sensitive to the identity of base pairs flanking a nick site, with some varying by more than three-fold. Finally, DNA substrate modification by EDC can, in some cases, make long reaction times and repeated addition of EDC an ineffective strategy for increasing ligation yields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hud, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obianyor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of substrate-template stability, temperature, phosphate location, and nick-site base pairs on non-enzymatic DNA ligation: Defining parameters for optimization of ligation rates and yields with carbodiimide activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative Subtractive Binning of Freshwater Chronoseries Metagenomes Identifies over Four Hundred Novel Species and their Ecologic Preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in sequencing technology and accompanying bioinformatic pipelines have allowed unprecedented access to the genomes of yet-uncultivated microorganisms from a wide array of natural and engineered environments. However, the catalogue of available genomes from uncultivated freshwater microbial populations remains limited, and most genome recovery attempts in freshwater ecosystems have only targeted few specific taxa. Here, we present a novel genome recovery pipeline, which incorporates iterative subtractive binning and apply it to a time series of metagenomic datasets from seven connected locations along the Chattahoochee River (Southeastern USA). Our set of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) represents over four hundred genomospecies yet to be named, which substantially increase the number of high-quality MAGs from freshwater lakes and represent about half of the total microbial community sampled. We propose names for two novel species that were represented by high-quality MAGs: "Candidatus Elulimicrobium humile" ("Ca. Elulimicrobiota" in the "Patescibacteria" group) and "Candidatus Aquidulcis frankliniae" ("Chloroflexi"). To evaluate the prevalence of these species in the chronoseries, we introduce novel approaches to estimate relative abundance and a habitat-preference score that control for uneven quality of the genomes and sample representation. Using these metrics, we demonstrate a high degree of habitat-specialization and endemicity for most genomospecies observed in the Chattahoochee lacustrine ecosystem, as well as wider species ecological ranges associated with smaller genomes and higher coding densities, indicating an overall advantage of smaller, more compact genomes for cosmopolitan distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsementzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative Subtractive Binning of Freshwater Chronoseries Metagenomes Identifies over Four Hundred Novel Species and their Ecologic Preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental control of macrophage pro-inflammatory dynamics using predictive models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophage activity is a major component of the healthy response to infection and injury that consists of tightly regulated early pro-inflammatory activation followed by anti-inflammatory and regenerative activity. In numerous diseases, however, macrophage polarization becomes dysregulated and can not only impair recovery, but can also promote further injury and pathogenesis, e.g. after injury, in diabetes, or in Alzheimers disease. Dysregulated macrophages may either fail to polarize or become chronically polarized, resulting in increased production of cytotoxic factors, diminished capacity to clear pathogens, or failure to promote tissue regeneration. In these cases, a method of predicting and dynamically controlling macrophage polarization will enable a new strategy for treating diverse inflammatory diseases. In this work, we developed a model-predictive control framework to temporally regulate macrophage polarization. Using RAW 264.7 macrophages as a model system, we enabled temporal control by identifying transfer function models relating the polarization marker iNOS to exogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli. These stimuli-to-iNOS response models were identified using linear autoregressive with exogenous input terms (ARX) equations and were coupled with nonlinear elements to account for experimentally identified supra-additive and hysteretic effects. Using this model architecture, we were able to reproduce experimentally observed temporal iNOS dynamics induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-{gamma}). Moreover, the identified model enabled the design of time-varying input trajectories to experimentally sustain the duration and magnitude of iNOS expression. By designing transfer function models with the intent to predict cell behavior, we were able to predict and experimentally obtain temporal regulation of iNOS expression using LPS and IFN-{gamma} from both naive and non-naive initial states. Moreover, our data driven models revealed decaying magnitude of iNOS response to LPS stimulation over time that could be recovered using combined treatment with both LPS and IFN-{gamma}. Given the importance of dynamic tissue macrophage polarization and overall inflammatory regulation to a broad number of diseases, the temporal control methodology presented here will have numerous applications for regulating immune activity dynamics in chronic inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsmo, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental control of macrophage pro-inflammatory dynamics using predictive models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dSNE: a visualization approach for use with decentralized data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Privacy concerns for rare disease data, institutional or IRB policies, access to local computational or storage resources or download capabilities are among the reasons that may preclude analyses that pool data to a single site. A growing number of multi-site projects and consortia were formed to function in the federated environment to conduct productive research under constraints of this kind. In this scenario, a quality control tool that visualizes decentralized data in its entirety via global aggregation of local computations is especially important, as it would allow the screening of samples that cannot be jointly evaluated otherwise. To solve this issue, we present two algorithms: decentralized data stochastic neighbor embedding, dSNE, and its differentially private counterpart, DP-dSNE. We leverage publicly available datasets to simultaneously map data samples located at different sites according to their similarities. Even though the data never leaves the individual sites, dSNE does not provide any formal privacy guarantees. To overcome that, we rely on differential privacy: a formal mathematical guarantee that protects individuals from being identified as contributors to a dataset. We implement DP-dSNE with AdaCliP, a method recently proposed to add less noise to the gradients per iteration. We introduce metrics for measuring the embedding quality and validate our algorithms on these metrics against their centralized counterpart on two toy datasets. Our validation on six multi-site neuroimaging datasets shows promising results for the quality control tasks of visualization and outlier detection, highlighting the potential of our private, decentralized visualization approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DU, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FU, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dSNE: a visualization approach for use with decentralized data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-sensory integration in the mouse cortical connectome using a network diffusion model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Having a structural network representation of connectivity in the brain is instrumental in analyzing communication dynamics and information processing in the brain. In this work, we make steps towards understanding multi-sensory information flow and integration using a network diffusion approach. In particular, we model the flow of evoked activity, initiated by stimuli at primary sensory regions, using the Asynchronous Linear Threshold (ALT) diffusion model. The ALT model captures how evoked activity that originates at a given region of the cortex "ripples through" other brain regions (referred to as an activation cascade). By comparing the model results to functional datasets based on Voltage Sensitive Dye (VSD) imaging, we find that in most cases the ALT model predicts the temporal ordering of an activation cascade correctly. Our results on the Mouse Connectivity Atlas from the Allen Institute for Brain Science show that a small number of brain regions are involved in many primary sensory streams - the claustrum and the parietal temporal cortex being at the top of the list. This suggests that the cortex relies on an hourglass architecture to first integrate and compress multi-sensory information from multiple sensory regions, before utilizing that lower-dimensionality representation in higher-level association regions and more complex cognitive tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovrolis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/832485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-sensory integration in the mouse cortical connectome using a network diffusion model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Repository of Oiled Systems (GROS): an interactive and searchable database that expands the catalogued diversity of crude oil-associated microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indigenous microbial communities ultimately control the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) that enters the natural environment through natural seeps or accidental oil spills, but the interactions among microbes and with their chemical environment during oil biodegradation are highly complex and poorly understood. Genome-resolved metagenomics have the potential to help in unraveling these complex interactions. However, the lack of a comprehensive database that integrates existing genomic/metagenomic data from oiled environments with physicochemical parameters known to regulate the fate of PHCs currently limits data analysis and interpretations. Here, we present a curated, comprehensive, and searchable database that documents microbial populations in oiled ecosystems on a global scale, along with underlying physicochemical data, geocoded via GIS to reveal geographic distribution patterns of the populations. Analysis of the ~2,000 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) available in the database revealed strong ecological niche specialization within habitats e.g., specialization to coastal sediments vs. water-column vs. deep-sea sediments. Over 95% of the recovered MAGs represented novel and uncultured species underscoring the limited representation of cultured organisms from oil-contaminated and oil reservoir ecosystems. The majority of MAGs linked to oiled ecosystems are members of the rare biosphere in non-oiled samples, except for the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) which appears to be primed for oil biodegradation. GROS should facilitate future work toward a more predictive understanding of the microbial taxa and their activities that control the fate of oil spills as well as serve as a model approach for building similar resources for additional environmental processes and omic data of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karthikeyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heritier-Robbins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huettel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Repository of Oiled Systems (GROS): an interactive and searchable database that expands the catalogued diversity of crude oil-associated microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological constraints in early multicellularity favor reproductive division of labor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive division of labor (e.g., germ-soma specialization) is a hallmark of the evolution of multicellularity, signifying the emergence of a new type of individual and facilitating the evolution of increased organismal complexity. A large body of work from evolutionary biology, economics, and ecology has shown that specialization is beneficial when further division of labor produces an accelerating increase in absolute productivity (i.e., productivity is a convex function of specialization). Here we show that reproductive specialization is qualitatively different from classical models of resource sharing, and can evolve even when the benefits of specialization are saturating (i.e., productivity is a concave function of specialization). Through analytical theory and evolutionary individual based simulations, our work demonstrates that reproductive specialization is strongly favored in sparse networks of cellular interactions, such as trees and filaments, that reflect the morphology of early, simple multicellular organisms, highlighting the importance of restricted social interactions in the evolution of reproductive specialization. More broadly, we find that specialization is strongly favored, despite saturating returns on investment, in a wide range of scenarios in which sharing is asymmetric.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobeen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez-Zacarias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological constraints in early multicellularity favor reproductive division of labor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing the Timing and Composition of Therapeutic Phage Cocktails: A Control-theoretic Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses that infect bacteria, i.e., bacteriophage or  phage, are increasingly considered as treatment options for the control and clearance of bacterial infections, particularly as compassionate use therapy for multi-drug resistant infections. In practice, clinical use of phage often involves the application of multiple therapeutic phage, either together or sequentially. However, the selection and timing of therapeutic phage delivery remains largely ad hoc. In this study, we evaluate principles underlying why careful application of multiple phage (i.e., a  cocktail) might lead to therapeutic success in contrast to the failure of single-strain phage therapy to control an infection. First, we use a nonlinear dynamics model of within-host interactions to show that a combination of fast intra-host phage decay, evolution of phage resistance amongst bacteria, and/or compromised immune response might limit the effectiveness of single-strain phage therapy. To resolve these problems, we combine dynamical modeling of phage, bacteria, and host immune cell populations with control-theoretic principles (via optimal control theory) to devise evolutionarily robust phage cocktails and delivery schedules to control the bacterial populations. Our numerical results suggest that optimal administration of single-strain phage therapy may be sufficient for curative outcomes in immunocompetent patients, but may fail in immunodeficient hosts due to phage resistance. We show that optimized treatment with a two-phage cocktail that includes a counter-resistant phage can restore therapeutic efficacy in immunodeficient hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing the Timing and Composition of Therapeutic Phage Cocktails: A Control-theoretic Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial quorum sensing allows graded responses to variations in density, on both individual and population scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism of cell-cell communication that connects gene expression to environmental conditions (e.g. density) in many bacterial species, mediated by diffusible signal molecules. Current functional studies focus on a dichotomy of QS on/off (or, quorate / sub-quorate) states, overlooking the potential for intermediate, graded responses to shifts in the environment. Here, we track QS regulated protease (lasB) expression and show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa can deliver a graded behavioral response to fine-scale variation in population density, on both the population and single-cell scales. On the population scale, we see a graded response to variation in environmental population density. On the single-cell scale, we see significant bimodality at higher densities, with separate OFF and ON sub-populations that respond differentially to changes in density; static OFF cells and increasing intensity of expression among ON cells. Together these results indicate that QS can tune gene expression to graded environmental change, with no critical cell mass or  quorum at which behavioral responses are activated on either the individual cell or population scale. In an infection context, our results indicate there is not a hard threshold separating sub-quorate  stealth mode and a quorate  attack mode.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rattray, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial quorum sensing allows graded responses to variations in density, on both individual and population scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cutting in-line with iron: ribosomal function and non-oxidative RNA cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divalent metal cations are essential to the structure and function of the ribosome. Previous characterizations of the ribosome performed under standard laboratory conditions have implicated Mg2+ as a primary mediator of ribosomal structure and function. Possible contributions of Fe2+ as a ribosomal cofactor have been largely overlooked, despite the ribosomes early evolution in a high Fe2+ environment, and its continued use by obligate anaerobes inhabiting high Fe2+ niches. Here we show that (i) Fe2+ cleaves RNA by in-line cleavage, a non-oxidative mechanism that has not previously been shown experimentally for this metal, (ii) the first-order rate constant with respect to divalent cations is more than 200 times greater with Fe2+ than with Mg2+, (iii) functional ribosomes are associated with Fe2+ after purification from cells grown under low O2 and high Fe2+, and (iv) a small fraction of Fe2+ that is associated with the ribosome is not exchangeable with surrounding divalent cations, presumably because it is tightly coordinated by rRNA and buried in the ribosome. In total, these results expand the ancient role of iron in biochemistry and highlight a possible new mechanism of iron toxicity.

Key PointsO_LIFe2+ cleaves rRNA by a non-oxidative in-line cleavage mechanism that is more than 200 times faster than in-line cleavage with Mg2+;
C_LIO_LIribosomes purified from cells grown under low O2 and high Fe2+ retain ~10 Fe2+ ions per ribosome and produce as much protein as low O2, high Mg2+-grown ribosomes;
C_LIO_LIa small fraction (~2%) of Fe2+ that is associated with the ribosome is not exchangeable.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth-Metzler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttapitugsakul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montllor-Albalate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cutting in-line with iron: ribosomal function and non-oxidative RNA cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical mechanism of ultrafast helical twisting contraction in the giant unicellular ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical mechanism of cytoskeletal structures has been fundamental to understanding of cellular dynamics. Here, we present a mechanism for the ultrafast contraction exhibited by the unicellular ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum. Powered by a Ca2+ binding myoneme mesh architecture, Spirostomum is able to twist its two ends in the same direction and fully contract to 75% of its body length within five milliseconds, followed by a slow elongation mechanism driven by the uncoiling of the microtubules. To elucidate the principles of this rapid contraction and slow elongation cycle, we used high-speed imaging to examine the same-direction coiling of the two ends of the cell and immunofluorescence techniques to visualize and quantify the structural changes in the myoneme mesh, microtubule arrays, and the cell membrane. Lastly, we provide support for our hypotheses using a simple physical model that captures key features of Spirostomums ultrafast twisting contraction.

SIGNIFICANCEUltrafast movements are ubiquitous in nature, and some of the most fascinating ultrafast biophysical systems are found on the cellular level. Quantitative studies and models are key to understand the biophysics of these fast movements. In this work, we study Spirostomums ultrafast contraction by using high-speed imaging, labeling relevant cytoskeletal structures, and building a physical model to provide a biophysical mechanism especially of the helical same direction twisting of this extremely large single cell organism. Deeper understanding of how single cells can execute extreme shape changes hold potential for advancing basic cell biophysics and also inspire new cellular inspired actuators for engineering applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xinjing, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical mechanism of ultrafast helical twisting contraction in the giant unicellular ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STing: accurate and ultrafast genomic profiling with exact sequence matches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-enabled approaches to molecular epidemiology have become essential to public health agencies and the microbial research community. We developed the algorithm STing to provide turn-key solutions for molecular typing and gene detection directly from next-generation sequence data of microbial pathogens. Our implementation of STing uses an innovative k-mer search strategy that eliminates the computational overhead associated with the time consuming steps of quality control, assembly, and alignment required by more traditional methods. We compared STing to six of the most widely used programs for genome-based molecular typing and demonstrate its ease of use, accuracy, speed, and efficiency. STing shows superior accuracy and performance for standard multilocus sequence typing schemes, along with larger genome-scale typing schemes, and it enables rapid automated detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes. We hope that the adoption of STing will help to democratize microbial genomics and thereby maximize its benefit for public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espitia-Navarro, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chande, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishishwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STing: accurate and ultrafast genomic profiling with exact sequence matches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HeALTH: An Automated Platform for Long-term Longitudinal Studies of Whole Organisms under Precise Environmental Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Health and longevity in all organisms are strongly influenced by the environment. To fully understand how environmental factors interact with genetic and stochastic factors to modulate the aging process, it is crucial to precisely control environmental conditions for long-term studies. In the commonly used model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, existing assays for healthspan and lifespan have inherent limitations, making it difficult to perform large-scale, longitudinal aging studies under precise environmental control. To address this constraint, we developed the Health and Lifespan Testing Hub (HeALTH), an automated, microfluidic-based system for robust, long-term, longitudinal behavioral monitoring. Our system provides spatiotemporal environmental control. We demonstrate health and lifespan studies under a variety of genetic and environmental perturbations while observing how individuality plays a role in the aging process. This system is generalizable beyond aging research for C. elegans, particularly for short- or long-term behavioral assays, and is also possible to be adapted for other model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HeALTH: An Automated Platform for Long-term Longitudinal Studies of Whole Organisms under Precise Environmental Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage steering of antibiotic-resistance evolution in the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global concern and has spurred increasing efforts to find alternative therapeutics. Bacteriophage therapy has seen near constant use in eastern Europe since its discovery over a century ago. One promising approach is to use phages that not only reduce bacterial pathogen loads, but also select for phage resistance mechanisms that trade-off with antibiotic resistance - so called  phage steering. Recent work has shown that phage OMKO1 can interact with efflux pumps and in so doing select for both phage resistance and antibiotic sensitivity. We tested the robustness of this approach to three different antibiotics in vitro and one in vivo. We show that in vitro OMKO1 can reduce antibiotic resistance either in the absence or the presence of antibiotics. Our in vivo experiment showed that phage increased the survival times of wax moth larvae and increased bacterial sensitivity to erythromycin, both in the absence and presence of the antibiotic. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research on this promising therapeutic approach using OMKO1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gougat-Barbera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage steering of antibiotic-resistance evolution in the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain computation by assemblies of neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assemblies are large populations of neurons believed to imprint memories, concepts, words and other cognitive information. We identify a repertoire of operations on assemblies. These operations correspond to properties of assemblies observed in experiments, and can be shown, analytically and through simulations, to be realizable by generic, randomly connected populations of neurons with Hebbian plasticity and inhibition. Operations on assemblies include: projection (duplicating an assembly by creating a new assembly in a downstream brain area); reciprocal projection (a variant of projection also entailing synaptic connectivity from the newly created assembly to the original one); association (increasing the overlap of two assemblies in the same brain area to reflect cooccurrence or similarity of the corresponding concepts); merge (creating a new assembly with ample synaptic connectivity to and from two existing ones); and pattern-completion (firing of an assembly, with some probability, in response to the firing of some but not all of its neurons). Our analytical results establishing the plausibility of these operations are proved in a simplified mathematical model of cortex: a finite set of brain areas each containing n excitatory neurons, with random connectivity that is both recurrent (within an area) and afferent (between areas). Within one area and at any time, only k of the n neurons fire -- an assumption that models inhibition and serves to define both assemblies and areas -- while synaptic weights are modified by Hebbian plasticity, as well as homeostasis. Importantly, all neural apparatus needed for the functionality of the assembly operations is created on the fly through the randomness of the synaptic network, the selection of the k neurons with the highest synaptic input, and Hebbian plasticity, without any special neural circuits assumed to be in place. Assemblies and their operations constitute a computational model of the brain which we call the Assembly Calculus, occupying a level of detail intermediate between the level of spiking neurons and synapses, and that of the whole brain. As with high-level programming languages, a computation in the Assembly Calculus (that is, a coherent sequence of assembly operations accomplishing a task) can ultimately be reduced -- "compiled down" -- to computation by neurons and synapses; however, it would be far more cumbersome and opaque to represent the same computation that way. The resulting computational system can be shown, under assumptions, to be in principle capable of carrying out arbitrary computations. We hypothesize that something like it may underlie higher human cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, and language. In particular, we propose a plausible brain architecture based on assemblies for implementing the syntactic processing of language in cortex, which is consistent with recent experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vempala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitropolsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain computation by assemblies of neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution of Escherichia coli harboring an ancient translation protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to design synthetic genes and engineer biological systems at the genome scale opens new means by which to characterize phenotypic states and the responses of biological systems to perturbations. One emerging method involves inserting artificial genes into bacterial genomes, and examining how the genome and its new genes adapt to each other. Here we report the development and implementation of a modified approach to this method, in which phylogenetically inferred genes are inserted into a microbial genome, and laboratory evolution is then used to examine the adaptive potential of the resulting hybrid genome. Specifically, we engineered an approximately 700-million-year old inferred ancestral variant of tufB, an essential gene encoding Elongation Factor Tu, and inserted it in a modern Escherichia coli genome in place of the native tufB gene. While the ancient homolog was not lethal to the cell, it did cause a two-fold decrease in organismal fitness, mainly due to reduced protein dosage. We subsequently evolved replicate hybrid bacterial populations for 2,000 generations in the laboratory, and examined the adaptive response via fitness assays, whole-genome sequencing, proteomics and biochemical assays. Hybrid lineages exhibit a general adaptive strategy in which the fitness cost of the ancient gene was ameliorated in part by up-regulation of protein production. We expect that this ancient-modern recombinant method may pave the way for the synthesis of organisms that exhibit ancient phenotypes, and that laboratory evolution of these organisms may prove useful in elucidating insights into historical adaptive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betul Kacar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xueliang Ge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suparna Sanyal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric A. Gaucher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution of Escherichia coli harboring an ancient translation protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
50-valent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the predominant etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinovirus (HRV) is the leading cause of human infectious disease. Early studies showed monovalent formalin-inactivated HRV vaccine can be protective, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlated with protection. However, co-circulation of many HRV types discouraged further vaccine efforts. We approached this problem straightforwardly. We tested the hypothesis that increasing virus input titers in polyvalent inactivated HRV vaccine will result in broad nAb responses. Here, we show that serum nAb against many rhinovirus types can be induced by polyvalent, inactivated HRVs plus alhydrogel (alum) adjuvant. Using formulations up to 25-valent in mice and 50-valent in rhesus macaques, HRV vaccine immunogenicity was related to sufficient quantity of input antigens, and valency was not a major factor for potency or breadth of the response. We for the first time generated a vaccine capable of inducing nAb responses to numerous and diverse HRV types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sujin Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minh Trang Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Currier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe Jenkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Strobert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriana Kajon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjna Madan-Lala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yury Bochkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Gern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnendu Roy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoyan Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean Erdman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Spearman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[50-valent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Peptide-MHC Binding Affinities With Imputed Training Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the binding affinity between MHC proteins and their peptide ligands is a key problem in computational immunology. State of the art performance is currently achieved by the allele-specific predictor NetMHC and the pan-allele predictor NetMHCpan, both of which are ensembles of shallow neural networks. We explore an intermediate between allele-specific and pan-allele prediction: training allele-specific predictors with synthetic samples generated by imputation of the peptide-MHC affinity matrix. We find that the imputation strategy is useful on alleles with very little training data. We have implemented our predictor as an open-source software package called MHCflurry and show that MHCflurry achieves competitive performance to NetMHC and NetMHCpan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex Rubinsteyn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy O'Donnell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandita Damaraju</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Hammerbacher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Peptide-MHC Binding Affinities With Imputed Training Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor control by precisely timed spike patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand how sequences of action potentials ("spikes") encode information about sensory signals and motor outputs. Although traditional theories of neural coding assume that information is conveyed by the total number of spikes fired (spike rate), recent studies of sensory [1-5] and motor [6] activity have shown that far more information is carried by the millisecond-scale timing patterns of action potentials (spike timing). However, it is unknown whether or how subtle differences in spike timing drive differences in perception or behavior, leaving it unclear whether the information carried by spike timing actually plays a causal role in brain function [1]. Here we demonstrate how a precise spike timing code is read out downstream by the muscles to control behavior. We provide both correlative and causal evidence to show that the nervous system uses millisecond-scale variations in the timing of spikes within multi-spike patterns to regulate a relatively simple behavior - respiration in the Bengalese finch, a songbird. These findings suggest that a fundamental assumption of current theories of motor coding requires revision, and that significant improvements in applications, such as neural prosthetic devices, can be achieved by using precise spike timing information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyle H. Srivastava</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroline M. Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michiel Vellema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Pack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen P. H. Elemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilya Nemenman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel J. Sober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor control by precisely timed spike patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimality in perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LONG ABSTRACTHuman perceptual decisions are often described as optimal. This view reflects recent successes of Bayesian approaches to both cognition and perception. However, claims regarding optimality have been strongly criticized for their excessive flexibility and lack of explanatory power. Rebuttals from Bayesian theorists in turn claim that critics unfairly pick on select few papers. To resolve the issue regarding the role of optimality in perceptual decision making, we review the vast literature on suboptimal performance in perceptual tasks. Specifically, we discuss eight different classes of suboptimal perceptual decisions, including improper placement, maintenance, and adjustment of perceptual criteria, inadequate tradeoff between speed and accuracy, inappropriate confidence ratings, misweightings in cue combination, and findings related to various perceptual illusions and biases. We then extract the proposed explanations for the suboptimal behavior seen in each type of task. Critically, we show that these explanations naturally fit within an overarching Bayesian framework. Specifically, each suboptimality can be explained by alternative likelihood functions, priors, cost functions, or decision rules (LPCDs). We argue that unless the observers likelihood functions, priors, and cost functions are known, statements about the optimality or suboptimality of decision rules are meaningless. Further, the very definition of optimal behavior is debatable and may ultimately require appeals to evolutionary history beyond the current scope of perceptual science. The field should therefore shift its focus away from optimality. We propose a "LPCD approach" to perceptual decision making that focuses exclusively on uncovering the LPCD components, without debating whether the uncovered LPCDs are "optimal" or not.nnSHORT ABSTRACTHuman perceptual decisions are often described as optimal, but this view remains controversial. To resolve the issue, we review the vast literature on suboptimalities in perceptual tasks. We then extract the proposed explanations for the suboptimal behavior seen in each type of task and show that each suboptimality can be explained by alternative likelihood functions, priors, cost functions, or decision rules (LPCDs). We argue that general statements about the optimality or suboptimality of perceptual decisions are meaningless and propose a "LPCD approach" to perceptual decision making that focuses on the LPCD components rather than optimality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobromir Rahnev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Denison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimality in perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and fate of beneficial mutations under lineage contamination by linked deleterious mutations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beneficial mutations drive adaptive evolution, yet their selective advantage does not ensure their fixation. Haldanes application of single-type branching process theory showed that genetic drift alone could cause the extinction of newly-arising beneficial mutations with high probability. With linkage, deleterious mutations will affect the dynamics of beneficial mutations and might further increase their extinction probability. Here, we model the lineage dynamics of a newly-arising beneficial mutation as a multitype branching process; this approach allows us to account for the combined effects of drift and the stochastic accumulation of linked deleterious mutations, which we call lineage contamination. We first study the lineage contamination phenomenon in isolation, deriving extinction times and probabilities of beneficial lineages. We then put the lineage contamination phenomenon into the context of an evolving population by incorporating the effects of background selection. We find that the survival probability of beneficial mutations is simply Haldanes classical formula multiplied by the correction factor [Formula], where U is deleterious mutation rate, [Formula] is mean selective advantage of beneficial mutations,{kappa} [isin] (1,{varepsilon} ], and{varepsilon} = 2 - e-1. We also find there exists a genomic deleterious mutation rate, [Formula], that maximizes the rate of production of surviving beneficial mutations, and that [Formula]. Both of these results, and others, are curiously independent of the fitness effects of deleterious mutations. We derive critical mutation rates above which: 1) lineage contamination alleviates competition among beneficial mutations, and 2) the adaptive substitution process all but shuts down.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sophie Penisson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanya Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul D. Sniegowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip J Gerrish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and fate of beneficial mutations under lineage contamination by linked deleterious mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual- versus group-optimality in the production of secreted bacterial compounds 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How unicellular organisms optimize the production of compounds is a fundamental biological question. While it is typically thought that production is optimized at the individual-cell level, secreted compounds could also allow for optimization at the group level, leading to a division of labor where a subset of cells produces and shares the compound with everyone. Using mathematical modelling, we show that the evolution of such division of labor depends on the cost function of compound production. Specifically, for any trait with saturating benefits, linear costs promote the evolution of uniform production levels across cells. Conversely, production costs that diminish with higher output levels favor the evolution of specialization - especially when compound shareability is high. When experimentally testing these predictions with pyoverdine, a secreted iron-scavenging compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found linear costs and, consistent with our model, detected uniform pyoverdine production levels across cells. We conclude that for shared compounds with saturating benefits, the evolution of division of labor is facilitated by a diminishing cost function. More generally, we note that shifts in the level of selection from individuals to groups do not solely require cooperation, but critically depend on mechanistic factors, including the distribution of compound synthesis costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiessl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Gillespie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornforth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigosch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kümmerli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual- versus group-optimality in the production of secreted bacterial compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - a benchmark of computational metagenomics software 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In metagenome analysis, computational methods for assembly, taxonomic profiling and binning are key components facilitating downstream biological data interpretation. However, a lack of consensus about benchmarking datasets and evaluation metrics complicates proper performance assessment. The Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI) challenge has engaged the global developer community to benchmark their programs on datasets of unprecedented complexity and realism. Benchmark metagenomes were generated from ~700 newly sequenced microorganisms and ~600 novel viruses and plasmids, including genomes with varying degrees of relatedness to each other and to publicly available ones and representing common experimental setups. Across all datasets, assembly and genome binning programs performed well for species represented by individual genomes, while performance was substantially affected by the presence of related strains. Taxonomic profiling and binning programs were proficient at high taxonomic ranks, with a notable performance decrease below the family level. Parameter settings substantially impacted performances, underscoring the importance of program reproducibility. While highlighting current challenges in computational metagenomics, the CAMI results provide a roadmap for software selection to answer specific research questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sczyrba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droege, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahms, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Oter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparholt Jorgensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blood, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMaere, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hestbjerg Hansen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, B. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froula, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deltel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckstette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlongo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strous, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinicke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bart</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - a benchmark of computational metagenomics software]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous development of cerebrovascular pathology and microinfarcts in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke is a dramatic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) and is associated with aneurysms, moya moya, intravascular thrombi, cerebral hyperemia and increased vessel tortuosity. We show that aged SCD mice spontaneously develop the characteristics features of cerebral vasculopathy seen in human SCD. Thirteen month old Townes SCD mice and age-matched controls had a cranial windows implanted over the somatosensory cortex. Cortical capillaries were imaged using in vivo two-photon microscopy after the blood plasma was labeled with a fluorescent dye. Results showed that SCD mice compared to controls, had significantly higher red blood cell (RBC) velocity and capillary vessel diameter. SCD mice also had a significantly higher number of occlusive events in the capillary bed, resulting in more stalling of RBC flow. Microvascular topology was also altered, as SCD mice had significantly higher vessel tortuosity and shorter capillary branch lengths. Finally, post-mortem analyses revealed a greater number of cortical microinfarcts, likely caused by vascular occlusion since local tissue hypoxia and blood-brain barrier leakage was prominent. We concluded that aged Townes sickle cell mice spontaneously develop SCD-associated cerebral vasculopathy, and that in vivo two-photon imaging is a powerful approach to investigate the mechanisms of vascular complications in SCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyacinth, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous development of cerebrovascular pathology and microinfarcts in a mouse model of sickle cell disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast approximate algorithm for mapping long reads to large reference databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging single-molecule sequencing technologies from Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore have revived interest in long read mapping algorithms. Alignment-based seed-and-extend methods demonstrate good accuracy, but face limited scalability, while faster alignment-free methods typically trade decreased precision for efficiency. In this paper, we combine a fast approximate read mapping algorithm based on minimizers with a novel MinHash identity estimation technique to achieve both scalability and precision. In contrast to prior methods, we develop a mathematical framework that defines the types of mapping targets we uncover, establish probabilistic estimates of p-value and sensitivity, and demonstrate tolerance for alignment error rates up to 20%. With this framework, our algorithm automatically adapts to different minimum length and identity requirements and provides both positional and identity estimates for each mapping reported. For mapping human PacBio reads to the hg38 reference, our method is 290x faster than BWA-MEM with a lower memory footprint and recall rate of 96%. We further demonstrate the scalability of our method by mapping noisy PacBio reads (each [&ge;] 5 kbp in length) to the complete NCBI RefSeq database containing 838 Gbp of sequence and > 60, 000 genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast approximate algorithm for mapping long reads to large reference databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty in perceptual representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How are perceptual decisions made? The answer to this seemingly simple question necessitates that we specify the nature of perceptual representations on which decisions are based. Recent work has taken for granted that the representation at the decision stage consists of a full probability distribution over all possible stimuli. However, to date, no empirical evidence has supported this assumption. Here I present five possible perceptual representation schemes that allow the extraction of different levels of sensory uncertainty. I review the empirical evidence from both continuous and discrete judgments and show that, at present, only the most primitive scheme based on a single point estimate can be rejected. In other words, at least four different representational schemes are consistent with the available data and therefore full probability distributions cannot be assumed. There is an urgent need for empirical research to adjudicate between these theoretical possibilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty in perceptual representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of a negative feedback mechanism explains age-dependent genetic architecture in reproduction in domesticated C. elegans strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most biological traits and common diseases have a strong but complex genetic basis, controlled by large numbers of genetic variants with small contributions to a trait or disease risk. The effect-size of most genetic variants is not absolute, but can depend on a number of factors including the age and genetic background of an organism. In order to understand the mechanisms that cause these changes, we are studying heritable trait differences between two domesticated strains of C. elegans. We previously identified a major effect locus, caused by a mutation in a component of the NURF chromatin remodeling complex, that regulated reproductive output in an age-dependent manner. The effect-size of this locus changes from positive to negative over the course of an animals reproductive lifespan. Using a previously published macroscale model of egg-laying rate in C. elegans, we show how time-dependent effect-size can be explained by an unequal use of sperm combined with negative feedback between sperm and ovulation rate. We validate a number of key predictions of this model using controlled mating experiments and quantification of oogenesis and sperm use. By incorporating this model into QTL mapping, we identify and partition new QTLs into specific aspects of the egg-laying process. Finally, we show how epistasis between two genetic variants is predicted by this modeling as a consequence of unequal use of sperm. This work demonstrates how modeling of multicellular communication systems can improve our ability to predict and understand the role of genetic variation on a complex phenotype. Negative autoregulatory feedback loops, common in transcriptional regulation, could play an important role in modifying genetic architecture in other traits.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYComplex traits are influenced not only by the individual effects of genetic variants, but also how these variants interact with the environment, age, and each other. While complex genetic architectures seem to be ubiquitous in natural traits, little is known about the mechanisms that cause them. Here we identify an example of age-dependent genetic architecture controlling the rate and timing of reproduction in the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans. Using computational modeling, we demonstrate how this age-dependent genetic architecture can arise as a consequence of two factors: hormonal feedback on oocytes mediated by major sperm protein (MSP) released by sperm stored in the spermatheca and life history differences in sperm use caused by genetic variants. Our work also suggests how age-dependent epistasis can emerge from multicellular feedback systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Large, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of a negative feedback mechanism explains age-dependent genetic architecture in reproduction in domesticated C. elegans strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting clinical outcomes from large scale cancer genomic profiles with deep survival models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating the vast data generated by genomic platforms into accurate predictions of clinical outcomes is a fundamental challenge in genomic medicine. Many prediction methods face limitations in learning from the high-dimensional profiles generated by these platforms, and rely on experts to hand-select a small number of features for training prediction models. In this paper, we demonstrate how deep learning and Bayesian optimization methods that have been remarkably successful in general high-dimensional prediction tasks can be adapted to the problem of predicting cancer outcomes. We perform an extensive comparison of Bayesian optimized deep survival models and other state of the art machine learning methods for survival analysis, and describe a framework for interpreting deep survival models using a risk backpropagation technique. Finally, we illustrate that deep survival models can successfully transfer information across diseases to improve prognostic accuracy. We provide an open-source software implementation of this framework called SurvivalNet that enables automatic training, evaluation and interpretation of deep survival models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrollahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amgad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Velazquez Vega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brat, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting clinical outcomes from large scale cancer genomic profiles with deep survival models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond Autoantibodies: Biological Roles Of Human Autoreactive B Cells In Rheumatoid Arthritis Revealed By Whole Transcriptome Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the contribution of B-cell derived autoreactive antibodies to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been studied extensively, the autoantibody-independent roles of B cells in the progression of the disease is not well-defined. Here we present the first comprehensive transcriptome profile of human autoreactive B cells in an autoimmune disease by performing RNA-sequencing of citrulline-specific B cells from RA patients. In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the profile of these citrulline-specific (RA-CCPPOS) B cells, we performed comparative analyses to both citrulline-negative (RA-CCPNEG) B cells from the same donors, and identified 431 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); and hemagglutinin-specific (HA) B cells from healthy individuals and identified 1658 DEGs. Three-way comparisons of these B cell populations demonstrated that RA-CCPPOS B cells, in comparison to the RA-CCPNEG B cells, demonstrate a potential role in protein citrullination and inflammation; RA-CCPPOS B cells in comparison to HA-specific B cells demonstrate RA-specific signatures like the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory molecules and B-cell activation cascades; and all B cells from RA patients demonstrated a significant impact of the multitude of TNF signaling pathways. Furthermore, transcription factor profiling suggested that cyclic AMP (cAMP) related pathways and downstream signaling molecules are selectively enriched in RA-CCPPOS cells in comparison to the other two B cell subsets. We advanced the understanding of the citrulline reactive B cells in RA pathophysiology by documenting and validating two novel observations in independent cohorts of patients: (1) the expression of IL15R is restricted to citrulline-specific cells within RA patients and the concentration of soluble IL15R is elevated in the sera of RA patients, (2) B cells from RA patients are capable of producing epidermal growth factor ligand, amphiregulin (AREG) which in turn has a direct impact on the mechanistic effectors of RA, osteoclasts and fibroblastlike synoviocytes (FLS). Overall, our comprehensive dataset identifies several existing FDA-approved drugs that can potentially be repurposed for RA and can serve as a foundation for studying the multi-faceted roles of B cells in other autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahendra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnouf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soomro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolacion, J. R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roszik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanzeck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond Autoantibodies: Biological Roles Of Human Autoreactive B Cells In Rheumatoid Arthritis Revealed By Whole Transcriptome Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Health Of Ancient Hominins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of ancient humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans contain many alleles that influence disease risks. Using genotypes at 3180 disease-associated loci, we estimated the disease burden of 147 ancient genomes. After correcting for missing data, genetic risk scores were generated for nine disease categories and the set of all combined diseases. These genetic risk scores were used to examine the effects of different types of subsistence, geography, and sample age on the number of risk alleles in each ancient genome. On a broad scale, hereditary disease risks are similar for ancient hominins and modern-day humans, and the GRS percentiles of ancient individuals span the full range of what is observed in present day individuals. In addition, there is evidence that ancient pastoralists may have had healthier genomes than hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. We also observed a temporal trend whereby genomes from the recent past are more likely to be healthier than genomes from the deep past. This calls into question the idea that modern lifestyles have caused genetic load to increase over time. Focusing on individual genomes, we find that the overall genomic health of the Altai Neandertal is worse than 97% of present day humans and that Otzi the Tyrolean Iceman had a genetic predisposition to gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. As demonstrated by this work, ancient genomes afford us new opportunities to diagnose past human health, which has previously been limited by the quality and completeness of remains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berens, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Health Of Ancient Hominins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread signatures of negative selection in the genetic architecture of human complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of the joint distribution of effect size and minor allele frequency (MAF) for genetic variants is important for understanding the genetic basis of complex trait variation and can be used to detect signature of natural selection. We develop a Bayesian mixed linear model that simultaneously estimates SNP-based heritability, polygenicity (i.e. the proportion of SNPs with nonzero effects) and the relationship between effect size and MAF for complex traits in conventionally unrelated individuals using genome-wide SNP data. We apply the method to 28 complex traits in the UK Biobank data (N = 126,752), and show that on average across 28 traits, 6% of SNPs have nonzero effects, which in total explain 22% of phenotypic variance. We detect significant (p < 0.05/28 =1.8x10-3) signatures of natural selection for 23 out of 28 traits including reproductive, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits, as well as educational attainment. We further apply the method to 27,869 gene expression traits (N = 1,748), and identify 30 genes that show significant (p < 2.3x10-6) evidence of natural selection. All the significant estimates of the relationship between effect size and MAF in either complex traits or gene expression traits are consistent with a model of negative selection, as confirmed by forward simulation. We conclude that natural selection acts pervasively on human complex traits shaping genetic variation in the form of negative selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vlaming, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidorenko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metspalu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread signatures of negative selection in the genetic architecture of human complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscience is experiencing a data revolution in which simultaneous recording of many hundreds or thousands of neurons is revealing structure in population activity that is not apparent from single-neuron responses. This structure is typically extracted from trial-averaged data. Single-trial analyses are challenging due to incomplete sampling of the neural population, trial-to-trial variability, and fluctuations in action potential timing. Here we introduce Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems (LFADS), a deep learning method to infer latent dynamics from single-trial neural spiking data. LFADS uses a nonlinear dynamical system (a recurrent neural network) to infer the dynamics underlying observed population activity and to extract  de-noised single-trial firing rates from neural spiking data. We apply LFADS to a variety of monkey and human motor cortical datasets, demonstrating its ability to predict observed behavioral variables with unprecedented accuracy, extract precise estimates of neural dynamics on single trials, infer perturbations to those dynamics that correlate with behavioral choices, and combine data from non-overlapping recording sessions (spanning months) to improve inference of underlying dynamics. In summary, LFADS leverages all observations of a neural populations activity to accurately model its dynamics on single trials, opening the door to a detailed understanding of the role of dynamics in performing computation and ultimately driving behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jozefowicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussillo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesizing developmental trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamical processes in biology are studied using an ever-increasing number of techniques, each of which brings out unique features of the system. One of the current challenges is to develop systematic approaches for fusing heterogeneous datasets into an integrated view of multivariable dynamics. We demonstrate that heterogeneous data fusion can be successfully implemented within a semi-supervised learning framework that exploits the intrinsic geometry of high-dimensional datasets. We illustrate our approach using a dataset from studies of pattern formation in Drosophila. The result is a continuous trajectory that reveals the joint dynamics of gene expression, subcellular protein localization, protein phosphorylation, and tissue morphogenesis. Our approach can be readily adapted to other imaging modalities and forms a starting point for further steps of data analytics and modeling of biological dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villoutreix, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvartsman, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesizing developmental trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory noise increases metacognitive efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual metacognition is the ability to employ confidence ratings in order to predict the accuracy of ones decisions about visual stimuli. Despite years of research, it is still unclear how visual metacognitive efficiency can be manipulated. Here we show that a hierarchical model of confidence generation makes a counterintuitive prediction: Higher sensory noise should increase metacognitive efficiency. The reason is that sensory noise has a large negative influence on the decision (where it is the only corrupting influence) but a smaller negative influence on confidence (where it is one of two corrupting influences; the other one being metacognitive noise). To test this prediction, we used a perceptual learning paradigm to decrease the amount of sensory noise. In Experiment 1, seven days of training led to significant decrease in noise as well as a corresponding decrease in metacognitive efficiency. Experiment 2 showed the same effect in a brief 97-trial learning for each of two different tasks. Finally, in Experiment 3, we experimentally manipulated stimulus contrast to increase sensory noise and observed a corresponding increase in metacognitive efficiency. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a robust positive relationship between sensory noise and metacognitive efficiency. These results could not be captured by a standard model in which decision and confidence judgments are made based on the same underlying information. Thus, our study provides a novel way to directly manipulate metacognitive efficiency and suggests the existence of metacognitive noise that corrupts confidence but not the perceptual decision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory noise increases metacognitive efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental warming reduces the diversity and functional potential of the Sphagnum microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change may reduce biodiversity leading to a reduction in ecosystem productivity. Despite numerous reports of a strong correlation of microbial diversity and ecosystem productivity, little is known about the warming effects on plant associated microbes. Here we explore the impact of experimental warming on the microbial and nitrogen-fixing (diazotroph) community associated with the widespread and ecologically relevant Sphagnum genus in a field warming experiment. To quantify changes in the abundance, diversity, and community composition of Sphagnum microbiomes with warming we utilized qPCR and Illumina sequencing of the 16S SSU rRNA and nifH gene. Microbial and diazotroph community richness and Shannon diversity decreased with warming (p<0.05). The diazotroph communities shifted from diverse communities to domination by primarily Nostocaceae (25% in control samples to 99% in elevated temperature samples). In addition, the nitrogen fixation activity measured with the acetylene reduction assay (ARA) decreased with warming treatment. This suggests the negative correlation of temperature and microbial diversity corresponds to a reduction in functional potential within the diazotroph community. The results indicate that climate warming may alter the community structure and function in peat moss microbiomes, with implications for impacts to host fitness and ecosystem productivity, and carbon uptake potential of peatlands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental warming reduces the diversity and functional potential of the Sphagnum microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ascertainment bias can create the illusion of genetic health disparities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate assessment of health disparities requires unbiased knowledge of genetic risks in different populations. Unfortunately, most genome-wide association studies use genotyping arrays and European samples. Here, we integrate whole genome sequence data from global populations, results from thousands of GWAS, and extensive computer simulations to identify how genetic disease risks can be misestimated.nnResultsIn contrast to null expectations, we find that risk allele frequencies at known disease loci are significantly different for African populations compared to other continents. Strikingly, ancestral risk alleles are found at 9.51% higher frequency in Africa and derived risk alleles are found at 5.40% lower frequency in Africa. By simulating GWAS with different study populations, we find that non-African cohorts yield disease associations that have biased allele frequencies and that African cohorts yield disease associations that are relatively free of bias. We also find empirical evidence that genotyping arrays and SNP ascertainment bias contribute to continental differences in risk allele frequencies. Because of these causes, polygenic risk scores can be grossly misestimated for individuals of African descent. Importantly, continental differences in risk allele frequencies are only moderately reduced if GWAS use whole genome sequences and hundreds of thousands of cases and controls. Finally, comparisons between uncorrected and corrected genetic risk scores reveal the benefits of considering whether risk alleles are ancestral or derived.nnConclusionsOur results imply that caution must be taken when extrapolating GWAS results from one population to predict disease risks in another population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ascertainment bias can create the illusion of genetic health disparities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural brain architectures match intrinsic functional networks and vary across domains: A study from 15000+ individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain structural networks have been shown to consistently organize in functionally meaningful architectures covering the entire brain. However, to what extent brain structural architectures match the intrinsic functional networks in different functional domains remains under explored. In this study, based on independent component analysis, we revealed 45 pairs of structural-functional (S-F) component maps, distributing across 9 functional domains, in both a discovery cohort (n=6005) and a replication cohort (UK Biobank, n=9214), providing a well-match multimodal spatial map template for public use. Further network module analysis suggested that unimodal cortical areas (e.g. somatomotor and visual networks) indicate higher S-F coherence, while heteromodal association cortices, especially the frontoparietal network (FPN), exhibit more S-F divergence. Collectively, these results suggest that the expanding and maturing brain association cortex demonstrates a higher degree of changes compared to unimodal cortex, which may lead to higher inter-individual variability and lower S-F coherence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural brain architectures match intrinsic functional networks and vary across domains: A study from 15000+ individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inclusion of Oxford Nanopore long reads improves all microbial and phage metagenome-assembled genomes from a complex aquifer system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assembling microbial and phage genomes from metagenomes is a powerful and appealing method to understand structure-function relationships in complex environments. In order to compare the recovery of genomes from microorganisms and their phages from groundwater, we generated shotgun metagenomes with Illumina sequencing accompanied by long reads derived from the Oxford Nanopore sequencing platform. Assembly and metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) metrics for both microbes and viruses were determined from Illumina-only assemblies and a hybrid assembly approach. Strikingly, the hybrid approach more than doubled the number of mid to high-quality MAGs (> 50% completion, < 10% redundancy), generated nearly four-fold more phage genomes, and improved all associated genome metrics relative to the Illumina only method. The hybrid assemblies yielded MAGs that were on average 7.8% more complete, with 133 fewer contigs and a 14 kbp greater N50. Furthermore, the longer contigs from the hybrid approach generated microbial MAGs that had a higher proportion of rRNA genes. We demonstrate this usefulness by linking microbial MAGs containing 16S rRNA genes with extensive amplicon dataset. This work provides quantitative data to inform a cost-benefit analysis on the decision to supplement shotgun metagenomic projects with long reads towards the goal of recovering genomes from environmentally abundant groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overholt, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hölzer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geesink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diezel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Küsel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.880807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inclusion of Oxford Nanopore long reads improves all microbial and phage metagenome-assembled genomes from a complex aquifer system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent biases in compensatory mutation can drive gene regulatory network evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks underlie every aspect of life; better understanding their assembly would better our understanding of evolution more generally. For example, evolutionary theory typically assumed that low-fitness intermediary pathways are not a significant factor in evolution, yet there is substantial empirical evidence of compensatory mutation. Here we revise theoretical assumptions to explore the possibility that compensatory mutation may drive rapid evolutionary recovery. Using a well-established in silico model of gene regulatory networks, we show that assuming only that deleterious mutations are not fatal, compensatory mutation is surprisingly frequent. Further, we find that it entails biases that drive the evolution of regulatory pathways. In our simulations, we find compensatory mutation to be common during periods of relaxed selection, with 8-15% of degraded networks having regulatory function restored by a single randomly-generated additional mutation. Though this process reduces average robustness, proportionally higher robustness is found in networks where compensatory mutations occur close to the deleterious mutation site, or where the compensatory mutation results in a large regulatory effect size. This location- and size-specific robustness systematically biases which networks are purged by selection for network stability, producing emergent changes to the population of regulatory networks. We show that over time, large-effect and co-located mutations accumulate, assuming only that episodes of relaxed selection occur, even very rarely. This accumulation results in an increase in regulatory complexity. Our findings help explain a process by which large-effect mutations structure complex regulatory networks, and may account for the speed and pervasiveness of observed occurrence of compensatory mutation, for example in the context of antibiotic resistance, which we discuss. If sustained by in vitro experiments, these results promise a significant breakthrough in the understanding of evolutionary and regulatory processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent biases in compensatory mutation can drive gene regulatory network evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Becoming a better parent: mice learn sounds that improve a stereotyped maternal behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While mothering is often instinctive and stereotyped in species-specific ways, evolution can favor genetically "open" behavior programs that allow experience to shape infant care. Among experience-dependent maternal behavioral mechanisms, sensory learning about infants has been hard to isolate from motivational changes arising from sensitization with infants. We developed a paradigm where sensory learning of an infant-associated cue improves a stereotypical maternal behavior in female mice. Mice instinctively employed a spatial memory-based strategy when engaged repetitively in a pup search and retrieval task. However, by playing a sound from a T-maze arm to signal where a pup will be delivered for retrieval, mice learned within 7 days and retained for at least 2 weeks the ability to use this specific cue to guide a more efficient search strategy. The motivation to retrieve pups also increased, but that alone did not sufficiently explain the shift in search strategy. Bilaterally silencing auditory cortical activity significantly impaired the new strategy without changing the motivation to retrieve pups. Finally, motherhood as compared to infant-care experience alone accelerated how quickly the new sensory-based strategy was acquired, suggesting a role for the maternal hormonal state. By rigorously establishing that newly formed sensory associations can improve the performance of a natural maternal behavior, this work facilitates future studies into the neurochemical and circuit mechanisms that mediate novel sensory learning in the maternal context, as well as more learning-based mechanisms of parental behavior in rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunlap, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacsoh, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankeu, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Becoming a better parent: mice learn sounds that improve a stereotyped maternal behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Material-Driven Fibronectin Assembly Rescues Matrix Defects due to Mutations in Collagen IV in Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membranes (BMs) provide structural support to tissues and influence cell signaling. Mutations in COL4A1/COL4A2, a major BM component, cause eye, kidney and cerebrovascular disease, including stroke. Common variants in these genes are risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population. However, the contribution of the matrix to the disease mechanism(s) and its effects on the biology of cells harboring a collagen IV mutation remain poorly understood. To shed light on this, we engineered controlled microenvironments using polymer biointerfaces coated with ECM proteins laminin or fibronectin (FN), to investigate the cellular phenotype of primary fibroblasts harboring a COL4A2+/G702D mutation. FN nanonetworks assembled on poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) induced increased deposition and assembly of collagen IV in COL4A2+/G702D cells, which was associated with reduced ER size and enhanced levels of protein chaperones such as BIP, suggesting increased protein folding capacity of cells. FN nanonetworks on PEA also partially rescued the reduced stiffness of the deposited matrix and cells, and enhanced cell adhesion through {beta}1-mediated signaling and actin-myosin contractility, effectively rescuing some of the cellular phenotypes associated with COL4A1/4A2 mutations. Collectively, these results suggest that biomaterials are able to shape the matrix and cellular phenotype of the COL4A2+/G702D mutation in patient-derived cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mpoyi, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Agtmael, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmeron-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Material-Driven Fibronectin Assembly Rescues Matrix Defects due to Mutations in Collagen IV in Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic responses to MPTP found in microglia, inflammation and gut microbiota in a progressive monkey model of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation has been linked to the development of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD), which greatly impact patients quality of life and can often precede motor symptoms. Suitable animal models are critical for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease and the associated prodromal disturbances. The neurotoxin 1- methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkey model is commonly seen as a "gold standard" model that closely mimics the clinical motor symptoms and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss of PD, however MPTP toxicity extends to other nondopaminergic regions. Yet, there are limited reports monitoring the MPTP-induced progressive central and peripheral inflammation as well as other nonmotor symptoms such as gastrointestinal function and microbiota. The main objective of this study is to gain a broader understanding of central and peripheral inflammatory dysfunction triggered by exposure to a neurotoxicant known to degenerate nigral dopaminergic neurons in order to understand the potential role of inflammation in prodromal/pre-motor features of PD-like degeneration in a progressive non-human primate model of the disease. We measured inflammatory proteins in plasma and CSF and performed [18F]FEPPA PET scans to evaluate translocator proteins (TSPO) or microglial activation in a small cohort of rhesus monkeys (n=5) given weekly low doses of MPTP (0.2-0.8 mg/kg, im). Additionally, monkeys were evaluated for working memory and executive function using various behavior tasks and for gastrointestinal hyperpermeability and microbiota composition. Monkeys were also treated with novel TNF inhibitor XPro1595 (10mg/kg, n=3) or vehicle (n=2) every three days starting 11 weeks after the initiation of MPTP to determine whether nonmotor symptoms are tied to TNF signaling and whether XPro1595 would alter inflammation and microglial behavior in a progressive model of PD. Our analyses revealed sex-dependent sensitivity to MPTP that resulted in early microglial activation by PET, acute plasma IL-6 and CSF TNF, and earlier parkinsonism as measured by motor deficits in males compared to female monkeys. Sex differences were also identified in microbiota and their metabolites and targeted short chain fatty acids at both basal levels and in response to MPTP. Both sexes displayed cognitive impairment prior to a significant motor phenotype. Importantly, XPro1595 shifted peripheral and central inflammation, and significantly reduced CD68-immunoreactivity in the colon. As such, our findings revealed a sexually dimorphic inflammatory response to chronic MPTP treatment and suggest that males may have higher vulnerability than females to inflammation-induced degeneration. If these findings reflect potential differences in humans, these sex differences have significant implications for therapeutic development of inflammatory targets in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joers, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilamoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotterman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin-Cakmakli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachevalier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.925883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic responses to MPTP found in microglia, inflammation and gut microbiota in a progressive monkey model of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.930156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
aNy-way Independent Component Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.930156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal data fusion is a topic of great interest. Several fusion methods have been proposed to investigate coherent patterns and corresponding linkages across modalities, such as joint independent component analysis (jICA), multiset canonical correlation analysis (mCCA), mCCA+jICA, disjoint subspace using ICA (DS-ICA) and parallel ICA. JICA exploits source independence but assumes shared loading parameters. MCCA maximizes correlation linkage across modalities directly but is limited to orthogonal features. While there is no theoretical limit to the number of modalities analyzed together by jICA, mCCA, or the two-step approach mCCA+jICA, these approaches can only extract common features and require the same number of sources/components for all modalities. On the other hand, DS-ICA and parallel ICA can identify both common and distinct features but are limited to two modalities. DS-ICA assumes shared loading parameters among common features, which works well when links are strong. Parallel ICA simultaneously maximizes correlation between modalities and independence of sources, while allowing different number of sources for each modality. However, only a very limited number of modalities and linkage pairs can be optimized. To overcome these limitations, we propose aNy-way ICA, a new model to simultaneously maximize the independence of sources and correlations across modalities. aNy-way ICA combines infomax ICA and Gaussian independent vector analysis (IVA-G) via a shared weight matrix model without orthogonality constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that aNy-way ICA not only accurately recovers sources and loadings, but also the true covariance/linkage patterns, whether different modalities have the same or different number of sources. Moreover, aNy-way ICA outperforms mCCA and mCCA+jICA in terms of source and loading recovery accuracy, especially under noisy conditions.

Clinical RelevanceThis establishes a model for N-way data fusion of any number of modalities and linkage pairs, allowing different number of non-orthogonal sources for different modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.930156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[aNy-way Independent Component Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low bias DNA for sustainable and efficient data storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In DNA data storage, the massive sequence complexity creates challenges in repeatable and efficient information readout. Here, our study clearly demonstrated that canonical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) created significant DNA amplification biases, which greatly hinder fast and stable data retrieving from hundred-thousand synthetic DNA sequences encoding over 2.85 megabyte (MB) digital data. To mitigate the amplification bias, we adapted an isothermal DNA amplification for low-bias amplification of DNA pool with massive sequence complexity, and named the new method isothermal DNA reading (iDR). By using iDR, we were able to robustly and repeatedly retrieve the data stored in DNA strands attached on magnetic beads (MB) with significantly decreased sequencing reads, compared with the PCR method. Therefore, we believe that the low-bias iDR method provides an ideal platform for robust DNA data storage, and fast and reliable data readout.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low bias DNA for sustainable and efficient data storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.952945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct representations of finger movement and force in human motor and premotor cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.952945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to grasp and manipulate objects requires controlling both finger movement kinematics and isometric force. Previous work suggests that these behavioral modes are controlled separately, but it is unknown whether the cerebral cortex represents them differently. Here, we investigated this question by recording high-density electrocorticography from the motor and premotor cortices of seven human subjects performing a sequential movement-force motor task. We decoded finger movement (0.7{+/-}0.3 fractional variance account for; FVAF) and force (0.7{+/-}0.2 FVAF) with high accuracy, yet found different spatial representations. We also found clear distinctions in electrocorticographic activity by using deep learning methods to uncover state-space representations, and by developing a new metric, the neural vector angle. Thus, state-space techniques can help to investigate broad cortical networks. Finally, we were able to classify the behavioral mode from neural signals with high accuracy (90{+/-}6%). Thus, finger movement and force have distinct representations in motor/premotor cortices. This will inform our understanding of the neural control of movement as well as the design of grasp brain-machine interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flint, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slutzky, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.952945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct representations of finger movement and force in human motor and premotor cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.961136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroimaging-based Individualized Prediction of Cognition and Behavior for Mental Disorders and Health: Methods and Promises 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.961136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuroimaging community has witnessed a paradigm shift in biomarker discovery from using traditional univariate brain mapping approaches to multivariate predictive models, allowing the field to move towards a translational neuroscience era. Regression-based multivariate models (hereafter "predictive modeling") provide a powerful and widely-used approach to predict human behavior with neuroimaging features. These studies maintain a focus on decoding individual differences in a continuously behavioral phenotype from neuroimaging data, opening up an exciting opportunity to describe the human brain at the single-subject level. In this survey, we provide an overview of recent studies that utilize machine learning approaches to identify neuroimaging predictors over the past decade. We first review regression-based approaches and highlight connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM), which has grown in popularity in recent years. Next, we systematically describe recent representative studies using these tools in the context of cognitive function, symptom severity, personality traits and emotion processing. Finally, we highlight a few challenges related to combining multimodal data, longitudinal prediction, external validations and the employment of deep learning methods that have emerged from our review of the existing literature, as well as present some promising and challenging future directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.22.961136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroimaging-based Individualized Prediction of Cognition and Behavior for Mental Disorders and Health: Methods and Promises]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Controlled Dual Growth Factor Delivery on Bone Regeneration Following Composite Bone-Muscle Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The objective of this study was to investigate the controlled release of two growth factors (BMP-2 and VEGF) as a treatment strategy for clinically challenging composite injuries, consisting of a segmental bone defect and volumetric muscle loss. This is the first investigation of dual growth factor delivery in a composite injury model using an injectable smart delivery system consisting of heparin microparticles and alginate gel. The loading efficiency of growth factors into these biomaterials was found to be >90%, revealing a strong affinity of VEGF and BMP-2 to heparin and alginate. The system could achieve simultaneous or sequential release of VEGF and BMP-2 by varying the loading strategy. Single growth factor delivery (VEGF or BMP-2 alone) significantly enhanced vascular growth in vitro. However, no synergistic effect was observed for dual growth factor (BMP-2 + VEGF) delivery. Effective bone healing was achieved in all treatment groups (BMP-2, simultaneous or sequential delivery of BMP-2 and VEGF) in the composite injury model. The mechanics of the regenerated bone reached a maximum strength of [~]52% of intact bone with sequential delivery of VEGF and BMP-2. Overall, simultaneous or sequential co-delivery of low-dose BMP-2 and VEGF failed to fully restore the mechanics of bone in this injury model. Given the severity of the composite injury, VEGF alone may not be sufficient to establish mature and stable blood vessels when compared with previous studies co-delivering BMP-2+VEGF enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Hence, future studies are warranted to develop an alternative treatment strategy focusing on better control over growth factor dose, spatiotemporal delivery, and additional growth factors to regenerate fully functional bone tissue.

HighlightsO_LIWe developed a smart growth factor delivery system using heparin microparticles and alginate that facilitates tunable delivery of VEGF and BMP-2 in a simultaneous or sequential manner by merely varying the loading strategy.
C_LIO_LIIn vitro, both VEGF and BMP-2 alone promoted vascular growth; however, VEGF was significantly more potent, and there was no detectable benefit of co-delivery.
C_LIO_LIIn vivo, both BMP-2 alone and co-delivery of VEGF and BMP-2 promoted bone formation in the challenging bone/muscle polytrauma model; however, none of the treatment groups restored biomechanical properties to that of uninjured bone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subbiah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruehle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettiaratchi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertassoni, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Controlled Dual Growth Factor Delivery on Bone Regeneration Following Composite Bone-Muscle Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hype versus hope: Deep learning encodes more predictive and robust brain imaging representations than standard machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous successes of deep learning (DL) approaches on several complex tasks have hugely inflated expectations of their power to learn subtle properties of complex brain imaging data, and scale to large datasets. Perhaps as a reaction to this inflation, recent critical commentaries unfavorably compare DL with standard machine learning (SML) approaches for the analysis of brain imaging data. Yet, their conclusions are based on pre-engineered features which deprives DL of its main advantage: representation learning. Here we evaluate this and show the importance of representation learning for DL performance on brain imaging data. We report our findings from a large-scale systematic comparison of SML approaches versus DL profiled in a ten-way age and gender-based classification task on 12,314 structural MRI images. Results show that DL methods, if implemented and trained following the prevalent DL practices, have the potential to substantially improve compared to SML approaches. We also show that DL approaches scale particularly well presenting a lower asymptotic complexity in relative computational time, despite being more complex. Our analysis reveals that the performance improvement saturates as the training sample size grows, but shows significantly higher performance throughout. We also show evidence that the superior performance of DL is primarily due to the excellent representation learning capabilities and that SML methods can perform equally well when operating on representations produced by the trained DL models. Finally, we demonstrate that DL embeddings span a comprehensible projection spectrum and that DL consistently localizes discriminative brain biomarkers, providing an example of the robustness of prediction relevance estimates. Our findings highlight the presence of non-linearities in brain imaging data that DL frameworks can exploit to generate superior predictive representations for characterizing the human brain, even with currently available data sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hype versus hope: Deep learning encodes more predictive and robust brain imaging representations than standard machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal functional interactivity among large-scale brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The macro-scale intrinsic functional network architecture of the human brain has been well characterized. Early studies revealed robust and enduring patterns of static connectivity, while more recent work has begun to explore the temporal dynamics of these large-scale brain networks. Little work to date has investigated directed connectivity within and between these networks, or the temporal patterns of afferent (input) and efferent (output) connections between network nodes. Leveraging a novel analytic approach, prediction correlation, we investigated the causal interactions within and between large-scale networks of the brain using resting-state fMRI. This technique allows us to characterize information transfer between brain regions in both the spatial (direction) and temporal (duration) scales. Using data from the Human Connectome Project (N=200) we applied prediction correlation techniques to four resting state fMRI runs (total TRs = 4800). Three central observations emerged. First, the strongest and longest duration connections were observed within the somatomotor, visual and dorsal attention networks. Second, the short duration connections were observed for high-degree nodes in the visual and default networks, as well as in hippocampus. Specifically, the connectivity profile of the highest-degree nodes was dominated by efferent connections to multiple cortical areas. Moderate high-degree nodes, particularly in hippocampal regions, showed an afferent connectivity profile. Finally, multimodal association nodes in lateral prefrontal brain regions demonstrated a short duration, bidirectional connectivity profile, consistent with this regions role in integrative and modulatory processing. These results provide novel insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of human brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerschuk, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal functional interactivity among large-scale brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virulent disease epidemics can increase host density by depressing foraging of hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All else equal, parasites that harm host fitness should depress densities of their hosts. However, parasites that alter host traits may increase host density via indirect ecological interactions. Here, we show how depression of infected host foraging rate can produce such a hydra effect. Using a foraging assay, we quantified reduced foraging rates of a zooplankton host infected with a virulent fungal parasite. We then parameterized a dynamical model of hosts, parasites, and resources with this foraging function, showing how foraging depression can create a hydra effect. Mathematically, the hydra arose when increased resource productivity exceeded any increase in resource consumption per host. Therefore, the foraging-mediated hydra effect more likely emerged (1) for hosts which strongly control logistic-like resources and (2) during larger epidemics of moderately virulent parasites. We then analyzed epidemics from 13 fungal epidemics in nature. We found evidence for a foraging-mediated hydra effect: large outbreaks depressed foraging rate and correlated with increased densities of both algae and hosts. Therefore, depression of foraging rate of infected hosts can produce higher host densities even during epidemics of parasites that increase host mortality. Such hydras might prevent collapse of host populations but also could produce higher densities of infected hosts.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penczykowski, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shocket, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housley Ochs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemanski, B. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virulent disease epidemics can increase host density by depressing foraging of hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse parallel independent component analysis and its application to identify linked genomic and gray matter alterations underlying working memory impairment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most psychiatric disorders are highly heritable and associated with altered brain structural and functional patterns. Data fusion analyses on brain imaging and genetics, one of which is parallel independent component analysis (pICA), enable the link of genomic factors to brain patterns. Due to the small to modest effect sizes of common genetic variants in psychiatric disorders, it is usually challenging to reliably separate disorder-related genetic factors from the rest of the genome with the typical size of clinical samples. To alleviate this problem, we propose sparse parallel independent component analysis (spICA) to leverage the sparsity of individual genomic sources. The sparsity is enforced by performing Hoyer projection on the estimated independent sources. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed spICA yields improved detection of independent sources and imaging-genomic associations compared to pICA. We applied spICA to gray matter volume (GMV) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of 341 unrelated adults, including 127 controls, 167 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cases, and 47 unaffected siblings. We identified one SNP source significantly and positively associated with a GMV source in superior/middle frontal regions. This association was replicated with a smaller effect size in 317 adolescents from ADHD families, including 188 individuals with ADHD and 129 unaffected siblings. The association was found to be more significant in ADHD families than controls, and stronger in adults and older adolescents than younger ones. The identified GMV source in superior/middle frontal regions was not correlated with head motion parameters and its loadings (expression levels) were reduced in adolescent (but not adult) individuals with ADHD. This GMV source was associated with working memory deficits in both adult and adolescent individuals with ADHD. The identified SNP component highlights SNPs in genes encoding long non-coding RNAs and SNPs in genes MEF2C, CADM2, and CADPS2, which have known functions relevant for modulating neuronal substrates underlying high-level cognition in ADHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuaikuai Duan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiayu Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vince D. Calhoun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenhao Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly Rootes-Murdy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gido Schoenmacker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers F. Silva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Franke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan K. Buitelaar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martine Hoogman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaap Oosterlaan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieter J Hoekstra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirk Heslenfeld</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catharina A Hartman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emma Sprooten</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Arias-Vasquez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A. Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyu Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse parallel independent component analysis and its application to identify linked genomic and gray matter alterations underlying working memory impairment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.212720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular and state-relevant connectivity in high-frequency resting-state BOLD fMRI data: An independent component analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.212720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data are typically filtered at different frequency bins between 0.008[~]0.2 Hz (varies across the literature) prior to analysis to mitigate nuisance variables (e.g., drift, motion, cardiac, and respiratory) and maximize the sensitivity to neuronal-mediated BOLD signal. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest meaningful BOLD signal may also be parsed at higher frequencies. To test this notion, a functional network connectivity (FNC) analysis based on a spatially informed independent component analysis (ICA) was performed at seven different bandpass frequency bins to examine FNC matrices across spectra. Further, eyes open (EO) vs. eyes closed (EC) resting-state acquisitions from the same participants were compared across frequency bins to examine if EO vs. EC FNC matrices and randomness estimations of FNC matrices are distinguishable at different frequencies.

Results show that FNCs in higher-frequency bins display modular FNC similar to the lowest frequency bin, while r-to-z FNC and FNC-based measures indicating matrix non-randomness were highest in the 0.31-0.46 Hz range relative to all frequency bins above and below this range. As such, the FNC within this range appears to be the most temporally correlated, but the mechanisms facilitating this coherence require further analyses. Compared to EO, EC displayed greater FNC (involved in visual, cognitive control, somatomotor, and auditory domains) and randomness values at lower frequency bins, but this phenomenon flipped (EO > EC) at frequency bins greater than 0.46 Hz, particularly within visual regions.

While the effect sizes range from small to large specific to frequency range and resting state (EO vs. EC), with little influence from common artifacts. These differences indicate that unique information can be derived from FNC between BOLD signals at different frequencies relative to a given restingstate acquisition and support the hypothesis meaningful BOLD signal is present at higher frequency ranges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.212720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular and state-relevant connectivity in high-frequency resting-state BOLD fMRI data: An independent component analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.231357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Using Machine Learning Classification of Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.231357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPrevious work utilizing resting state fMRI to measure functional network connectivity in rodents with moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) revealed several sex- and region-dependent alterations in FNC implicating FNC as potential biomarker for PAE. Given that FNC is sensitive to neurological and psychiatric conditions in humans, here, we explore the use of previously acquired FNC data and machine learning methods to detect PAE among a sample of rodents exposed to moderate PAE and controls exposed to a saccharin solution.

Materials & MethodsWe utilized previously acquired fMRI data from 48 adult rats 24 PAE (12 male 12 female) and 24 saccharin exposed (SAC) controls (12 male and 12 female) for classification. The entire data sample was utilized to perform binary classification (SAC or PAE) of FNC data with multiple support vector machine (SVM) kernels and out-of-sample cross-validation to evaluate classification performance.

ResultsResults revealed accuracy rates of 62.5% for all samples, 58.3% for males, and 79.2% for females using a quadratic SVM kernel to classify moderate PAE from FNC data. In addition, brain networks localized to hippocampal and cortical regions contributed strongly to QSVM classifications.

ConclusionOur results suggest overall modest classification performance of a QSVM to detect moderate PAE from FNC data gathered from adult rats, yet good performance among females. Further developments and refinement of the technique hold promise for the detection of PAE in earlier developmental time periods that potentially offer additional tools for the non-invasive detection of PAE from FNC data.

IMPACT STATEMENTThe diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can be challenging in individuals who lack the hallmark facial dysmorphologies associated with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). The absence of a diagnosis prevents individuals with PAE from receiving the treatment and services that improves quality of life outcomes. This research explores the use of preclinical functional network connectivity data and machine learning techniques as a novel and non-invasive means of detecting PAE. Our aim is to contribute basic science towards improving diagnostic strategies that can lead to securing timely and appropriate support for individuals with FASD and their caregivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.231357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Using Machine Learning Classification of Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perspectives on the design and performance of upper-limb wearable stimulation devices for stroke survivors with hemiplegia and spasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVibrotactile stimulation may improve limb function after stroke; however, current studies are limited by the stationary and clinic-based apparatus used to apply this stimulation. A wearable device could provide vibrotactile stimulation in a mobile form factor, enabling further study of this technique.

ObjectiveThe aim of this work is twofold: (1) Design and validate a wearable device for stroke survivors that provides vibrotactile stimulation to the upper limb, and (2) Understand features that influence stroke survivors interaction with an upper-limb wearable device.

MethodsA vibrotactile glove was designed to apply stimulation to the stroke-affected hand. This device, the vibrotactile stimulation (VTS) Glove, features small electronics, provides hours of stimulation, and has the appearance of a fingerless fitness glove. We performed two studies. In Study 1, sixteen stroke survivors were given the glove and asked to wear it for three hours daily for eight weeks. Usage time, indicating adherence, was calculated by onboard sensors. The device was evaluated using a log of damages and feedback from participants. Self-reported behaviors during glove use were also collected. In Study 2, eight stroke survivors evaluated new device prototypes in a three-round iterative design study. Interviews were used to collect participant feedback as they donned and doffed the prototypes. Task completion time and correctness were measured. Thematic content analysis was used to define actionable design revisions between each round of evaluation and identify key perspectives on design principles.

ResultsThe VTS Glove is lightweight, wireless, and durable. Based on Study 1, adherence appears feasible. Each participant recorded over 140 hours wearing the VTS Glove. Participants reported wearing the glove during activities such as church, social events, dining out, and using the computer. However, 69% of participants struggled to extend or insert their fingers to don the device. Our analysis in Study 2 identified six other relevant perspectives from survivors regarding the wearable devices: hand supination is difficult, grip varies without awareness, devices may lead to sweat, separate finger attachments require dexterity, social comfort is perceived as unimportant, and the affected hand is infrequently used. New device designs with revised features (VTS Phalanx, VTS Armband, and VTS Palm) could be donned in an average time of 48 seconds (vs. 5.05 minutes to don the VTS Glove).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seim, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starner, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansberg, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamura, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.260000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perspectives on the design and performance of upper-limb wearable stimulation devices for stroke survivors with hemiplegia and spasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning of self-renewing capacity in theArabidopsis stomatal lineage by hormonaland nutrition regulation of asymmetric celldivisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric and self-renewing divisions build and pattern tissues. In the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage, asymmetric cell divisions, guided by polarly localized cortical proteins, generate the majority of cells on the leaf surface. These divisions can be fine-tuned by systemic and environmental signals to modify tissue development, but the molecular mechanisms by which plants incorporate such cues to regulate asymmetric divisions are largely unknown. In a screen for modulators of cell polarity and asymmetric divisions, we identified a mutation in CONSTITIUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1, a negative regulator of ethylene signaling. We subsequently revealed antagonistic impacts of ethylene and glucose signaling on the self-renewing capacity of stomatal lineage stem cells. Quantitative analysis of the impacts of these signaling systems on cell polarity and fate dynamics showed that developmental information may be encoded in both the spatial and temporal asymmetries of polarity proteins. Taken together, our results provide a framework for a mechanistic understanding of how systemic information such as nutritional status and environmental factors tune stem cell behavior in the stomatal lineage, ultimately enabling optimization of leaf size and cell-type composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassimone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning of self-renewing capacity in theArabidopsis stomatal lineage by hormonaland nutrition regulation of asymmetric celldivisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.321083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tractography dissection variability: what happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.321083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same intended white matter pathways, which directly affects tractography results, quantification, and interpretation. In this study, we aim to evaluate and quantify the variability that arises from different protocols for bundle segmentation. Through an open call to users of fiber tractography, including anatomists, clinicians, and algorithm developers, 42 independent teams were given processed sets of human whole-brain streamlines and asked to segment 14 white matter fascicles on six subjects. In total, we received 57 different bundle segmentation protocols, which enabled detailed volume-based and streamline-based analyses of agreement and disagreement among protocols for each fiber pathway. Results show that even when given the exact same sets of underlying streamlines, the variability across protocols for bundle segmentation is greater than all other sources of variability in the virtual dissection process, including variability within protocols and variability across subjects. In order to foster the use of tractography bundle dissection in routine clinical settings, and as a fundamental analytical tool, future endeavors must aim to resolve and reduce this heterogeneity. Although external validation is needed to verify the anatomical accuracy of bundle dissections, reducing heterogeneity is a step towards reproducible research and may be achieved through the use of standard nomenclature and definitions of white matter bundles and well-chosen constraints and decisions in the dissection process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael-Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischi-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo-Pineda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granziera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiran, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wastling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocozza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petracca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakharia, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzanedo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Morales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Melian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calamante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeen, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambili Vijayakumari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.321083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tractography dissection variability: what happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical beta oscillatory activity evoked during reactive balance recovery scales with perturbation difficulty and individual balance ability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Cortical beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) reflect sensorimotor cortical activity, but have not been fully investigated in balance recovery behavior. We hypothesized that more challenging balance conditions would lead to greater recruitment of cortical sensorimotor brain regions for balance recovery. We predicted that beta power would be enhanced when balance recovery is more challenging, either due to more difficult perturbations or due to lower intrinsic balance ability. In 19 young adults, we measured beta power evoked over motor cortical areas (Cz electrode) during 3 magnitudes of backward support-surface translational perturbations using electroencephalography. Peak beta power was measured during early (50-150 ms), late (150-250 ms), and overall (0-400 ms) time bins, and wavelet-based analyses quantified the time course of evoked beta power and agonist and antagonist ankle muscle activity. We further assessed the relationship between individual balance ability measured in a challenging beam walking task and perturbation-evoked beta power within each time bin. In balance perturbations, cortical beta power increased [~]50 ms after perturbation onset, demonstrating greater increases with increasing perturbation magnitude. Balance ability was negatively associated with peak beta power in only the late (150-250 ms) time bin, with higher beta power in individuals who performed worse in the beam walking task. Additionally, the time course of cortical beta power followed a similar waveform as the evoked muscle activity, suggesting these evoked responses may be initially evoked by shared underlying mechanisms. These findings support the active role of sensorimotor cortex in balance recovery behavior, with greater recruitment of cortical resources under more challenging balance conditions. Cortical beta power may therefore provide a biomarker for engagement of sensorimotor cortical resources during reactive balance recovery and reflect the individual level of balance challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borich, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical beta oscillatory activity evoked during reactive balance recovery scales with perturbation difficulty and individual balance ability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enriching neural stem cell and pro-healing glial phenotypes with electrical stimulation after traumatic brain injury in male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by an external physical impact results in compromised brain function via undesired neuronal death. Following the injury, resident and peripheral immune cells, astrocytes, and neural stem cells (NSCs) cooperatively contribute to the recovery of the neuronal function after TBI. However, excessive pro-inflammatory responses of immune cells, and the disappearance of endogenous NSCs at the injury site during the acute phase of TBI, can exacerbate TBI progression leading to incomplete healing. Therefore, positive outcomes may depend on early interventions to control the injury-associated cellular milieu in the early phase of injury. Here, we explore electrical stimulation (ES) of the injury site in a rodent model (male Sprague-Dawley rats) to investigate its overall effect on the constituent brain cell phenotype and composition during the acute phase of TBI. Our data showed that a brief ES for 1h on day 2 of TBI promoted pro-healing phenotypes of microglia as assessed by CD206 expression and increased the population of NSCs and Nestin+ astrocytes at 7 days post-TBI. Also, ES effectively increased the number of viable neurons when compared to the unstimulated control group. Given the salience of microglia and neural stem cells for healing after TBI, our results strongly support the potential benefit of the therapeutic use of ES during the acute phase of TBI to regulate neuroinflammation and to enhance neuroregeneration.

Significance StatementTraumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a head injury leads to a disruption of normal function in the brain and is a major cause of death and disability, worldwide. The authors used electrical stimulation during the acute phase of TBI, which promoted pro-healing phenotypes of microglia and increased the number of neural stem cells and Nestin+ astrocytes, thereby enhancing neuronal viability. These findings support further study of electrical stimulation to regulate neuroinflammation and to enhance neuroregeneration after TBI.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=157 SRC="FIGDIR/small/372979v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bdc466org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a912c4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f269dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b02487_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFIGURE 1.C_FLOATNO C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Velez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancur, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokarram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellamkonda, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enriching neural stem cell and pro-healing glial phenotypes with electrical stimulation after traumatic brain injury in male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilevel Twin Models: Geographical Region as a Third Level Variable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classical twin model can be reparametrized as an equivalent multilevel model. The multilevel parameterization has underexplored advantages, such as the possibility to include higher-level clustering variables in which lower levels are nested. When this higher-level clustering is not modeled, its variance is captured by the common environmental variance component. In this paper we illustrate the application of a 3-level multilevel model to twin data by analyzing the regional clustering of 7-year-old childrens height in the Netherlands. Our findings show that 1.8%, of the phenotypic variance in childrens height is attributable to regional clustering, which is 7% of the variance explained by between-family or common environmental components. Since regional clustering may represent ancestry, we also investigate the effect of region after correcting for genetic principal components, in a subsample of participants with genome-wide SNP data. After correction, region did no longer explain variation in height. Our results suggest that the phenotypic variance explained by region actually represent ancestry effects on height.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamimy, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevenaar, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zeeuw, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.377820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilevel Twin Models: Geographical Region as a Third Level Variable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of local spatial information in the human medial temporal lobe duringmemory-guided navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus (HC) and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortical regions play a critical role in spatial navigation and episodic memory. However, it remains unclear how the interaction between the HCs conjunctive coding and mnemonic differentiation contributes to neural representations of spatial environments. Multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses enable examination of how human HC and MTL cortical regions encode multidimensional spatial information to support memory-guided navigation. We combined high-resolution fMRI with a virtual navigation paradigm in which participants relied on memory of the environment to navigate to goal locations in two different virtual rooms. Within each room, participants were cued to navigate to four learned locations, each associated with one of two reward values. Pattern similarity analysis revealed that when participants successfully arrived at goal locations, activity patterns in HC and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) represented room-goal location conjunctions and activity patterns in HC subfields represented room-reward-location conjunctions. These results add to an emerging literature revealing hippocampal conjunctive representations during goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favila, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailenson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of local spatial information in the human medial temporal lobe duringmemory-guided navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of Multi-stage Models of Drug Taking and Seeking in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A genetically tractable animal model would provide a needed strategy to resolve the biological basis of drug addiction. Intravenous self-administration (IVSA) is the gold standard for modeling cocaine and opioid addiction in animals, but technical limitations have precluded the widespread use of IVSA in mice. Here, we describe the first IVSA paradigms for mice that capture the multi-stage nature of the disease and permit predictive modeling. Mice with long-standing indwelling jugular catheters engaged in cocaine or opioid-associated lever responding that was fixed ratio- and dose-dependent, extinguished by the withholding of drug, and reinstated by the presentation of paired cues. Machine learning revealed that vulnerability to drug seeking and relapse were predicted by a mouses a priori response to novelty, sensitivity to drug-induced locomotion, and drug-taking behavior. Application of this behavioral and analysis approach to genetically-engineered mice will facilitate the identification of the neural circuits driving addiction susceptibility and relapse and focused therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slosky, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porkka, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogorelov, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetsel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of Multi-stage Models of Drug Taking and Seeking in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Tunable, Simplified Model for Biological Latch Mediated Spring Actuated Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a model of latch-mediated spring actuated (LaMSA) systems relevant to comparative biomechanics and bioinspired design. The model contains five components: two motors (muscles), a spring, a latch, and a load mass. One motor loads the spring to store elastic energy and the second motor subsequently removes the latch, which releases the spring and causes movement of the load mass. We develop open-source software to accompany the model, which provides an extensible framework for simulating LaMSA systems. Output from the simulation includes information from the loading and release phases of motion, which can be used to calculate kinematic performance metrics that are important for biomechanical function. In parallel, we simulate a comparable, directly actuated system that uses the same motor and mass combinations as the LaMSA simulations. By rapidly iterating through biologically relevant input parameters to the model, simulated kinematic performance differences between LaMSA and directly actuated systems can be used to explore the evolutionary dynamics of biological LaMSA systems and uncover design principles for bioinspired LaMSA systems. As proof of principle of this concept, we compare a LaMSA simulation to a directly actuated simulation that includes a either Hill-type force-velocity trade-off or muscle activation dynamics, or both. For the biologically-relevant range of parameters explored, we find that the muscle force-velocity trade-off and muscle activation have similar effects on directly actuated performance. Including both of these dynamic muscle properties increases the accelerated mass range where a LaMSA system outperforms a directly actuated one.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhigunta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didcock, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Tunable, Simplified Model for Biological Latch Mediated Spring Actuated Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building Models of Functional Interactions Among Brain Domains that Encode Varying Information Complexity: A Schizophrenia Case Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Revealing associations among various structural and functional patterns of the brain can yield highly informative results about the healthy and disordered brain. Studies using neuroimaging data have more recently begun to utilize the information within as well as across various functional and anatomical domains (i.e., groups of brain networks). However, most whole-brain approaches assume similar complexity of interactions throughout the brain. Here we investigate the hypothesis that interactions between brain networks capture varying amounts of complexity, and that we can better capture this information by varying the complexity of the model subspace structure based on available training data. To do this, we employ a Bayesian optimization-based framework known as the Tree Parzen Estimator (TPE) to identify, exploit and analyze patterns of variation in the information encoded by temporal information extracted from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) subdomains of the brain. Using a repeated cross-validation procedure on a schizophrenia classification task, we demonstrate evidence that interactions between specific functional subdomains are better characterized by more sophisticated model architectures compared to less complicated ones required by the others for optimally contributing towards classification and understanding the brains functional interactions. We show that functional subdomains known to be involved in schizophrenia require more complex architectures to optimally unravel discriminatory information about the disorder. Our study points to the need for adaptive, hierarchical learning frameworks that cater differently to the features from different subdomains, not only for a better prediction but also for enabling the identification of features predicting the outcome of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building Models of Functional Interactions Among Brain Domains that Encode Varying Information Complexity: A Schizophrenia Case Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between bridged dinucleotides and activated mononucleotides determines the error frequency of nonenzymatic RNA primer extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates with activated nucleotides is a useful model for studying the emergence of heredity at the origin of life. Previous experiments with defined-sequence templates have pointed to the poor fidelity of primer extension as a major problem. Here we examine the origin of mismatches during primer extension on random templates in the simultaneous presence of all four 2-aminoimidazole-activated nucleotides. Using a deep sequencing approach that reports on millions of individual template-product pairs, we are able to examine correct and incorrect polymerization as a function of sequence context. We have previously shown that the predominant pathway for primer extension involves reaction with imidazolium-bridged dinucleotides, which form spontaneously by the reaction of two mononucleotides with each other. We now show that the sequences of correctly paired products reveal patterns that are expected from the bridged dinucleotide mechanism, whereas those associated with mismatches are consistent with direct reaction of the primer with activated mononucleotides. Increasing the ratio of bridged dinucleotides to activated mononucleotides, either by using purified components or by using isocyanide-based activation chemistry, reduces the error frequency. Our results point to testable strategies for the accurate nonenzymatic copying of arbitrary RNA sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.02.425068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between bridged dinucleotides and activated mononucleotides determines the error frequency of nonenzymatic RNA primer extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Spatial Scale Dynamic Interactions between Functional Sources Reveal Sex-Specific Changes in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce an extension of independent component analysis (ICA), called multiscale ICA (msICA), and design an approach to capture dynamic functional source interactions within and between multiple spatial scales. msICA estimates functional sources at multiple spatial scales without imposing direct constraints on the size of functional sources, overcomes the limitation of using fixed anatomical locations, and eliminates the need for model-order selection in ICA analysis. We leveraged this approach to study sex-specific and -common connectivity patterns in schizophrenia.

Results show dynamic reconfiguration and interaction within and between multi-spatial scales. Sex-specific differences occur (1) within the subcortical domain, (2) between the somatomotor and cerebellum domains, and (3) between the temporal domain and several others, including the subcortical, visual, and default mode domains. Most of the sex-specific differences belong to between-spatial scale functional interactions and are associated with a dynamic state with strong functional interactions between the visual, somatomotor, and temporal domains and their anticorrelation patterns with the rest of the brain. We observed significant correlations between multi-spatial scale functional interactions and symptom scores, highlighting the importance of multiscale analyses to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia. As such, we recommend such analyses as an important option for future functional connectivity studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Spatial Scale Dynamic Interactions between Functional Sources Reveal Sex-Specific Changes in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Amot/Integrin protein complex transmits mechanical forces required for vascular expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular development is a complex multistep process involving the coordination of cellular functions such as migration, proliferation and differentiation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these processes is of importance due to involvement of vessel expansion in various pathologies. How mechanical forces generated by cells and transmission of these physical forces control vascular development is poorly understood. Using an endothelial-specific genetic model in mice, we show that deletion of the scaffold protein, Angiomotin (Amot), inhibits migration and expansion of physical and pathological vascular network. We further show that Amot is required for tip cell migration and the extension of cellular filopodia. Exploiting in vivo and in vitro molecular approaches, we show that Amot binds talin and is essential for relaying forces between fibronectin and the cytoskeleton. Finally, we provide evidence that Amot is a novel component of the endothelial integrin adhesome and propose that Amot integrates spatial cues from the extra-cellular matrix in order to form a functional vascular network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barutello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicosia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, D. K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmgren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Amot/Integrin protein complex transmits mechanical forces required for vascular expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Poldip2 knockout mice: avoiding incorrect gene targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
POLDIP2 is a multifunctional protein whose roles are only partially understood. Our laboratory previously reported physiological studies performed using a mouse gene trap model, which suffered from two limitations: perinatal lethality in homozygotes and constitutive Poldip2 inactivation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new conditional floxed Poldip2 model. The first part of the present study shows that our initial floxed mice were affected by an unexpected mutation, which was not readily detected by Southern blotting and traditional PCR. It consisted of a 305 kb duplication around Poldip2 with retention of the wild type allele and could be traced back to the original targeted ES cell clone. We offer simple suggestions to rapidly detect similar accidents, which may affect genome editing using both traditional and CRISPR-based methods. In the second part of the present study, correctly targeted floxed Poldip2 mice were generated and used to produce a new constitutive knockout line by crossing with a Cre deleter. In contrast to the gene trap model, many homozygous knockout mice were viable, in spite of having no POLDIP2 expression. To further characterize the effects of Poldip2 ablation in the vasculature, an RNA-seq experiment was performed in constitutive knockout carotid arteries. Results support the involvement of POLDIP2 in multiple cellular processes and provide new opportunities for future in-depth study of its functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lassegue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandavilli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandes, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griendling, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Poldip2 knockout mice: avoiding incorrect gene targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian analysis of source tracking markers to estimate the effects of an urban sanitation intervention on human fecal contamination in Mozambique 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fecal source tracking (FST) may be useful to assess pathways of fecal contamination in domestic environments and to estimate the impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in low-income settings. We measured two non-specific and two human-associated fecal indicators in water, soil, and surfaces before and after a shared latrine intervention from low-income households in Maputo, Mozambique participating in the Maputo Sanitation (MapSan) trial. Up to a quarter of households were impacted by human fecal contamination, but trends were unaffected by improvements to shared sanitation facilities. The intervention reduced E. coli gene concentrations in soil but did not impact culturable E. coli or the prevalence of human FST markers in a difference-in-differences analysis. Using a novel Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to account for human marker diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, we revealed a high amount of uncertainty associated with human FST measurements and intervention effect estimates. The field of microbial source tracking would benefit from adding measures of diagnostic accuracy to better interpret findings, particularly when FST analyses convey insufficient information for robust inference. With improved measures, FST could help identify dominant pathways of human and animal fecal contamination in communities and guide implementation of effective interventions to safeguard health.

SYNOPSISAn urban sanitation intervention had minimal and highly uncertain effects on human fecal contamination after accounting for fecal indicator sensitivity and specificity.

TOC GRAPHIC/ABSTRACT ART

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/432000v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holcomb, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriano, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian analysis of source tracking markers to estimate the effects of an urban sanitation intervention on human fecal contamination in Mozambique]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Modality Machine Learning Predicting Parkinsons Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPersonalized medicine promises individualized disease prediction and treatment. The convergence of machine learning (ML) and available multi-modal data is key moving forward. We build upon previous work to deliver multi-modal predictions of Parkinsons Disease (PD).

MethodsWe performed automated ML on multi-modal data from the Parkinsons Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). After selecting the best performing algorithm, all PPMI data was used to tune the selected model. The model was validated in the Parkinsons Disease Biomarker Program (PDBP) dataset. Finally, networks were built to identify gene communities specific to PD.

FindingsOur initial model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 89.72% for the diagnosis of PD. The tuned model was then tested for validation on external data (PDBP, AUC 85.03%). Optimizing thresholds for classification, increased the diagnosis prediction accuracy (balanced accuracy) and other metrics. Combining data modalities outperforms the single biomarker paradigm. UPSIT was the largest contributing predictor for the classification of PD. The transcriptomic data was used to construct a network of disease-relevant transcripts.

InterpretationWe have built a model using an automated ML pipeline to make improved multi-omic predictions of PD. The model developed improves disease risk prediction, a critical step for better assessment of PD risk. We constructed gene expression networks for the next generation of genomics-derived interventions. Our automated ML approach allows complex predictive models to be reproducible and accessible to the community.

FundingNational Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the Global Parkinsons Genetics Program.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSPrior research into predictors of Parkinsons disease (PD) has either used basic statistical methods to make predictions across data modalities, or they have focused on a single data type or biomarker model. We have done this using an open-source automated machine learning (ML) framework on extensive multi-modal data, which we believe yields robust and reproducible results. We consider this the first true multi-modality ML study of PD risk classification.

Added value of this studyWe used a variety of linear, non-linear, kernel, neural networks, and ensemble ML algorithms to generate an accurate classification of both cases and controls in independent datasets using data that is not involved in PD diagnosis itself at study recruitment. The model built in this paper significantly improves upon our previous models that used the entire training dataset in previous work1. Building on this earlier work, we showed that the PD diagnosis can be refined using improved algorithmic classification tools that may yield potential biological insights. We have taken careful consideration to develop and validate this model using public controlled-access datasets and an open-source ML framework to allow for reproducible and transparent results.

Implications of all available evidenceTraining, validating, and tuning a diagnostic algorithm for PD will allow us to augment clinical diagnoses or risk assessments with less need for complex and expensive exams. Going forward, these models can be built on remote or asynchronously collected data which may be important in a growing telemedicine paradigm. More refined diagnostics will also increase clinical trial efficiency by potentially refining phenotyping and predicting onset, allowing providers to identify potential cases earlier. Early detection could lead to improved treatment response and higher efficacy. Finally, as part of our workflow, we built new networks representing communities of genes correlated in PD cases in a hypothesis-free manner, showing how new and existing genes may be connected and highlighting therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bookman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nojopranoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maleknia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuren-Jensen, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Program - Parkinsons Disease (AMP PD),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global Parkinsons Genetics Program (GP2),</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Modality Machine Learning Predicting Parkinsons Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individualized Spatial Network Predictions Using Siamese Convolutional Neural Networks: A Resting-State fMRI Study of over 11,000 Unaffected Individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals can be characterized in a population according to their brain measurements and activity, given the inter-subject variability in brain anatomy, structure-function relationships, or life experience. Many neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the potential of functional network connectivity patterns estimated from resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discriminate groups and predict information about individual subjects. However, the predictive signal present in the spatial heterogeneity of brain connectivity networks is yet to be extensively studied. In this study, we investigate, for the first time, the use of pairwise-relationships between resting-state independent spatial maps to characterize individuals. To do this, we develop a deep Siamese framework comprising three-dimensional convolution neural networks for contrastive learning based on individual-level spatial maps estimated via a fully automated fMRI independent component analysis approach. The proposed framework evaluates whether pairs of spatial networks (e.g., visual network and auditory network) are capable of subject identification and assesses the spatial variability in different network pairs predictive power in an extensive whole-brain analysis. Our analysis on nearly 12,000 unaffected individuals from the UK Biobank study demonstrates that the proposed approach can discriminate subjects with an accuracy of up to 88% for a single network pair on the test set (best model, after several runs), and 82% average accuracy at the subcortical domain level, notably the highest average domain level accuracy attained. Further investigation of our networks learned features revealed a higher spatial variability in predictive accuracy among younger brains and significantly higher discriminative power among males. In sum, the relationship among spatial networks appears to be both informative and discriminative of individuals and should be studied further as putative brain-based biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonkhoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individualized Spatial Network Predictions Using Siamese Convolutional Neural Networks: A Resting-State fMRI Study of over 11,000 Unaffected Individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient DNA reveals that few GWAS loci have been strongly selected during recent human history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic data from ancient humans has provided new evidence in the study of loci thought to be under historic selection, and thus is a powerful tool for identifying instances of selection that might be missed by methods that use present-day samples alone. Using a curated set of disease-associated variants from the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog, we provide an analysis to identify disease-associated variants that bear signatures of selection over time. After accounting for the fact that not every ancient individual contributed equally to modern genomes, a Bayesian inference method was used to infer allele frequency trajectories over time and determine which disease-associated loci exhibit signatures of natural selection. Of the 2,709 variants analyzed in this study, 895 show at least a weak signature of selection (|s| > 0.001), including multiple variants that are introgressed from Neanderthals. However, only nine disease-associated variants show a signature of strong selection (|s| > 0.01). Additionally, we find that many risk-associated alleles have increased in frequency during the past 10,000 years. Overall, we find that disease-associated variants from GWAS are governed by nearly neutral evolution. Exceptions to this broad pattern include GWAS loci that protect against asthma and variants in MHC genes. Ancient samples allow us an unprecedented look at how our species has changed over time, and our results represent an important early step in using this new source of data to better understand the evolution of hereditary disease risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient DNA reveals that few GWAS loci have been strongly selected during recent human history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct developmental mechanisms influence sexual dimorphisms in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism is common in animals. The most complete model of sex determination comes from Drosophila melanogaster, where the relative dosage of autosomes and X chromosomes leads indirectly to sex-specific transcripts of doublesex. Female Dsx interacts with a mediator complex protein encoded by intersex to activate female development. In males the transcription factor encoded by fruitless promotes male-specific behavior. The genetics of sex determination have been examined in a small number of other insects, yet several questions remain about the pleisomorphic state. Is doublesex required for female and male development? Is fruitless conserved in male behavior or morphology? Are other components such as intersex functionally conserved? To address these questions, we report expression and functional tests of doublesex, intersex and fruitless in the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus, characterizing three sexual dimorphisms. doublesex prevents intersex phenotypes in all sexes and dimorphic traits in the milkweed bug. intersex and fruitless are expressed across the body, in females and males. fruitless and intersex also affect the genitalia of both sexes, but have effects limited to different dimorphic structures in different sexes. These results reveal roles for intersex and fruitless distinct from other insects, and demonstrate distinct development mechanisms in different sexually dimorphic structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Just, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarnell, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelini, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct developmental mechanisms influence sexual dimorphisms in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiframe Evolving Dynamic Functional Connectivity (EVOdFNCs): A Method for Constructing and Investigating Functional Brain Motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of brain network connectivity as a time-varying property began relatively recently and to date has remained primarily concerned with capturing a handful of discrete static states that characterize connectivity as measured on a timescale shorter than that of the full scan. Capturing group-level representations of temporally evolving patterns of connectivity is a challenging and important next step in fully leveraging the information available in large resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies. We introduce a flexible, extensible data-driven framework for the stable identification of group-level multiframe (movie-style) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) states. Our approach employs uniform manifold approximation and embedding (UMAP) to produce a continuity-preserving planar embedding of high-dimensional time-varying measurements of whole-brain functional network connectivity. Planar linear exemplars summarizing dominant dynamic trends across the population are computed from local linear approximations to the 2D embedded trajectories. A high-dimensional representation of each 2D exemplar segment is obtained by averaging the dFNC observations corresponding to the n planar nearest neighbors of {tau} evenly spaced points along the 2D line segment representation (where n is the UMAP number-of-neighbors parameter and {tau} is the temporal duration of trajectory segments being approximated). Each of the 2D exemplars thus "lifts" to a multiframe high-dimensional dFNC trajectory of length {tau}. The collection of high-dimensional temporally evolving dFNC representations (EVOdFNCs) derived in this manner are employed as dynamic basis objects with which to characterize observed high-dimensional dFNC trajectories, which are then expressed as weighted combination of these basis objects. Our approach yields new insights into anomalous patterns of fluidly varying whole brain connectivity that are significantly associated with schizophrenia as a broad diagnosis as well as with certain symptoms of this serious disorder. Importantly, we show that relative to conventional hidden Markov modeling with single-frame unvarying dFNC summary states, EVOdFNCs are more sensitive to positive symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations and delusions, suggesting a more dynamic characterization is needed to help illuminate such a complex brain disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiframe Evolving Dynamic Functional Connectivity (EVOdFNCs): A Method for Constructing and Investigating Functional Brain Motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A METHOD FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL BRAIN DYNAMICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most common pipelines for studying time-varying network connectivity in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) operate at the whole brain level, capturing a small discrete set of "states" that best represent time-resolved joint measures of connectivity over all network pairs in the brain. This whole-brain hidden Markov model (HMM) approach "uniformizes" the dynamics over what is typically more than 1000 pairs of networks, forcing each time-resolved high-dimensional observation into its best-matched high-dimensional state. While straightforward and convenient, this HMM simplification obscures functional and temporal nonstationarities that could reveal systematic, informative features of resting state brain dynamics at a more granular scale. We introduce a framework for studying functionally localized dynamics that intrinsically embeds them within a whole-brain HMM frame of reference. The approach is validated in a large rs-fMRI schizophrenia study where it identifies group differences in localized patterns of entropy and dynamics that help explain consistently observed differences between schizophrenia patients and controls in occupancy of whole-brain dFNC states more mechanistically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A METHOD FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL BRAIN DYNAMICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic Monitoring Of Neuronal Stress Response To Proteostasis Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteostasis dysfunction and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are characteristic of all major neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, although the UPR and proteostasis dysfunction has been studied in great detail in model organisms like yeast and mammalian cell lines, it has not yet been examined in neurons. In this study, we applied a viral vector-mediated expression of a reporter protein based on a UPR transcription factor, ATF4, and time-lapse fluorescent microscopy to elucidate how mouse primary neurons respond to pharmacological and genetic perturbations to neuronal proteostasis. In in vitro models of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proteasome inhibition, we used the ATF4 reporter to reveal the time course of the neuronal stress response relative to neurite degeneration and asynchronous cell death. We showed how potential neurodegenerative disease co-factors, ER stress and mutant -synuclein overexpression, impacted neuronal stress response and overall cellular health. This work therefore introduces a viral vector-based reporter that yields a quantifiable readout suitable for non-cell destructive kinetic monitoring of proteostasis dysfunction in neurons by harnessing ATF4 signaling as part of the UPR activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Lopez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic Monitoring Of Neuronal Stress Response To Proteostasis Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain charts for the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io, derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areces-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blesa Cabez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borzage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bayard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertavian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain charts for the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.447920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative genomic and epigenomic analyses identified IRAK1 as a novel target for chronic inflammation-driven prostate tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.447920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impacts of many inflammatory genes in prostate tumorigenesis remain understudied despite the increasing evidence that associates chronic inflammation with prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. The overarching goal of this study was to identify dysregulated inflammatory genes that correlate with PCa progression and decipher their molecular mechanisms as well as clinical significance in PCa using integrative genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics approach. Our Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis (WGCNA) and multivariate analysis identified 10 inflammatory genes: IRAK1, PPIL5/LRR1, HMGB3, HMGB2, TRAIP, IL1F5/IL36RN, ILF2, TRIM59, NFKBIL2/TONSL, and TRAF7 that were significantly associated with PCa progression. We explored the potentials of IRAK1 and other inflammatory genes as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers by performing both KM survival and AUROC curve analyses. Our results indicate the clinical significance of these inflammatory genes in predicting the development and progression of PCa. IRAK1 was found to be overexpressed and hypomethylated in most PCa samples. A significantly high percentage of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC) samples display copy number variations, especially amplification of the IRAK1 gene compared to the indolent prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) samples. Furthermore, we identified missense and frameshift mutations of IRAK1 in a few PRAD samples with potential functional implications. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that IRAK1 dysregulation may be an important contributor to chronic prostatitis (inflammation) and PCa progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oseni, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebayo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwakye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asghar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumi-Diaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.447920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative genomic and epigenomic analyses identified IRAK1 as a novel target for chronic inflammation-driven prostate tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is currently the mainstay of functional neuroimaging and has allowed researchers to identify intrinsic connectivity networks (aka functional networks) at different spatial scales. However, little is known about the temporal profiles of these networks and whether it is best to model them as continuous phenomena in both space and time or, rather, as a set of temporally discrete events. Both categories have been supported by series of studies with promising findings. However, a critical question is whether focusing only on time points presumed to contain isolated neural events and disregarding the rest of the data is missing important information, potentially leading to misleading conclusions. In this work, we argue that brain networks identified within the spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal are not limited to temporally sparse burst moments and that these event present time points (EPTs) contain valuable but incomplete information about the underlying functional patterns.

We focus on the default mode and show evidence that is consistent with its continuous presence in the BOLD signal, including during the event absent time points (EATs), i.e., time points that exhibit minimum activity and are the least likely to contain an event. Moreover, our findings suggest that EPTs may not contain all the available information about their corresponding networks. We observe distinct default mode connectivity patterns obtained from all time points (AllTPs), EPTs, and EATs. We show evidence of robust relationships with schizophrenia symptoms that are both common and unique to each of the sets of time points (AllTPs, EPTs, EATs), likely related to transient patterns of connectivity. Together, these findings indicate the importance of leveraging the full temporal data in functional studies, including those using event-detection approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.451363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-based approach to image analysis of cells, tissues and tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.451363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging multiplexed imaging platforms provide an unprecedented view of an increasing number of molecular markers at subcellular resolution and the dynamic evolution of tumor cellular composition. As such, they are capable of elucidating cell-to-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment that impact clinical outcome and therapeutic response. However, the rapid development of these platforms has far outpaced the computational methods for processing and analyzing the data they generate. While being technologically disparate, all imaging assays share many computational requirements for post-collection data processing. We convened a workshop to characterize these shared computational challenges and a follow-up hackathon to implement solutions for a selected subset of them. Here, we delineate these areas that reflect major axes of research within the field, including image registration, segmentation of cells and subcellular structures, and identification of cell types from their morphology. We further describe the logistical organization of these events, believing our lessons learned can aid others in uniting the imaging community around self-identified topics of mutual interest, in designing and implementing operational procedures to address those topics and in mitigating issues inherent in image analysis (e.g., sharing exemplar images of large datasets and disseminating baseline solutions to hackathon challenges through open-source code repositories).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CSBC/PS-ON Image Analysis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcarra, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hug, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltsev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.451363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-based approach to image analysis of cells, tissues and tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.458982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic-based quantification of the epithelial-hybrid-mesenchymal spectrum across biological contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.458982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) underlies embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis and fibrosis. Cancer cells exhibiting EMP often have more aggressive behavior, characterized by drug resistance, and tumor-initiating and immuno-evasive traits. Thus, the EMP status of cancer cells can be a critical indicator of patient prognosis. Here, we compare three distinct transcriptomic-based metrics - each derived using a different gene list and algorithm - that quantify the EMP spectrum. Our results for 96 cancer-related RNA-seq datasets reveal a high degree of concordance among these metrics in quantifying the extent of EMP. Moreover, each metric, despite being trained on cancer expression profiles, recapitulates the expected changes in EMP scores for non-cancer contexts such as lung fibrosis and cellular reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells. Thus, we offer a scoring platform to quantify the extent of EMP in vitro and in vivo for diverse biological applications including cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejaswi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janivara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.458982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic-based quantification of the epithelial-hybrid-mesenchymal spectrum across biological contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential patterns of change in brain connectivity resulting from traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) damages white matter tracts, disrupting brain network structure and communication. There exists a wide heterogeneity in the pattern of structural damage associated with injury, as well as a large heterogeneity in behavioral outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between changes in network connectivity and clinical outcomes.

MethodsWe utilize the rat lateral fluid-percussion injury (FPI) model of severe TBI to study differences in brain connectivity in 8 animals that received the insult and 11 animals that received only a craniectomy. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is performed 5 weeks after the injury and network theory is used to investigate changes in white matter connectivity.

ResultsWe find that 1) global network measures are not able to distinguish between healthy and injured animals; 2) injury induced alterations predominantly exist in a subset of connections (subnetworks) distributed throughout the brain; and 3) injured animals can be divided into subgroups based on changes in network motifs - measures of local structural connectivity. Additionally, alterations in predicted functional connectivity indicate that the subgroups have different propensities to synchronize brain activity, which could relate to the heterogeneity of clinical outcomes.

DiscussionThese results suggest that network measures can be used to quantify progressive changes in brain connectivity due to injury and differentiate among subpopulations with similar injuries but different pathological trajectories.

Impact StatementWhite matter tracts are important for efficient communication between brain regions and their connectivity pattern underlies proper brain function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) damages white matter tracts and changes brain connectivity, but how specific changes relate to differences in clinical/behavioral outcomes is not known. Using network theory to study injury related changes in structural connectivity, we find that local measures of network structure can identify subgroups of injured rats with different types of changes in brain structure. Our results suggest that these different patterns of change could relate to differences in clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential patterns of change in brain connectivity resulting from traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consequences of endogenous and virally-induced hyperphosphorylated tau on behavior and cognition in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe locus coeruleus (LC) is one of the earliest brain regions to accumulate hyperphosphorylated tau, but a lack of animal models that recapitulate this pathology has hampered our ability to understand its contributions to the pathophysiology of Alzheimers disease (AD).

ObjectiveWe previously reported that TgF344-AD rats, which overexpress mutant human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1, accumulate early endogenous hyperphosphorylated tau in the LC. Here, we used TgF344-AD rats and a wild-type (WT) human tau virus to interrogate the effects of endogenous hyperphosphorylated rat tau and human tau in the LC on AD-related neuropathology and behavior.

MethodsTwo-month old TgF344-AD and WT rats received bilateral LC infusions of WT human tau or mCherry control virus driven by the noradrenergic-specific PRSx8 promoter. Rats were subsequently assessed at 6 and 12 months for arousal (sleep latency), anxiety-like behavior (open field, elevated plus maze, novelty-suppressed feeding), passive coping (forced swim task), and learning and memory (Morris water maze and fear conditioning). Hippocampal microglia, astrocyte, and AD pathology were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.

ResultsIn general, the effects of age were more pronounced than genotype or treatment; older rats displayed greater hippocampal pathology, took longer to fall asleep, had reduced locomotor activity, floated more, and had impaired cognition compared to younger animals. TgF344-AD rats showed increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired learning and memory. The tau virus had negligible influence on most measures.

ConclusionEffects of hyperphosphorylated tau on AD-like neuropathology and behavioral symptoms were subtle. Further investigation of different forms of tau is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelberman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorabaugh, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinshenker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consequences of endogenous and virally-induced hyperphosphorylated tau on behavior and cognition in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USPNet: unbiased organism-agnostic signal peptidepredictor with deep protein language model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal peptide is a short peptide located in the N-terminus of proteins. It plays an important role in targeting and transferring transmembrane proteins and secreted proteins to correct positions. Compared with traditional experimental methods to identify and discover signal peptides, the computational methods are faster and more efficient, which are more practical for the analysis of thousands or even millions of protein sequences in reality, especially for the metagenomic data. Therefore, computational tools are recently proposed to classify signal peptides and predict cleavage site positions, but most of them disregard the extreme data imbalance problem in these tasks. In addition, almost all these methods rely on additional group information of proteins to boost their performances, which, however, may not always be available. To deal with these issues, in this paper, we present Unbiased Organism-agnostic Signal Peptide Network (USPNet), a signal peptide prediction and cleavage site prediction model based on deep protein language model. We propose to use label distribution-aware margin (LDAM) loss and evolutionary scale modeling (ESM) embedding to handle data imbalance and object-dependence problems. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms all the previous methods on the classification performance. Additional study on the simulated metagenomic data further indicates that our model is a more universal and robust tool without dependency on additional group information of proteins, with the Matthews correlation coefficient improved by up to 17.5%. The proposed method will be potentially useful to discover new signal peptides from the abundant metagenomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USPNet: unbiased organism-agnostic signal peptidepredictor with deep protein language model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendels Law of Segregation states that the offspring of a diploid, heterozygous parent will inherit either allele with equal probability. While the vast majority of loci adhere to this rule, research in model and non-model organisms has uncovered numerous exceptions whereby "selfish" alleles are disproportionately transmitted to the next generation. Evidence of such "transmission distortion" (TD) in humans remains equivocal in part because scans of human pedigrees have been under-powered to detect small effects. Recently published single-cell sequencing data from individual human sperm (n = 41,189; 969-3,377 cells from each of 25 donors) offer an opportunity to revisit this question with unprecedented statistical power, but require new methods tailored to extremely low-coverage data ([~]0.01 x per cell). To this end, we developed a method, named rhapsodi, that leverages sparse gamete genotype data to phase the diploid genomes of the donor individuals, impute missing gamete genotypes, and discover meiotic recombination breakpoints, benchmarking its performance across a wide range of study designs. After applying rhapsodi to the sperm sequencing data, we then scanned the gametes for evidence of TD. Our results exhibited close concordance with binomial expectations under balanced transmission, in contrast to tenuous signals of TD that were previously reported in pedigree-based studies. Together, our work excludes the existence of even weak TD in this sample, while offering a powerful quantitative framework for testing this and related hypotheses in other cohorts and study systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carioscia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating muscle activation from EMG using deep learning-based dynamical systems models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo study the neural control of movement, it is often necessary to estimate how muscles are activated across a variety of behavioral conditions. However, estimating the latent command signal that underlies muscle activation is challenging due to its complex relation with recorded electromyographic (EMG) signals. Common approaches estimate muscle activation independently for each channel or require manual tuning of model hyperparameters to optimally preserve behaviorally-relevant features.

ApproachHere, we adapted AutoLFADS, a large-scale, unsupervised deep learning approach originally designed to de-noise cortical spiking data, to estimate muscle activation from multi-muscle EMG signals. AutoLFADS uses recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to model the spatial and temporal regularities that underlie multi-muscle activation.

Main ResultsWe first tested AutoLFADS on muscle activity from the rat hindlimb during locomotion, and found that it dynamically adjusts its frequency response characteristics across different phases of behavior. The model produced single-trial estimates of muscle activation that improved prediction of joint kinematics as compared to low-pass or Bayesian filtering. We also tested the generality of the approach by applying AutoLFADS to monkey forearm muscle activity from an isometric task. AutoLFADS uncovered previously uncharacterized high-frequency oscillations in the EMG that enhanced the correlation with measured force compared to low-pass or Bayesian filtering. The AutoLFADS-inferred estimates of muscle activation were also more closely correlated with simultaneously-recorded motor cortical activity than other tested approaches.

SignificanceUltimately, this method leverages both dynamical systems modeling and artificial neural networks to provide estimates of muscle activation for multiple muscles that can be used for further studies of multi-muscle coordination and its control by upstream brain areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimalasena, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshtkaran, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresch, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating muscle activation from EMG using deep learning-based dynamical systems models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Active Multimodal Subspaces in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce a multimodal framework to identify subspaces in the human brain that are defined by collective changes in structural and functional measures and are actively linked to demographic, biological and cognitive indicators in a population. We determine the multimodal subspaces using principles of active subspace learning (ASL) and demonstrate its application on a sample learning task (biological ageing) on a Schizophrenia dataset. The proposed multimodal ASL method successfully identifies latent brain representations as subsets of brain regions and connections forming co-varying subspaces in association with biological age. We show that Schizophrenia is characterized by different subspace patterns compared to those in a cognitively normal brain. The multimodal features generated by projecting structural and functional MRI components onto these active subspaces perform better than several PCA-based transformations and equally well when compared to non-transformed features on the studied learning task. In essence, the proposed method successfully learns active brain subspaces associated with a specific brain condition but inferred from the brain imaging data along with the biological/cognitive traits of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Active Multimodal Subspaces in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive conditional selection of driver mutations and modular epistasis networks in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer driver mutations often display mutual exclusion or co-occurrence, underscoring the key role of epistasis in carcinogenesis. However, estimating the magnitude of epistasis and quantifying its effect on tumor evolution remains a challenge. We developed a method to quantify COnditional SELection on the Excess of Nonsynonymous Substitutions (Coselens) in cancer genes. Coselens infers the number of drivers per gene in different partitions of a cancer genomics dataset using covariance-based mutation models and determines whether coding mutations in a gene affect selection for drivers in any other gene. Using Coselens, we identified 296 conditionally selected gene pairs across 16 cancer types in the TCGA dataset. Conditional selection affects 25-50% of driver substitutions in tumors with >2 drivers. Conditionally co-selected genes form modular networks, whose structures challenge the traditional interpretation of within-pathway mutual exclusivity and across-pathway synergy, suggesting a more complex scenario, where gene-specific across-pathway epistasis shapes differentiated cancer subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iranzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenhagen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle-Espinosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive conditional selection of driver mutations and modular epistasis networks in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A whole-cell recording database of neuromodulatory action in the adult neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe recent release of two large intracellular electrophysiological databases now allows high-dimensional systematic analysis of mechanisms of information processing in the neocortex. Here, to complement these efforts, we introduce a freely and publicly available database that provides a comparative insight into the role of various neuromodulatory transmitters in controlling neural information processing.

FindingsA database of in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from primary somatosensory and motor cortices (layers 2/3) of the adult mice (2-15 months old) from both sexes is introduced. A total of 464 current-clamp experiments from identified excitatory and inhibitory neurons are provided. Experiments include recordings with (i) Step-and-Hold protocol during which the current was transiently held at 10 steps, gradually increasing in amplitude, (ii) "Frozen Noise" injections that model the amplitude and time-varying nature of synaptic inputs to a neuron in biological networks. All experiments follow a within neuron across drug design which includes a vehicle control and a modulation of one of the following targets in the same neuron: dopamine and its receptors D1R, D2R, serotonin 5HT1f receptor, norepinephrine Alpha1, and acetylcholine M1 receptors.

ConclusionsThis dataset is the first to provide a systematic and comparative insight into the role of the selected neuromodulators in controlling cellular excitability. The data will help to mechanistically address how bottom-up information processing can be modulated, providing a reference for studying neural coding characteristics and revealing the contribution of neuromodulation to information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safavi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kole, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldenrust, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A whole-cell recording database of neuromodulatory action in the adult neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis nematodes colonize ephemeral resource patches in neotropical forests. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factors shaping the distribution and abundance of species include life-history traits, population structure, and stochastic colonization-extinction dynamics. Field studies of model species groups help reveal the roles of these factors. Species of Caenorhabditis nematodes are highly divergent at the sequence level but exhibit highly conserved morphological uniformity, and many of these species live in sympatry on microbe-rich patches of rotten material. Here, we use field experiments and large-scale opportunistic collections to investigate species composition, abundance, and colonization efficiency of Caenorhabditis in two of the worlds best studied lowland tropical field sites: Barro Colorado Island in Panama and La Selva in Sarapiqui, Costa Rica. We observed seven species of Caenorhabditis, four of them known only from these collections. While these localities contain species from many parts of the phylogeny, both localities were dominated by globally distributed androdiecious species. We found that Caenorhabditis were able to colonize baits accessible only by phoresy, preferring to colonize baits making direct contact with the ground. We estimate founder numbers per colonization event to be low.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sloat, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tintori, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome Correa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaxter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockman, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis nematodes colonize ephemeral resource patches in neotropical forests.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Federated analysis in COINSTAC reveals functional network connectivity and spectral links to smoking and alcohol consumption in nearly 2,000 adolescent brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the growth of decentralized/federated analysis approaches in neuroimaging, the opportunities to study brain disorders using data from multiple sites has grown multi-fold. One such initiative is the Neuromark, a fully automated spatially constrained independent component analysis (ICA) that is used to link brain network abnormalities among different datasets, studies, and disorders while leveraging subject-specific networks. In this study, we implement the neuromark pipeline in COINSTAC, an open-source neuroimaging framework for collaborative/decentralized analysis. Decentralized analysis of nearly 2000 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets collected at different sites across two cohorts and co-located in different countries was performed to study the resting brain functional network connectivity changes in adolescents who smoke and consume alcohol. Results showed hypoconnectivity across the majority of networks including sensory, default mode, and subcortical domains, more for alcohol than smoking, and decreased low frequency power. These findings suggest that global reduced synchronization is associated with both tobacco and alcohol use. This work demonstrates the utility and incentives associated with large-scale decentralized collaborations spanning multiple sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagyalakshmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourembam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghattu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurpad, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharath, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purushottam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfanos, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokde, A. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, M.-L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poustka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Federated analysis in COINSTAC reveals functional network connectivity and spectral links to smoking and alcohol consumption in nearly 2,000 adolescent brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural and induced somatic mutations that accumulate in the genome during development record the phylogenetic relationships of cells; however, whether these lineage barcodes can capture the dynamics of complex progenitor fields remains unclear. Here, we introduce quantitative fate mapping, an approach to simultaneously map the fate and quantify the commitment time, commitment bias, and population size of multiple progenitor groups during development based on a time-scaled phylogeny of their descendants. To reconstruct time-scaled phylogenies from lineage barcodes, we introduce Phylotime, a scalable maximum likelihood clustering approach based on a generalizable barcoding mutagenesis model. We validate these approaches using realistically-simulated barcoding results as well as experimental results from a barcoding stem cell line. We further establish criteria for the minimum number of cells that must be analyzed for robust quantitative fate mapping. Overall, this work demonstrates how lineage barcodes, natural or synthetic, can be used to obtain quantitative fate maps, thus enabling analysis of progenitor dynamics long after embryonic development in any organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapirstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-regulated TUG1 is dispensable for endothelial cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary conserved Taurine Upregulated Gene 1 (TUG1) is a ubiquitously expressed gene that is one of the highest expressed genes in human and rodent endothelial cells (ECs). We here show that TUG1 expression decreases significantly in aging mouse carotid artery ECs and human ECs in vitro, indicating a potential role in the aging endothelial vasculature system. We therefore investigated if, and how, TUG1 might function in aging ECs, but despite extensive phenotyping found no alterations in basal EC proliferation, apoptosis, barrier function, migration, mitochondrial function, or monocyte adhesion upon TUG1 silencing in vitro. TUG1 knockdown did slightly and significantly decrease cumulative sprout length upon vascular endothelial growth factor A stimulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), though TUG1-silenced HUVECs displayed no transcriptome-wide mRNA expression changes explaining this effect. Further, ectopic expression of the highly conserved and recently discovered 153 amino acid protein translated from certain TUG1 transcript isoforms did not alter angiogenic sprouting in vitro. Our data show that, despite a high expression and strong evolutionary conservation of both the TUG1 locus and the protein sequence it encodes, TUG1 does not seem to play a major role in basic endothelial cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gimbel, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koziarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanicek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Günther, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimmeler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.482212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-regulated TUG1 is dispensable for endothelial cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbreakable DNA tension probes show that cell adhesion receptors detect the molecular force-extension curve of their ligands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin receptors transduce the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Past studies using DNA probes showed that integrins sense the magnitude of ligand forces with pN resolution. An open question is whether integrin receptors also sense the force-extension trajectory of their ligands. The challenge in addressing this question pertains to the lack of molecular probes that can control force-extension trajectories independently of force magnitude. To address this limitation, we synthesized two reversible DNA probes that fold with identical self-complementary domains but with different topologies. Thus, these probes unfold at the same steady-state force magnitude but following different kinetic pathways to reach the fully extended ssDNA state. Hairpin-like probes unzip with a low barrier of 14 pN while the pseudo-knot-like probes shear at 59 pN. Confirming that we had created probes with different barriers of unfolding, we quantified platelet integrin forces and measured 50-fold more tension signal with the unzipping probes over the shearing probes. In contrast, fibroblasts opened both probes to similar levels indicating more static forces. Surprisingly, fibroblast mechanotransduction markers, such as YAP levels, fibronectin production, actin organization, and integrin activation were significantly elevated on unzipping probes. This demonstrates that integrin receptors within focal adhesions sense the molecular force-extension profile of their ligands and not only the magnitude of equilibrium mechanical resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogasawara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velusamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbreakable DNA tension probes show that cell adhesion receptors detect the molecular force-extension curve of their ligands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TITAN: A Toolbox for Information-Theoretic Analysis of Molecular Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular, cellular, structural, and functional networks in the brain each represent different levels of organization and complexity. These networks are interconnected, and their interactions underlie the brains abilities to process information, regulate bodily functions, and mediate behavior. While understanding the emergence of higher-level networks (structural and functional) from the interactions of lower-level (molecular and cellular) ones is crucial, a universal analytical method applicable to all brain network types has been lacking. Here we introduce an open-source toolbox (NETSCOPE) that identifies weighted network architectures using mutual information (MI) and variation of information (VI). We demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting networks using synthetic data and by recreating five molecular networks in S. cerevisiae. We finally deploy NETSCOPE to identify cell type specific transcriptional networks and reconstruct the brain-wide neural networks that encode touch in the mouse brain. The code is made available in Python, Google Colab, Jupyter Notebook, MATLAB, and Octave. Beyond its core functionality, this network discovery method holds potential for broader applications, including the development of bioinspired sparse artificial networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergmans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.18.488630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TITAN: A Toolbox for Information-Theoretic Analysis of Molecular Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective subviral particles modify ecological equilibria and enhance viral coexistence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperation is a main driver of biological complexity at all levels. In the viral world, gene sharing among viral genomes, complementation between genomes or interactions within quasispecies are frequently observed. In this contribution, we explore the advantages that flexible associations between fully fledged viruses and subviral entities, such as virus satellites, might yield. We devise a mathematical model to compare different situations of competition between two viruses and to quantify how the association with a satellite qualitatively modifies dynamical equilibria. The relevant parameter is the invasion fitness of each virus or of the virus-satellite tandem, which in the model depends on the transmission rate of viruses and on their effect on host survival. While in a virus-virus competition one of the viruses becomes eventually extinct, an association with a satellite might change the outcome of the competition to favor the less competitive virus (regardless of whether it is the helper virus or not) or to allow for the stable coexistence of the two viruses and the satellite. We hypothesize that the latter scenario, in particular, constitutes a parsimonious evolutionary pathway towards more stable cooperative associations, such as bipartite viral forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucia-Sanz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Arenal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manrubia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective subviral particles modify ecological equilibria and enhance viral coexistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USP11 promotes endothelial apoptosis-resistance in pulmonary hypertension by deubiquitinating HINT3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, lethal, and incurable disease of the pulmonary vasculature. Evolving evidence indicates that the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), play an important role in the pathogenesis of PAH by deubiquitinating key proteins involved in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis-paired with transcriptomic profiling indicated that deubiquitinase USP11 and histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 3 (HINT3) are positively correlated and that their expression increased in lungs of PAH patients compared to control (fail donor) group, and inversely correlated with survival. However, mechanisms and function of the USP11/HNT3 axis have not been explored in PAH. Therefore, we aimed to investigate that HINT3 stabilized by USP11 activation links to endothelial apoptosis-resistance in PAH.

Methods and ResultsExpression of USP11 and HINT3 was increased in the lungs of idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients and Hypoxia/Sugen-treated mice using qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. USP11 and HINT3 interacted physically as shown by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). HINT3 levels were decreased upon transfection of HA-tagged Ubi plasmid into HPAECs. Pretreatment with the potent proteasome inhibitor MG132 prolonged the half-life of HINT3 protein, indicating that HINT3 is degraded by polyubiquitination. HINT3 was stabilized and destabilized by forced overexpression or siRNA knockdown of USP11 respectively. Similarly, treatment with mitoxantrone, a USP11 antagonist, reduced HPAEC HINT3 expression. HINT3 interacted with the antiapoptotic mediator, BCL2. Overexpression of USP11 increased BCL2 content, congruent to elevated lung tissue levels seen in IPAH patients and Hypoxia/Sugen-treated mice. Conversely, knockdown of HINT3 function led to depletion of BCL2.

ConclusionsThe HINT3-USP11 axis contributes to apoptosis-resistance in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, as is potentially a novel and attractive therapeutic target for ubiquitination modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passineau, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benza, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USP11 promotes endothelial apoptosis-resistance in pulmonary hypertension by deubiquitinating HINT3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PPARγ/ETV2 Axis Regulates Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Pulmonary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) plays an important role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Also, the molecular mechanisms regulating EndoMT in PH remain to be defined. In this study, we first showed that reduced expression of the transcription factors ETV2 (ETS variant 2) and PPAR{gamma} (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma) along with reduced endothelial markers and increased EndoMT markers were consistently observed in lungs and pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients, in hypoxia-exposed mouse lungs, human PAECs, and in induced EndoMT cells. Base on this observation, we aimed to investigate the function of ETV2 and PPAR{gamma} in EndoMT. We have explored the function of ETV2 and PPAR{gamma} and its mechanism in PH using in Etv2+/- mice or PPAR{gamma} KO mice. Etv2+/- mice spontaneously developed PH and right ventricular hypertrophy, associated with increased EndoMT markers and decreased EC markers. PPAR{gamma} transcriptionally activated the ETV2 promoter. Endothelial PPAR{gamma} expression in mice is positively correlated with ETV2 expression, but inversely with EndoMT markers.

Overexpression of ETV2 in hypoxia-exposed rat pulmonary artery led to vascular relaxation. We conclude that PPAR{gamma}-ETV2 signaling can function as a novel pathway in PH pathogenesis by attenuating EndoMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passineau, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benza, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmouty-Quintana, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutliff, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PPARγ/ETV2 Axis Regulates Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Pulmonary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Tgfβ signaling enables durable ventricular pacing by TBX18 gene transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantable cardiac pacemaker devices are generally effective for patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmia. However, device-dependent cardiac pacing is far from ideal and often inadequate, particularly for pediatric patients who need to go through invasive revision of the indwelling hardware. Biological pacemakers have been proposed as device-free alternatives to the current treatment, but sustained, unwavering biological pacing beyond days after the biologic delivery has not been demonstrated. We have previously demonstrated that re-expression of an embryonic transcription factor, TBX18, could reprogram ventricular cardiomyocytes into induced pacemaker myocytes (iPMs). Here, we report that exogenous expression of TBX18 per se leads to severe fibrosis in situ, impairing the iPMs ability to pace together. Acute fibrosis is accompanied with proliferation and activation of cardiac fibroblasts via Tgf{beta}-Smad2/3 pathway. Small molecule inhibition of Tgf{beta} signaling mitigated the interstitial remodeling, independent from TBX18-induced iPM reprogramming at the single-cell level. Direct and focal gene transfer of TBX18 into the left ventricular myocardium created ventricular pacing in a rat model of chronic atrioventricular block, but such activity began to wane in a week. In contrast, a combination therapy consisting of TBX18 gene transfer and Tgf{beta} inhibition enabled sustained biological pacing beyond the four-week study period. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of Tgf{beta} signaling suffices to achieve durable cardiac pacing by TBX18-induced biological pacemakers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.493572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Tgfβ signaling enables durable ventricular pacing by TBX18 gene transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine temporal brain network structure modularizes and localizes differently in men and women: Insights from a novel explainability framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDeep learning has become an effective tool for classifying biological sex based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but research on what features within the brain are most relevant to this classification is still lacking. Model interpretability has become a powerful way to understand "black box" deep-learning models and select features within the input data that are most relevant to the correct classification. However, very little work has been done employing these methods to understand the relationship between the temporal dimension of functional imaging signals and classification of biological sex, nor has there been attention paid to rectifying problems and limitations associated with feature explanation models, e.g. underspecification and instability. We provide a methodology to limit the impact of underspecification on the stability of the measured feature importance, and then, using intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) from fMRI data, we provide a deep exploration of sex differences among functional brain networks. We report numerous conclusions, including activity differences in the visual and cognitive domains, as well as major connectivity differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine temporal brain network structure modularizes and localizes differently in men and women: Insights from a novel explainability framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular morphogenesis requires persistent endothelial cell motility that is responsive to diverse and dynamic mechanical stimuli. Here, we interrogated the mechanotransductive feedback dynamics that govern endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis. We show that the transcriptional regulators, YAP and TAZ, are activated by mechanical cues to transcriptionally limit cytoskeletal and focal adhesion maturation, forming a conserved mechanotransductive feedback loop that mediates human endothelial cell motility in vitro and zebrafish intersegmental vessel (ISV) morphogenesis in vivo. This feedback loop closes in 4 hours, achieving cytoskeletal equilibrium in 8 hours. Feedback loop inhibition arrested endothelial cell migration in vitro and ISV morphogenesis in vivo. Inhibitor washout at 3 hrs, prior to feedback loop closure, restored vessel growth, but washout at 8 hours, longer than the feedback timescale, did not, establishing lower and upper bounds for feedback kinetics in vivo. Mechanistically, YAP and TAZ induced transcriptional suppression of RhoA signaling to maintain dynamic cytoskeletal equilibria. Together, these data establish the mechanoresponsive dynamics of a transcriptional feedback loop necessary for persistent endothelial cell migration and vascular morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeckel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerckel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. A Replication and Direct Comparison Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic neural timescales (INT) reflect the duration for which brain areas store information. A posterior - anterior hierarchy of increasingly longer INT has been revealed in both typically developed individuals (TD), as well as patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ), though INT are, overall, shorter in both patient groups. In the present study, we attempted to replicate previously reported group differences by comparing INT of TD to ASD and SZ. We replicated the previously reported result showing reduced INT in the left lateral occipital gyrus and the right post-central gyrus in SZ compared to TD. For the first time, we also directly compared the INT of the two patient groups and found that these same two areas show significantly reduced INT in SZ compared to ASD. In ASD, significant correlations were found between INT and their clinical and phenotypic characteristics. Our results point to the left lateral occipital gyrus and the right post-central gyrus as holding potential for further diagnostic refinement of SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uscatescu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronbichler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuerekli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronbichler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelphrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. A Replication and Direct Comparison Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Depression During Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDeep brain stimulation of subcallosal cingulate white matter (SCCwm-DBS) alleviates symptoms of treatment resistant depression (TRD) over months of therapy. Readouts of depression symptom severity derived from neural recordings are needed for more systematic study and improvement of the therapy. In this study, we measured local field potentials (LFP) multiple times a day alongside seven months of therapy using the Activa PC+S in six patients treated with SCCwm-DBS. We found significant changes in oscillatory power between early and late therapy after accounting for stimulation-related distortions, particularly within the {beta} band. We then used a decoder strategy to identify oscillatory activity that tracked with depression measurements over seven months, with asymmetric{delta} and {beta} oscillations contributing to a statistically significant prediction of 10% of the measured depression signal. Simulating its use in clinical decision-making, we demonstrated that the DR-SCC yield clinically meaningful information that can augment other measures of depression state. Ultimately, this DR-SCC provides a data-driven first-step towards objectively tracking chronic recovery after antidepressant DBS implantation and developing adaptive DBS strategies in the presence of active stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiruvadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veerakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva-Posse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Depression During Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SVR-based Multimodal Active Subspace Analysis for the Brain using Neuroimaging Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the patterns of changes in brain function and structure due to various disorders and diseases is of utmost importance. There have been numerous efforts toward successful biomarker discovery for complex brain disorders by evaluating neuroimaging datasets with novel analytical frameworks. However, due to the multi-faceted nature of the disorders involving a wide and overlapping range of symptoms as well as complex changes in structural and functional brain networks, it is increasingly important to devise computational frameworks that can consider the underlying patterns of heterogeneous changes with specific target assessments, at the same time producing a summarizing output from the high-dimensional neuroimaging data. While various machine learning approaches focus on diagnostic prediction, many learning frameworks analyze important features at the level of brain regions involved in prediction using supervised methods. Unsupervised learning methods have also been utilized to break down the neuroimaging features into lower dimensional components. However, most learning frameworks either do not consider the target assessment information while extracting brain subspaces, or can extract only higher dimensional importance associations as an ordered list of involved features, making manual interpretation at the level of subspaces difficult. We present a novel multimodal active subspace learning framework to understand various subspaces within the brain that are associated with changes in particular biological and cognitive traits. For a given cognitive or biological trait, our framework performs a decomposition of the feature importances to extract robust multimodal subspaces that define the most significant change in the given trait. Through a rigorous cross-validation procedure on an Alzheimers disease (AD) dataset, we show that our framework can extract subspaces covering both functional and structural modalities, which are specific to a given clinical assessment (like memory and other cognitive skills) and also retain predictive performance in standard machine learning algorithms. We show that our framework not only uncovers AD-related brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, entorhinal cortex) in the associated brain subspaces, but also enables an automated identification of multiple underlying structural and functional sub-systems of the brain that collectively characterize changes in memory and cognitive skill proficiency related to brain disorders like AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SVR-based Multimodal Active Subspace Analysis for the Brain using Neuroimaging Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has shown considerable promise for improving our understanding of brain function and characterizing various mental and cognitive states in the healthy and disordered brain. However, the lack of accurate and precise estimations of comparable functional patterns across datasets, individuals, and ever-changing brain states in a way that captures both individual variation and inter-subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single-subject analyses.

We posit that using reliable network templates and advanced group-informed network estimation approaches to accurately and precisely obtain individualized (dynamic) networks that retain cross-subject correspondence while maintaining subject-specific information is one potential solution to overcome the aforementioned barrier when considering cross-study comparability, independence of subject-level estimates, the limited data available in single studies, and the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rsfMRI.

Toward this goal, we first obtained a reliable and replicable network template. We combined rsfMRI data of over 100k individuals across private and public datasets and selected around 58k that meet quality control (QC) criteria. We then applied multi-model-order independent component analysis (ICA) and subsampling to obtain reliable canonical intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) across multiple spatial scales. The selected ICNs (i.e., network templates) were also successfully replicated by independently analyzing the data that did not pass the QC criteria, highlighting the robustness of our adaptive template to data quality.

We next studied the feasibility of estimating the corresponding subject-specific ICNs using a multivariate-spatially constrained ICA as an example of group-informed network estimation approaches. The results highlight that several factors, including ICNs themselves, data length, and spatial resolution, play key roles in successfully estimating the ICNs at the subject level. Large-scale ICNs, in general, require less data to achieve a specific level of spatial similarity with their templates (as well as within- and between-subject spatial similarity). Moreover, increasing data length can reduce an ICNs subject-level specificity, suggesting longer scans might not always be desirable. We also show spatial smoothing can alter results, and the positive linear relationship we observed between data length and spatial smoothness (we posit that it is at least partially due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics or individual variation) indicates the importance of considering this factor in studies such as those focused on optimizing data length. Finally, the consistency in the spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full-length of data and subset of it across different data lengths may suggest that the lower within-subject spatial similarity in shorter data lengths is not necessarily only defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates; rather, it can also be an indication of brain dynamics (i.e., different subsets of data may reflect different ICN dynamics), and as we increase the data length, the result approaches the average (also known as static) ICN pattern, and therefore loses its distinctiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor and cognitive deficits limit the ability to flexibly modulate spatiotemporal gait features in older adults with mild cognitive impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionDance-based therapies are an emerging form of movement therapy aiming to improve motor and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairments (MCIs). Despite promising effects of dance-based therapies on function, it remains unclear how age-related declines in motor and cognitive function affect movement capacity and influence which movements and rhythms maximize dance therapy efficacy. Here, we evaluated the effects of age and MCI on the ability to accurately modulate spatial (i.e., joint kinematics), temporal (i.e., step timing), and spatiotemporal features of gait to achieve spatial and temporal targets during walking.

MethodsWe developed novel rhythmic movement sequences - nine spatial, nine temporal, and four spatiotemporal - that deviated from typical spatial and temporal features of walking. Healthy young adults (HYA), healthy older adults (HOA), and adults with MCI were trained on each gait modification before performing the modification overground, with kinematic data recorded using wearable sensors.

ResultsHOA performed spatial (p = 0.010) and spatiotemporal (p = 0.048) gait modifications less accurately than HYA. Individuals with MCI performed spatiotemporal gait modifications less accurately than HOA (p = 0.017). Spatial modifications to the swing phase of gait (p = 0.006, Cohens d = -1.3), and four- and six-step Duple rhythms during temporal modifications (p < 0.030, Cohens d > 0.9) elicited the largest differences in gait performance in HYA vs. HOA and HOA vs. MCI, respectively.

DiscussionThese findings suggest that age-related declines in strength and balance reduce the ability to accurately modulate spatial gait features, while declines in working memory in individuals with MCI may reduce the ability to perform longer temporal gait modification sequences.

Differences in rhythmic movement sequence performance highlight motor and cognitive factors potentially underlying deficits in gait modulation capacity, which may guide therapy personalization and provide more sensitive indices to track intervention efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusarenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmery, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackney, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor and cognitive deficits limit the ability to flexibly modulate spatiotemporal gait features in older adults with mild cognitive impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint cmICA: auto-linking of structural and functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of human brain connectivity, including structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC), provides insights into the neurophysiological mechanism of brain function and its relationship to human behavior and cognition. Both types of connectivity measurements provide crucial yet complementary information. However, integrating these two modalities into a single framework remains a challenge, because of the differences in their quantitative interdependencies as well as their anatomical representations due to distinctive imaging mechanisms. In this study, we introduced a new method, joint cmICA (connectivity matrix ICA), which provides a data-driven parcellation and automated-linking of SC and FC information simultaneously using a joint analysis of functional MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI data. We showed that these two connectivity modalities produce common cortical segregation, though with various degrees of (dis)similarity. Moreover, we show conjoint functional connectivity networks and structural white matter tracts that directly link these cortical parcellations/sources, within one analysis. Overall, data driven joint cmICA provides a new approach for integrating or fusing structural connectivity and functional connectivity systematically and conveniently, and provides an effective tool for connectivity-based multimodal data fusion in brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint cmICA: auto-linking of structural and functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable machine learning with tree-based Shapley additive explanations: application to metabolomics datasets for binary classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning (ML) models are used in clinical metabolomics studies most notably for biomarker discoveries, to identify metabolites that discriminate between a case and control group. To improve understanding of the underlying biomedical problem and to bolster confidence in these discoveries, model interpretability is germane. In metabolomics, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and its variants are widely used, partly due to the models interpretability with the Variable Influence in Projection (VIP) scores, a global interpretable method. Herein, Tree-based Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP), an interpretable ML method grounded in game theory, was used to explain ML models with local explanation properties. In this study, ML experiments (binary classification) were conducted for three published metabolomics datasets using PLS-DA, random forests, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Using one of the datasets, PLS-DA model was explained using VIP scores, while a tree-based model was interpreted using Tree SHAP. The results show that SHAP has a more explanation depth than PLS-DAs VIP, making it a powerful method for rationalizing machine learning predictions from metabolomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bifarin, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable machine learning with tree-based Shapley additive explanations: application to metabolomics datasets for binary classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicolor Light-Induced Immune Activation via Polymer Photocaged Cytokines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokines act as potent, extracellular signals of the human immune system and can elicit striking treatment responses in patients with autoimmune disease, tissue damage, and cancer. Yet despite their therapeutic potential, recombinant cytokine-mediated immune responses remain difficult to control as their administration is often systemic whereas their intended sites of action are localized. To address the challenge of spatially and temporally constraining cytokine signals, we recently devised a strategy whereby recombinant cytokines are reversibly inactivated via chemical modification with photo-labile polymers that respond to visible LED light. Extending this approach to enable both in vivo and multicolor immune activation, here we describe a strategy whereby cytokines appended with heptamethine cyanine-polyethylene glycol are selectively re-activated ex vivo using tissue-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light. We show that NIR LED light illumination of caged, pro-inflammatory cytokines restores cognate receptor signaling and potentiates the activity of T cell-engager cancer immunotherapies ex vivo. Using combinations of visible- and NIR-responsive cytokines, we further demonstrate multi-wavelength optical control of T cell cytolysis ex vivo, as well as the ability to perform Boolean logic using multicolored light and orthogonally photocaged cytokine pairs as inputs, and T cell activity as outputs. Together, this work demonstrates a novel approach to control extracellular immune cell signals using light, a strategy that in the future may improve our understanding of and ability to treat cancer and other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreaden, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicolor Light-Induced Immune Activation via Polymer Photocaged Cytokines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gating interactions steer loop conformational changes in the active site of the L1 metallo-β-lactamase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-lactam antibiotics are the most important and widely used antibacterial agents across the world. However, the widespread dissemination of {beta}-lactamases among pathogenic bacteria limits the efficacy of {beta}-lactam antibiotics. This has created a major public health crisis. The use of {beta}-lactamase inhibitors has proven useful in restoring the activity of {beta}-lactam antibiotics, yet, effective clinically approved inhibitors against class B metallo-{beta}-lactamases (MBLs) are not available. L1, a class B3 enzyme expressed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, is a significant contributor to the {beta}-lactam resistance displayed by this opportunistic pathogen. Structurally, L1 is a tetramer with two elongated loops, 3-{beta}7 and {beta}12-5, present around the active site of each monomer. Residues in these two loops influence substrate/inhibitor binding. To study how the conformational changes of the elongated loops affect the active site in each monomer, enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed, Markov State Models (MSM) were built, and convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE)-based deep learning was applied. The key identified residues (D150a, H151, P225, Y227, R236) were mutated and the activity of the generated L1 variants was evaluated in cell-based experiments. The results demonstrate that there are extremely significant gating interactions between 3-{beta}7 and {beta}12-5 loops. Taken together, the gating interactions with the conformational changes of the key residues play an important role in the structural remodeling of the active site. These observations offer insights into the potential for novel drug development exploiting these gating interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojica, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gating interactions steer loop conformational changes in the active site of the L1 metallo-β-lactamase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-to-expression approach to identify etiological non-coding DNA variations in P53 and cMYC-driven diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease risk prediction based on DNA sequence and transcriptional profile can improve disease screening, prevention, and potential therapeutic approaches by revealing contributing genetic factors and altered networks. Despite identifying many disease-associated DNA variants through genome-wide association studies, distinguishing deleterious non-coding DNA variations remains poor for most common diseases. We previously reported that non-coding variations disrupting cis-overlapping motifs (CisOMs) of opposing transcription factors significantly affect enhancer activity. Analyzing publicly available ChIP-seq data for P53 and cMYC in human embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic cells showed that [~]344-366 genomic regions are co-occupied by P53 and cMYC. We identified, on average, two CisOMs per region, suggesting that co-occupancy is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. Therefore, we designed in vitro experiments to uncover the significance of the co-occupancy and competitive binding and inhibition between P53 and cMYC on target gene expression. We found that treating U2OS cells with doxorubicin increased P53 protein level while reducing cMYC level. In contrast, no change in protein levels was observed in Raji cells. ChIP-seq analysis showed that 16-922 genomic regions were co-occupied by P53 and cMYC before and after treatment, and substitutions of cMYC signals by P53 were detected after doxorubicin treatment in U2OS. Around 187 expressed genes near co-occupied regions were altered at mRNA level according to RNA-seq data. We utilized a computational motif-matching approach to determine that changes in predicted P53 binding affinity by DNA variations in CisOMs of co-occupied elements significantly correlate with alterations in reporter gene expression. We performed a similar analysis using SNPs mapped in CisOMs for P53 and cMYC from ChIP-seq data in U2OS and Raji, and expression of target genes from the GTEx portal. We found a significant correlation between change in motif-predicted cMYC binding affinity by SNPs in CisOMs and gene expression. In conclusion, our study suggests a generally applicable approach to filter etiological non-coding variations associated with P53 and cMYC-dependent diseases.

Author SummaryMost DNA variants associated with common complex diseases fall outside the protein-coding regions of the genome, making them hard to detect and relate to a function. Although many computational tools are available for prioritizing functional disease risk variants outside the protein-coding regions of the genome, the precision of prediction of these tools is mostly unreliable and hence not close to cancer risk prediction. This study brings to light a novel way to improve prediction accuracy of publicly available tools by integrating the impact of cis-overlapping binding sites of opposing cancer proteins, such as P53 and cMYC, in their analysis to filter out deleterious DNA variants outside the protein-coding regions of the human genome. Using a biology-based statistical approach, DNA variants within cis-overlapping motifs impacting the binding affinity of opposing transcription factors can significantly alter the expression of target genes and regulatory networks. This study brings us closer to developing a generally applicable approach capable of filtering etiological non-coding variations in co-occupied genomic regions of P53 and cMYC family members to improve disease risk assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhogale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhouri, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-to-expression approach to identify etiological non-coding DNA variations in P53 and cMYC-driven diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging Big Data: Procedures for Combining Non-equivalent Cognitive Measures from the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigators in neuroscience have turned to Big Data to address replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. These efforts unveil new questions about integrating data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed cognitive domain - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated global raw data from 53 studies totaling N = 10,505 individuals. A mega-analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to remove site effects, followed by linear models adjusting for common covariates. A continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individuals latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance while preserving covariate effects, and our conversion tool is freely available online. This demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.

TeaserWe present a global effort to devise harmonization procedures necessary to meaningfully leverage big data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Lana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babikian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodtmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caeyenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalloti, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifu, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple-Alford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dams-O'Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobryakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esopenko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Claramonte,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging Big Data: Procedures for Combining Non-equivalent Cognitive Measures from the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning approach to quantify individual gait responses to ankle exoskeletons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We currently lack a theoretical framework capable of characterizing heterogeneous responses to exoskeleton interventions. Predicting an individuals response to an exoskeleton and understanding what data are needed to characterize responses has been a persistent challenge. In this study, we leverage a neural network-based discrepancy modeling framework to quantify complex changes in gait in response to passive ankle exoskeletons in nondisabled adults. Discrepancy modeling aims to resolve dynamical inconsistencies between model predictions and real-world measurements. Neural networks identified models of (i) Nominal gait, (ii) Exoskeleton (Exo) gait, and (iii) the Discrepancy (i.e., response) between them. If an Augmented (Nominal+Discrepancy) model captured exoskeleton responses, its predictions should account for comparable amounts of variance in Exo gait data as the Exo model. Discrepancy modeling successfully quantified individuals exoskeleton responses without requiring knowledge about physiological structure or motor control: a model of Nominal gait augmented with a Discrepancy model of response accounted for significantly more variance in Exo gait (median R2 for kinematics (0.928 - 0.963) and electromyography (0.665 - 0.788), (p < 0.042)) than the Nominal model (median R2 for kinematics (0.863 - 0.939) and electromyography (0.516 - 0.664)). However, additional measurement modalities and/or improved resolution are needed to characterize Exo gait, as the discrepancy may not comprehensively capture response due to unexplained variance in Exo gait (median R2 for kinematics (0.954 - 0.977) and electromyography (0.724 - 0.815)). These techniques can be used to accelerate the discovery of individual-specific mechanisms driving exoskeleton responses, thus enabling personalized rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ebers, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutz, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning approach to quantify individual gait responses to ankle exoskeletons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal fusion of multiple rest fMRI networks and MRI gray matter via multilink joint ICA reveals highly significant function/structure coupling in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper we focus on estimating the joint relationship between structural MRI (sMRI) gray matter (GM) and multiple functional MRI (fMRI) intrinsic connectivity networks (ICN) using a novel approach called multi-link joint independent component analysis (ml-jICA). The proposed model offers several improvements over the existing joint independent component analysis (jICA) model. We assume a shared mixing matrix for both the sMRI and fMRI modalities, while allowing for different mixing matrices linking the sMRI data to the different ICNs. We introduce the model and then apply this approach to study the differences in resting fMRI and sMRI data from patients with Alzheimers disease (AD) versus controls. The results yield significant differences with large effect sizes that include regions in overlapping portions of default mode network, and also hippocampus and thalamus. Importantly, we identify two joint components with partially overlapping regions which show opposite effects for Alzheimers disease versus controls, but were able to be separated due to being linked to distinct functional and structural patterns. This highlights the unique strength of our approach and multimodal fusion approaches generally in revealing potentially biomarkers of brain disorders that would likely be missed by a unimodal approach. These results represent the first work linking multiple fMRI ICNs to gray matter components within a multimodal data fusion model and challenges the typical view that brain structure is more sensitive to AD than fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalilullah, K. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal fusion of multiple rest fMRI networks and MRI gray matter via multilink joint ICA reveals highly significant function/structure coupling in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis consists of sequential steps initiated by cancer cells invading from the primary tumor site into neighboring tissues, followed by entry into the circulatory system and completed by extravasation and growth in distal organs where secondary tumors are formed. Circulating tumor cells, thus, encounter and adapt to multiple environmental changes during their transition from the primary to the secondary tumor sites. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of loss of epithelial features concomitant with acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in the constantly changing environment. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating intermediate phenotypic states along the E-M spectrum is critical. Core EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs), ZEB, SNAI and TWIST families, play an important role in EMT and its plasticity. In the present study we characterize FLASH as a regulator of EMP and multiple EMT-TFs. We demonstrate that loss of FLASH gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGF{beta}, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. We demonstrate that FLASH is regulating expression of multiple cell junction proteins with an established role in cancer progression and that its role in EMT is independent of its histone biogenesis role. Further, we show that FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score, consistent with its function as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Nonetheless, activation of a distinct set of mesenchymal markers concomitant with epithelial markers reveals the complex role of FLASH in EMT and indicates that intermediate E/M states could arise from opposing control by FLASH on different families of EMT-TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catalanotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abshire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoi, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decentralized Mixed Effects Modeling in COINSTAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performing group analysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data with linear mixed-effects (LME) models is challenging due to its large dimensionality and inherent multi-level covariance structure. In addition, as large-scale collaborative projects become commonplace in neuroimaging, data must increasingly be stored and analysed at different locations. In such settings, substantial overheads occur in terms of data transfer and coordination between participating research groups. In some cases, data cannot be pooled together due to privacy or regulatory concerns. In this work, we propose a decentralized LME model to perform a large-scale analysis of data from different collaborations without sharing or pooling. This method is efficient as it overcomes the hurdles of data privacy for sharing and has lower bandwidth and memory requirements for analysis than the centralized modeling approach. We evaluate our model using features extracted from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data. Results highlight gray matter reductions in the temporal lobe/insula and medical front regions demonstrate the correctness of decentralized LME models. Our analysis also demonstrates that decentralized LME models achieve similar performance compared to the models trained with all the data in one location. We also implement the decentralized LME approach in COINSTAC, a decentralized platform for federating neuroimaging analysis, to demonstrate its value to the neuroimaging community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maullin-Sapey, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decentralized Mixed Effects Modeling in COINSTAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering a Functional small RNA Negative Autoregulation Network with Model-guided Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA regulators are powerful components of the synthetic biology toolbox. Here, we expand the repertoire of synthetic gene networks built from these regulators by constructing a transcriptional negative autoregulation (NAR) network out of small RNAs (sRNAs). NAR network motifs are core motifs of natural genetic networks, and are known for reducing network response time and steady state signal noise. Here we use cell-free transcription-translation (TX-TL) reactions and a computational model to design and prototype sRNA NAR constructs. Using parameter sensitivity analysis, we design a simple set of experiments that allow us to accurately predict NAR function in TX-TL. We transfer successful network designs in vivo and show that our sRNA transcriptional network reduces both network response time and noise in steady-state gene expression. This work broadens our ability to construct increasingly sophisticated RNA genetic networks with predictable function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering a Functional small RNA Negative Autoregulation Network with Model-guided Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neisseria meningitidis remains an important cause of human disease. It is highly adapted to the human host - its only known reservoir. Adaptations to the host environment include many specific interactions with human molecules including iron-binding proteins, components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and cell surface receptors such as the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Interaction of the meningococcus with EGFR has been elucidated in some detail and leads to intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal changes contributing to the pathogenesis of the organism. Here, we show that the meningococcus also recruits Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) onto the surface of human blood microvascular epithelial cells (HBMECs). Furthermore, meningococci internalised into these cells recruit the activated form of this receptor, and that expression and activation of FGFR1 is necessary for efficient internalisation of meningococci into HBMECs. We show that Neisseria meningitidis interacts specifically with the IIIc isoform of FGFR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooldridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheldon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfield, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ala'Aldeen, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution from social to solitary behavior in the N2 reference strain is unnecessary for its fitness advantages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The standard reference Caenorhabditis elegans strain, N2, has evolved marked behavioral changes since its isolation from the wild 67 years ago. Laboratory-derived variation in two genes, npr-1 and glb-5, suppress aerotaxis behaviors on food, resulting in N2 animals evolving from social to solitary feeding strategies. We show here that the derived alleles of npr-1 and glb-5 can confer large fitness advantages in standard laboratory conditions, suggesting that the changes in feeding strategies were beneficial to the N2 strain. However, by using environmental manipulations that suppress social behaviors, we showed the fitness advantages of the derived alleles remained unchanged, suggesting selection on these alleles acted through biological traits unrelated to solitary behavior. Transcriptomics analysis, developmental timing assays, and feeding assays showed that N2 animals mature faster, produce more sperm, and eat more food than a strain containing ancestral alleles of these genes (CX12311) regardless of the behavioral strategies. The O2-sensing neurons URX, AQR, and PQR and the pheromone biosynthesis and lipid regulating enzyme encoded by daf-22 are necessary for the full fitness advantages. We suggest that changes to social/solitary behavior in N2 were a pleiotropic consequence of npr-1 and glb-5s ability to modify integrated O2 and pheromone neural circuits that regulate feeding rate and reproductive development. Together, our results demonstrate how laboratory evolution can lead to profound changes in a strain used as a model by for understanding a variety of fundamental biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Large, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution from social to solitary behavior in the N2 reference strain is unnecessary for its fitness advantages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of horizontal gene transfer through public good production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, cooperative genes encoding public good molecules are preferentially located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and horizontal transfer of MGEs favours the maintenance of public good cooperation. The rate of horizontal transfer itself can evolve in response to selective pressures acting on both MGEs and bacterial hosts: benefits and costs of infectious spread, but also indirect effects of MGE genes to the host. We show here that carriage of public good genes on MGEs can generate another indirect selection for MGE transfer. Transfer increases public good production and, when relatedness is sufficiently high, public goods benefit preferentially genotypes with high transfer ability. Both our simulations and experiments indicate that transfer is not required to occur among kin, provided that public goods still benefit kin. Public good gene mobility thus aligns the interests of chromosomes and MGEs concerning transfer, promoting gene exchange among bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dimitriu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misevic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benard Capelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of horizontal gene transfer through public good production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Selective Attention to Context Memory: An Aging Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence has suggested that the tendency for older adults to bind too much contextual information during encoding (i.e., hyper-binding) may contribute to poorer memory for relevant contextual information during retrieval. While these findings are consistent with theories of age-related declines in selective attention and inhibitory control, the degree to which older adults are able to selectively attend to relevant contextual information during encoding is unknown. To better understand the neural dynamics associated with selective attention during encoding, the current study applied multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) to oscillatory EEG in order to track moment-to-moment shifts of attention between relevant and irrelevant contextual information during encoding. Young and older adults studied pictures of objects in the presence of two contextual features: a color and a scene, and their attention was directed to the objects relationship with one of those contexts (i.e., target context). Results showed that patterns of oscillatory power successfully predicted whether selective attention was directed to a scene or color, across age groups. Individual differences in overall classification performance were associated with individual differences in target context memory accuracy during retrieval. However, changes in classification performance within a trial, suggestive of fluctuations in selective attention, predicted individual differences in hyper-binding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use MPVA techniques to decode attention during episodic encoding and the impact of attentional shifts toward distracting information on age-related context memory impairments and hyper-binding. These results are consistent with the as-of-yet unsubstantiated theory that age-related declines in context memory may be attributable to poorer selective attention and/or greater inhibitory deficits in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strunk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Selective Attention to Context Memory: An Aging Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel multimodal circuits control an innate foraging behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foraging strategies that enable animals to locate food efficiently are composed of highly conserved behavioral states with characteristic features. Here, we identify parallel multimodal circuit modules that control an innate foraging state -- local search behavior -- after food removal in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Two parallel groups of chemosensory and mechanosensory glutamatergic neurons that detect food-related cues trigger local search by inhibiting separate integrating neurons through a metabotropic glutamate receptor, MGL-1. The chemosensory and mechanosensory modules are separate and redundant, as glutamate release from either can drive the full behavior. Spontaneous activity in the chemosensory module encodes information about the time since the last food encounter and correlates with the foraging behavior. In addition, the ability of the sensory modules to control local search is gated by the internal nutritional state of the animal. This multimodal circuit configuration provides robust control of an innate adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel multimodal circuits control an innate foraging behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop coupling of a muscle to a robotic device for dynamic assessment of muscle function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contributions of individual muscles to the performance of functional tasks are difficult to evaluate using traditional isolated muscle protocols. During movements, skeletal muscles work against a variety of environmental loads that influence their energetics and function. In turn, these changes in muscle length and muscle velocity alter the forces that the muscle can generate. Classic single-muscle experiments clamp at least one muscle state (length, velocity, force) such that it is independent of the other states, interrupting the dynamic interactions between the muscle and its environment. The purpose of this study was to design and build a real-time feedback system to virtually couple an isolated muscle to a robotic device. Using this approach, the muscle length is not prescribed, but results from the dynamic interactions between the muscle and a physical environment. Therefore our device facilitates the study of how physical interactions between a muscle, limb, and environments alter the force and motion produced by the muscle during controlled muscle activation. To demonstrate the utility of our system, we replicated some salient features of frog swimming, we coupled a frog plantaris longus muscle to a one-degree of freedom "limb" that drove a frog foot through water. We demonstrate that under identical muscle stimulation parameters, changes to muscle moment arm, environmental viscosity, and muscle fatigue can significantly alter the resulting muscle force, length, and work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deweerth, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop coupling of a muscle to a robotic device for dynamic assessment of muscle function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unilateral optogenetic inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia output show opposing effects on left/right lick choices and movement initiation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Models of basal ganglia function predict that tonic inhibitory output to motor thalamus suppresses unwanted movements, and that a decrease in such activity leads to action selection. A direct test of these outcomes of thalamic inhibition has not been performed, however. To conduct such a direct test, we utilized rapid optogenetic activation and inactivation of the GABAergic output of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to motor thalamus in mice that were trained in a sensory cued left/right licking task. Directional licking tasks have previously been shown to depend on a thalamocortical feedback loop between ventromedial motor thalamus and antero-lateral premotor cortex (Li et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2017). In confirmation of model predictions, we found that 1s of unilateral optogenetic inhibition of GABAergic output from the SNr biased decision making towards the contralateral lick spout with ipsilaterally cued trials while leaving motor performance intact. In contrast, 1s of optogenetic excitation of SNr terminals in motor thalamus resulted in an opposite bias towards the ipsilateral direction confirming a bidirectional effect of tonic nigral output on directional decision making. In a second variant of the task we disallowed anticipatory licking and found that successful suppression of anticipatory licking was also impacted by our optogenetic manipulations in agreement with the suppressive effect of tonic nigral output. Nevertheless, direct unilateral excitation of SNr cell bodies resulted in bilateral movement suppression, suggesting that descending motor pathways from the SNr to superior colliculus also play an important role in the control of licking behavior.nnSignificance StatementThis study provides the first evidence that basal ganglia output to motor thalamus can control decision making in left/right licking choices and suppress anticipatory movement initiation. Unilateral optogenetic inhibition or excitation of basal ganglia output via the substantia nigra resulted in opposite changes of directional lick choices and could override the sensory information on lick direction provided by a whisker stimulus. These results suggest that basal ganglia output gates activity in a thalamo-cortical feedback loop previously shown to underlie the control of forced choice directional licking behavior. The results substantiate models stating that tonic inhibition of motor thalamus from the basal ganglia directs action selection and suppresses unwanted movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrissette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waiblinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unilateral optogenetic inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia output show opposing effects on left/right lick choices and movement initiation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-adhesive alginate hydrogels support growth of pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) represent a powerful system to study human development and are promising candidates for clinical translation as drug-screening tools or engineered tissue. Experimental control and clinical use of HIOs is limited by growth in expensive and poorly defined tumor-cell-derived extracellular matrices, prompting investigation of synthetic ECM-mimetics for HIO culture. Since HIOs possess an inner epithelium and outer mesenchyme, we hypothesized that adhesive cues provided by the matrix may be dispensable for HIO culture. Here, we demonstrate that alginate, a minimally supportive hydrogel with no inherent cell adhesion properties, supports HIO growth in vitro and leads to HIO epithelial differentiation that is virtually indistinguishable from Matrigel-grown HIOs. Additionally, alginate-grown HIOs mature to a similar degree as Matrigel-grown HIOs when transplanted in vivo, both resembling human fetal intestine. This work demonstrates that purely mechanical support from a simple-to-use and inexpensive hydrogel is sufficient to promote HIO survival and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capeling, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerwinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-adhesive alginate hydrogels support growth of pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Basis of Arthropod Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundArthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth and play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems in part from variations on a conserved body plan, resulting from and recorded in adaptive changes in the genome. Dissection of the genomic record of sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods.nnResultsUsing 76 whole genome sequences representing 21 orders spanning more than 500 million years of arthropod evolution, we document changes in gene and protein domain content and provide temporal and phylogenetic context for interpreting these innovations. We identify many novel gene families that arose early in the evolution of arthropods and during the diversification of insects into modern orders. We reveal unexpected variation in patterns of DNA methylation across arthropods and examples of gene family and protein domain evolution coincident with the appearance of notable phenotypic and physiological adaptations such as flight, metamorphosis, sociality and chemoperception.nnConclusionsThese analyses demonstrate how large-scale comparative genomics can provide broad new insights into the genotype to phenotype map and generate testable hypotheses about the evolution of animal diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohmen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelchau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glastad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstead, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoub, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batterham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binford, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doddapaneni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R. B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodisman, M. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen-Rindal, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatakeyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hering, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaseelan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korhonen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, A. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misof,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Basis of Arthropod Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells phenotypically correct Mucopolysaccharidosis type I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal enzyme deficiencies comprise a large group of genetic disorders that generally lack effective treatments. A potential treatment approach is to engineer the patients own hematopoietic system to express high levels of the deficient enzyme, thereby correcting the biochemical defect and halting disease progression. Here, we present an efficient ex vivo genome editing approach using CRISPR/Cas9 that targets the lysosomal enzyme iduronidase to the CCR5 safe harbor locus in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The modified cells secrete supra-endogenous enzyme levels, maintain long-term repopulation and multi-lineage differentiation potential, and can correct biochemical and phenotypic abnormalities in an immunocompromised mouse model of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Our studies provide support for the development of human, genome-edited CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for the treatment of a multi-systemic lysosomal storage disorder. Our safe harbor approach constitutes a flexible platform for the expression of lysosomal enzymes, exemplifying a potential new paradigm for the treatment of these diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ospina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharenberg, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostrel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadros, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurelian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells phenotypically correct Mucopolysaccharidosis type I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of X-linked dosage compensation on complex trait variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative genetics theory predicts that X-chromosome dosage compensation between sexes will have a detectable effect on the amount of genetic and therefore phenotypic trait variances at associated loci in males and females. Here, we systematically examine the role of dosage compensation in complex trait variation in humans in 20 complex traits in a sample of more than 450,000 individuals from the UK Biobank and in 1,600 gene expression traits from a sample of 2,000 individuals as well as across-tissue gene expression from the GTEx resource. We find, on average, twice as much genetic variation for complex traits due to X-linked loci in males compared to females, consistent with a negligible effect of predicted escape from X-inactivation on complex trait variation across traits and also detect biologically relevant X-linked heterogeneity between the sexes for a number of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidorenko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metspalu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of X-linked dosage compensation on complex trait variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal evidence for LTP-based interference in visual learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Training related skills in close succession results in interference but the reasons for this interference are not understood. Here we test the hypothesis that interference occurs due to competition of long-term potentiation (LTP): the LTP induced by one task impedes the LTP induced by the other. Human subjects performed two consecutive training sessions on different Gabor orientations. Immediately after the offset of the first training, we applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to interfere with the LTP processes produced by the first training. We found that cTBS to a control site (vertex) resulted in substantial anterograde interference for the second training. Critically, cTBS to the visual cortex not only disrupted learning on the immediately preceding training, but also released the second training from the anterograde interference. These results provide strong support for the LTP-based theory of interference and suggest the possibility of directly manipulating the competition between different learning periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal evidence for LTP-based interference in visual learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connecting the Microenvironmental Niche to Treatment Response in Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all gynecologic cancers, which may be attributed to an often late stage diagnosis, when the cancer is already metastatic, and rapid development of treatment resistance. We propose that the metastatic disease could be better characterized by observing interactions within the microenvironmental niche of the primary site that shapes the tumors early phenotypic progression. We present a mechanistic mathematical model of ovarian cancer that considers spatial interactions between tumor cells and several key stromal components. We demonstrate how spatial biomarker imaging data from the primary tumor can be analyzed to define a patient-specific microenvironment in the mathematical model. We then show preliminary results, using this model, that demonstrate how differences in the niche composition of a tumor affects phenotypic evolution and treatment response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strobl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikarla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shockey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pooladvand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saputro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connecting the Microenvironmental Niche to Treatment Response in Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral evolution drives hindbrain diversification among Lake Malawi cichlid fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary diversification of animal behavior is often associated with changes in the structure and function of nervous systems. Such evolutionary changes arise either through alterations of individual neural components ("mosaically") or through scaling of the whole brain ("conceitedly"). Here we show that the evolution of a specific courtship behavior in Malawi cichlid fish, the construction of mating nests known as bowers, is associated with rapid, extensive, and specific diversification of orosensory, gustatory centers in the hindbrain. We find that hindbrain volume varies significantly between species that build pit (depression) compared to castle (mound) type bowers and that hindbrain features evolve rapidly and independently of phylogeny among castle-building species. Using immediate early gene expression, we confirmed a functional role for hindbrain structures during bower building. Comparisons of bower building species in neighboring Lake Tanganyika show patterns of neural diversification parallel to those in Lake Malawi. Our results suggest that mosaic brain evolution via alterations to individual brain structures is more extensive and predictable than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>York, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdilleh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral evolution drives hindbrain diversification among Lake Malawi cichlid fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Medical Genome Reference Bank: Whole genomes and phenotype of 2,570 healthy elderly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population health research is increasingly focused on the genetic determinants of healthy ageing, but there is no public resource of whole genome sequences and phenotype data from healthy elderly individuals. Here we describe the Medical Genome Reference Bank (MGRB), comprising whole genome sequence and phenotype of 2,570 elderly Australians depleted for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. We analysed the MGRB for single-nucleotide, indel and structural variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Individuals in the MGRB had fewer disease-associated common and rare germline variants, relative to both cancer cases and the gnomAD and UK BioBank cohorts, consistent with risk depletion. Pervasive age-related somatic changes were correlated with grip strength in men, suggesting blood-derived whole genomes may also provide a biologic measure of age-related functional deterioration. The MGRB provides a broadly applicable reference cohort for clinical genetics and genomic association studies, and for understanding the genetics of healthy ageing. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 17984.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacaze, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rath, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brion, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puttick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degrave, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navin Cristina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Kahl, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Statham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyllensten, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Medical Genome Reference Bank: Whole genomes and phenotype of 2,570 healthy elderly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cost of being stable: Trade-offs between effort and stability across a landscape of redundant motor solutions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current musculoskeletal modeling approaches cannot account for variability in muscle activation patterns seen across individuals, who may differ in motor experience, motor training, or neurological health. While musculoskeletal simulations typically select muscle activation patterns that minimize muscular effort, and generate unstable limb dynamics, a few studies have shown that maximum-effort solutions can improve limb stability. Although humans and animals likely adopt solutions between these two extremes, we lack principled methods to explore how effort and stability shape how muscle activation patterns differ across individuals. Here we characterized trade-offs between muscular effort and limb stability in selecting muscle activation patterns for an isometric force generation task in a musculoskeletal model of the cat hindlimb. We define effort as the sum of squared activation across all muscles, and limb stability by the maximum real part of the eigenvalues of the linearized musculoskeletal system dynamics, with more negative values being more stable. Surprisingly, stability increased rapidly with only small increases in effort from the minimum-effort solution, suggesting that very small amounts of muscle coactivation are beneficial for postural stability. Further, effort beyond 40% of the maximum possible effort did not confer further increases in stability. We also found multiple muscle activation patterns with equivalent effort and stability, which could underlie variability observed across individuals with similar motor ability. Trade-off between muscle effort and limb stability could underlie diversity in muscle activation patterns observed across individuals, disease, learning, and rehabilitation.nnAuthor summaryCurrent computational musculoskeletal models select muscle activation patterns that minimize the amount of muscle activity used to generate a movement, creating unstable limb dynamics. However, experimentally, muscle activation patterns with various level of co-activation are observed for performing the same task both within and across individuals that likely help to stabilize the limb. Here we show that a trade-off between muscular effort and limb stability across the wide range of possible muscle activation patterns for a motor task could explain the diversity of muscle activation patterns seen across individuals, disease, learning and rehabilitation. Increased muscle activity is necessary to stabilize the limb, but could also limit the ability to learn new muscle activation pattern, potentially providing a mechanism to explain individual-specific muscle coordination patterns in health and disease. Finally, we provide a straightforward method for improving the physiological relevance of muscle activation pattern and musculoskeletal stability in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohn, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/477083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cost of being stable: Trade-offs between effort and stability across a landscape of redundant motor solutions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/485805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Biology Research and Innovation Profile 2018: Publications and Patents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/485805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A profile of synthetic biology research and innovation is presented using data on publications and patents worldwide and for the UK and selected benchmark countries. The search approach used to identify synthetic biology publications identifies a core set of synthetic biology papers, extracts and refines keywords from these core records, searches for additional papers using those keywords, and supplements with articles published in dedicated synthetic biology journals and curated synthetic biology special collections. For the period from 2000 through to mid-July 2018, 11,369 synthetic biology publication records are identified worldwide. For patents, the search approach uses the same keywords as for publications then identifies further patents using a citation-tree search algorithm. The search covered patents by priority year from 2003 to early August 2018. Following geographical matching, 8,460 synthetic biology basic patent records were identified worldwide. Using this data, analyses of publications are presented which look at the growth of synthetic biology outputs, top countries and leading organizations, international co-authoring, leading subject categories, citations, synthetic biology on the map of science, and funding sponsorship. For patents, the analysis examines growth in patenting, national variations in publications compared with patenting, leading patent assignees, and the positioning of synthetic biology on a visualized map of patents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/485805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Biology Research and Innovation Profile 2018: Publications and Patents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of sperm competition: Natural variation and genetic determinants of Caenorhabditis elegans sperm size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sperm morphology is critical for sperm competition and thus for reproductive fitness. In the male-hermaphrodite nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sperm size is a key feature of sperm competitive ability. Yet despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms regulating C. elegans sperm size and the genetic basis underlying its natural variation remain unknown. Examining 97 genetically distinct C. elegans strains, we observe significant heritable variation in male sperm size but genome-wide association mapping did not yield any QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci). While we confirm larger male sperm to consistently outcompete smaller hermaphrodite sperm, we find natural variation in male sperm size to poorly predict male fertility and competitive ability. In addition, although hermaphrodite sperm size also shows significant natural variation, male and hermaphrodite sperm size do not correlate, implying a sex-specific genetic regulation of sperm size. To elucidate the molecular basis of intraspecific sperm size variation, we focused on recently diverged laboratory strains, which evolved extreme sperm size differences. Using mutants and quantitative complementation tests, we demonstrate that variation in the gene nurf-1 - previously shown to underlie the evolution of improved hermaphrodite reproduction - also explains the evolution of reduced male sperm size. This result illustrates how adaptive changes in C. elegans hermaphrodite function can cause the deterioration of a male-specific fitness trait due to a sexually antagonistic variant, representing an example of intralocus sexual conflict with resolution at the molecular level. Our results further provide first insights into the genetic determinants of C. elegans sperm size, pointing at an involvement of the NURF chromatin remodelling complex.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=166 SRC="FIGDIR/small/501486v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (166K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ff917org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a5e4corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@250996org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1989580_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gimond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vielle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Soares, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braendle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of sperm competition: Natural variation and genetic determinants of Caenorhabditis elegans sperm size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal-posterior coupling mediates emotion transitions and their influence on executive function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although emotions often result from dynamic experiences with self-regulation unfolding over time, most research has focused on responses to affective stimuli from a rather static perspective. We studied and analyzed emotion transitions, attempting to reveal brain functions related to affect dynamics. EEG responses were examined during exposure to stable versus changing emotion-eliciting images (static vs dynamic conditions) plus their impact on executive function (EF) assessed with the flanker task. During dynamic conditions, reduced prefrontal to posterior EEG coherence in the beta frequency band and greater left frontal activity occurred compared to the static conditions. Among individuals suffering higher chronic stress, subsequent EF was hindered after dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the adverse effects of emotion transitions on EF for more chronically stressed individuals were mediated by prefrontal-posterior coherence in low beta frequency band during emotional image sequences. Emotion appears to influence EF through changes in large-scale synchronization. Individuals high in chronic stress are vulnerable to these effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/518860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal-posterior coupling mediates emotion transitions and their influence on executive function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional alleles lost in the human out of Africa bottleneck 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neanderthal ancestry remains across modern Eurasian genomes, and introgressed sequences influence diverse phenotypes, including immune, skin, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Interpretation of introgressed sequences has focused on alleles derived in the Neanderthal lineage. Here, we demonstrate that Neanderthal introgression also reintroduced thousands of ancestral hominin alleles lost in the Eurasian out of Africa bottleneck. Combining evolutionary simulations, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) data, and in vitro validation, we show that reintroduced alleles (RAs) have different fitness effects than Neanderthal-derived alleles (NDAs) and that some RAs regulate gene expression independent of NDAs. Illustrating the broad potential influence of RAs, we find that over 70% of known phenotype associations with NDAs are equally associated with RAs. Finally, we discover enrichment for RA eQTL activity in several tissues, with strongest enrichment in the brain. In summary, our study reveals that Neanderthal introgression supplied Eurasians with many lost functional variants and demonstrates that RAs must be considered when evaluating the effects of introgression.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYNeanderthal interbreeding with modern humans restored to Eurasians, hundreds of thousands of ancient alleles that were lost in the out of Africa bottleneck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional alleles lost in the human out of Africa bottleneck]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGC-1α overexpression partially rescues impaired oxidative and contractile pathophysiology following volumetric muscle loss injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury is characterized by a non-recoverable loss of muscle fibers due to ablative surgery or severe orthopaedic trauma, that results in chronic functional impairments of the soft tissue. Currently, the effects of VML on the oxidative capacity and adaptability of the remaining injured muscle are unclear. A better understanding of this pathophysiology could significantly shape how VML-injured patients and clinicians approach regenerative medicine and rehabilitation following injury. Herein, the data indicated that VML-injured muscle has diminished mitochondrial content and function (i.e. oxidative capacity), loss of mitochondrial network organization, and attenuated oxidative adaptations to exercise. However, forced PGC-1 over-expression rescued the deficits in oxidative capacity and muscle strength. This implicates physiological activation of PGC1- as a limiting factor in VML-injured muscle adaptive capacity and provides a mechanistic target for regenerative rehabilitation approaches to address the skeletal muscle dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Southern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichenko, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tehrani, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGranahan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qualls, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldberg, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greising, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/535328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGC-1α overexpression partially rescues impaired oxidative and contractile pathophysiology following volumetric muscle loss injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific epigenetic links to schizophrenia risk in brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of cell-type specific epigenetic variation of non-coding regions in neuropsychiatric disorders is increasingly appreciated, yet data from disease brains are conspicuously lacking. We generated cell-type specific whole-genome methylomes (N=95) and transcriptomes (N=89) from neurons and oligodendrocytes from brains of schizophrenia and matched controls. The methylomes of these two cell-types are highly distinct, with the majority of differential DNA methylation occurring in non-coding regions. DNA methylation difference between control and schizophrenia brains is subtle compared to cell-type difference, yet robust against permuted data and validated in targeted deep-sequencing analyses. Differential DNA methylation between control and schizophrenia tends to occur in cell-type differentially methylated sites, highlighting the significance of cell-type specific epigenetic dysregulation in a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. Our resource provides novel and comprehensive methylome and transcriptome data from distinct cell populations from schizophrenia brains, further revealing reduced cell-type epigenetic distinction in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendizabal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriumi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific epigenetic links to schizophrenia risk in brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit results in the creation of two genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes can encode multiple isoforms, broadening their functions and providing a molecular substrate to evolve phenotypic diversity. Evolution of isoform function is a potential route to adapt to new environments. Here we show that de novo, beneficial alleles in the nurf-1 gene fixed in two laboratory strains of C. elegans after isolation from the wild in 1951, before methods of cryopreservation were developed. nurf-1 encodes an ortholog of BPTF, a large (>300kD) multidomain subunit of the NURF chromatin remodeling complex. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and transgenic rescue, we demonstrate that in C. elegans, nurf-1 has split into two, largely non-overlapping isoforms (NURF-1.B and NURF-1.D, which we call Yin and Yang) that share only two of 26 exons. Both isoforms are essential for normal gametogenesis but have opposite effects on male/female gamete differentiation. Reproduction in hermaphrodites, which involves production of both sperm and oocytes, requires a balance of these opposing Yin and Yang isoforms. Transgenic rescue and genetic position of the fixed mutations suggest that different isoforms are modified in each laboratory strain. In a related clade of Caenorhabditis nematodes, the shared exons have duplicated, resulting in the split of the Yin and Yang isoforms into separate genes, each containing approximately 200 amino acids of duplicated sequence that has undergone accelerated protein evolution following the duplication. Associated with this duplication event is the loss of two additional nurf-1 transcripts, including the long-form transcript and a newly identified, highly expressed transcript encoded by the duplicated exons. We propose these lost transcripts are non-functional biproducts necessary to transcribe the Yin and Yang transcripts in the same cells. Our work suggests that evolution of nurf-1 isoforms in nematodes creates adaptive conflict that can be resolved by the creation of new, independent genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/616995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit results in the creation of two genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hygiene Hampers Competitive Release Of Resistant Bacteria In The Commensal Microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWGood hygiene, in both health care and the community, is central to containing the rise of antibiotic resistance, as well as to infection control more generally. But despite the well-known importance, the ecological mechanisms by which hygiene affects resistance evolution remain obscure. Using metacommunity ecology theory, we here propose that hygiene attenuates the effect of antibiotic selection pressure. Specifically, we predict that hygiene limits the scope for antibiotics to induce competitive release of resistant bacteria within treated hosts, and that this is due to a modulating effect of hygiene on the distribution of resistant and sensitive strains in the host population. We show this in a mathematical model of bacterial metacommunity dynamics, and test the results against data on antibiotic resistance, antibiotic treatment, and the use of alcohol-based hand rub in long-term care facilities. Our results underscore the importance of hygiene, and point to a concrete way to weaken the link between antibiotic use and increasing resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aspenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maad Sasane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollein Waldetoft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hygiene Hampers Competitive Release Of Resistant Bacteria In The Commensal Microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical Impacts of the Microbiome Across Scales Reveal Novel Conjugated Bile Acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A mosaic of cross-phyla chemical interactions occurs between all metazoans and their microbiomes. In humans, the gut harbors the heaviest microbial load, but many organs, particularly those with a mucosal surface, associate with highly adapted and evolved microbial consortia1. The microbial residents within these organ systems are increasingly well characterized, yielding a good understanding of human microbiome composition, but we have yet to elucidate the full chemical impact the microbiome exerts on an animal and the breadth of the chemical diversity it contributes2. A number of molecular families are known to be shaped by the microbiome including short-chain fatty acids, indoles, aromatic amino acid metabolites, complex polysaccharides, and host lipids; such as sphingolipids and bile acids3-11. These metabolites profoundly affect host physiology and are being explored for their roles in both health and disease. Considering the diversity of the human microbiome, numbering over 40,000 operational taxonomic units12, a plethora of molecular diversity remains to be discovered. Here, we use unique mass spectrometry informatics approaches and data mapping onto a murine 3D-model13-15 to provide an untargeted assessment of the chemical diversity between germ-free (GF) and colonized mice (specific-pathogen free, SPF), and report the finding of novel bile acids produced by the microbiome in both mice and humans that have evaded characterization despite 170 years of research on bile acid chemistry16.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patras, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandborn, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmierczak, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical Impacts of the Microbiome Across Scales Reveal Novel Conjugated Bile Acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially and temporally varying patterns of morphogen signals during development drive cell fate specification at the proper location and time. However, current in vitro methods typically do not allow for precise, dynamic, spatiotemporal control of morphogen signaling and are thus insufficient to readily study how morphogen dynamics impact cell behavior. Here we show that optogenetic Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway activation can be controlled at user-defined intensities, temporal sequences, and spatial patterns using novel engineered illumination devices for optogenetic photostimulation and light activation at variable amplitudes (LAVA). The optical design of LAVA devices was optimized for uniform illumination of multi-well cell culture plates to enable high-throughput, spatiotemporal optogenetic activation of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. Using the LAVA devices, variation in light intensity induced a dose-dependent response in optoWnt activation and downstream Brachyury expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Furthermore, time-varying and spatially localized patterns of light revealed tissue patterning that models embryonic presentation of Wnt signals in vitro. The engineered LAVA devices thus provide a low-cost, user-friendly method for high-throughput and spatiotemporal optogenetic control of cell signaling for applications in developmental and cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClave, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor cell-organized fibronectin is required to maintain a dormant breast cancer population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors can undergo long periods of dormancy, with cancer cells entering a largely quiescent, non-proliferative state before reactivation and outgrowth. For a patient, these post-remission tumors are often drug resistant and highly aggressive, resulting in poor prognosis. To understand the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating tumor dormancy, we created an in vitro cell culture system that combines carefully controlled ECM substrates with nutrient deprivation to observe entrance into and exit from dormancy with live imaging. We saw that cell populations capable of surviving entrance into long-term dormancy were heterogeneous, containing quiescent, cell cycle arrested, and actively proliferating cells. Cell populations that endured extended periods of serum-deprivation-induced dormancy formed an organized, fibrillar fibronectin matrix via v{beta}3 and 5{beta}1 integrin adhesion, ROCK-generated tension, and TGF{beta}2 stimulation. We surmised that the fibronectin matrix was primarily a mediator of cell survival, not proliferation, during the serum-deprivation stress, bacause cancer cell outgrowth after dormancy required MMP-2-mediated fibronectin degradation. Given the difficulty of animal models in observing entrance and exit from dormancy in real-time, we propose this approach as a new, in vitro method to study factors important in regulating dormancy, and we used it here to elucidate a role for fibronectin deposition and MMP activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparages, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galarza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercurio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor cell-organized fibronectin is required to maintain a dormant breast cancer population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A custom genotyping array reveals population-level heterogeneity for the genetic risks of prostate cancer and other cancers in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for African men, the vast majority of known disease associations have been detected in European study cohorts. Furthermore, most genome-wide association studies have used genotyping arrays that are hindered by SNP ascertainment bias. To overcome these disparities in genomic medicine, the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Network has developed a genotyping array that is optimized for African populations. The MADCaP Array contains more than 1.5 million markers and an imputation backbone that successfully tags over 94% of common genetic variants in African populations. This array also has a high density of markers in genomic regions associated with cancer susceptibility, including 8q24. We assessed the effectiveness of the MADCaP Array by genotyping 399 prostate cancer cases and 403 controls from seven urban study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. We find that samples from Ghana and Nigeria cluster together, while samples from Senegal and South Africa yield distinct ancestry clusters. Using the MADCaP array, we identified cancer-associated loci that have large allele frequency differences across African populations. Polygenic risk scores were also generated for each genome in the MADCaP pilot dataset, and we found that predicted risks of CaP are lower in Senegal and higher in Nigeria.nnSignificanceWe have developed an Africa-specific genotyping array which enables investigators to identify novel disease associations and to fine-map genetic loci that are associated with prostate and other cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harlemon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachambwa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiver, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsing, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baichoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalloh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueye, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyper, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, A. O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebiyi, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orunmuyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwegbu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irusen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugut, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seutloali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadipe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woehrmann, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongaco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawhinney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebbeck, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A custom genotyping array reveals population-level heterogeneity for the genetic risks of prostate cancer and other cancers in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of group-specific nosZ quantification method targeting active nitrous oxide reducing population in complex environmental samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substantial N2O emission results from activated sludge nitrogen removal processes. The importance of N2O-reducers possessing NosZ-type N2O reductases have been recognized as the only N2O sink in situ key to determination of the net N2O emissions; however, reliable quantification methods for nosZ genes and transcripts have yet to be developed. Here, nosZ genes and transcripts in activated sludge tank microbiomes were analyzed with the group-specific qPCR assays designed de novo combining culture-based and computational approach. A sewage sample was enriched in a batch reactor fed continuous stream of N2 containing 20-10,000 ppmv N2O, where 14 genera of potential N2O-reducers were identified. All available amino acid sequences of NosZ affiliated to these taxa were grouped into five subgroups (two clade I and three clade II groups), and primer/probe sets exclusively and comprehensively targeting the subgroups were designed and validated with in silico PCR. Four distinct activated sludge samples from three different wastewater treatment plants in Korea were analyzed with the qPCR assays and the results were validated by comparison with the shotgun metagenome analysis results. With the validated qPCR assays, the nosZ genes and transcripts of six additional activated sludge samples were analyzed and the results of the analyses clearly indicated the dominance of two clade II nosZ subgroups (Flavobacterium-like and Dechloromonas-like) among both nosZ gene and transcript pools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/710483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of group-specific nosZ quantification method targeting active nitrous oxide reducing population in complex environmental samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Darwinian properties and their trade-offs in autocatalytic RNA networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovering autocatalytic chemistries that can evolve is a major goal in systems chemistry and a critical step towards understanding the origin of life. Autocatalytic networks have been discovered in various chemistries, but we lack a general understanding of how network topology controls the Darwinian properties of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, which are mediated by the chemical composition. Using barcoded sequencing and droplet microfluidics, we establish a landscape of thousands of networks of RNAs that catalyze their own formation from fragments, and derive relationships between network topology and chemical composition. We find that strong variations arise from catalytic innovations perturbing weakly connected networks, and that reproduction increases with global connectivity. These rules imply trade-offs between reproduction and variation, and between compositional persistence and variation along trajectories of network complexification. Overall, connectivity in reaction networks provides a lever to balance variation (to explore chemical states) with reproduction and heredity (persistence being necessary for selection to act), as required for chemical evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ameta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudemont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nghe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Darwinian properties and their trade-offs in autocatalytic RNA networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering recombination between diverged yeast species reveals genetic incompatibilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major cause of the sterility of F1 hybrids formed between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus is anti-recombination. The failure of homologous chromosomes from the different species to recombine causes them to mis-segregate, resulting in aneuploid gametes, most of which are inviable. These effects of anti-recombination have previously impeded the search for other forms of incompatibility, such as negative genetic interactions (Bateson-Dobzhoansky-Muller incompatibilities). By suppressing the meiotic expression of MSH2 and SGS1, we could increase recombination and improve hybrid fertility seventy-fold. This allowed us to recover meiotic tetrads in which all four gametes were viable, ensuring that segregation had occurred properly to produce perfectly haploid, not aneuploid, recombinant hybrid gametes. We sequenced the genomes of 84 such tetrads, and discovered that some combinations of alleles from different species were significantly under-represented, indicating that there are incompatible genes contributing to reproductive isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ono, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakoc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering recombination between diverged yeast species reveals genetic incompatibilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Satellite Imaging of Global Urbanicity relate to Adolescent Brain Development and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urbanicity, the impact of living in urban areas, is among the greatest environmental challenges for mental health. While urbanicity might be distinct in different sociocultural conditions and geographic locations, there are likely to exist common features shared in different areas of the globe. Understanding these common and specific relations of urbanicity with human brain and behavior will enable to assess the impact of urbanicity on mental disorders, especially in childhood and adolescence, where prevention and early interventions are likely to be most effective.nnWe constructed from satellite-based remote sensing data a factor for urbanicity that was highly correlated with population density ground data. This factor,  UrbanSat was utilized in the Chinese CHIMGEN sample (N=831) and the longitudinal European IMAGEN cohort (N=810) to investigate if exposure to urbanicity during childhood and adolescence is associated with differences in brain structure and function in young adults, and if these changes are linked to behavior.nnUrbanicity was found negatively correlated with medial prefrontal cortex volume and positively correlated with cerebellar vermis volume in young adults from both China and Europe. We found an increased correlation of urbanicity with functional network connectivity within- and between- brain networks in Chinese compared to European participants. Urbanicity was highly correlated with a measure of perceiving a situation from the perspective of others, as well as symptoms of depression in both datasets. These correlations were mediated by the structural and functional brain changes observed. Susceptibility to urbanicity was greatest in two developmental windows during mid-childhood and adolescence.nnUsing innovative technology, we were able to probe the relationship between urban upbringing with brain change and behavior in different sociocultural conditions and geographic locations. Our findings help to identify shared and distinct determinants of adolescent brain development and mental health in different regions of the world, thus contributing to targeted prevention and early-intervention programs for young people in their unique environment. Our approach may be relevant for public health, policy and urban planning globally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokde, A. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfanos, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poustka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Satellite Imaging of Global Urbanicity relate to Adolescent Brain Development and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Endocardial Defect in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is one of the most challenging forms of congenital heart diseases. Previous studies were mainly focused on intrinsic defects in myocardium. However, this does not sufficiently explain the abnormal development of the cardiac valve, septum, and vasculature, known to originate from the endocardium. Here, using single-cell RNA profiling, induced pluripotent stem cells, and human fetal heart tissue with an underdeveloped left ventricle, we identified a developmentally impaired endocardial population in HLHS. The intrinsic endocardial deficits contributed to abnormal endothelial to mesenchymal transition, NOTCH signaling, and extracellular matrix organization, all of which are key factors in valve formation. Consequently, endocardial abnormalities conferred reduced proliferation and maturation of cardiomyocytes through a disrupted fibronectin-integrin interaction. Several recently described HLHS de novo mutations were associated with abnormal endocardial gene and FN1 regulation and expression. Our studies provide a rationale for considering endocardial function in future regenerative strategies for HLHS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galdos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moonen, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mital, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitayat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Endocardial Defect in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related Structural and Functional Variations in 5967 Individuals across the Adult Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploring brain changes across the human lifespan is becoming an important topic in neuroscience. Though there are multiple studies which investigated the relationship between age and brain imaging data, the results are heterogeneous due to small sample sizes and relatively narrow age ranges. Here, based on year-wise estimation of 5967 subjects from 13 to 72 years old, we aimed to provide a more precise description of adult lifespan variation trajectories of gray matter volume (GMV), structural network correlation (SNC) and functional network connectivity (FNC) using independent component analysis and multivariate linear regression model. Our results revealed the following relationships: 1)GMV linearly declined with age in most regions, while parahippocampus showed an inverted U-shape quadratic relationship with age; SNC presented a U-shape quadratic relationship with age within cerebellum, and inverted U-shape relationship primarily in the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal (FP) related correlation. 2) FNC tended to linearly decrease within resting-state networks (RSNs), especially in visual network and DMN. Early increase was revealed between RSNs, primarily in FP and DMN, which experienced decrease at older ages. U-shape relationship was also revealed to compensate for the cognition deficit in attention and subcortical related connectivity at late years. 3) The link between middle occipital gyrus and insula, as well as precuneus and cerebellum, exhibited similar changing trends between SNC and FNC across the adult lifespan. Collectively, these results highlight the benefit of lifespan study and provide a precise description of age-related regional variation and SNC/FNC changes based on a large dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related Structural and Functional Variations in 5967 Individuals across the Adult Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Synthetic Biology Approach to Sequential Stripe Patterning and Somitogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reaction-diffusion (RD) based clock and wavefront model has long been proposed as the mechanism underlying biological pattern formation of repeated and segmented structures including somitogenesis. However, systematic molecular level understanding of the mechanism remains elusive, largely due to the lack of suitable experimental systems to probe RD quantitatively in vivo. Here we design a synthetic gene circuit that couples gene expression regulation (reaction) with quorum sensing (diffusion) to guide bacterial cells self-organizing into stripe patterns at both microscopic and colony scales. An experimentally verified mathematical model confirms that these periodic spatial structures are emerged from the integration of oscillatory gene expression as the molecular clock and the outward expanding diffusions as the propagating wavefront. Furthermore, our paired model-experiment data illustrate that the RD-based patterning is sensitive to initial conditions and can be modulated by external inducers to generate diverse patterns, including multiple-stripe pattern, target-like pattern and ring patterns with reversed fluorescence. Powered by our synthetic biology setup, we also test different topologies of gene networks and show that network motifs enabling robust oscillations are foundations of sequential stripe pattern formation. These results verified close connections between gene network topology and resulting RD driven pattern formation, offering an engineering approach to help understand biological development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnmacht, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Synthetic Biology Approach to Sequential Stripe Patterning and Somitogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WormCat: an online tool for annotation and visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans genome-scale data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of large gene expression datasets has revealed the need for improved tools to identify enriched gene categories and visualize enrichment patterns. While Gene Ontogeny (GO) provides a valuable tool for gene set enrichment analysis, it has several limitations. First, it is difficult to graphically compare multiple GO analyses. Second, genes from some model systems are not well represented. For example, around 30% of Caenorhabditis elegans genes are missing from analysis in commonly used databases. To allow categorization and visualization of enriched C. elegans gene sets in different types of genome-scale data, we developed WormCat, a web-based tool that uses a near-complete annotation of the C. elegans genome to identify co-expressed gene sets and scaled heat map for enrichment visualization. We tested the performance of WormCat using a variety of published transcriptomic datasets and show that it reproduces major categories identified by GO. Importantly, we also found previously unidentified categories that are informative for interpreting phenotypes or predicting biological function. For example, we analyzed published RNA-seq data from C. elegans treated with combinations of lifespan-extending drugs where one combination paradoxically shortened lifespan. Using WormCat, we identified sterol metabolism as a category that was not enriched in the single or double combinations but emerged in a triple combination along with the lifespan shortening. Thus, WormCat identified a gene set with potential phenotypic relevance that was not uncovered with previous GO analysis. In conclusion, WormCat provides a powerful tool for the analysis and visualization of gene set enrichment in different types of C. elegans datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holdorf, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boag, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WormCat: an online tool for annotation and visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans genome-scale data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse muscle spindle firing properties emerge from multiscale muscle mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDespite decades of research, we lack a mechanistic framework capable of predicting how movement-related signals are transformed into the diversity of muscle spindle afferent firing patterns observed experimentally, particularly in naturalistic behaviors. Here, a biophysical model demonstrates that well-known firing characteristics of muscle spindle Ia afferents - including dependence on movement history, and nonlinear scaling with muscle stretch velocity - emerge from first principles of muscle contractile mechanics. Further, mechanical interactions of the muscle spindle with muscle-tendon dynamics reveal how motor commands to the muscle (alpha drive) versus muscle spindle (gamma drive) can cause highly variable and complex activity during active muscle contraction and muscle stretch that defy simple explanation. Depending on the neuromechanical conditions, the muscle spindle model output appears to "encode" aspects of muscle force, yank, length, stiffness, velocity, and/or acceleration, providing an extendable, multiscale, biophysical framework for understanding and predicting proprioceptive sensory signals in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horslen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housley, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse muscle spindle firing properties emerge from multiscale muscle mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Brain Alterations and Their Association with Cognitive Function and Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gray matter disruptions have been found consistently in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The organization of these alterations into brain structural networks remains largely unexplored. We investigated 508 participants (281 males) with ADHD (N = 210), their unaffected siblings (N = 108), individuals with subthreshold ADHD (N = 49), and unrelated healthy controls (N = 141) with an age range from 7 - 18 years old from 336 families in the Dutch NeuroIMAGE project. Source based morphometry was used to examine structural brain network alterations and their association with symptoms and cognitive performance. Two networks showed significant reductions in individuals with ADHD compared to unrelated healthy controls after False Discovery Rate correction. Component A, mainly located in bilateral Crus I, showed a case/control difference with sub-clinical cases being intermediate between cases and controls. The unaffected siblings were similar to controls. After correcting for IQ and medication status, component A showed a negative correlation with inattention symptoms across the entire sample. Component B included a maximum cluster in the bilateral insula, where unaffected siblings, similar to cases, showed significantly reduced loadings compared to controls; but no relationship with individual symptoms or cognitive measures was found for component B. This multivariate approach suggests that areas reflecting genetic liability within ADHD are partly separate from those areas modulating symptom severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oosterlaan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslenfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Brain Alterations and Their Association with Cognitive Function and Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FUNCTIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY (FNC)-BASED GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK (GAN) AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN MENTAL DISORDERS DIAGNOSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional network connectivity (FNC) obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data have been commonly used to study mental disorders in neuroimaging applications. Likewise, generative adversarial networks (GANs) have performed well in multiple classification benchmark tasks. However, the application of GANs to fMRI is relatively rare. In this work, we proposed an FNC-based GAN for classifying brain disorders from healthy controls (HCs), in which FNC matrices were calculated by correlation of time courses derived from non-artefactual fMRI independent components (ICs). The proposed GAN model consisted of one discriminator (real FNCs) and one generator (fake FNCs), each has four fully-connected layers, and feature matching was implemented between each other to improve classification performance. An average accuracy of 70.1% with 10-fold cross-validation was achieved for classifying 269 major depressive disorder (MDD) patients from 286 HCs, at least 5.9% higher compared to other 6 popular classification approaches (54.5-64.2%). In another application to discriminating between 558 schizophrenia patients and 542 HCs from 7 sites, the proposed GAN model achieved 80.7% accuracy in leave-one-site-out prediction, outperforming support vector machine (SVM) and deep neural net (DNN) by 3-6%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply GAN model based on fMRI data for mental disorder classification. Such a framework promises wide utility and great potential in neuroimaging biomarker identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vince, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FUNCTIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY (FNC)-BASED GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK (GAN) AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN MENTAL DISORDERS DIAGNOSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Riboflow: using deep learning to classify riboswitches with ~99% accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches are cis-regulatory genetic elements that use an aptamer to control gene expression. Specificity to cognate ligand and diversity of such ligands have expanded the functional repetoire of riboswitches to mediate mounting apt responses to sudden metabolic demands and signal changes in environmental conditions. Given their critical role in microbial life, and novel uses in synthetic biology, riboswitch characterisation remains a challenging computational problem. Here we have addressed the issue with advanced deep learning frameworks, namely convolutional neural networks (CNN), and bidirectional recurrent neural networks (RNN) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Using a comprehensive dataset of 32 ligand classes and a stratified train-validate-test approach, we demonstrated the superior performance of both the deep models (CNN and RNN) relative to other conventional machine learning classifiers on all key performance metrics, including the ROC curve analysis. In particular, the bidirectional LSTM RNN emerged as the best-performing learning method for identifying the ligand-specificity of riboswitches with an accuracy > 0.99 and macro-averaged F-score of 0.96. A dynamic update functionality is inbuilt to account for the discovery of new riboswitches and extend the predictive modelling to any number of new additional classes. Our work would be valuable in the design and assembly of genetic circuits and the development of the next generation of antibiotics. The software is freely available as a Python package and standalone resource for wide use in genome annotation and biotechnology workflows.

AvailabilityPyPi package: riboflow @ https://pypi.org/project/riboflow

Repository with Standalone suite of tools: https://github.com/RiboswitchClassifier

Language: Python 3.6 with numpy, keras, and tensorflow libraries.

Licence: MIT
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Premkumar, K. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharanikumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniappan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Riboflow: using deep learning to classify riboswitches with ~99% accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rising daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium across a hospital system occurred via rampant recurrent evolution and occasional transmission between patients. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of antibiotic resistance in a population involves two distinct processes: the origin of resistance and its spread. Here we study the contribution of both processes to the increase in daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium in a hospital system. This case-control genomic study includes whole-genome sequencing of 82 isolates obtained from 24 case patients with clinically determined daptomycin-resistance and 24 controls. Among the case patients, the first isolate was resistant in 15 patients (R patients) while in the remaining nine the first isolate was susceptible but was followed by one or more resistant isolates (SR patients). Mutations in a set of candidate daptomycin resistance genes were compared within and between all patients. Additionally, among closely related isolates, mutations were identified across the entire assembled genome. Daptomycin resistance evolved separately multiple times and there was no phylogenetic clustering of the R or the SR groups. Six of the nine SR pairs gained mutations in previously identified candidate loci for daptomycin resistance, with the major cardiolipin synthase (clsA) being mutated most frequently. The hospital-wide increases in daptomycin resistance in E. faecium was the result of recurrent evolution taking multiple evolutionary pathways and occasional transmission of resistant isolates between patients.

ImportanceAntimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings presents an important challenge, because infections with resistant organisms are associated with higher cost, longer hospital stays and worse outcomes for patients. However, it can be difficult to identify the factors driving the increase in resistance, specifically the relative contribution of resistance arising anew through mutation versus the transmission of resistant organisms from patient to patient. We study a hospital where resistance to daptomycin was increasing among Enterococcus faecium, an important hospital pathogen. We find the increase in resistance was the results of resistance arising many times independently. We also identify occasional transmission of daptomycin resistant organisms. Thus, control of daptomycin resistance in E. faecium may require interventions that both slow the emergence of resistance within patients and slow its spread. This work sheds light on the complex population dynamics leading to antibiotic resistance in hospitals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woods, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstchen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnear, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKaig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rising daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium across a hospital system occurred via rampant recurrent evolution and occasional transmission between patients.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native-state proteomics of Parvalbumin interneurons identifies novel molecular signatures and metabolic vulnerabilities to early Alzheimer's disease pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the earliest pathophysiological perturbations in Alzheimers Disease (AD) may arise from dysfunction of fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons (PV-INs). Defining early protein-level (proteomic) alterations in PV-INs can provide key biological and translationally relevant insights. Here, we use cell-type-specific in vivo biotinylation of proteins (CIBOP) coupled with mass spectrometry to obtain native-state proteomes of PV interneurons. PV-INs exhibited proteomic signatures of high metabolic, mitochondrial, and translational activity, with over-representation of causally linked AD genetic risk factors. Analyses of bulk brain proteomes indicated strong correlations between PV-IN proteins with cognitive decline in humans, and with progressive neuropathology in humans and mouse models of A{beta} pathology. Furthermore, PV-IN-specific proteomes revealed unique signatures of increased mitochondrial and metabolic proteins, but decreased synaptic and mTOR signaling proteins in response to early A{beta} pathology. PV-specific changes were not apparent in whole-brain proteomes. These findings showcase the first native state PV-IN proteomes in mammalian brain, revealing a molecular basis for their unique vulnerabilities in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettemoeller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malepati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native-state proteomics of Parvalbumin interneurons identifies novel molecular signatures and metabolic vulnerabilities to early Alzheimer's disease pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1 is a dosage-dependent regulator of metabolic reprogramming and morphogenesis in the developing heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The developing mammalian heart undergoes an important metabolic shift from glycolysis toward mitochondrial oxidation, such that oxidative phosphorylation defects may present with cardiac abnormalities. Here, we describe a new mechanistic link between mitochondria and cardiac morphogenesis, uncovered by studying mice with systemic loss of the mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1. Slc25a1 null embryos displayed impaired growth, cardiac malformations, and aberrant mitochondrial function. Importantly, Slc25a1 heterozygous embryos, which are overtly indistinguishable from wild type, exhibited an increased frequency of these defects, suggesting Slc25a1 haploinsuffiency and dose-dependent effects. Supporting clinical relevance, we found a near-significant association between ultrarare human pathogenic SLC25A1 variants and pediatric congenital heart disease. Mechanistically, SLC25A1 may link mitochondria to transcriptional regulation of metabolism through epigenetic control of gene expression to promote metabolic remodeling in the developing heart. Collectively, this work positions SLC25A1 as a novel mitochondrial regulator of ventricular morphogenesis and cardiac metabolic maturation and suggests a role in congenital heart disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohanele, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peoples, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlstaedt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1 is a dosage-dependent regulator of metabolic reprogramming and morphogenesis in the developing heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid plug propagation in computer-controlled microfluidic airway-on-a-chip with semi-circular microchannels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper introduces a two-inlet, one-outlet lung-on-a-chip device with semi-circular cross-section microchannels and computer-controlled fluidic switching that enables a broader systematic investigation of liquid plug dynamics in a manner relevant to the distal airways. A leak-proof bonding protocol for micro-milled devices facilitates channel bonding and culture of confluent primary small airway epithelial cells. Production of liquid plugs with computer-controlled inlet channel valving and just one outlet allows more stable long-term plug generation and propagation compared to previous designs. The system also captures both plug speed and length as well as pressure drop concurrently. In one demonstration, the system reproducibly generates surfactant-containing liquid plugs, a challenging process due to lower surface tension that makes the plug formation less stable. The addition of surfactant decreases the pressure required to initiate plug propagation, a potentially significant effect in diseases where surfactant in the airways is absent or dysfunctional. Next, the device recapitulates the effect of increasing fluid viscosity, a challenging analysis due to higher resistance of viscous fluids that makes plug formation and propagation more difficult particularly in airway-relevant length scales. Experimental results show that increased fluid viscosity decreases plug propagation speed for a given air flow rate. These findings are supplemented by computational modeling of viscous plug propagation that demonstrate increased plug propagation time, increased maximum wall shear stress, and greater pressure differentials in more viscous conditions of plug propagation. These results match physiology as mucus viscosity is increased in various obstructive lung diseases where it is known that respiratory mechanics can be compromised due to mucus plugging of the distal airways. Finally, experiments evaluate the effect of channel geometry on primary human small airway epithelial cell injury in this lung-on-a-chip. There is more injury in the middle of the channel relative to the edges highlighting the role of channel shape, a physiologically relevant parameter as airway cross-sectional geometry can also be non-circular. In sum, this paper describes a system that pushes the device limits with regards to the types of liquid plugs that can be stably generated for studies of distal airway fluid mechanical injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viola, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorente, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murayama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid plug propagation in computer-controlled microfluidic airway-on-a-chip with semi-circular microchannels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low oscillatory shear stress regulates Weibel-Palade body size and vWF release. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood flow regulates vascular function by generating wall shear stress which impacts endothelial cell (EC) physiology. Whilst high laminar shear stress (HSS) maintains the functional integrity of the vasculature, low oscillatory shear stress (LOSS) evokes secretion of pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory components from ECs, thus promoting the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory cargo are readily stored in endothelial-specific organelles termed Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). WPBs form purely due to the multimerization of the pro-thrombotic glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (vWF). Here we investigated if aberrant shear stress, induced by non-uniform oscillatory flow, modulates the biogenesis of WPBs, and the subsequent release of vWF. Ultimately, we demonstrate, using an in vitro model, that LOSS has no effect on the level of vWF expression, however, LOSS promotes endothelial thrombotic potential by increasing WPB size, which impacts the length of the vWF strings that are released upon stimulation. Thus, wall shear stress can confer functional plasticity to WPBs by manipulating their biogenesis. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms could aid generation of novel therapeutics in CVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Money, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beech, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low oscillatory shear stress regulates Weibel-Palade body size and vWF release.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Explainable and Robust Deep Learning Approach for Automated Electroencephalography-based Schizophrenia Diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects millions globally. Current diagnosis of SZ is symptom-based, which poses difficulty due to the variability of symptoms across patients. To this end, many recent studies have developed deep learning methods for automated diagnosis of SZ, especially using raw EEG, which provides high temporal precision. For such methods to be productionized, they must be both explainable and robust. Explainable models are essential to identify biomarkers of SZ, and robust models are critical to learn generalizable patterns, especially amidst changes in the implementation environment. One common example is channel loss during EEG recording, which could be detrimental to classifier performance. In this study, we developed a novel channel dropout (CD) approach to increase the robustness of explainable deep learning models trained on EEG data for SZ diagnosis to channel loss. We developed a baseline convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture and implement our approach as a CD layer added to the baseline (CNN-CD). We then applied two explainability approaches to both models for insight into learned spatial and spectral features and show that the application of CD decreases model sensitivity to channel loss. The CNN and CNN-CD achieved accuracies of 81.9% and 80.9% on testing data, respectively. Furthermore, our models heavily prioritized the parietal electrodes and the -band, which is supported by existing literature. It is our hope that this study motivates the further development of explainable and robust models and bridges the transition from research to application in a clinical decision support role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sattiraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Explainable and Robust Deep Learning Approach for Automated Electroencephalography-based Schizophrenia Diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common evolutionary origins of the bacterial glycyl tRNA synthetaseand alanyl tRNA synthetase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) establish the genetic code. Each aaRS covalently links a given canonical amino acid to a cognate set of tRNA isoacceptors. Glycyl tRNA aminoacylation is unusual in that it is catalyzed by different aaRSs in different lineages of the Tree of Life. We have investigated the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of bacterial glycyl tRNA synthetase (bacGlyRS). This enzyme is found in early diverging bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria, but not in archaea or eukarya. We observe relationships between each of six domains of bacGlyRS and six domains of four different RNA-modifying proteins. Component domains of bacGlyRS show common ancestry with i) the catalytic domain of class II tRNA synthetases; ii) the HD domain of the bacterial RNase Y; iii) the body and tail domains of the archaeal CCA-adding enzyme; iv) the anti-codon binding domain of the arginyl tRNA synthetase; and v) a previously unrecognized domain that we call ATL (Ancient tRNA latch). The ATL domain is found only in bacGlyRS and in the universal alanyl tRNA synthetase (uniAlaRS). Further, the catalytic domain of bacGlyRS is more closely related to the catalytic domain of uniAlaRS than to any other aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. The combined data suggest that the ATL and catalytic domains of these two enzymes are ancestral to bacGlyRS and uniAlaRS, which emerged from common protein ancestors by bricolage, stepwise accumulation of protein domains, before the last universal common ancestor of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Carreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arciniega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas de Pouplana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Sanchez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Larios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common evolutionary origins of the bacterial glycyl tRNA synthetaseand alanyl tRNA synthetase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Arabidopsis SWEET1 and SWEET2 uniporters recognize similar substrates despite differences in subcellular localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are central for sugar allocation in plants. The SWEET family is vast, with approximately 20 homologs in most plant genomes. Despite extensive research on their structures and molecular functions, it is still unclear how diverse SWEETs recognize their substrates. Previous work using SweetTrac1, a biosensor constructed by the intramolecular fusion of a conformation-sensitive fluorescent protein in the plasma membrane transporter SWEET1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, identified common features in the transporters substrates. Here, we report SweetTrac2, a new biosensor based on the Arabidopsis vacuole membrane transporter SWEET2 and use it to explore the substrate specificity of this second protein. Our results show that SWEET1 and SWEET2 recognize similar substrates but some with different affinities. Sequence comparison and mutagenesis analysis support the conclusion that the differences in affinity depend on non-specific interactions involving key residues in the binding pocket. Furthermore, SweetTrac2 can be an effective tool for monitoring sugar transport at vacuolar membranes that would be otherwise challenging to study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huque, A. K. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Arabidopsis SWEET1 and SWEET2 uniporters recognize similar substrates despite differences in subcellular localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Aging, Sex, and Gene (Fbln5) on Arterial Stiffness of Mice: 20 Weeks Adult Fbln5-knockout Mice Have Older Arteries than 100 Weeks Wild-Type Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arterial stiffening is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular risk and has been used to characterize the biological age of arteries ( arterial age). Here we revealed that the Fbln5 gene knockout (Fbln5-/-) significantly increases the arterial stiffening for both male and female mice. We also showed that the arterial stiffening increases with natural aging, but the stiffening effect of Fbln5-/- is much more severe than aging. The arterial stiffening of 20 weeks old mice with Fbln5-/- is much higher than that at 100 weeks in wild-type (Fbln5+/+) mice, which indicates that 20 weeks mice (equivalent to [~]26 years old humans) with Fbln5-/- have older arteries than 100 weeks wild-type mice (equivalent to [~]77 years humans). Histological microstructure changes of elastic fibers in the arterial tissue elucidate the underlying mechanism of the increase of arterial stiffening due to Fbln5-knockout and aging. These findings provide new insights to reverse  arterial age due to abnormal mutations of Fbln5 gene and natural aging.

This work is based on a total of 128 biaxial testing samples of mouse arteries and our recently developed unified-fiber-distribution (UFD) model. The UFD model considers the fibers in the arterial tissue as a unified distribution, which is more physically consistent with the real fiber distribution of arterial tissues than the popular fiber-family-based models (e.g., the well-know Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel [GOH] model) that separate the fiber distribution into several fiber families. Thus, the UFD model achieves better accuracies with less material parameters. To our best knowledge, the UFD model is the only existing accurate model that could capture the property/stiffness differences between different groups of the experimental data discussed here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferruzzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshnower, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Aging, Sex, and Gene (Fbln5) on Arterial Stiffness of Mice: 20 Weeks Adult Fbln5-knockout Mice Have Older Arteries than 100 Weeks Wild-Type Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor restores tension to epithelial cells in a dynamic inward-traveling wave 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension, we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin about 10 minutes after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor restores tension to epithelial cells in a dynamic inward-traveling wave]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential encoding of temporal context and expectation under representational drift across hierarchically connected areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classic view that neural populations in sensory cortices preferentially encode responses to incoming stimuli has been strongly challenged by recent experimental studies. Despite the fact that a large fraction of variance of visual responses in rodents can be attributed to behavioral state and movements, trial-history, and salience, the effects of contextual modulations and expectations on sensory-evoked responses in visual and association areas remain elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study showing that hierarchically connected visual and association areas differentially encode the temporal context and expectation of naturalistic visual stimuli, consistent with the theory of hierarchical predictive coding. We measured neural responses to expected and unexpected sequences of natural scenes in the primary visual cortex (V1), the posterior medial higher order visual area (PM), and retrosplenial cortex (RSP) using 2-photon imaging in behaving mice collected through the Allen Institute Mindscopes OpenScope program. We found that information about image identity in neural population activity depended on the temporal context of transitions preceding each scene, and decreased along the hierarchy. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the conjunctive encoding of temporal context and image identity was modulated by expectations of sequential events. In V1 and PM, we found enhanced and specific responses to unexpected oddball images, signaling stimulus-specific expectation violation. In contrast, in RSP the population response to oddball presentation recapitulated the missing expected image rather than the oddball image. These differential responses along the hierarchy are consistent with classic theories of hierarchical predictive coding whereby higher areas encode predictions and lower areas encode deviations from expectation. We further found evidence for drift in visual responses on the timescale of minutes. Although activity drift was present in all areas, population responses in V1 and PM, but not in RSP, maintained stable encoding of visual information and representational geometry. Instead we found that RSP drift was independent of stimulus information, suggesting a role in generating an internal model of the environment in the temporal domain. Overall, our results establish temporal context and expectation as substantial encoding dimensions in the visual cortex subject to fast representational drift and suggest that hierarchically connected areas instantiate a predictive coding mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wyrick, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowlus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chvilicek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Departee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevigny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoecklin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential encoding of temporal context and expectation under representational drift across hierarchically connected areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteostatic tuning underpins the evolution of novel multicellular traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of multicellularity paved the way for the origin of complex life on Earth, but little is known about the mechanistic basis of early multicellular evolution. Here, we examine the molecular basis of multicellular adaptation in the Multicellularity Long Term Evolution Experiment (MuLTEE). We demonstrate that cellular elongation, a key adaptation underpinning increased biophysical toughness and organismal size, is convergently driven by downregulation of the chaperone Hsp90. Mechanistically, Hsp90-mediated morphogenesis operates by destabilizing the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28, resulting in delayed mitosis and prolonged polarized growth. Reinstatement of Hsp90 or Cdc28 expression resulted in shortened cells that formed smaller groups with reduced multicellular fitness. Together, our results show how ancient protein folding systems can be tuned to drive rapid evolution at a new level of biological individuality by revealing novel developmental phenotypes.

TeaserDownregulation of Hsp90 decouples cell cycle progression and growth to drive the evolution of macroscopic multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montrose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lac, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hukkanen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarikangas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteostatic tuning underpins the evolution of novel multicellular traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Changes occurring during oronasal fistula wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral microbiome is a complex community that matures with dental development while oral health is also a recognized risk factor for systemic disease. Despite the oral cavity having a substantial microbial burden, healing of superficial oral wounds occurs quickly and with little scarring. By contrast, creation of an oro-nasal fistula (ONF), often occurring after surgery to correct a cleft palate, is a significant wound healing challenge that is further complicated by a connection of the oral and nasal microbiome. In this study, we characterized the changes in the oral microbiome of mice following a freshly inflicted wound in the oral palate that results in an open and unhealed ONF. Creation of an ONF in mice significantly lowered oral microbiome alpha diversity, with concurrent blooms of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus lentus, and Staphylococcus xylosus in the oral cavity. Treatment of mice with oral antibiotics one week prior to ONF infliction resulted in a reduction in the alpha diversity, prevented E. faecalis and S. lentus, and S. xylosus blooms, but did not impact ONF healing. Strikingly, delivery of the beneficial microbe Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (LLC) to the wound bed of the freshly inflicted ONF via a PEG-MAL hydrogel vehicle resulted in rapid healing of the ONF. Healing of the ONF was associated with the maintenance of relatively high microbiome alpha diversity, and limited the abundance of E. faecalis and S. lentus, and S. xylosus in the oral cavity. These data demonstrate that a freshly inflicted ONF in the murine palate is associated with a dysbiotic oral microbiome state that may prevent ONF healing, and a bloom of opportunistic pathogens. The data also demonstrate that delivery of a specific beneficial microbe, LLC, to the ONF can boost wound healing, can restore and/or preserve oral microbiome diversity, and inhibit blooms of opportunistic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goudy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacasan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naudin, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuest, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomov, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpooshan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Changes occurring during oronasal fistula wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrocatalytic on-site oxygenation for transplanted cell-based-therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantable cell therapies and tissue transplants require sufficient oxygen supply to function and are limited by a delay or lack of vascularization from the transplant host1, 2. Exogenous oxygen production can support cells and tissues, such as pancreatic islets and engineered therapeutic cells. Previous oxygenation strategies have targeted gas circulation or decomposition of solid peroxides. These strategies however require bulky implants, transcutaneous supply lines, and are limited in their total oxygen production or regulation3, 4. Readily integrated and controlled production of oxygen has eluded cell therapy devices. Here, we show an electrocatalytic approach that enables bioelectronic control of oxygen generation in complex cellular environments to sustain engineered cell viability and therapy production under hypoxic stress and at high cell densities. Nanostructured sputtered iridium oxide serves as an ideal catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at neutral pH. It enables a lower OER onset and shows selective oxygen production without evolution of toxic side products over a 300 mV window of operation. This electrocatalytic on site oxygenator (ecO2) can sustain high cell loadings (>60k cells/mm3) in hypoxic conditions in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that exogenous oxygen production devices can be readily integrated into bioelectronic platforms and enable high cell loadings in smaller device footprints with broad applicability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Refy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothrock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzkopff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikiforidis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veiseh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivnay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrocatalytic on-site oxygenation for transplanted cell-based-therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated cell annotation in multi-cell images using an improved CRF_ID algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell identification is an important yet difficult process in data analysis of biological images. Previously, we developed an automated cell identification method called CRF_ID and demonstrated its high performance in C. elegans whole-brain images (Chaudhary et al, 2021). However, because the method was optimized for whole-brain imaging, comparable performance could not be guaranteed for application in commonly used C. elegans multi-cell images that display a subpopulation of cells. Here, we present an advance CRF_ID 2.0 that expands the generalizability of the method to multi-cell imaging beyond whole-brain imaging. To illustrate the application of the advance, we show the characterization of CRF_ID 2.0 in multi-cell imaging and cell-specific gene expression analysis in C. elegans. This work demonstrates that high accuracy automated cell annotation in multi-cell imaging can expedite cell identification and reduce its subjectivity in C. elegans and potentially other biological images of various origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated cell annotation in multi-cell images using an improved CRF_ID algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-oscillatory, millisecond-scale embedding of brain state provides insight into behavior. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep and wake are understood to be slow, long-lasting processes that span the entire brain. Brain states correlate with many neurophysiological changes, yet the most robust and reliable signature of state is enriched in rhythms between 0.1 and 20 Hz. The possibility that the fundamental unit of brain state could be a reliable structure at the scale of milliseconds and microns has not been addressed due to the physical limits associated with oscillation-based definitions. Here, by analyzing high resolution neural activity recorded in 10 anatomically and functionally diverse regions of the murine brain over 24 h, we reveal a mechanistically distinct embedding of state in the brain. Sleep and wake states can be accurately classified from on the order of 100 to 101 ms of neuronal activity sampled from 100 m of brain tissue. In contrast to canonical rhythms, this embedding persists above 1,000 Hz. This high frequency embedding is robust to substates and rapid events such as sharp wave ripples and cortical ON/OFF states. To ascertain whether such fast and local structure is meaningful, we leveraged our observation that individual circuits intermittently switch states independently of the rest of the brain. Brief state discontinuities in subsets of circuits correspond with brief behavioral discontinuities during both sleep and wake. Our results suggest that the fundamental unit of state in the brain is consistent with the spatial and temporal scale of neuronal computation, and that this resolution can contribute to an understanding of cognition and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parks, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunwasser, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funderburk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haussler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-oscillatory, millisecond-scale embedding of brain state provides insight into behavior.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common computations in automatic cue combination and metacognitive confidence reports 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that sensory information from one modality can automatically affect judgments from a different sensory modality. However, it remains unclear what determines the strength of the influence of an irrelevant sensory cue from one modality on a perceptual judgment for a different modality. Here we test whether the strength of multisensory impact by an irrelevant sensory cue depends on participants objective accuracy or subjective confidence for that cue. We created visual motion stimuli with low vs. high overall motion energy, where high-energy stimuli yielded higher confidence but lower accuracy in a visual-only task. We then tested the impact of the low- and high-energy visual stimuli on auditory motion perception. We found that the high-energy visual stimuli influenced the auditory motion judgments more strongly than the low-energy visual stimuli, consistent with their higher confidence but contrary to their lower accuracy. A computational model assuming common principles underlying confidence reports and multisensory integration captured these effects. Our findings show that automatic multisensory integration follows subjective confidence rather than objective performance and suggest the existence of common computations across vastly different stages of perceptual decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odegaard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common computations in automatic cue combination and metacognitive confidence reports]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRAKER3: Fully Automated Genome Annotation Using RNA-Seq and Protein Evidence with GeneMark-ETP, AUGUSTUS and TSEBRA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene prediction has remained an active area of bioinformatics research for a long time. Still, gene prediction in large eukaryotic genomes presents a challenge that must be addressed by new algorithms. The amount and significance of the evidence available from transcriptomes and proteomes vary across genomes, between genes and even along a single gene. User-friendly and accurate annotation pipelines that can cope with such data heterogeneity are needed. The previously developed annotation pipelines BRAKER1 and BRAKER2 use RNA-seq or protein data, respectively, but not both. A further significant performance improvement was made by the recently released GeneMark-ETP integrating all three data types.

We here present the BRAKER3 pipeline that builds on GeneMark-ETP and AUGUSTUS and further improves accuracy using the TSEBRA combiner. BRAKER3 annotates protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomes using both short-read RNA-seq and a large protein database, along with statistical models learned iteratively and specifically for the target genome. We benchmarked the new pipeline on genomes of 11 species under assumed level of relatedness of the target species proteome to available proteomes. BRAKER3 outperformed BRAKER1 and BRAKER2. The average transcript-level F1-score was increased by[~] 20 percentage points on average, while the difference was most pronounced for species withlarge and complex genomes. BRAKER3 also outperformed other existing tools, MAKER2, Funannotate and FINDER. The code of BRAKER3 is available on GitHub and as a ready-to-run Docker container for execution with Docker or Singularity. Overall, BRAKER3 is an accurate, easy-to-use tool for eukaryotic genome annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRAKER3: Fully Automated Genome Annotation Using RNA-Seq and Protein Evidence with GeneMark-ETP, AUGUSTUS and TSEBRA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entanglement in living systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms exhibit branching morphologies that twist around each other and become entangled. Entanglement occurs when different objects interlock with each other, creating complex and often irreversible configurations. This physical phenomenon is well-studied in non-living materials, such as granular matter, polymers, and wires, where it has been shown that entanglement is highly sensitive to the geometry of the component parts. However, entanglement is not yet well understood in living systems, despite its presence in many organisms. In fact, recent work has shown that entanglement can evolve rapidly, and play a crucial role in the evolution of tough, macroscopic multicellular groups. Here, through a combination of experiments, simulations, and numerical analyses, we show that growth generically facilitates entanglement for a broad range of geometries. We find that experimentally grown entangled branches can be difficult or even impossible to disassemble through translation and rotation of rigid components, suggesting that there are many configurations of branches that growth can access that agitation cannot. We use simulations to show that branching trees readily grow into entangled configurations. In contrast to non-growing entangled materials, these trees entangle for a broad range of branch geometries. We thus propose that entanglement via growth is largely insensitive to the geometry of branched-trees, but instead will depend sensitively on time scales, ultimately achieving an entangled state once sufficient growth has occurred. We test this hypothesis in experiments with snowflake yeast, a model system of undifferentiated, branched multicellularity, showing that lengthening the time of growth leads to entanglement, and that entanglement via growth can occur for a wide range of geometries. Taken together, our work demonstrates that entanglement is more readily achieved in living systems than in their non-living counterparts, providing a widely-accessible and powerful mechanism for the evolution of novel biological material properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamani-Dahaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bingham, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entanglement in living systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native nanoproteomics captures the structure and dynamics of endogenous protein complexes in human heart tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein complexes are highly dynamic entities that display substantial diversity in their assembly, post-translational modifications, and non-covalent interactions, allowing them to play critical roles in various biological processes. The heterogeneity, dynamic nature, and low abundance of protein complexes in their native states present tremendous challenges to study using conventional structural biology techniques. Here we develop a "native nanoproteomics" strategy for the native enrichment and subsequent native top-down mass spectrometry (nTDMS) of of low-abundance protein complexes. Specifically, we demonstrate the first comprehensive characterization of the structure and dynamics of cardiac troponin (cTn) complexes directly from human heart tissue. The endogenous cTn complex is effectively enriched and purified using peptide-functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles under non-denaturing conditions to enable the isotopic resolution of cTn complexes, revealing their complex structure and assembly. Moreover, nTDMS elucidates the stoichiometry and composition of the heterotrimeric cTn complex, localizes Ca2+ binding domains (II-IV), defines cTn-Ca2+ binding dynamics, and provides high-resolution mapping of the proteoform landscape. This native nanoproteomics strategy opens a new paradigm for structural characterization of low-abundance native protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiambeng, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melby, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native nanoproteomics captures the structure and dynamics of endogenous protein complexes in human heart tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling the neuroimmune cascade in 3xTg mice exposed to successive mild traumatic brain injuries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) sustained within a window of vulnerability can result in long term cognitive deficits, depression, and eventual neurodegeneration associated with tau pathology, amyloid beta (A{beta}) plaques, gliosis, and neuronal and functional loss. However, we have limited understanding of how successive injuries acutely affect the brain to result in these devastating long-term consequences. In the current study, we addressed the question of how repeated injuries affect the brain in the acute phase of injury (<24hr) by exposing the 3xTg-AD mouse model of tau and A{beta} pathology to successive (1x, 3x, 5x) once-daily weight drop closed-head injuries and quantifying immune markers, pathological markers, and transcriptional profiles at 30min, 4hr, and 24hr after each injury. We used young adult mice (2-4 months old) to model the effects of rmTBI relevant to young adult athletes, and in the absence of significant tau and A{beta} pathology. Importantly, we identified pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females eliciting more differentially expressed proteins after injury compared to males. Specifically, females showed: 1) a single injury caused a decrease in neuron-enriched genes inversely correlated with inflammatory protein expression as well as an increase in AD-related genes within 24hr, 2) each injury significantly increased expression of a group of cortical cytokines (IL-1, IL-1{beta}, IL-2, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, KC) and MAPK phospho-proteins (phospho-Atf2, phospho-Mek1), several of which were co-labeled with neurons and correlated with phospho-tau, and 3) repetitive injury caused increased expression of genes associated with astrocyte reactivity and immune function. Collectively our data suggest that neurons respond to a single injury within 24h, while other cell types including astrocytes transition to inflammatory phenotypes within days of repetitive injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pybus, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brothers, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling the neuroimmune cascade in 3xTg mice exposed to successive mild traumatic brain injuries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acceleration of Large-Scale Single Cell Differential Gene Expression Analysis with FastDE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major bottleneck in single cell transcriptomic processing is identification of marker genes for individual cell clusters. We introduce FastDE, an implementation of the standard Wilcoxon Rank Sum test in C++ that results in 50X speed-up of the standard Seurat pipeline on a dataset of 1.2 million cells. Proof of methodology is demonstrated by replicating age and gender effects on immune cell differentiation in two large PBMC atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chocklingam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhere, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acceleration of Large-Scale Single Cell Differential Gene Expression Analysis with FastDE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial constraints subvert microbial arms race 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms, surface attached communities of microbes, grow in a wide variety of environments. Often, the size of these microbial community is constrained by their physical surroundings. However, little is known about how size constraints of a colony impact the outcome of microbial competitions. Here, we use individual-based models to simulate contact killing between two bacterial strains with different killing rates in a wide range of community sizes. We found that community size has a substantial impact on outcomes; in fact, in some competitions the identity of the most fit strain differs in large and small environments. Specifically, when at a numerical disadvantage, the strain with the slow killing rate is more successful in smaller environments than in large environments. The improved performance in small spaces comes from finite size effects; stochastic fluctuations in the initial relative abundance of each strain in small environments lead to dramatically different outcomes. However, when the slow killing strain has a numerical advantage, it performs better in large spaces than in small spaces, where stochastic fluctuations now aid the fast killing strain in small communities.

Finally, we experimentally validate these results by confining contact killing strains of Vibrio cholerae in transmission electron microscopy grids. The outcomes of these experiments are consistent with our simulations. When rare, the slow killing strain does better in small environments; when common, the slow killing strain does better in large environments. Together, this work demonstrates that finite size effects can substantially modify antagonistic competitions, suggesting that colony size may, at least in part, subvert the microbial arms race.

Author summaryBiofilms are often crowded with many bacteria in direct contact. As a result, the competition for space and resources often turns deadly. Bacteria have evolved many mechanisms with which to kill each other; this bacterial warfare is often studied in large communities on agar plates or in flow cells [1]. However, in nature these colonies are often smaller, due to spatial constraints or shear forces. It is unclear how bacterial warfare proceeds in small systems.

We performed individual based model simulations of bacterial warfare comprising two strains, each capable of killing the other on direct contact. We found that the community size played a substantial role in determining the outcome. When at a numerical disadvantage, the slow killing strain survived at much higher rates in small communities. In fact, there were many conditions in which the slow killing strain survives in small spaces but is completely eliminated in large ones. Conversely, when the slow killing strain is more common, it performs better in large spaces. Together, these observations demonstrate that finite size effects aid the strain that is at a disadvantage, and in some conditions, can even flip which strain increases its abundance.

Finally, we experimentally tested the results of these simulations. Two mutual killing strains of V. cholerae were grown unconfined on agar plates (i.e., in large spaces) or confined within square holes with sides 7.5m long (i.e., in small spaces). In these experiments we found that the slow killing strain survived at significantly higher rates in confinement, validating simulation results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copeland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial constraints subvert microbial arms race]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Common Pathway for Detergent-Assisted Oligomerization of Aβ42 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloid beta (A{beta}) aggregation is a slow process without seeding or assisted nucleation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles stabilize A{beta}42 small oligomers (in the dimer-tetramer range); subsequent SDS removal leads to a 150-kD A{beta}42 oligomer. Dodecylphosphorylcholine (DPC) micelles also stabilize an A{beta}42 tetramer. Here we characterize the detergent-assisted oligomerization pathway by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. SDS and DPC-induced oligomers have the same structure, implying a common oligomerization pathway. An antiparallel {beta}-sheet formed by the C-terminal region, the only stable structure in SDS and DPC micelles, is directly incorporated into the 150-kD oligomer. Three Gly residues (at positions 33, 37, and 38) create holes that are filled by the SDS and DPC hydrocarbon tails, thereby turning a potentially destabilizing feature into a stabilizing factor. These observations have implications for endogenous A{beta} aggregation at cellular interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunnath Muhammedkutty, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao Sudarshan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watzlawik, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberry, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Common Pathway for Detergent-Assisted Oligomerization of Aβ42]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Machine Learning Approach for Real-time Cortical State Estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveCortical function is under constant modulation by internally-driven, latent variables that regulate excitability, collectively known as "cortical state". Despite a vast literature in this area, the estimation of cortical state remains relatively ad hoc, and not amenable to real-time implementation. Here, we implement robust, data-driven, and fast algorithms that address several technical challenges for online cortical state estimation.

ApproachWe use unsupervised Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to identify discrete, emergent clusters in spontaneous local field potential (LFP) signals in cortex. We then extend our approach to a temporally-informed Hidden semi-Markov Model (HSMM) with Gaussian observations to better model and infer cortical state transitions. Finally, we implement our HSMM cortical state inference algorithms in a real-time system, evaluating their performance in emulation experiments.

Main resultsUnsupervised clustering approaches reveal emergent state-like structure in spontaneous electrophysiological data that recapitulate arousal-related cortical states as indexed by behavioral indicators. HSMMs enable cortical state inferences in a real-time context by modeling the temporal dynamics of cortical state switching. Using HSMMs provides robustness to state estimates arising from noisy, sequential electrophysiological data.

SignificanceTo our knowledge, this work represents the first implementation of a real-time software tool for continuously decoding cortical states with high temporal resolution (40 ms). The software tools that we provide can facilitate our understanding of how cortical states dynamically modulate cortical function on a moment-by-moment basis and provide a basis for state-aware brain machine interfaces across health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsa, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sederberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Machine Learning Approach for Real-time Cortical State Estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.544125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Control of Genomics and Epigenomics by Ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.544125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a revolutionary technology for genome editing. Its derived technologies such as CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) further allow transcriptional and epigenetic modulations. Focused ultrasound (FUS) can penetrate deep in biological tissues and induce mild hyperthermia in a confined region to activate heat-sensitive genes. Here we engineer a set of CRISPR(a/i) tools containing heat-sensitive genetic modules controllable by FUS for the regulation of genome and epigenome in live cells and animals. We demonstrated the capabilities of FUS-inducible CRISPRa, CRISPRi, and CRISPR (FUS-CRISPR(a/i)) to upregulate, repress, and knockout exogenous and/or endogenous genes, respectively, in different cell types. We further targeted FUS-CRISPR to telomeres in tumor cells to induce telomere disruption, inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing tumor susceptibility to killing by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. FUS-CRISPR-mediated telomere disruption for tumor priming combined with CAR-T therapy demonstrated synergistic therapeutic effects in xenograft mouse models. The FUS-CRISPR(a/i) toolbox allows the remote, noninvasive, and spatiotemporal control of genomic and epigenomic reprogramming in vivo, with extended applications in cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Situ, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.544125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Control of Genomics and Epigenomics by Ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-varying Functional Connectivity Predicts Fluctuations in Sustained Attention in a Serial Tapping Task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms for how large-scale brain networks contribute to sustained attention is unknown. Attention fluctuates from moment to moment and this continuous change is consistent with dynamic changes in functional connectivity between brain networks involved in the internal and external allocation of attention. In this study, we investigated how brain network activity varied across different levels of attentional focus (i.e., "zones"). Participants performed a finger-tapping task, and guided by previous research, in-the-zone performance or state was identified by low reaction time variability and out-of-the-zone as the inverse. Employing a novel method of time-varying functional connectivity, called the quasi-periodic pattern analysis (i.e., reliable network-level low-frequency fluctuations), we found that the activity between the default mode network (DMN) and task positive network is significantly more anti-correlated during in-the-zone states versus out-of-the-zone states. Furthermore, it is the fronto-parietal control network (FPCN) that drives this difference. Activity in the dorsal attention network (DAN) and DMN were desynchronized across both zone states. During in-the-zone periods, FPCN synchronized with DAN, while during out-of-the-zone periods, FPCN synchronized with DMN. In contrast, the ventral attention network synchronized more closely with DMN during in-the-zone periods compared to out-of-the-zone periods. These findings demonstrate that time-varying functional connectivity across different brain networks varies with fluctuations in sustained attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seeburger, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-varying Functional Connectivity Predicts Fluctuations in Sustained Attention in a Serial Tapping Task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adversarial collaboration to critically evaluate theories of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different theories explain how subjective experience arises from brain activity1,2. These theories have independently accrued evidence, yet, confirmation bias and dependence on design choices hamper progress in the field3. Here, we present an open science adversarial collaboration which directly juxtaposes Integrated Information Theory (IIT)4,5 and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)6-10, employing a theory-neutral consortium approach11,12. We investigate neural correlates of the content and duration of visual experience. The theory proponents and the consortium developed and preregistered the experimental design, divergent predictions, expected outcomes, and their interpretation12. 256 human subjects viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while neural activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electrocorticography. We find information about conscious content in visual, ventro-temporal and inferior frontal cortex, with sustained responses in occipital and lateral temporal cortex reflecting stimulus duration, and content-specific synchronization between frontal and early visual areas. These results confirm some predictions of IIT and GNWT, while substantially challenging both theories: for IIT, a lack of sustained synchronization within posterior cortex contradicts the claim that network connectivity specifies consciousness. GNWT is challenged by the general lack of ignition at stimulus offset and limited representation of certain conscious dimensions in prefrontal cortex. Beyond challenging the theories themselves, we present an alternative approach to advance cognitive neuroscience through a principled, theory-driven, collaborative effort. We highlight the challenges to change peoples mind 13 and the need for a quantitative framework integrating evidence for systematic theory testing and building.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cogitate Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorska-Klimowska, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepauvre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armendariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendtz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghafari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetenyi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeschke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharafeldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalmers, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panagiotaropoulos, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tononi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adversarial collaboration to critically evaluate theories of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sensor complements the steric gate when DNA polymerase ϵ discriminates ribonucleotides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular imbalance between high concentrations of ribonucleotides (NTPs) and low concentrations of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), is challenging for DNA polymerases when building DNA from dNTPs. It is currently believed that DNA polymerases discriminate against NTPs through a steric gate model involving a clash between a tyrosine and the 2-hydroxyl of the ribonucleotide in the polymerase active site in B-family DNA polymerases. With the help of crystal structures of a B-family polymerase with a UTP or CTP in the active site, molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical assays and yeast genetics, we have identified a mechanism by which the finger domain of the polymerase sense NTPs in the polymerase active site. In contrast to the previously proposed polar filter, our experiments suggest that the amino acid residue in the finger domain senses ribonucleotides by steric hindrance. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the steric gate in the palm domain and the sensor in the finger domain are both important when discriminating NTPs. Structural comparisons reveal that the sensor residue is conserved among B-family polymerases and we hypothesize that a sensor in the finger domain should be considered in all types of DNA polymerases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parkash, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bylund, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sensor complements the steric gate when DNA polymerase ϵ discriminates ribonucleotides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying distinct neural features between the initial and corrective phases of precise reaching using AutoLFADS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many initial movements require subsequent corrective movements, but how motor cortex transitions to make corrections and how similar the encoding is to initial movements is unclear. In our study, we explored how the brains motor cortex signals both initial and corrective movements during a precision reaching task. We recorded a large population of neurons from two male rhesus macaques across multiple sessions to examine the neural firing rates during not only initial movements but also subsequent corrective movements. AutoLFADS, an auto-encoder-based deep-learning model, was applied to provide a clearer picture of neurons activity on individual corrective movements across sessions. Decoding of reach velocity generalized poorly from initial to corrective submovements. Unlike initial movements, it was challenging to predict the velocity of corrective movements using traditional linear methods in a single, global neural space. We identified several locations in the neural space where corrective submovements originated after the initial reaches, signifying firing rates different than the baseline before initial movements. To improve corrective movement decoding, we demonstrate that a state-dependent decoder incorporating the population firing rates at the initiation of correction improved performance, highlighting the diverse neural features of corrective movements. In summary, we show neural differences between initial and corrective submovements and how the neural activity encodes specific combinations of velocity and position. These findings are inconsistent with assumptions that neural correlations with kinematic features are global and independent, emphasizing that traditional methods often fall short in describing these diverse neural processes for online corrective movements.

Significance StatementWe analyzed submovement neural population dynamics during precision reaching. Using an auto- encoder-based deep-learning model, AutoLFADS, we examined neural activity on a single-trial basis. Our study shows distinct neural dynamics between initial and corrective submovements. We demonstrate the existence of unique neural features within each submovement class that encode complex combinations of position and reach direction. Our study also highlights the benefit of state-specific decoding strategies, which consider the neural firing rates at the onset of any given submovement, when decoding complex motor tasks such as corrective submovements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpowicz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying distinct neural features between the initial and corrective phases of precise reaching using AutoLFADS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.546429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intradisciplinary Growth of Sustainability-Minded Engineers through Conservation Technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.546429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe need for sustainability-minded engineers prepared to address complex societal challenges has grown exponentially in recent years. Frameworks like the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have begun to drive structural changes in engineering education, including new ABET accreditation focused on sustainability. The new field of conservation technology allows engineers to develop sustainability competencies and identities as conservationists and environmentalists.

PurposeThis manuscript describes an assessment of student identity development in conservation and environmentalism in the GaTech4Wildlife Vertically Integrated Project (VIP) course at Georgia Tech. The course uses the principles of Human-Centered Design along with the UN Sustainable Development Goals and project-based learning to solve conservation-oriented, real-world problems and develop sustainability-minded engineers.

Design/MethodUndergraduate students participated in the course and utilizing both in-person interviews and post-course assessment, students were assessed for course themes and identities. The sample consisted of students from the College of Engineering and the College of Computing.

ResultsSince 2019, over 50 students have participated in this Tech4Wildlife course. Based on surveys and interviews of nearly 20 of the most recent students, students transitioned from identifying as engineers and coders with no sustainability knowledge to nearly doubling their identity measures as conservationists and environmentalists after only one semester.

ConclusionsTo teach the next generation of sustainability-minded engineers, interdisciplinary, project-based courses grounded in Sustainable Development Goals may offer a meaningful pathway for students to develop both technical skills and conservationist identities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seleb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts Hull, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subino Sullivan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenberg-Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.546429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intradisciplinary Growth of Sustainability-Minded Engineers through Conservation Technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus-dependent functional network topology in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is processed by networks of neurons in the brain. On the timescale of sensory processing, those neuronal networks have relatively fixed anatomical connectivity, while functional connectivity, which defines the interactions between neurons, can vary depending on the ongoing activity of the neurons within the network. We thus hypothesized that different types of stimuli, which drive different neuronal activities in the network, could lead those networks to display stimulus-dependent functional connectivity patterns. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed electrophysiological data from the Allen Brain Observatory, which utilized Neuropixels probes to simultaneously record stimulus-evoked activity from hundreds of neurons across 6 different regions of mouse visual cortex. The recordings had single-cell resolution and high temporal fidelity, enabling us to determine fine-scale functional connectivity. Comparing the functional connectivity patterns observed when different stimuli were presented to the mice, we made several nontrivial observations. First, while the frequencies of different connectivity motifs (i.e., the patterns of connectivity between triplets of neurons) were preserved across stimuli, the identities of the neurons within those motifs changed. This means that functional connectivity dynamically changes along with the input stimulus, but does so in a way that preserves the motif frequencies. Secondly, we found that the degree to which functional modules are contained within a single brain region (as opposed to being distributed between regions) increases with increasing stimulus complexity. This suggests a mechanism for how the brain could dynamically alter its computations based on its inputs. Altogether, our work reveals unexpected stimulus-dependence to the way groups of neurons interact to process incoming sensory information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus-dependent functional network topology in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow cytometric isolation of drug-like conformational antibodies specific for amyloid fibrils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies that recognize specific protein conformational states are broadly important for research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, yet they are difficult to generate in a predictable and systematic manner using either immunization or in vitro antibody display methods. This problem is particularly severe for conformational antibodies that recognize insoluble antigens such as amyloid fibrils associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report a quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) method for directly selecting high-quality conformational antibodies against different types of insoluble (amyloid fibril) antigens using a single, off-the-shelf human library. Our approach uses quantum dots functionalized with antibodies to capture insoluble antigens, and the resulting quantum dot conjugates are used in a similar manner as conventional soluble antigens for multi-parameter FACS selections. Notably, we find that this approach is robust for isolating high-quality conformational antibodies against tau and -synuclein fibrils from the same human library with combinations of high affinity, high conformational specificity and, in some cases, low off-target binding that rival or exceed those of clinical-stage antibodies specific for tau (zagotenemab) and -synuclein (cinpanemab). This approach is expected to enable conformational antibody selection and engineering against diverse types of protein aggregates and other insoluble antigens (e.g., membrane proteins) that are compatible with presentation on the surface of antibody-functionalized quantum dots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zupancic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzeciakiewicz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBois, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow cytometric isolation of drug-like conformational antibodies specific for amyloid fibrils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Nonlinear Dynamics In Brain Functionality Through Phase Portraits And Fuzzy Recurrence Plots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMuch of the complexity and diversity found in nature is driven by nonlinear phenomena, and this holds true for the brain. Nonlinear dynamics theory has been successfully utilized in explaining brain functions from a biophysics standpoint, and the field of statistical physics continues to make substantial progress in understanding brain connectivity and function. This study delves into complex brain functional connectivity using biophysical nonlinear dynamics approaches. We aim to uncover hidden information in high-dimensional and nonlinear neural signals, with the hope of providing a useful tool for analyzing information transitions in functionally complex networks. By utilizing phase portraits and fuzzy recurrence plots, we investigated the latent information in the functional connectivity of complex brain networks. Our numerical experiments, which include synthetic linear dynamics neural time series and a biophysically realistic neural mass model, showed that phase portraits and fuzzy recurrence plots are highly sensitive to changes in neural dynamics and can also be used to predict functional connectivity based on structural connectivity. Furthermore, the results showed that phase trajectories of neuronal activity encode low-dimensional dynamics, and the geometric properties of the limit-cycle attractor formed by the phase portraits can be used to explain the neurodynamics. Additionally, our results showed that the phase portrait and fuzzy recurrence plots can be used as functional connectivity descriptors, and both metrics were able to capture and explain nonlinear dynamics behavior during specific cognitive tasks. In conclusion, our findings suggest that phase portraits and fuzzy recurrence plots could be highly effective as functional connectivity descriptors, providing valuable insights into nonlinear dynamics in the brain.

SignificanceHere we report that phase trajectories and fuzzy recurrence plots can serve as descriptors of nonlinear functional dynamics networks. Both metrics are highly sensitive to variations in neural signals and are powerful tools for capturing distinct patterns from brain signals, making brain fingerprinting possible. This has significant implications for understanding brain state dynamics through phase trajectories and fuzzy recurrence plots, as both metrics are effective in identifying nonlinear dynamics patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Nonlinear Dynamics In Brain Functionality Through Phase Portraits And Fuzzy Recurrence Plots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threat expectation does not improve perceptual discrimination despite causing heightened priority processing in the frontoparietal network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Threat cues have been widely shown to elicit increased sensory and attentional neural processing. However, whether this enhanced recruitment leads to measurable behavioral improvements in perception is still in question. Here we adjudicate between two opposing theories: that threat cues do or do not enhance perceptual sensitivity. We created threat stimuli by pairing one direction of motion in a random dot kinematogram with an aversive sound. While in the MRI scanner, 46 subjects (both men and women) completed a cued (threat/safe/neutral) perceptual decision-making task where they indicated the perceived motion direction of each moving dots stimulus. We found strong evidence that threat cues did not increase perceptual sensitivity compared to safe and neutral cues. This lack of improvement in perceptual decision-making ability occurred despite the threat cue resulting in widespread increases in frontoparietal BOLD activity, as well as increased connectivity between the right insula and the frontoparietal network. These results call into question the intuitive claim that expectation automatically enhances our perception of threat, and highlight the role of the frontoparietal network in prioritizing the processing of threat-related environmental cues.

Significance StatementThreatening information receives enhanced priority processing in the brain. Evidence of increased neural activity to threat has fostered the current view that such selective processing leads to a boost in perception, suggesting that motivationally relevant top-down effects can directly change what we see. In the real world, danger is often preceded by an environmental cue that predicts its imminent approach. Here we used an aversive conditioning paradigm to test whether threat cues can change subjects ability to visually distinguish between threat and safe stimuli. Our results provide strong evidence for the lack of an effect of threat expectation on perceptual sensitivity, supporting the theory that perception is impenetrable by top-down cognitive influences despite robust neural attentional priority.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haddara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threat expectation does not improve perceptual discrimination despite causing heightened priority processing in the frontoparietal network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hidden Biocatalytic Potential of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid advancement of sequencing technology has created an immense reservoir of protein sequence-function information that has yet to be fully utilized for fundamental or biocatalytic applications. For example, ene reductases from the  old yellow enzyme (OYE) family catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of activated alkenes with enhanced stereoselectivity - key transformations for sustainable production of pharmaceutical and industrial synthons. Despite the proven biocatalytic application, the OYE family remains relatively underexplored with only 0.1% of identified members having any experimental characterization. Here, a platform of integrated bioinformatics and synthetic biology techniques was employed to systematically organize and screen the natural diversity of the OYE family. Using protein similarity networks, the known and unknown regions of the >115,000 members of the OYE family were broadly explored to identify phylogenetic and sequence-based trends. From this analysis, 118 novel enzymes were characterized across the family to broadly explore and expand the biocatalytic performance and substrate scope of known OYEs. Over a dozen novel enzymes were identified exhibiting enhanced catalytic activity or altered stereospecificity. Beyond well-established ene reduction, we detected widespread occurrence of oxidative chemistry amongst OYE family members at ambient conditions. Crystallography studies of selected OYEs yielded structures for two enzymes, contributing to a better understanding of their unique performance. Their structures revealed an unusual loop conformation within a novel OYE subclass. Overall, our study significantly expands the known functional and chemical diversity of OYEs while identifying superior biocatalysts for asymmetric reduction and oxidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iamurri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarz-Joud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copp, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hidden Biocatalytic Potential of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comammox bacterial preference for urea influences its interactions with aerobic nitrifiers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the co-existence of comammox bacteria with canonical nitrifiers is well documented in diverse ecosystems, there is still a dearth of knowledge about the mechanisms underpinning their interactions. Understanding these interaction mechanisms is important as they may play a critical role in governing nitrogen biotransformation in natural and engineered ecosystems. In this study, we tested the ability of two environmentally relevant factors (nitrogen source and availability) to shape interactions between strict ammonia and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and comammox bacteria in continuous flow column reactors. The composition of inorganic nitrogen species in reactors fed either ammonia or urea was similar during the lowest nitrogen loading condition (1 mg-N/L), but higher loadings (2 and 4 mg-N/L) promoted significant differences in nitrogen species composition and nitrifier abundances. The abundance and diversity of comammox bacteria were dependent on both nitrogen source and loading conditions as multiple comammox bacterial populations were preferentially enriched in the urea-fed system. In contrast, their abundance was reduced in response to higher nitrogen loadings in the ammonia-fed system likely due to ammonia-based inhibition. The preferential enrichment of comammox bacteria in the urea-fed system could be associated with their ureolytic activity calibrated to their ammonia oxidation rates thus minimizing ammonia accumulation to inhibitory levels. However, an increased abundance of comammox bacteria was not associated with a reduced abundance of nitrite oxidizers in the urea-fed system while a negative correlation was found between them in the ammonia-fed system; the latter dynamic likely emerging from reduced availability of nitrite to strict nitrite oxidizers at low ammonia loading conditions.

ImportanceNitrification is an essential biological process in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems for managing nitrogen and protecting downstream water quality. The discovery of comammox bacteria and their detection alongside canonical nitrifiers in these engineered ecosystems has made it necessary to understand the environmental conditions that regulate their abundance and activity relative to other better-studied nitrifiers. This study aimed to evaluate two important factors that could potentially influence the behavior of nitrifying bacteria, and therefore impact nitrification processes. Colum reactors fed with either ammonia or urea were systematically monitored to capture changes in nitrogen biotransformation and the nitrifying community as a function of influent nitrogen concentration, nitrogen source, and reactor depth. Our findings show that comammox bacterial abundance decreased and that of nitrite oxidizers increased with increased ammonia availability, while their abundance and diversity increased with increasing urea availability without driving a reduction in the abundance of canonical nitrifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilardi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuttle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comammox bacterial preference for urea influences its interactions with aerobic nitrifiers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator Modulates Gastric Stretch Receptors for Illusory Satiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective therapies for obesity either require invasive surgical or endoscopic interventions or high patient adherence, making it challenging for the nearly 42% of American adults who suffer from obesity to effectively manage their disease. Gastric mechanoreceptors sense distension of the stomach and perform volume-dependent vagal signaling to initiate the gastric phase and influence satiety. In this study, we developed a new luminal stimulation modality to specifically activate these gastric stretch receptors to elicit a vagal afferent response commensurate with mechanical distension. Here we developed the Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator (VIBES) pill - an ingestible device that performs luminal vibratory stimulation to activate mechanoreceptors and stroke mucosal receptors, which induces serotonin release as well as yields a hormonal metabolic response commensurate with a fed state. We evaluated VIBES across 108 meals in swine which consistently led to diminished food intake ([~]40%, p< 0.0001) and minimized the weight gain rate (p< 0.03) as compared to untreated controls. Application of mechanoreceptor biology could transform our capacity to help patients suffering from nutritional disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshareef, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuosmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, W. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traverso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator Modulates Gastric Stretch Receptors for Illusory Satiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.548880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Dynamic Subspaces Encode Sex-Specific Schizophrenia Disruptions in Transient Network Overlap and its Links to Genetic Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.548880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent advances in resting-state fMRI allow us to study spatial dynamics, the phenomenon of brain networks spatially evolving over time. However, most dynamic studies still use subject-specific, spatially-static nodes. As recent studies have demonstrated, incorporating time-resolved spatial properties is crucial for precise functional connectivity estimation and gaining unique insights into brain function. Nevertheless, estimating time-resolved networks poses challenges due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, limited information in short time segments, and uncertain identification of corresponding networks within and between subjects.

MethodsWe adapt a reference-informed network estimation technique to capture time-resolved spatial networks and their dynamic spatial integration and segregation. We focus on time-resolved spatial functional network connectivity (spFNC), an estimate of network spatial coupling, to study sex-specific alterations in schizophrenia and their links to multi-factorial genomic data.

ResultsOur findings are consistent with the dysconnectivity and neurodevelopment hypotheses and align with the cerebello-thalamo-cortical, triple-network, and frontoparietal dysconnectivity models, helping to unify them. The potential unification offers a new understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Notably, the posterior default mode/salience spFNC exhibits sex-specific schizophrenia alteration during the state with the highest global network integration and correlates with genetic risk for schizophrenia. This dysfunction is also reflected in high-dimensional (voxel-level) space in regions with weak functional connectivity to corresponding networks.

ConclusionsOur method can effectively capture spatially dynamic networks, detect nuanced SZ effects, and reveal the intricate relationship of dynamic information to genomic data. The results also underscore the potential of dynamic spatial dependence and weak connectivity in the clinical landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macciardi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres-Camazon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.548880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Dynamic Subspaces Encode Sex-Specific Schizophrenia Disruptions in Transient Network Overlap and its Links to Genetic Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic corticothalamic modulation of the somatosensory thalamocortical circuit during wakefulness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The feedback projections from cortical layer 6 (L6CT) to sensory thalamus have long been implicated in playing a primary role in gating sensory signaling but remain poorly understood. To causally elucidate the full range of effects of these projections, we targeted silicon probe recordings to the whisker thalamocortical circuit of awake mice selectively expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in L6CT neurons. Through optogenetic manipulation of L6CT neurons, multi-site electrophysiological recordings, and modeling of L6CT circuitry, we establish L6CT neurons as dynamic modulators of ongoing spiking in the ventro-posterior-medial nucleus of thalamus (VPm), either suppressing or enhancing VPm spiking depending on L6CT neurons firing rate and synchrony. Differential effects across the cortical excitatory and inhibitory sub-populations point to an overall influence of L6CT feedback on cortical excitability that could have profound implications for regulating sensory signaling across a range of ethologically relevant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dimwamwa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic corticothalamic modulation of the somatosensory thalamocortical circuit during wakefulness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicrobeMASST, a taxonomically-informed mass spectrometry (MS) search tool, tackles limited microbial metabolite annotation in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Leveraging a curated database of >60,000 microbial monocultures, users can search known and unknown MS/MS spectra and link them to their respective microbial producers via MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Identification of microbial-derived metabolites and relative producers, without a priori knowledge, will vastly enhance the understanding of microorganisms role in ecology and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuffa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Gomes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Abiead, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalon, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichewicz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo Terrazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Ayala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijpers, M. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackrel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugizimana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephali, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubery, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madala, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Lotufo, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezende-Teixeira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Villalobos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo-Castillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escud</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially resolved cell atlas of the teleost telencephalon and deep homology of the vertebrate forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The telencephalon has undergone remarkable diversification and expansion throughout vertebrate evolution, exhibiting striking differences in structural and functional complexity. Nevertheless, fundamental features are shared across vertebrate taxa, such as the presence of distinct regions including the pallium, subpallium, and olfactory structures. Teleost fishes have a uniquely  everted telencephalon, which has made it challenging to compare brain regions in fish to those in other vertebrates. Here we combine spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to generate a spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the cichlid fish telencephalon. We then compare cell-types and anatomical regions in the cichlid telencephalon with those in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. We uncover striking transcriptional similarities between cell populations in the fish telencephalon and subpallial, hippocampal, and cortical cell populations in tetrapods. Ultimately, our work lends new insights into the organization and evolution of conserved cell-types and regions in the vertebrate forebrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenhagen, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially resolved cell atlas of the teleost telencephalon and deep homology of the vertebrate forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction governs CD40 function and underlies X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cell maturation in germinal centers (GCs) depends on cognate interactions between the T and B cells. Upon interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells, CD40 delivers co-stimulatory signals alongside B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling to regulate affinity maturation and antibody class-switch during GC reaction. Mutations in CD40L disrupt interactions with CD40, which lead to abnormal antibody responses in immune deficiencies known as X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome (X-HIgM). Assuming that physical interactions between highly mobile T and B cells generate mechanical forces on CD40-CD40L bonds, we set out to study the B cell mechanobiology mediated by CD40-CD40L interaction. Using a suite of biophysical assays we find that CD40 forms catch bond with CD40L where the bond lasts longer at larger forces, B cells exert tension on CD40-CD40L bonds, and force enhances CD40 signaling and antibody class-switch. Significantly, X-HIgM CD40L mutations impair catch bond formation, suppress endogenous tension, and reduce force-enhanced CD40 signaling, leading to deficiencies in antibody class switch. Our findings highlight the critical role of mechanotransduction in CD40 function and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying X-HIgM syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munchhalfen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Aguilar, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wienands, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.550231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanotransduction governs CD40 function and underlies X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental regulation of zinc homeostasis in differentiating oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes develop through well characterized stages and understanding pathways regulating their differentiation remains an active area of investigation. Zinc is required for the function of many enzymes, proteins and transcription factors, including those important in myelination and mitosis. Our previous studies using the ratiometric zinc sensor chromis-1 demonstrated a reduction in intracellular free zinc concentrations in mature oligodendrocytes compared with earlier stages (Bourassa et al., 2018). We performed a more detailed developmental study to better understand the temporal course of zinc homeostasis across the oligodendrocyte lineage. Using chromis-1, we found a transient increase in free zinc after developing oligodendrocytes were switched into differentiation medium. To gather other evidence for dynamic regulation of free zinc during oligodendrocyte development, qPCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of the major zinc storage proteins metallothioneins (MTs), and metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) which controls expression of MTs. MT-1, MT-2 and MTF1 mRNAs were all increased several fold in mature oligodendrocytes compared to developing oligodendrocytes. To assess the depth of the zinc buffer, we assayed zinc release from intracellular stores using the oxidizing thiol reagent 2,2-dithiodipyridine (DTDP). Exposure to DTDP resulted in a [~]100% increase in free zinc in developing oligodendrocytes but, paradoxically more modest [~]60% increase in mature oligodendrocytes despite the increased expression of MTs. These results suggest that zinc homeostasis is regulated during oligodendrocyte development, that oligodendrocytes are a useful model for studying zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system, and that regulation of zinc homeostasis may be important in oligodendrocyte differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elitt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrni, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental regulation of zinc homeostasis in differentiating oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Where top-down meets bottom-up: Cell-type specific connectivity map of the whisker system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor computation integrates bottom-up world state information with top-down knowledge and task goals to form action plans. In the rodent whisker system, a prime model of active sensing, evidence shows neuromodulatory neurotransmitters shape whisker control, affecting whisking frequency and amplitude. Since neuromodulatory neurotransmitters are mostly released from subcortical nuclei and have long-range projections that reach the rest of the central nervous system, mapping the circuits of top-down neuromodulatory control of sensorimotor nuclei will help to systematically address the mechanisms of active sensing. Therefore, we developed a neuroinformatic target discovery pipeline to mine the Allen Institutes Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. Using network connectivity analysis, we identified new putative connections along the whisker system and anatomically confirmed the existence of 42 previously unknown monosynaptic connections. Using this data, we updated the sensorimotor connectivity map of the mouse whisker system and developed the first cell-type-specific map of the network. The map includes 157 projections across 18 principal nuclei of the whisker system and neuro-modulatory neurotransmitter-releasing. Performing a graph network analysis of this connectome, we identified cell-type specific hubs, sources, and sinks, provided anatomical evidence for monosynaptic inhibitory projections into all stages of the ascending pathway, and showed that neuromodulatory projections improve network-wide connectivity. These results argue that beyond the modulatory chemical contributions to information processing and transfer in the whisker system, the circuit connectivity features of the neuromodulatory networks position them as nodes of sensory and motor integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delfstra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleijnen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldenrust, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Where top-down meets bottom-up: Cell-type specific connectivity map of the whisker system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual Sequence Encoding is Enhanced by Predictable Music Pairing via Modulating Medial Temporal Lobe and Its Connectivity with Frontostriatal Loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listening to music during cognitive activities, such as reading and studying, is very common in human daily life. Therefore, it is important to understand how music interacts with concurrent cognitive functions, particularly memory. Current literature has presented mixed results for whether music can benefit learning in other modalities. Evidence is needed for what neural mechanisms music can tap into to enhance concurrent memory processing. This fMRI study aimed to begin filling this gap by investigating how music of varying predictability levels influences parallel visual sequence encoding performance. Behavioral results suggest that overall, predictable music enhances visual sequential encoding, and this effect increases with the structural regularity and familiarity of music. fMRI results indicate that during visual sequence encoding, music activates traditional music-processing and motor-related areas, but decreases parahippocampal and striatal engagement. This deactivation may indicate a more efficient encoding of visual information when music is present. By comparing music conditions of different structural predictability and familiarity, we probed how this occurs. We demonstrate improved encoding with increased syntactical regularity, which was associated with decreased activity in default mode network and increased activity in inferior temporal gyrus. Furthermore, the temporal schema provided by music familiarity may influence encoding through altered functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe and striatum. Overall, we propose that pairing music with learning might facilitate memory by reducing neural demands for visual encoding and simultaneously strengthening the connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and frontostriatal loops important for sequencing information.

Significance StatementThere is considerable interest in what mechanisms can be tapped to improve human memory. Music provides a potential modulator, but few studies have investigated music effects on encoding episodic memory. This study used a novel design to examine how music can influence concurrent visual item sequence encoding. We provided neural data to better understand mechanisms behind potential benefits of music for learning. Our results demonstrated predictable music may help guide parallel learning of sequences in another modality. We found that music might facilitate processing in neural systems associated with visual declarative long-term and working memory, and familiar music might modulate reward circuits and provide a temporal schema which facilitates better encoding of the temporal structure of new non-music information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual Sequence Encoding is Enhanced by Predictable Music Pairing via Modulating Medial Temporal Lobe and Its Connectivity with Frontostriatal Loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conductive microgel annealed scaffolds enhance myogenic potential of myoblastic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioelectricity is an understudied phenomenon to guide tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Conductive biomaterials may capture native or exogenous bioelectric signaling, but incorporation of conductive moieties is limited by cytotoxicity, poor injectability, or insufficient stimulation. Microgel annealed scaffolds are promising as hydrogel-based materials due to their inherent void space that facilitates cell migration and proliferation better than nanoporous bulk hydrogels. We generated conductive microgels from poly(ethylene) glycol and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) to explore the interplay of void volume and conductivity on myogenic differentiation. PEDOT:PSS increased microgel conductivity over 2-fold while maintaining stiffness, annealing strength, and viability of associated myoblastic cells. C2C12 myoblasts exhibited increases in the late-stage differentiation marker myosin heavy chain as a function of both porosity and conductivity. Myogenin, an earlier marker, was influenced only by porosity. Human skeletal muscle derived cells exhibited increased Myod1, IGF-1, and IGFBP-2 at earlier timepoints on conductive microgel scaffolds compared to non-conductive scaffolds. They also secreted higher levels of VEGF at early timepoints and expressed factors that led to macrophage polarization patterns observed during muscle repair. These data indicate that conductivity aids myogenic differentiation of myogenic cell lines and primary cells, motivating the need for future translational studies to promote muscle repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamoto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conductive microgel annealed scaffolds enhance myogenic potential of myoblastic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ciliary ARL13B prevents obesity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia are near ubiquitous cellular appendages critical for cell-to-cell communication and involved in diverse developmental and homeostatic processes. ARL13B is a regulatory GTPase enriched in cilia. We engineered an Arl13b mouse allele, Arl13bV358A, which retains ARL13B biochemical activities but renders ARL13B undetectable in cilia. Surprisingly, these mice are hyperphagic and become obese and insulin resistant. In addition to its GTPase function, ARL13B acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARL3. To test whether ARL13Bs GEF activity is required to regulate body weight, we analyzed the body weight of mice expressing an ARL13B variant lacking ARL3 GEF activity (Arl13bR79Q). We found no difference in body weight, indicating ARL13B is unlikely to regulate weight via its ARL3 GEF activity. Ciliary ARL13B could control energy homeostasis through a role in development or in adult mice. We induced wildtype ARL13B expression, which localizes to cilia, in 4-week-old Arl13bV358A/V358A mice and found the obesity phenotype and associated metabolic impairments were rescued, consistent with ARL13B regulating homeostatic signaling within cilia in adult mice. These results show that ciliary ARL13B functions to control body weight. Our ability to genetically control the subcellular localization of ARL13B by removing and introducing it into cilia enables us to define the cilia-specific role of ARL13B and provides key information for understanding how cilia act as a signaling hub critical for energy homeostasis.

Author SummaryPrimary cilia are essential for energy homeostasis, and their disruption leads to syndromic obesity. However, the mechanisms by which ciliary components regulate energy balance remain unclear. Here, we identify a key role for the ciliary GTPase ARL13B in energy homeostasis. Using a mouse model expressing the ARL13BV358A variant, which is excluded from cilia but retains biochemical activity, we show that ciliary ARL13B regulates body weight, as Arl13bV358A/V358A mice become obese and hyperphagic. Remarkably, restoring ciliary ARL13B in these mice rescues obesity, demonstrating its crucial role in acute ciliary signaling for energy balance. This study directly links ciliary ARL13B with energy balance in adult animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terry, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigante, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berbari, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaisse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ciliary ARL13B prevents obesity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An end-to-end workflow for non-destructive 3D pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in 3D pathology offer the ability to image orders-of-magnitude more tissue than conventional pathology while providing a volumetric context that is lacking with 2D tissue sections, all without requiring destructive tissue sectioning. Generating high-quality 3D pathology datasets on a consistent basis is non-trivial, requiring careful attention to many details regarding tissue preparation, imaging, and data/image processing in an iterative process. Here we provide an end-to-end protocol covering all aspects of a 3D pathology workflow (using light-sheet microscopy as an illustrative imaging platform) with sufficient detail to perform well-controlled preclinical and clinical studies. While 3D pathology is compatible with diverse staining protocols and computationally generated color palettes for visual analysis, this protocol will focus on a fluorescent analog of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), which remains the most common stain for gold-standard diagnostic determinations. We present our guidelines for a broad range of end-users (e.g., biologists, clinical researchers, and engineers) in a simple tutorial format.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barner, L. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraznenok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafin, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyasato, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>True, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An end-to-end workflow for non-destructive 3D pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purifying selection and adaptive evolution proximate to the zoonosis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past two decades the pace of spillovers from animal viruses to humans has accelerated, with COVID-19 becoming the most deadly zoonotic disease in living memory. Prior to zoonosis, it is conceivable that the virus might largely be subjected to purifying selection, requiring no additional selective changes for successful zoonotic transmission. Alternatively, selective changes occurring in the reservoir species may coincidentally preadapt the virus for human-to-human transmission, facilitating spread upon cross-species exposure. Here we quantify changes in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 proximate to zoonosis to evaluate the selection pressures acting on the viruses. Application of molecular-evolutionary and population-genetic approaches to quantify site-specific selection within both SARS-CoV genomes revealed strong purifying selection across many genes at the time of zoonosis. Even in the viral surface-protein Spike that has been fast-evolving in humans, there is little evidence of positive selection proximate to zoonosis. Nevertheless, in SARS-CoV-2, NSP12, a core protein for viral replication, exhibited a region under adaptive selection proximate to zoonosis. Furthermore, in both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, regions of adaptive selection proximate to zoonosis were found in ORF7a, a putative Major Histocompatibility Complex modulatory gene. These findings suggest that these replication and immunomodulatory proteins have played a previously underappreciated role in the adaptation of SARS coronaviruses to human hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purifying selection and adaptive evolution proximate to the zoonosis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRAND: A platform for closed-loop experiments with deep network models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are state-of-the-art tools for modeling and decoding neural activity, but deploying them in closed-loop experiments with tight timing constraints is challenging due to their limited support in existing real-time frameworks. Researchers need a platform that fully supports high-level languages for running ANNs (e.g., Python and Julia) while maintaining support for languages that are critical for low-latency data acquisition and processing (e.g., C and C++). To address these needs, we introduce the Backend for Realtime Asynchronous Neural Decoding (BRAND). BRAND comprises Linux processes, termed nodes, which communicate with each other in a graph via streams of data. Its asynchronous design allows for acquisition, control, and analysis to be executed in parallel on streams of data that may operate at different timescales. BRAND uses Redis to send data between nodes, which enables fast inter-process communication and supports 54 different programming languages. Thus, developers can easily deploy existing ANN models in BRAND with minimal implementation changes. In our tests, BRAND achieved <600 microsecond latency between processes when sending large quantities of data (1024 channels of 30 kHz neural data in 1-millisecond chunks). BRAND runs a brain-computer interface with a recurrent neural network (RNN) decoder with less than 8 milliseconds of latency from neural data input to decoder prediction. In a real-world demonstration of the system, participant T11 in the BrainGate2 clinical trial performed a standard cursor control task, in which 30 kHz signal processing, RNN decoding, task control, and graphics were all executed in BRAND. This system also supports real-time inference with complex latent variable models like Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems. By providing a framework that is fast, modular, and language-agnostic, BRAND lowers the barriers to integrating the latest tools in neuroscience and machine learning into closed-loop experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigotti-Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allcroft, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRAND: A platform for closed-loop experiments with deep network models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation as a Biosignature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life on Earth relies on mechanisms to store heritable information and translate this information into cellular machinery required for biological activity. In all known life, storage, regulation, and translation are provided by DNA, RNA, and ribosomes. Life beyond Earth, even if ancestrally or chemically distinct from life as we know it may utilize similar structures: it has been proposed that charged linear polymers analogous to nucleic acids may be responsible for storage and regulation of genetic information in non-terran biochemical systems. We further propose that a ribosome-like structure may also exist in such a system, due to the evolutionary advantages of separating heritability from cellular machinery. Here, we use a solid-state nanopore to detect DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, and demonstrate that machine learning can distinguish between biomolecule samples and accurately classify new data. This work is intended to serve as a proof of principal that such biosignatures (i.e., informational polymers or translation apparatuses) could be detected, for example, as part of future missions targeting extant life on Ocean Worlds. A negative detection does not imply the absence of life; however, detection of ribosome-like structures could provide a robust and sensitive method to seek extant life in combination with other methods.

One Sentence SummaryLife, defined as a chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution, likely requires an apparatus to translate heritable instructions into cellular machinery, and we propose to detect this as a biosignature of extant life beyond Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKaig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation as a Biosignature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Second Harmonic Generation Imaging Reveals Entanglement of Collagen Fibers in the Elephant Trunk Skin Dermis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Form-function relationships often have tradeoffs: if a material is tough, it is often inflexible, and vice versa. This is particularly relevant for the elephant trunk, where the skin should be protective yet elastic. To investigate how this is achieved, we used classical histochemical staining and second harmonic generation microscopy to describe the morphology and composition of elephant trunk skin. We report structure at the macro and micro scales, from the thickness of the dermis to the interaction of 10 m thick collagen fibers. We analyzed several sites along the length of the trunk, to compare and contrast the dorsal-ventral and proximal-distal skin morphologies and compositions. We find the dorsal skin of the elephant trunk can have keratin armor layers over 2mm thick, which is nearly 100 times the thickness of the equivalent layer in human skin. We also found that the structural support layer (the dermis) of elephant trunk contains a distribution of collagen-I (COL1) fibers in both perpendicular and parallel arrangement. The bimodal distribution of collagen is seen across all portions of the trunk, and is dissimilar from that of human skin where one orientation dominates within a body site. We hypothesize that this distribution of COL1 in the elephant trunk allows both flexibility and load-bearing capabilities. Additionally, when viewing individual fiber interaction of 10 m thick collagen, we find the fiber crossings per unit volume are five times more common than in human skin, suggesting that the fibers are entangled. We surmise that these intriguing structures permit both flexibility and strength in the elephant trunk. The complex nature of the elephant skin may inspire the design of materials that can combine strength and flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Second Harmonic Generation Imaging Reveals Entanglement of Collagen Fibers in the Elephant Trunk Skin Dermis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical force regulates ligand binding and function of PD-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1 shows great success in cancer therapy. However, the mechanism of how ligand binding initiates PD-1 signaling remains unclear. As prognosis markers of multiple cancers, soluble PD-L1 is found in patient sera and can bind PD-1, but fails to suppress T cell function. This and our previous observations that T cells exert endogenous forces on PD-1- PD-L2 bonds prompt the hypothesis that mechanical force might be critical to PD-1 triggering, which is missing in the soluble ligand case due to the lack of mechanical support afforded by surface-anchored ligand. Here we show that PD-1 function is eliminated or reduced when mechanical support on ligand is removed or dampened, respectively. Force spectroscopic analysis reveals that PD-1 forms catch bonds with both PD-Ligands <7 pN where force prolongs bond lifetime, but slip bonds >8 pN where force accelerates dissociation. Steered molecular dynamics finds PD-1-PD-L2 complex very sensitive to force due to the two molecules "side-to-side" binding via {beta} sheets. Pulling causes relative rotation and translation between the two molecules by stretching and aligning the complex along the force direction, yielding new atomic contacts not observed in the crystal structure. Compared to wild-type, PD-1 mutants targeting the force-induced new interactions maintain the same binding affinity but display lower rupture force, shorter bond lifetime, reduced tension, and most importantly, impaired capacity to suppress T cell activation. Our results uncover a mechanism for cells to probe the mechanical support of PD-1-PD-Ligand bonds using endogenous forces to regulate PD-1 triggering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Lizana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical force regulates ligand binding and function of PD-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive canine electroencephalography (EEG): a systematic review 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe emerging field of canine cognitive neuroscience uses neuroimaging tools such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map the cognitive processes of dogs to neural substrates in their brain. Within the past decade, the non-invasive use of EEG has provided real-time, accessible, and portable neuroimaging insight into canine cognitive processes. To promote systematization and create an overview of framings, methods and findings for future work, we provide a systematic review of non-invasive canine EEG studies (N=22), dissecting their study makeup, technical setup, and analysis frameworks and highlighting emerging trends. We further propose new directions of development, such as the standardization of data structures and integrating predictive modeling with descriptive statistical approaches. Our review ends by underscoring the advances and advantages of EEG-based canine cognitive neuroscience and the potential for accessible canine neuroimaging to inform both fundamental sciences as well as practical applications for cognitive neuroscience, working dogs, and human-canine interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulgod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franca, L. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.552730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive canine electroencephalography (EEG): a systematic review]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elephants develop wrinkles through both form & function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trunks of elephants have prominent wrinkles from their base to the very tip. But neither the obvious differences in wrinkles between elephant species nor their development have been studied before. Asian elephants have more dorsal major, meaning deep and wide, trunk wrinkles (~126 {+/-} 25 SD) than African elephants (~83 {+/-} 13 SD). Both species have more dorsal than ventral major trunk wrinkles and a closer wrinkle spacing distally than proximally. In Asian elephants wrinkle density is high in the  trunk wrapping zone. Wrinkle numbers on the left and right sides of the distal trunk differed as a function of trunk lateralization, with frequent bending in one direction causing wrinkle formation. MicroCT-imaging and microscopy of newborn elephants trunks revealed a constant thickness of the putative epidermis, whereas the putative dermis shrinks in the wrinkle troughs. During fetal development wrinkle numbers double every 20 days in an early exponential phase. Later wrinkles are added slowly, but at a faster rate in Asian than African elephants. We characterize the lifelong development of trunk wrinkles in Asian and African elephants and discuss the relation of species differences in trunk wrinkle distribution and number with behavioral, environmental, genetic, and biomechanical factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reveyaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brecht, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elephants develop wrinkles through both form & function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alters neuroinflammation and reduces formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in a rat model of nigral synucleinopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research into the disequilibrium of microglial phenotypes has become an area of intense focus in neurodegenerative disease as a potential mechanism that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in Parkinsons disease (PD). There is growing evidence that neuroinflammation accompanies and may promote progression of alpha-synuclein (Asyn)-induced nigral dopaminergic (DA) degeneration. From a therapeutic perspective, development of immunomodulatory strategies that dampen overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines from chronically activated immune cells and induce a pro-phagocytic phenotype is expected to promote Asyn removal and protect vulnerable neurons. Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) is highly expressed on activated microglia and peripheral immune cells, is upregulated in the substantia nigra of individuals with PD and in mouse models of nigral degeneration. Furthermore, modulation of CB2 protects against rotenone-induced nigral degeneration; however, CB2 has not been pharmacologically and selectively targeted in an Asyn model of PD. Here, we report that 7 weeks of peripheral administration of CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189 reduced phosphorylated (pSer129) alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra compared to vehicle treatment. Additionally, SMM-189 delayed Asyn-induced immune cell infiltration into the brain as determined by flow cytometry, increased CD68 protein expression, and elevated wound-healing-immune-mediator gene expression. Additionally, peripheral immune cells increased wound-healing non-classical monocytes and decreased pro-inflammatory classical monocytes. In vitro analysis of RAW264.7 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SMM-189 revealed increased phagocytosis as measured by the uptake of fluorescence of pHrodo E. coli bioparticles. Together, results suggest that targeting CB2 with SMM-189 skews immune cell function toward a phagocytic phenotype and reduces toxic aggregated species of Asyn. Our novel findings demonstrate that CB2 may be a target to modulate inflammatory and immune responses in proteinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joers, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronado, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achat-Mendes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredsson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alters neuroinflammation and reduces formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in a rat model of nigral synucleinopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tauopathy severely disrupts homeostatic set-points in emergent neural dynamics but not the activity of individual neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity is essential for robust computation; key set-points, such as firing rate, are actively stabilized to compensate for perturbations. From this perspective, the disruption of brain function central to neurodegenerative disease should reflect impairments of computationally essential set-points. Despite connecting neurodegeneration to functional outcomes, the impact of disease on set-points in neuronal activity is unknown. Here we present a comprehensive, theory-driven investigation of the effects of tau-mediated neurodegeneration on homeostatic set-points in neuronal activity. In a mouse model of tauopathy, we examine 27,000 hours of hippocampal recordings during free behavior throughout disease progression. Contrary to our initial hypothesis that tauopathy would impact set-points in spike rate and variance, we found that cell-level set-points are resilient to even the latest stages of disease. Instead, we find that tauopathy disrupts neuronal activity at the network-level, which we quantify using both pairwise measures of neuron interactions as well as measurement of the networks nearness to criticality, an ideal computational regime that is known to be a homeostatic set-point. We find that shifts in network criticality 1) track with symptoms, 2) predict underlying anatomical and molecular pathology, 3) occur in a sleep/wake dependent manner, and 4) can be used to reliably classify an animals genotype. Our data suggest that the critical set-point is intact, but that homeostatic machinery is progressively incapable of stabilizing hippocampal networks, particularly during waking. This work illustrates how neurodegenerative processes can impact the computational capacity of neurobiological systems, and suggest an important connection between molecular pathology, circuit function, and animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGregor, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronayne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskaran-Nair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tauopathy severely disrupts homeostatic set-points in emergent neural dynamics but not the activity of individual neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative design approach to combine architected Voronoi foams with porous collagen scaffolds to create a tunable composite biomaterial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regenerative biomaterials for musculoskeletal defects must address multi-scale mechanical challenges. We are developing biomaterials for craniomaxillofacial bone defects that are often large and irregularly shaped. These require close conformal contact between implant and defect margins to aid healing. While we have identified a mineralized collagen scaffold that promotes mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo, its mechanical performance is insufficient for surgical translation. We report a generative design approach to create scaffold-mesh composites by embedding a macro-scale polymeric Voronoi mesh into the mineralized collagen scaffold. The mechanics of architected foam reinforced composites are defined by a rigorous predictive moduli equation. We show biphasic composites localize strain during loading. Further, planar and 3D mesh-scaffold composites can be rapidly shaped to aid conformal fitting. Voronoi-based composites overcome traditional porosity-mechanics relationship limits while enabling rapid shaping of regenerative implants to conformally fit complex defects unique for individual patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dewey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosatov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative design approach to combine architected Voronoi foams with porous collagen scaffolds to create a tunable composite biomaterial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting YAP mechanosignaling to ameliorate stiffness-induced Schlemm's canal cell pathobiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologic alterations in the biomechanical properties of the Schlemms canal (SC) inner wall endothelium and its immediate vicinity are strongly associated with ocular hypertension in glaucoma due to decreased outflow facility. Specifically, the underlying trabecular meshwork is substantially stiffer in glaucomatous eyes compared to that from normal eyes. This raises the possibility of a critical involvement of mechanotransduction processes in driving SC cell dysfunction. Yes-associated protein (YAP) has emerged as a key contributor to glaucoma pathogenesis. However, the molecular underpinnings of SC cell YAP mechanosignaling in response to glaucomatous extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening are not well understood. Using a novel biopolymer hydrogel that facilitates dynamic and reversible stiffness tuning, we investigated how ECM stiffening modulates YAP activity in primary human SC cells, and whether disruption of YAP mechanosignaling attenuates SC cell pathobiology and increases ex vivo outflow facility. We demonstrated that ECM stiffening drives pathologic YAP activation and cytoskeletal reorganization in SC cells, which was fully reversible by matrix softening in a distinct time-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that pharmacologic or genetic disruption of YAP mechanosignaling abrogates stiffness-induced SC cell dysfunction involving altered cytoskeletal and ECM remodeling. Lastly, we found that perfusion of the clinically-used, small molecule YAP inhibitor verteporfin (without light activation) increases ex vivo outflow facility in normal mouse eyes. Collectively, our data provide new evidence for a pathologic role of aberrant YAP mechanosignaling in SC cell dysfunction and suggest that YAP inhibition has therapeutic value for treating ocular hypertension in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanivel, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ieso, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathy, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting YAP mechanosignaling to ameliorate stiffness-induced Schlemm's canal cell pathobiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing synaptic connectivity has traditionally relied on time-consuming electron microscopy-based imaging approaches. To scale the analysis of synaptic connectivity, fluorescent protein-based techniques have been established, ranging from the labeling of specific pre- or postsynaptic components of chemical or electrical synapses to transsynaptic proximity labeling technology such as GRASP and iBLINC. In this paper, we describe WormPsyQi, a generalizable image analysis pipeline that automatically quantifies synaptically localized fluorescent signals in a high-throughput and robust manner, with reduced human bias. We also present a resource of 30 transgenic strains that label chemical or electrical synapses throughout the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, using CLA-1, RAB-3, GRASP (chemical synapses), or innexin (electrical synapse) reporters. We show that WormPsyQi captures synaptic structures in spite of substantial heterogeneity in neurite morphology, fluorescence signal, and imaging parameters. We use these toolkits to quantify multiple obvious and subtle features of synapses - such as number, size, intensity, and spatial distribution of synapses - in datasets spanning various regions of the nervous system, developmental stages, and sexes. Although the pipeline is described in the context of synapses, it may be utilized for other  punctate signals, such as fluorescently-tagged neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules, as well as proteins in other subcellular contexts. By overcoming constraints on time, sample size, cell morphology, and phenotypic space, this work represents a powerful resource for further analysis of synapse biology in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal subspace independent vector analysis captures latent subspace structures in large multimodal neuroimaging studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in neuroscience is to infer the relationships between brain structure and function from high-dimensional, multimodal neuroimaging data. While conventional multivariate approaches often simplify statistical assumptions and estimate one-dimensional independent sources shared across modalities, the true relationships between latent sources are likely more complex--statistical dependence may exist both within and between modalities, and possibly span more than one dimension per modality. Here we present Multimodal Subspace Independent Vector Analysis (MSIVA), a methodology to capture both joint and unique vector sources from multiple data modalities by defining both cross-modal and unimodal subspaces with variable dimensions. In particular, MSIVA enables flexible estimation of varying-size independent subspaces within modalities and their one-to-one linkage to corresponding subspaces across modalities. A key advantage is its ability to capture subjectlevel variability at the voxel level within independent subspaces, in contrast to traditional methods that share the same independent components across subjects. We evaluated three initialization workflows with five candidate subspace structures in multiple synthetic datasets and two large multimodal neuroimaging datasets, both including structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI). After confirming that MSIVA successfully recovered the ground-truth subspace structures in the synthetic data, we then applied MSIVA to identify the latent subspace structure in the neuroimaging data. Subsequent subspace-specific canonical correlation analysis, brain-phenotype prediction, and voxelwise brain-age delta analysis suggest that the estimated sources from MSIVA with the optimal subspace structure are strongly associated with multiple phenotype variables, including age, sex, schizophrenia, lifestyle factors, and cognitive functions. Further, we identified modality- and group-specific brain regions related to multiple phenotype measures such as age (for example, cerebellum, precentral gyrus, and cingulate gyrus in sMRI; occipital lobe and superior frontal gyrus in fMRI), sex (for example, cerebellum in sMRI, frontal lobe in fMRI, and precuneus in both sMRI and fMRI), schizophrenia (for example, cerebellar, frontal, and insular cortices in sMRI; occipital pole, lingual gyrus, and precuneus in fMRI), shedding light on phenotypic and neuropsychiatric biomarkers of linked brain structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal subspace independent vector analysis captures latent subspace structures in large multimodal neuroimaging studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RATTACA: Genetic predictions in Heterogeneous Stock rats offer a new tool for genetic correlation and experimental design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic correlations between traits are a common first step in studies identifying causal genetic pathways and mechanisms. Using this framework with inbred or selected lines, however, requires intensive labor investment through breeding and phenotyping, and is prone to confounding, as observed trait correlations do not necessarily reflect a causative genetic architecture shared between distinct populations. When drawn from a single outbred population, genetic trait predictions offer a viable alternative to experimental phenotyping and can be used to identify putative genetic correlations when samples with divergent trait predictions also diverge in a second measured trait. Here, we present a novel research paradigm and service called RATTACA, in which genotypes from Heterogenous Stock (HS) rats are used to predict trait values using linear mixed models. These predictions are used to select samples of individuals with high and low extreme trait values, facilitating (1) a priori sampling of desired trait values without oversampling across phenotypic space and (2) easy identification of putative genetic correlations between predicted and newly measured traits. We validated prediction models using four example phenotypes with measured trait values and found sufficient accuracy to distinguish extreme trait samples, even when using a small number of genome-wide variants (n = 50,000) for traits with modest heritability (h2 = 0.13). Given genotypes and trait measurements available through previous research in HS rats, we propose RATTACA as a service to reliably predict more than 80 behavioral and physiological traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanches, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RATTACA: Genetic predictions in Heterogeneous Stock rats offer a new tool for genetic correlation and experimental design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fossil-calibrated inference of divergence times among the Volvocine algae enables reconstruction of the steps that led to differentiated multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout its nearly four-billion-year history, life has undergone evolutionary transitions in which simpler subunits have become integrated to form a more complex whole. Many of these transitions opened the door to innovations that resulted in increased biodiversity and/or organismal efficiency. The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular forms represents one such transition, one that paved the way for cellular differentiation, including differentiation of male and female gametes. A useful model for studying the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation is the volvocine algae, a clade of freshwater green algae whose members range from unicellular to colonial, from undifferentiated to completely differentiated, and whose gamete types can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous. To better understand how multicellularity, differentiation, and gametes evolved in this group, we used comparative genomics and fossil data to establish a geologically calibrated roadmap of when these innovations occurred. Our results, presented as ancestral-state reconstructions, show that multicellularity arose independently twice in this clade. Our chronograms indicate multicellularity evolved during the Carboniferous-Triassic periods in Goniaceae + Volvocaceae, and possibly as early as the Cretaceous in Tetrabaenaceae. Using divergence time estimates we inferred when, and in what order, specific developmental changes occurred that led to differentiated multicellularity and oogamy. We find that in the volvocine algae the temporal sequence of developmental changes leading to differentiated multicellularity is much as proposed by David Kirk, and that multicellularity is correlated with the acquisition of anisogamy and oogamy. Lastly, morphological, molecular, and divergence time data suggest the possibility of cryptic species in Tetrabaenaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoll, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fossil-calibrated inference of divergence times among the Volvocine algae enables reconstruction of the steps that led to differentiated multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSchizophrenia is a multifaceted disorder associated with structural brain heterogeneity. Despite its relevance for identifying illness subtypes and informative biomarkers, structural brain heterogeneity in schizophrenia remains incompletely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive insight into the structural brain heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia.

MethodsThis meta- and mega-analysis investigated the variability of multimodal structural brain measures of white and gray matter in individuals with schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Using the ENIGMA dataset of MRI-based brain measures from 22 international sites with up to 6139 individuals for a given brain measure, we examined variability in cortical thickness, surface area, folding index, subcortical volume and fractional anisotropy.

ResultsWe found that individuals with schizophrenia are distinguished by higher heterogeneity in the frontotemporal network with regard to multimodal structural measures. Moreover, individuals with schizophrenia showed higher homogeneity of the folding index, especially in the left parahippocampal region.

ConclusionsHigher multimodal heterogeneity in frontotemporal regions potentially implies different subtypes of schizophrenia that converge on impaired frontotemporal interaction as a core feature of the disorder. Conversely, more homogeneous folding patterns in the left parahippocampal region might signify a consistent characteristic of schizophrenia shared across subtypes. These findings underscore the importance of structural brain variability in advancing our neurobiological understanding of schizophrenia, and aid in identifying illness subtypes as well as informative biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omlor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surbeck, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiadis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifritz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruggemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quide, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalletta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomecek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, F.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iasevoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenCell: A Low-cost, Open-Source, 3-in-1 device for DNA Extraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-cost DNA extraction procedures pose significant challenges for budget-constrained laboratories. To address this, we introduce OpenCell, an economical, open-source, 3-in-1 laboratory device that combines the functionalities of a bead homogenizer, a microcentrifuge, and a vortex mixer. OpenCell utilizes modular attachments that magnetically connect to a central rotating brushless motor. This motor couples to an epicyclic gearing mechanism, enabling efficient bead homogenization, vortex mixing, and centrifugation within one compact unit. OpenCells design incorporates multiple redundant safety features, ensuring both the devices and operators safety. Additional features such as RPM measurement, programmable timers, battery operation, and optional speed control make OpenCell a reliable and reproducible laboratory instrument. In our study, OpenCell successfully isolated DNA from Spinacia oleracea (spinach), with an average yield of 2.3 {micro}g and an A260/A280 ratio of 1.77, demonstrating its effectiveness for downstream applications such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. With its compact size (20 cm x 28 cm x 6.7 cm) and lightweight design (0.8 kg), comparable to the size and weight of a laptop, OpenCell is portable, making it an attractive component of a  lab-in-a-backpack for resource-constrained environments in low-and-middle-income countries and synthetic biology in remote field stations. Leveraging the accessibility of 3D printing and off-the-shelf components, OpenCell can be manufactured and assembled at a low unit cost of less than $50, providing an affordable alternative to expensive laboratory equipment costing over $4000. OpenCell aims to overcome the barriers to entry in synthetic biology research and contribute to the growing collection of frugal and open hardware.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challita, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standeven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenCell: A Low-cost, Open-Source, 3-in-1 device for DNA Extraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QPPLab: A generally applicable software package for detecting, analyzing, and visualizing large-scale quasiperiodic spatiotemporal patterns (QPPs) of brain activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quasi-periodic patterns (QPPs) are prominent spatiotemporal brain dynamics observed in functional neuroimaging data, reflecting the alternation of high and low activity across brain regions and their propagation along cortical gradients. QPPs have been linked to neural processes such as attention, arousal fluctuations, and cognitive function. Despite their significance, existing QPP analysis tools are limited by study-specific parameters and complex workflows. To address these challenges, we present QPPLab, an open-source MATLAB-based toolbox for detecting, analyzing, and visualizing QPPs from fMRI time series. QPPLab integrates correlation-based iterative algorithms, supports customizable parameter settings, and features automated workflows to simplify analysis. Processing times vary depending on dataset size and the selected mode, with the fast detection mode completing analyses that can be 4-6 times faster than the robust detection mode. Results include spatiotemporal templates of QPPs, sliding correlation time courses, and functional connectivity maps. By reducing manual parameter adjustments and providing user-friendly tools, QPPLab enables researchers to efficiently study QPPs across diverse datasets and species, advancing our understanding of intrinsic brain dynamics.

Metadata

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f4f44dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d31544org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19384corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bf2360org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ab9b80_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anumba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QPPLab: A generally applicable software package for detecting, analyzing, and visualizing large-scale quasiperiodic spatiotemporal patterns (QPPs) of brain activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of phage and phage resistance on microbial community dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Where there are bacteria, there will be bacteriophages. These viruses are known to be important players in shaping the wider microbial community in which they are embedded, with potential implications for human health. On the other hand, bacteria possess a range of distinct immune mechanisms that provide protection against bacteriophages, including the mutation or complete loss of the phage receptor, and CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity. Yet little is known about how interactions between phages and these different phage resistance mechanisms affect the wider microbial community in which they are embedded. Here, we conducted a 10-day, fully factorial evolution experiment to examine how phage impact the structure and dynamics of an artificial four-species bacterial community that includes either Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type or an isogenic mutant unable to evolve phage resistance through CRISPR-Cas. Our results show that the microbial community structure is drastically altered by the addition of phage, with Acinetobacter baumannii becoming the dominant species and P. aeruginosa being driven nearly extinct, whereas P. aeruginosa outcompetes the other species in the absence of phage. Moreover, we find that a P. aeruginosa strain with the ability to evolve CRISPR-based resistance generally does better when in the presence of A. baumannii, but that this benefit is largely lost over time as phage is driven extinct. Combined, our data highlight how phage-targeting a dominant species allows for the competitive release of the strongest competitor whilst also contributing to community diversity maintenance and potentially preventing the reinvasion of the target species, and underline the importance of mapping community composition before therapeutically applying phage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alseth, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custodio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundius, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuske, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westra, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of phage and phage resistance on microbial community dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septins Enable T Cell Contact Guidance via Amoeboid-Mesenchymal Switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocytes exit circulation and enter in-tissue guided migration toward sites of tissue pathologies, damage, infection, or inflammation. By continuously sensing and adapting to the guiding chemo-mechano-structural properties of the tissues, lymphocytes dynamically alternate and combine their amoeboid (non-adhesive) and mesenchymal (adhesive) migration modes. However, which mechanisms guide and balance different migration modes are largely unclear. Here we report that suppression of septins GTPase activity induces an abrupt amoeboid-to-mesenchymal transition of T cell migration mode, characterized by a distinct, highly deformable integrin-dependent immune cell contact guidance. Surprisingly, the T cell actomyosin cortex contractility becomes diminished, dispensable and antagonistic to mesenchymal-like migration mode. Instead, mesenchymal-like T cells rely on microtubule stabilization and their non-canonical dynein motor activity for high fidelity contact guidance. Our results establish septins GTPase activity as an important on/off switch for integrin-dependent migration of T lymphocytes, enabling their dynein-driven fluid-like mesenchymal propulsion along the complex adhesion cues.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDeciphering mechanisms of guided lymphocyte migration paves the way towards effective immunotherapies for the extracellular matrix-rich tissues, such as solid tumors. Here we demonstrate that T cell septins GTPase activity regulates both actomyosin and microtubules, alternately enhancing either of these two major motor systems. Surprisingly, the suppression of septin GTPase activity also induces a highly guided integrin-dependent mesenchymal-like migration directed by the extracellular matrix proteins. The phenomenon of guided mesenchymal-like migration of T cells relies on the microtubules and microtubule-based dynein motors that are responsible for the force generation, powering guided T cell motility. This finding opens a new perspective for future studies of septin GTPases in a context of the optimisation of T cell-based immunotherapies for the solid tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokholyan, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartagena-Rivera, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabdanov, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septins Enable T Cell Contact Guidance via Amoeboid-Mesenchymal Switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flight power muscles have a coordinated, causal role in controlling hawkmoth pitch turns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flying insects solve a daunting control problem of generating a patterned and precise motor program to stay airborne and generate agile maneuvers. In this motor program consisting of every action potential controlling wing musculature, each muscle encodes significant information about movement in precise spike timing down to the millisecond scale. While individual muscles share information about movement, we do not yet know if they have separable effects on an animals motion, or if muscles functionally interact such that the effects of any muscles timing depends heavily on the state of the entire musculature. To answer these questions, we performed spike-resolution electromyography and precise stimulation of individual spikes in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta during tethered flapping. We specifically explored how the flight power muscles themselves may contribute to pitch control which is necessary to stabilize flight. Combining correlational study of visually-induced turns with causal manipulation of spike timing, we discovered likely coordination patterns for pitch turns, investigated if these correlational patterns can individually drive pitch control, and studied whether the precise spike timing of indirect power muscles can lead to pitch maneuvers. We observed significant timing change of the main downstroke muscles, the dorsolongitudinal muscles (DLMs), associated with whether a moth was pitching up or down. Causally inducing this timing change in the DLMs with electrical stimulation produced a consistent, mechanically relevant feature in pitch torque, establishing that indirect power muscles in Manduca have a control role in pitch. Because changes were evoked in unconstrained flapping in only the DLMs, however, these pitch torque features left large unexplained variation. We find this unexplained variation indicates significant functional overlap in pitch control such that precise timing of one power muscle does not produce a precise turn, demonstrating the importance of coordination across the entire motor program for flight.

Summary StatementWe investigate how individual muscles contribute to flight by manipulating muscle timing in behaving hawkmoths. We find precise timing of single muscles does not produce precise turns, highlighting the importance of coordination across the entire motor program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flight power muscles have a coordinated, causal role in controlling hawkmoth pitch turns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogel-Polyurethane Fiber Composites With Enhanced Microarchitectural Control For Heart Valve Replacement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymeric heart valves offer the potential to overcome the limited durability of tissue based bioprosthetic valves and the need for anticoagulant therapy of mechanical valve replacement options. However, developing a single-phase material with requisite biological properties and target mechanical properties remains a challenge. In this study, a composite heart valve material was developed where an electrospun mesh provides tunable mechanical properties and a hydrogel coating confers an antifouling surface for thromboresistance. Key biological responses were evaluated in comparison to glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium. Platelet and bacterial attachment were reduced by 38% and 98%, respectively, as compared to pericardium that demonstrated the antifouling nature of the hydrogel coating. There was also a notable reduction (59%) in the calcification of the composite material as compared to pericardium. A custom 3D printed hydrogel coating setup was developed to make valve composites for device-level hemodynamic testing. Regurgitation fraction (9.6 {+/-} 1.8%) and effective orifice area (1.52 {+/-} 0.34 cm2) met ISO 5840-2:2021 requirements. Additionally, the mean pressure gradient was comparable to current clinical bioprosthetic heart valves demonstrating preliminary efficacy. Although the hemodynamic properties are promising, it is anticipated that the random microarchitecture will result in suboptimal strain fields and peak stresses that may accelerate leaflet fatigue and degeneration. Previous computational work has demonstrated that bioinspired fiber microarchitectures can improve strain homogeneity of valve materials toward improving durability. To this end, we developed advanced electrospinning methodologies to achieve polyurethane fiber microarchitectures that mimic or exceed the physiological ranges of alignment, tortuosity, and curvilinearity present in the native valve. Control of fiber alignment from a random fiber orientation at a normalized orientation index (NOI) 14.2 {+/-} 6.9% to highly aligned fibers at a NOI of 85.1 {+/-} 1.4%. was achieved through increasing mandrel rotational velocity. Fiber tortuosity and curvilinearity in the range of native valve features were introduced through a post-spinning annealing process and fiber collection on a conical mandrel geometry, respectively. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential of hydrogel-polyurethane fiber composite as a heart valve material. Future studies will utilize the developed advanced electrospinning methodologies in combination with model-directed fabrication toward optimizing durability as a function of fiber microarchitecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wancura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgriff-Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogel-Polyurethane Fiber Composites With Enhanced Microarchitectural Control For Heart Valve Replacement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context dependent multisensory integration: Mechanosensation depends on luminance for robust performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisensory, goal-directed behaviors are ubiquitous and essential in animals across taxa. Individual sensory modalities may be significantly tuned by environmental context, and yet they must continue to combine and produce multisensory behaviors. This necessitates either behavioral robustness or goal-relevant adaptation in sensorimotor systems. In the case of hover-feeding hawkmoths of the species Manduca sexta, proboscis mechanosensation and vision are known to combine linearly in tracking of moving flowers. This tracking behavior is affected by light-levels, and visual compensation is necessary for robust flower-tracking. Whether the mechanosensory response also adjusts to light-level, in order to produce linear combination across luminance contexts, is not known. We applied control theoretic analyses to study integration of mechanosensory and visual information in flower tracking hawkmoths in the context of high luminance. This was performed using a two-part robotic flower system. Under the conditions of high luminance, we verified the linear combination of mechanosensory and visual systems, and the complementary modulation of these systems. We show that both systems tune their frequency response with changing environmental light level,while keeping their combined error low at relevant frequencies. Thus, the animal adapts to changing conditions, across modalities, even when only one of the modalities (vision) is directly affected. This cross-talk between sensorimotor systems is constrained, and possibly driven, by performance requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context dependent multisensory integration: Mechanosensation depends on luminance for robust performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS)-ortholog mutants of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are abundantly found within genomic DNA of cells. The embedded rNMPs alter DNA properties and impact genome stability. Mutations in ribonuclease (RNase) H2, a key enzyme for rNMP removal, are associated with the Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), a severe neurological disorder. Here, we engineered two AGS-ortholog mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: rnh201-G42S and rnh203-K46W. Using the ribose-seq technique and the Ribose-Map bioinformatics toolkit, we unveiled rNMP abundance, composition, hotspots, and sequence context in these yeast AGS-ortholog mutants. We found higher rNMP incorporation in the nuclear genome of rnh201-G42S than in wild-type and rnh203-K46W-mutant cells, and an elevated rCMP content in both mutants. Moreover, we uncovered unique rNMP patterns in each mutant, highlighting a differential activity of the AGS mutants towards rNMPs embedded on the leading or on the lagging strand of DNA replication. This study guides future research on rNMP characteristics in human genomic samples carrying AGS mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouawad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS)-ortholog mutants of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spiral NeuroString: High-Density Soft Bioelectronic Fibers for Multimodal Sensing and Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioelectronic fibers hold promise for both research and clinical applications due to their compactness, ease of implantation, and ability to incorporate various functionalities such as sensing and stimulation. However, existing devices suffer from bulkiness, rigidity, limited functionality, and low density of active components. These limitations stem from the difficulty to incorporate many components on one-dimensional (1D) fiber devices due to the incompatibility of conventional microfabrication methods (e.g., photolithography) with curved, thin and long fiber structures. Herein, we introduce a fabrication approach, "spiral transformation'', to convert two-dimensional (2D) films containing microfabricated devices into 1D soft fibers. This approach allows for the creation of high density multimodal soft bioelectronic fibers, termed Spiral NeuroString (S-NeuroString), while enabling precise control over the longitudinal, angular, and radial positioning and distribution of the functional components. We show the utility of S-NeuroString for motility mapping, serotonin sensing, and tissue stimulation within the dynamic and soft gastrointestinal (GI) system, as well as for single-unit recordings in the brain. The described bioelectronic fibers hold great promises for next-generation multifunctional implantable electronics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamnett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Root, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakhtoura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishio, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimi-Jazi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafeeqi, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemed, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tok, J. B.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltschmidt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spiral NeuroString: High-Density Soft Bioelectronic Fibers for Multimodal Sensing and Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise cortical contributions to feedback sensorimotor control during reactive balance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of the cortex in shaping automatic whole-body motor behaviors such as walking and balance is poorly understood. Gait and balance are typically mediated through subcortical circuits, with the cortex becoming engaged as needed on an individual basis by task difficulty and complexity. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how increased cortical contribution to whole-body movements shapes motor output. Here we use reactive balance recovery as a paradigm to identify relationships between hierarchical control mechanisms and their engagement across balance tasks of increasing difficulty in young adults. We hypothesize that parallel sensorimotor feedback loops engaging subcortical and cortical circuits contribute to balance-correcting muscle activity, and that the involvement of cortical circuits increases with balance challenge. We decomposed balance-correcting muscle activity based on hypothesized subcortically- and cortically-mediated feedback components driven by similar sensory information, but with different loop delays. The initial balance-correcting muscle activity was engaged at all levels of balance difficulty. Its onset latency was consistent with subcortical sensorimotor loops observed in the lower limb. An even later, presumed, cortically-mediated burst of muscle activity became additionally engaged as balance task difficulty increased, at latencies consistent with longer transcortical sensorimotor loops. We further demonstrate that evoked cortical activity in central midline areas measured using electroencephalography (EEG) can be explained by a similar sensory transformation as muscle activity but at a delay consistent with its role in a transcortical loop driving later cortical contributions to balance-correcting muscle activity. These results demonstrate that a neuromechanical model of muscle activity can be used to infer cortical contributions to muscle activity without recording brain activity. Our model may provide a useful framework for evaluating changes in cortical contributions to balance that are associated with falls in older adults and in neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boebinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirdamadi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise cortical contributions to feedback sensorimotor control during reactive balance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum Lipidome Profiling Reveals a Distinct Signature of Ovarian Cancer in Korean Women 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing ovarian cancer (OC) from other gynecological malignancies remains a critical unmet medical need with significant implications for patient survival. However, non-specific symptoms along with our lack of understanding of OC pathogenesis hinder its diagnosis, preventing many women from receiving appropriate medical assistance. Accumulating evidence suggests a link between OC and deregulated lipid metabolism. Most studies, however, are limited by small sample size, particularly for early-stage cases. Furthermore, racial/ethnic differences in OC survival and incidence have been reported, yet most of the studies consist largely of non-Hispanic white women or women with European ancestry. Studies of more diverse racial/ethnic populations are needed to make OC diagnosis and prevention more inclusive. Here, we profiled the serum lipidome of 208 OC, including 93 patients with early-stage OC, and 117 non-OC (other gynecological malignancies) patients of Korean descent. Serum samples were analyzed with a high-coverage liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry platform, and lipidome alterations were investigated via statistical and machine learning approaches. Results show that lipidome alterations unique to OC were present in Korean women as early as when the cancer is localized, and those changes increase in magnitude as the diseases progresses. Analysis of relative lipid abundances revealed specific patterns for various lipid classes, with most classes showing decreased abundance in OC in comparison to other gynecological diseases. Machine learning methods selected a panel of 17 lipids that discriminated OC from non-OC cases with an AUC of 0.85 for an independent test set. This study provides a systemic analysis of lipidome alterations in human OC, specifically in Korean women, emphasizing the potential of circulating lipids in distinguishing OC from non-OC conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifarin, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum Lipidome Profiling Reveals a Distinct Signature of Ovarian Cancer in Korean Women]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained bacterial (N2O) reduction at acidic pH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a climate-active gas and emissions from terrestrial ecosystems are concerning. Microbial reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2) is the only known consumption process and has been studied extensively at circumneutral pH; however, N2O reduction under acidic conditions is thought to be limited. Global soil acidification, accelerated by anthropogenic practices, introduces high uncertainty into N2O emission budgets. We obtained an enrichment culture from an acidic tropical forest soil that robustly reduces N2O to N2 at pH 4.5 with the addition of pyruvate and hydrogen. Consecutive transfers at pH 4.5 yielded a co-culture and temporal analyses revealed a bimodal growth pattern with a Serratia sp. growing during the initial pyruvate fermentation phase followed by growth of a novel Desulfosporosinus sp. via hydrogenotrophic N2O reduction. The Desulfosporosinus sp. produced (3.1 {+/-} 0.11) x 108 cells per mmol of N2O consumed, on par with growth yields reported for clade II N2O reducers at circumneutral pH. Genome analysis identified a clade II nos gene cluster, but an incomplete pathway for sulfate reduction, a hallmark feature of the genus Desulfosporosinus. Physiological and metabogenomic characterization revealed interspecies nutritional interactions, with the pyruvate fermenting Serratia sp. supplying amino acids as essential growth factors to the Desulfosporosinus sp. The co-culture reduced N2O between pH 4.5 and 6 but not at or above pH 7, contradicting the paradigm that sustained microbial N2O reduction ceases under acidic pH conditions, thus confirming a previously unrecognized N2O reduction potential in acidic soils.

Significance StatementProcesses generating N2O occur over a broad pH range spanning pH 3 to 12; however, the current paradigm assumes that microbial N2O consumption is limited to circumneutral pH (6 to 8). The imbalance between N2O production versus consumption has increased the atmospheric concentration of this climate active gas by 17 % over the last 100 years, and accelerated emissions due to global soil acidification are a major climate concern. From acidic soil, we obtained a bacterial culture harboring a novel Desulfosporosinus species that effectively reduces N2O at pH 4.5, but not at or above pH 7. The discovery of an N2O reducer adapted to acidic pH conditions has far-reaching implications for predicting, modeling, and potentially managing N2O emissions from low pH ecosystems.

Note for publisher (this text will be removed prior to publication)This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radosevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löffler, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.560748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained bacterial (N2O) reduction at acidic pH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivery of A Jagged1-PEG-MAL hydrogel with Pediatric Human Bone Cells Regenerates Critically-Sized Craniofacial Bone Defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatments for congenital and acquired craniofacial (CF) bone abnormalities are limited and expensive. Current reconstructive methods include surgical correction of injuries, short-term bone stabilization, and long-term use of bone grafting solutions, including implantation of (i) allografts which are prone to implant failure or infection, (ii) autografts which are limited in supply. Current bone regenerative approaches have consistently relied on BMP2 application with or without addition of stem cells. BMP2 treatment can lead to severe bony overgrowth or uncontrolled inflammation, which can accelerate further bone loss. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments, which do not have the side effects of BMP2, are not currently FDA approved, and are time and resource intensive. There is a critical need for novel bone regenerative therapies to treat CF bone loss that have minimal side effects, are easily available, and are affordable. In this study we investigated novel bone regenerative therapies downstream of JAGGED1 (JAG1).

We previously demonstrated that JAG1 induces murine cranial neural crest (CNC) cells towards osteoblast commitment via a NOTCH non-canonical pathway involving JAK2-STAT5 (1) and that JAG1 delivery with CNC cells elicits bone regeneration in vivo. In this study, we hypothesize that delivery of JAG1 and induction of its downstream NOTCH non-canonical signaling in pediatric human osteoblasts constitute an effective bone regenerative treatment in an in vivo murine bone loss model of a critically-sized cranial defect. Using this CF defect model in vivo, we delivered JAG1 with pediatric human bone-derived osteoblast-like (HBO) cells to demonstrate the osteo-inductive properties of JAG1 in human cells and in vitro we utilized the HBO cells to identify the downstream non-canonical JAG1 signaling intermediates as effective bone regenerative treatments. In vitro, we identified an important mechanism by which JAG1 induces pediatric osteoblast commitment and bone formation involving the phosphorylation of p70 S6K. This discovery enables potential new treatment avenues involving the delivery of tethered JAG1 and the downstream activators of p70 S6K as powerful bone regenerative therapies in pediatric CF bone loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamalakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaimari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriarity, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramowicz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drissi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivery of A Jagged1-PEG-MAL hydrogel with Pediatric Human Bone Cells Regenerates Critically-Sized Craniofacial Bone Defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Histomorphometric and Computational Investigation of the Stabilizing Role of Pectinate Ligaments in the Aqueous Outflow Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine models are commonly used to study glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Glaucoma is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is regulated by the tissues of the aqueous outflow pathway. In particular, pectinate ligaments (PLs) connect the iris and trabecular meshwork (TM) at the anterior chamber angle, with an unknown role in maintenance of the biomechanical stability of the aqueous outflow pathway, thus motivating this study. We conducted histomorphometric analysis and optical coherence tomography-based finite element (FE) modeling on three cohorts of C57BL/6 mice:  young (2-6 months),  middle-aged (11-16 months), and  elderly (25-32 months). We evaluated the age-specific morphology of the outflow pathway tissues. Further, because of the known pressure-dependent Schlemms canal (SC) narrowing, we assessed the dependence of the SC lumen area to varying IOPs in age-specific FE models over a physiological range of TM/PL stiffness values. We found age-dependent changes in morphology of outflow tissues; notably, the PLs were more developed in older mice compared to younger ones. In addition, FE modeling demonstrated that murine SC patency is highly dependent on the presence of PLs, and that increased IOP caused SC collapse only with sufficiently low TM/PL stiffness values. Moreover, the elderly model showed more susceptibility to SC collapse compared to the younger models. In conclusion, our study elucidated the previously unexplored role of PLs in the aqueous outflow pathway, indicating their function in supporting TM and SC under elevated IOP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli Guzman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Histomorphometric and Computational Investigation of the Stabilizing Role of Pectinate Ligaments in the Aqueous Outflow Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual antibacterial properties of copper coated nanotextured stainless steel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial adhesion to stainless steel, an alloy commonly used in shared settings, numerous medical devices, and food and beverage sectors, can give rise to serious infections, ultimately leading to morbidity, mortality, and significant healthcare expenses. In this study, we have demonstrated Cu-coated nanotextured stainless steel (nSS) fabrication using electrochemical technique and its potential as an antibiotic-free biocidal surface against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. As nanotexture and Cu combine for dual methods of killing, this material should not contribute to drug resistant bacteria as antibiotic use does. Our approach involves applying a Cu coating on nanotextured stainless steel, resulting in a antibacterial activity within 30 minutes. We have performed comprehensive characterization of the surface revealing that the Cu coating consists of metallic Cu and oxidized states (Cu2+ and Cu+). Cu-coated nSS induces a remarkable reduction of 97% in Gram-negative Escherichia coli and 99% Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. This material has potential to be used to create effective, scalable, and sustainable solutions to prevent bacterial infections caused by surface contamination without contributing to antibiotic resistance.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/563111v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d7e8f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1feff9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f4224org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f8207_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual antibacterial properties of copper coated nanotextured stainless steel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging and intraocular pressure homeostasis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the two primary risk factors for glaucoma, an optic neuropathy that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. In most people, IOP is tightly regulated over a lifetime by the conventional outflow tissues. However, the mechanistic contributions of age to conventional outflow dysregulation, elevated IOP and glaucoma are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we studied how age affects the morphology, biomechanical properties and function of conventional outflow tissues in C57BL/6 mice, which have an outflow system similar to humans. As reported in humans, we observed that IOP in mice was maintained within a tight range over their lifespan. Remarkably, despite a constellation of age-related changes to the conventional outflow tissues that would be expected to hinder aqueous drainage and impair homeostatic function (decreased cellularity, increased pigment accumulation, increased cellular senescence and increased stiffness), outflow facility, a measure of conventional outflow tissue fluid conductivity, was stable with age. We conclude that the murine conventional outflow system has significant functional reserve in healthy eyes. However, these age-related changes, when combined with other underlying factors, such as genetic susceptibility, are expected to increase risk for ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Batenburg-Sherwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli Guzman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Ieso, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowes Rickman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging and intraocular pressure homeostasis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using an ODE model to separate Rest and Task signals in fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical activity results from the interplay between network-connected regions that integrate information and stimulus-driven processes originating from sensory motor networks responding to specific tasks. Separating the information due to each of these components has been challenging, and the relationship as measured by fMRI in each of these cases Rest (network) and Task (stimulus-driven) remains a significant open question in the study of large-scale brain dynamics. In this study, we develop a network ordinary differential equation (ODE) model using advanced system identification tools to analyze fMRI data from both rest and task conditions. We demonstrate that task-specific ODEs are essentially a subset of rest-specific ODEs across four different tasks from the Human Connectome Project. By assuming that task activity is a relative complement of rest activity, our model significantly improves predictions of reaction times on a trial-by-trial basis, leading to a 9 % increase in explanatory power (R2) across the 14 sub-tasks tested. We have additionally shown that these results hold for predicting missing trials and accuracy on a per individual basis as well as classifying Tasks trajectories or resulting dynamic Task functional connectivity. Our findings establish the principle of the Active Cortex Model, which posits that the cortex is always active and that Rest State encompasses all processes, while certain subsets of processes get elevated to perform specific task computations. Thus, this study is an important milestone in the development of the fMRI equation - to causally link large-scale brain activity, brain structural connectivity, and behavioral variables within a single framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geenjaar, E. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glomb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using an ODE model to separate Rest and Task signals in fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in oxytocin receptor signaling causes widespread changes in brain transcription: a link to the natural killer gene complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin (OXT) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that modulates social cognition, and variation in its receptor gene (Oxtr) is associated with divergent social phenotypes. The cellular mechanisms connecting Oxtr genotype to social phenotype remain obscure. We exploit an association between Oxtr polymorphisms and striatal-specific OXTR density in prairie voles to investigate how OXTR signaling influences the brain transcriptome. We discover widespread, OXTR signaling- dependent transcriptomic changes. Interestingly, OXTR signaling robustly modulates gene expression of C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) in the natural killer gene complex, a genomic region associated with immune function. CTLRs are positioned to control microglial synaptic pruning; a process important for shaping neural circuits. Similar relationships between OXTR RNA and CTLR gene expression were found in human striatum. These data suggest a potential molecular mechanism by which variation in OXTR signaling due to genetic background and/or life-long social experiences, including nurturing/neglect, may affect circuit connectivity and social behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boender, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenhagen, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in oxytocin receptor signaling causes widespread changes in brain transcription: a link to the natural killer gene complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated machine learning and explainable AI (AutoML-XAI) for metabolomics: improving cancer diagnostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMetabolomics generates complex data necessitating advanced computational methods for generating biological insight. While machine learning (ML) is promising, the challenges of selecting the best algorithms and tuning hyperparameters, particularly for nonexperts, remain. Automated machine learning (AutoML) can streamline this process; however, the issue of interpretability could persist. This research introduces a unified pipeline that combines AutoML with explainable AI (XAI) techniques to optimize metabolomics analysis.

ResultsWe tested our approach on two datasets: renal cell carcinoma (RCC) urine metabolomics and ovarian cancer (OC) serum metabolomics. AutoML, using auto-sklearn, surpassed standalone ML algorithms such as SVM and random forest in differentiating between RCC and healthy controls, as well as OC patients and those with other gynecological cancers (Non-OC). Autosklearn employed a mix of algorithms and ensemble techniques, yielding a superior performance (AUC of 0.97 for RCC and 0.85 for OC). Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) provided a global ranking of feature importance, identifying dibutylamine and ganglioside GM(d34:1) as the top discriminative metabolites for RCC and OC, respectively. Waterfall plots offered local explanations by illustrating the influence of each metabolite on individual predictions. Dependence plots spotlighted metabolite interactions, such as the connection between hippuric acid and one of its derivatives in RCC, and between GM3(d34:1) and GM3(18:1_16:0) in OC, hinting at potential mechanistic relationships. Through decision plots, a detailed error analysis was conducted, contrasting feature importance for correctly versus incorrectly classified samples. In essence, our pipeline emphasizes the importance of harmonizing AutoML and XAI, facilitating both simplified ML application and improved interpretability in metabolomics data science.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/obifarin/automl-xai-metabolomics

Contact: facundo.fernandez@chemistry.gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bifarin, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated machine learning and explainable AI (AutoML-XAI) for metabolomics: improving cancer diagnostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New information triggers prospective codes to adapt for flexible navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigating a dynamic world requires rapidly updating choices by integrating past experiences with new information. In hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, neural activity representing future goals is theorized to support planning. However, it remains unknown how prospective goal representations incorporate new, pivotal information. Accordingly, we designed a novel task that precisely introduces new information using virtual reality, and we recorded neural activity as mice flexibly adapted their planned destinations. We found that new information triggered increased hippocampal prospective representations of both possible goals; while in prefrontal cortex, new information caused prospective representations of choices to rapidly shift to the new choice. When mice did not flexibly adapt, prefrontal choice codes failed to switch, despite relatively intact hippocampal goal representations. Prospective code updating depended on the commitment to the initial choice and degree of adaptation needed. Thus, we show how prospective codes update with new information to flexibly adapt ongoing navigational plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prince, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katragadda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New information triggers prospective codes to adapt for flexible navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrahigh Resolution Lipid Mass Spectrometry Imaging of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Mouse Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No effective screening tools for ovarian cancer (OC) exist, making it one of the deadliest cancers among women. Considering little is known about the detailed progression and metastasis mechanism of OC at a molecular level, it is crucial to gain more insights on how metabolic and signaling alterations accompany its development. Herein, we present a comprehensive study using ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to investigate the spatial distribution and alterations of lipids in ovarian tissues collected from double knockout (n = 4) and a triple mutant mouse models (n = 4) of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). Lipids belonging to a total of 15 different classes were annotated and their abundance changes compared to those in healthy mouse reproductive tissue (n = 4), mapping onto major lipid pathways involved in OC progression. From intermediate-stage OC to advanced HGSC, we provide a direct visualization of lipid distributions and their biological links to inflammatory response, cellular stress, cell proliferation, and other processes. We also show the ability to distinguish tumors at different stages from healthy tissues via a number of highly specific lipid biomarkers, providing targets for future panels that could be useful in diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzuk, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrahigh Resolution Lipid Mass Spectrometry Imaging of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Mouse Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution of multicellularity via cuboidal cell packing in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of multicellularity represents a major transition in lifes history, enabling the rise of complex organisms. Multicellular groups can evolve through multiple developmental modes, but a common step is the formation of permanent cell-cell attachments after division. The characteristics of the multicellular morphology which emerges has profound consequences for the subsequent evolution of a nascent multicellular lineage, but little prior work has examined these dynamics directly. Here we examine a widespread yet understudied emergent multicellular morphology: cuboidal packing. Extinct and extant multicellular organisms across the tree of life have evolved to form groups in which spherical cells divide but remain attached, forming approximately cubic subunits. To experimentally investigate the evolution of cuboidal cell packing, we used settling selection to favor the evolution of simple multicellularity in unicellular, spherical Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast. Multicellular clusters with cuboidal organization rapidly evolved, displacing the unicellular ancestor. These clusters displayed key hallmarks of an evolutionary transition in individuality: groups possess an emergent life cycle driven by physical fracture, group size is heritable, and they respond to group-level selection via multicellular adaptation. In 2/5 lineages, group formation was driven by mutations in the ACE2 gene, preventing daughter cell separation after division. Remarkably, ACE2 mutations also underlie the transition to multicellularity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. galabrata, lineages last shared a common ancestor >300 million years ago. Our results provide insight into the evolution of cuboidal cell packing, an understudied multicellular morphology, and highlights the deeply convergent potential for a transition to multicellular individuality within fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lac, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution of multicellularity via cuboidal cell packing in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Vacant Niche Revisited: Using Negative Results to Refine the Limits of Habitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To define the boundaries of habitability, biologists often search for highly specialized organisms in extreme environments. However, negative life detections--when a method is unable to detect microorganisms in a given setting--are just as important to constrain the environmental limits of life on Earth. In turn, these limits inform the selection of targets for life detection on other worlds.

We performed a comprehensive, though non-exhaustive, literature search for negative life detections in polyextreme environments. We then catalogued the physicochemical conditions at these sites to further understand the habitability limits for life on Earth and the effects of multiple stressors on habitability. Using multivariate statistical techniques, our study searched for combinations of environmental parameters where extremes support or inhibit life. Our search raised several methodological and analytical considerations relevant to life detection studies in extreme environments. Incomplete documentation of environmental factors and experimental protocol limitations in the extreme environment literature complicated our analyses. This demonstrates the need to report negative results, particularly in life detection experiments, and the potential value for standardized reporting protocols. Exploring the range of results possible from life-detection methodologies is key to constrain the limits of life on Earth and informs our search for life elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratliff, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozarycki, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimp, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osburn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Vacant Niche Revisited: Using Negative Results to Refine the Limits of Habitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteric Populations of Escherichia coli are Likely to be Resistant to Phages Due to O Antigen Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a surfeit of bioinformatic data showing that bacteriophages abound in the enteric microbiomes of humans. What is the contribution of these viruses in shaping the bacterial strain and species composition of the gut microbiome and how are these phages maintained over time? To address these questions, we performed experiments with Escherichia coli and phages isolated from four fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) doses as representative samples of non-dysbiotic enteric microbiota and develop and analyze the properties of a mathematical model of the population and evolutionary dynamics of bacteria and phage. Our models predict and experiments confirm that due to production of the O antigen, E. coli in the enteric microbiome are likely to be resistant to infection with co-occurring phages. Furthermore, our modeling suggests that the phages can be maintained in the population due to the high rates of host transition between resistant and sensitive states, which we call leaky resistance. Based on our observations and model predictions, we postulate that the phages found in the human gut are likely to play little role in shaping the composition of E. coli at the strain level in the enteric microbiome in healthy individuals. How general this is for other species of bacteria in the enteric flora is not yet clear, although O antigen expression is common across many taxa.

ImportanceBioinformatic data shows that bacteriophages are ubiquitous in the gut, however little is known about the role these bacterial viruses play in shaping the bacterial species and strain composition in the human gut microbiome or how they are maintained over time in this dynamic environment. Here we show that Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples are likely to be resistant to their co-existing phages due to production of the O antigen. Based on these results, we postulate that bacteriophages are likely playing little role of shaping the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the human gut microbiome in healthy individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berryhill, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brink, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvill, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteric Populations of Escherichia coli are Likely to be Resistant to Phages Due to O Antigen Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Method for Analyzing AFM Force Mapping Data Obtained from Soft Tissue Cryosections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a valuable tool for assessing mechanical properties of biological samples, but interpretations of measurements on whole tissues can be difficult due to the tissues highly heterogeneous nature. To overcome such difficulties and obtain more robust estimates of tissue mechanical properties, we describe an AFM force mapping and data analysis pipeline to characterize the mechanical properties of cryosectioned soft tissues. We assessed this approach on mouse optic nerve head and rat trabecular meshwork, cornea, and sclera. Our data show that the use of repeated measurements, outlier exclusion, and log-normal data transformation increases confidence in AFM mechanical measurements, and we propose that this methodology can be broadly applied to measuring soft tissue properties from cryosections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli Guzman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg-Buenz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Method for Analyzing AFM Force Mapping Data Obtained from Soft Tissue Cryosections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of parallel ????-sheet nanofibrils using Monte-Carlo search, coarse-grained simulations, and experimental testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide self-assembly into amyloid fibrils provides numerous applications in drug delivery and biomedical engineering applications. We augment our previously-established computational screening technique along with experimental biophysical characterization to discover 7-mer peptides that self-assemble into "parallel {beta}-sheets", i.e., {beta}-sheets with N-terminus-to-C-terminus {beta}-strand vectors oriented in parallel. To accomplish the desired {beta}-strand organization, we applied the PepAD amino acid sequence design software to the Class-1 cross-{beta} spine defined by Sawaya et al. This molecular configuration includes two layers of parallel {beta}-sheets stacked such that N-terminus-to-C-terminus vectors are oriented antiparallel for molecules on adjacent {beta}-sheets. The first cohort of PepAD identified peptides were examined for their fibrillation behavior in DMD/PRIME20 simulations, and the top performing sequence was selected as a prototype for a subsequent round of sequence refinement. The two rounds of design resulted in a library of eight 7-mer peptides. In DMD/PRIME20 simulations, five of these peptides spontaneously formed fibril-like structures with a predominantly parallel {beta}-sheet arrangement, two formed fibril-like structure with <50% in parallel {beta}-sheet arrangement and one remained a random coil. Among the eight candidate peptides produced by PepAD and DMD/PRIME20, five were synthesized and purified. All five assembled into amyloid fibrils composed of parallel {beta}-sheets based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Circular Dichroism, Electron Microscopy, and Thioflavin-T fluorescence spectroscopy measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarshan, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmicki, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.565678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of parallel ????-sheet nanofibrils using Monte-Carlo search, coarse-grained simulations, and experimental testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEAMoD: A fully interpretable neural network for cis-regulatory analysis of differentially expressed genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common way to investigate gene regulatory mechanisms is to identify differentially expressed genes using transcriptomics, find their candidate enhancers using epigenomics, and search for over-represented transcription factor (TF) motifs in these enhancers using bioinformatics tools. A related follow-up task is to model gene expression as a function of enhancer sequences and rank TF motifs by their contribution to such models, thus prioritizing among regulators.

We present a new computational tool called SEAMoD that performs the above tasks of motif finding and sequence-to-expression modeling simultaneously. It trains a convolutional neural network model to relate enhancer sequences to differential expression in one or more biological conditions. The model uses TF motifs to interpret the sequences, learning these motifs and their relative importance to each biological condition from data. It also utilizes epigenomic information in the form of activity scores of putative enhancers and automatically searches for the most promising enhancer for each gene. Compared to existing neural network models of non-coding sequences, SEAMoD uses far fewer parameters, requires far less training data, and emphasizes biological interpretability.

We used SEAMoD to understand regulatory mechanisms underlying the differentiation of neural stem cell (NSC) derived from mouse forebrain. We profiled gene expression and histone modifications in NSC and three differentiated cell types and used SEAMoD to model differential expression of nearly 12,000 genes with an accuracy of 81%, in the process identifying the Olig2, E2f family TFs, Foxo3, and Tcf4 as key transcriptional regulators of the differentiation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhogale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seward, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.565900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEAMoD: A fully interpretable neural network for cis-regulatory analysis of differentially expressed genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPREd: A simulation-supervised neural network tool for gene regulatory network reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstruction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from expression data is a significant open problem. Common approaches train a machine learning (ML) model to predict a genes expression using transcription factors (TFs) expression as features and designate important features/TFs as regulators of the gene. Here, we present an entirely different paradigm, where GRN edges are directly predicted by the ML model. The new approach, named "SPREd" is a simulation-supervised neural network for GRN inference. Its inputs comprise expression relationships (e.g., correlation, mutual information) between the target gene and each TF and between pairs of TFs. The output includes binary labels indicating whether each TF regulates the target gene. We train the neural network model using synthetic expression data generated by a biophysics-inspired simulation model that incorporates linear as well as non-linear TF-gene relationships and diverse GRN configurations. We show SPREd to outperform state-of-the-art GRN reconstruction tools GENIE3, ENNET, PORTIA and TIGRESS on synthetic datasets with high co-expression among TFs, similar to that seen in real data. A key advantage of the new approach is its robustness to relatively small numbers of conditions (columns) in the expression matrix, which is a common problem faced by existing methods. Finally, we evaluate SPREd on real data sets in yeast that represent gold standard benchmarks of GRN reconstruction and show it to perform significantly better than or comparably to existing methods. In addition to its high accuracy and speed, SPREd marks a first step towards incorporating biophysics principles of gene regulation into ML-based approaches to GRN reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPREd: A simulation-supervised neural network tool for gene regulatory network reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-adaptive explanation for macroevolutionary patterns in the evolution of complex multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Complex multicellularity", conventionally defined as large organisms with many specialized cell types, has evolved five times independently in eukaryotes, but never within prokaryotes. A number hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, most of which posit that eukaryotes evolved key traits (e.g., dynamic cytoskeletons, alternative mechanisms of gene regulation, or subcellular compartments) which were a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of complex multicellularity. Here we propose an alternative, non-adaptive hypothesis for this broad macroevolutionary pattern. By binning cells into groups with finite genetic bottlenecks between generations, the evolution of multicellularity greatly reduces the effective population size (Ne) of cellular populations, increasing the role of genetic drift in evolutionary change. While both prokaryotes and eukaryotes experience this phenomenon, they have opposite responses to drift: mutational biases in eukaryotes tend to drive genomic expansion, providing additional raw genetic material for subsequent multicellular innovation, while prokaryotes generally face genomic erosion. These effects become more severe as organisms evolve larger size and more stringent genetic bottlenecks between generations-- both of which are hallmarks of complex multicellularity. Taken together, we hypothesize that it is these idiosyncratic lineagespecific mutational biases, rather than cell-biological innovations within eukaryotes, that underpins the long-term divergent evolution of complex multicellularity across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bingham, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-adaptive explanation for macroevolutionary patterns in the evolution of complex multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateral inhibition is a central principle for sensory system function. It is thought to operate by the activation of inhibitory neurons that restrict the spatial spread of sensory excitation. Much work on the role of inhibition in sensory systems has focused on visual cortex; however, the neurons, computations, and mechanisms underlying cortical lateral inhibition remain debated, and its importance for visual perception remains unknown. Here, we tested how lateral inhibition from PV or SST neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) modulates neural and perceptual sensitivity to stimulus contrast. Lateral inhibition from PV neurons reduced neural and perceptual sensitivity to visual contrast in a uniform subtractive manner, whereas lateral inhibition from SST neurons more effectively changed the slope (or gain) of neural and perceptual contrast sensitivity. A neural circuit model identified spatially extensive lateral projections from SST neurons as the key factor, and we confirmed this with anatomy and direct subthreshold measurements of a larger spatial footprint for SST versus PV lateral inhibition. Together, these results define cell-type specific computational roles for lateral inhibition in V1, and establish their unique consequences on sensitivity to contrast, a fundamental aspect of the visual world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coletta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobille, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuki, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Castillo Valerio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanpain, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
rNMPID: a database for riboNucleoside Mono-Phosphates In DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRibonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are the most abundant non-standard nucleotides embedded in genomic DNA. If the presence of rNMP in DNA cannot be controlled, it can lead to genome instability. The actual positive functions of rNMPs in DNA remain mainly unknown. Considering the association between rNMPs embedment and various diseases and cancer, the phenomenon of rNMPs embedment in DNA has become a prominent area of research in recent years.

ResultsWe introduce the rNMPID database, which is the first database revealing rNMP-embedment characteristics, strand bias, and preferred incorporation patterns in the genomic DNA of samples from bacterial to human cells of different genetic backgrounds. The rNMPID database uses datasets generated by different rNMP-mapping techniques. It provides the researchers with a solid foundation to explore the features of rNMPs embedded in the genomic DNA of multiple sources, and their association with cellular functions, and, in future, disease. It also significantly benefits researchers in the fields of genetics and genomics who aim to integrate their studies with the rNMP-embedment data.

AvailabilityrNMPID is freely accessible on the web at https://www.rnmpid.org.

Contactxph6113@gmail.com or storici@gatech.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[rNMPID: a database for riboNucleoside Mono-Phosphates In DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The biophysical basis of bacterial colony growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and grow densely-packed communities called biofilms. As biofilms grow, they expand across the surface, increasing their surface area and access to nutrients. Thus, the overall growth rate of a biofilm is directly dependent on its "range expansion" rate. One factor that limits the range expansion rate is vertical growth; at the biofilm edge there is a direct trade-off between horizontal and vertical growth--the more a biofilm grows up, the less it can grow out. Thus, the balance of horizontal and vertical growth impacts the range expansion rate and, crucially, the overall biofilm growth rate. However, the biophysical connection between horizontal and vertical growth remains poorly understood, due in large part to difficulty in resolving biofilm shape with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution from small length scales to macroscopic sizes. Here, we experimentally show that the horizontal expansion rate of bacterial colonies is controlled by the contact angle at the biofilm edge. Using white light interferometry, we measure the three-dimensional surface morphology of growing colonies, and find that small colonies are surprisingly well-described as spherical caps. At later times, nutrient diffusion and uptake prevent the tall colony center from growing exponentially. However, the colony edge always has a region short enough to grow exponentially; the size and shape of this region, characterized by its contact angle, along with cellular doubling time, determines the range expansion rate. We found that the geometry of the exponentially growing biofilm edge is well-described as a spherical-cap-napkin-ring, i.e., a spherical cap with a cylindrical hole in its center (where the biofilm is too tall to grow exponentially). We derive an exact expression for the spherical-cap-napkin-ring-based range expansion rate; further, to first order, the expansion rate only depends on the colony contact angle, the thickness of the exponentially growing region, and the cellular doubling time. We experimentally validate both of these expressions. In line with our theoretical predictions, we find that biofilms with long cellular doubling times and small contact angles do in fact grow faster than biofilms with short cellular doubling times and large contact angles. Accordingly, sensitivity analysis shows that biofilm growth rates are more sensitive to their contact angles than to their cellular growth rates. Thus, to understand the fitness of a growing biofilm, one must account for its shape, not just its cellular doubling time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The biophysical basis of bacterial colony growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active and abundant alphaproteobacterial nitric oxide transforming enzymes in a marine oxygen deficient zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are portions of the ocean where intense nitrogen loss occurs primarily via denitrification and anammox. Despite many decades of study, the identity of the microbes that catalyze nitrogen loss in ODZs are still being elucidated. Intriguingly, high transcription of genes in the same family as the nitric oxide dismutase (nod) gene from Methylomirabilota has been reported in the anoxic core of ODZs. Here, we show that the most abundantly transcribed nod genes in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific ODZ belong to a new order (UBA11136) of Alphaproteobacteria, rather than Methylomirabilota as previously assumed. Gammaproteobacteria and Planctomycetia also transcribe nod, but at lower relative abundance than UBA11136 in the upper ODZ. The nod-transcribing Alphaproteobacteria likely use formaldehyde and formate as a source of electrons for aerobic respiration, with additional electrons possibly from sulfide oxidation. They also transcribe multiheme cytochrome (here named ptd) genes for a putative porin-cytochrome protein complex of unknown function, potentially involved in extracellular electron transfer. Molecular oxygen for aerobic respiration may originate from nitric oxide dismutation via cryptic oxygen cycling. Our results implicate Alphaproteobacteria order UBA11136 as a significant player in marine nitrogen loss and highlight their potential in one-carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism in ODZs.

Significance statementIn marine oxygen deficient zones, microbes transform bioavailable nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen, with nitric oxide as a key intermediate. The Eastern Tropical North Pacific contains the worlds largest oxygen deficient zone, but the identity of the microbes transforming nitric oxide remain unknown. Here, we show that highly transcribed nitric oxide dismutase (nod) genes belong to Alphaproteobacteria of the novel order UBA11136, which lacks cultivated isolates. These Alphaproteobacteria show evidence for aerobic respiration, using oxygen potentially sourced from nitric oxide dismutase, and possess a novel porin-cytochrome protein complex with unknown function. Gammaproteobacteria and Planctomycetia transcribe nod at lower levels. Our results pinpoint the microbes mediating a key step in marine nitrogen loss and reveal an unexpected predicted metabolism for marine Alphaproteobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active and abundant alphaproteobacterial nitric oxide transforming enzymes in a marine oxygen deficient zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced surface accessibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein due to an altered glycosylation profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) proteins undergo extensive glycosylation, aiding proper folding, enhancing stability, and evading host immune surveillance. In this study, we used mass spectrometric analysis to elucidate the N-glycosylation characteristics and disulfide bonding of recombinant spike proteins derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) in comparison with the D614G spike variant. Furthermore, we conducted microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations on spike proteins to resolve how the different N-glycans impact spike conformational sampling in the two variants. Our findings reveal that the Omicron spike protein maintains an overall resemblance to the D614G spike variant in terms of site-specific glycan processing and disulfide bond formation. Nonetheless, alterations in glycans were observed at certain N-glycosylation sites. These changes, in synergy with mutations within the Omicron spike protein, result in increased surface accessibility of the macromolecule, including ectodomain, receptor-binding domain, and N-terminal domain. These insights contribute to our understanding of the interplay between structure and function, thereby advancing effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies.

TeaserThrough mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike is found to be less covered by glycans when compared to the D614G spike variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced surface accessibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein due to an altered glycosylation profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EmbedGEM: A framework to evaluate the utility of embeddings for genetic discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning (ML)-derived embeddings are a compressed representation of high content data modalities. Embeddings can capture detailed information about disease states and have been qualitatively shown to be useful in genetic discovery. Despite their promise, embeddings have a major limitation: it is unclear if genetic variants associated with embeddings are relevant to the disease or trait of interest. In this work we describe EmbedGEM (Embedding Genetic Evaluation Methods), a framework to systematically evaluate the utility of embeddings in genetic discovery. EmbedGEM focuses on comparing embeddings along two axes: heritability and disease relevance. As measures of heritability, we consider the number of genome-wide significant associations and the mean{chi} 2 statistic at significant loci. For disease relevance, we compute polygenic risk scores for each embedding principal component, then evaluate their association with high-confidence disease or trait labels in a held-out evaluation patient set. While our development of EmbedGEM is motivated by embeddings, the approach is generally applicable to multivariate traits, and can readily be extended to accommodate additional metrics along the evaluation axes. We demonstrate EmbedGEMs utility by evaluating embeddings and multivariate traits in two separate datasets: i) a synthetic dataset simulated to demonstrate the ability of the framework to correctly rank traits based on their heritability and disease relevance, and ii) a real data from the UK Biobank including metabolic and liver-related traits. Importantly, we show that greater disease relevance does not automatically follow from greater heritability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkoulovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soare, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somineni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insitro Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dushlaine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaletsos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EmbedGEM: A framework to evaluate the utility of embeddings for genetic discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygraph: A Software Framework for the Systematic Assessment of Synthetic Regulatory DNA Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of regulatory elements is pivotal in gene and cell therapy, where DNA sequences are engineered to drive elevated and cell-type specific expression. However, the systematic assessment of synthetic DNA sequences without robust metrics and easy-to-use software remains challenging. Here, we introduce Polygraph, a Python framework that evaluates synthetic DNA elements, based on features like diversity, motif and k-mer composition, similarity to endogenous sequences, and screening with predictive and foundational models. Polygraph is the first instrument for assessing synthetic regulatory sequences, enabling faster progress in therapeutic interventions and improving our understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunsalus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygraph: A Software Framework for the Systematic Assessment of Synthetic Regulatory DNA Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Achilles tendon stiffness in aging persists at matched activations and associates with higher metabolic cost of walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms responsible for increased walking metabolic cost among older adults are poorly understood. We recently proposed a theoretical premise by which age-related reductions in Achilles tendon stiffness (kAT) can disrupt the neuromechanics of calf muscle behavior and contribute to faster rates of oxygen consumption during walking. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate this premise. We quantified kAT at a range of matched activations prescribed using electromyographic biofeedback and walking metabolic cost in a group of 15 younger (age: 23{+/-}4 yrs) and 15 older adults (age: 72{+/-}5 yrs). Older adults averaged 44% less kAT than younger adults at matched triceps surae activations (p=0.046). This effect appeared to arise not only from altered tendon length-tension relations with age, but also from differences in the operating region of those length-tension relations between younger and older adults. Older adults also walked with a 17% higher net metabolic power than younger adults (p=0.017). In addition, we discovered empirical evidence that lesser kAT exacts a metabolic penalty and was positively correlated with higher net metabolic power during walking (r=-0.365, p=0.048). These results pave the way for interventions focused on restoring ankle muscle-tendon unit structural stiffness to improve walking energetics in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupenevich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batsis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Achilles tendon stiffness in aging persists at matched activations and associates with higher metabolic cost of walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pH selects for distinct N2O-reducing microbiomes in tropical soil microcosms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas with ozone destruction potential, is mitigated by the microbial reduction to dinitrogen catalyzed by N2O reductase (NosZ). Bacteria with NosZ activity have been studied at circumneutral pH but the microbiology of low pH N2O reduction has remained elusive. Acidic (pH<5) tropical forest soils were collected in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico, and microcosms maintained with low (0.02mM) and high (2mM) N2O assessed N2O reduction at pH 4.5 and 7.3. All microcosms consumed N2O, but long lag times of up to 7 months were observed in microcosms with 2 mM N2O. Comparative metagenome analysis revealed that Rhodocyclaceae dominated in circumneutral microcosms under both N2O feeding regimes. In acidic microcosms, Peptococcaceae dominated in high-N2O, and Hyphomicrobiaceae in low-N2O microcosms. Seventeen metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from these microcosms harbored nos operons, with all eight MAGs derived from acidic microcosms carrying the clade II type nosZ, lacking nitrite reductase genes (nirS, nirK). Five of these MAGs represented novel taxa indicating an unexplored N2O-reducing diversity exists in acidic tropical soils. A survey of pH 3.5-5.7 soil metagenome datasets revealed that nosZ genes commonly occur, suggesting broad distribution of N2O reduction potential in acidic soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala-del-Rio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pH selects for distinct N2O-reducing microbiomes in tropical soil microcosms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining the role of oxygen-binding proteins on the early evolution of multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxygen availability is a key factor in the evolution of multicellularity, as larger and more sophisticated organisms often require mechanisms allowing efficient oxygen delivery to their tissues. One such mechanism is the presence of oxygen-binding proteins, such as globins and hemerythrins, which arose in the ancestor of bilaterian animals. Despite their importance, the precise mechanisms by which oxygen-binding proteins influenced the early stages of multicellular evolution under varying environmental oxygen levels are not yet clear. We addressed this knowledge gap by heterologously expressing the oxygen binding proteins myoglobin and myohemerythrin in snowflake yeast, a model system of simple, undifferentiated multicellularity. These proteins increased the depth and rate of oxygen diffusion, increasing the fitness of snowflake yeast growing aerobically. Experiments show that, paradoxically, oxygen-binding proteins confer a greater fitness benefit for larger organisms under high, not low, O2 conditions. We show via biophysical modeling that this is because facilitated diffusion is more efficient when oxygen is abundant, transporting a greater quantity of O2 which can be used for metabolism. By alleviating anatomical diffusion limitations to oxygen consumption, the evolution of O2-binding proteins in the oxygen-rich Neoproterozoic may have been a key breakthrough enabling the evolution of increasingly large, complex multicellular metazoan lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining the role of oxygen-binding proteins on the early evolution of multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in intra- and interlimb reflexes from hindlimb cutaneous afferents after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections during locomotion in cats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the foot dorsum contacts an obstacle during locomotion, cutaneous afferents signal central circuits to coordinate muscle activity in the four limbs. Spinal cord injury disrupts these interactions, impairing balance and interlimb coordination. We evoked cutaneous reflexes by electrically stimulating left and right superficial peroneal nerves before and after two thoracic lateral hemisections placed on opposite sides of the cord at 9-13 weeks interval in seven adult cats (4 males and 3 females). We recorded reflex responses in ten hindlimb and five forelimb muscles bilaterally. After the first (right T5-T6) and second (left T10-T11) hemisections, coordination of the fore- and hindlimbs was altered and/or became less consistent. After the second hemisection, cats required balance assistance to perform quadrupedal locomotion. Short-latency reflex responses in homonymous and crossed hindlimb muscles largely remained unaffected after staggered hemisections. However, mid- and long-latency homonymous and crossed responses in both hindlimbs occurred less frequently after staggered hemisections. In forelimb muscles, homolateral and diagonal mid- and long-latency response occurrence significantly decreased after the first and second hemisections. In all four limbs, however, when present, short-, mid- and long-latency responses maintained their phase-dependent modulation. We also observed reduced durations of short-latency inhibitory homonymous responses in left hindlimb extensors early after the first hemisection and delayed short-latency responses in the right ipsilesional hindlimb after the first hemisection. Therefore, changes in cutaneous reflex responses correlated with impaired balance/stability and interlimb coordination during locomotion after spinal cord injury. Restoring reflex transmission could be used as a biomarker to facilitate locomotor recovery.

Key pointsO_LICutaneous afferent inputs coordinate muscle activity in the four limbs during locomotion when the foot dorsum contacts an obstacle.
C_LIO_LIThoracic spinal cord injury disrupts communication between spinal locomotor centers located at cervical and lumbar levels, impairing balance and limb coordination.
C_LIO_LIWe investigated cutaneous reflexes during quadrupedal locomotion by electrically stimulating the superficial peroneal nerve bilaterally, before and after staggered lateral thoracic hemisections of the spinal cord in cats.
C_LIO_LIWe showed a loss/reduction of mid- and long-latency responses in all four limbs after staggered hemisections, which correlated with altered coordination of the fore- and hindlimbs and impaired balance.
C_LIO_LITargeting cutaneous reflex pathways projecting to the four limbs could help develop therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring transmission in ascending and descending spinal pathways.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlet, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddaoui, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in intra- and interlimb reflexes from hindlimb cutaneous afferents after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections during locomotion in cats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscopy-guided subcellular proteomic discovery by high-speed ultra-content photo-biotinylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microscopy-guided proteomics at an organelle-dimension resolution is desired for revealing unknown protein constituents at specific disease- or functional-associated regions at the molecular-molecular interactions level. Here, we achieve protein spatial purification by introducing a firmware-integrated microscopy platform that triggers in situ subcellular photo-biotinylation of proteins at user-defined regions of interest (ROIs) one field of view (FOV) at a time for thousands of FOVs fully automatically. An illumination pattern at the analogous ROIs of each FOV is calculated on the fly by either machine learning or traditional image processing. Photoactivatable amino acid crosslinkers are activated by a two-photon focal light one spot at a time at a sub-millisecond illumination duration per spot. Imaging, pattern generation, targeted illumination, and FOV movement are coordinated and cycled with high-speed mechatronic control to complete illumination on millions of ROI spots within hours. Once enough proteins are biotinylated in a cell or tissue sample, the sample is scraped and lysed, and avidin pulldown is used to enrich proteins to achieve spatial protein scooping at a 240-nm precision. Subsequent LC-MS/MS is implemented to reveal the subcellular proteome in high sensitivity, specificity, and resolution. Using this technology termed optoproteomics, we have revealed novel stress granule-localized and amyloid {beta}-localized proteins validated by immunostaining. Together, spatial purification by ultra-content, high-speed microscopy-targeted photo-biotinylation enables unprecedented subcellular spatial proteomics discovery in any microscopically recognizable regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai, H.-J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscopy-guided subcellular proteomic discovery by high-speed ultra-content photo-biotinylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community Structure and Function During Periods of High Performance and System Upset in a Full-Scale Mixed Microalgal Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgae have the potential to exceed current nutrient recovery limits from wastewater, enabling water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) to achieve increasingly stringent effluent permits. The use of photobioreactors (PBRs) and the separation of hydraulic retention and solids residence time (HRT/SRT) further enables increased biomass in a reduced physical footprint while allowing operational parameters (e.g., SRT) to select for desired functional communities. However, as algal technology transitions to full-scale, there is a need to understand the effect of operational and environmental parameters on complex microbial dynamics among mixotrophic microalgae, bacterial groups, and pests (i.e., grazers and pathogens) and to implement robust process controls for stable long-term performance. Here, we examine the first full-scale, intensive WRRF utilizing mixed microalgal for tertiary treatment in the US (EcoRecover, Clearas Water Recovery Inc.) during a nine-month monitoring campaign. We investigated the temporal variations in microbial community structure (18S and 16S rRNA genes), which revealed that stable system performance of the EcoRecover system was marked by a low-diversity microalgal community (DINVSIMPSON = 2.01) dominated by Scenedesmus sp. (MRA = 55%-80%) that achieved strict nutrient removal (effluent TP < 0.04 mg{middle dot}L-1) and steady biomass production (TSSmonthly avg. = 400-700 mg{middle dot}L-1). Operational variables including pH, alkalinity, and influent ammonium (NH4+), correlated positively (p < 0.05, method = Spearman) with algal community during stable performance. Further, the use of these parameters as operational controls along with N/P loading and SRT allowed for system recovery following upset events. Importantly, the presence or absence of bacterial nitrification did not directly impact algal system performance and overall nutrient recovery, but partial nitrification (potentially resulting from NO2- accumulation) inhibited algal growth and should be considered during long-term operation. The microalgal communities were also adversely affected by zooplankton grazers (ciliates, rotifers) and fungal parasites (Aphelidium), particularly during periods of upset when algal cultures were experiencing culture turnover or stress conditions (e.g., nitrogen limitation, elevated temperature). Overall, the active management of system operation in order to maintain healthy algal cultures and high biomass productivity can result in significant periods (>4 months) of stable system performance that achieve robust nutrient recovery, even in winter months in northern latitudes (WI, USA).

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=72 SRC="FIGDIR/small/576871v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15ef2a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8c1de6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff1160org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cded87_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMicrobial dynamics were examined for first full-scale, intensive (small footprint) algal wastewater treatment process (EcoRecover) for advanced P removal.
C_LIO_LIMixed microbial communities during stable performance were dominated by Scenedesmus and Cyanobacteria and positively correlated with pH, alkalinity, and influent NH4+, among other parameters.
C_LIO_LIBacterial nitrification did not benefit or hinder nutrient recovery, but partial nitrification and NO2- accumulation inhibited algal growth.
C_LIO_LITaxa specific pest dynamics are described, with major outbreaks occurring during high temperature in summer months.
C_LIO_LIControl of operational parameters, and recovery of stable system performance and algal biomass was achieved following system upsets.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartnett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gincley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community Structure and Function During Periods of High Performance and System Upset in a Full-Scale Mixed Microalgal Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanogap Solid-State Single-Molecule Detection at Mars, Europa, and Microgravity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solid-state nanogap systems are an emerging technology for in-situ life detection due to their single-molecule resolution of a wide range of biomolecules, including amino acids and informational polymers, at the parts per billion to trillion level. By targeting the abundance distributions of organic molecules, this technology is a candidate for detecting ancient and extant life and discriminating between biotic and abiotic organics on future planetary missions to Mars and icy moons such as Enceladus and Europa. A benchtop system developed at Osaka University has a proven ability to detect and discriminate among single amino acids, RNA, and DNA using nanogap chips. The Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE) prototype was subsequently developed to make this technology viable for space instrumentation through the simplification of electronics, reduction of size and weight, and automation of gap formation. Initial ground testing using a manually formed nanogap with the first ELIE prototype detected the amino acid L-proline. However, this manual adjustment approach posed limitations in maintaining a consistent gap size. To address this challenge, we integrated an automated piezo actuator to enable real-time gap control, permitting single-molecule identification of a target amino acid, L-proline, under reduced gravity (g), including Mars (g = 0.378), Europa or Lunar (g = 0.166), and microgravity conditions (g = 0.03-0.06), as validated through parabolic flight testing. Power supply noise and experimental constraints of the experiment design limited data collection to short segments of good-quality data. Nevertheless, the subsequent analysis of detected events within these segments revealed a consistent system performance and a controlled gap size across the different accelerations. This finding highlights the systems resilience to physical vibrations. Future goals are to progress the instrument towards technology readiness level 4 with further reductions of size and mass, lower noise, and additional system automation. With further development, ELIE has the potential to be an autonomous and sensitive single-molecule detection instrument for deployment throughout the solar system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Colon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohshiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanogap Solid-State Single-Molecule Detection at Mars, Europa, and Microgravity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HyperGen: Compact and Efficient Genome Sketching using Hyperdimensional Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenomic distance estimation is a critical workload since exact computation for whole-genome similarity metrics such as Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) incurs prohibitive runtime overhead. Genome sketching is a fast and memory-efficient solution to estimate ANI similarity by distilling representative k-mers from the original sequences. In this work, we present HyperGen that improves accuracy, runtime performance, and memory efficiency for large-scale ANI estimation. Unlike existing genome sketching algorithms that convert large genome files into discrete k-mer hashes, HyperGen leverages the emerging hyperdimensional computing (HDC) to encode genomes into quasi-orthogonal vectors (Hypervector, HV) in high-dimensional space. HV is compact and can preserve more information, allowing for accurate ANI estimation while reducing required sketch sizes. In particular, the HV sketch representation in HyperGen allows efficient ANI estimation using vector multiplication, which naturally benefits from highly optimized general matrix multiply (GEMM) routines. As a result, HyperGen enables the efficient sketching and ANI estimation for massive genome collections.

ResultsWe evaluate HyperGens sketching and database search performance using several genome datasets at various scales. HyperGen is able to achieve comparable or superior ANI estimation error and linearity compared to other sketch-based counterparts. The measurement results show that HyperGen is one of the fastest tools for both genome sketching and database search. Meanwhile, HyperGen produces memory-efficient sketch files while ensuring high ANI estimation accuracy.

AvailabilityA Rust implementation of HyperGen is freely available under the MIT license as an open-source software project at https://github.com/wh-xu/Hyper-Gen. The scripts to reproduce the experimental results can be accessed at https://github.com/wh-xu/experiment-hyper-gen.

Contactwexu@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HyperGen: Compact and Efficient Genome Sketching using Hyperdimensional Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Response to Natural Disturbances: Rare Biosphere often plays a role 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how microbial populations respond to disturbances represents a major goal for microbial ecology. While several theories have been advanced to explain microbial community compositional changes in response to disturbances, appropriate data to test these theories is scarce, especially when considering the challenges to define rare vs. abundant taxa and generalists vs. specialists, a prerequisite for testing the theories. Here, we define these two key concepts by employing the patterns of coverage of a (target) genome by a metagenome to define rare populations, and by borrowing concepts from macroecology, the proportional similarity index (PS index), to define generalists. Using these concepts, we found that coastal microbial communities are resilient to major perturbations such as tropical cyclones and (uncommon) cold or warm weather events snaps-in part-due to the response of rare populations, providing support for the insurance hypothesis (i.e., the rare biosphere has the buffering capacity to mitigate the effects of disturbances). Generalists appear to contribute proportionally more than specialists to community adaptation to perturbations like warming, supporting the disturbance-specialization hypothesis, i.e., disturbance favors generalists. Taken together, our results advance understanding of the mechanisms governing microbial populations dynamics under changing environmental conditions and have potential applications for ecosystem management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Response to Natural Disturbances: Rare Biosphere often plays a role]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A change in cis-regulatory logic underlying obligate versus facultative muscle multinucleation in chordates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrates and tunicates are sister groups that share a common fusogenic factor, Myomaker (Mymk), that drives myoblast fusion and muscle multinucleation. Yet they are divergent in when and where they express Mymk. In vertebrates, all developing skeletal muscles express Mymk and are obligately multinucleated. In tunicates, Mymk is only expressed in post-metamorphic multinucleated muscles, but is absent from mononucleated larval muscles. In this study, we demonstrate that cis-regulatory sequence differences in the promoter region of Mymk underlie the different spatiotemporal patterns of its transcriptional activation in tunicates and vertebrates. While in vertebrates Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) like MyoD1 alone are required and sufficient for Mymk transcription in all skeletal muscles, we show that transcription of Mymk in post-metamorphic muscles of the tunicate Ciona requires the combinatorial activity of MRF/MyoD and Early B-Cell Factor (Ebf). This macroevolutionary difference appears to be encoded in cis, likely due to the presence of a putative Ebf binding site adjacent to predicted MRF binding sites in the Ciona Mymk promoter. We further discuss how Mymk and myoblast fusion might have been regulated in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, for which we propose two models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A change in cis-regulatory logic underlying obligate versus facultative muscle multinucleation in chordates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond functional connectivity: deep learning applied to resting-state fMRI time series in the prediction of 58 human traits in the HCP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning has made several inroads into the study of brain-behavior relations based on in vivo imaging. While the advent of deep neural networks was expected to further improve predictions, the current literature based on resting-state functional connectivity presents mixed results. We hypothesize that the representation of the data, i.e. in the form of functional connectivity, could restrict an advantage of deep learning techniques, namely that of learning complex representations directly from the data. Thus, we investigated if bypassing this feature extraction resulted in improved performance in the prediction of 58 widely studied behavioral traits from a large sample of Human Connectome Project subjects, using deep learning techniques. For this task, we adapted the InceptionTime architecture, which jointly predicts traits directly from regional time series through representation learning, and compared results with a strong kernel-based baseline. Results revealed that both models achieve comparable performance in most traits. Eleven significant differences in mean squared error were detected, however, with seven favoring the neural network approach, and this number increased when accounting for covariates. We additionally show that contrary to the expectation, the neural network approach was more robust to reductions in the training set size. On the other hand, it was more sensitive to reductions in the length of the time series at test time. Our results present a more nuanced view of the potential of deep learning for the prediction of behavior from neuroimaging, which allows learning features directly from the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöttner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, C. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond functional connectivity: deep learning applied to resting-state fMRI time series in the prediction of 58 human traits in the HCP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local FK506 delivery induces osteogenesis in in vivo rat bone defect and rabbit spine fusion models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone grafting procedures are commonly used for the repair, regeneration, and fusion of bones in in a wide range of orthopaedic surgeries, including large bone defects and spine fusion procedures. Autografts are the clinical gold standard, though recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are often used, particularly in difficult clinical situations. However, treatment with rhBMPs can have off-target effects and significantly increase surgical costs, adding to patients already high economic and mental burden. Recent studies have identified that FDA-approved immunosuppressant drug, FK506 (Tacrolimus), can also activate the BMP pathway by binding to its inhibitors. This study tested the hypothesis that FK506, as a standalone treatment, could induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), as well as functional bone formation in a rat segmental bone defect model and rabbit spinal fusion model. FK506 potentiated the effect of low dose BMP-2 to enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hMSCs in vitro. Standalone treatment with FK506 delivered on a collagen sponge, produced consistent bone bridging of a rat critically-sized femoral defect with functional mechanical properties comparable to naive bone. In a rabbit single level posterolateral spine fusion model, treatment with FK506 delivered on a collagen sponge successfully fused the L5-L6 vertebrae at rates comparable to rhBMP-2 treatment. These data demonstrate the ability of FK506 to induce bone formation in human cells and two challenging in vivo models, and indicate FK506 can be utilized either as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with rhBMP to treat a variety of spine disorders.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=82 SRC="FIGDIR/small/584163v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b0b690org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a1e032org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1862a55org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1456fc1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangadala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devereaux, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presciutti, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local FK506 delivery induces osteogenesis in in vivo rat bone defect and rabbit spine fusion models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into Cellular Evolution: Temporal Deep Learning Models and Analysis for Cell Image Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWUnderstanding the temporal evolution of cells poses a significant challenge in developmental biology. This study embarks on a comparative analysis of various machine-learning techniques to classify sequences of cell colony images, thereby aiming to capture dynamic transitions of cellular states. Utilizing transfer learning with advanced classification networks, we achieved high accuracy in single-timestamp image categorization. We introduce temporal models--LSTM, R-Transformer, and ViViT--to explore the effectiveness of integrating temporal features in classification, comparing their performance against non-temporal models. This research benchmarks various machine learning approaches in understanding cellular dynamics, setting a foundation for future studies to enhance our understanding of cellular developments with computational methods, contributing significantly to biological research advancements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Perez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into Cellular Evolution: Temporal Deep Learning Models and Analysis for Cell Image Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavior can be decoded across the cortex when individual differences are considered 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group-level analyses have typically linked behavioral signatures to a constrained set of brain areas. Here we show that two behavioral metrics - reaction time (RT) and confidence - can be decoded across the cortex when each individual is considered separately. Subjects (N=50) completed a perceptual decision-making task with confidence. We built models decoding trial-level RT and confidence separately for each subject using the activation patterns in one brain area at a time after splitting the entire cortex into 200 regions of interest (ROIs). First, we developed a simple test to determine the robustness of decoding performance, which showed that several hundred trials per subject are required for robust decoding. We then examined the decoding performance at the group and subject levels. At the group level, we replicated previous results by showing that both RT and confidence could be decoded from a small number of ROIs (12.0% and 3.5%, respectively). Critically, at the subject level, both RT and confidence could be decoded from most brain regions even after Bonferroni correction (90.0% and 72.5%, respectively). Surprisingly, we observed that many brain regions exhibited opposite brain-behavior relationships across individuals, such that, for example, higher activations predicted fast RTs in some subjects but slow RTs in others. All results were replicated in a second dataset. These findings show that behavioral signatures can be decoded from a much broader range of cortical areas than previously recognized and suggest the need to study the brain-behavior relationship at both the group and subject levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavior can be decoded across the cortex when individual differences are considered]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forelimb movements contribute to hindlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in cats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During quadrupedal locomotion, central circuits interacting with somatosensory feedback coordinate forelimb and hindlimb movements. How this is achieved is not clear. To determine if forelimb movements modulate hindlimb cutaneous reflexes involved in responding to an external perturbation, we stimulated the superficial peroneal nerve in six intact cats during quadrupedal locomotion and during hindlimb-only locomotion (with forelimbs standing on stationary platform) and in two spinal-transected cats during hindlimb-only locomotion. We compared cutaneous reflexes evoked in six ipsilateral and four contralateral hindlimb muscles. Results showed similar occurrence and phase-dependent modulation of short-latency inhibitory and excitatory responses during quadrupedal and hindlimb-only locomotion in intact cats. However, the depth of modulation was reduced in the ipsilateral semitendinosus during hindlimb-only locomotion. Additionally, longer-latency responses occurred less frequently in extensor muscles bilaterally during hindlimb-only locomotion while short-latency inhibitory and longer-latency excitatory responses occurred more frequently in the ipsilateral and contralateral sartorius anterior, respectively. After spinal transection, short-latency inhibitory and excitatory responses were similar to both intact conditions, while mid- or longer-excitatory responses were reduced or abolished. Our results suggest that the absence of forelimb movements suppresses inputs from supraspinal structures and/or cervical cord that normally contribute to longer-latency reflex responses in hindlimb extensor muscles.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYDuring quadrupedal locomotion, the coordination of forelimb and hindlimb movements involves central circuits and somatosensory feedback. To demonstrate how forelimb movement affects hindlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion, we stimulated the superficial peroneal nerve in intact cats during quadrupedal and hindlimb-only locomotion, as well as in spinal-transected cats during hindlimb-only locomotion. We show that forelimb movement influences the modulation of hindlimb cutaneous reflexes, particularly the occurrence of long-latency reflex responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Arab, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddaoui, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jehannin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorio-Morin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forelimb movements contribute to hindlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in cats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BinDash 2.0: New MinHash Scheme Allows Ultra-fast and Accurate Genome Search and Comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationComparing large number of genomes in term of their genomic distance is becoming more and more challenging because there is an increasing number of microbial genomes deposited in public databases. Nowadays, we may need to estimate pairwise distances between millions or even billions of genomes. Few softwares can perform such comparisons efficiently.

ResultsHere we update the multi-threaded software BinDash by implementing several new MinHash algorithms and computational optimization (e.g. Simple Instruction Multiple Data, SIMD) for ultra-fast and accurate genome search and comparisons at trillion scale. That is, we implemented b-bit one-permutation rolling MinHash with optimal/faster densification with SIMD. Now with BinDash 2, we can perform 0.1 trillion (or [~]10^11) pairs of genome comparisons in about 1.8 hours on a descent computer cluster or several hours on personal laptops, a [~]50% or more improvement over original version. The ANI (average nucleotide identity) estimated by BinDash is well correlated with other accurate but much slower ANI estimators such as FastANI or alignment-based ANI. In line with the findings from comparing 90K genomes ([~]10^9 comparisons) via FastANI, the 85% [~] 95% ANI gap is consistent in our study of [~]10^11 prokaryotic genome comparisons via BinDash2, which indicates fundamental ecological and evolutionary forces keeping species-like unit (e.g., > 95% ANI) together.

Availability and implementationBinDash is released under the Apache 2.0 license at: https://github.com/zhaoxiaofei/bindash

Contactkostas.konstantinidis@gatech.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Both, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BinDash 2.0: New MinHash Scheme Allows Ultra-fast and Accurate Genome Search and Comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying EEG Biomarkers of Depression with Novel Explainable Deep Learning Architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning methods are increasingly being applied to raw electro-encephalogram (EEG) data. However, if these models are to be used in clinical or research contexts, methods to explain them must be developed, and if these models are to be used in research contexts, methods for combining explanations across large numbers of models must be developed to counteract the inherent randomness of existing training approaches. Model visualization-based explainability methods for EEG involve structuring a model architecture such that its extracted features can be characterized and have the potential to offer highly useful insights into the patterns that they uncover. Nevertheless, model visualization-based explainability methods have been underexplored within the context of multichannel EEG, and methods to combine their explanations across folds have not yet been developed. In this study, we present two novel convolutional neural network-based architectures and apply them for automated major depressive disorder diagnosis. Our models obtain slightly lower classification performance than a baseline architecture. However, across 50 training folds, they find that individuals with MDD exhibit higher {beta} power, potentially higher {delta} power, and higher brain-wide correlation that is most strongly represented within the right hemisphere. This study provides multiple key insights into MDD and represents a significant step forward for the domain of explainable deep learning applied to raw EEG. We hope that it will inspire future efforts that will eventually enable the development of explainable EEG deep learning models that can contribute both to clinical care and novel medical research discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapera Sancho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying EEG Biomarkers of Depression with Novel Explainable Deep Learning Architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial stress in GABAergic neurons non-cell autonomously regulates organismal health and aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial stress within the nervous system can trigger non-cell autonomous responses in peripheral tissues. However, the specific neurons involved and their impact on organismal aging and health have remained incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial stress in {gamma}-aminobutyric acid-producing (GABAergic) neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is sufficient to significantly alter organismal lifespan, stress tolerance, and reproductive capabilities. This mitochondrial stress also leads to significant changes in mitochondrial mass, energy production, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DAF-16/FoxO activity is enhanced by GABAergic neuronal mitochondrial stress and mediates the induction of these non-cell-autonomous effects. Moreover, our findings indicate that GABA signaling operates within the same pathway as mitochondrial stress in GABAergic neurons, resulting in non-cell-autonomous alterations in organismal stress tolerance and longevity. In summary, these data suggest the crucial role of GABAergic neurons in detecting mitochondrial stress and orchestrating non-cell-autonomous changes throughout the organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rathor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial stress in GABAergic neurons non-cell autonomously regulates organismal health and aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for focused ultrasound (FUS) neuromodulation with simultaneous electroencephalogram recordings in awake, head-fixed mice with temporal lobe epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) may be a promising neuromodulation technology for treating people with epilepsy whose seizures are drug resistant. Prior studies have shown seizure suppression in animal studies using FUS. However, most of these studies were performed in evoked seizure models and not in animal models of epilepsy. Evoked seizure models do not exhibit the pathophysiology of epilepsy and do not exhibit spontaneous recurrent seizures, which define epilepsy. For translation to humans, there is a critical need to determine the specific FUS stimulation parameters that reduce spontaneous recurrent seizures in a chronic disease model of epilepsy. To achieve this goal, we developed and optimized an approach to determine the effects of ultrasonic stimulation on metrics of seizure-like events (SLEs) in awake, head-fixed mice within the intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A proof-of-principle study demonstrated that two target (bilateral and contralateral to the kainic acid injection site) stimulation conditions and two FUS parameter sets (low and high pressure) could be combined with the ability to simultaneously record hippocampal electroencephalograms. We also provide a method for analysis of the effects of FUS stimulation on the metrics of SLEs (interevent duration, SLE duration, and spike frequency).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornelssen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senthilkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for focused ultrasound (FUS) neuromodulation with simultaneous electroencephalogram recordings in awake, head-fixed mice with temporal lobe epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Multilink Group Joint ICA: Fusion of 3D Structural and 4D Functional Data Across Multiple Resting fMRI Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal neuroimaging research plays a pivotal role in understanding the complexities of the human brain and its disorders. Independent component analysis (ICA) has emerged as a widely used and powerful tool for disentangling mixed independent sources, particularly in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This paper extends the use of ICA as a unifying framework for multimodal fusion, introducing a novel approach termed parallel multilink group joint ICA (pmg-jICA). The method allows for the fusion of gray matter maps from structural MRI (sMRI) data to multiple fMRI intrinsic networks, addressing the limitations of previous models. The effectiveness of pmg-jICA is demonstrated through its application to an Alzheimers dataset, yielding linked structure-function outputs for 53 brain networks. Our approach leverages the complementary information from various imaging modalities, providing a unique perspective on brain alterations in Alzheimers disease. The pmg-jICA identifies several components with significant differences between HC and AD groups including thalamus, caudate, putamen with in the subcortical (SC) domain, insula, parahippocampal gyrus within the cognitive control (CC) domain, and the lingual gyrus within the visual (VS) domain, providing localized insights into the links between AD and specific brain regions. In addition, because we link across multiple brain networks, we can also compute functional network connectivity (FNC) from spatial maps and subject loadings, providing a detailed exploration of the relationships between different brain regions and allowing us to visualize spatial patterns and loading parameters in sMRI along with intrinsic networks and FNC from the fMRI data. In essence, developed approach combines concepts from joint ICA and group ICA to provide a rich set of output characterizing data-driven links between covarying gray matter networks, and a (potentially large number of) resting fMRI networks allowing further study in the context of structure/function links. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by highlighting key structure/function disruptions in Alzheimers individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalilullah, K. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Multilink Group Joint ICA: Fusion of 3D Structural and 4D Functional Data Across Multiple Resting fMRI Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operation regimes of spinal circuits controlling locomotion and role of supraspinal drives and sensory feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotion in mammals is directly controlled by the spinal neuronal network, operating under the control of supraspinal signals and somatosensory feedback that interact with each other. However, the functional architecture of the spinal locomotor network, its operation regimes, and the role of supraspinal and sensory feedback in different locomotor behaviors, including at different speeds, remain unclear. We developed a computational model of spinal locomotor circuits receiving supraspinal drives and limb sensory feedback that could reproduce multiple experimental data obtained in intact and spinal-transected cats during tied-belt and split-belt treadmill locomotion. We provide evidence that the spinal locomotor network operates in different regimes depending on locomotor speed. In an intact system, at slow speeds (< 0.4 m/s), the spinal network operates in a non-oscillating state-machine regime and requires sensory feedback or external inputs for phase transitions. Removing sensory feedback related to limb extension prevents locomotor oscillations at slow speeds. With increasing speed and supraspinal drives, the spinal network switches to a flexor-driven oscillatory regime and then to a classical half-center regime. Following spinal transection, the model predicts that the spinal network can only operate in the state-machine regime. Our results suggest that the spinal network operates in different regimes for slow exploratory and fast escape locomotor behaviors, making use of different control mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevtsova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operation regimes of spinal circuits controlling locomotion and role of supraspinal drives and sensory feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Chromosome Conformation and DNA Repair in a Computational Framework to Assess Cell Radiosensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe arrangement of chromosomes in the cell nucleus has implications for cell radiosensitivity. The development of new tools to utilize Hi-C chromosome conformation data in nanoscale radiation track structure simulations allows for in silico investigation of this phenomenon. We have developed a framework employing Hi-C-based cell nucleus models in Monte Carlo radiation simulations, in conjunction with mechanistic models of DNA repair, to predict not only the initial radiation-induced DNA damage, but also the repair outcomes resulting from this damage, allowing us to investigate the role chromosome conformation plays in the biological outcome of radiation exposure.

ApproachIn this study, we used this framework to generate cell nucleus models based on Hi-C data from fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cells and explore the effects of cell type-specific chromosome structure on radiation response. The models were used to simulate external beam irradiation including DNA damage and subsequent DNA repair. The kinetics of the simulated DNA repair were compared with previous results.

Main ResultsWe found that the fibroblast models resulted in a higher rate of inter-chromosome misrepair than the lymphoblastoid model, despite having similar amounts of initial DNA damage and total misrepairs for each irradiation scenario.

SignificanceThis framework represents a step forward in radiobiological modeling and simulation allowing for more realistic investigation of radiosensitivity in different types of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andriotty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapadia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCord, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agasthya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Chromosome Conformation and DNA Repair in a Computational Framework to Assess Cell Radiosensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifaceted roles of cohesin in regulating transcriptional loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin is required for chromatin loop formation. However, its precise role in regulating gene transcription remains largely unknown. We investigated the relationship between cohesin and RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) using single-molecule mapping and live-cell imaging methods in human cells. Cohesin-mediated transcriptional loops were highly correlated with those of RNAPII and followed the direction of gene transcription. Depleting RAD21, a subunit of cohesin, resulted in the loss of long-range (>100 kb) loops between distal (super-)enhancers and promoters of cell-type-specific genes. By contrast, the short-range (<50 kb) loops were insensitive to RAD21 depletion and connected genes that are mostly housekeeping. This result explains why only a small fraction of genes are affected by the loss of long-range chromatin interactions due to cohesin depletion. Remarkably, RAD21 depletion appeared to up-regulate genes located in early initiation zones (EIZ) of DNA replication, and the EIZ signals were amplified drastically without RAD21. Our results revealed new mechanistic insights of cohesins multifaceted roles in establishing transcriptional loops, preserving long-range chromatin interactions for cell-specific genes, and maintaining timely order of DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngan, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milenkovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casellas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifaceted roles of cohesin in regulating transcriptional loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Liver Cancer-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Is Effective Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Induces Durable Responses with Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) progression is facilitated by gene-silencing chromatin histone hypoacetylation due to histone deacetylases (HDACs) activation. However, inhibiting HDACs -- an effective treatment for lymphomas -- has shown limited success in solid tumors. We report the discovery of a class of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) that demonstrates exquisite selective cytotoxicity against human HCC cells. The lead compound STR-V-53 (3) showed a favorable safety profile in mice and robustly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft models of HCC. When combined with the anti-HCC drug sorafenib, STR-V-53 showed greater in vivo efficacy. Moreover, STR-V-53 combined with anti-PD1 therapy increased the CD8+ to regulatory T-cell (Treg) ratio and survival in an orthotopic HCC model in immunocompetent mice. This combination therapy resulted in durable responses in 40% of the mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that STR-V-53 primed HCC cells to immunotherapy through HDAC inhibition, impaired glucose-regulated transcription, impaired DNA synthesis, upregulated apoptosis, and stimulated the immune response pathway. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the novel HDACi STR-V-53 is an effective anti-HCC agent that can induce profound responses when combined with standard immunotherapy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/587062v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapadar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olugbami, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arunsi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyelere, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Liver Cancer-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Is Effective Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Induces Durable Responses with Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patch-walking: Coordinated multi-pipette patch clamp for efficiently finding synaptic connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant technical challenges exist when measuring synaptic connections between neurons in living brain tissue. The patch clamping technique, when used to probe for synaptic connections, is manually laborious and time-consuming. To improve its efficiency, we pursued another approach: instead of retracting all patch clamping electrodes after each recording attempt, we cleaned just one of them and reused it to obtain another recording while maintaining the others. With one new patch clamp recording attempt, many new connections can be probed. By placing one pipette in front of the others in this way, one can "walk" across the tissue, termed "patch-walking." We performed 136 patch clamp attempts for two pipettes, achieving 71 successful whole cell recordings (52.2%). Of these, we probed 29 pairs (i.e., 58 bidirectional probed connections) averaging 91 {micro}m intersomatic distance, finding 3 connections. Patch-walking yields 80-92% more probed connections, for experiments with 10-100 cells than the traditional synaptic connection searching method.

MotivationRecognizing the manual labor and time-intensive nature of patch clamping when trying to find synaptic connections, we aim to improve its efficiency. We introduce a novel approach, termed "patch-walking," where one patch clamping electrode is cleaned and reused, enabling the exploration of numerous connections with a single recording attempt and improving the efficiency of identifying synaptic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yip, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewallen, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoy, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.-f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.30.587445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patch-walking: Coordinated multi-pipette patch clamp for efficiently finding synaptic connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEAN and HABAS: Polyphyletic insertions in RNAP that point to deep evolutionary divergence of bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The {beta} and {beta} subunits of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) are large proteins with complex multi-domain architectures that include several insertional domains. Here, we analyze the multi-domain organizations of bacterial RNAP-{beta} and RNAP-{beta} using sequence, experimentally determined structures and AlphaFold structure predictions. We observe that bacterial lineage-specific domains in RNAP-{beta} belong to a group of domains that we call BEAN (Broadly Embedded ANnex) and that in RNAP-{beta}, bacterial lineage-specific domains are HAmmerhead/BArrel-Sandwich Hybrid (HABAS) domains. The BEAN domain has a characteristic three-dimensional structure composed of two square bracket-like elements that are antiparallel relative to each other. The HABAS domain contains a four-stranded open {beta}-sheet with a GD-box-like motif in one of the {beta}-strands and the adjoining loop. The BEAN domain is identified not only in the bacterial RNAP-{beta}, but also in the archaeal version of universal ribosomal protein L10. The HABAS domain is observed as an insertional domain in several metabolic proteins. The phylogenetic distributions of bacterial lineage-specific insertional domains of {beta} and {beta} subunits of RNAP follow the Tree of Life. The presence of insertional domains can help establish a relative timeline of events in the evolution of a protein because insertion is inferred to post-date the base domain. We discuss mechanisms that might account for the discovery of homologous insertional domains in non-equivalent locations in bacteria and archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Carreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEAN and HABAS: Polyphyletic insertions in RNAP that point to deep evolutionary divergence of bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tiny amphibious insects use tripod gait for seamless transition across land, water, and duckweed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects exhibit remarkable adaptability in their locomotive strategies across diverse environments, a crucial trait for foraging, survival, and predator avoidance. Microvelia, tiny 2-3 mm insects that adeptly walk on water surfaces, exemplify this adaptability by using the alternating tripod gait in both aquatic and terrestrial terrains. These insects commonly inhabit low-flow ponds and streams cluttered with natural debris like leaves, twigs, and duckweed. Using high-speed imaging and pose-estimation software, we analyze Microvelia spp.s movement across water, sandpaper (simulating land), and varying duckweed densities (10%, 25%, and 50% coverage). Our results reveal Microvelia maintain consistent joint angles and strides of their upper and hind legs across all duckweed coverages, mirroring those seen on sandpaper. Microvelia adjust the stride length of their middle legs based on the amount of duckweed present, decreasing with increased duckweed coverage and at 50% duckweed coverage, their middle legs strides closely mimic their strides on sandpaper. Notably, Microvelia achieve speeds up to 56 body lengths per second on water, nearly double those observed on sandpaper and duckweed (both rough, frictional surfaces), highlighting their higher speeds on low friction surfaces such as the waters surface. This study highlights Microvelias ecological adaptability, setting the stage for advancements in amphibious robotics that emulate their unique tripod gait for navigating complex terrains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tiny amphibious insects use tripod gait for seamless transition across land, water, and duckweed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limb loss and specialized leg dynamics in tiny water-walking insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The air-water of the planets water bodies, such as ponds, lakes and streams, presents an uncertain ecological niche with predatory threats from above and below. As Microvelia move across the water surface in small ponds, they face potential injury from attacks by birds, fish, and underwater invertebrates. Thus, our study investigates the effects of losing individual or pairs of tarsi on the Microvelias ability to walk on water. Removal of both hind tarsi causes Microvelia spp. to rock their bodies (yaw) while running across the water surface at {+/-}19{degrees}, compared to {+/-}7{degrees} in non-ablated specimens. This increase in yaw, resulting from the removal of hind tarsi, indicates that Microvelia use their hind legs as  rudders to regulate yaw, originating from the contralateral middle legs strokes on the waters surface through an alternating tripod gait. Ablation of the ipsilateral middle and hind tarsi disrupts directionality, making Microvelia turn in the direction of their intact limbs. This loss of directionality does not occur with the removal of contralateral middle and hind tarsi. However, Microvelia lose their ability to use the alternating tripod gait to walk for water walking on the day of contralateral ablation. Remarkably, by the next day Microvelia adapt and regain the ability to walk on water using the alternating tripod gait. Our findings elucidate the specialized leg dynamics within the alternating tripod gait of Microvelia spp., and their adaptability to tarsal loss. This research could guide the development and design strategies of small, adaptive, and resilient micro-robots that can adapt to controller malfunction or actuator damage for walking on water and terrestrial surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohilla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limb loss and specialized leg dynamics in tiny water-walking insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creative tempo: Spatiotemporal dynamics of the default mode network in improvisational musicians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsic dynamics of human brain activity display a recurring pattern of anti-correlated activity between the default mode network (DMN), associated with internal processing and mentation, and task positive regions, associated with externally directed attention. In human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, this anti-correlated pattern is detectable on the infraslow timescale (<0.1 Hz) as a quasi-periodic pattern (QPP). While the DMN is implicated in creativity and musicality in traditional time-averaged functional connectivity studies, no one has yet explored how creative training may alter dynamic spatiotemporal patterns involving the DMN such as QPPs. In the present study, we compare the outputs of two QPP detection approaches, sliding window algorithm and complex principal components analysis (cPCA). We apply both methods to an existing dataset of musicians captured with resting state fMRI, grouped as either classical, improvisational, or minimally trained non-musicians. The original time-averaged functional connectivity (FC) analysis of this dataset used improvisation as a proxy for creative thinking and found that the DMN and visual networks (VIS) display higher connectivity in improvisational musicians. We expand upon this datasets original study and find that QPP analysis detects convergent results at the group level with both methods. In improvisational musicians, dynamic functional correlation in the group-averaged QPP was found to be increased between the DMN-VIS and DMN-FPN for both the QPP algorithm and complex principal components analysis (cPCA) methods. Additionally, we found an unexpected increase in FC in the group-averaged QPP between the dorsal attention network and amygdala in improvisational musicians; this result was not reported in the original seed-based study of this dataset. The current study represents a novel application of two dynamic FC detection methods with results that replicate and expand upon previous seed-based FC findings. The results show the robustness of both the QPP phenomenon and its detection methods. This study also demonstrates the value of dynamic FC methods in reproducing seed-based findings and their promise in detecting group-wise or individual differences that may be missed by traditional seed-based resting state fMRI studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.07.588391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creative tempo: Spatiotemporal dynamics of the default mode network in improvisational musicians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Longitudinal Change Patterns in Developing Brain Using Functional and Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging via Multimodal Fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI and sMRI) are complementary approaches that can be used to study longitudinal brain changes in adolescents. Each individual modality offers distinct insights into the brain. Each individual modality may overlook crucial aspects of brain analysis. By combining them, we can uncover hidden brain connections and gain a more comprehensive understanding. In previous work, we identified multivariate patterns of change in whole-brain function during adolescence. In this work, we focus on linking functional change patterns (FCPs) to brain structure. We introduce two approaches and applied them to data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset. First, we evaluate voxelwise sMRI-FCP coupling to identify structural patterns linked to our previously identified FCPs. Our approach revealed multiple interesting patterns in functional network connectivity (FNC) and gray matter volume (GMV) data that were linked to subject level variation. FCP components 2 and 4 exhibit extensive associations between their loadings and voxel-wise GMV data. Secondly, we leveraged a symmetric multimodal fusion technique called multiset canonical correlation analysis (mCCA) + joint independent component analysis (jICA). Using this approach, we identify structured FCPs such as one showing increased connectivity between visual and sensorimotor domains and decreased connectivity between sensorimotor and cognitive control domains, linked to structural change patterns (SCPs) including alterations in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex. Interestingly, females exhibit stronger coupling between brain functional and structural changes than males, highlighting sex-related differences. The combined results from both asymmetric and symmetric multimodal fusion methods underscore the intricate sex-specific nuances in neural dynamics. By utilizing two complementary multimodal approaches, our study enhances our understanding of the dynamic nature of brain connectivity and structure during the adolescent period, shedding light on the nuanced processes underlying adolescent brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.07.588473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Longitudinal Change Patterns in Developing Brain Using Functional and Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging via Multimodal Fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Niche Human Bone Marrow On-A-Chip for Studying the Interactions of Adoptive CAR-T Cell Therapies with Multiple Myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of bone marrow plasma cells, is the second-most common hematological malignancy. However, despite immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, relapse is nearly universal. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment influences how MM cells survive, proliferate, and resist treatment. Yet, it is unclear which BM niches give rise to MM pathophysiology. Here, we present a 3D microvascularized culture system, which models the endosteal and perivascular bone marrow niches, allowing us to study MM-stroma interactions in the BM niche and model responses to therapeutic CAR-T cells. We demonstrated the prolonged survival of cell line-based and patient-derived multiple myeloma cells within our in vitro system and successfully flowed in donor-matched CAR-T cells. We then measured T cell survival, differentiation, and cytotoxicity against MM cells using a variety of analysis techniques. Our MM-on-a-chip system could elucidate the role of the BM microenvironment in MM survival and therapeutic evasion and inform the rational design of next-generation therapeutics.

TEASERA multiple myeloma model can study why the disease is still challenging to treat despite options that work well in other cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringquist, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharayil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonial, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochenderfer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Niche Human Bone Marrow On-A-Chip for Studying the Interactions of Adoptive CAR-T Cell Therapies with Multiple Myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptome atlas of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a powerful model system for studying embryo development and an important method for scaling up availability of elite and climate-adapted genetic material of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst). However, there are several steps during the development of the somatic embryo (Sem) that are suboptimal compared to zygotic embryo (Zem) development. These differences are poorly understood and result in substantial yield losses during plant production, which limits cost-effective large-scale production of SE plants. This study presents a comprehensive data resource profiling gene expression during zygotic and somatic embryo development to support studies aiming to advance understanding of gene regulatory programmes controlling embryo development. Transcriptome expression patterns were analysed during zygotic embryogenesis (ZE) in Norway spruce, including separated samples of the female gametophytes and Zem and at multiple stages during SE. Expression data from eight developmental stages of SE, starting with pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) up until germination, revealed extensive modulation of the transcriptome between the early and mid-stage maturing embryos and at the transition of desiccated embryos to germination. Comparative analysis of ZE and SE identified differences in timing relative to SE development and functional enrichment of these provided insight into the associated biological processes. Orthologs of transcription factors known to regulate embryo development in angiosperms were differentially expressed during Zem and Sem development and in the different zygotic embryo tissues, providing clues to the differences in development observed between Zem and Sem. This resource represents the most comprehensive dataset available for exploring embryo development in conifers.

Significance StatementSomatic embryogenesis is used as a model system to study embryo development, however detailed information to verify similarities and explain differences between somatic and zygotic embryogenesis is largely missing for conifers. This data resource provides sequential mRNA transcriptome data from nine stages of conifer zygotic embryo and female gametophyte development, and eight stages of somatic embryo development, to enable exploration of biological questions and comparisons of the two developmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canovi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delhomme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egertsdotter, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptome atlas of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic interactions underpinning high methane fluxes across terrestrial freshwater wetlands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current estimates of wetland contributions to the global methane budget carry high uncertainty, particularly in accurately predicting emissions from high methane-emitting wetlands. Microorganisms mediate methane cycling, yet knowledge of their conservation across wetlands remains scarce. To address this, we integrated 1,118 16S rRNA amplicon datasets (116 new), 305 metagenomes (20 new) that yielded 4,745 medium and high-quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs; 617 new), 133 metatranscriptomes, and annual methane flux data across 9 wetlands to create the Multi-Omics for Understanding Climate Change (MUCC) v2.0.0 database. This new resource was leveraged to link microbiome compositional profiles to encoded functions and emissions, with specific focus on methane-cycling populations and the microbial carbon decomposition networks that fuel them. We identified eight methane-cycling genera that were conserved across wetlands, and deciphered wetland specific metabolic interactions across marshes, revealing low methanogen-methanotroph connectivity in high-emitting wetlands. Methanoregula emerged as a hub methanogen across networks and was a strong predictor of methane flux, demonstrating the potential broad relevance of methylotrophic methanogenesis in these ecosystems. Collectively, our findings illuminate trends between microbial decomposition networks and methane flux and provide an extensive publicly available database to advance future wetland research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bechtold, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellenbogen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo Ferreira, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliverio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrighton, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic interactions underpinning high methane fluxes across terrestrial freshwater wetlands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wax "tails" enable planthopper nymphs to self-right midair and land on their feet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striking appearance of wax  tails -- posterior wax projections on planthopper nymphs -- has captivated entomologists and naturalists alike. Despite their intriguing presence, the functional roles of these structures remain largely unexplored. This study leverages high-speed imaging to uncover the biomechanical implications of these wax formations in the aerial dynamics of planthopper nymphs (Ricania sp.). We quantitatively demonstrate that removing wax tails significantly increases body rotations during jumps. Specifically, nymphs without wax projections undergo continuous rotations, averaging 4.3 {+/-} 1.9 per jump, in contrast to wax-intact nymphs, who narrowly complete a full rotation, averaging only 0.7 {+/-} 0.2 per jump. This suggests that wax structures effectively counteract rotation through aerodynamic drag forces. These stark differences in body rotation correlate with landing success: nymphs with wax intact achieve a near perfect landing rate of 98.5%, while those without wax manage only a 35.5% success rate. Jump trajectory analysis reveals transitions from parabolic to Tartaglia shapes at higher take-off velocities for wax-intact nymphs, illustrating how wax structures assist nymphs in achieving stable, controlled descents. Our findings confirm the aerodynamic self-righting functionality of wax tails in stabilizing planthopper landings, advancing our understanding of the complex interplay between wax morphology and aerial maneuverability, with broader implications for the evolution of flight in wingless insects and bioinspired robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laude, R. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wax "tails" enable planthopper nymphs to self-right midair and land on their feet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation differences between the female and male X chromosomes in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms of X chromosome inactivation suggest fundamental epigenetic differences between the female and male X chromosomes. However, DNA methylation studies often exclude the X chromosomes. In addition, many previous studies relied on techniques that examine non-randomly selected subsets of positions such as array-based methods, rather than assessing the whole X chromosome. Consequently, our understanding of X chromosome DNA methylation lags behind that of autosomes. Here we addressed this gap of knowledge by studying X chromosome DNA methylation using 89 whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) maps from neurons and oligodendrocytes. Using this unbiased and comprehensive data, we show that DNA methylation of the female X chromosomes is globally reduced (hypomethylated) across the entire chromosome compared to the male X chromosomes and autosomes. On the other hand, the majority of X-linked promoters were more highly methylated (hypermethylated) in females compared to males, consistent with the role of DNA methylation in X chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation. Remarkably, hypermethylation of female X promoters was limited to a group of previously lowly methylated promoters. The other group of highly methylated promoters were both hyper- and hypo-methylated in females with no obvious association with gene expression. Therefore, X chromosome inactivation by DNA methylation was exclusive to a subset of promoters with distinctive epigenetic feature. Apart from this group of promoters, differentially methylated regions in the female and male X chromosomes were dominated by female hypomethylation. Our study furthers the understanding of X-chromosome dosage regulation by DNA methylation on the chromosomal level as well as on individual gene level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendizabal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation differences between the female and male X chromosomes in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.588554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome duplication in the Multicellularity Long Term Evolution Experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.588554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is widespread across eukaryotes and can promote adaptive evolution1-4. However, given the instability of newly-formed polyploid genomes5-7, understanding how WGDs arise in a population, persist, and underpin adaptations remains a challenge. Using our ongoing Multicellularity Long Term Evolution Experiment (MuLTEE)8, we show that diploid snowflake yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) under selection for larger multicellular size rapidly undergo spontaneous WGD. From its origin within the first 50 days of the experiment, tetraploids persist for the next 950 days (nearly 5,000 generations, the current leading edge of our experiment) in ten replicate populations, despite being genomically unstable. Using synthetic reconstruction, biophysical modeling, and counter-selection experiments, we found that tetraploidy evolved because it confers immediate fitness benefits in this environment, by producing larger, longer cells that yield larger clusters. The same selective benefit also maintained tetraploidy over long evolutionary timescales, inhibiting the reversion to diploidy that is typically seen in laboratory evolution experiments. Once established, tetraploidy facilitated novel genetic routes for adaptation, playing a key role in the evolution of macroscopic multicellular size via the origin of evolutionarily conserved aneuploidy. These results provide unique empirical insights into the evolutionary dynamics and impacts of WGD, showing how it can initially arise due to its immediate adaptive benefits, be maintained by selection, and fuel long-term innovations by creating additional dimensions of heritable genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourisetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yopp, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lac, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.588554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome duplication in the Multicellularity Long Term Evolution Experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural ANI gap that can define intra-species units of bacteriophages and other viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of intra-species variants of viruses for causing disease and/or disrupting ecosystem functioning, there is no universally applicable standard to define these. A 95% whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) gap is commonly used to define species, especially for bacteriophages, but whether a similar gap exists within species that can be used to define intra-species units has not been evaluated yet. Whole-genome comparisons among members of 1,016 bacteriophage species revealed a region of low frequency of pairs around 99.2-99.8% ANI, showing 3-fold or fewer pairs than expected for an even or normal distribution. This second gap is prevalent in viruses infecting various cultured or uncultured hosts, and from a variety of environments, although a few exceptions to this pattern were also observed ([~]3.7% of the total species evaluated) and are likely attributed to cultivation biases. Similar results were observed for a limited set of eukaryotic viruses that are adequately sampled including SARS-CoV-2, whose ANI-based clusters matched well the WHO-defined Variants of Concern, indicating that they represent functionally and/or ecologically distinct units. The existence of sequence-discrete units appears to be predominantly driven by (high) ecological cohesiveness coupled to either recombination frequency for bacteriophages or selection and clonal evolution for other viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. These results indicate that fundamentally different underlying mechanisms could lead to similar diversity patterns. Based on these results, we propose the 99.5% ANI as a practical, standardized, and data-supported threshold for defining viral intra-species units of bacteriophages, for which we propose the term genomovars.

ImportanceViral species are composed of an ensemble of intra-species variants whose dynamic may have major implications for human and animal health and/or ecosystem functioning. However, the lack of universally-accepted standards to define these intra-species variants has led researchers to use different approaches for this task, creating inconsistent intra-species units across different viral families and confusion in communication. By comparing hundreds of viral bacteriophage genomes, we show that there is a nearly universal natural gap in whole-genome average nucleotide identities (ANI) among genomes at around 99.5%, which can be used to define intra-species units. Therefore, these results advance the molecular toolbox for tracking viral intra-species units and should facilitate future epidemiological and environmental studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aldeguer Riquelme, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural ANI gap that can define intra-species units of bacteriophages and other viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infraslow dynamic patterns in human cortical networks track a spectrum of external to internal attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early efforts to understand the human cerebral cortex focused on localization of function, assigning functional roles to specific brain regions. More recent evidence depicts the cortex as a dynamic system, organized into flexible networks with patterns of spatiotemporal activity corresponding to attentional demands. In functional MRI (fMRI), dynamic analysis of such spatiotemporal patterns is highly promising for providing non-invasive biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases and neural disorders. However, there is no established neurotypical spectrum to interpret the burgeoning literature of dynamic functional connectivity from fMRI across attentional states. In the present study, we apply dynamic analysis of network-scale spatiotemporal patterns in a range of fMRI datasets across numerous tasks including a left-right moving dot task, visual working memory tasks, congruence tasks, multiple resting state datasets, mindfulness meditators, and subjects watching TV. We find that cortical networks show shifts in dynamic functional connectivity across a spectrum that tracks the level of external to internal attention demanded by these tasks. Dynamics of networks often grouped into a single task positive network show divergent responses along this axis of attention, consistent with evidence that definitions of a single task positive network are misleading. Additionally, somatosensory and visual networks exhibit strong phase shifting along this spectrum of attention. Results were robust on a group and individual level, further establishing network dynamics as a potential individual biomarker. To our knowledge, this represents the first study of its kind to generate a spectrum of dynamic network relationships across such an axis of attention.

Significance StatementThis study provides significant insight into how cortical dynamics shift along a spectrum of external vs internal attention. Association and sensory networks show shifts in their relationship with the default mode network (DMN) along this spectrum. Notably, the constituent networks of the task positive network (TPN), such as the DAN, frontoparietal network (FPN), and ventral attention network (VAN) show divergent responses along this spectrum, indicating that definitions of a single "task positive" network are misleading. This is one of the first studies of large-scale spatiotemporal dynamics across such a breadth of tasks. These results provide a neurotypical reference spanning an axis of attention to interpret the growing functional dynamics literature and to help characterize functional dynamics as a potential biomarker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infraslow dynamic patterns in human cortical networks track a spectrum of external to internal attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in intra- and interlimb reflexes from forelimb cutaneous afferents after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections during locomotion in cats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In quadrupeds, such as cats, cutaneous afferents from the forepaw dorsum signal external perturbations and send signals to spinal circuits to coordinate the activity in muscles of all four limbs. How these cutaneous reflex pathways from forelimb afferents are reorganized after an incomplete spinal cord injury is not clear. Using a staggered thoracic lateral hemisections paradigm, we investigated changes in intralimb and interlimb reflex pathways by electrically stimulating the left and right superficial radial nerves in seven adult cats and recording reflex responses in five forelimb and ten hindlimb muscles. After the first (right T5-T6) and second (left T10-T11) hemisections, forelimb-hindlimb coordination was altered and weakened. After the second hemisection, cats required balance assistance to perform quadrupedal locomotion. Short-, mid- and long- latency homonymous and crossed reflex responses in forelimb muscles and their phase modulation remained largely unaffected after staggered hemisections. The occurrence of homolateral and diagonal mid- and long-latency responses in hindlimb muscles evoked with left and right superficial radial nerve stimulation was significantly reduced at the first time point after the first hemisection, but partially recovered at the second time point with left superficial radial nerve stimulation. These responses were lost or reduced after the second hemisection. When present, all reflex responses, including homolateral and diagonal, maintained their phase-dependent modulation. Therefore, our results show a considerable loss in cutaneous reflex transmission from cervical to lumbar levels after incomplete spinal cord injury, albeit with preservation of phase modulation, likely affecting functional responses to external perturbations.

Key pointsO_LICutaneous afferent inputs coordinate muscle activity in the four limbs during locomotion when the forepaw dorsum contacts an obstacle.
C_LIO_LIThoracic spinal cord injury disrupts communication between spinal locomotor centers located at cervical and lumbar levels, impairing balance and limb coordination.
C_LIO_LIWe investigated cutaneous reflexes from forelimb afferents during quadrupedal locomotion by electrically stimulating the superficial radial nerve bilaterally, before and after staggered lateral thoracic hemisections in cats.
C_LIO_LIWe showed a loss/reduction of mid- and long-latency homolateral and diagonal reflex responses in hindlimb muscles early after the first hemisection that partially recovered with left superficial radial nerve stimulation, before being reduced after the second hemisection.
C_LIO_LITargeting cutaneous reflex pathways from forelimb afferents projecting to the four limbs could help develop therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring transmission in ascending and descending spinal pathways.
C_LI

Figure Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/590723v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef94c1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f2ec5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c7c30aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5ce21_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Contacting an obstacle during locomotion activates cutaneous afferents to maintain balance and coordinate all four limbs. Spinal cord injuries disrupt neural communications between spinal networks controlling the fore- and hindlimbs, impairing balance and limb coordination. Cutaneous reflex pathways can be used to develop therapeutic approaches for restoring ascending and descending transmission to facilitate locomotor recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlet, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Arab, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in intra- and interlimb reflexes from forelimb cutaneous afferents after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections during locomotion in cats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the Distribution of Large-scale Spatiotemporal Patterns of Activity Across Brain States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A few large-scale spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity (quasiperiodic patterns or QPPs) account for most of the spatial structure observed in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The QPPs capture well-known features such as the evolution of the global signal and the alternating dominance of the default mode and task positive networks. These widespread patterns of activity have plausible ties to neuromodulatory input that mediates changes in nonlocalized processes, including arousal and attention. To determine whether QPPs exhibit variations across brain conditions, the relative magnitude and distribution of the three strongest QPPs were examined in two scenarios. First, in data from the Human Connectome Project, the relative incidence and magnitude of the QPPs was examined over the course of the scan, under the hypothesis that increasing drowsiness would shift the expression of the QPPs over time. Second, using rs-fMRI in rats obtained with a novel approach that minimizes noise, the relative incidence and magnitude of the QPPs was examined under three different anesthetic conditions expected to create distinct types of brain activity. The results indicate that both the distribution of QPPs and their magnitude changes with brain state, evidence of the sensitivity of these large-scale patterns to widespread changes linked to alterations in brain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Baese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anumba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the Distribution of Large-scale Spatiotemporal Patterns of Activity Across Brain States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying community-wide whole-brain imaging datasets enables robust automated neuron identification and reveals determinants of neuron positioning in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a data harmonization approach for C. elegans volumetric microscopy data, still or video, consisting of a standardized format, data pre-processing techniques, and a set of human-in-the-loop machine learning based analysis software tools. We unify a diverse collection of 118 whole-brain neural activity imaging datasets from 5 labs, storing these and accompanying tools in an online repository called WormID (wormid.org). We use this repository to train three existing automated cell identification algorithms to, for the first time, enable accuracy in neural identification that generalizes across labs, approaching human performance in some cases. We mine this repository to identify factors that influence the developmental positioning of neurons. To facilitate communal use of this repository, we created open-source software, code, web-based tools, and tutorials to explore and curate datasets for contribution to the scientific community. This repository provides a growing resource for experimentalists, theorists, and toolmakers to (a) study neuroanatomical organization and neural activity across diverse experimental paradigms, (b) develop and benchmark algorithms for automated neuron detection, segmentation, cell identification, tracking, and activity extraction, and (c) inform models of neurobiological development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprague, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubnis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying community-wide whole-brain imaging datasets enables robust automated neuron identification and reveals determinants of neuron positioning in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gait signature changes with walking speed are similar among able-bodied young adults despite persistent individual-specific differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding individuals distinct movement patterns is crucial for health, rehabilitation, and sports. Recently, we developed a machine learning-based framework to show that "gait signatures" describing the neuromechanical dynamics governing able-bodied and post-stroke gait kinematics remain individual-specific across speeds. However, we only evaluated gait signatures within a limited speed range and number of participants, using only sagittal plane (i.e., 2D) joint angles. Here we characterized changes in gait signatures across a wide range of speeds, from very slow (0.3 m/s) to exceptionally fast (above the walk-to-run transition speed) in 17 able-bodied young adults. We further assessed whether 3D kinematic and/or kinetic (ground reaction forces, joint moments, and powers) data would improve the discrimination of gait signatures. Our study showed that gait signatures remained individual-specific across walking speeds: Notably, 3D kinematic signatures achieved exceptional accuracy (99.8%, confidence interval (CI): 99.1-100%) in classifying individuals, surpassing both 2D kinematics and 3D kinetics. Moreover, participants exhibited consistent, predictable linear changes in their gait signatures across the entire speed range. These changes were associated with participants preferred walking speeds, balance ability, cadence, and step length. These findings support gait signatures as a tool to characterize individual differences in gait and predict speed-induced changes in gait dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winner, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.591976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gait signature changes with walking speed are similar among able-bodied young adults despite persistent individual-specific differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic Redundancies and Conformational Plasticity Drives Selectivity and Promiscuity in Quorum Quenching Lactonases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several enzymes from the metallo-{beta}-lactamase-like family of lactonases (MLLs) degrade N- acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs). In doing so, they play a role in a microbial communication system, quorum sensing, which contributes to pathogenicity and biofilm formation. There is currently great interest in designing quorum quenching (QQ) enzymes that can interfere with this communication and be used in a range of industrial and biomedical applications. However, tailoring these enzymes for specific targets requires a thorough understanding of their mechanisms and the physicochemical properties that determine their substrate specificities. We present here a detailed biochemical, computational, and structural study of the MLL GcL, which is highly proficient, thermostable, and has broad substrate specificity. Strikingly, we show that GcL does not only accept a broad range of substrates but is also capable of utilizing different reaction mechanisms that are differentially used in function of the substrate structure or the remodeling of the active site via mutations. Comparison of GcL to other lactonases such as AiiA and AaL demonstrates similar mechanistic promiscuity, suggesting this is a shared feature across lactonases in this enzyme family. Mechanistic promiscuity has previously been observed in the lactonase/paraoxonase PON1, as well as with protein tyrosine phosphatases that operate via a dual general-acid mechanism. The apparent prevalence of this phenomenon is significant from both a biochemical and an engineering perspective: in addition to optimizing for specific substrates, it is possible to optimize for specific mechanisms, opening new doors not just for the design of novel quorum quenching enzymes, but also of other mechanistically promiscuous enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkiv, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calixto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sompiyachoke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergonzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic Redundancies and Conformational Plasticity Drives Selectivity and Promiscuity in Quorum Quenching Lactonases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for Cellular-Level Variation in Lysis: Implications for Virus-Host Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.04.592515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral impacts on microbial populations depend on interaction phenotypes - including viral traits spanning adsorption rate, latent period, and burst size. The latent period is a key viral trait in lytic infections. Defined as the time from viral adsorption to viral progeny release, the latent period of bacteriophage is conventionally inferred via one-step growth curves in which the accumulation of free virus is measured over time in a population of infected cells. Developed more than 80 years ago, one-step growth curves do not account for cellular-level variability in the timing of lysis, potentially biasing inference of viral traits. Here, we use nonlinear dynamical models to understand how individual-level variation of the latent period impacts virus-host dynamics. Our modeling approach shows that inference of latent period via one-step growth curves is systematically biased - generating estimates of shorter latent periods than the underlying population-level mean. The bias arises because variability in lysis timing at the cellular level leads to a fraction of early burst events which are interpreted, artefactually, as an earlier mean time of viral release. We develop a computational framework to estimate latent period variability from joint measurements of host and free virus populations. Our computational framework recovers both the mean and variance of the latent period within simulated infections including realistic measurement noise. This work suggests that reframing the latent period as a distribution to account for variability in the population will improve the study of viral traits and their role in shaping microbial populations.

ImportanceQuantifying viral traits - including the adsorption rate, burst size, and latent period - is critical to characterize viral infection dynamics and to develop predictive models of viral impacts across scales from cells to ecosystems. Here, we revisit the gold standard of viral trait estimation - the one-step growth curve - to assess the extent to which assumptions at the core of viral infection dynamics lead to ongoing and systematic biases in inferences of viral traits. We show that latent period estimates obtained via one-step growth curves systematically under-estimate the mean latent period and, in turn, over-estimate the rate of viral killing at population scales. By explicitly incorporating trait variability into a dynamical inference framework that leverages both virus and host time series we provide a practical route to improve estimates of the mean and variance of viral traits across diverse virus-microbe systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Mirazo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.04.592515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for Cellular-Level Variation in Lysis: Implications for Virus-Host Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromechanical Phase Lags and Gait Adaptation in the Nematode  C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Undulation is a locomotor strategy in which waves of bending propagate along the body.This form of locomotion is observed in organisms that span orders of magnitude in size and represent diverse habitats and species. Despite this diversity, common neuromechanical phenomena have been observed across biologically disparate undulators, due to common mechanics. For example, Neuromechanical Phase Lags (NPL), a phenomenon where waves of muscle contraction travel at different speeds than body bends, have been observed in fish, lamprey and lizards. Existing theoretical descriptions of this phenomenon implicate the role of physical body-environment interactions. However, systematic experimental variation of body-environment interactions and measurement of the corresponding phase lags has not been performed. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans we measured muscle and body curvature dynamics simultaneously, performing calcium imaging in the body wall muscles while systematically varying the environmental rheology. A mechanical model demonstrates that the measured phase lags are controlled by the relative strength of elastic torques within the body and resistive forces within the medium. We further show that the phase lags correspond with a difference in the wavenumber of the muscle activity and curvature patterns. Hence, the environmental forces that create NPL also act as a filter that shapes and modulates the gait commanded by the nervous system. Beyond nematodes, the simplicity of our model further suggests that tuning body elasticity may serve as a general means of modulating the degree of mechanical control in other undulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierce, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromechanical Phase Lags and Gait Adaptation in the Nematode  C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological data analysis of pattern formation of human induced pluripotent stem cell colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the multicellular organization of stem cells is vital for determining the mechanisms that coordinate cell fate decision-making during differentiation; these mechanisms range from neighbor-to-neighbor communication to tissue-level biochemical gradients. Current methods for quantifying multicellular patterning cannot capture the spatial properties of cell colonies across all scales and typically rely on human annotation or a priori selection of parameters. We present a computational pipeline that utilizes topological data analysis to generate quantitative, multiscale descriptors which capture the shape of data extracted from multichannel microscopy images. By applying our pipeline to certain stem cell colonies, we detected subtle differences in patterning that reflect distinct biological markers and progressive stages of differentiation. These results yield insight into directed cellular movement and morphogen-mediated, neighbor-to-neighbor signaling. Because of its broad applicability to immunofluorescence microscopy images, our pipeline is well-positioned to serve as a general-purpose tool for the quantitative study of multicellular pattern formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartsock, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toppen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubenik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological data analysis of pattern formation of human induced pluripotent stem cell colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular mechanism of on-demand sterol biosynthesis at organelle contact sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact-sites are specialized zones of proximity between two organelles, essential for organelle communication and coordination. The formation of contacts between the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and other organelles, relies on a unique membrane environment enriched in sterols. However, how these sterol-rich domains are formed and maintained had not been understood. We found that the yeast membrane protein Yet3, the homolog of human BAP31, is localized to multiple ER contact sites. We show that Yet3 interacts with all the enzymes of the post-squalene ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and recruits them to create sterol-rich domains. Increasing sterol levels at ER contacts causes its depletion from the plasma membrane leading to a compensatory reaction and altered cell metabolism. Our data shows that Yet3 provides on-demand sterols at contacts thus shaping organellar structure and function. A molecular understanding of this proteins functions gives new insights into the role of BAP31 in development and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravindan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshnakovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preminger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Busnadiego, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular mechanism of on-demand sterol biosynthesis at organelle contact sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIGH THROUGHPUT QUANTITATION OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES IN AN AIR-BLOOD BARRIER ARRAY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated neutrophil recruitment drives many pulmonary diseases, but most preclinical screening methods are unsuited to evaluate pulmonary neutrophilia, limiting progress towards therapeutics. Namely, high throughput therapeutic screening systems typically exclude critical neutrophilic pathophysiology, including blood-to-lung recruitment, dysfunctional activation, and resulting impacts on the air-blood barrier. To meet the conflicting demands of physiological complexity and high throughput, we developed an assay of 96-well Leukocyte recruitment in an Air-Blood Barrier Array (L-ABBA-96) that enables in vivo-like neutrophil recruitment compatible with downstream phenotyping by automated flow cytometry. We modeled acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with neutrophil recruitment to 20 ng/mL epithelial-side interleukin 8 (IL-8) and found a dose dependent reduction in recruitment with physiologic doses of baricitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor recently FDA-approved for severe COVID-19 ARDS. Additionally, neutrophil recruitment to patient-derived cystic fibrosis sputum supernatant induced disease-mimetic recruitment and activation of healthy donor neutrophils and upregulated endothelial e-selectin. Compared to 24-well assays, the L-ABBA-96 reduces required patient sample volumes by 25 times per well and quadruples throughput per plate. Compared to microfluidic assays, the L-ABBA-96 recruits two orders of magnitude more neutrophils per well, enabling downstream flow cytometry and other standard biochemical assays. This novel pairing of high-throughput in vitro modeling of organ-level lung function with parallel high-throughput leukocyte phenotyping substantially advances opportunities for pathophysiological studies, personalized medicine, and drug testing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viola, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacalone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirouvanziam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIGH THROUGHPUT QUANTITATION OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES IN AN AIR-BLOOD BARRIER ARRAY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetically Steered Cell Therapy For Functional Restoration Of Intraocular Pressure Control In Open-Angle Glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trabecular meshwork (TM) cell therapy has been proposed as a next-generation treatment for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness. Using a magnetic cell steering technique with excellent efficiency and tissue-specific targeting, we delivered two types of cells into a mouse model of glaucoma: either human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) or induced pluripotent cell derivatives (iPSC-TM cells). We observed a 4.5 [3.1, 6.0] mmHg or 27% reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) for nine months after a single dose of only 1500 magnetically-steered hAMSCs, explained by increased outflow through the conventional pathway and associated with an higher TM cellularity. iPSC-TM cells were also effective, but less so, showing only a 1.9 [0.4, 3.3] mmHg or 13% IOP reduction and increased risk of tumorigenicity. In both cases, injected cells remained detectable in the iridocorneal angle three weeks post-transplantation. Based on the locations of the delivered cells, the mechanism of IOP lowering is most likely paracrine signaling. We conclude that magnetically-steered hAMSC cell therapy has potential for long-term treatment of ocular hypertension in glaucoma.

One Sentence SummaryA novel magnetic cell therapy provided effective intraocular pressure reduction in a mouse model, motivating future translational studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N Safa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siadat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhunjhunwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossniklaus, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emelianov, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetically Steered Cell Therapy For Functional Restoration Of Intraocular Pressure Control In Open-Angle Glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive Control of Musculotendon Loads Across Fast and Slow-twitch Muscles in a Simulated System with Parallel Actuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research in lower limb wearable robotic control have largely focused on reducing the metabolic cost of walking or compensating for a portion of the biological joint torque e.g., by applying support proportional to estimated biological joint torques. However, due to different musculotendon unit (MTU) contractile speed properties, less attention has been given to the development of wearable robotic controllers that can steer MTU dynamics directly. Therefore, closed-loop control of MTU dynamics needs to be robust across fiber phenotypes, i.e. ranging from slow type I to fast type IIx in humans. The ability to closed-loop control the in-vivo dynamics of MTUs, could lead to a new class of wearable robots that can provide precise support to targeted MTUs, for preventing onset of injury or to provide precision rehabilitation to selected damaged tissues. In this paper, we introduce a novel closed-loop control framework that utilizes Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) to keep the peak Achilles tendon force within predetermined boundaries during diverse range of cyclic force production simulations in the human ankle plantarflexors. This control framework employs a computationally efficient model comprising a modified Hill-type MTU contraction dynamics component and a model of the ankle joint with parallel actuation. Results indicate that the closed-form muscle-actuation models computational time is in the order of microseconds and is robust to different muscle contraction velocity properties. Furthermore, the controller achieves tendon force control within a timeframe below 14 ms, aligning with the physiological electromechanical delay of the MTU and facilitating its potential for future real-world applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nabipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive Control of Musculotendon Loads Across Fast and Slow-twitch Muscles in a Simulated System with Parallel Actuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Federated Learning for distributed NeuroImaging Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in neuroimaging have led to greater data sharing among the scientific community. However, institutions frequently maintain control over their data, citing concerns related to research culture, privacy, and accountability. This creates a demand for innovative tools capable of analyzing amalgamated datasets without the need to transfer actual data between entities. To address this challenge, we propose a decentralized sparse federated learning (FL) strategy. This approach emphasizes local training of sparse models to facilitate efficient communication within such frameworks. By capitalizing on model sparsity and selectively sharing parameters between client sites during the training phase, our method significantly lowers communication overheads. This advantage becomes increasingly pronounced when dealing with larger models and accommodating the diverse resource capabilities of various sites. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through the application to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapaliya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geenjaar, E. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Federated Learning for distributed NeuroImaging Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluctuations and freezing of biofilm-air interfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of interfacial roughening is common in physics, from epitaxial growth in the lab to pio-neering mathematical descriptions of universality in models of growth processes. These studies led to the identification of a series of general principles. Typically, stochastic growth produces an interface that becomes rougher as the deposit grows larger; this roughening can only be counteracted by mechanisms that act on the top of deposit, such as surface tension or surface diffusion. However, even when relaxation mechanisms are present, interfaces that continue to grow stochastically continue to change; new peaks and troughs emerge and disappear as stochastic growth produces a constantly changing, dynamic interface. These universal phenomena have been observed for bacterial colonies in a variety of contexts. However, previous studies have not characterized the interfacial phenomena at the top surface of a colony, i.e., the colony-air interface, when activity is only present at the bottom surface, i.e., the colony-solid interface, where nutrients are available, over long times. As traditional interfacial roughening models primarily focus on activity occurring at the top surface it is unclear what phenomena to expect over long times. Here, we use white light interferometry to study the roughening of bacterial biofilms, from many different species. We find that these colonies are remarkably smooth, suggesting that a mechanism of interfacial relaxation is at play. However, colonies remain remarkably smooth even after growing large. We discover that topographic fluctuations "freeze" in place, despite the fact that growth continues for hundreds of microns more. With simple simulations, we show that this emergent freezing is due to the dampening of fluctuations from cell growth by the cells between the growing zone and the surface. We find that the displacement field caused by a single perturbation decays exponentially, with a decay length of{delta} L. In line with that observation we also show that the topography ceases to change when perturbations are a distance{delta} L away from the surface. Thus, over-damped systems in which activity occurs at the bottom surface represent a distinct class of interfacial growth phenomena, capable of producing frozen topographies and remarkably smooth surfaces from spatially and temporally stochastic growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bravo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluctuations and freezing of biofilm-air interfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leeches Predate on Fast-Escaping and Entangling Blackworms by Spiral Entombment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigate how the Helobdella spp. freshwater leeches capture and consume Lumbriculus variegatus blackworms despite the blackworms ultrafast helical swimming escape reflex and ability to form large tangled  blobs. We describe our discovery of a unique spiral  entombment strategy used by these leeches to overcome the blackworms active and collective defenses. Unlike their approach to less reactive and solitary prey like mollusks, where leeches simply attach and suck, Helobdella leeches employ this spiral entombment strategy specifically adapted for blackworms. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between predator and prey in freshwater ecosystems, providing insights into ecological adaptability and predator-prey dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuazon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leeches Predate on Fast-Escaping and Entangling Blackworms by Spiral Entombment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.593193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell atlas characterizes dysregulation of the bone marrow immune microenvironment associated with outcomes in multiple myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.593193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple Myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite advances in treatment options. Although tumor subtypes and specific DNA abnormalities are linked to worse prognosis, the impact of immune dysfunction on disease emergence and/or treatment sensitivity remains unclear. We established a harmonized consortium to generate an Immune Atlas of MM aimed at informing disease etiology, risk stratification, and potential therapeutic strategies. We generated a transcriptome profile of 1,149,344 single cells from the bone marrow of 263 newly diagnosed patients enrolled in the CoMMpass study and characterized immune and hematopoietic cell populations. Associating cell abundances and gene expression with disease progression revealed the presence of a proinflammatory immune senescence-associated secretory phenotype in rapidly progressing patients. Furthermore, signaling analyses suggested active intercellular communication involving APRIL-BCMA, potentially promoting tumor growth and survival. Finally, we demonstrate that integrating immune cell levels with genetic information can significantly improve patient stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Kozlova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pita-Juarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagkouni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasinghe, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheloni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhtiari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabustan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foltz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldarriaga, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaaeldin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepisto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiala, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira Dos Santos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, I.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo De Souza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettig, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strausbauch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MMRF Immune Atlas Consort</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.593193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell atlas characterizes dysregulation of the bone marrow immune microenvironment associated with outcomes in multiple myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected events modulate context signaling in VIP and excitatory cells of the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual cortex predicts incoming sensory stimuli through internal models of the world. Unexpected stimuli that violate these predictions update internal models and drive adaptation. Cortical inhibitory neurons, particularly VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) interneurons, are suggested to play a key role in representing unexpected stimuli, given their robust firing following unexpected omissions of familiar images. Importantly, this response is stimulus non-specific, raising an important question about what information it conveys. Given their unique connectivity with other cell types and brain areas, we hypothesized that during unexpected events, VIP neurons encode contextual information, defined as neuronal activity that is not driven by the stimulus itself. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the Allen Institute Visual Behavior dataset, in which mice viewed repeated familiar images and unexpected omissions of these images while two-photon calcium imaging data from different cell types and visual areas were recorded. Using dimensionality reduction techniques, we found that omissions trigger contextual signaling in VIP neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) and the lateral medial (LM) visual area, particularly in the superficial layers. Similarly, contextual coding was enhanced in excitatory neurons following omissions. This contrasted sharply with the excitatory response to expected images, during which contextual information was substantially suppressed. Our results suggest that unexpected events activate VIP neurons, which subsequently propagate contextual information across the cortical network. This potentially facilitates the integration of context within the cortical network, and leads to updated predictions about our dynamic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Najafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected events modulate context signaling in VIP and excitatory cells of the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency and duration of sensory flicker controls astrocyte and neuron specific transcriptional profiles in 5xFAD mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical trials are investigating gamma frequency sensory stimulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimers disease, yet we lack a comprehensive picture of the effects of this stimulation on multiple aspects of brain function. While most prior research has focused on gamma frequency sensory stimulation, we previously showed that exposing mice to visual flickering stimulation increased MAPK and NF{kappa}B signaling in the visual cortex in a manner dependent on duration and frequency of sensory stimulation exposure. Because these pathways control multiple neuronal and glial functions and are differentially activated based on the duration and frequency of flicker stimulation, we aimed to define the transcriptional effects of different frequencies and durations of flicker stimulation on multiple brain functions.

MethodsWe exposed 5xFAD mice to different frequencies of audio/visual flicker stimulation (constant light, 10Hz, 20Hz, 40Hz) for durations of 0.5hr, 1hr, or 4hr, then used bulk RNAseq to profile transcriptional changes within the visual cortex and hippocampus tissues. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified modules of co-expressed genes controlled by frequency and/or duration of stimulation.

ResultsWithin the visual cortex, we found that all stimulation frequencies caused fast activation of a module of immune genes within 1hr and slower suppression of synaptic genes after 4hrs of stimulation. Interestingly, all frequencies of stimulation led to slow suppression of astrocyte specific gene sets, while activation of neuronal gene sets was frequency and duration specific. In contrast, in the hippocampus, immune and synaptic modules were suppressed based on the frequency of stimulation. Specifically,10Hz activated a module of genes associated with mitochondrial function, metabolism, and synaptic translation while 10Hz rapidly suppressed a module of genes linked to neurotransmitter activity.

ConclusionCollectively, our data indicate that the frequency and duration of flicker stimulation controls immune, neuronal, and metabolic genes in multiple regions of the brain affected by Alzheimers disease. Flicker stimulation may thus represent a potential therapeutic strategy that can be tuned based on the brain region and the specific cellular process to be modulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pybus, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Moctezuma, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adibi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency and duration of sensory flicker controls astrocyte and neuron specific transcriptional profiles in 5xFAD mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Locus Coeruleus Optogenetic Stimulation on Global Spatiotemporal Patterns in Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-brain intrinsic activity as detected by resting-state fMRI can be summarized by three primary spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns have been shown to change with different brain states, especially arousal. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is a key node in arousal circuits and has extensive projections throughout the brain, giving it neuromodulatory influence over the coordinated activity of structurally separated regions. In this study, we used optogenetic-fMRI in rats to investigate the impact of LC stimulation on the global signal and three primary spatiotemporal patterns. We report small, spatially specific changes in global signal distribution as a result of tonic LC stimulation, as well as regional changes in spatiotemporal patterns of activity at 5 Hz tonic and 15 Hz phasic stimulation. We also found that LC stimulation had little to no effect on the spatiotemporal patterns detected by complex principal component analysis. These results show that the effects of LC activity on the BOLD signal in rats may be small and regionally concentrated, as opposed to widespread and globally acting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anumba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelberman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marriott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinshenker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Locus Coeruleus Optogenetic Stimulation on Global Spatiotemporal Patterns in Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spike Reliability is Cell-Type Specific and Shapes Excitation and Inhibition in the Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons encode information in the highly variable spiking activity of neuronal populations, so that different repetitions of the same stimulus can generate action potentials that vary significantly in terms of the count and timing. How does spiking variability originate, and does it have a functional purpose? Leveraging the Allen Institute cell types dataset, we relate the spiking reliability of cortical neurons in-vitro during the intracellular injection of current resembling synaptic inputs to their morphologic, electrophysiologic, and transcriptomic classes. Our findings demonstrate that parvalbumin+ (PV) interneurons, a subclass of inhibitory neurons, show high reliability compared to other neuronal subclasses, particularly excitatory neurons. Through computational modeling, we predict that the high reliability of PV interneurons allows for strong and precise inhibition in downstream neurons, while the lower reliability of excitatory neurons allows for integrating multiple synaptic inputs leading to a spiking rate code. These findings illuminate how spiking variability in different neuronal classes affect information propagation in the brain, leading to precise inhibition and spiking rate codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spike Reliability is Cell-Type Specific and Shapes Excitation and Inhibition in the Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal Spatial-modality Attentive Fusion for Studying Neurodegenerative Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-modal learning has emerged as a powerful technique that leverages diverse data sources to enhance learning and decision-making processes. Adapting this approach to analyzing data collected from different biological domains is intuitive, especially for studying neuropsychiatric disorders. A complex neuropsychiatric disorder like schizophrenia (SZ) can affect multiple aspects of the brain and biologies. These biological sources each present distinct yet correlated expressions of subjects underlying physiological processes. Joint learning from these data sources can improve our understanding of the disorder. However, combining these biological sources is challenging for several reasons: (i) observations are domains-specific, leading to data being represented in dissimilar subspaces, and (ii) fused data is often noisy and high-dimensional, making it challenging to identify relevant information. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-modal artificial intelligence (AI) model with a novel fusion module inspired by a bottleneck attention module (BAM). We use deep neural networks (DNN) to learn latent space representations of the input streams. Next, we introduce a two-dimensional (spatio-modality) attention module to regulate the intermediate fusion for SZ classification. We implement spatial attention via a dilated convolutional neural network that creates large receptive fields for extracting significant contextual patterns. The resulting joint learning framework maximizes complementarity allowing us to explore the correspondence among the modalities. We test our model on a multi-modal imaging-genetic dataset and achieve an SZ prediction accuracy of 94.10% (P < 0.0001), outperforming state-of-the-art unimodal and multi-modal models for the task. Moreover, the model provides inherent interpretability that helps identify concepts significant for the neural networks decision and explains the underlying physiopathology of the disorder. Results also show that functional connectivity among subcortical, sensorimotor, and cognitive control domains plays an important role in characterizing SZ. Analysis of the spatio-modality attention scores suggests that structural components like the supplementary motor area, caudate, and insula play a significant role in SZ. Biclustering the attention scores discover a multi-modal cluster that includes genes CSMD1, ATK3, MOB4, and HSPE1, all of which have been identified as relevant to schizophrenia. In summary, feature attribution appears to be especially useful for probing the transient and confined but decisive patterns of complex disorders, and it shows promise for extensive applicability in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal Spatial-modality Attentive Fusion for Studying Neurodegenerative Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible kink instability drives ultrafast jumping in nematodes and soft robots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) exhibit a bending-elastic instability, or kink, before becoming airborne, a feature hypothesized but not proven to enhance jumping performance. Here, we provide the evidence that this kink is crucial for improving launch performance. We demonstrate that EPNs actively modulate their aspect ratio, forming a liquid-latched closed loop over a slow timescale O(1 s), then rapidly open it O (10 {micro}s), achieving heights of 20 body lengths (BL) and generating [~] 104 W/Kg of power. Using jumping nematodes, a bio-inspired Soft Jumping Model (SoftJM), and computational simulations, we explore the mechanisms and implications of this kink. EPNs control their takeoff direction by adjusting their head position and center of mass, a mechanism verified through phase maps of jump directions in simulations and SoftJM experiments. Our findings reveal that the reversible kink instability at the point of highest curvature on the ventral side enhances energy storage using the nematodes limited muscular force. We investigated the impact of aspect ratio on kink instability and jumping performance using SoftJM, and quantified EPN cuticle stiffness with AFM, comparing it with C. elegans. This led to a stiffness-modified SoftJM design with a carbon fiber backbone, achieving jumps of [~]25 BL. Our study reveals how harnessing kink instabilities, a typical failure mode, enables bidirectional jumps in soft robots on complex substrates like sand, offering a novel approach for designing limbless robots for controlled jumping, locomotion, and even planetary exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Ortega-Jimenez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Dillman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible kink instability drives ultrafast jumping in nematodes and soft robots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.598092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpaDE: Semantic Locality Preserving Biclusteringfor Neuroimaging Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.598092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most discriminative and revealing patterns in the neuroimaging population are often confined to smaller subdivisions of the samples and features. Especially in neuropsychiatric conditions, symptoms are expressed within micro subgroups of individuals and may only underly a subset of neurological mechanisms. As such, running a whole-population analysis yields suboptimal outcomes leading to reduced specificity and interpretability. Biclustering is a potential solution since subject heterogeneity makes one-dimensional clustering less effective in this realm. Yet, high dimensional sparse input space and semantically incoherent grouping of attributes make post hoc analysis challenging. Therefore, we propose a deep neural network called semantic locality preserving auto decoder (SpaDE), for unsupervised feature learning and biclustering. SpaDE produces coherent subgroups of subjects and neural features preserving semantic locality and enhancing neurobiological interpretability. Also, it regularizes for sparsity to improve representation learning. We employ SpaDE on human brain connectome collected from schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy control (HC) subjects. The model outperforms several state-of-the-art biclustering methods. Our method extracts modular neural communities showing significant (HC/SZ) group differences in distinct brain networks including visual, sensorimotor, and subcortical. Moreover, these biclustered connectivity substructures exhibit substantial relations with various cognitive measures such as attention, working memory, and visual learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.08.598092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpaDE: Semantic Locality Preserving Biclusteringfor Neuroimaging Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-parametric thrombus profiling microfluidics detects intensified biomechanical thrombogenesis associated with hypertension and aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arterial thrombosis, which represents a critical complication of cardiovascular diseases, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with no effective bioassay for clinical prediction. As a symbolic feature of arterial thrombosis, severe stenosis in the blood vessel creates a high-shear, high-gradient flow environment that effectively facilitates platelet aggregation towards vessel occlusion even with platelet amplification loops inhibited. However, no approach is currently available to comprehensively characterize the size, composition and platelet activation status of thrombi forming under this biorheological condition. Here, we present a thrombus profiling assay that monitors the multi-dimensional attributes of thrombi forming in conditions mimicking the physiological scenario of arterial thrombosis. Using this platform, we demonstrate that different receptor-ligand interactions contribute distinctively to the composition and activation status of the thrombus. Our investigation into hypertensive and older individuals reveals intensified biomechanical thrombogenesis and multi-dimensional thrombus profile abnormalities, demonstrating a direct contribution of mechanobiology to arterial thrombosis and endorsing the diagnostic potential of the assay. Furthermore, we identify the hyperactivity of GPIb-integrin IIb{beta}3 mechanosensing axis as a molecular mechanism that contributes to hypertension-associated arterial thrombosis. By studying the interactions between anti-thrombotic inhibitors and hypertension, and the inter-individual variability in personal thrombus profiles, our work reveals a critical need for personalized anti-thrombotic drug selection that accommodates each patients pathological profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Din, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abidin, N. A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-parametric thrombus profiling microfluidics detects intensified biomechanical thrombogenesis associated with hypertension and aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is subjective perceptual similarity metacognitive? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual similarity is a cornerstone for human learning and generalization. However, in assessing perceptual similarity between two stimuli, it is not well-defined which features or combinations of features one should focus on. The problem has accordingly been considered ill-posed, implying a lack of a clear ground-truth basis for similarity judgments. We hypothesized that the stimuli rated as subjectively similar are those that are, in fact, more challenging for oneself to discern in practice, in near-threshold settings (e.g., psychophysics experiments). Therefore, an individuals perceptual discrimination capacities can serve as a quasi-objective ground truth for determining whether two stimuli should be judged as similar. To test this idea, we asked participants to rank the similarity of face pairs and also separately measured their discrimination capacity for those pairs. We found a positive association between perceptual discrimination capacity and subjective perceptual dissimilarity, with this association being specific to each individual. The results indicate that perceptual similarity judgments reflect and predict ones own perceptual discrimination capacities. Overall, although subjective, similarity judgments are normative in that they are grounded in ones perceptual capacities, which can be measured through a psychophysical task with objective responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moharramipour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is subjective perceptual similarity metacognitive?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing source tracking: systematic review and source-specific genome database curation of fecally shed prokaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approaches for shotgun metagenomic sequencing are being adapted to many environmental monitoring tasks but remain poorly suited for source attribution within fecal source tracking (FST) studies due to a lack of knowledge regarding the source specificity of fecally shed microbial populations. To address this gap, we performed a systematic literature review and curated a large collection of genomes (n=26,018) representing fecally shed prokaryotic species across broad and narrow source categories commonly implicated in FST studies of recreational waters (i.e., cats, dogs, cows, seagulls, chickens, pigs, birds, ruminants, human feces, and wastewater). These data include genome sequences recovered from metagenomic and isolation-based studies which we examined extensively with comparative genomic approaches to characterize trends across source categories and produce a finalized genome database for each source category which is available online (n=12,730). We find that across these sources, the total number of genomes recovered varies substantially: from none in seagulls to 9,085 in pigs.

According to available data, on average 81% of the genomes representing species-level populations occur only within a single source. Using fecal slurries to test the performance of each source database, we report read capture rates that vary with fecal source alpha diversity and database size. Lastly, while extensive work has been performed on the rumen system of cows and other ruminants, we note the scarcity of genomic characterization of prokaryotes in the feces of these animals. We expect this resource to be useful to FST-related objectives, One Health research, and sanitation efforts globally.

Table of Contents Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=149 SRC="FIGDIR/small/598882v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@daeadcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@713d09org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5e538borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bed833_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG SynopsisWe curate nine prokaryotic genomic databases for fecal source-tracking, summarize their source-specificity, and show their usefulness by bioinformatically testing mock impaired surface water samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindner, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinamang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bingham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amico, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.598882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing source tracking: systematic review and source-specific genome database curation of fecally shed prokaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Static and Dynamic Cross-Network Functional Connectivity Shows Elevated Entropy in Schizophrenia Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) patients exhibit abnormal static and dynamic functional connectivity across various brain domains. We present a novel approach based on static and dynamic inter-network connectivity entropy (ICE), which represents the entropy of a given networks connectivity to all the other brain networks. This novel approach enables the investigation of how connectivity strength is heterogeneously distributed across available targets in both SZ patients and healthy controls. We analyzed fMRI data from 151 schizophrenia patients and demographically matched 160 healthy controls. Our assessment encompassed both static and dynamic ICE, revealing significant differences in the heterogeneity of connectivity levels across available brain networks between SZ patients and healthy controls (HC). These networks are associated with subcortical (SC), auditory (AUD), sensorimotor (SM), visual (VIS), cognitive control (CC), default mode network (DMN) and cerebellar (CB) functional brain domains. Elevated ICE observed in individuals with SZ suggests that patients exhibit significantly higher randomness in the distribution of time-varying connectivity strength across functional regions from each source network, compared to healthy control group. C-means fuzzy clustering analysis of functional ICE correlation matrices revealed that SZ patients exhibit significantly higher occupancy weights in clusters with weak, low-scale functional entropy correlation, while the control group shows greater occupancy weights in clusters with strong, large-scale functional entropy correlation. k-means clustering analysis on time-indexed ICE vectors revealed that cluster with highest ICE have higher occupancy rates in SZ patients whereas clusters characterized by lowest ICE have larger occupancy rates for control group. Furthermore, our dynamic ICE approach revealed that it appears healthy for a brain to primarily circulate through complex, less structured connectivity patterns, with occasional transitions into more focused patterns. However, individuals with SZ seem to struggle with transiently attaining these more focused and structured connectivity patterns. Proposed ICE measure presents a novel framework for gaining deeper insights into understanding mechanisms of healthy and disease brain states and a substantial step forward in the developing advanced methods of diagnostics of mental health conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maksymchuk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.599084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Static and Dynamic Cross-Network Functional Connectivity Shows Elevated Entropy in Schizophrenia Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.598025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Wheel Exercise for Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.598025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise is widely studied as a therapy in mouse models of neurological disease. However, the established techniques for exercise in mice are not ideally suited toward motor deficient disease models, nor do they facilitate active measurement of neurophysiology with tethered assays. To address this, we developed an apparatus and technique for inducing exercise in mice without aversive stimuli, using a motorized wheel with closed-loop acceleration that tracks subject performance. We demonstrated the efficacy of this approach in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of PD, including with single-unit electrophysiology. This approach should allow for exercise to be better studied as a dynamic, physiological intervention in neurological disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skelton, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.598025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Wheel Exercise for Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal interneuron population dynamics underlying flexible pattern generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian spinal locomotor network is composed of diverse populations of interneurons that collectively orchestrate and execute a range of locomotor behaviors. Despite the identification of many classes of spinal interneurons constituting the locomotor network, it remains unclear how the networks collective activity computes and modifies locomotor output on a step-by-step basis. To investigate this, we analyzed lumbar interneuron population recordings and multi-muscle electromyography from spinalized cats performing air stepping and used artificial intelligence methods to uncover state space trajectories of spinal interneuron population activity on single step cycles and at millisecond timescales. Our analyses of interneuron population trajectories revealed that traversal of specific state space regions held millisecond-timescale correspondence to the timing adjustments of extensor-flexor alternation. Similarly, we found that small variations in the path of state space trajectories were tightly linked to single-step, microvolt-scale adjustments in the magnitude of muscle output.

One sentence summaryFeatures of spinal interneuron state space trajectories capture variations in the timing and magnitude of muscle activations across individual step cycles, with precision on the scales of milliseconds and microvolts respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimalasena, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au Yong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal interneuron population dynamics underlying flexible pattern generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.25.600611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereotyped spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous activity in visual cortex prior to eye-opening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.25.600611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the course of development, functional sensory representations emerge in the visual cortex. Prior to eye-opening, modular patterns of spontaneous activity form long-range networks that may serve as a precursor for mature network organization. Although the spatial structure of these networks has been well studied, their temporal features, which may contribute to their continued plasticity and development, remain largely uncharacterized. To address this, we imaged hours of spontaneous network activity in the visual cortex of developing ferrets of both sexes utilizing a fast calcium indicator (GCaMP8m) and widefield imaging at high temporal resolution (50Hz), then segmented out spatiotemporal events. The spatial structure of this activity was highly modular, exhibiting spatially segregated active domains consistent with prior work. We found that the vast majority of events showed a clear dynamic component in which modules activated sequentially across the field of view, but only a minority of events were well-fit with a linear traveling wave. We found that spatiotemporal events occur in repeated and stereotyped motifs, reoccurring across hours of imaging. Finally, we found that the most frequently occurring single-frame spatial activity patterns were predictive of future activity patterns over hundreds of milliseconds. Together, our results demonstrate that spontaneous activity in the early developing cortex exhibits a rich spatiotemporal structure, suggesting a potential role in the maturation and refinement of future functional representations.

Significance statementUnderstanding the temporal dynamics underlying the network structure in early development is critical for understanding network function and plasticity. By imaging hours of spontaneous cortical activity, we show strong evidence that the vast majority of spontaneous neural activity is dynamic with repeated and complex spatiotemporal patterns with stereotyped structure across hours. This suggests the potential for Hebbian learning in the development and refinement of functional visual representations. We also find that frequently occurring spatial activity patterns are predictive of subsequent activity for up to one second, which may indicate attractor dynamics in spontaneous activity. Our findings characterize key features of the temporal structure of spontaneous activity in visual cortex early in development and deepen our understanding of developing neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kettlewell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sederberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.25.600611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereotyped spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous activity in visual cortex prior to eye-opening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCEMENT: Scalable and Memory Efficient Integration of Large-scale Single Cell RNA-sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIntegrative analysis of large-scale single cell data collected from diverse cell populations promises an improved understanding of complex biological systems. While several algorithms have been developed for single cell RNA-sequencing data integration, many lack scalability to handle large numbers of datasets and/or millions of cells due to their memory and run time requirements. The few tools which can handle large data do so by reducing the computational burden through strategies such as subsampling of the data or selecting a reference dataset, to improve computational efficiency and scalability. Such shortcuts however hamper accuracy of downstream analyses, especially those requiring quantitative gene expression information.

ResultsWe present SCEMENT, a SCalablE and Memory-Efficient iNTegration method to overcome these limitations. Our new parallel algorithm builds upon and extends the linear regression model previously applied in ComBat, to an unsupervised sparse matrix setting to enable accurate integration of diverse and large collections of single cell RNA-sequencing data. Using tens to hundreds of real single cell RNA-seq datasets, we show that SCEMENT outperforms ComBat as well as FastIntegration and Scanorama in runtime (upto 214X faster) and memory usage (upto 17.5X less). It not only performs batch correction and integration of millions of cells in under 25 minutes, but also facilitates discovery of new rare cell-types and more robust reconstruction of gene regulatory networks with full quantitative gene expression information.

Availability and implementationSource code freely available for download at https://github.com/AluruLab/scement, implemented in C++ and supported on Linux.

Contactaluru@cc.gatech.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chockalingam, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCEMENT: Scalable and Memory Efficient Integration of Large-scale Single Cell RNA-sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia Morphological Response to Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles Demonstrates EV Therapeutic Potential for Modulating Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMesenchymal stromal cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are a promising therapeutic for neuroinflammation. MSC-EVs can interact with microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, to exert their immunomodulatory effects. In response to inflammatory cues, such as cytokines, microglia undergo phenotypic changes indicative of their function e.g. morphology and secretion. However, these changes in response to MSC-EVs are not well understood. Additionally, no disease-relevant screening tools to assess MSC-EV bioactivity exist, which has further impeded clinical translation. Here, we developed a quantitative, high throughput morphological profiling approach to assess the response of microglia to neuroinflammation-relevant signals and whether this morphological response can be used to indicate the bioactivity of MSC-EVs.

ResultsUsing an immortalized human microglia cell-line, we observed increased size (perimeter, major axis length) and complexity (form factor) upon stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-). Upon treatment with MSC-EVs, the overall morphological score (determined using principal component analysis) shifted towards the unstimulated morphology, indicating that MSC-EVs are bioactive and modulate microglia. The morphological effects of MSC-EVs in TNF-{gamma}/IFN- stimulated cells were concomitant with reduced secretion of 14 chemokines/cytokines (e.g. CXCL6, CXCL9) and increased secretion of 12 chemokines/cytokines (e.g. CXCL8, CXCL10). Proteomic analysis of cell lysates revealed significant increases in 192 proteins (e.g. HIBADH, MEAK7, LAMC1) and decreases in 257 proteins (e.g. PTEN, TOM1, MFF) with MSC-EV treatment. Of note, many of these proteins are involved in regulation of cell morphology and migration. Gene Set Variation Analysis revealed upregulation of pathways associated with immune response, such as regulation of cytokine production, immune cell infiltration (e.g. T cells, NK cells) and morphological changes (e.g. Semaphorin, RHO/Rac signaling). Additionally, changes in microglia mitochondrial morphology were measured suggesting that MSC-EV modulate mitochondrial metabolism.

ConclusionThis study comprehensively demonstrates the effects of MSC-EVs on human microglial morphology, cytokine secretion, cellular proteome, and mitochondrial content. Our high-throughput, rapid, low-cost morphological approach enables screening of MSC-EV batches and manufacturing conditions to enhance EV function and mitigate EV functional heterogeneity in a disease relevant manner. This approach is highly generalizable and can be further adapted and refined based on selection of the disease-relevant signal, target cell, and therapeutic product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daga, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morfin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynds, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marklein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia Morphological Response to Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles Demonstrates EV Therapeutic Potential for Modulating Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible EMG arrays with integrated electronics for scalable electrode density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in electrode technology have demonstrated the power of flexible microelectrode arrays (FMEAs) for measuring muscle activity at high resolution. We recently introduced the Myomatrix array, an FMEA optimized for measuring the activity of individual motor units (the collection of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron) [1] in freely behaving animals. Although FMEAs are fundamentally changing the way electromyography (EMG) is acquired, the number of recording channels is limited by the size of the plug that interfaces with the signal processing hardware and the density of electrode connections on the array. Increasing EMG channel count and supporting electrophysiological studies in smaller animals depends on two seemingly incompatible goals: reducing device size while increasing the number of recording channels. The solution to these goals is to increase the channel count per wire output. Current off-the-shelf designs require a separate headstage and FMEA to be used simultaneously. In our prior devices [1], each FMEA had a dedicated wire output for every electrode input, creating a channel density of 1:1. To improve this channel density, we have developed an FMEA with an integrated digital amplifier (Bare-Die RHD2216, INTAN INC, USA). The design of the FMEA reduces the footprint of the devices back end by 74% and relocates the Intan bare die from the headstage to the FMEA itself, creating a channel density of 1:3.2. Our methodology combines standard FMEA microfabrication with wire-bonding and surface-mounted components, enabling direct integration into a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) connection into the device itself, without any separate headstage. With this initial device there is a 1 : 3.2 channel density; however, our method allows using other bare die amplifiers (Intan, Inc., USA) for a channel density of 1:12.8. Our findings present a robust technique for chip embedding in custom FMEAs applicable to in-vivo electrophysiology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible EMG arrays with integrated electronics for scalable electrode density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opto-Myomatrix: μLED integrated microelectrode arrays for optogenetic activation and electrical recording in muscle tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOptogenetics is a valuable and widely-used technique that allows precise perturbations of selected groups of cells with high temporal and spatial resolution by using optical systems and genetic engineering technologies. This study aims to develop Opto-Myomatrix, a novel optogenetic tool for precise muscle fiber control and high-resolution electrophysiological recording.

MethodBased on a flexible and biocompatible polymer substrate, the device incorporates an integrated {micro}LED that delivers light at 465 nm for optogenetic stimulation and 32 PEDOT:PSS-coated electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording. We also added a reflector to improve optical power output.

ResultsThe fabricated Opto-Myomatrix device achieves an optical output intensity as high as 129.46 mW/mm2 in the direction of interest, which is enhanced by nearly 100%. The PEDOT:PSS-coated electrodes exhibit 85% lower impedance than uncoated contacts, enabling high signal-to-noise EMG acquisition. We investigated heat dissipation characteristics of the {micro}LED through measurements and finite element simulations, confirming that temperature changes remain within safe limits. The Opto-Myomatrix device was implanted in transgenetic mice and successfully stimulated targeted jaw muscles, inducing movement while simultaneously capturing EMG signals.

ConclusionThe Opto-Myomatrix effectively combines precise optical stimulation and high-quality EMG recording in a flexible and biocompatible device, focusing on optogenetic applications in muscle.

SignificanceWhile optogenetic tools are well-established for brain and central nervous system (CNS) research, the development of Opto-Myomatrix addresses a critical gap by enabling precise muscle fiber control and high-resolution recording for advancing neuromuscular studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opto-Myomatrix: μLED integrated microelectrode arrays for optogenetic activation and electrical recording in muscle tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchando, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.600855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Body oscillations reduce the aerodynamic power requirement of wild silkmoth flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects show diverse flight kinematics and morphologies reflecting their evolutionary histories and ecological adaptations. Many silkmoths utilizing low wingbeat frequencies and large wings to fly display body oscillations: Their bodies pitch and bob periodically - synchronized with their wing flapping cycle. Similar oscillations in butterflies augment weight support and thrust and reduce flight power requirements. However, how the instantaneous body and wing kinematics interact for these beneficial aerodynamic and power consequences is not well understood. We hypothesized that the body oscillations affect aerodynamic power requirements by influencing the wing rotation relative to the airflow. Using three-dimensional forward flight video recordings of four silkmoth species and a quasi-steady blade-element aerodynamic method, we found that the body pitch angle and the wing sweep angle maintain a narrow range of phase differences to enhance the angle of attack variation between each half-stroke due to enhanced wing rotation relative to the airflow. This redirects the aerodynamic force to increase upward and forward force during downstroke and upstroke respectively thus lowering the overall drag without compromising weight support and forward thrust. A reduction in energy expenditure is beneficial because adult silkmoths do not feed and rely on limited energy budgets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.602433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Body oscillations reduce the aerodynamic power requirement of wild silkmoth flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia samples uncovers treatment-resistant stem and mast cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (pAML) is a heterogeneous malignancy driven by diverse cytogenetic mutations. While risk stratification improved by identifying cytogenetic lesions, prognostication remains inadequate with 30% of standard-risk patients experiencing relapse within 5 years. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) enabled the interrogation of malignant cell heterogeneity in pAML and characterization of the immune microenvironment. Herein we report the largest pAML scRNAseq analysis to date with 708,285 cells from 164 bone marrow biopsies of 95 patients and 11 healthy controls. We uncovered treatment-resistant (TR) subtypes of pAML specific to RUNX1-RUNX1T1, FLT3-ITD, and CBFB-MYH11 patients. The enrichment of TR subtype gene signatures on the TARGET pAML data supported an association with significantly poor outcomes. Intriguingly, in addition to leukemic stem cells, we identified mast cell-like pAML associated with treatment resistance and poor outcomes. Together, immature and mature pAML subtypes are promising biomarkers for identifying patients at increased risk of relapse within cytogenetic categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohlstrom, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhtia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumme, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.09.602801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia samples uncovers treatment-resistant stem and mast cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Body size and light environment modulate flight speed and saccadic behavior in free flying Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For flying insects, visual control relies on acquiring adequate light, but many circumstances limit this, such as dim environments, high image speeds, or eyes of modest light gathering power. To determine these effects on vinegar flies, we limited light by either placing them in dim conditions, or generating individuals with developmentally smaller eyes, then examined activity levels and three-dimensional flight paths. When simulating dawn and dusk light periods, walking flies increase activity, reflecting their crepuscular nature, and this is stronger for flies with larger eyes. When light switches abruptly, similar to many lab settings, activity associated with crepuscular periods diminishes, as does activity associated with greater facet size. During free flight, we find flight speed decreases similarly in both dim light and small eye conditions, but excess light induces smaller individuals to restore their flight speed. Through a machine learning approach, we confirmed that two features, translational speed and saccade distance, are sufficient to classify treatment groups by light niche, size, and age. Together, these imply that flight changes in smaller individuals result from visual deficits, rather than other elements of body structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barredo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currea, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavalli-Nettimi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarokh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theobald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Body size and light environment modulate flight speed and saccadic behavior in free flying Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal resolution of spike coding in feedforward networks with signal convergence and divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergent and divergent structures in the networks that make up biological brains are found across many species and brain regions at various spatial scales. Neurons in these networks fire action potentials, or "spikes", whose precise timing is becoming increasingly appreciated as large sources of information about both sensory input and motor output. While previous theories on coding in convergent and divergent networks have largely neglected the role of precise spike timing, our model and analyses place this aspect at the forefront. For a suite of stimuli with different timescales, we demonstrate that structural bottlenecks- small groups of neurons post-synaptic to network convergence - have a stronger preference for spike timing codes than expansion layers created by structural divergence. Additionally, we found that a simple network model based on convergence and divergence ratios of a hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) nervous system can reproduce the relative contribution of spike timing information in its motor output, providing testable predictions on optimal temporal resolutions of spike coding across the moth sensory-motor pathway at both the single-neuron and population levels. Our simulations and analyses suggest a relationship between the level of convergent/divergent structure present in a feedforward network and the loss of stimulus information encoded by its population spike trains as their temporal resolution decreases, which could be tested experimentally across diverse neural systems in future studies. We further show that this relationship can be generalized across different spike-generating models and measures of coding capacity, implying a potentially fundamental link between network structure and coding strategy using spikes.

Author summaryWithin the complex anatomy of the brain, there are certain structures that appear more often than expected. One example of this is when large populations of neurons connect to much smaller populations, and vice versa. We refer to these structural patterns as network convergence and divergence; they are observed in systems like the cerebellum, insect olfactory networks, visuomotor pathways, and the early visual system of mammals. Despite the ubiquity of this connectivity pattern, we are only beginning to understand its functional implications from a computational point of view. Here, we construct and analyze mathematical models of spiking neural networks to understand how convergent and divergent structure shapes the way that information is represented in each part of the network, as a function of the temporal resolution of population spiking activity. We then developed a simple feedforward network model of the visuomotor pathway of a moth, with similar convergent/divergent network structure, and reproduce a similar proportion of spike timing to spike count information as observed experimentally. Our results form predictions about spike coding in populations previously unobserved in experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mobille, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal resolution of spike coding in feedforward networks with signal convergence and divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ROLE OF FORELIMB MORPHOLOGY IN MUSCLE SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTIONS DURING LOCOMOTION IN THE CAT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies established strong links between morphological characteristics of mammalian hindlimb muscles and their sensorimotor functions during locomotion. Less is known about the role of forelimb morphology in motor outputs and generation of sensory signals. Here, we measured morphological characteristics of 46 forelimb muscles from 6 cats. These characteristics included muscle attachments, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), fascicle length, etc. We also recorded full-body mechanics and EMG activity of forelimb muscles during level overground and treadmill locomotion in 7 and 16 adult cats of either sex, respectively. We computed forelimb muscle forces along with force- and length-dependent sensory signals mapped onto corresponding cervical spinal segments. We found that patterns of computed muscle forces and afferent activities were strongly affected by the muscles moment arm, PCSA, and fascicle length. Morphology of the shoulder muscles suggests distinct roles of the forelimbs in lateral force production and movements. Patterns of length-dependent sensory activity of muscles with long fibers (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis) closely matched patterns of overall forelimb length, whereas the activity pattern of biceps brachii matched forelimb orientation. We conclude that cat forelimb muscle morphology contributes substantially to locomotor function, particularly to control lateral stability and turning, rather than propulsion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klishko, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunderson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meslie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholder, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.11.603106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ROLE OF FORELIMB MORPHOLOGY IN MUSCLE SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTIONS DURING LOCOMOTION IN THE CAT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.600122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution of gene essentiality in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.600122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Essential gene products carry out fundamental cellular activities in interaction with other components. However, the lack of essential gene mutants and appropriate methodologies to link essential gene functions with their partners poses significant challenges. Here, we have generated deletion mutants in 32 genes previously identified as essential, with 23 mutants showing extremely slow growth in the SK36 strain of Streptococcus sanguinis. The 23 genes corresponding to these mutants encode components of diverse pathways, are widely conserved among bacteria, and are essential in many other bacterial species. Whole-genome sequencing of 243 independently evolved populations of these mutants has identified >1000 spontaneous suppressor mutations in experimental evolution. Many of these mutations define new gene and pathway relationships, such as F1Fo-ATPase/V1Vo-ATPase/TrkA1-H1 that were demonstrated across multiple Streptococcus species. Patterns of spontaneous mutations occurring in essential gene mutants differed from those found in wildtype. While gene duplications occurred rarely and appeared most often at later stages of evolution, substitutions, deletions, and insertions were prevalent in evolved populations. These essential gene deletion mutants and spontaneous mutations fixed in the mutant populations during evolution establish a foundation for understanding gene essentiality and the interaction of essential genes in networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.600122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution of gene essentiality in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Invasive Quality Control of Organoid Cultures Using Mesofluidic CSTR Bioreactors and High-Content Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain organoids produce anatomically relevant cellular structures and recapitulate key aspects of in vivo brain function, which holds great potential to model neurological diseases and screen therapeutics. However, the long growth time of 3D systems complicates the culturing of brain organoids and results in heterogeneity across samples hampering their applications. We developed an integrated platform to enable robust and long-term culturing of 3D brain organoids. We designed a mesofluidic bioreactor device based on a reaction-diffusion scaling theory, which achieves robust media exchange for sufficient nutrient delivery in long-term culture. We integrated this device with longitudinal tracking and machine learning-based classification tools to enable non-invasive quality control of live organoids. This integrated platform allows for sample pre-selection for downstream molecular analysis. Transcriptome analyses of organoids revealed that our mesofluidic bioreactor promoted organoid development while reducing cell death. Our platform thus offers a generalizable tool to establish reproducible culture standards for 3D cellular systems for a variety of applications beyond brain organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Invasive Quality Control of Organoid Cultures Using Mesofluidic CSTR Bioreactors and High-Content Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo quantification of anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice: implications for aqueous humor dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAqueous humor inflow rate, a key parameter influencing aqueous humor dynamics, is typically measured by fluorophotometery. Analyzing fluorophotometric data depends, inter alia, on the volume of aqueous humor in the anterior, but not the posterior, chamber. Previous fluorophotometric studies of aqueous inflow rate in mice have assumed the ratio of anterior:posterior volumes in mice to be similar to those in humans. Our goal was to measure anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice to facilitate better estimates of aqueous inflow rates.

MethodsWe used standard near-infrared optical coherence tomography (OCT) and robotic visible-light OCT (vis-OCT) to visualize, reconstruct and quantify the volumes of the anterior and posterior chambers of the mouse eye in vivo. We used histology and micro-CT scans to validate relevant landmarks from ex vivo tissues to facilitate in vivo measurement.

ResultsPosterior chamber volume is 1.1 times the anterior chamber volume in BALB/cAnNCrl mice, i.e. the anterior chamber constitutes about 47% of the total aqueous humor volume, which is very dissimilar to the situation in humans. Anterior chamber volumes in 2-month-old BALB/cAnNCrl and 7-month-old C57BL6/J mice were 1.55 {+/-} 0.36 {micro}L (n=10) and 2.41 {+/-} 0.29 {micro}L (n=8), respectively. This implies that previous studies likely over-estimated aqueous inflow rate by approximately two-fold.

ConclusionsIt is necessary to reassess previously reported estimates of aqueous inflow rates, and thus aqueous humor dynamics in the mouse. For example, we now estimate that only 0-15% of aqueous humor drains via the pressure-independent (unconventional) route, similar to that seen in humans and monkeys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo quantification of anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice: implications for aqueous humor dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental "Wiggles" as Stabilizers of Species Range Limits Set by Interspecific Competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether interspecific competition is a major contributing factor to setting species range limits has been debated for a long time. Theoretical studies using evolutionary models have proposed that the interaction between interspecific competition and disruptive gene flow along an environmental gradient can halt range expansion of ecologically related species where they meet. However, the stability of such range limits has not been well addressed. We use a deterministic PDE model of adaptive range evolution over a continuous habitat to show that the range limits set by interspecific competition between two closely related species are unlikely to be evolutionarily stable if the environmental optima for fitness-related traits vary linearly in space. That is, in a (almost) linear environment without a dispersal barrier or a third (or more) related species, the range limits formed at the interface of two competing species constantly move towards the weaker species. Through extensive numerical computations, we then demonstrate that environmental nonlinearities such as "knees" and "wiggles"--wherein an isolated sharp change or a step-like change occurs in the steepness of a trait optimum--can strongly stabilize competitively formed range limits. The stabilization mechanism relies on the contrast that such nonlinearities create in the level of disruptive gene flow to the peripheral population of each species. We show that the stability of the range limits established at these nonlinearities, which are likely prevalent in nature, is robust against moderate environmental disturbances. Whether or not strong disturbances such as rapid high-amplitude changes in climate can destabilize such range limits depends on how the competitive dominance of the competing species changes across the environmental nonlinearity. Therefore, our results identify habitat regions where species ranges are fairly insensitive to climate change, and highlight the importance of measuring the competitive ability of species when predicting their response to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.605034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental "Wiggles" as Stabilizers of Species Range Limits Set by Interspecific Competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental context sculpts spatial and temporal visual processing in thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral state modulates neural activity throughout the visual system1-3. This is largely due to changes in arousal that alter internal brain state4-10. Much is known about how these internal factors influence visual processing7-11, but comparatively less is known about the role of external environmental contexts12. Environmental contexts can promote or prevent certain actions13, and it remains unclear if and how this affects visual processing. Here, we addressed this question in the thalamus of awake head-fixed mice while they viewed stimuli but remained stationary in two different environmental contexts: either a cylindrical tube, or a circular running wheel that enabled locomotion. We made silicon probe recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) while simultaneously measuring multiple metrics of arousal changes, so that we could control for them across contexts. We found surprising differences in spatial and temporal processing in dLGN across contexts. The wheel context (versus tube) showed elevated baseline activity, and faster but less spatially selective visual responses; however, these visual processing differences disappeared if the wheel no longer enabled locomotion. Our results reveal an unexpected influence of the physical environmental context on fundamental aspects of early visual processing, even in otherwise identical states of alertness and stillness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental context sculpts spatial and temporal visual processing in thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural transitions in kinesin minus-end directed microtubule motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinesin motor proteins hydrolyze ATP to produce force for spindle assembly and vesicle transport, performing essential functions in cell division and motility, but the structural changes required for force generation are uncertain. We now report high-resolution structures showing new transitions in the kinesin mechanochemical cycle, including power stroke fluctuations upon ATP binding and a post-hydrolysis state with bound ADP + free phosphate. We find that rate-limiting ADP release occurs upon microtubule binding, accompanied by central {beta}-sheet twisting, which triggers the power stroke - stalk rotation and neck mimic docking - upon ATP binding. Microtubule release occurs with {beta}-strand-to-loop transitions, implying that {beta}-strand refolding induces Pi release and the recovery stroke. The strained {beta}-sheet during the power stroke and strand-to-loop transitions identify the {beta}-sheet as the long-sought motor spring.

TeaserStalk rotation, {beta}-sheet twisting and refolding, and neck mimic docking drive the reversed working stroke of kinesin-14

INTRODUCTIONKinesin family proteins couple ATP hydrolysis to microtubule binding, generating force to produce steps or displacements along microtubules. The mechanism by which kinesins and other cytoskeletal motor proteins produce force is not fully understood. A current hypothesis is that the motors contain a spring-like or elastic element that creates strain under load during nucleotide binding or release, followed by a strain-relieving conformational change that produces force and a working stroke of the motor. The spring has not yet been identified for any motor. The power stroke differs for different motors - it consists of neck linker docking for plus-end directed kinesin-1 or a swing of the helical stalk for minus-end directed kinesin-14.

RATIONALEDespite considerable research, the molecular dynamics of the kinesin-14 power stroke are still obscure, impeded by the weak microtubule binding of the motor. We overcame the weak binding by introducing a point mutation into the motor that results in faster ATP hydrolysis than wild type and tighter microtubule binding, which enabled us to resolve the motor mode of action. We now present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and x-ray structures of key mechanochemical states across the full force-producing cycle of a kinesin dimeric motor.

RESULTSThe new structures represent five different nucleotide states - two pre-power stroke states, a fluctuating power stroke, and two post-power stroke states. The structures are both microtubule-attached and unattached. They show the motor trapped in previously unreported transition states and reveal new conformational changes involved in energy transduction. The new transition states include a transient state in which the power stroke fluctuates during ATP binding and a new state of a kinesin motor bound to ADP and free Pi prior to phosphate release. The conformational changes include the folding of the kinesin-14 neck mimic into a structure resembling the docked kinesin-1 neck linker, accompanying the power stroke, and previously unreported {beta}-strand-to-loop transitions with stored free energy that potentially induce Pi release and drive the recovery stroke. We interpret the new structures in the context of the hypothesis that the central {beta}-sheet undergoes distortional changes during the mechanochemical cycle that store and release free energy, functioning as the elusive spring of the motors.

CONCLUSIONThe new structures show that force is produced by coupled movements of the helical stalk, central {beta}-sheet, and neck mimic, and uncover structural changes during the power stroke that are conserved among kinesins and myosin. We find that kinesin-14 binds to a microtubule by one head during the mechanical cycle, undergoes rate-limiting ADP release, and changes in conformation during ATP binding and hydrolysis to produce force. Notably, kinesin-14 utilizes the same mechanical strategy for force production as other kinesins but couples the changes to a large swing of the stalk, an innovation derived from myosin that is not observed for kinesin-1 or other kinesin motors. Force is produced by rearranging the binding surfaces of the stalk, strand {beta}1, helices [a]4 and [a]6, and the neck mimic, and by twisting and shortening strands of the central {beta}-sheet. These structural changes produce a power stroke - rotation of the helical stalk accompanied by neck mimic docking - during the transition from the nucleotide-free to ATP-bound state, and a reverse stroke after phosphate release that reprimes the motor for the next microtubule binding interaction.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=97 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605428v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1093cdforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b6c99org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16b4a5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@add967_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Kinesin-14 force productionNew transition states and structural movements in a model for motor energy transduction and force production: {beta}-sheet twisting stores free energy in the microtubule-bound nucleotide-free (NF) state. A fluctuating power stroke is produced in the ATP state with neck mimic docking in the ADP{middle dot}Pi state, resembling the kinesin-1 neck linker. This is followed by {beta}-strand-to-loop transitions in the microtubule-bound ADP + free Pi state. Finally, {beta}-sheet refolding drives the recovery stroke for reversion to the ADP state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shibata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigetmatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobichen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural transitions in kinesin minus-end directed microtubule motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lymphatic endothelial cell-targeting lipid nanoparticles delivering VEGFC mRNA improve lymphatic function after injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunction of the lymphatic system following injury, disease, or cancer treatment can lead to lymphedema, a debilitating condition with no cure. Advances in targeted therapy have shown promise for treating diseases where conventional therapies have been ineffective and lymphatic vessels have recently emerged as a new therapeutic target. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a promising strategy for tissue specific delivery of nucleic acids. Currently, there are no approaches to target LNPs to lymphatic endothelial cells, although it is well established that intradermal (ID) injection of nanoparticles will drain to lymphatics with remarkable efficiency. To design an LNP that would effectively deliver mRNA to LEC after ID delivery, we screened a library of 150 LNPs loaded with a reporter mRNA, for both self-assembly and delivery in vivo to lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We identified and validated several LNP formulations optimized for high LEC uptake when administered ID and compared their efficacy for delivery of functional mRNA with that of free mRNA and mRNA delivered with a commercially available MC3-based LNP (Onpattro). The lead LEC-specific LNP was then loaded with VEGFC mRNA to test the therapeutic advantage of the LEC-specific LNP (namely, LNP7) for treating a mouse tail lymphatic injury model. A single dose of VEGFC mRNA delivered via LNP7 resulted in enhanced LEC proliferation at the site of injury, and an increase in lymphatic function up to 14-days post-surgery. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential of VEGFC mRNA lymphatic-specific targeted delivery in alleviating lymphatic dysfunction observed during lymphatic injury and could provide a promising approach for targeted, transient lymphangiogenic therapy.

One Sentence SummaryDevelopment of a novel lymphatic endothelial cell-targeting lipid nanoparticle via in vivo screening for mRNA delivery improves lymphatic regeneration and function after injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michalaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebman, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Vargas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverri, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunovska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muramatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburini, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakus, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lymphatic endothelial cell-targeting lipid nanoparticles delivering VEGFC mRNA improve lymphatic function after injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Center of mass states render multi-joint torques throughout standing balance recovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful reactive balance control requires coordinated modulation of hip, knee, and ankle torques. Stabilizing joint torques arise from feedforward neural signals that modulate the musculoskeletal systems intrinsic mechanical properties, namely muscle short-range stiffness, and neural feedback pathways that activate muscles in response to sensory input. Although feedforward and feedback pathways are known to modulate the torque at each joint, the role of each pathway to the balance-correcting response across joints is poorly understood. Since the feedforward and feedback torque responses act at different delays following perturbations to balance, we modified the sensorimotor response model (SRM), previously used to analyze the muscle activation response to perturbations, to consist of parallel feedback loops with different delays. Each loop within the model is driven by the same information, center of mass (CoM) kinematics, but each loop has an independent delay. We evaluated if a parallel loop SRM could decompose the reactive torques into the feedforward and feedback contributions during balance-correcting responses to backward support surface translations at four magnitudes. The SRM accurately reconstructed reactive joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle, across all perturbation magnitudes (R2>0.84 & VAF>0.83). Moreover, the hip and knee exhibited feedforward and feedback components, while the ankle only exhibited feedback components. The lack of a feedforward component at the ankle may occur because the compliance of the Achilles tendon attenuates muscle short-range stiffness. Our model may provide a framework for evaluating changes in the feedforward and feedback contributions to balance that occur due to aging, injury, or disease.

NEWS AND NOTEWORTHYReactive balance control requires coordination of neurally-mediated feedforward and feedback pathways to generate stabilizing joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle. Using a sensorimotor response model, we decomposed reactive joint torques into feedforward and feedback contributions based on delays relative to center of mass kinematics. Responses across joints were driven by the same signals, but contributions from feedforward versus feedback pathways differed, likely due to differences in musculotendon properties between proximal and distal muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Center of mass states render multi-joint torques throughout standing balance recovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Release of TSG-6 from Heparin Hydrogels on Supraspinatus Muscle Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle degeneration after rotator cuff tendon tear is a significant clinical problem. In these experiments, we developed a poly(ethylene glycol)-based injectable granular hydrogel containing two heparin derivatives (fully sulfated (Hep) and fully desulfated (Hep-)) as well as a matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive peptide to promote sustained release of Tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6) over 14+ days in vivo in a rat model of rotator cuff muscle injury. The hydrogel formulations demonstrated similar release profiles in vivo, thus facilitating comparisons between delivery from heparin derivatives on level of tissue repair in two different areas of muscle (near the myotendious junction (MTJ) and in the muscle belly (MB)) that have been shown previously to have differing responses to rotator cuff tendon injury. We hypothesized that sustained delivery of TSG-6 would enhance the anti-inflammatory response following rotator cuff injury through macrophage polarization, and that release from a fully sulfated heparin derivative (Hep) would potentiate this effect throughout the muscle. Inflammatory/immune cells, satellite cells, and fibroadipogenic progenitor cells, were analyzed by flow cytometery 3 and 7 days after injury and hydrogel injection, while metrics of muscle healing were examined via immunohistochemistry up to Day 14. Results showed controlled delivery of TSG-6 from Hep caused heightened macrophage response (Day 14 macrophages, 4.00 {+/-} 1.85% single cells, M2a, 3.27 {+/-} 1.95% single cells) and increased markers of early muscle regeneration (embryonic heavy chain staining) by Day 7, particularly in the MTJ region of the muscle, compared to release from desulfated heparin hydrogels. This work provides a novel strategy for localized, controlled delivery of TSG-6 to enhance muscle healing after rotator cuff tear.

IMPACT STATEMENTRotator cuff tear is a significant problem that can cause muscle degeneration. In this study, a hydrogel particle system was developed for sustained release of an anti-inflammatory protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6), to injured muscle. Release of the protein from a fully sulfated heparin hydrogel-based carrier demonstrated greater changes in amount inflammatory cells and more early regenerative effects than a less-sulfated carrier. Thus, this work provides a novel strategy for localized, controlled delivery of an anti-inflammatory protein to enhance muscle healing after rotator cuff tear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temenoff, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Release of TSG-6 from Heparin Hydrogels on Supraspinatus Muscle Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization, enrichment, and computational modeling of cross-linked actin networks in trabecular meshwork cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeCross-linked actin networks (CLANs) are prevalent in the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM), yet their role in ocular hypertension remains unclear. We used a human TM cell line that spontaneously forms fluorescently-labeled CLANs (GTM3L) to explore the origin of CLANs, developed techniques to increase CLAN incidence in GMT3L cells, and computationally studied the biomechanical properties of CLAN-containing cells.

MethodsGTM3L cells were fluorescently sorted for viral copy number analysis. CLAN incidence was increased by (i) differential sorting of cells by adhesion, (ii) cell deswelling, and (iii) cell selection based on cell stiffness. GTM3L cells were also cultured on glass or soft hydrogel to determine substrate stiffness effects on CLAN incidence. Computational models were constructed to mimic and study the biomechanical properties of CLANs.

ResultsAll GTM3L cells had an average of 1 viral copy per cell. LifeAct-GFP expression level did not affect CLAN incidence rate, but CLAN rate was increased from [~]0.28% to [~]50% by a combination of adhesion selection, cell deswelling, and cell stiffness-based sorting. Further, GTM3L cells formed more CLANs on a stiff vs. a soft substrate. Computational modeling predicted that CLANs contribute to higher cell stiffness, including increased resistance of the nucleus to tensile stress when CLANs are physically linked to the nucleus.

ConclusionsIt is possible to greatly enhance CLAN incidence in GTM3L cells. CLANs are mechanosensitive structures that affect cell biomechanical properties. Further research is needed to determine the effect of CLANs on TM biomechanics and mechanobiology as well as the etiology of CLAN formation in the TM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swingle, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugali, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamodaran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization, enrichment, and computational modeling of cross-linked actin networks in trabecular meshwork cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fornix and Uncinate Fasciculus Support Metacognition-Driven Cognitive Offloading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People often use external tools to offload cognitive demands associated with remembering future intentions. While previous research has established a causal role of metacognition in cognitive offloading, the neural mechanisms supporting this metacognitive control process remain unclear. To address this, we conducted a study with 34 participants using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine how white matter connectivity supports metacognition-driven cognitive offloading. Behaviorally, we replicated prior findings showing that under-confidence in internal memory predicts a bias toward using external reminders. At the neural level, we used diffusion tensor imaging to quantify fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of microstructural integrity in white matter. We found the microstructural integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle (CB) negatively predicted deviations from the optimal use of reminders. The microstructural integrity of the fornix negatively predicted participants confidence in performing the task when restricted to internal memory. Our findings reveal the microstructural organization of these fronto-temporal-parietal white-matter tracts are related to metacognition driven cognitive offloading. We discuss several aspects of metacognition driven cognitive offloading from a white matter microstructural perspective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.24.609527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fornix and Uncinate Fasciculus Support Metacognition-Driven Cognitive Offloading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered functional connectivity and spatiotemporal dynamics in individuals with sleep disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a sleep disorder characterized by highly disruptive symptoms. Like narcolepsy type 1, a well-characterized sleep disorder, individuals with IH suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, though there is little overlap in metabolic or neural biomarkers across these two disorders. This lack of common pathophysiology, combined with the clear overlap in symptoms presents an ideal paradigm for better understanding the impact of IH on an individuals functional activity and organization, and potentially, the underlying pathophysiology. This study examines the observed functional connectivity in patients with IH, and patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) against healthy control individuals. Static functional connectivity is compared, as are quasi-periodic patterns, acquired from the BOLD timecourse, for all groups. In addition to baseline data comparison, the study also included a post-nap condition, where the individuals included in this analysis napped for at least 10 minutes prior to the scanning session, to explore why individuals with IH do not feel "refreshed" after a nap like individuals with NT1 do. Assessing the groups spatiotemporal patterns revealed key differences across both disorders and conditions: static connectivity revealed at baseline higher subcortical connectivity in the NT1 group. There was also observably less connectivity in the IH group both at baseline and post-nap, though none of these static analyses survived multiple comparisons correction to reach significance. The QPP results however found significant differences in the IH group in key networks, particularly the DAN/FPCN correlation is significantly different at baseline vs. post-nap, a trend not observed in either the control or NT1 groups. The DAN and FPCN are drastically altered both at baseline and post-nap when compared to the other groups, and may likely be a disorder-specific result. This study demonstrates that key networks for arousal are more heavily disrupted in IH patients, who are less affected by a nap, confirmed through both subject reporting and functional evidence through spatiotemporal patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassil, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotti, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered functional connectivity and spatiotemporal dynamics in individuals with sleep disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caveolin assemblies displace one bilayer leaflet to organize and bend membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolin is a monotopic integral membrane protein, widely expressed in metazoa and responsible for constructing enigmatic membrane invaginations known as caveolae. Recently, the high-resolution structure of a purified human caveolin assembly, the CAV1-8S complex, revealed a unique organization of 11 protomers arranged in a tightly packed, radially symmetric spiral disc. One face and the outer rim of this disc are hydrophobic, suggesting that the complex incorporates into membranes by displacing hundreds of lipids from one leaflet. The feasibility of this unique molecular architecture and its biophysical and functional consequences are currently unknown. Using Langmuir film balance measurements, we find that CAV1-8S is highly surface active, intercalating into lipid monolayers of various compositions. CAV1-8S can also incorporate into preformed bilayers, but only upon removal of phospholipids from the outer-facing leaflet. Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of biomimetic bilayers support this  leaflet replacement model and also reveal that CAV1-8S accumulates 40-70 cholesterol molecules into a disordered monolayer between the complex and its distal lipid leaflet. We find that CAV1-8S preferentially associates with positively curved membrane surfaces due to its influence on the conformations of distal leaflet lipids, and that these effects laterally sort lipids. Large-scale simulations of multiple caveolin assemblies confirmed their association with large, positively curved membrane morphologies consistent with the shape of caveolae. Further, association with curved membranes regulates the exposure of caveolin residues implicated in protein-protein interactions. Altogether, the unique structure of CAV1-8S imparts unusual modes of membrane interaction with implications for membrane organization, morphology, and physiology.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCECaveolae are membrane invaginations heavily implicated in cellular physiology and disease; however, how their unique shape and function are produced remains enigmatic. Here, following on recent characterization of the unusual structure of the CAV1-8S oligomer, we examine the molecular details of its interactions with its surrounding lipid membrane using simulations and reconstitution experiments. We describe a novel mode of membrane interaction-which we term  leaflet replacement-for the CAV1-8S complex that has not previously been observed for any other protein. The biophysical consequences of this unique molecular organization provide mechanistic insights into the functions and organization of caveolae in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doktorova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neudorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levental, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levental, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caveolin assemblies displace one bilayer leaflet to organize and bend membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically-encoded phase separation sensors for intracellular probing of biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are dynamic membraneless compartments with enigmatic roles across intracellular phenomena. Intrinsically-disordered proteins (IDPs) often function as condensate scaffolds, fueled by their liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) dynamics. Intracellular probing of these condensates relies on live-cell imaging of IDP-scaffolds tagged with fluorescent proteins. Conformational heterogeneity in IDPs, however, renders them uniquely sensitive to molecular-level fusions, risking distortion of the native biophysical properties of IDP-scaffolds and their assemblies. Probing epidermal condensates in mouse skin, we recently introduced genetically encoded LLPS-sensors that circumvent the need for molecular-level tagging of skin IDPs. The concept of LLPS-sensors involves a shift in focus from subcellular tracking of IDP-scaffolds to higher-level observations that report on the assembly and liquid-dynamics of their condensates. Towards advancing the repertoire of intracellular LLPS-sensors, here we demonstrate biomolecular approaches for the evolution and tunability of epidermal LLPS-sensors and assess their impact in early and late stages of intracellular LLPS dynamics. Benchmarking against scaffold-bound fluorescent reporters, we found that tunable ultraweak scaffold-sensor interactions are key to the sensitive and innocuous probing of nascent and established biomolecular condensates. Our LLPS-sensitive tools pave the way for the high-fidelity intracellular probing of IDP-governed biomolecular condensates across biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avecilla, A. R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically-encoded phase separation sensors for intracellular probing of biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining Brain Stimulation Therapies: An Active Learning Approach to Personalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain stimulation holds promise for treating brain disorders, but personalizing therapy remains challenging. Effective treatment requires establishing a functional link between stimulation parameters and brain response, yet traditional methods like random sampling (RS) are inefficient and costly. To overcome this, we developed an active learning (AL) framework that identifies optimal relationships between stimulation parameters and brain response with fewer experiments. We validated this framework through three experiments: (1) in silico modeling with synthetic data from a Parkinsons disease model, (2) in silico modeling with real data from a non-human primate, and (3) in vivo modeling with a real-time rat optogenetic stimulation experiment. In each experiment, we compared AL models to RS models, using various query strategies and stimulation parameters (amplitude, frequency, pulse width). AL models consistently outperformed RS models, achieving lower error on unseen test data in silico (p<0.0056, N=1,000) and in vivo (p=0.0036, N=20). This approach represents a significant advancement in brain stimulation, potentially improving both research and clinical applications by making them more efficient and effective. Our findings suggest that AL can substantially reduce the cost and time required for developing personalized brain stimulation therapies, paving the way for more effective and accessible treatments for brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piallat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxpati, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devergnas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining Brain Stimulation Therapies: An Active Learning Approach to Personalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-on-task-related decrements in performance in the rodent continuous performance test are not caused by physical disengagement from the task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention deficits, a hallmark of many neuropsychiatric disorders, significantly impair quality of life and functional outcome for patients. Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) are widely used to assess attentional function in clinical settings and have been adapted for mice as the rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT). In this study, we combined traditional analyses of rCPT performance with markerless pose estimation using DeepLabCut and visual field analysis (VFA) to objectively measure the orientation of mice toward stimuli during rCPT sessions. Additionally, we extended session lengths to assess performance decrements over time. Our findings show that extending rCPT sessions from 45 to 90 minutes results in a significant decline in performance in male mice, which aligns with performance decrements observed in clinical research. Importantly, physical engagement with the task remained relatively stable throughout the session, even as performance deteriorated. This suggests that the performance decline specifically reflects a time-on-task (TOT)-dependent vigilance decrement rather than physical disengagement. We also investigated the effects of amphetamine, an FDA-approved treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), on rCPT performance. Amphetamine significantly improved rCPT performance in male mice by reducing false alarms without modulating orientation or physical engagement with the task stimuli. Collectively, these findings validate a behavioral tracking platform for objectively measuring physical engagement in the rCPT and a task modification that accentuates TOT-dependent performance decrements, enhancing the translational value of the rCPT for studies related to human neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kralingen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaneuva Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Barrientos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-on-task-related decrements in performance in the rodent continuous performance test are not caused by physical disengagement from the task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Functional Muscle Regeneration in Volumetric Muscle Loss Injuries by Shifting the Balance of Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe tissue loss resulting from extremity trauma, such as volumetric muscle loss (VML), poses significant clinical challenges for both general and military populations. VML disrupts the endogenous tissue repair mechanisms, resulting in acute and unresolved chronic inflammation and immune cell presence, impaired muscle healing, scar tissue formation, persistent pain, and permanent functional deficits. The aberrant healing response is preceded by acute inflammation and immune cell infiltration which does not resolve. We analyzed the biosynthesis of inflammatory and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) after VML injury in two different models; muscle with critical-sized defects had a decreased capacity to biosynthesize SPMs, leading to dysregulated and persistent inflammation. We developed a modular poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide hydrogel platform to locally release a stable isomer of Resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) and promote endogenous pathways of inflammation resolution in the two muscle models. The local delivery of AT-RvD1 enhanced muscle regeneration, improved muscle function, and reduced pain sensitivity after VML by promoting molecular and cellular resolution of inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of VML and establish a pro-resolving hydrogel therapeutic as a promising strategy for promoting functional muscle regeneration after traumatic injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hymel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andraca Harrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahammed, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maner-Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Functional Muscle Regeneration in Volumetric Muscle Loss Injuries by Shifting the Balance of Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive protein synthesis in genetic models of copper deficiency and childhood neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare inherited diseases caused by mutations in the copper transporters SLC31A1 (CTR1) or ATP7A induce copper deficiency in the brain, causing seizures and neurodegeneration in infancy through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we used multiple model systems to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which neuronal cells respond to copper deficiency. Targeted deletion of CTR1 in neuroblastoma cells produced copper deficiency that was associated with a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of CTR1 KO cells revealed simultaneous upregulation of mTORC1 and S6K signaling and reduced PERK signaling. Patterns of gene and protein expression and pharmacogenomics show increased activation of the mTORC1-S6K pathway as a pro-survival mechanism, ultimately resulting in increased protein synthesis. Spatial transcriptomic profiling of Atp7aflx/Y :: Vil1Cre/+ mice identified upregulated protein synthesis machinery and mTORC1-S6K pathway genes in copper-deficient Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. Genetic epistasis experiments in Drosophila demonstrated that copper deficiency dendritic phenotypes in class IV neurons are partially rescued by increased S6k expression or 4E-BP1 (Thor) RNAi, while epidermis phenotypes are exacerbated by Akt, S6k, or raptor RNAi. Overall, we demonstrate that increased mTORC1-S6K pathway activation and protein synthesis is an adaptive mechanism by which neuronal cells respond to copper deficiency.

SignificanceO_LICopper deficiency is present in rare conditions such as Menkes disease and CTR1 deficiency and in more common diseases like Alzheimers. The mechanisms of resilience and ultimate susceptibility to copper deficiency and associated pathology in the brain remain unknown.
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate that in a human cell line, Drosophila, and the mouse cerebellum, copper-deficient neuronal cells exhibit increased protein synthesis through mTORC1 activation and decreased PERK (EIF2AK3) activity.
C_LIO_LIUpregulation of protein synthesis facilitates resilience of neuronal cells to copper deficiency, including partial restoration of dendritic arborization. Our findings offer a new framework for understanding copper deficiency-related pathology in neurological disorders.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baiju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moctezuma, F. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patgiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrailas-Mortimer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive protein synthesis in genetic models of copper deficiency and childhood neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Neurofibromin Induces Inflammatory Macrophage Phenotypic Switch and Retinal Neovascularization via GLUT1 Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persons with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a tumor predisposition syndrome, are largely protected from diabetes and exhibit evidence of enhanced glucose metabolism, which is replicated in mice harboring Nf1 mutations. A hallmark of NF1-associated neurofibromas and sarcomas is the high density of inflammatory macrophages and targeting macrophages appears efficacious in models of NF1. Inflammatory macrophages rely on glycolysis to rapidly generate ATP; thus, identifying whether neurofibromin, the protein encoded by the NF1 gene, controls glucose uptake and/or glycolysis in macrophages is therapeutically compelling. Using neurofibromin-deficient macrophages and macrophage-specific Nf1 knockout mice, we demonstrate that neurofibromin complexes with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) to restrain its activity and that loss of neurofibromin permits Akt2 to facilitate GLUT1 translocation to the membrane in macrophages. In turn, glucose internalization and glycolysis are highly up regulated and provoke putative reparative (M2) macrophages to undergo inflammatory phenotypic switch. Inflammatory M1 macrophages and inflammatory-like M2 macrophages invest the perivascular stroma of tumors and induce pathologic angiogenesis in mice harboring macrophage-specific Nf1 deletion. These studies identify a clear mechanism for the enhanced glycolysis and low risk for diabetes observed in persons with NF1 and provide a novel therapeutic target for manifestations of NF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZAIDI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, F. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batori, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csanyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin de Chantemele, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfield, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Neurofibromin Induces Inflammatory Macrophage Phenotypic Switch and Retinal Neovascularization via GLUT1 Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Few-shot Algorithms for Consistent Neural Decoding (FALCON) Benchmark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) can restore movement and communication abilities to individuals with paralysis by decoding their intended behavior from neural activity recorded with an implanted device. While this activity yields high-performance decoding over short timescales, neural data are often nonstationary, which can lead to decoder failure if not accounted for. To maintain performance, users must frequently recalibrate decoders, which requires the arduous collection of new neural and behavioral data. Aiming to reduce this burden, several approaches have been developed that either limit recalibration data requirements (few-shot approaches) or eliminate explicit recalibration entirely (zero-shot approaches). However, progress is limited by a lack of standardized datasets and comparison metrics, causing methods to be compared in an ad hoc manner. Here we introduce the FALCON benchmark suite (Few-shot Algorithms for COnsistent Neural decoding) to standardize evaluation of iBCI robustness. FALCON curates five datasets of neural and behavioral data that span movement and communication tasks to focus on behaviors of interest to modern-day iBCIs. Each dataset includes calibration data, optional few-shot recalibration data, and private evaluation data. We implement a flexible evaluation platform which only requires user-submitted code to return behavioral predictions on unseen data. We also seed the benchmark by applying baseline methods spanning several classes of possible approaches. FALCON aims to provide rigorous selection criteria for robust iBCI decoders, easing their translation to real-world devices. https://snel-repo.github.io/falcon/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karpowicz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tostado-Marcos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scodeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lucena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mender, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneodo, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chestek, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Few-shot Algorithms for Consistent Neural Decoding (FALCON) Benchmark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution in vivo kinematic tracking with injectable fluorescent nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral quantification is a cornerstone of many neuroscience experiments. Recent advances in motion tracking have streamlined the study of behavior in small laboratory animals and enabled precise movement quantification on fast (millisecond) timescales. This includes markerless keypoint trackers, which utilize deep network systems to label positions of interest on the surface of an animal (e.g., paws, snout, tail, etc.). These approaches mark a major technological achievement. However, they have a high error rate relative to motion capture in humans and are yet to be benchmarked against ground truth datasets in mice. Moreover, the extent to which they can be used to track joint or skeletal kinematics remains unclear. As the primary output of the motor system is the activation of muscles that, in turn, exert forces on the skeleton rather than the skin, it is important to establish potential limitations of techniques that rely on surface imaging. This can be accomplished by imaging implanted fiducial markers in freely moving mice. Here, we present a novel tracking method called QD-Pi (Quantum Dot-based Pose estimation in vivo), which employs injectable near-infrared fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) immobilized on microbeads. We demonstrate that the resulting tags are biocompatible and can be imaged non-invasively using commercially available camera systems when injected into fatty tissue beneath the skin or directly into joints. Using this technique, we accurately capture 3D trajectories of up to ten independent internal positions in freely moving mice over multiple weeks. Finally, we leverage this technique to create a large-scale ground truth dataset for benchmarking and training the next generation of markerless keypoint tracker systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulutas, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koveal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution in vivo kinematic tracking with injectable fluorescent nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A workflow for microclimate sensor networks: integrating geographic tools, statistics, and local knowledge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wireless environmental sensors have become integral tools in environmental and conservation research, offering diverse data streams that complement traditional inventory-based surveys. Despite advancements in sensor technology, the ad-hoc nature of site selection for sensor deployment often limits the potential of collected data. In this paper, we argue for the importance of informed site selection to capture environmental variation effectively. We introduce a comprehensive step-by-step practical guide for environmental sensor site selection and network deployment, drawing on experiences from diverse geographic locations and focusing on microclimate monitoring as a representative environmental variable. The workflow integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools, local community-based knowledge, and statistical methods to provide adaptive and iterative guidelines for both new and expanded sensor deployments. We demonstrate the workflows applicability across three distinct settings: arid montane deserts in Oman, urban and rural gardens in Belgium, and humid forested landscapes in Madagascar. To facilitate the workflows implementation and reproducibility worldwide, we provide a modular software supplement with flexible user input for robust, data-driven and interactive site selection. Critically, our workflow underscores the importance of equitable collaboration with local stakeholders, addresses challenges in sensor deployment, and offers a practical tool to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental sensing across disciplines including ecology, meteorology, agriculture, and landscape design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinges, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lembrechts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Vondel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayles-Cotton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A workflow for microclimate sensor networks: integrating geographic tools, statistics, and local knowledge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining the Limits of Functional Continuity in the Early Evolution of P-Loop NTPases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At the heart of many nucleoside triphosphatases is a conserved sequence motif that binds phosphate. A current model of early enzyme evolution proposes that this 6-8 residue motif could have sparked the emergence of the very first nucleoside triphosphatases - a striking example of evolutionary continuity from simple beginnings, if true. To test whether this provocative evolutionary model holds for the ancient and ubiquitous P-Loop NTPases, the properties of seven disembodied Walker A-derived peptides were extensively characterized by Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Although dynamic flickers of nest-like conformations were observed, significant structural similarity between the situated peptide and its disembodied counterpart was not detected - even in the presence of orthophosphate or a nucleotide. Simulations suggest that phosphate binding is non-specific, with a slight preference for GTP over orthophosphate. Control peptides with the same amino acid composition but different sequences and situated conformations behaved similarly to the Walker A peptides with respect to conformational dynamics and phosphate binding, revealing no indication that the Walker A sequence is privileged as a disembodied peptide. We conclude that the evolutionary history of the P-Loop NTPase family is unlikely to have started with a disembodied Walker A peptide in an aqueous environment. The limits of evolutionary continuity for this protein family, and the environmental context within which it emerged, must be reconsidered. Finally, we argue that motifs such as the Walker A motif may represent incomplete or fragmentary molecular fossils - the true nature of which have been eroded by time.

Significance StatementThe first proteins were undoubtedly small, but when did those seeds emerge, and what did they look like? It is widely believed that the Walker A P-loop motif is a seed for the emergence of phosphate binding proteins, snugly binding phosphate in a structurally conserved nest. We probe this hypothesis through detailed computational characterization of disembodied Walker A and control peptides, showing that any nest formation is transient, and phosphate binding is weak and non-specific. Thus, we do not find structural continuity represented in the conserved Walker A motif, and current models of early P-loop evolution require revision. Further, care is required when interpreting highly conserved sequence fragments more broadly, as these may merely represent eroded molecular fossils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demkiv, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo-Patino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Carmona, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Ruiz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining the Limits of Functional Continuity in the Early Evolution of P-Loop NTPases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EFFECTS OF SPINAL TRANSECTION AND LOCOMOTOR SPEED ON MUSCLE SYNERGIES OF THE CAT HINDLIMB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was suggested that during locomotion, the nervous system controls movement by activating groups of muscles, or muscle synergies. Analysis of muscle synergies can reveal the organization of spinal locomotor networks and how it depends on the state of the nervous system, such as before and after spinal cord injury, and on different locomotor conditions, including a change in speed. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of spinal transection and locomotor speed on hindlimb muscle synergies and their time-dependent activity patterns in adult cats. EMG activities of 15 hindlimb muscles were recorded in 9 adult cats of either sex during tied-belt treadmill locomotion at speeds of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 m/s before and after recovery from a low thoracic spinal transection. We determined EMG burst groups using cluster analysis of EMG burst onset and offset times and muscle synergies using non-negative matrix factorization. We found five major EMG burst groups and five muscle synergies in each of six experimental conditions (2 states x 3 speeds). In each case, the synergies accounted for at least 90% of muscle EMG variance. Both spinal transection and locomotion speed modified subgroups of EMG burst groups and the composition and activation patterns of selected synergies. However, these changes did not modify the general organization of muscle synergies. Based on the obtained results, we propose an organization for a pattern formation network of a two-level central pattern generator that can be tested in neuromechanical simulations of spinal circuits controlling cat locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klishko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutsky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EFFECTS OF SPINAL TRANSECTION AND LOCOMOTOR SPEED ON MUSCLE SYNERGIES OF THE CAT HINDLIMB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise Evokes Retained Motor Performance without Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise has been extensively studied in Parkinsons Disease, with a particular focus on the potential for neuroprotection that has been demonstrated in animal models. While this preclinical work has provided insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms, it has not addressed the neurophysiological changes during exercise. Here, first, we tested for neuroprotective effects of adaptive wheel running exercise in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease, assessing for dopaminergic cell preservation. Finding none, despite running performance that equaled the pre-parkinsonian state, we probed the neurophysiology of running exercise as a transient state of high motor function amidst an unameliorated Parkinsonian lesion. Exercise was associated with characteristic, excitatory changes in the dopamine-depleted substantia nigra, which could be suppressed along with running itself by dopamine receptor blockade. Going forward, the functional state evoked by exercise merits further study, as it has parallels in human disease and may represent an optimal physiologic target for neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skelton, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise Evokes Retained Motor Performance without Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abstinence from cocaine self-administration promotes microglia pruning of astrocytes which drives cocaine-seeking behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodent drug self-administration leads to compromised ability of astrocytes to maintain glutamate homeostasis within the brains reward circuitry, as well as reductions in surface area, volume, and synaptic colocalization of astrocyte membranes. However, the mechanisms driving astrocyte responses to cocaine are unknown. Here, we report that long-access cocaine self-administration followed by prolonged home cage abstinence results in decreased branching complexity of nucleus accumbens astrocytes, characterized by the loss of peripheral processes. Using a combination of confocal fluorescence microcopy and immuno-gold electron microscopy, we show that alterations in astrocyte structural features are driven by microglia phagocytosis, as labeled astrocyte membranes are found within microglia phagolysosomes. Inhibition of complement C3-mediated phagocytosis using the neutrophil inhibitory peptide (NIF) rescued astrocyte structure and decreased cocaine seeking behavior following cocaine self-administration and abstinence. Collectively, these results provide evidence for microglia pruning of accumbens astrocytes across cocaine abstinence which mediates cocaine craving.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Testen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanRyzin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinger, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastinger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchiarelli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissner, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstinence from cocaine self-administration promotes microglia pruning of astrocytes which drives cocaine-seeking behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.614549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Metagenomes Across a Complete Phytoplankton Bloom Cycle:High-Resolution Sampling Every 4 Hours Over 22 Days 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.614549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In May and June of 2021, marine microbial samples were collected for DNA sequencing in East Sound, WA, USA every 4 hours for 22 days. This high temporal resolution sampling effort captured the last 3 days of a Rhizosolenia sp. bloom, the initiation and complete bloom cycle of Chaetoceros socialis (8 days), and the following bacterial bloom (2 days). Metagenomes were completed on the time series, and the dataset includes 128 size-fractionated microbial samples (0.22-1.2 {micro}m), providing gene abundances for the dominant members of bacteria, archaea, and viruses. This dataset also has time-matched nutrient analyses, flow cytometry data, and physical parameters of the environment at a single point of sampling within a coastal ecosystem that experiences regular bloom events, facilitating a range of modeling efforts that can be leveraged to understand microbial community structure and their influences on the growth, maintenance, and senescence of phytoplankton blooms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunn, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmins-Schiffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudge, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plubell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chebli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntemann,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clum,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniappan,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrpides,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavina del rio,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloe-Fadrosh,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.614549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Metagenomes Across a Complete Phytoplankton Bloom Cycle:High-Resolution Sampling Every 4 Hours Over 22 Days]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Collagen Triple Helix without the Super Helical Twist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagens are ubiquitous in biology functioning as the backbone of the extracellular matrix, forming the primary structural components of key immune system complexes, and fulfilling numerous other structural roles in a variety of systems. Despite this, there is limited understanding of how triple helices, the basic collagen structural units, pack into collagenous assemblies. Here we use a peptide self-assembly system to design collagenous assemblies based on the C1q collagen-like region. Using cryo-EM we solve a structure of one assembly to 3.5 [A] resolution and build an atomic model. From this, we identify a triple helix conformation with no superhelical twist, starkly in contrast to the canonical right-handed triple helix. This non-twisting region allows for unique hydroxyproline stacking between adjacent triple helices and also results in the formation of an exposed cavity with rings of hydrophobic amino acids packed symmetrically. We find no precedent for such an arrangement of collagen triple helices and have designed mutant assemblies to probe key stabilizing amino acid interactions in the complex. The mutations behave as predicted by our atomic model. Our findings, combined with the extremely limited experimental structural data on triple helix packing in the literature, suggest that collagen and collagen-like assemblies may adopt a far more varied conformational landscape than previously appreciated. We hypothesize that this is particularly likely adjacent to the termini of these helices and at discontinuities to the required Xaa-Yaa-Gly repeating primary sequence; a discontinuity found in the majority of this class of proteins and in many collagen-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreutzberger, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egelman, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartgerink, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Collagen Triple Helix without the Super Helical Twist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial motility patterns adapt smoothly in response to spatial confinement and disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In unconfined environments, bacterial motility patterns are an explicit expression of the internal states of the cell. Bacteria operating a run-and-tumble behavioral program swim forward when in a  run state, and are stalled in place when in a reorienting  tumble state. However, in natural environments, motility dynamics often represent a convolution of bacterial behavior and environmental constraints. Recent investigations showed that Escherichia coli swimming through highly confined porous media exhibit extended periods of  trapping punctuated by forward  hops, a seemingly drastic restructuring of run-and-tumble behavior. We introduce a microfluidic device to systematically explore bacterial movement in a range of spatially structured environments, bridging the extremes of unconfined and highly confined conditions. We observe that trajectories reflecting unconstrained expression of run-and-tumble behavior and those reflecting  hop-and-trap dynamics coexist in all structured environments considered, with ensemble dynamics transitioning smoothly between these two extremes. We present a unifying  swim-and-stall framework to characterize this continuum of observed motility patterns and demonstrate that bacteria employing a consistent set of behavioral rules can present motility patterns that smoothly transition between the two extremes. Our results indicate that the control program underlying run-and-tumble motility is robust to changes in the environment, allowing flagellated bacteria to navigate and adapt to a diverse range of complex, dynamic habitats using the same set of behavioral rules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherington, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGerald, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial motility patterns adapt smoothly in response to spatial confinement and disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of vaginal microbiomes in clinician-collected bacterial vaginosis diagnosed samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a type of vaginal inflammation caused by bacterial overgrowth, upsetting the healthy microbiome of the vagina. Existing clinical testing for BV is primarily based upon physical and microscopic examination of vaginal secretions, while more modern PCR-based clinical tests target panels of BV-associated microbes, such as the Labcorp NuSwab(R) test.

Remnant clinician-collected NuSwab(R) vaginal swabs underwent DNA extraction and 16S V3-V4 rRNA gene sequencing to profile microbes in addition to those included in the Labcorp NuSwab(R) test. Community State Types (CSTs) were determined using the most abundant taxon detected in each sample. PCR results for NuSwab(R) panel microbial targets were compared against the corresponding microbiome profiles. Metabolic pathway abundances were characterized via metagenomic prediction from amplicon sequence variants (ASVs).

Sequencing of 75 remnant vaginal swabs yielded 492 unique 16S V3-V4 ASVs, identifying 83 unique genera. NuSwab(R) assay microbe quantification was strongly concordant with quantification by sequencing (p << 0.01). Samples in CST-I (18 of 18, 100%), CST-II (3 of 3, 100%), CST-III (15 of 17, 88%), and CST-V (1 of 1, 100%) were largely categorized as BV-negative via the NuSwab(R) panel, while most CST-IV samples (28 of 36, 78%) were BV-positive or BV-indeterminate. BV-associated microbial and predicted metabolic signatures were shared across multiple CSTs.

These findings show that 16S V3-V4 rRNA gene sequencing robustly reproduces PCR-based BV diagnostic testing results, accurately discriminates vaginal microbiome CSTs dominated by distinct Lactobacilli, and further elucidates BV-associated bacterial and metabolic signatures.

ImportanceBacterial vaginosis (BV) poses a significant health burden for women during reproductive years and onward. Current BV diagnostics rely on either physical and microscopic evaluations by technicians or panels of select microbes. Here, we sequenced the microbiome profiles of samples previously diagnosed by the Labcorp NuSwab(R) test to better understand disruptions to the vaginal microbiome during BV. We show that microbial sequencing can reproduce targeted panel diagnostic results, while also broadly characterizing healthy and BV-associated microbial and metabolic biomarkers. This work highlights a robust, agnostic BV classification scheme with potential for future development of sequencing-based BV diagnostic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brochu, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deare, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icenhour, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of vaginal microbiomes in clinician-collected bacterial vaginosis diagnosed samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An engineered chromatin protein with enhanced preferential binding of H3K27me3 over H3K9me3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome is organized within the nucleus as chromatin, which is largely comprised of histone proteins that assemble on DNA into nucleosome complexes. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are dynamic chromatin features that signal distinct gene expression states and modulate important cellular functions like cell differentiation. Histone binding domains (HBDs) from chromatin reader-effector proteins are being used as new tools to target and track histone PTMs in living cells. HBDs bind histones through multi-contact interactions that may confer more specificity than antibodies, but are hard to study because of their weaker affinity in vitro. To explore the large HBD design space, we developed the "Cell-Free Histone-Binding Immunoassay" (CHIA) where interactions between cell-free-expressed HBD proteins and immobilized biotinylated histone peptides are measured in an ELISA-style assay. We showed that the number of functional CBX8 polycomb chromodomains (PCD) in a fusion protein scales with H3K27me3 binding. We tackled the challenge of engineering a high affinity HBD that distinguishes H3 A-A-R-K27me3-S from a similar region on the same histone, T-A-R-K9me3-S. Previously reported K33E and Q9D CBX7 PCD variants bound with high affinity to H3K27me3, and bound as strongly with H3K9me3. In contrast, the K33E substitution enhanced CBX8 PCD binding to K27me3 with minimal K9me3 binding. To determine if the CBX8 hydrophobic clasp (V10 and L49) supports K27me3 specificity we tested hydrophobic substitutions, and observed increased affinity and strong specificity for H3K27me3. These results will enable more robust sensing of H3K27me3 for applications such as histone PTM-detection, and cell engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priode, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An engineered chromatin protein with enhanced preferential binding of H3K27me3 over H3K9me3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotextured steel surface exhibits antifungal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal adhesion to stainless steel, an alloy commonly used in food and beverage sectors, public and healthcare settings, and numerous medical devices, can give rise to serious infections, ultimately leading to morbidity, mortality, and significant healthcare expenses. In this study, we demonstrate that nanotextured stainless steel (nSS) fabricated using an electrochemical technique is an antibiotic-free biocidal surface against Candida Albicans and Fusarium Oxysporum with 98% and 97% reduction, respectively. The nanoprotrusion features on nSS can have both physical contact with cell membranes and chemical impact on cells through production of reactive species, this material should not contribute to drug resistant fungus as antibiotics can. As nSS is also antibacterial and compatible with mammalian cells, demonstration of antifungal activity gives nSS the potential to be used to create effective, scalable, and sustainable solutions to broadly and responsibly prevent fungal and other microbial infections caused by surface contamination.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/616307v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9c037dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a93518org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dccc6forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f19515_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotextured steel surface exhibits antifungal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons induce high gamma oscillations through cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layer 6 corticothalamic (L6CT) neurons project to both cortex and thalamus, inducing multiple effects including the modulation of cortical and thalamic firing, and the emergence of high gamma oscillations in the cortical local field potential (LFP). We hypothesize that the high gamma oscillations driven by L6CT neuron activation are shaped by the dynamic engagement of intracortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits. To test this, we optogenetically activated L6CT neurons in NTSR1-cre mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in L6CT neurons. Leveraging the vibrissal pathway in awake, head-fixed mice, we presented ramp-and-hold light at different intensities while recording neural activity in the primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1) and the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPm) of the thalamus using silicon probes. We found that the activation of S1 L6CT neurons induces high-frequency LFP oscillations in S1 that are modulated in frequency, but not in amplitude, across light intensities and over time. To identify which neuronal classes contribute to these oscillations, we examined the temporal evolution of firing rate in S1 and VPm. While most S1 neurons were steadily suppressed, VPm and S1 Layer 4 fast spiking (L4 FS) neurons evolved from being suppressed to facilitated within 500 ms, suggesting differential recruitment of the intracortical vs cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways. Finally, we found that LFP frequency selectively correlates with VPm firing rate. Taken together, our data suggest that L6CT neurons sculpt the frequency of S1 LFP high gamma oscillations through cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits, linking the recurrent interactions mediated by L6CT neurons to the high gamma oscillations observed across physiological and pathological conditions.

Significance StatementLayer 6 corticothalamic (L6CT) neurons are strategically positioned to modulate the cortex and the thalamus allowing them to engage distinct, yet interlocked, circuits. Here we show that the activation of L6CT neurons in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex induces fast cortical oscillations through the coordinated engagement of cortico-thalamo-cortical and intracortical pathways. Our work reveals that these two L6CT-mediated pathways exert competing effects: while intracortical connections suppress cortical spiking, the activity of the cortico-thalamo-cortical loop rapidly evolves, facilitating cortical spiking. We demonstrate that the cortico-thalamo-cortical pathway operates on a faster timescale than the intracortical pathway and critically shapes cortical oscillation frequency. These findings reveal how the unique position of corticothalamic neurons allows them to flexibly and dynamically modulate the thalamocortical network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimwamwa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons induce high gamma oscillations through cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in metagenome coverage may confound abundance-based and diversity conclusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the importance of rarefying 16S rRNA gene data to the same coverage for reliable comparisons of diversity between samples has been well appreciated, the impact of (shotgun) metagenome coverage (i.e., what fraction of diversity was sequenced) on biological conclusions is commonly overlooked. We demonstrate that uneven coverage can lead to misleading conclusions about which features (e.g., genes, genomes) may differentiate two metagenomes or their diversity comparisons. We outline an approach to minimize this impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in metagenome coverage may confound abundance-based and diversity conclusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic profiles of stony coral species from the Dry Tortugas National Park display inter- and intraspecies variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs are experiencing unprecedented loss in coral cover due to increased incidence of disease and bleaching events. Thus, understanding mechanisms of disease susceptibility and resilience, which vary by species, is important. In this regard, untargeted metabolomics serves as an important hypothesis-building tool enabling delineation of molecular factors underlying disease susceptibility or resilience. In this study, we characterize metabolomes of four species of visually healthy stony corals, including Meandrina meandrites, Orbicella faveolata, Colpophyllia natans, and Montastraea cavernosa, collected at least a year before stony coral tissue loss disease reached the Dry Tortugas, Florida and demonstrate that both symbiont and host-derived biochemical pathways vary by species. Metabolomes of Meandrina meandrites displayed minimal intraspecies variability and highest biological activity against coral pathogens when compared to other species in this study. Application of advanced metabolite annotation methods enabled delineation of several pathways underlying interspecies variability. Specifically, endosymbiont-derived vitamin E family compounds, betaine lipids, and host-derived acylcarnitines were among the top predictors of interspecies variability. Since several metabolite features that contributed to inter- and intraspecies variation are synthesized by the endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae, which could be a major source of these compounds in corals, our data will guide further investigations into these Symbiodiniaceae-derived pathways.

Importance.Previous research profiling gene expression, proteins, and metabolites produced during thermal stress has reported the importance of endosymbiont-derived pathways in coral bleaching resistance. However, our understanding of interspecies variation in these pathways among healthy corals and their role in diseases is limited. We surveyed the metabolomes of four species of healthy corals with differing susceptibilities to the devastating stony coral tissue loss disease and applied advanced annotation approaches in untargeted metabolomics to determine the interspecies variation in host and endosymbiont-derived pathways. Using this approach, we propose the survey of immune markers such as vitamin E family compounds, acylcarnitines, and other metabolites to infer their role in resilience to coral diseases. As time-resolved multi-omics datasets are generated for disease-impacted corals, our approach and findings will be valuable in providing insight into the mechanisms of disease resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demko, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiyesimi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vekich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic profiles of stony coral species from the Dry Tortugas National Park display inter- and intraspecies variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory Changes in the Fatty Acid Elongase eloF Underlie the Evolution of Sex-specific Pheromone Profiles in Drosophila prolongata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pheromones play a key role in regulating sexual behavior throughout the animal kingdom. In Drosophila and other insects, many cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are sexually dimorphic, and some are known to perform pheromonal functions. However, the genetic control of sex-specific CHC production is not understood outside of the model species D. melanogaster. A recent evolutionary change is found in D. prolongata, which, compared to its closest relatives, shows greatly increased sexual dimorphism in both CHCs and the chemosensory system responsible for their perception. A key transition involves a male-specific increase in the proportion of long-chain CHCs. Perfuming D. prolongata females with the male-biased CHCs reduces copulation success, suggesting that these compounds function as sex pheromones. The evolutionary change in CHC profiles correlates with a male-specific increase in the expression of multiple genes involved in CHC biosynthesis, including fatty acid elongases and reductases and other key enzymes. In particular, elongase F, which is responsible for producing female-specific pheromones in D. melanogaster, is strongly upregulated in D. prolongata males compared both to females and to males of the sibling species. Induced mutations in eloF reduce the amount of long-chain CHCs, resulting in a partial feminization of pheromone profiles in D. prolongata males while having minimal effect in females. Transgenic experiments show that sex-biased expression of eloF is caused in part by a putative transposable element insertion in its regulatory region. These results reveal one of the genetic mechanisms responsible for a recent evolutionary change in sexual communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yige, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory Changes in the Fatty Acid Elongase eloF Underlie the Evolution of Sex-specific Pheromone Profiles in Drosophila prolongata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Neuronal Diversity: Role of Input Dynamics and Selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal classification based on morphology, electrophysiology, and molecular markers is often considered static. Here, we challenge this view, showing that functional classification depends on input patterns. Using single-cell recordings from layer 2/3 barrel cortex neurons in mice, we compared responses to step-and-hold versus dynamic frozen noise inputs that mimic presynaptic activity. Action potential and waveform-based classifications varied significantly, highlighting the dynamic nature of neuronal identity. To assess the contribution of input versus neuronal attributes toward classification, we analyzed four attribute sets, namely action potential, passive biophysical, adaptation currents, and linear input filters derived via spike-triggered averages (STA). Our findings revealed that the STA, which captures a neurons selective responsiveness to presynaptic activity, explained the most variance within the population. This highlights input-driven dynamics as key to functional identity, emphasizing the need for physiologically relevant inputs in defining neuronal classes and shifting the focus from static properties to dynamic functional diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Burg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldenrust, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Neuronal Diversity: Role of Input Dynamics and Selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilizing selection and adaptation shape cis and trans gene expression variation in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An outstanding question in the evolution of gene expression is the composition of the underlying regulatory architecture and the processes that shape it. Mutations affecting a genes expression may reside locally in cis or distally in trans; the accumulation of these changes, their interactions, and their modes of inheritance influence how traits are expressed and how they evolve. Here, we interrogated gene expression variation in C. elegans, including the first allele-specific expression analysis in this system, capturing effects in cis and in trans that govern gene expression differences between the reference strain N2 and seven wild strains. We observed extensive compensatory regulation, in which opposite effects in cis and trans at individual genes mitigate expression differences among strains, and that genes with expression differences exhibit strain specificity. As the genomic distance increased between N2 and each wild strain, the number of genes with expression differences also increased. We also report for the first time that expression-variable genes are lower expressed on average than genes without expression differences, a trend that may extend to humans and Drosophila melanogaster and may reflect the selection constraints that govern the universal anticorrelation between gene expression and rate of protein evolution. Together, these and other observed trends support the conclusion that many C. elegans genes are under stabilizing selection for expression level, but we also highlight outliers that may be biologically significant. To provide community access to our data, we introduce an easily accessible, interactive web application for gene-based queries: https://wildworm.biosci.gatech.edu/ase/.

Author SummaryGenes are first expressed as RNAs, which act as templates in the synthesis of proteins, the workhorse molecules of the cell. Naturally-occurring mutations can influence how RNA expression occurs; to evaluate how RNA expression varies among individuals and how such patterns evolve, the authors measured expression in wild strains of the nematode C. elegans and in offspring derived from crosses between them. This study describes the architecture of RNA expression variation in this essential model organism and reports novel patterns that may extend to insects and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilizing selection and adaptation shape cis and trans gene expression variation in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of downstream structured elements within mRNA on the dynamics of intersubunit rotation in ribosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper codon/anti-codon pairing within the ribosome necessitates linearity of the transcript. Any structures formed within a messenger RNA (mRNA) must be unwound before the respective codon is interpreted. Linearity, however, is not always the norm; some intricate structures within mRNA are able to exert unique ribosome/mRNA interactions to regulate translation. Intrinsic kinetic and thermal stability in many of these structures are efficient in slowing translation causing pausing of the ribosome. Altered translation kinetics arising from atypical interactions have been shown to affect intersubunit rotation. Here, we employ single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET), to observe changes in intersubunit rotation of the ribosome as it approaches downstream structured nucleic acid. The emergence of the hyper-rotated state is critically dependent on the distance between downstream structure and the ribosome suggesting interactions with the helicase center are allosterically coupled to intersubunit rotation. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to determine ribosomal protein/mRNA interactions that may play a pivotal role in helicase activity and ultimately unwinding of downstream structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shebl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellenberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of downstream structured elements within mRNA on the dynamics of intersubunit rotation in ribosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-driven dynamic functional network connectivity predicts medication response for major depression and bipolar disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of finding reliable treatment for major depression and bipolar disorder can be arduous. The myriad behavioral symptoms presented by patients and resistance to treatment from particular medication classes complicate standard diagnostic and prescription methodologies, often requiring multiple attempted treatments during which symptoms may still be present. Physiological information such as neuroimaging scans may help to alleviate some of the uncertainty surrounding diagnosis and treatment when incorporated into a clinical setting. Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging show particular promise, as the incorporation of dynamical information may provide insights into physiological changes prior to static, structural changes. In this work, we present a novel method for generating robust and replicable dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) features from neuroimaging data using a template of dynamic states derived from a large, non-affected data set. We demonstrate that this template-driven dFNC approach expands on standard dFNC approaches by allowing for the derivation of a continuous state-contribution time series. We demonstrate that the derived biomarkers can support high predictive performance for the identification of medication class and non-responders while also expanding the set of biomarkers available for studying differences in mood disorder medication response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langenecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-driven dynamic functional network connectivity predicts medication response for major depression and bipolar disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in the Ancient and Still-Living Aspen Clone, Pando 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While evolutionary biology traditionally focuses on the spread of mutations within populations, the dynamics of mutational spread within individuals, particularly in long-lived clonally-spreading organisms, remain poorly understood. Here we examine the genetic structure of  Pando, Earths largest known quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) clone. We sequenced over 500 samples across Pando and neighboring clones, including multiple tissue types. At fine spatial scales, we detected significant genetic structure, particularly in leaf tissue, but this signal weakened across larger distances, suggesting either rapid root growth homogenizes the system over time or mechanisms exist that prevent widespread mutation transmission. Phylogenetic analyses date Pando between [~]12,000 and 37,000 years old, supported by continuous aspen pollen presence in nearby lake sediments. Tissues accumulated mutations at different rates, with leaves showing significantly higher mutation loads than roots or branches. This work provides the first quantitative age estimate for this remarkable organism and offers initial insights into the spatial dynamics of somatic mutation in a massive clonal plant. While our reduced-representation sequencing approach limits detection of rare variants, these findings establish a foundation for understanding how long-lived modular organisms accumulate and distribute genetic variation, questions that will benefit from future high-coverage whole-genome sequencing across tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraklow, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pageot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in the Ancient and Still-Living Aspen Clone, Pando]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
40 Hz sensory stimulation enhances CA3-CA1 coordination and prospective coding during navigation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
40 Hz sensory stimulation ("flicker") has emerged as a new technique to potentially mitigate pathology and improve cognition in mouse models of Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology. However, it remains unknown how 40 Hz flicker affects neural codes essential for memory. Accordingly, we investigate the effects of 40 Hz flicker on neural representations of experience in the hippocampus of the 5XFAD mouse model of AD by recording 1000s of neurons during a goal-directed spatial navigation task. We find that an hour of daily exposure to 40 Hz audio-visual stimulation over 8 days leads to higher coordination between hippocampal subregions CA3 and CA1 during navigation. Consistent with CA3s role in generating sequential activity that represents future positions, 40 Hz flicker exposure increased prospective coding of future positions. In turn, prospective coding was more prominent during efficient navigation behavior. Our findings show how 40 Hz flicker enhances key hippocampal activity during behavior that is important for memory.

Significance StatementBrain stimulation has emerged as a new potential therapeutic approach to potentially correct or improve altered neural activity in Alzheimers disease. One such approach, 40 Hz sensory stimulation, or flicker, has been shown to improve cognition in disease models. However, it is not clear how 40 Hz flicker affects neural activity underlying memory processes. Here, we investigate how 40 Hz flicker exposure affects neural activity patterns that are crucial for memory. We find 40Hz flicker increases neural coordination in memory circuits, indicating better communication. Furthermore, 40Hz flicker increased neural representations of future positions, patterns theorized to support memory-based planning. These results indicate that 40 Hz flicker increases key neural activity that is important for memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[40 Hz sensory stimulation enhances CA3-CA1 coordination and prospective coding during navigation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super Resolved Single-Cell Spatial Metabolomics from Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging guided by Imaging Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful technique for spatially resolved analysis of metabolites and other biomolecules within biological tissues. However, the inherent low spatial resolution of MSI often limits its ability to provide detailed cellular-level information. To address this limitation, we propose a guided super-resolution (GSR) approach that leverages high-resolution Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) images to enhance the spatial resolution of low-resolution MSI data. By using these detailed IMC images as guides, we improve the resolution of MSI images, creating high-resolution metabolite maps. This enhancement facilitates more precise analysis of cellular structures and tissue architectures, providing deeper insights into super-resolved spatial metabolomics at the single-cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moctezuma, F. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super Resolved Single-Cell Spatial Metabolomics from Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging guided by Imaging Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial cell stiffness and type drive the formation of biomechanically-induced transcellular pores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formation of transcellular pores facilitates the transport of materials across endothelial barriers. In Schlemms canal (SC) endothelium, impaired pore formation is associated with glaucoma. However, our understanding of the cellular processes responsible for pore formation is limited by lack of in vitro assays. Here, we present a novel platform for studying transcellular pore formation in human endothelial cells. We induced pores in SC cells by seeding them atop micron-sized magnetic beads followed by application of a magnetic field to subject cells to a basal to apical force, mimicking in vivo biomechanical forces. The pore formation process was dynamic, with pores opening and closing. Glaucomatous cells exhibited impaired pore formation that correlated with their increased stiffness. We further discovered that application of forces from the apical to basal direction did not induce pores in SC cells but resulted in formation of pores in other types of endothelial cells. Our studies reveal the central role of cell mechanics in formation of transcellular pores in endothelial cells, and provide a new approach for investigating their associated underlying mechanism/s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siadat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millette, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safa, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrani Fard, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braakman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildmeyer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkumas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial cell stiffness and type drive the formation of biomechanically-induced transcellular pores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large inversions in Lake Malawi cichlids are associated with habitat preference, lineage, and sex determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal inversions are an important class of genetic variation that link multiple alleles together into a single inherited block that can have important e7ects on fitness. To study the role of large inversions in the massive evolutionary radiation of Lake Malawi cichlids, we used long-read technologies to identify four single and two tandem inversions that span half of each respective chromosome, and which together encompass over 10% of the genome. Each inversion is fixed in one of the two states within the seven major ecogroups, suggesting they played a role in the separation of the major lake lineages into specific lake habitats. One exception is within the benthic sub-radiation, where both inverted and non-inverted alleles continue to segregate within the group. The evolutionary histories of three of the six inversions suggest they transferred from the pelagic Diplotaxodon group into benthic ancestors at the time the benthic sub-radiation was seeded. The remaining three inversions are found in a subset of benthic species living in deep waters. We show that some of these inversions are used as XY sex-determination systems but are also likely limited to a subset of total lake species. Our work suggests that inversions have been under both sexual and natural selection in Lake Malawi cichlids and that they will be important to understanding how this adaptive radiation evolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large inversions in Lake Malawi cichlids are associated with habitat preference, lineage, and sex determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promiscuous and unbiased recombination underlies the sequence-discrete species of the SAR11 lineage in the deep ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surveys of microbial communities (metagenomics) or isolate genomes have revealed sequence-discrete species. That is, members of the same species usually show >95% Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of shared genes among themselves vs. <83% ANI to members of other species while genome pairs showing between 83-95% ANI are comparatively rare. In these surveys, aquatic bacteria of the ubiquitous SAR11 clade (Class Alphaproteobacteria), which play a major role in carbon cycling, are an outlier and often do not exhibit discrete species boundaries, suggesting the potential for alternate modes of genetic differentiation. To explore evolution in SAR11, we analyzed high-quality, single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) and companion metagenomes from an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, where the SAR11 make up [~]20% of the total microbial community. Our results show that SAR11 do form several sequence-discrete species, but their ANI range of discreteness is shifted to lower identities between 86-91%, with intra-species ANI ranging between 91-100%. Measuring recent gene exchange among these genomes based on a newly developed methodology revealed higher frequency of homologous recombination within compared to between species that affects sequence evolution at least twice as much as diversifying point mutation across the genome. Recombination in SAR-11 appears to be more promiscuous compared to other prokaryotic species and has facilitated the spreading of adaptive mutations within the species, further promoting the high intra-species diversity observed. These results implicate rampant, genome-wide homologous recombination as the mechanism that underlies the evolution of SAR11 into discrete species.

SignificanceDistinguishing "species" is a pressing issue in microbiology, partly because the mechanisms that create and maintain clusters of genetically similar microbes are sparsely documented for natural populations. By leveraging high quality single-cell genomic data and a novel method for assessing homologous recombination, we show that rampant homologous recombination maintains species-level clusters of genomes for the most abundant order of marine bacteria, suggesting that these genomes may be evolving sexually to a much greater extent than previously thought. Therefore, our results identify a mechanism explaining the evolution of species in a major microbial group and have implications for understanding microbial diversity and the species concept more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Pachiadaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bristow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, F. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promiscuous and unbiased recombination underlies the sequence-discrete species of the SAR11 lineage in the deep ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-specific T cell immunotherapy by in vivo mRNA delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy has shown promise for treating patients with autoimmune diseases or cancer, yet treatment is associated with adverse effects associated with global activation or suppression of T cell immunity. Here, we developed antigen-presenting nanoparticles (APNs) to selectively engineer disease antigen (Ag)-specific T cells by in vivo mRNA delivery. APNs consist of a lipid nanoparticle core functionalized with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs), facilitating antigen-specific T cell transfection through cognate T cell receptor-mediated endocytosis. In mouse models of type 1 diabetes and multiple myeloma, APNs selectively deplete autoreactive T cells leading to durable control of glycemia, and engineer virus-specific T cells with anti-cancer chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), achieving comparable therapeutic outcome as virally transduced ex vivo CAR. Overall, our work supports the use of APNs to engineer disease-relevant T cells in vivo as Ag-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disorders and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenkle, A. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harandi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahrawat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goenka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-specific T cell immunotherapy by in vivo mRNA delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Authenticating Genomic Materials with Advanced Genome Signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authenticity and integrity of synthetic genomic materials containing valuable intellectual property are essential for advancing scientific knowledge and enhancing biosafety. Existing DNA tags and watermarks, however, have limited efficacy due to low mutation tolerance and inadequate digital encoding capacity. Here, we present "Genome Signature", a biochemically stable and tamper-resistant DNA labeling system that enables the creation of self-authenticating genomes. Central to this system is a novel Golomb-ruler-derived Genome-Comb, which efficiently maps extensive nucleotide sequences onto limited codons within endogenous genes, significantly improving error correction and data encoding across millions of nucleotides. Our method successfully recorded a 4.5 million-nucleotide genome in living E. coli. The Genome Signature autonomously identifies and corrects mutations and effectively encodes data within codon orders, ensuring genome integrity and authenticity. Furthermore, it allows precise tracking of sequences across different cells, potentially revolutionizing the development of reliable genomic materials in synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.02.621633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Authenticating Genomic Materials with Advanced Genome Signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fishnet mesh of centrin-Sfi1 drives ultrafast calcium-activated contraction of the giant cell Spirostomum ambiguum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirostomum is a unicellular ciliate capable of contracting to a quarter of its body length in less than five milliseconds. When measured as fractional shortening, this is an order of magnitude faster than motion powered by actomyosin. Myonemes, which are protein networks found near the cortex of many protists, are believed to power Spirostomum contraction. Fast contraction, slow elongation, and calcium-triggering are hallmarks of myoneme-based motion. The biochemical basis of this motion and the molecular mechanism that supports such fast speeds are not well understood. Previous work suggests that myoneme structures in some protists are rich in centrin and Sfi1 homologs, two proteins that may underlie contraction. Centrin undergoes a significant conformational change in the presence of calcium, allowing it to bind to other centrin molecules. To understand Spirostomum contraction, we measure changes in cortical structures and model contraction of the whole cell and of the underlying protein complexes. We provide evidence that centrin/Sfi1 structures are responsible for contraction, which we propose is powered by a modulated entropic spring. Using this model, we recapitulate organismal-scale contraction in mesh simulation experiments and demonstrate the importance of structural organization of myoneme in a fishnet-like structure. These results provide a cohesive, multiscale model for the contraction of Spirostomum. Deeper understanding of how single cells can execute extreme shape changes holds potential for advancing cell biophysics, synthetically engineering contractile machinery, and cellular-inspired engineering designs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lannan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fishnet mesh of centrin-Sfi1 drives ultrafast calcium-activated contraction of the giant cell Spirostomum ambiguum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the Neural Dynamics of Headed Syntactic Structure Building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain builds hierarchical phrases during language comprehension; however, the representational details and dynamics of the phrase-building process remain underspecified. This study directly probes whether the neural code of a phrase involves reactivating the syntactic property of a key subcomponent (the "phrasal head"). To this end, we train a part-of-speech sliding-window neural decoder (verb vs. adverb) on EEG signals recorded while participants (N = 30) read sentences in a controlled experiment. The decoder reaches above-chance performance that is spatiotemporally consistent and generalizes to unseen data across sentence positions. Appling the decoder to held-out data yields predicted activation levels for the verbal "head" of a verb phrase at a distant non-head word (adverb); the critical adverb appeared either at the end of a verb phrase or at a sequentially and lexically matched position with no verb phrase boundary. There is stronger verb activation beginning at [~]600 milliseconds at the critical adverb when it appears at a verb phrase boundary; this effect is not modulated by the strength of conceptual association between the two subcomponents in the verb phrase nor does it reflect word predictability. Time-locked analyses additionally reveal a negativity waveform component and increased beta-delta inter-trial phase coherence, both previously linked to linguistic composition, in a similar time window. With a novel application of neural decoding, our findings delineate the temporal dynamics by which the brain encodes phrasal representations by, in part, reactivating the representation of key subcomponents. We thus establish a link between cognitive accounts of phrase structure representations and electrophysiological dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the Neural Dynamics of Headed Syntactic Structure Building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the Impact of Habitual Sleep Quality on Episodic Memory Performance: An EEG-Based Representational Similarity Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is crucial for episodic memory consolidation, yet the impact of habitual sleep quality on memory performance remains underexplored. This study investigates the relationship between sleep quality and episodic memory retrieval using EEG-based representational similarity analysis (RSA). Thirty-six participants wore wrist accelerometers for one week to capture habitual sleep patterns, including total sleep time and restlessness. Memory performance was assessed through a paired associate learning task, with EEG data recorded during encoding and retrieval phases. RSA was applied to EEG oscillatory power across time-frequency windows to examine the neural similarity between encoding and retrieval. The results showed both positive and negative correlations between sleep metric and memory performance, with sleep restlessness being linked to both increases and decreases in neural similarity across specific clusters. These findings emphasize the important role of sleep quality in shaping the neural processes underlying episodic memory retrieval, indicating a strong connection between sleep patterns and memory function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seraji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirjalili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the Impact of Habitual Sleep Quality on Episodic Memory Performance: An EEG-Based Representational Similarity Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.622722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting After Learning Facilitates Memory Consolidation and Reverses Spatial Reorientation Impairments in 'New Surroundings' in 3xTg-AD Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.622722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is an essential component of productive memory consolidation and waste clearance, including pathology associated with Alzheimers disease (AD). Facilitation of sleep decreases A{beta} and tau accumulation and is important for the consolidation of spatial memories. We previously found that 6-month female 3xTg-AD mice were impaired at spatial reorientation. Given the association between sleep and AD, we assessed the impact of added rest on impaired spatial reorientation that we previously observed. We randomly assigned 3xTg-AD mice to a rest (n=7; 50 min pre- & post-task induced rest) or a non-rest group (n=7; mice remained in the home cage pre- & post-task). Mice in both groups were compared to non-Tg, age-matched, non-rest controls (n=6). To confirm that our sleep condition induced sleep, we performed the same experiment with rest sessions for both 3xTg-AD and non-Tg mice (n=6/group) implanted with recording electrodes to capture local field potentials (LFPs), which were used to classify sleep states. Markers of pathology were also assessed in the parietal-hippocampal network, where we previously showed pTau positive cell density predicted spatial reorientation ability (pTau, 6E10, M78, and M22). However, we found that 3xTg-AD rest mice were not impaired at spatial reorientation compared to non-Tg mice and performed better than 3xTg-AD non-rest mice (replicating our previous work). This recovered behavior persisted despite no change in the density of pathology positive cells. Thus, improving sleep in early stages of AD pathology offers a promising approach for facilitating memory consolidation and improving cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stimmell, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alday, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushing, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.622722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting After Learning Facilitates Memory Consolidation and Reverses Spatial Reorientation Impairments in 'New Surroundings' in 3xTg-AD Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis Driven by Early After Depolarizations in Cardiac Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-after depolarizations (EADs) are changes in the action potential plateau that can lead to cardiac arrhythmia. At the cellular level, these oscillations are irregular and change from beat to beat due to the sensitivity of voltage repolarization to subcellular stochastic processes. However, the behavior of EADs in tissue, where cells are strongly coupled by gap junctions, is less understood. In this study, we develop a computational model of EADs caused by a reduction in the rate of calcium-induced inactivation of the L-type calcium channel. We find that, as inactivation decreases EADs occur with durations varying randomly from beat to beat. In cardiac tissue, however, gap junction coupling between cells dampens these fluctuations, and it is unclear what dictates the formation of EADs. In this study we show that EADs in cardiac tissue can be modeled by the deterministic limit of a stochastic single-cell model. Analysis of this deterministic model reveals that EADs emerge in tissue after an abrupt transition to alternans, where large populations of cells suddenly synchronize, causing EADs on every other beat. We analyze this transition and show that it is due to a discontinuous bifurcation that leads to a large change in the action potential duration in response to very small changes in pacing rate. We further demonstrate that this transition is highly arrhythmogenic, as the sudden onset of EADs in cardiac tissue promotes conduction block and reentry. Our results highlight the importance of EAD alternans in arrhythmogenesis and suggests that ectopic beats are not required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiferaw, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis Driven by Early After Depolarizations in Cardiac Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Machine Learning with Flow-Imaging Microscopy for Automated Monitoring of Algal Blooms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time monitoring of phytoplankton in freshwater systems is critical for early detection of harmful algal blooms so as to enable efficient response by water management agencies. This paper presents an image processing pipeline developed to adapt ARTiMiS, a low-cost automated flow-imaging device, for real-time algal monitoring specifically in freshwater and environmental systems. This pipeline addresses several challenges associated with autonomous imaging of aquatic samples such as flow-imaging artifacts (i.e., out-of-focus and background objects), as well as specific challenges associated with monitoring of open environmental systems (i.e., identification of novel objects). The pipeline leverages a Random Forest model to identify out- of-focus particles with an accuracy of 89% and a custom background particle detection algorithm to identify and remove particles that erroneously appear in consecutive images with >97{+/-}2.8% accuracy. Furthermore, a convolutional neural network (CNN), trained to classify distinct classes comprising both taxonomical and morphological categories, achieved 94% accuracy in a closed dataset. Nonetheless, the supervised closed-set classifiers struggled with the accurate classification of objects when challenged with debris and novel particles which are common in complex open environments; this limits real-time monitoring applications by requiring extensive manual oversight. To mitigate this, three methods incorporating classification with rejection were tested to improve model precision by excluding irrelevant or unknown classes. Combined, these advances present a fully integrated, end-to-end solution for real-time HAB monitoring in open environmental systems thus enhancing the scalability of automated detection in dynamic aquatic environments.

HighlightsO_LIRandom Forest model is more generalizable than Convolutional Neural Networks to remove out-of-focus particles.
C_LIO_LIA two-stage clustering algorithm is effective at removing background particles in flow imaging microscopy.
C_LIO_LIClosed-set CNN classifier performance deteriorates when challenged with unknown particles.
C_LIO_LIClassification with rejection improves both precision and accuracy for environmental samples.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gincley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolofari, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Cabrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawecki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Machine Learning with Flow-Imaging Microscopy for Automated Monitoring of Algal Blooms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast elastocapillary fans control agile maneuvering in ripple bugs and robots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millimeter-sized ripple bugs in the genus Rhagovelia exhibit exceptional agility and rapid maneuvers in fast, unsteady streams, comparable to animal fliers. Their remarkable interfacial transit and turning skills stem from a specialized fan structure on their middle legs. While researchers have suggested active fan actuation, the role of capillary forces and unique microstructure in self-spreading remains unclear. We reveal that Rhagovelias fans possess a flat-ribbon architecture with directional stiffness, enabling ultrafast elastocapillary morphing for passive actuation in under 10 ms, independent of muscle control, while producing high-thrust momentum through unsteady vortical wakes. These self-morphing fans allow Rhagovelia to execute [~]90 {degrees} turns at a rate of [~]4200 {degrees}/s, in [~]50 ms, with speeds reaching [~]120 BL/s - on par with the fastest recorded turns in animal fliers like fruit flies. Inspired by these, we develop an ultralight, ultrafast elastocapillary robotic fan ([~]1 mg, [~]100 ms opening/closing time) and integrate it into an insect-scaled robot (Rhagobot, [~]0.2 g). The engineered fans passively balance surface tension and water drag through stiffness anisotropy, enabling the robot to achieve high agility with speeds up to [~]2 BL/s and turning rates of 206 {degrees}/sec. Experiments with both insects and robots, with and without fans, show that a self-spreading passive fan significantly improves thrust, braking, and turning - key factors for controlled, high-speed maneuvers. This elastocapillary innovation enables ripple bugs to survive and thrive in turbulent streams and offers new insights for agile aquatic robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Jimenez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast elastocapillary fans control agile maneuvering in ripple bugs and robots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Computational Systems in the Development and Evolution of Mammalian Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of brain sizes across mammalian taxonomic groups reveal a consistent pattern of covariation between major brain components, including a robust inverse covariation between the limbic system and the neocortex. To find the functional basis of this inverse relationship, we mapped the multidimensional representations of task-optimized machine learning systems onto two-dimensional surfaces resembling the forebrain cortices. We found that visual, somatosensory and auditory systems develop ordered spatiotopic maps where units draw information from localized regions of the sensory input. Olfactory and relational memory systems, in contrast, develop fractured maps with distributed patterns of information convergence. Evolutionary optimization of multimodal systems for varying task objectives results in inverse covariation between spatiotopic and disordered system components that compete for representational space. These results suggest that the observed pattern of covariation between brain components reflect an essential computational duality in brain evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trude, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlay, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Computational Systems in the Development and Evolution of Mammalian Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the Taxonomic Status of the Marbled Toad (Bufonidae: Incilius marmoreus): 2RAD-based Phylogeography Including an Isolated Population in Veracruz, Mexico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incilius marmoreus inhabits an extensive range along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and a smaller allopatric region in the State of Veracruz, exhibiting an unusual distribution among herpetofauna. Gunther (1901) classified the Pacific coastal toads Bufo argillaceus and B. lateralis as conspecific with Incilius [Bufo] marmoreus, which has its type locality in Veracruz. Here, we adopt a multidisciplinary approach to reevaluate the phylogeography and taxonomy of I. marmoreus by gathering and analyzing morphological data and conducting phylogenetic and population genetic analyses from genome-wide SNP data. Our results uphold the current taxonomy by concurring with Gunther (1901). Our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses suggest that I. marmoreus from Veracruz are closely related to those from Oaxaca whilst coalescent analyses recovered a north--south split along the Pacific Coast estimated to have occurred ~0.86 Mya followed by a shallow east--west split in the southern lineage that separates the Pacific coastal populations and the allopatric population in Veracruz ~0.33 Mya. This species displays marked morphological and genetic diversity throughout its range, but this variation appears to be consistent with gene flow across contiguous populations rather than the existence of independent evolutionary lineages. The processes leading to the geographic isolation of the population on the coast of Veracruz remain uncertain, but we hypothesize that climatic and vegetation changes in the Late Pleistocene may have played a role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.624927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the Taxonomic Status of the Marbled Toad (Bufonidae: Incilius marmoreus): 2RAD-based Phylogeography Including an Isolated Population in Veracruz, Mexico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.623433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon-conserving Bioproduction of Malate in an E. coli-based Cell-Free System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.623433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formate, a biologically accessible form of CO2, has attracted interest as a renewable feedstock for bioproduction. However, approaches are needed to investigate efficient routes for biological formate assimilation due to its toxicity and limited utilization by microorganisms. Cell-free systems hold promise due to their potential for efficient use of carbon and energy sources and compatibility with diverse feedstocks. However, bioproduction using purified cell-free systems is limited by costly enzyme purification, whereas lysate-based systems must overcome loss of flux to background reactions in the cell extract. Here, we engineer an E. coli-based system for an eight-enzyme pathway from DNA and incorporate strategies to regenerate cofactors and minimize loss of flux through background reactions. We produce the industrial di-acid malate from glycine, bicarbonate, and formate by engineering the carbon-conserving reductive TCA and formate assimilation pathways. We show that in situ regeneration of NADH drives metabolic flux towards malate, improving titer by 15-fold. Background reactions can also be reduced 6-fold by diluting the lysate following expression and introducing chemical inhibitors of competing reactions. Together, these results establish a carbon-conserving, lysate-based cell-free platform for malate production, producing 64 M malate after 8 hours. This system conserves 43% of carbon otherwise lost as CO2 and incorporates 0.13 mol CO2 equivalents/mol glycine fed. Finally, techno-economic analysis of cell-free malate production from formate revealed that the high cost of lysate is a key challenge to the economic feasibility of the process, even assuming efficient cofactor recycling. This work demonstrates the capabilities of cell-free expression systems for both the prototyping of carbon-conserving pathways and the sustainable bioproduction of platform chemicals.

HighlightsO_LISuccessfully engineered the carbon-conserving reductive TCA and formate assimilation pathways in a lysate-based cell-free system for production of the C4 industrial di-acid malate from C1 and C2 feedstocks.
C_LIO_LIAchieved a 6-fold reduction in competition from the endogenous cell-free metabolism by blocking TCA activity using small-molecule inhibitors and lysate dilution.
C_LIO_LIIncreased accumulation of malate by 15-fold in a single-step reaction using cell-free expression of an enzymatic cofactor regeneration system.
C_LIO_LITechno-economic analysis identified routes for economically feasible production of malate from renewable feedstocks in a cell-free system by improving conversion efficiency and reducing lysate cost.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=161 SRC="FIGDIR/small/623433v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3c89adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@72d9b3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@327e2eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fa0964_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardiff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugianto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba Burbano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garenne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noireaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta-Yahya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carothers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.623433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon-conserving Bioproduction of Malate in an E. coli-based Cell-Free System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution profiling reveals coupled transcriptional and translational regulation of transgenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concentrations of RNAs and proteins provide important determinants of cell fate. Robust gene circuit design requires an understanding of how the combined actions of individual genetic components influence both mRNA and protein levels. Here, we simultaneously measure mRNA and protein levels in single cells using HCR Flow-FISH for a set of commonly used synthetic promoters. We find that promoters generate differences in both the mRNA abundance and the effective translation rate of these transcripts. Stronger promoters not only transcribe more RNA but also show higher effective translation rates. While the strength of the promoter is largely preserved upon genome integration with identical elements, the choice of polyadenylation signal and coding sequence can generate large differences in the profiles of the mRNAs and proteins. We used long-read direct RNA sequencing to characterize full-length mRNA isoforms and observe remarkable uniformity of mRNA isoforms from the transgenic units. Together, our high-resolution profiling of transgenic mRNAs and proteins offers insight into the impact of common synthetic genetic components on transcriptional and translational mechanisms. By developing a novel framework for quantifying expression profiles of transgenes, we have established a system for comparing native and synthetic gene regulation and for building more robust transgenic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploessl, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanabria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabaria, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution profiling reveals coupled transcriptional and translational regulation of transgenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Born Connected: Do Infants Already Have Adult-Like Multi-Scale Connectivity Networks? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain undergoes remarkable development during the first six postnatal months, a period of dramatic structural and functional change critical for understanding neurodevelopmental trajectories. Previous infant resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) studies identified intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) but reported widely varying network numbers and organization, limiting cross-study comparisons. A recent analysis of over 100,000 subjects spanning from adolescents to adults generated a 105-network multi-scale template that greatly enhanced replicability, but the presence of these canonical ICNs in infants has not been investigated.

We analysed resting-state scans from infants aged 0-6 months using two complementary approaches: burst independent component analysis (burstICA), a fully data-driven, model-order-agnostic method, and the reference-informed NeuroMark framework. burstICA successfully recovered the full set of canonical ICNs directly from infant data, and simulation-based validation confirmed that the recovered networks were biologically specific rather than methodological biases. The NeuroMark framework enhanced spatial correspondence with the reference template and maintained distinct, reproducible network profiles across scans, demonstrating high reliability for cross-study and cross-age comparisons.

Networks critical for higher-order cognition, such as the default mode and salience networks, displayed adult-like topography comparable to that of primary sensory networks even within the first 6 months after birth. Subcortical networks also exhibited precise spatial organization, underscoring early maturation of deep brain structures. Functional network connectivity analyses revealed close similarity to adult profiles and clear antagonistic patterns between sensory systems and higher-order networks, indicating that foundational aspects of mature brain organization are already emerging in early infancy.

Together, these findings establish a methodological foundation for early network mapping in infancy and lay critical groundwork for longitudinal and translational studies of brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajracharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzaeian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Born Connected: Do Infants Already Have Adult-Like Multi-Scale Connectivity Networks?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and cryoEM structure determination of Escherichia phage YDC107 tail found in a bacteria-contaminated buffer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy data analysis can yield multiple structures from a single heterogeneous dataset. Here, we show a workflow we used for the identification of a contaminant from a cryoEM grid without prior knowledge of protein sequence. We determined the tail structure of Escherichia phage YDC107 from only several thousand particles. The workflow combines high-resolution single-particle data processing with de novo model determination using ML-based methods. Structural analysis revealed that the central part of the phage tail has a C6 symmetry, however the overall symmetry of each segment is C3 due to dimerization of a flexible domain.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=67 SRC="FIGDIR/small/627647v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopylov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and cryoEM structure determination of Escherichia phage YDC107 tail found in a bacteria-contaminated buffer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of all-trans retinoic acid by light and dopamine in the murine eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAmbient light exposure is linked to myopia development in children and affects myopia susceptibility in animal models. Currently, it is unclear which signals mediate the effects of light on myopia. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and dopamine (DA) oppositely influence experimental myopia and may be involved in the retino-scleral signaling cascade underlying myopic eye growth. However, how ocular atRA responds to different lighting and whether atRA and DA interact remains unknown.

MethodsDark-adapted C57BL/6J mice (29-31 days old) were exposed to Dim (1 lux), Mid (59 lux), or Bright (12,000 lux) ambient lighting for 5-60 minutes. Some mice were also systemically administered the DA precursor, LDOPA, or atRA prior to light exposure. After exposure, the retina and the back-of-the-eye (BOE) were collected and analyzed for levels of atRA, DA, and the DA metabolite, DOPAC.

ResultsDA turnover (DOPAC/DA ratio) in the retina increased in magnitude after only five minutes of exposure to higher ambient luminance but was minimal in the BOE. In contrast, atRA levels in the retina and BOE significantly decreased with higher ambient luminance and longer duration exposure. Intriguingly, LDOPA-treated mice had a transient reduction in retinal atRA compared to saline-treated mice, whereas atRA treatment had no effect on ocular DA.

ConclusionsOcular atRA was affected by the duration of exposure to different ambient lighting and retinal atRA levels decreased with increased DA. Overall, these data suggest specific interactions between ambient lighting, atRA, and DA that could have implications for the retino-scleral signaling cascade underlying myopic eye growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley-Ford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of all-trans retinoic acid by light and dopamine in the murine eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphotype-Resolved Characterization of Microalgal Communities in a Nutrient Recovery Process with ARTiMiS Flow Imaging Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgae-driven nutrient recovery represents a promising technology to reduce effluent phosphorus while simultaneously generating biomass that can be valorized to offset treatment costs. As full-scale processes come online, system parameters including biomass composition must be carefully monitored to optimize performance and prevent culture crashes. In this study, flow imaging microscopy (FIM) was leveraged to characterize microalgal community composition in near real-time at a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Wisconsin, USA, and population and morphotype dynamics were examined to identify relationships between water chemistry, biomass composition, and system performance. Two FIM technologies, FlowCam and ARTiMiS, were evaluated as monitoring tools. ARTiMiS provided a more accurate estimate of total system biomass, and estimates derived from particle area as a proxy for biovolume yielded better approximations than particle counts. Deep learning classification models trained on annotated image libraries demonstrated equivalent performance between FlowCam and ARTiMiS, and convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers proved significantly more accurate when compared to feature table-based deep neural network (DNN) models. Across a two-year study period, Scenedesmus spp. appeared most important for phosphorus removal, which were negatively associated with elevated temperatures and nitrite/nitrate concentrations. Chlorella and Monoraphidium also played an important role in system performance. For both Scenedesmus and Chlorella, smaller morphological types were more often associated with high system performance, whereas larger morphotypes implied a stress response correlating with poor phosphorus recovery rates. These results demonstrate the potential of FIM as a critical technology for high-resolution characterization of industrial microalgal processes.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gincley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartnett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molitor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphotype-Resolved Characterization of Microalgal Communities in a Nutrient Recovery Process with ARTiMiS Flow Imaging Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing Functional Network Connectivity Differences Using an Explainable Machine-learning Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional network connectivity (FNC) estimated from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging showed great information about the neural mechanism in different brain disorders. But previous research has mainly focused on standard statistical learning approaches to find FNC features separating patients from control. Although machine learning approaches provide better models separating controls from patients, it is not straightforward for these approaches to provide intuition on the model and the underlying neural process of each disorder. Explainable machine learning offers a solution to this problem by applying machine learning to understand the neural process behind brain disorders. In this study, we introduce a novel framework leveraging SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to identify crucial Functional Network Connectivity (FNC) features distinguishing between two distinct population classes. Initially, we validate our approach using synthetic data. Subsequently, applying our framework, we ascertain FNC biomarkers distinguishing between, controls and schizophrenia patients with accuracy of 81.04% as well as middle aged adults and old aged adults with accuracy 71.38%, respectively, employing Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and CATBoost models. Our analysis underscores the pivotal role of the cognitive control network (CCN), subcortical network (SCN), and somatomotor network (SMN) in discerning individuals with schizophrenia from controls. In addition, our platform found CCN and SCN as the most important networks separating young adults from older.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkyal, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards-Swart, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing Functional Network Connectivity Differences Using an Explainable Machine-learning Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) project is a large-scale, multi-site initiative aimed at identifying biomarkers and biosignatures that predict the transition from acute to chronic pain. The project is collecting multimodal, longitudinal data from over 2,500 individuals at risk for developing chronic pain after surgery. Here we describe the neuroimaging component of A2CPS, including the acquisition protocols, processing pipelines, and contents of the initial data release. The imaging protocol includes structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Data are collected across multiple clinical sites using different scanner manufacturers, with attention to protocol harmonization and quality control. The processing pipeline integrates several established neuroimaging tools to extract potential biomarkers, including measures of brain structure, connectivity, and pain-related neural signatures. The first data release includes pre-surgical imaging data for 595 participants, with high quality ratings across modalities (98.7% of sMRI, 99.8% of dMRI, and 94.6% of fMRI images were rated as acceptable or better). Initial analyses demonstrate expected relationships between brain-derived measures and clinical variables, such as associations between brain age and psychological factors. This dataset represents a valuable resource for both pain research and neuroimaging methods development, with future releases planned to include additional participants and expanded analysis pipelines and processed data derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauw, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichesco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloudas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulderink, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.627509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved global regulator H-NS has a strain-specific impact on biofilm formation in Vibrio fischeri symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strain-level variation among host-associated bacteria often determines host range and the extent to which colonization is beneficial, benign, or pathogenic. Vibrio fischeri is a beneficial symbiont of the light organs of fish and squid with known strain-specific differences that impact host specificity, colonization efficiency, and interbacterial competition. Here, we describe how the conserved global regulator, H-NS, has a strain-specific impact on a critical colonization behavior: biofilm formation. We isolated a mutant of the fish symbiont V. fischeri MJ11 with a transposon insertion in the hns gene. This mutant formed sticky, moderately wrinkled colonies on LBS plates, a condition not known to induce biofilm in this species. A reconstructed hns mutant displayed the same wrinkled colony, which became smooth when hns was complemented in trans, indicating the hns disruption is causal for biofilm formation in MJ11. Transcriptomes revealed differential expression for the syp biofilm locus in the hns mutant, relative to the parent, suggesting biofilm may in part involve SYP polysaccharide. However, enhanced biofilm in the MJ11 hns mutant was not sufficient to allow colonization of a non-native squid host. Finally, moving the hns mutation into other V. fischeri strains, including the squid symbionts ES114 and ES401, and seawater isolate PP3, revealed strain-specific biofilm phenotypes: ES114 and ES401 hns mutants displayed minimal biofilm phenotypes while PP3 hns mutant colonies were more wrinkled than the MJ11 hns mutant. These findings together define H-NS as a novel regulator of V. fischeri symbiotic biofilm and demonstrate key strain specificity in that role.

ImportanceThis work, which shows how H-NS has strain-specific impacts on biofilm in Vibrio fischeri, underscores the importance of studying multiple strains, even when examining highly conserved genes and functions. Our observation that knocking out a conserved regulator can result in a wide range of biofilm phenotypes, depending on the isolate, serves as a powerful reminder that strain-level variation is common and worthy of exploration. Indeed, uncovering the mechanisms of strain-specific phenotypic differences is essential to understand drivers of niche differentiation and bacterial evolution. Thus, it is important to carefully match the number and type of strains used in a study with the research question to accurately interpret and extrapolate the results beyond a single genotype. The additional work required for multi-strain studies is often worth the investment of time and resources, as it provides a broader view of the complexity of within-species diversity in microbial systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isenberg, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speare, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Septer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved global regulator H-NS has a strain-specific impact on biofilm formation in Vibrio fischeri symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic ancestry and population structure in the All of Us Research Program cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NIH All of Us Research Program (All of Us) aims to build one of the worlds most diverse population biomedical datasets in support of equitable precision medicine. For this study, we analyzed participant genomic variant data to assess the extent of population structure and to characterize patterns of genetic ancestry for the All of Us cohort (n=297,549). Unsupervised clustering of genomic principal component analysis (PCA) data revealed a non-uniform distribution of genetic diversity and substantial population structure in the All of Us cohort, with dense clusters of closely related participants interspersed among less dense regions of genomic PC space. Supervised genetic ancestry inference was performed using genetic similarity between All of Us participants and global reference population samples. Participants show diverse genetic ancestry, with major contributions from European (66.4%), African (19.5%), Asian (7.6%), and American (6.3%) continental ancestry components. Participant genetic similarity clusters show group-specific genetic ancestry patterns, with distinct patterns of continental and subcontinental ancestry among groups. We also explored how genetic ancestry changes over space and time in the United States (US). African and American ancestry are enriched in the southeast and southwest regions of the country, respectively, whereas European ancestry is more evenly distributed across the US. The diversity of All of Us participants genetic ancestry is negatively correlated with age; younger participants show higher levels of genetic admixture compared to older participants. Our results underscore the ancestral genetic diversity of the All of Us cohort, a crucial prerequisite for genomic health equity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SEEC Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino-Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic ancestry and population structure in the All of Us Research Program cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disturbed repolarisation-relaxation coupling during acute ischaemia permits systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe hearts mechanical state feeds back to its electrical activity, potentially contributing to arrhythmias.  Mechano-arrhythmogenesis has been mechanistically explained during electrical diastole, when cardiomyocytes are at their resting membrane potential. During electrical systole, cardiomyocytes are refractory right from the onset of depolarisation, while during repolarisation they appear to be protected from mechano-arrhythmogenesis by near-simultaneous restoration of resting membrane potential and cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i): repolarisation-relaxation coupling (RRC). Yet, systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis has been reported in ischaemic myocardium, with unclear underlying mechanisms. We hypothesise that ischaemia-induced alteration of RRC gives rise to a vulnerable period for mechano-arrhythmogenesis.

MethodsAcute left-ventricular (LV) regional ischaemia was induced by coronary artery ligation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, with mechanical load controlled by an intraventricular balloon. Mechanical activity was assessed by echocardiography and arrhythmia incidence by electrocardiogram. Single LV cardiomyocytes were exposed to simulated ischaemia or pinacidil (ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener). Stretch was applied in diastole or late systole using carbon fibres. Stretch characteristics and arrhythmia incidence were assessed by sarcomere length measurement. In both models, RRC was assessed by simultaneous voltage-[Ca2+]i fluorescence imaging and mechano-arrhythmogenesis mechanisms were pharmacologically tested.

ResultsIn whole heart, acute regional ischaemia leads to systolic stretch and disturbed RRC at the ischaemic border. These electro-mechanical changes were associated with waves of arrhythmias, which were reduced by mechanical unloading, electro-mechanical uncoupling, or buffering of [Ca2+]i. In LV cardiomyocytes, physiological RRC is associated with a low incidence of systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis, while a vulnerable period emerged by prolonged RRC during ischaemia. The increase in systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis was reduced by restoring RRC, chelating [Ca2+]i, blocking mechano-sensitive transient receptor potential kinase ankyrin 1 channels (TRPA1), or buffering reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.

ConclusionProlonged RRC allows for systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis in acute ischaemia, involving contributions of elevated [Ca2+]i, TRPA1 activity, and ROS, which represent potential anti-arrhythmic targets.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT LEGENDRole of disturbed repolarisation-relaxation coupling (RRC), transient receptor potential kinase ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels, cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ventricular systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis. Schematic of the proposed mechanisms underlying the TRPA1- and Ca2+-mediated increase in systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis with disturbed RRC. AITC, Allyl isothiocyanate (TRPA1 channel activator); AP, action potential; BAPTA ([Ca2+]i buffer); CaT, Ca2+ transient; DNT, dantrolene (ryanodine receptor stabiliser); DPI, diphenyleneiodonium (ROS production blocker); GLIB, glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker); HC-300031 (TRPA1 channel blocker); KATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channel; NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ROS chelator); NCX, sodium-Ca2+ exchanger; PIN, pinacidil (KATP channel activator); ROS, reactive oxygen species; SI, simulated ischaemia; STP, streptomycin (non-specific mechano-sensitive ion channel blocker).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cameron, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafferty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyek, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzelac, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyronnet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disturbed repolarisation-relaxation coupling during acute ischaemia permits systolic mechano-arrhythmogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP regulates periosteal expansion in fracture repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone fracture repair initiates by periosteal expansion. The periosteum is typically quiescent, but upon fracture, periosteal cells proliferate and contribute to bone fracture repair. The expansion of the periosteum is regulated by gene transcription; however, the molecular mechanisms behind periosteal expansion are unclear. Here, we show that Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) mediate periosteal expansion and periosteal cell proliferation. Bone fracture increases the number of YAP-expressing periosteal cells, and deletion of YAP and TAZ from Osterix (Osx) expressing cells impairs early periosteal expansion. Mechanistically, YAP regulates both  cell-intrinsic and  cell-extrinsic factors that allow for periosteal expansion. Specifically, we identified Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) as a cell extrinsic factor regulated by YAP, that rescues the impairment of periosteal expansion upon YAP/TAZ deletion. Together, these data establish YAP mediated transcriptional mechanisms that induce periosteal expansion in the early stages of fracture repair and provide new putative targets for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nijsure, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallstrom, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baitner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moharrer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panebianco, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidl, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyment, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerckel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP regulates periosteal expansion in fracture repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.29.628022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor unit mechanisms of speed control in mouse locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.29.628022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During locomotion, the coordinated activity of dozens of muscles shapes the kinematic features of each stride, including systematic changes in limb movement across walking speed. Motor units, each of which consists of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates, contribute to the total activation of each muscle through their recruitment and firing rate when active. However, it remains unknown how the nervous system controls locomotor speed by changing the firing of individual motor units. To address this, we combined quantitative behavioral analysis of mouse locomotion with single motor unit recordings from the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii, which drive monoarticular extension of the elbow and biarticular movements of the elbow and shoulder, respectively. In contrast to prior studies employing bulk EMG to examine muscle activity, our recordings revealed the diversity of spike patterning across motor units as well as systematic differences in motor unit activity across muscles and locomotor speeds. First, motor unit activity differed significantly across the lateral and long heads, suggesting differential control of these two closely apposed elbow extensor muscles. Second, we found that individual units were recruited probabilistically (during only a subset of strides), showing that the highly repeatable bulk EMG signals observed across strides in fact reflect varying subsets of individual motor units. Finally, although recruitment probability and firing rate both increased at faster walking speeds, increases in recruitment were proportionally larger than rate changes, and recruitment of individual units accompanied changes in limb kinematics. Together, these results reveal how the firing of individual motor units varies systematically across muscles and walking speeds to produce flexible locomotor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.29.628022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor unit mechanisms of speed control in mouse locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modulator therapies have improved outcomes for people with Cystic Fibrosis (pwCF), and currently more than 50% of pwCF are over the age of 18. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of atypical pathogens, including non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). CF-isolation rates of NTM and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) are high, and those co-colonized have worse clinical outcomes. We therefore investigated the behavior of these two organisms in a dual-species biofilm. We found that coculture of Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) promoted biofilm formation by Pa. Confocal imaging revealed changes in biomass and structural organization of the Pa biofilm during coculture with MAB. DNase treatment slightly decreased dual-species biofilm, but biofilm formation was completely abrogated in Pel- and Psl-deficient mutants of Pa. Moreover, dual-species cultures promoted tolerance of Pa to tobramycin treatment. Overall, our findings highlight an interaction between P. aeruginosa and M. abscessus that may result in bacterial persistence for pwCF during antibiotic therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmonds, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baty, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoffield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium abscessus promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving vs. Non-resolving Sphingolipid Dynamics During Macrophage Activation: A Time-resolved Metabolic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingolipids are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of inflammation and cell fate decisions, with metabolites such as ceramide and sphingosine 1{square}phosphate exerting contrasting effects on cell survival and proliferation. In macrophages, this balance is especially important, given their central role in host defense, pathogenesis and wound healing. Here, we present a time{square}resolved model of sphingolipid metabolism in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with KdO{square}-Lipid A. By integrating measured metabolite concentrations with dynamic flux estimation and established enzyme kinetics, we systematically map dynamic changes in the sphingolipid network during inflammation. Our results reveal a three{square}phase pattern of sphingolipid remodeling that correlates with distinct functional states of the cell. Moreover, metabolites can be classified into "resolving" or "non{square}resolving" lipids based on whether they return to basal levels or remain dysregulated through the later phases of the inflammatory response. This partitioning suggests that targeted modulation of specific metabolic nodes may influence the resolution of inflammation. Importantly, our computational approach can assist in the rational design of experimental studies by pinpointing putative drug targets with maximal impact on sphingolipid homeostasis. Such targeted interventions may prevent the pathological amplification of inflammatory signals without globally suppressing essential sphingolipid functions. These findings highlight the utility of an integrative systems{square}level analysis for elucidating sphingolipid dynamics in macrophages and underscore its potential to guide therapeutic strategies against conditions involving dysregulated inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving vs. Non-resolving Sphingolipid Dynamics During Macrophage Activation: A Time-resolved Metabolic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaly-Tail Organ Enhances Static Stability during Pel's Scaly-tailed Flying Squirrels' Arboreal Locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scaly-tailed squirrels (Anomaluridae) are one of the least studied mammalian families. Their namesake is due to a peculiar and unique scaly-tail organ extruding from the caudal vertebrate that has been predicted to help reduce skidding. This study investigates the function of the scaly-tail organ found in Anomalurus pelii, investigating its potential role in enhancing arboreal locomotion. As these animals glide from tree to tree in a habitat abundant with smooth-bark trees, we hypothesize that the scaly-tail organ assists with friction enhancement in their native smooth-bark habitat. Through a combination of analyses using mathematical and physical models for experimental validation, we explore whether the scaly-tail organ could improve the sliding and overturning stability during perching. Our experimental results showed that the scaly-tail organ can act as a skid-reduction mechanism by enhancing substrate engagement on intermediate roughness substrates by 58%. Mathematical models showed the scaly-tail organ enhances overturning stability by acting as an additional support point. Our model showed that the scaly-tailed squirrel can reach up to 82.5{whitebullet} inclination without claw force; however, without scales, it reduces to 79.6{whitebullet}. Overall, this research highlights the functional significance of scaly-tail organs in adaptations in scaly-tailed flying squirrels and contributes to our understanding of their locomotion strategies and environmental stresses. Our study also provides insights into innovative perching mechanisms for robots operating in arboreal environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chellapurath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jusufi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaly-Tail Organ Enhances Static Stability during Pel's Scaly-tailed Flying Squirrels' Arboreal Locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPTN protects retinal ganglion cells and ameliorates neuroinflammation in optic neuropathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optineurin (OPTN) is a crucial component of the homeostatic pathway, playing a pivotal role in regulating a number of essential signaling pathways including NF-{kappa}B, interferon, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. The dysfunction of OPTN has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar dementia, and Pagets disease of bone. Interestingly, mutations in OPTN are implicated as gain-of-function in glaucoma pathology and loss-of-function in ALS. However, the role of loss-of-function OPTN in glaucoma pathology remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that OPTN dysfunction contributes to chronic neuroinflammation, leading to sustained RGC death, which may represent a shared pathological mechanism in both normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and high-tension glaucoma (HTG). Retinal conditioned OPTN knockout contributes to short-term astrogliosis and long-term microglia activation, with the propagation of microglia activation spreading to the optic nerve. Moreover, OPTN loss of function does not further exacerbate RGC death in the ocular hypertension mouse model induced by viscobead injection. Combined with the downregulation of OPTN in glaucoma patients, we have revealed an IOP-independent mechanism of glaucoma pathogenesis. Furthermore, we found that OPTN-driven NPY upregulation may suppress the CHOP-associated neurodegeneration. Our findings reveal a neuroprotective role for the OPTN-NPY signaling pathway, and its dysfunction promotes RGC loss in glaucoma pathology. The OPTN-NPY-mediated neuroinflammatory pathway provides a potential therapy for IOP-resistant glaucoma and highlights a druggable target for CHOP-associated neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPTN protects retinal ganglion cells and ameliorates neuroinflammation in optic neuropathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing Biologically Constrained RNNs via Dale's Backprop and Topologically-Informed Pruning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRecurrent neural networks (RNNs) have emerged as a prominent tool for modeling cortical function, and yet their conventional architecture is lacking in physiological and anatomical fidelity. In particular, these models often fail to incorporate two crucial biological constraints: i) Dales law, i.e., sign constraints that preserve the "type" of projections from individual neurons, and ii) Structured connectivity motifs, i.e., highly sparse yet defined connections amongst various neuronal populations. Both constraints are known to impair learning performance in artificial neural networks, especially when trained to perform complicated tasks; but as modern experimental methodologies allow us to record from diverse neuronal populations spanning multiple brain regions, using RNN models to study neuronal interactions without incorporating these fundamental biological properties raises questions regarding the validity of the insights gleaned from them. To address these concerns, our work develops methods that let us train RNNs which respect Dales law whilst simultaneously maintaining a specific sparse connectivity pattern across the entire network. We provide mathematical grounding and guarantees for our approaches incorporating both types of constraints, and show empirically that our models match the performance of RNNs trained without any constraints. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our methods for inferring multi-regional interactions by training RNN models of the cortical network to reconstruct 2-photon calcium imaging data during visual behaviour in mice, whilst enforcing data-driven, cell-type specific connectivity constraints between various neuronal populations spread across multiple cortical layers and brain areas. In doing so, we find that the interactions inferred by our model corroborate experimental findings in agreement with the theory of predictive coding, thus validating the applicability of our methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing Biologically Constrained RNNs via Dale's Backprop and Topologically-Informed Pruning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSP: Module discovery and visualization for subcellular spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics has enabled the study of mRNA distributions within cells, a key aspect of cellular function. However, there is a dearth of tools that can identify and interpret functionally relevant spatial patterns of subcellular transcript distribution. To address this, we present CellSP, a computational framework for identifying, visualizing, and characterizing consistent subcellular spatial patterns of mRNA. CellSP introduces the concept of "gene-cell modules", which are gene sets with coordinated subcellular transcript distributions in many cells. It provides intuitive visualizations of the captured patterns and offers functional insights into each discovered module. We demonstrate that CellSP reliably identifies functionally significant modules across diverse tissues and technologies. We use the tool to discover subcellular spatial phenomena related to myelination, axonogenesis and synapse formation in the mouse brain. We find immune response-related modules that change between kidney cancer and healthy samples, and myelination-related modules specific to mouse models of Alzheimers Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSP: Module discovery and visualization for subcellular spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel Kv1.3 channel-interacting proteins using proximity labelling in T-cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Potassium channels regulate membrane potential, calcium flux, cellular activation and effector functions of adaptive and innate immune cells. The voltage-activated Kv1.3 channel is an important regulator of T cell-mediated autoimmunity and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Kv1.3 channels, via protein-protein interactions, are localized with key immune proteins and pathways, enabling functional coupling between K+ efflux and immune mechanisms. To gain insights into proteins and pathways that interact with Kv1.3 channels, we applied a proximity-labeling proteomics approach to characterize protein interactors of the Kv1.3 channel in activated T-cells. Biotin ligase TurboID was fused to either N or C termini of Kv1.3, stably expressed in Jurkat T cells and biotinylated proteins in proximity to Kv1.3 were enriched and quantified by mass spectrometry. We identified over 1,800 Kv1.3 interactors including known interactors (beta-integrins, Stat1) although majority were novel. We found that the N-terminus of Kv1.3 preferentially interacts with protein synthesis and protein trafficking machinery, while the C-terminus interacts with immune signaling and cell junction proteins. T- cell Kv1.3 interactors included 335 cell surface, T-cell receptor complex, mitochondrial, calcium and cytokine-mediated signaling pathway and lymphocyte migration proteins. 178 Kv1.3 interactors in T-cells also represent genetic risk factors of T cell-mediated autoimmunity, including STIM1, which was further validated using co-immunoprecipitation. Our studies reveal novel proteins and molecular pathways that interact with Kv1.3 channels in adaptive (T-cell) and innate immune (microglia), providing a foundation for how Kv1.3 channels may regulate immune mechanisms in autoimmune and neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandelli, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel Kv1.3 channel-interacting proteins using proximity labelling in T-cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.634587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Cu Uptake Transporter CTR1 Senses Disturbed Flow to Promote Atherosclerosis through Cuproptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.634587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining blood vessels sense disturbed blood flow (D-flow), which drives mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient, and its disruption of homeostasis has been implicated in atherosclerosis. Cellular Cu levels are tightly controlled by Cu transport proteins including the Cu importer CTR1. Cuproptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death triggered by mitochondrial Cu accumulation, but its endogenous stimulants and role in atherosclerosis remain unknown. Using EC-specific CTR1-deficient mice and cultured ECs, we show that endothelial CTR1 responds to D-flow by increasing mitochondrial Cu levels through its interaction with the mitochondrial Cu transporter SLC25A3 at caveolae/lipid rafts. This leads to the aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cuproptosis, thereby exacerbating atherosclerosis. Importantly, mitochondria-targeted Cu-chelating nanoparticles effectively mitigate D-flow-induced cuproptosis and atherosclerosis, highlighting the endothelial CTR1-SLC25A3-mitochondrial Cu axis as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sudhahar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipova, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMenamin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushio-Fukai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.634587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Cu Uptake Transporter CTR1 Senses Disturbed Flow to Promote Atherosclerosis through Cuproptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.634523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H-NS is a conserved repressor of the type VI secretion system in Vibrio fischeri 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.634523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a broadly distributed interbacterial weapon found in both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and can enhance a microbes ability to colonize a host. Vibrio fischeri is a beneficial symbiont of fish and squid and a model organism for T6SS function, which is activated in high-viscosity conditions. Previously, we isolated an hns mutant in a transposon screen to identify regulators of the T6SS in the fish symbiont V. fischeri MJ11. The hns gene encodes the DNA-binding protein, H-NS, a conserved global regulator of gene expression that aids in adaptation to changing environments. Quantitative transcriptomes of the hns mutant and parent strains grown in liquid or hydrogel media revealed hns is required for the global transcriptional changes that occur during transition from lower to higher viscosity conditions. Furthermore, T6SS gene transcripts are more abundant in the hns mutant in both conditions, suggesting H-NS represses T6SS in the parent. Single-cell fluorescence microscopy confirmed hns mutant cells make more T6SS weapons in both liquid and hydrogel medium, where the hns mutant is more proficient at killing a competitor strain, compared to the wild-type parent. Finally, disrupting the hns gene in additional light organ isolates resulted in a similar derepression of T6SS, indicating H-NS is a conserved repressor of this interbacterial weapon. This work furthers our understanding of the role of H-NS as a global regulator during environmental shifts in a host-associated bacterial symbiont and expands the list of species where H-NS represses T6SS to include V. fischeri.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Speare, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Septer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.634523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H-NS is a conserved repressor of the type VI secretion system in Vibrio fischeri]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype rather than single causal variants effects contribute to regulatory gene expression associations in human myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies typically identify hundreds to thousands of loci, many of which harbor multiple independent peaks, each parsimoniously assumed to be due to the activity of a single causal variant. Fine-mapping of such variants has become a priority and since most associations are located within regulatory regions, it is also assumed that they colocalize with regulatory variants that influence the expression of nearby genes. Here we examine these assumptions by using a moderate throughput expression CROPseq protocol in which Cas9 nuclease is used to induce small insertions and deletions across the credible set of SNPs that may account for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Of the 4,384 SNPs targeted in 88 loci (an average of 50 per locus), 439 were significant and further examined for validation. From these, 98 significantly altered target gene expression in HL-60 myeloid cell line, 74 in induced macrophages from these HL-60 cells, and 78 in induced neutrophils for a total of 201 validated effects (46%), 43 of which were observed in at least two of the cell types. Considering the observed sensitivity and specificity of the controls, we estimate that there are at least 150 true positives per cell type, an average of almost 2.4 for each of the 64 eQTL for which putative causal variants have been fine-mapped. This implies that haplotype effects are likely to explain many of the associations. We also demonstrate that the same approach can be used to investigate the activity of very rare variants in regulatory regions for 89 genes, providing a rapid strategy for establishing clinical relevance of non-coding mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype rather than single causal variants effects contribute to regulatory gene expression associations in human myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromark dFNC Patterns: A fully automated pipeline to estimate subject-specific states from rs-fMRI data via constrained ICA of dFNC in +100k Subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) provides valuable insights into brain function during rest, but faces challenges in clinical applications due to individual differences in functional connectivity. While Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is commonly used, it struggles to balance individual variations with inter-subject information. To address this, constrained ICA (cICA) approaches have been developed using templates from multiple datasets to improve accuracy and comparability. In this study, we collected rs-fMRI data from 100,517 individuals across diverse datasets. Data were preprocessed through a standard fMRI pipeline. Our method first used replicable fMRI component templates as priors in constrained ICA (the NeuroMark pipeline), then estimated dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC). Through clustering analysis, we generated replicable dFNC states, which were then used as priors in constrained ICA to automatically estimate subject-specific states from new subjects.This approach provides a robust framework for analyzing individual rs-fMRI data while maintaining consistency across large datasets, potentially advancing clinical applications of rs-fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esfahani, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esaulov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswara, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.635539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromark dFNC Patterns: A fully automated pipeline to estimate subject-specific states from rs-fMRI data via constrained ICA of dFNC in +100k Subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-trans retinoic acid and fluid transport in myopigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myopia, or near-sightedness, is rapidly growing in prevalence, with significant long-term implications for ocular health. There is thus great impetus to better understand molecular signaling pathways leading to myopia. We and others have reported that all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is involved in myopigenic signaling, yet the understanding of how atRA is transported and exerts a myopigenic influence is poor. Here we measured the concentrations of atRA in the serum in wild-type C57BL/6 mice under control conditions and after atRA feeding, previously shown to induce myopia. We also developed a mathematical model that describes fluid fluxes and the advective-diffusive transport of atRA in choroid and sclera, including atRA synthesis in the choriocapillaris, atRA degradation by scleral cells, and binding of atRA to the carrier protein serum albumin. This model, developed for both mice and humans, showed that atRA produced in the choriocapillaris was able to permeate well into the sclera in both mice and humans at biologically-relevant concentrations, and that atRA feeding greatly increased tissue levels of atRA across both the choroid and sclera. We were also able to identify which parameters most influence atRA concentration in ocular tissues, guiding future experimental work. Our findings support atRAs role in myopigenic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dvoriashyna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley-Ford, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-trans retinoic acid and fluid transport in myopigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAMCell: Generalized Label-Free Biological Cell Segmentation with Segment Anything 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhen analyzing cells in culture, assessing cell morphology (shape), confluency (density), and growth patterns are necessary for understanding cell health. These parameters are generally obtained by a skilled biologist inspecting light microscope images, but this can become very laborious for high throughput applications. One way to speed up this process is by automating cell segmentation. Cell segmentation is the task of drawing a separate boundary around each individual cell in a microscope image. This task is made difficult by vague cell boundaries and the transparent nature of cells. Many techniques for automatic cell segmentation exist, but these methods often require annotated datasets, model retraining, and associated technical expertise.

ResultsWe present SAMCell, a modified version of Metas Segment Anything Model (SAM) trained on an existing large-scale dataset of microscopy images containing varying cell types and confluency. We find that our approach works on a wide range of microscopy images, including cell types not seen in training and on images taken by a different microscope. We also present a user-friendly UI that reduces the technical expertise needed to use this automated microscopy technique.

ConclusionsUsing SAMCell, biologists can quickly and automatically obtain cell segmentation results of higher quality than previous methods. Further, these results can be obtained through our custom GUI without expertise in Machine Learning, thus decreasing the human labor required in cell culturing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VandeLoo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malta, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zyl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAMCell: Generalized Label-Free Biological Cell Segmentation with Segment Anything]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning of molecular dynamics simulations provides insights into modulation of viral capsid assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An effective approach in the development of novel antivirals is to target the assembly of viral capsids using capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). CAMs targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) have two major modes of function: they can either accelerate nucleocapsid assembly, retaining its structure, or misdirect it into non-capsid-like particles. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of early capsid-assembly intermediates showed differences in protein conformations for apo and bound states. Here, we have developed and tested several classification machine learning (ML) models to better distinguish between apo-tetramer intermediates and those bound to accelerating or misdirecting CAMs. Models based on tertiary structural properties of the Cp149 tetramers and their inter-dimer orientation, as well as models based on direct and inverse contact distances between protein residues, were tested. All models distinguished the apo states and the two CAM-bound states with high accuracy. Furthermore, tertiary structure models and residue-distance models highlighted different tetramer regions as important for classification. Both models can be used to better understand structural transitions that govern the assembly of nucleocapsids and to assist the development of more potent CAMs. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of classification ML methods in comparing MD trajectories and describe our ML approaches, which can be extended to other systems of interest.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning of molecular dynamics simulations provides insights into modulation of viral capsid assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.633197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decay and Solid-Liquid Partitioning of Mpox and Vaccinia Viruses in Primary Influent and Settled Solids to Guide Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.633197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has proven to be a powerful tool for tracking the spread of viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, but as WBE has expanded to include new pathogens, such as mpox virus, more data is needed to guide practitioners on how to design WBE campaigns. Here, we investigated the decay rates of heat-inactivated mpox (HI-MPXV) and attenuated vaccinia virus (VV) in primary influent and settled solids collected from a local POTW at 4{degrees}C, 22{degrees}C, or 35{degrees}C using digital PCR. Subsequently, we studied the solid-liquid partitioning of the viruses in primary influent. Over the 30-day study period, we observed no significant difference in log-linear decay rates between viruses (p=0.5258), with significantly higher decay rates in primary influent (0.109-0.144/day) compared to settled solids (0.019-0.040/day) at both 22{degrees}C (p=0.0030) and 35{degrees}C (p=0.0166). Furthermore, as part of the partitioning experiment, we found that HI-MPXV and VV adsorb to the solids fraction of primary influent at higher intensities than previously studied enveloped viruses (KF = 1,000-31,800 mL/g, n = 1.01-1.41). Likewise, it was determined in the partitioning experiment that a concentration of greater than 103 gc/mL in raw influent was needed for the viable quantification of mpox and vaccinia viruses in the clarified liquid fraction of raw primarily influent. Our study provides essential insights into informative sample collection and storage conditions for the analysis of wastewater and for transport modeling studies. Due to the slow decay observed in settled solids at all tested temperatures in the persistence experiment, this matrix may be most suitable for retrospective analyses of community infection of the mpox virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.633197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decay and Solid-Liquid Partitioning of Mpox and Vaccinia Viruses in Primary Influent and Settled Solids to Guide Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neurobiological Psychosis Biotypes Using Multi-Scale Functional Network Connectivity and its Latent Independent Subspace 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aims to identify Psychosis Imaging Neurosubtypes (PINs)-- homogeneous subgroups of individuals with psychosis characterized by distinct neurobiology derived from imaging features. Specifically, we utilized resting-state fMRI data from 2103 B-SNIP 1&2 participants (1127 with psychosis, 350 relatives, 626 controls) to compute subject-specific multiscale functional network connectivity (msFNC). We then derived a low-dimensional neurobiological subspace, termed Latent Network Connectivity (LNC), which captured system-wide interconnected multiscale information across three components (cognitive-related, typical, psychosis-related). Projections of psychosis participants msFNC onto this subspace revealed three PINs through unsupervised learning, each with distinct cognitive, clinical, and connectivity profiles, spanning all DSM diagnoses (Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Schizoaffective). PIN-1, the most cognitively impaired, showed Cerebellar-Subcortical and Visual-Sensorimotor hypoconnectivity, alongside Visual-Subcortical hyperconnectivity. Most cognitively preserved PIN-2 showed Visual-Subcortical, Subcortical-Sensorimotor, and Subcortical-Higher Cognition hypoconnectivity. PIN-3 exhibited intermediate cognitive function, showing Cerebellar-Subcortical hypoconnectivity alongside Cerebellar-Sensorimotor and Subcortical-Sensorimotor hyperconnectivity. Notably, 55% of relatives aligned with the same neurosubtype as their affected family members--a significantly higher rate than random chance (p-valueRelatives-to-PIN-1 < 0.001, p-valueRelatives-to-PIN-2 < 0.05, p-valueRelatives-to-PIN-3 < 0.001) compared to a non-significant 37% DSM-based classification, supporting a biological basis of these neurosubtypes. Cognitive performance reliably aligns with distinct brain connectivity patterns, which are also evident in relatives, supporting their construct validity. Our PINs differed from original B-SNIP Biotypes, which were determined from electrophysiological, cognitive, and oculomotor data. These findings underscore the limitations of DSM-based classifications in capturing the biological complexity of psychotic disorders and highlight the potential of imaging-based neurosubtypes to enhance our understanding of the psychosis spectrum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camazon, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajracharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neurobiological Psychosis Biotypes Using Multi-Scale Functional Network Connectivity and its Latent Independent Subspace]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dynamics of explore-exploit decisions suggest a threshold mechanism for reduced random exploration in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When faced with a choice between exploring an unknown option vs exploiting an option they know well, older adults explore less and exploit more than younger adults. Recent work has suggested that one cause of this age difference in exploration is a reduction in the extent to which older adults use "random exploration" - exploration driven by behavioral variability. Here we investigate potential mechanisms for this age-related difference in random exploration through the lens of a drift diffusion model (DDM) of the explore-exploit choice. In this model, random exploration can be modulated by two mechanisms - the fidelity with which information about the choice is represented in the brain, the "signal-to-noise ratio" (SNR), and the amount of information required to make a decision, the "decision threshold." Reduced random exploration in aging could be caused either by an increase in signal-to-noise ratio or an increase in decision threshold in older adults. By fitting the DDM to choices and response times in a sample of healthy younger and older adults, we found that older adults had a lower SNR and a higher threshold than younger adults. This suggests that reduced random exploration in aging is driven by higher response thresholds in older adults, which may compensate for the reduced signal-to-noise ratio with which decision information is represented in the brain.

Author SummaryThe balance of deciding to explore the unknown, versus exploiting the well-known, changes with age. Compared to younger counterparts, healthy older adults have reduced random exploration, in which choices appear uninfluenced by the value of options.

To investigate the mechanism of reduced random exploration, reaction time and choices between two slot machines in the Horizon Task were modelled using the drift diffusion model (DDM). In the DDM there is an accumulation of evidence over time, until a boundary threshold for either the explore or exploit option is crossed. The DDM used here can distinguish between two different drivers of random exploration, changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with which reward information is represented, and changes in the threshold required to make a decision.

We showed that reduced random exploration in older adults results from a higher decision threshold. Whilst older adults had a lower SNR than younger adults, which could lead to more mistakes, older adults actually performed slightly better in the Horizon task than younger adults. Together this suggests that the higher decision threshold could be a healthy aging adaptation, which is overcompensating for the less accurate choices that could result from a lower SNR alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phelps, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisvold, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreeram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooke, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraire, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delval, A. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangenberg, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithelavage, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, E. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harader, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizell, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchetti, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.638023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dynamics of explore-exploit decisions suggest a threshold mechanism for reduced random exploration in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring protein sequence and structure generative models to enhance protein stability prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting changes in protein thermostability caused by amino acid substitutions is essential for understanding human diseases and engineering proteins for practical applications. While recent protein generative models demonstrate impressive zero-shot performance in predicting various protein properties without task-specific training, their strong unsupervised prediction ability remains underexploited to improve protein stability prediction. We present SPURS, a deep learning framework that rewires and integrates two complementary protein generative models-a protein language model and an inverse folding model-and reprograms this unified framework for stability prediction through supervised fine-tuning on mega-scale thermostability data. SPURS delivers accurate, efficient, and scalable stability predictions with exceptional generalization to unseen proteins and mutations. Beyond stability prediction, SPURS enables broad applications in protein informatics, including zero-shot identification of functional residues, improved low-N protein fitness prediction, and systematic dissection of stability-pathogenicity for human diseases. Together, these capabilities establish SPURS as a versatile tool for advancing protein stability prediction and protein engineering at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.638154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring protein sequence and structure generative models to enhance protein stability prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple pathways to the evolution of positive assortment in aggregative multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary transition to multicellularity requires shifting the primary unit of selection from cells to multicellular collectives. How this occurs in aggregative organisms remains poorly understood. Clonal development provides a direct path to multicellular adaptation through genetic identity between cells, but aggregative organisms face a constraint: selection on collective-level traits cannot drive adaptation without positive genetic assortment. We leveraged experimental evolution of flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine the evolution and role of genetic assortment in multicellular adaptation. After 840 generations of selection for rapid settling, 13 of 19 lineages evolved increased positive assortment relative to their ancestor. However, assortment provided no competitive advantage during settling selection, suggesting it arose as an indirect effect of selection on cell-level traits rather than through direct selection on collective-level properties. Genetic reconstruction experiments and protein structure modeling revealed two distinct pathways to assortment: kin recognition mediated by mutations in the FLO1 adhesion gene and generally enhanced cellular adhesion that improved flocculation efficiency independent of partner genotype. The evolution of assortment without immediate adaptive benefit suggests that key innovations enabling multicellular adaptation may arise indirectly through cell-level selection. Our results demonstrate fundamental constraints on aggregative multicellularity and help explain why aggregative lineages have remained simple.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoy, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGillivray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple pathways to the evolution of positive assortment in aggregative multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fire ant social chromosome exerts a major influence on genome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supergenes underlying complex trait polymorphisms ensure sets of coadapted alleles remain genetically linked. Despite their prevalence in nature, the mechanisms of supergene effects on genome regulation are poorly understood. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, a supergene containing over 500 individual genes influences trait variation in multiple castes to collectively underpin a colony level social polymorphism. Here, we present results of an integrative investigation of supergene effects on gene regulation. We present analyses of ATAC-seq data to investigate variation in chromatin accessibility by supergene genotype and STARR-seq data to characterize enhancer activity by supergene haplotype. Integration with gene coexpression analyses, newly mapped intact TEs, and previously identified CNVs, collectively reveal widespread effects of the supergene on chromatin structure, gene transcription, and regulatory element activity, with a genome-wide bias for open chromatin and increased expression in the presence of the derived supergene haplotype, particularly in regions that harbor intact TEs. Integrated consideration of CNVs and regulatory element divergence suggests each evolved in concert to shape the expression of supergene encoded factors, including several transcription factors that may directly contribute to the trans-regulatory footprint of a heteromorphic social chromosome. Overall, we show how genome structure in the form of a supergene has wide-reaching effects on gene regulation and gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catto, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glastad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodisman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fire ant social chromosome exerts a major influence on genome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explainable machine learning for health disparities: type 2 diabetes in the All of Us research program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality and a disproportionate impact on minority groups. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to characterize T2D risk factors; however, it has not been used to study T2D health disparities. Our objective was to use explainable ML methods to discover and characterize T2D health disparity risk factors. We applied SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), a new class of explainable ML methods that provide interpretability to ML classifiers, to this end. ML classifiers were used to model T2D risk within and between self-identified race and ethnicity (SIRE) groups, and SHAP values were calculated to quantify the effect of T2D risk factors. We then stratified SHAP values by SIRE to quantify the effect of T2D risk factors on prevalence differences between groups. We found that ML classifiers (random forest, lightGBM, and XGBoost) accurately modeled T2D risk and recaptured the observed prevalence differences between SIRE groups. SHAP analysis showed the top seven most important T2D risk factors for all SIRE groups were the same, with the order of importance for features differing between groups. SHAP values stratified by SIRE showed that income, waist circumference, and education best explain the higher prevalence of T2D in the Black or African American group, compared to the White group, whereas income, education and triglycerides best explain the higher prevalence of T2D in the Hispanic or Latino group. This study demonstrates that explainable ML can be used to elucidate health disparity risk factors and quantify their group-specific effects.

Author SummaryWhile machine learning (ML) methods hold great promise for epidemiological studies, their practical utility is limited by interpretability. Increasingly complex ML models are great at predicting disease risk, but how they arrive at a given prediction is often obscured by model complexity. Explainable ML is an emerging discipline that seeks to render ML models more transparent by elucidating how and why input features contribute to output predictions. This study reports a novel application of explainable ML to epidemiology, focusing on type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a paradigm of health disparities. We found that ML classifiers were able to accurately model T2D disparities, for a large cohort of Black, Hispanic, and White Americans, and explainable ML revealed which risk factors contributed to the observed disparities and how. The results demonstrate that explainable ML can be a powerful tool for the discovery and characterization of health disparity risk factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kambara, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chukka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino-Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explainable machine learning for health disparities: type 2 diabetes in the All of Us research program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholesterol efflux protein, ABCA1, supports anti-cancer functions of myeloid immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although immune therapy has seen significant advances, the majority of breast and other solid tumors do not respond or quickly develop de novo resistance. One factor driving resistance is highly immune suppressive myeloid cells (MCs) such as macrophages. Previous work has established clinical links between cholesterol and cancer outcome, and that MC function can be regulated through disruption in cholesterol metabolism. Thus, we screened for proteins that were expressed in MCs, involved in cholesterol homeostasis and whose expression was associated with survival; we identify the cholesterol efflux protein ABCA1. Preclinical studies revealed that ABCA1 activity resulted in increased anti-cancer functions of macrophages: enhanced tumor infiltration, decreased angiogenic potential, reduced efferocytosis, and improved support of CD8+ T cell activity. Mechanistically, different AKT isoforms are involved, through both PI3K dependent and independent mechanisms. Assessment of human blood and breast tumors revealed correlations between ABCA1 in macrophages and angiogenic potential, VEGFA, and CD8 T cell abundance and activity, highlighting the clinical relevance of our findings. The culmination of the effects of ABCA1 on MC function were demonstrated through increased tumor growth and metastasis in mice with MC specific knockout of ABCA1. Therefore, modulating ABCA1 activity within MCs may represent a novel approach to immune therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendre, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajyousif, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K C, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhogale, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krawczynska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schane, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kockaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelczyk, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamage, H. E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deaton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverdloc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gann, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Bortle, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.638515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholesterol efflux protein, ABCA1, supports anti-cancer functions of myeloid immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint linear modeling of transcriptomics and proteomics is predictive of cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer metastasis, a process in which cancer cells migrate to secondary sites, accounts for 90% of cancer deaths. While many machine learning models have been developed and applied to predict metastasis, they tend to be restricted to tumor types or classification tasks. Here, we apply a pan-cancer machine learning model that is easily interpretable and directly links the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of hundreds of cancer cell lines with metastasis in a tissue-agnostic manner. We show that, for the relatively small sample size here, linear models perform just as well as non-linear models, including neural networks. We demonstrate that transcriptomics outperforms proteomics for predictive tasks due to more comprehensive genome coverage. However, the combination of both transcriptomics and proteomics leads to an overall increase in performance and we provide evidence indicating complementary information available between these modalities. Features identified as most important by the joint omics model are over-represented in biological pathways related to metastasis, suggesting that the model learns relevant information that may be useful in identifying universal biomarkers or therapeutic targets of cancer metastasis. Finally, we identify feature modules with synergistic or antagonistic effects that suggest potential mechanisms that amplify metastatic phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meimetis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begzati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint linear modeling of transcriptomics and proteomics is predictive of cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building Multivariate Molecular Imaging Brain Atlases Using the NeuroMark PET Independent Component Analysis Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular imaging analyses using positron emission tomography (PET) data often rely on macro-anatomical regions of interest (ROI), which may not align with chemo-architectural boundaries and obscure functional distinctions. While methods such as independent component analysis (ICA) have been useful to address this limitation, the fully data-driven nature can make it challenging to compare results across studies. Here, we introduce the NeuroMark PET approach, utilizing spatially constrained independent component analysis to define overlapping regions that may reflect the brains molecular architecture.

We first generate an ICA template for the PET radiotracer florbetapir (FBP), targeting amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) accumulation in the brain, using blind ICA on large datasets to identify replicable independent components. Only components that targeted A{beta} were included in this study, defined as A{beta} networks (A{beta}Ns), by omitting components targeting myelin or other non-A{beta} targets. Next, we use the A{beta}Ns as priors for spatially constrained ICA, resulting in a fully automated ICA pipeline called NeuroMark PET. This NeuroMark pipeline, including its A{beta}Ns, was validated against a standard neuroanatomical PET atlas, using data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). The study included 296 cognitively normal participants with FBP PET scans and 173 with florbetaben (FBB) PET scans, an analogue radiotracer also targeting A{beta} accumulation.

Our results show that NeuroMark PET captures biologically meaningful, participant-specific features, such as subject specific loading values, consistent across individuals, and also shows higher sensitivity and power for detecting age-related changes compared to traditional atlas-based ROIs. Using this framework, we also highlight some of the advantages of using ICA analysis for PET data. In this study, an A{beta}N consists of weighted voxels and forms a pattern throughout the entire brain. For example, components may have weighted values at every voxel and can overlap with one another, enabling the separation of artifacts which may coincide with the A{beta}Ns of interest. In addition, this approach allows for the differentiation, separating white matter components, which may overlap in complex ways with the A{beta}Ns, mainly residing in the neighboring gray matter.

Results also showed that the most age associated A{beta}N (representing the cognitive control network, CC1) exhibited a stronger association with age compared with macro-anatomical regions of interest. This may suggest that each NeuroMark FBP A{beta}N represents a spatial network following chemo-architectural uptake with greater biological relevance compared with anatomical ROIs.

In summary, the proposed NeuroMark PET approach offers a fully automated framework, providing accurate and reproducible brain A{beta}Ns. This approach enhances our ability to investigate the molecular underpinnings of brain function and pathology, offering an alternative to traditional ROI-based analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eierud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petropoulos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building Multivariate Molecular Imaging Brain Atlases Using the NeuroMark PET Independent Component Analysis Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consequences of training data composition for deep learning models in single-cell biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundation models for single-cell transcriptomics have the potential to augment (or replace) purpose-built tools for a variety of common analyses, especially when data are sparse. Recent work with large language models has shown that training data composition greatly shapes performance; however, to date, single-cell foundation models have ignored this aspect, opting instead to train on the largest possible corpus. We systematically investigate the consequences of training dataset composition on the behavior of deep learning models of single-cell transcriptomics, focusing on human hematopoiesis as a tractable model system and including cells from adult and developing tissues, disease states, and perturbation atlases. We find that (1) these models generalize poorly to unseen cell types, (2) adding malignant cells to a healthy cell training corpus does not necessarily improve modeling of unseen malignant cells, and (3) including an embryonic stem cell differentiation atlas during training improves performance on out-of-distribution tasks. Our results emphasize the importance of diverse training data and suggest strategies to optimize future single-cell foundation models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoutam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navia, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consequences of training data composition for deep learning models in single-cell biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepPath: Overcoming data scarcity for protein transition pathway prediction using physics-based deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural dynamics of proteins play a crucial role in their function, yet most experimental and deep learning methods produce only static models. While molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide atomistic insight into conformational transitions, they remain computationally prohibitive, particularly for large-scale motions. Here, we introduce DeepPath, a deep-learning-based framework that rapidly generates physically realistic transition pathways between known protein states. Unlike conventional supervised learning approaches, DeepPath employs active learning to iteratively refine its predictions, leveraging molecular mechanical force fields as an oracle to guide pathway generation. We validated DeepPath on three biologically relevant test cases: SHP2 activation, CdiB H1 secretion, and the BAM complex lateral gate opening. DeepPath accurately predicted the transition pathways for all test cases, reproducing key intermediate structures and transient interactions observed in previous studies. Notably, DeepPath also predicted an intermediate between the BAM inwardand outward-open states that closely aligns with an experimentally observed hybrid-barrel structure (TMscore = 0.91). Across all cases, DeepPath achieved accurate pathway predictions within hours, showcasing an efficient alternative to MD simulations for exploring protein conformational transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepPath: Overcoming data scarcity for protein transition pathway prediction using physics-based deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AF3Complex Yields Improved Structural Predictions of Protein Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAccurate structures of protein complexes are essential for understanding biological pathway function. A previous study showed how downstream modifications to AlphaFold 2 could yield AF2Complex, a model better suited for protein complexes. Here, we introduce AF3Complex, a model equipped with both similar and novel improvements, built on AlphaFold 3.

ResultsBenchmarking AF3Complex and AlphaFold 3 on a large dataset of protein complexes, it was shown that AF3Complex outperforms AlphaFold 3. Moreover, by evaluating the structures generated by AF3Complex on datasets of protein-peptide complexes and antibody-antigen complexes, it was established that AF3Complex could create high-fidelity structures for these challenging complex types. Additionally, when deployed to generate structural predictions for protein complexes used in the recent CASP16 competition, AF3Complex yielded structures that would have placed it among the top models in the competition.

AvailabilityThe AF3Complex code is freely available at https://github.com/Jfeldman34/AF3Complex.git.

ContactPlease contact jonathanfeldman@gatech.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AF3Complex Yields Improved Structural Predictions of Protein Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring mutant myocilin secretion and localization in trabecular meshwork cell cultures using a protein complementation-based luminescence assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 2-4% of adult onset and 10% of juvenile onset cases of primary open angle glaucoma can be attributed to non-synonymous coding mutations in MYOC. One of the key characteristics of a pathogenic MYOC mutant is the inability of the resulting protein to be secreted from trabecular meshwork cells. Instead, pathogenic myocilin variants accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. Typically, localization of MYOC mutants is compared to wild-type myocilin in cellular secretion assays that use immunoblot to detect myocilin in extracellular media, alongside intracellular soluble and insoluble (aggregated) fractions. Here, we implement a new method that utilizes a complement-based luminescence method in which an 11-residue HiBiT tag is appended to myocilin and complements a truncated nanoluciferase. The method allows for highly sensitive luminescence detection and does not require immunoblot. We tested non-synonymous coding variants T377R, D384G, D395ins, C433Y, T455K, and L486F, in an established immortalized trabecular meshwork cell line. Secretion was tested in 96-well plate format, revealing poor secretion for these mutants compared to wild-type myocilin. For assays conducted in 6-well plates, myocilin mutants were accumulated in intracellular fractions. HiBiT luminescence signals correlated well with immunofluorescence as well as immunoblot but is more sensitive than the latter. Overall, our study demonstrates that complement-based detection of mutant myocilin using luminescence allows for facile and sensitive detection of myocilin localization and has confirmed secretion defects for seven variants.

HighlightsO_LIMutations in myocilin are causal for early onset open angle glaucoma
C_LIO_LIIn the lab pathogenic myocilin mutations are characterized by secretion defects
C_LIO_LIWe validate a complement luminescence assay for detection of myocilin localization
C_LIO_LIThe luminescence-based assay is more sensitive than traditional immunoblot
C_LIO_LIWe confirm secretion defects for several mutants not previously characterized
C_LI

TOC Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=71 SRC="FIGDIR/small/640780v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankford, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garfinkel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring mutant myocilin secretion and localization in trabecular meshwork cell cultures using a protein complementation-based luminescence assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disturbed Flow Induces Reprogramming of Endothelial Cells to Immune-like and Foam Cells under Hypercholesterolemia during Atherogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtherosclerosis occurs preferentially in the arteries exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow), while the stable flow (s-flow) regions are protected even under hypercholesterolemic conditions. We recently showed that d-flow alone initiates flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells (FIRE), including the novel concept of partial endothelial-to-immune-cell-like transition (partial EndIT), but was not validated using a genetic lineage-tracing model. Here, we tested and validated the two-hit hypothesis that d-flow is an initial instigator of partial FIRE but requires hypercholesterolemia to induce a full-blown FIRE and atherosclerotic plaque development.

MethodsMice were treated with adeno-associated virus expressing proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and a Western diet to induce hypercholesterolemia and/or partial carotid ligation (PCL) surgery to expose the left common carotid artery (LCA) to d-flow. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was performed using cells obtained from the intima and leftover LCAs and the control right common carotid arteries at 2 and 4 weeks post-PCL. Comprehensive immunohistochemical staining was performed on EC-specific confetti mice treated with PCL and hypercholesterolemic conditions at 4 weeks post-PCL to validate endothelial reprogramming.

ResultsAtherosclerotic plaques developed by d-flow under hypercholesterolemia at 2 and 4 weeks post-PCL, but not by d-flow or hypercholesterolemia alone, as expected. The scRNA-seq results of 98,553 single cells from 95 mice revealed 25 cell clusters; 5 EC, 3 vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC), 5 macrophage (M{Phi}), and additional fibroblast, T cell, natural killer cell, dendritic cell, neutrophil, and B cell clusters. Our scRNA-seq analyses showed that d-flow under hypercholesterolemia transitioned healthy ECs to full immune-like (EndIT) and, more surprisingly, foam cells (EndFT), in addition to inflammatory and mesenchymal cells (EndMT). Further, EC-derived foam cells shared remarkably similar transcriptomic profiles with foam cells derived from SMCs and M{Phi}s. Comprehensive lineage-tracing studies using immunohistochemical staining of canonical protein and lipid markers in the EC-specific confetti mice clearly demonstrated direct evidence supporting the novel FIRE hypothesis, including EndIT and EndFT, when d-flow was combined with hypercholesterolemia. Further, reanalysis of the publicly available human carotid plaque scRNA-seq and Perturb-seq datasets supported the FIRE hypothesis and a potential mechanistic link between the genes and FIRE.

ConclusionWe provide evidence supporting the two-hit hypothesis: ECs in d-flow regions, such as the branching points, are partially reprogrammed, while hypercholesterolemia alone has minimal endothelial reprogramming effects. Under hypercholesterolemia, d-flow fully reprograms arterial ECs, including the novel EndIT and EndFT, in addition to inflammation and EndMT, during atherogenesis. This single-cell atlas provides a crucial roadmap for developing novel mechanistic understanding and therapeutics targeting flow-sensitive genes, proteins, and pathways of atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasterkamp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa-Roel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disturbed Flow Induces Reprogramming of Endothelial Cells to Immune-like and Foam Cells under Hypercholesterolemia during Atherogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-induced reversible assembly and actuation in ultrafast Ca2+-driven chemomechanical protein networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programming rapid, repeatable motions in soft materials has remained a challenge in active matter and biomimetic design. Here, we present a light-controlled chemomechanical network based on Tetrahymena thermophila calcium-binding protein 2 (Tcb2), a Ca2+-sensitive contractile protein. These networks--driven by Ca2+-triggered structural rearrangements--exhibit dynamic selfassembly, spatiotemporal growth, and contraction rates comparable to actomyosin systems. By coupling light-sensitive chelators for optically triggered Ca2+ release, we achieve precise growth and repeatable mechanical contractility of Tcb2 networks, revealing emergent phenomena such as boundary-localized active regions and density gradient-driven reversals in motion. A coupled reaction-diffusion and elastic model explains these dynamics, highlighting the interplay between chemical network assembly and mechanical response. We further demonstrate active transport of particles via network-mediated forces in vitro and implement reinforcement learning to program seconds-scale spatiotemporal actuation in silico. These results establish a platform for designing responsive active materials with rapid chemomechanical dynamics and tunable optical control, with applications in synthetic cells, sub-cellular force generation, and programmable biomaterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabortty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-induced reversible assembly and actuation in ultrafast Ca2+-driven chemomechanical protein networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory cell type heterogeneity in a spatially structured mean-field model of V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are classified into cell types differing in their morphology, electrophysiology, and connectivity. Although it is known that parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing neurons (VIP), the major inhibitory neuron subtypes in the cortex, have distinct modulatory effects on excitatory neurons, how heterogeneous spatial connectivity properties relate to network computations is not well understood. Here, we study the implications of heterogeneous inhibitory neurons on the dynamics and computations of spatially-structured neural networks. We develop a mean-field model of the system in order to systematically examine excitation-inhibition balance, dynamical stability, and cell-type specific gain modulations. The model incorporates three inhibitory cell types and excitatory neurons with distinct connectivity probabilities and recent evidence of long-range spatial projections of SST neurons. Position-dependent firing rate predictions are validated against simulations, and balanced solutions under Gaussian assumptions are derived from scaling arguments. Stability analysis shows that while long-range inhibitory projections in E-I circuits with a homogeneous inhibitory population result in instability, the heterogeneous network maintains stability with long-range SST projections. This suggests that a mixture of short and long-range inhibitions may be key to providing diverse computations while maintaining stability. We further find that conductance-based synaptic transmissions are necessary to reproduce experimentally observed cell-type-specific gain modulations of inhibition by PV and SST neurons. These gain modulations are distance-dependent, and a linear response analysis suggested that shifts in the excitation-inhibition balance of the network underlie these effects. Our theoretical approach offers insight into the computational function of cell-type-specific and distance-dependent network structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory cell type heterogeneity in a spatially structured mean-field model of V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weighted Ensemble Simulations Reveal Novel Conformations and Modulator Effects in Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a detailed description of biophysical processes allowing mechanistic questions to be addressed at the atomic level. The promise of such approaches is partly hampered by well known sampling issues of typical simulations, where time scales available are significantly shorter than the process of interest. For the system of interest here, the binding of modulators of Hepatitis B virus capsid self-assembly, the binding site is at a flexible protein-protein interface. Characterization of the conformational landscape and how it is altered upon ligand binding is thus a prerequisite for a complete mechanistic description of capsid assembly modulation. However, such a description can be difficult due to the aforementioned sampling issues of standard MD, and enhanced sampling strategies are required. Here we employ the Weighted Ensemble methodology to characterize the free-energy landscape of our earlier determined functionally relevant progress coordinates. It is shown that this approach provides conformations outside those sampled by standard MD, as well as an increased number of structures with correspondingly enlarged binding pockets conducive to ligand binding, illustrating the utility of Weighted Ensemble for computational drug development.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.15.643452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weighted Ensemble Simulations Reveal Novel Conformations and Modulator Effects in Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.643674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide ribonucleotide detection in Archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.643674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome integrity is constantly challenged by the incorporation of ribonucleotides (rNMPs) during DNA synthesis. Covalently linked single and several consecutive rNMPs occur in the genome of a number of organisms. They are mainly introduced by DNA polymerases during DNA replication and repair. In general, cells evolved ribonucleases H (RNases H) specialized in the removal of rNMPs from DNA to avoid any detrimental consequences on genome stability. Here, we describe the involvement of types 1 and/or 2 RNases H in processing embedded rNMPs in the genome of two archaeal species Haloferax volcanii and Thermococcus barophilus. Using combined approaches that include alkaline DNA fragmentation, high-throughput ribose-seq DNA sequencing and nucleotide pool quantification, the distribution, identity, level and sequence context of genomic rNMPs are reported and discussed regards to the intracellular balances of dNTPs and rNTPs. Our results confirm the predominant role of type 2 RNase H in the removal of genomic rNMPs. They also reveal rNMP-base compositions, densities, locations, and variations of surrounding bases at rNMP-embedment for each mutant. The cellular roles of the different RNases H in processing rNMPs in the genome of Archaea are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moalic, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reveil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjbarian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykallio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jebbar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.643674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide ribonucleotide detection in Archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.643762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biofilm Vertical Growth Dynamics Are Captured by An Active Fluid Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.643762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial biofilms, surface-attached microbial communities, grow horizontally across surfaces and vertically above them. Although a simple heuristic model for vertical growth was experimentally shown to accurately describe the behavior of diverse microbial species, the biophysical implications and theoretical basis for this empirical model were unclear. Here, we demonstrate that this heuristic model emerges naturally from fundamental principles of active fluid dynamics. By analytically deriving exact solutions for an active fluid model of vertical biofilm growth, we show that the governing equations reduce to the same form as the empirical model in both early- and late-stage growth regimes. Our analysis reveals that cell death and decay rates likely play key roles in determining the characteristic parameters of vertical growth. The active fluid model produces a single, simple equation governing growth at heights above and below the diffusion limit; surprisingly, this "full" expression is simpler than the heuristic. With this theoretical basis, we explain why the vertical growth rate reaches a maximum at a height greater than the previously identified characteristic length scale. These results provide a theoretical foundation for a simple mathematical model of vertical growth, enabling deeper understanding of how biological and biophysical factors interact during biofilm development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copeland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.643762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biofilm Vertical Growth Dynamics Are Captured by An Active Fluid Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large Language Model-Powered Map of Metabolomics Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a comprehensive map of the metabolomics research landscape, synthesizing insights from over 80,000 publications. Using PubMedBERT, we transformed abstracts into 768-dimensional embeddings that capture the nuanced thematic structure of the field. Dimensionality reduction with t-SNE revealed distinct clusters corresponding to key domains such as analytical chemistry, plant biology, pharmacology, and clinical diagnostics. In addition, a neural topic modeling pipeline refined with GPT-4o mini reclassified the corpus into 20 distinct topics--ranging from "Plant Stress Response Mechanisms" and "NMR Spectroscopy Innovations" to "COVID-19 Metabolomic and Immune Responses." Temporal analyses further highlight trends including the rise of deep learning methods post-2015 and a continued focus on biomarker discovery. Integration of metadata such as publication statistics and sample sizes provide additional context to these evolving research dynamics. An interactive web application (https://metascape.streamlit.app/) enables dynamic exploration of these insights. Overall, this study offers a robust framework for literature synthesis that empowers researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to identify emerging research trajectories and address critical challenges in metabolomics, while also sharing our perspectives on key trends shaping the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bifarin, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelluru, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simhadri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large Language Model-Powered Map of Metabolomics Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Improves Parameter Estimation in Reinforcement Learning Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCognitive models are widely used in psychology and neuroscience to formulate and test hypotheses about cognitive processes. These processes are characterized by model parameters, which are then used for scientific inference. The reliability of scientific conclusions from cognitive modeling depends critically on the reliability of parameter estimation, yet estimating parameters remains a universal challenge particularly when data are too limited to constrain them. In such cases, multiple sets of parameters may explain the experimental data equally well within the same model, raising the question of which parameters are scientifically meaningful. We refer to this problem as parameter ambiguity. In this paper, we investigate parameter ambiguity in reinforcement learning under two optimization methods. We employ the de facto Nelder-Mead method (fminsearch) and a neural network trained to estimate parameters using a modern deep learning pipeline, which has seen limited application in cognitive modeling. Across ten decision-making datasets, we consistently find that the two methods produce substantially different parameter estimates despite achieving nearly identical fitting performance. To address this ambiguity, we introduce a systematic evaluation framework that goes beyond predictive accuracy to assess generalizability, robustness, identifiability, and test-retest reliability, thereby offering principled guidance on which parameter estimates should inform scientific inference. Applying this framework reveals that the neural network with a deep learning pipeline outperforms across these metrics. Our study establishes parameter ambiguity as an underappreciated challenge with significant implications for scientific replicability, highlighting that the choice of optimization method is a critical factor shaping scientific conclusions. We advocate for our multi-faceted evaluation approach to ensure reliable scientific inference and for broader integration of modern deep learning pipelines into cognitive modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji-An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Improves Parameter Estimation in Reinforcement Learning Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) swimming behaviour changes within a vertical flume under varied light, flow and chemical conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reacting strongly to light, chemicals or other aspects of their environment is common in zooplankton species. This study investigated if up- and down-welling currents operate with forces and speeds high enough to be felt and therefore have an impact on the behaviour of a macrozooplankton (the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba). Agent-based models incorporating extremely simple behavioural responses have provided insight into some aspects of krill distributions, particularly diel vertical migration. More detailed and accurate predictions through modelling are only possible with well-resolved relationships between environmental properties (light, flow, food abundance, predator cues) and observed behaviours. This study attempted to unravel some of these complex relationships between the environment and krill behaviour by investigating the swimming responses of E. superba in a vertical flume to up- and down-welling, the presence of phytoplankton and predator cues and different photic inputs. This study found that even very slow flows in up-and down-welling polarise krill movement changed and that the sensitivity of krill to up- and down-welling is modified by the presence of food and predator cues. Thus, it is possible to quantify krill behavioural responses to environmental stimuli in a way that permits more detailed agent-based models capable of examining krill responses to cues in nature. These results complement previous studies on krill behaviour and add an extra dimension to modelling work of krill swimming dynamics, distributions and demographics under a range of environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hellessey, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissburg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) swimming behaviour changes within a vertical flume under varied light, flow and chemical conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroCarta: An Automated and Quantitative Approach to Mapping Cellular Networks in the Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the structural organization of the brain is essential for deciphering how complex functions emerge from neural circuits. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas (AMBCA) has revolutionized our ability to quantify anatomical connectivity at a mesoscale resolution, bridging the gap between microscopic cellular interactions and macroscopic network organization. To leverage AMBCA for automated network construction and analysis, here we introduce NeuroCarta, an open-source MATLAB toolbox designed to extract, process, and analyze brain-wide connectivity networks. NeuroCarta generates directed and weighted connectivity graphs, computes key network metrics, and visualizes topological features of brain circuits. As an application example, using NeuroCarta on viral tracer data from the AMBCA, we demonstrate that the mouse brain exhibits a densely connected architecture, with a degree of separation of approximately four synapses, suggesting an optimized balance between local specialization and global integration. We identify attractor nodes that may serve as key convergence points in brain-wide neural computations and show that NeuroCarta facilitates comparative network analyses, revealing regional variations in projection patterns. While the toolbox is currently constrained by the resolution and coverage of the AMBCA dataset, it provides a scalable and customizable framework for investigating brain network topology, interregional communication, and anatomical constraints on mesoscale circuit organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergmans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroCarta: An Automated and Quantitative Approach to Mapping Cellular Networks in the Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly selective visual receptive fields in mouse frontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of the mammalian visual system is spatial information processing. This relies on feedforward activity spanning multiple brain areas, and on interconnected neurons with spatial receptive fields (RFs) aligned across these areas. This organization allows neurons to iteratively analyze information from the same point of the visual field. It remains unclear if this framework extends beyond the visual system, especially into cognitive areas of frontal cortex that exert feedback control over early sensory areas. Here, we surveyed the mouse frontal cortex (anterior cingulate and secondary motor areas), and discovered neurons with low latency, highly localized visual RFs. Just like in visual cortex, responses were often highly selective for bright or dark stimuli. The responses lagged visual cortical areas by only [~]25 ms, and their RFs were comparable in size. Further, the representation of visual space in frontal cortex showed a strong bias for the central (binocular) visual field, but there was no evidence of a topographically organized retinotopic map. Importantly, these visual responses were abolished by optogenetic silencing of visual cortex, revealing a causal role for feedforward hierarchical connectivity that extends visual spatial processing directly into motor and cognitive regions of mouse frontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lien, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly selective visual receptive fields in mouse frontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational Dynamics and Catalytic Backups in a Hyper-Thermostable Engineered Archaeal Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes that play important roles in regulating cellular signaling pathways. The activity of these enzymes is regulated by the motion of a catalytic loop that places a critical conserved aspartic acid side chain into the active site for acid-base catalysis upon loop closure. These enzymes also have a conserved phosphate binding loop that is typically highly rigid and forms a well-defined anion binding nest. The intimate links between loop dynamics and chemistry in these enzymes make PTPs an excellent model system for understanding the role of loop dynamics in protein function and evolution. In this context, archaeal PTPs, which have evolved in extremophilic organisms, are highly understudied, despite their unusual biophysical properties. We present here an engineered chimeric PTP (ShufPTP) generated by shuffling the amino acid sequence of five extant hyperthermophilic archaeal PTPs. Despite ShufPTPs high sequence similarity to its natural counterparts, ShufPTP presents a suite of unique properties, including high flexibility of the phosphate binding P-loop, facile oxidation of the active site cysteine, mechanistic promiscuity, and most notably, hyperthermostability, with a denaturation temperature likely >130 {degrees}C (>8 {degrees}C higher than the highest recorded growth temperature of any archaeal strain). Our combined structural, biochemical, biophysical and computational analysis provides insight both into how small steps in evolutionary space can radically modulate the biophysical properties of an enzyme, and showcase the tremendous potential of archaeal enzymes for biotechnology, to generate novel enzymes capable of operating under extreme conditions.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yehorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alansson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loria, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaucher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Ruiz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational Dynamics and Catalytic Backups in a Hyper-Thermostable Engineered Archaeal Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How much is Transcription-associated Mutagenesis Driving tRNA Microevolution? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are among the most highly conserved and frequently transcribed genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that tRNAs experience exceptionally high rates of transcription-associated mutagenesis (TAM) as well as strong purifying selection. How the mutational input of TAM, which induces a non-uniform distribution of nucleotide substitutions, affects the fitness of tRNA molecules is unclear. Secondary structure in tRNAs is strongly conserved over macro-evolutionary time, suggesting that mutations that disrupt paired sites may be especially deleterious, but TAM-induced mutations primarily involve nucleotide transitions, which tend to preserve base-pairing stability.

To examine how TAM affects tRNA molecule fitness and shapes tRNA evolution over short timescales, we analyzed tRNA allelic variation in contemporary Caenorhabditis elegans strains. We propose a model of tRNA microevolution driven by TAM and demonstrate that the observed secondary structure characteristics align with our predicted TAM-biased patterns. Furthermore, we developed a continuous Markov substitution model that incorporates TAM-specific mutational biases. This TAM-biased model fits the C. elegans tRNA data more effectively than standard models, such as the general time-reversible (GTR) model.

Based on these results, we conclude that tRNAs in natural populations carry substantial levels of structure-destabilizing mutations, which may be tolerated but nevertheless likely induce meaningful fitness costs. Our findings are consistent with recent experimental studies on tRNA fitness in yeast but challenge prior theoretical and computational analyses that emphasize RNA base-pairing as a primary determinant in genotype-phenotype systems.

1 Significance StatementTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are ancient molecules, encoded as genes in all living systems. tRNA genes are known to experience exceptionally high rates of both mutation and purifying selection, but how these opposing evolutionary forces shape tRNA evolution is unclear. We developed a sequence substitution model specific to tRNA mutagenesis and applied it to standing variation in a natural population in order to infer how mutation and selection affect the structural stability of tRNA molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitsch, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How much is Transcription-associated Mutagenesis Driving tRNA Microevolution?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic basis for non-exponential bacterial growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial populations typically exhibit exponential growth under resource-rich conditions, yet individual cells often deviate from this pattern. Recent work has shown that the elongation rates of Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus increase throughout the cell cycle (super-exponential growth), while Bacillus subtilis displays a mid-cycle minimum (convex growth), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows linearly. Here, we develop a single-cell model linking gene expression, proteome allocation, and mass growth to explain these diverse growth trajectories. By calibrating model parameters with experimental data, we show that DNA-proportional mRNA transcription produces near-exponential growth, whereas deviations from this proportionality yield the observed non-exponential growth patterns. Analysis of gene expression perturbations reveals that ribosome expression primarily controls dry mass growth rate, whereas envelope expression more strongly affects cell elongation rate. Fitting our model to single-cell experimental data reproduces convex, super-exponential, and linear modes of growth, demonstrating how envelope and ribosome expression schedules drive cell-cycle-specific behaviors. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for non-exponential single-cell growth and offer insights into how bacterial cells dynamically regulate elongation rates within each generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cylke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic basis for non-exponential bacterial growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional susceptibility of PV interneurons in an hAPP-KI mouse model of Alzheimer's disease pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-stage Alzheimers pathology correlates with disrupted neuronal excitability, which can drive network and cognitive dysfunction even prior to neurodegeneration. However, the emergence and extent of these changes may vary by brain region and cell types situated in those regions. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of AD pathology on different neuron subtypes in both the entorhinal cortex, a region with enhanced pathology in early AD, and the primary visual cortex, a relatively unaffected region in early-stage AD. We designed and employed a semi-automated patch clamp electrophysiology apparatus to record from fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons and excitatory neurons in these regions, recording from over 150 cells in young adult APP-KI mice. In entorhinal cortex, amyloid overproduction resulted in PV interneuron hypoexcitability, whereas excitatory neurons were concurrently hyperexcitable. Conversely, neurons of either subclass were largely unaffected in the visual cortex. Together, these findings suggest that fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons in the entorhinal cortex, but not in the visual cortex, play an integral role in AD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magondu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional susceptibility of PV interneurons in an hAPP-KI mouse model of Alzheimer's disease pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional Tracking Method for Water-Hopping Mudskippers in Natural Habitats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a portable, non-invasive, and low-cost three-dimensional tracking method to quantify in situ water-hopping kinematics of mudskippers. By combining dual-camera video recordings with tracking fish path, Gaussian Splatting terrain reconstruction and epipolar geometric analysis, we capture detailed 3D trajectories of mudskippers in their natural tidal-flat habitats. Our proposed method resolves complex hopping motions, including both straight and curved escape paths, and reveals that horizontal distance, hopping height, and speed are strongly influenced by fish size and local terrain features. These results highlight both the biomechanical and ecological significance of water-hopping in mudskippers, demonstrating how a simple, deployable 3D approach can resolve complex amphibious movements in challenging field environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergerson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafe, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional Tracking Method for Water-Hopping Mudskippers in Natural Habitats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability and Adaptability in Balance: A Dual Mechanism for Metaplasticity in Cortical Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Circuit dynamics arise from the interaction between the networks connectivity structure and intrinsic neuronal nonlinearities, yet the roles of key structural parameters -- synaptic weight (W) and connection probability (P) -- are usually examined in simplified network models. Using a biologically grounded, multilayer spiking model of thalamocortical microcircuitry, incorporating conductance-based neurons and rodent somatosensory cortex connectivity, we systematically scaled W and P and identified four organising principles of population dynamics. First, stronger synapses monotonically amplified spiking across all populations. Second, increasing connection density produced a weight-dependent bidirectional outcome: adding weak synapses preserved baseline activity, whereas adding strong ones suppressed firing. Third, concurrent increases in W and P yielded sublinear effects, where population activity increased less than expected from the sum of their individual impacts. Fourth, two functional neuronal classes emerged -- scaling-invariant neurons that reliably transmitted thalamic input across connectivity regimes, and variant neurons that spiked selectively under specific connectivity scales. These classes differed in their excitation-inhibition balance, shaped by the strength of recurrent inhibition. Together, our findings show that synaptic weight and connection probability work in concert to define cortical operating regimes and generate the functional diversity in neuronal responses that supports flexible computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tompos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldenrust, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability and Adaptability in Balance: A Dual Mechanism for Metaplasticity in Cortical Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hexapods shift to increasingly stable gaits when climbing on inclined substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When terrestrial organisms locomote in natural settings, they must navigate complex surfaces that vary in incline angles and substrate roughness. Variable surface structures are common in arboreal environments and can be challenging to traverse. This study examines the walking gait of katydids (Tettigoniidae) as they traverse a custom-built platform with varying incline angles (30{degrees}, 45{degrees}, 60{degrees}, 75{degrees}, 90{degrees}) and substrate roughness (40, 120, and 320 grit sandpaper). Our results show that katydids walk more slowly as the incline angle increases and as katydid mass increases, with a decrease of around 0.3 BL/s for every 1{degrees} increase in incline. At steeper inclines and larger sizes, katydids are also less likely to use an alternating tripod gait, opting instead to maintain more limbs in contact with the substrate during walking. Katydids also increased average duty factor when climbing steeper inclines and with increasing body mass. However, substrate roughness did not affect walking speed or gait preference in our trials. These findings provide insights into how environmental factors influence locomotor strategies in katydids and enhance our understanding of effective locomotor strategies in hexapods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riiska, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallice, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hexapods shift to increasingly stable gaits when climbing on inclined substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Method for Extracellular Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on Epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tissues form barriers to the flow of ions, nutrients, waste products, bacteria, and viruses. The conventional electrophysiology measurement of transepithelial resistance (TER) can quantify epithelial barrier integrity, but does not capture all the electrical behavior of the tissue or provide insight into membrane specific properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in addition to measurement of TER, enables measurement of transepithelial capacitance (TEC) and a ratio of electrical time constants for the tissue, which we term membrane ratio. This protocol describes how to perform galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on epithelia using commercially available cell culture inserts and chambers, detailing the apparatus, electrical signal, fitting techniques, and error quantification. The measurement can be performed in approximately one minute using instrumentation capable of galvanostatic sinusoidal signal processing (4 A amplitude, 2 Hz-50 kHz). All fits to the model have less than 10 {Omega} mean absolute error, revealing repeatable values distinct for each cell type. On representative retinal pigment (n=3) and bronchiolar epithelial samples (n=4), we measured TER 500-667 {Omega}.cm2 and 955-1034 {Omega}.cm2, within the expected range, TEC 3.65-4.10 F/cm2 and 1.07-1.10 F/cm2, and membrane ratios 18-22 and 1.9-2.2, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewallen, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez Cegla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Method for Extracellular Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on Epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhagovelia uses interfacial run-and-tumble locomotionto improve prey capture in flowing environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhagovelia oriander is a freshwater water strider native to the rivers and streams of North and South America, known for its distinctive skating movement on the waters surface. This movement resembles the correlated random-walk pattern seen in microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. Previous studies have primarily focused on limb adaptations and biomechanics, leaving the ecological significance inadequately addressed. We combine field observations with controlled laboratory experiments using a flow mill to investigate the dynamics of R. oriander under typical flow conditions. Our findings indicate that this insect exhibits a two-dimensional run-and-tumble motion, often incorporating lateral tumbles following straight runs (run distance: 30.7 {+/-} 9.3 mm). We find that this behavior is resilient to changes in flow speed. In-silico simulations of particle interception demonstrated that this locomotion method enhances encounter rates compared to linear movement, particularly when the simulated food particle is following a rapid flow field. Our results document run-and-tumble locomotion in a millimeter-scale organism, showcasing a unique example of convergent behavior across diverse taxonomic groups and providing valuable insights into locomotion ecology while serving as a source of inspiration for bioinspired robotics and environmental exploration algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagappan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhagovelia uses interfacial run-and-tumble locomotionto improve prey capture in flowing environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid tumor CAR T cells engineered with fusion proteins targeting PDL1 for localized IL-12 delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CAR T cell efficacy in solid tumors is limited due in part to the immunosuppressive TME. To improve anti-tumor responses, we hypothesized that enabling CAR T cells to secrete bifunctional fusion proteins consisting of a cytokine modifier (e.g., TGF{beta}trap, IL15, or IL12) combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (e.g., PDL1) will provide tumor localized immunomodulation to improve CAR T cell functionality. To that end, we engineered CAR T cells to secrete TGF{beta}trap, IL15, or IL12 molecules fused to PDL1 scFv, and assessed in vitro functionality and in vivo safety and efficacy in prostate and ovarian cancer models. CAR T cells engineered with PDL1-IL12 were superior in safety and efficacy compared to CAR T cells alone and to those engineered with PDL1 fused with TGF{beta}trap or IL15. Further, PDL1-IL12 engineered CAR T cells improved T cell trafficking and tumor infiltration, localized IFN{gamma} production, TME modulation, and anti-tumor responses, with reduced systemic inflammation-associated toxicities. We believe our PDL1-IL12 engineering strategy presents an opportunity to improve CAR T cell clinical efficacy and safety across multiple solid tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murad, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishihara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid tumor CAR T cells engineered with fusion proteins targeting PDL1 for localized IL-12 delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.06.647432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MENDELSEEK: An algorithm that predicts Mendelian Genes and elucidates what makes them special 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.06.647432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although individual Mendelian diseases--those caused by a single gene--are rare, their collective disease burden is substantial. Identifying the causal gene for each condition is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Yet, despite decades of research, the genetic basis of more than half of all known Mendelian diseases remains unresolved. To address this gap, we introduce MENDELSEEK, a machine learning framework that predicts Mendelian genes by integrating residue variation scores with pathway participation, Gene Ontology processes, and protein language model features. In benchmarking across 16,946 human genes with 10-fold cross-validation, MENDELSEEK achieved an AUC of 0.869 and an AUPR of 0.737--substantially outperforming the next best methods, ENTPRISE+ENTPRISE-X (AUC 0.781; AUPR 0.626), and REVEL (AUC 0.585; AUPR 0.401). When applied to the full set of 17,858 human genes, MENDELSEEK predicted 1,277 novel Mendelian gene candidates with precision greater than 0.7. Analysis further revealed that Mendelian genes engage in significantly more protein-protein interactions than non-Mendelian genes and are evolutionarily ancient. Together, these results highlight MENDELSEEK as a major advance over existing methods, offering new insights into the biochemical features that distinguish Mendelian from non-Mendelian genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.06.647432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MENDELSEEK: An algorithm that predicts Mendelian Genes and elucidates what makes them special]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adhesion and injury cues enhance blackworm captureby freshwater planaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In aquatic ecosystems, freshwater planarians (Dugesia spp.) function as predators, employing specialized adaptations for capturing live prey. This exploratory study examines the predatory interactions between the freshwater planarian Dugesia spp. and the California blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus). Observations demonstrate that Dugesia is capable of capturing prey more than twice its own length. The predation process involves a dual adhesion mechanism whereby the planarian adheres simultaneously to the blackworm and the substrate, effectively immobilizing its prey. Despite the rapid escape response of blackworms, characterized by a reversing spiral swimming gait, planarian adhesion frequently prevents successful escape, although notably larger blackworms exhibit increased escape success. Subsequently, Dugesia employs an eversible pharynx to initiate ingestion, consuming the internal tissues of the blackworm through suction. Injury in blackworms emerged as a significant predictor of predation events, suggesting the potential involvement of chemical cues in prey detection, although this warrants further investigation. This study provides insights into the biomechanics and behaviors of predation involving two interacting muscular hydrostats, highlighting the critical adaptations that enable planarians to subdue and consume relatively large, mobile prey.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudasama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuazon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adhesion and injury cues enhance blackworm captureby freshwater planaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually distinct multi omic responses to progressive endurance exercise training in the rat lung. Findings from MoTrPAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the lungs being essential for ventilation and aerobic exercise capacity, conventionally the lungs are not thought to adapt to exercise training. Endurance exercise is key to pulmonary rehabilitation programs, which also displays sex-specific differences in therapeutic efficacy. Given the molecular underpinnings of sex-specific lung adaptations to endurance exercise are uncharacterized, we used a multi-omics approach to study sex differences in the lungs of 6-month-old Fischer 344 rats in response to an 8 week progressive endurance treadmill training protocol. This was accomplished by reannotating publicly accessible data from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) and integrating newly-analyzed acetylome data to assess multi-omic sex differences in sedentary and progressively trained states. Female rats displayed enrichment in immune-related features and pathways at the transcriptome and proteome level that were maintained with training. Conversely, in the male rat lung there was an overall decrease in immune pathways following 8 weeks of training. Sexually conserved responses to training included increased enrichment in transcriptomic pathways related to type I alveoli and proteomic pathways related to cilia, and decreased mitochondrial protein acetylation. In both sexes, features known to be enriched in lung diseases were attenuated with training. Together our findings provide novel insight into sex specific responses to endurance exercise training in the rat lung and may offer translational insight into sex-specific differences in lung disease pathogenesis and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Many, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagendorf, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevao, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Ludovico, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushakumary, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clair, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.647997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually distinct multi omic responses to progressive endurance exercise training in the rat lung. Findings from MoTrPAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of coordinated cell division during the evolution of multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of multicellularity represents one of lifes major evolutionary transitions, fundamentally transforming how natural selection operates on living systems. While multicellularity has evolved repeatedly, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how cellular traits translate into novel multicellular phenotypes. Using the Multicellularity Long-Term Evolution Experiment (MuLTEE), we combine time-lapse microscopy and single cell tracking to reveal how age-specific cell division timing shapes multicellular topology. We discovered that the anaerobic ancestor divided asynchronously with a 25% longer first division, while the aerobic ancestor divided synchronously. Through computational modeling, we demonstrated that this first division delay, rather than increased variance in doubling times, drives asynchronous division patterns. Using graph theoretical and biophysical models, we showed that this delay creates smaller groups by altering network morphology and concentrating mechanical stress around older cells. Synchronous cell division provides both cellular and group-level benefits through faster growth and larger size, suggesting multiple selective pathways for its evolution. This trait proved remarkably stable in our experiment, emerging by day 200 and persisting through day 1000. Furthermore, we revealed how developmentally-programmed division timing could theoretically produce even larger groups. This research illuminates a fundamental principle in multicellular evolution: simple changes in cellular behavior can create emergent effects that reshape multicellular organization, providing insight into how major evolutionary transitions proceed through the modification of cell-level traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cedeno Perez, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of coordinated cell division during the evolution of multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-Free In-Line Characterization of Immune Cell Culture using Quantitative Phase Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell therapies, including T cell immunotherapies, offer promising treatments for previously untreatable diseases, but their widespread use is hindered by challenges in monitoring therapeutic cells during culture--impacting consistency, potency, and cost. This work demonstrates the use of quantitative phase imaging (QPI), specifically a compact, non-interferometric form called quantitative oblique back illumination microscopy (qOBM), for non-destructive, label-free, in-line assessment of T cell cultures. qOBM enables near real-time feedback on culture growth, contamination, and cell status (viability and activation), comparable to flow cytometry. We further apply this method to characterize genetically modified CAR T cells and explore its potential for advanced T cell phenotyping. Analysis of data from over 50 independent donors shows strong correlation between qOBM metrics and traditional destructive at-line assays. Overall, qOBM provides a powerful tool for continuous, in-line monitoring of therapeutic cell cultures, which can be transformative for improving reproducibility, reducing costs, and advancing the development of cell-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serafini, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casteleiro Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Trenkle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippner, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeCompte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles-Welch, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakirsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-Free In-Line Characterization of Immune Cell Culture using Quantitative Phase Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular underpinnings of functional networks in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how cellular and molecular architecture underpins the large-scale organization of human brain function is a central challenge in neuroscience. By integrating transcriptomic (microarray and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing), molecular imaging, and neuroimaging datasets, we observe spatial correspondences indicating that the distributions of diverse cell types, neurotransmitter systems, and mitochondrial phenotypes align with intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). These associations extend beyond local correspondence to reflect network-level structure: inter-ICN similarity networks derived from cellular and molecular profiles recapitulate static and dynamic patterns of functional network connectivity (FNC), mirroring canonical functional domains. Mediation analyses reveal that specific ICNs mediate the relationship between microscale cell-type architecture and domain-specific cognitive processes, while FNCs capture mediating pathways linking cell-type and neurotransmitter similarity networks to cognitive organization. Together, our findings show that the brains functional architecture systematically aligns with cellular and molecular organization, which may constrain functional network formation and contribute to the neural basis of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and molecular underpinnings of functional networks in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power-law memory governs bacterial adaptation and learning in fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do single-celled organisms adapt and learn to survive in dynamic environments without a nervous system? Here, we provide experimental evidence and a theoretical model demon-strating learning-like behavior by single bacterial cells in fluctuating environments. Using a custom microfluidic platform, we tracked individual E. coli cells in dynamic nutrient environments and found that bacteria adapt on multiple timescales, tuning their growth control behavior based on prior environmental experience. Motivated by our observation that cellular adaptation dynamics are approximately scale-free, we built a theoretical framework for bacterial growth control with dynamic power-law memory to explain how bacteria integrate environmental information over a range of timescales to enable growth rate adaptation. We show how this behavior arises naturally from heterogeneous ribosomal relaxation dynamics within a bacterial cell. Using this model, we identify an inherent trade-off between growth rate maximization and adaptation speed, which we validate experimentally in pulsatile nutrient environments. Finally, we connect our mechanistic reaction-network model to descriptions of artificial recurrent neural networks, identifying a minimal network architecture capable of exhibiting adaptation and learning at the single-cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.26.650739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power-law memory governs bacterial adaptation and learning in fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Dynamics and Functional Connectivity in EEG: Insights from Lexical Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lexical processing is a core cognitive function involving the integration of semantic and symbolic information across distributed brain networks. In this study, we investigate the spatial dynamics and functional connectivity underlying lexical categorization using electroencephalography (EEG) data from a silent reading task. Participants were presented with words from two categories--social and numeric--while EEG signals were recorded and analyzed. Frequency band power and inter-electrode coherence were extracted as features to train Random Forest classifiers for word category prediction. The spatial dynamics model, based on band power from selected electrodes, achieved 100% classification accuracy and identified region- and frequency-specific contributions, notably in the theta and alpha bands across parietal and occipital regions. A complementary functional connectivity model achieved 85% accuracy, highlighting the role of inter-regional coherence in lexical differentiation. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining traditional EEG analysis with machine learning for decoding semantic categories, providing foundational insights for future brain-computer interface applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, O. M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grullon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Dynamics and Functional Connectivity in EEG: Insights from Lexical Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Consortium for Genomic Diversity, Ancestry, and Health in Colombia (CODIGO): building local capacity in genomics, bioinformatics, and precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Consortium for Genomic Diversity, Ancestry, and Health in Colombia (CODIGO) aims to build a community of Colombian researchers in support of local capacity in genomics, bioinformatics, and precision health. Here, we present the first CODIGO data release and the consortium web platform, including annotations for more than 95 million genetic variants from 1,441 samples representing 14 populations from across the country. CODIGO samples show a wide range of African (16.7%), European (50.6%), and Indigenous American (32.8%) genetic ancestry components, with five distinct ancestry clusters. Thousands of ancestry-enriched variants, with divergent allele frequencies across clusters, show pharmacogenomic and clinical genetic associations. Examples include African ancestry-enriched variants associated with fast metabolism of the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus and malaria resistance and European ancestry-enriched variants associated with nicotine dependence and hereditary hemochromatosis. CODIGO reveals the nexus between ancestry and health in Colombia and underscores the utility of collaborative genome sequence analysis efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marino-Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuey, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Gomez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal-Soto, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Rivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Consortium for Genomic Diversity, Ancestry, and Health in Colombia (CODIGO): building local capacity in genomics, bioinformatics, and precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signaling contributes to heart formation and growth in the invertebrate chordate, Ciona robusta. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons contribute to the complex interplay of signals that mediate heart development and homeostasis. Although a limited set of studies suggest that neuronal peptides impact vertebrate heart growth, the specific contributions of these peptides to cardiomyocyte progenitor differentiation or proliferation have not been elucidated. Here we show that the neuropeptide tachykinin along with canonical Wnt signaling regulate cardiomyocyte progenitor proliferation in the chordate model Ciona robusta. In C. robusta, the heart continues to grow throughout adulthood and classic histological studies indicate that a line of undifferentiated cells may serve as a reserve progenitor lineage. We found that this line of cardiomyocyte progenitors consists of distinct distal and midline populations. Distal progenitors divide asymmetrically to produce distal and midline daughters. Midline progenitors divide asymmetrically to produce myocardial precursors. Through single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of adult C. robusta hearts, we delineated the cardiomyocyte progenitor expression profile. Based on this data we investigated the role of Wnt signaling in cardiomyocyte progenitor proliferation and found that canonical Wnt signaling is required to suppress excessive progenitor proliferation. The scRNA-seq data also identified a number of presumptive cardiac neural-like cells. Strikingly, we found that a subset of these neuronal cells appears to innervate the distal cardiomyocyte progenitors. Based on the expression of the tachykinin receptor in these neuronal cells, we blocked tachykinin signaling using pharmacological inhibitors and found that this drove reduced proliferation in the distal progenitor pool. Through targeted CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown we then demonstrated that both extrinsic tachykinin and intrinsic, cardiac tachykinin receptors are required for formation of the myocardial heart tube. This work provides valuable insights into how organisms may deploy neural signals to regulate organ growth in response to environmental or homeostatic inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruner, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hozumi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osugi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins-Doijode, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satake, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe-Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigante, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signaling contributes to heart formation and growth in the invertebrate chordate, Ciona robusta.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonized Protocol for Subfield Segmentation in the Hippocampal Body on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfields differentially develop and age, and they vary in vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. Innovation in high-resolution imaging has accelerated clinical research on human hippocampal subfields, but substantial differences in segmentation protocols impede comparisons of results across laboratories. The Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) is an international organization seeking to address this issue by developing a histologically-valid, reliable, and freely available segmentation protocol for high-resolution T2-weighted 3 tesla MRI (http://www.hippocampalsubfields.com). Here, we report the first portion of the protocol focused on subfields in the hippocampal body; protocols for the head and tail are in development. The body protocol includes definitions of the internal boundaries between subiculum, Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1-3 subfields, and dentate gyrus, in addition to the external boundaries of the hippocampus apart from surrounding white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. The segmentation protocol is based on a novel histological reference data set labeled by multiple expert neuroanatomists. With broad participation of the research community, we voted on the segmentation protocol via online survey, which included detailed protocol information, feasibility testing, demonstration videos, example segmentations, and labeled histology. All boundary definitions were rated as having high clarity and reached consensus agreement by Delphi procedure. The harmonized body protocol yielded high inter- and intra-rater reliability. In the present paper we report the procedures to develop and test the protocol, as well as the detailed procedures for manual segmentation using the harmonized protocol. The harmonized protocol will significantly facilitate cross-study comparisons and provide increased insight into the structure and function of hippocampal subfields across the lifespan and in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustinack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amunts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burggren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insausti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keresztes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malykhin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saifullah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichting, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Hippocampal Subfields Gro</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonized Protocol for Subfield Segmentation in the Hippocampal Body on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven feedback augments ultrasound nanotheranostics in brain tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) renders the delivery of nanomedicine in the brain ineffective and the detection of circulating disease-related DNA from the brain unreliable. Here, we show that the acoustic emission content of focused ultrasound-controlled microbubble dynamics (MB-FUS) incorporates precursor signals that allow large-data models to predict sonication regimens for safe and effective BBB opening. Crucially, closed-loop MB-FUS controller augmented by machine learning (ML-CL) expands the treatment window (4-fold), as compared to conventional controllers, by persistently and proactively maximizing the BBB permeability while preventing tissue damage. By successfully scaling up from mice to rats and from healthy to diseased brains (glioma), ML-CL rendered the BBB permeable to large nanoparticles and markedly improved the release and detection of tumor DNA in plasma. Together, our findings reveal the potential of data-driven feedback to support the development of next-generation AI-powered ultrasound systems for safe, robust, and efficient nanotheranostic targeting of brain diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baseman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premdas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djeddar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryksin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven feedback augments ultrasound nanotheranostics in brain tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroMark-HiFi: A Data-Driven Method for Detecting High-Spatial-Frequency Functional Brain Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe Traditional functional neuroimaging approaches typically focus on low-frequency spatial structures, potentially overlooking critical fine-scale connectivity disruptions associated with brain disorders

MethodsWe introduce NeuroMark-HiFi, a fully automated algorithm designed to enhance the detection of high-spatial-frequency functional brain network patterns. NeuroMark-HiFi systematically preserves and analyzes fine-grained network variations by integrating reference-informed independent component analysis (ICA), 3D high-frequency spatial filtering, and a frequency-informed ICA decomposition to extract high-frequency functional components with greater precision.

ResultsSimulation studies and mathematical evaluations demonstrate that NeuroMark-HiFi significantly improves sensitivity to both individual and group differences driven by small local shifts in spatial patterns of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). Compared to traditional methods, NeuroMark-HiFi revealed additional group differences between individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC), particularly in the visual, sensorimotor, frontal, temporal, and insular networks.

ConclusionNeuroMark-HiFi successfully captures biologically meaningful alterations in spatial network patterns that conventional approaches may miss.

SignificanceBy improving sensitivity to subtle brain network alterations, NeuroMark-HiFi holds promise for early diagnosis, treatment monitoring, neurodevelopment studies, aging research, and multimodal biomarker discovery, advancing the goals of precision psychiatry and neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behzadfar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroMark-HiFi: A Data-Driven Method for Detecting High-Spatial-Frequency Functional Brain Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural rhythms as priors of speech computations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transformation of speech into discrete linguistic representations forms the basis of speech recognition. Natural speech encodes cues at distinct timescales: phonetic features have modulation frequencies of 30-50 Hz, syllables and words around 4-7 Hz, and phrases 1-2 Hz. Strikingly, these frequencies mirror frequencies of endogenous network rhythms of the brain and synaptic time constants of the underlying neural circuits. Here, we suggest that endogenous brain rhythms serve as priors for speech recognition, encoding knowledge of speech structure in the dynamics of network computations. In a network of coupled oscillators, we find that speech is readily identified when characteristic frequencies of the oscillators match frequencies of circuit rhythms in the brain. When signal and circuit rhythms are mismatched, speech identification is impaired. Compared to a baseline recurrent neural network without intrinsic oscillations, the coupled oscillatory network has significantly higher performance in speech recognition across languages, but not in the recognition of signals that lack speech-like structure, such as urban sounds. Our results suggest a central computational role of brain rhythms in speech processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandravadia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural rhythms as priors of speech computations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas is beneficial in plasmid competition, but limited by competitor toxin-antitoxin activity when horizontally transferred 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can encode dozens of different immune systems that protect them from infection by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). MGEs themselves may also carry immune systems, such as CRISPR-Cas, to target competitor MGEs. It is unclear when this is favoured by natural selection, and whether toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems -- common competitive mechanisms carried by plasmids -- can alter their efficacy. Here, we develop and test novel theory to analyse the outcome of competition between plasmids when one carries a CRISPR-Cas system that targets the other plasmid. Our model and experiments reveal that plasmid-borne CRISPR-Cas is beneficial to the plasmid carrying it when the plasmid has not recently transferred to a new host. However, CRISPR-Cas is selected against when the plasmid carrying it transfers horizontally, if a resident competitor plasmid encodes a TA system that elicits post-segregational killing. Consistent with a TA barrier to plasmid-borne CRISPR-Cas, a bioinformatic analysis reveals that naturally occurring CRISPR-Cas-bearing plasmids avoid targeting other plasmids with TA systems.

Our work shows how the benefit of plasmid-borne CRISPR-Cas is severely reduced against TA-encoding competitor plasmids, but only when plasmid-borne CRISPR-Cas is horizontally transferred. These findings have key implications for the distribution of prokaryotic defenses and our understanding of their role in competition between MGEs, and the utility of CRISPR-Cas as a tool to remove plasmids from pathogenic bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sünderhauf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla-Redondo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaze, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Houte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas is beneficial in plasmid competition, but limited by competitor toxin-antitoxin activity when horizontally transferred]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of Gentamicin and Streptomycin Stability for On-Orbit Microbial Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genomic Enumeration of Antibiotic Resistance in Space (GEARS) flight project seeks to characterize the frequency and genomic identity of antibiotic-resistant organisms on the ISS and expand in-space sequencing-based diagnostic capabilities. This project selects for antibiotic-resistant microbes on space station surfaces using agar plates containing antibiotics, which can require storage of these plates for several months. However, little published data is available on the longevity of antibiotics in agar plates. Here, we describe the process of antibiotic selection and validation of antibiotic stability for GEARS. A literature review was conducted on several antibiotics for their intrinsic and acquired resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus and stability in solution and in agar. Gentamicin and streptomycin were selected for a long-term study tracking changes in bactericidal ability of the antibiotics in agar plates. After 6.5 months of storage at 4{degrees}C, we found that both antibiotic types remained stable throughout the test period, although they both exhibited evidence of slight degradation. These findings indicated that either antibiotic would be sufficient for the GEARS study based on stability under cold stowage conditions. Furthermore, this study generated information on long-term stability of antibiotics in agar, which can be useful for microbiology applications beyond spaceflight studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKaig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of Gentamicin and Streptomycin Stability for On-Orbit Microbial Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining structural modeling and deep learning to calculate the E. coli protein interactome and functional networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report on the integration of three methods that are computationally efficient enough to predict, on a proteome-wide scale, whether two proteins are likely to form a binary complex. The methods include PrePPI, which uses three-dimensional structure information as a basis for predictions, Topsy-Turvy which analyzes sequences using a protein language model, and ZEPPI which uses evolutionary information to evaluate protein-protein interfaces. We demonstrate how these methods can be integrated and validate the performance of the integrated method and its separate components at predicting E. coli protein-protein interactions through testing on the HINT high-quality literature-curated database of binary interactions. The integrated method identifies more high-confidence (FPR [&le;] 0.001) interactions ([~]20K) than any of the component methods. The AF3Complex algorithm was used to predict the structures of 400 protein-protein interactions, and 78% of the integrated method predictions resulted in models deemed accurate by the AF3Complex evaluation score. Notably, essentially all AF3Complex models have at least partially overlapping interfaces with PrePPI models of the complexes. Finally, we clustered the high-confidence E. coli interactome and obtained 385 subnetworks which have high functional coherence defined by enrichment of Gene Ontology Biological Process terms, thus, illustrating that our methods which contain no explicit functional information provide biologically meaningful protein interactions. Biological insights derived from the subnetworks, including the annotation of proteins of unknown function, are discussed in detail. Overall, independent validations support the accuracy of the comprehensive E. coli interactome we have presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naravane, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining structural modeling and deep learning to calculate the E. coli protein interactome and functional networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific encoding of prediction and reward in cortical microcircuits during novelty detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical circuits comprise diverse neuron types whose distinct activity patterns suggest specialized computational roles. Recent large-scale recordings reveal striking, cell-type-specific responses to novelty in cortex: excitatory neurons respond strongly to novel and unexpected stimuli, VIP interneurons respond more to novelty and omissions, while SST neurons are suppressed. What computational principles give rise to these dynamics? We introduce a normative model of a canonical cortical micro-circuit that jointly optimizes predictive coding, energy efficiency, and reinforcement learning under realistic connectivity constraints. By mapping algorithmic roles onto specific interneuron subtypes, the model reproduces absolute, contextual, and omission novelty effects observed experimentally. Critically, these emerge without hard-coded novelty detection and reveal a computational role for the VIP-SST disinhibitory motif in balancing representational capacity and metabolic cost. Mechanistic alternatives relying only on adaptation and Hebbian learning capture contextual but not absolute or omission effects. Our framework provides a unifying, falsifiable theory of how diverse cortical cell types implement coding principles underlying expectation and surprise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharafeldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific encoding of prediction and reward in cortical microcircuits during novelty detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Subpopulations Drive Volumetric Muscle Loss-Induced Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result in chronic fibrosis, inflammation, and persistent functional deficits. Fibro-adipogenic progenitor (FAP) cells are a heterogeneous, muscle-resident stromal cell population that play a crucial role in muscle regeneration, but also contribute to fibrosis in muscle disease. The role of FAPs in VML is not well established and may be critical target to ensure functional muscle regeneration after VML. We utilized a VML model in the mouse quadriceps to study the location, secretome, surface marker distribution, gene expression, and single-cell transcriptional profile of FAPs after VML. After VML, a subpopulation of FAPs highly expressed {beta}1-integrin and were elevated in the post-VML muscle tissue; these FAPs had increased fibrotic gene expression and increased myofibroblast differentiation potential. Transforming growth factor-{beta}1 (TGF-{beta}1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) were identified as secreted proteins from VML derived FAPs that produced both pro-fibrotic and anti-myogenic signaling. These data establish an aberrant FAP sub-population that are elevated in VML injury and provides novel targets for future scarless muscle regeneration in VML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hymel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Subpopulations Drive Volumetric Muscle Loss-Induced Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No Effect of Chronic or Acute Pain on Working Memory in the Sternberg Task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories of pain can last a lifetime, preventing future injuries, but this comes at the expense of remembering other concurrent experiences. For acute pain this cost is outweighed by the benefits but when pain is chronic, pain memory benefits are limited and may even contribute to maintenance of the disorder. Here we investigated two hypotheses, (1) pain takes up slots in working memory or (2) pain induces arousal above optimum levels at high task difficulty, leading to a decrease in performance. To do this, we used the Sternberg Task of working memory, in which the participant plays repeated trials where they are shown different sets of numbers and then asked to identify whether a  probe number was in the set or not. The Sternberg Task is ideal for testing the two hypotheses by looking at pain-related changes in accuracy and response time. There was a replication of the response time increase with set size, as well as the effect of older age on working memory and pain threshold. However, we saw no pain effect on either response time, accuracy, or the relationship between these parameters and set size with either chronic pain or an acute painful thermal stimulus. Together, this suggests that pain does not impair working memory in the Sternberg Task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phelps, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medhi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debrosse, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragundi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delval, A. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No Effect of Chronic or Acute Pain on Working Memory in the Sternberg Task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.651590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent higher-order interactions enable coexistence in phage-bacteria community dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.651590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse phage-bacteria communities coexist at high densities in environmental, agricultural, and human-associated microbiomes. Phage-bacteria coexistence is often attributed to coevolutionary processes mediated by complex, pairwise infection networks. Here, using in vitro experiments and mathematical models, we explore how higher-order interactions function as a complementary, ecological feedback mechanism to stabilize phage-bacteria communities. To do so, we examine an environmentally-derived, synthetic phage-bacteria community comprised of five marine heterotrophic bacteria (Cellulophaga baltica and Pseudoalteromonas strains) and five associated phage. We used Bayesian inference to reconstruct free phage production in one-step growth experiments and then forecasted pairwise phage-bacteria community dynamics over multiple infection cycles. In contrast to model predictions of rapid bacterial population collapse, each bacterial strain persisted in the community. We hypothesized and then experimentally validated the relevance of infection attenuation at relatively high viral densities. We extended models into a community context, corroborating complex coexistence of all phage and bacteria. Life history traits inferred in community fits often differed from those inferred in a pairwise context, implicating higher-order interactions as an additional, ecological stabilization mechanism. Follow-up experiments confirm that phage traits (including burst size) can shift when infecting single vs. multiple strains. More broadly, these findings suggest that complex community coexistence of phage and bacteria may be more common than anticipated when including feedback mechanisms outside of the growth-dominated regimes of fitted pairwise models that do not reflect the full scope of ecologically relevant contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coenen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solonenko, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burris, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demory, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.651590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent higher-order interactions enable coexistence in phage-bacteria community dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.653851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic fusion of structural and functional connectivity via joint connectivity matrix ICA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.653851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of multimodal MRI images, including functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion MRI (dMRI), depicts a key advancement in neuroimaging, since it offers a more comprehensive and better understanding of brain function and connections. FMRI captures brain functional activity while dMRI reveals structural connectivity via white matter bundles, each of which provide unique yet complementary insights; however combing these two modalities, particularly at a dynamic level, is challenging due to their drastically different data characteristics. This study introduces a novel framework named "dynamic fusion," which extends joint component analysis (cmICA) to integrate static structural connectivity (SC) with dynamic functional connectivity (FC). Our approach gauges the relationship between these joint components across various temporal states, aiming to discover both static and dynamic features of brain connectivity. We applied this approach to fMRI and dMRI data from the same set of control subjects, which we had previously studied to estimate joint parcellation and their structural and functional connections using a static model only, and also included a comparable number of individuals with schizophrenia from the same study. Our results reveal that dynamic fusion not only highlights diverse temporal dynamics in FC but, more importantly, also shows how SC patterns differ across dynamic functional states at different time frames, providing new insights into brain organization. Furthermore, it successfully detects joint structural-functional connectivity differences between individuals with schizophrenia and controls, demonstrating its potential for detecting hidden group differences. Overall, this study establishes our dynamic fusion as a powerful tool for integrating structural and dynamic functional connectivity data, enhancing our understanding of brain connectivity and offering new perspectives for studying neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.653851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic fusion of structural and functional connectivity via joint connectivity matrix ICA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Matches Human Performance at Segmenting the Human Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major problem in human visual neuroscience research is the localization of visual areas on the cortical surface. Currently available methods are capable of making detailed predictions about many areas, but human raters do not agree as well with these methods as they do with each other. Although highly accurate, human raters require substantial time and expertise that many researchers do not have. Additionally, human raters require functional data for drawing visual area boundaries that requires additional scan time, budget, and expertise to collect. Here, we train convolutional neural network (CNN) models to predict the boundaries and iso-eccentric regions of V1, V2, and V3 in both the Human Connectome Project dataset and the NYU Retinotopy dataset. CNNs trained to use the same functional data available to human raters predicted these boundaries with an accuracy similar to humans, while CNNs trained to use only anatomical data had a lower accuracy that was nonetheless higher than that of any currently available method. A comparison of the model accuracies when predicting eccentricity-based boundaries and polar angle-based boundaries suggests that eccentricity is substantially less closely tied to anatomical structure than polar angle and that the cortical magnification function, at least in terms of eccentricity, varies substantially between subjects. We further find that the fraction of V1, V2, and V3 that can be accurately parcellated into function regions using gray matter structural data alone is [~]75% ([~]80% of the inter-rater reliability of human experts), implying a much tighter coupling between structure and function in these areas than previously estimated. We conclude that machine learning techniques such as CNNs provide a powerful tool for mapping the brain with human accuracy and predict that such tools will become integral to neuroscience research going forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benson, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Matches Human Performance at Segmenting the Human Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unmasking complex kinetics in viral entry by inferring hypoexponential models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-event completion times, such as are estimated in viral entry, offer both promise and challenge to kinetic interpretation. The promise is that they are able to constrain underlying kinetic models much more efficiently than bulk kinetics, but the challenge is that completion times alone can incompletely determine complex reaction topologies. Gamma distributions or mechanistic models have often been used to estimate kinetic parameters for such data, but the gamma distribution relies on homogenous processes contributing to the rate-limiting behavior of the system. Here, we introduce hypoexponential analysis to estimate heterogeneous kinetic processes. We demonstrate that hypoexponential fitting can indeed estimate rate constants separated by 2-3 orders of magnitude. We then apply this approach to measurements of SARS-CoV-2 entry, showing that ACE2 reduces the number of rate-limiting steps but does not change the rates of these kinetic processes. We propose a kinetic model whereby SARS-CoV-2 entry is driven by a mixture of ACE2-accelerated and ACE2-independent spike protein activation events. Inferring such models requires the capability to detect heterogeneous kinetic processes, provided by robust estimation of hypoexponential distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adenekan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unmasking complex kinetics in viral entry by inferring hypoexponential models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-destructive, high-resolution T cell characterization and subtyping via deep-ultraviolet microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell characterization is critical for understanding immune function, monitoring disease progression, and optimizing cell-based therapies. Current technologies to characterize T cells, such as flow cytometry, require fluorescent labeling and typically are destructive endpoint measurements. Non-destructive, label-free imaging methods have been proposed, but face limitations with throughput, specificity, and system complexity. Here we demonstrate deep-ultraviolet (UV) microscopy as a label-free, non-destructive, fast and simple imaging approach for assessing T cell viability, activation state, and subtype with high accuracy. Using static deep-UV images, we characterize T cell viability and activation state, demonstrating excellent agreement with flow cytometry measurements. We further apply dynamic deep-UV imaging to quantify intracellular activity, enabling fast and accurate subtyping of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results corroborate recent studies on metabolic activity differences between these subtypes, but now with deep-UV microscopy they are enabled by a non-destructive, fast, low-cost and simple approach. Together, our results demonstrate deep-UV microscopy as a powerful tool for high-throughput immune cell characterization, with broad applications in immunology re-search, immune monitoring, and development of emerging cell-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafini, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Trenkle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCubbins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeCompte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-destructive, high-resolution T cell characterization and subtyping via deep-ultraviolet microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.656000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPV4 modulates substrate stiffness mechanosensing and transcellular pore formation in human Schlemm's canal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.656000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological changes in the biomechanical environment of Schlemms canal (SC) inner wall cells, such as substrate stiffening and increased cellular stretch, are associated with ocular hypertension, a key risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Cell membrane stretch can trigger the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) mechanosensitive ion channels, allowing calcium influx and initiating downstream signaling. However, the precise role of TRPV4 in SC cell mechanobiology remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that sustained inhibition of TRPV4 activity modulates substrate stiffness mechanosensing to thereby affect the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix of SC cells. This is accompanied by a reduction in cell stiffness and an increase in transcellular pore forming ability, potentially lowing outflow resistance and risk of ocular hypertension. Conversely, acute activation of TRPV4 channels induces Ca2+ influx, increasing transcellular pore formation in SC cells. Notaly, reduced TRPV4 mechanosensing was observed in glaucomatous SC cells, resulting in reduced transcellular pore forming ability. These findings suggest novel potential strategies based on targeting TRPV4 in SC cells for the treatment of ocular hypertension in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siadat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkumas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.656000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPV4 modulates substrate stiffness mechanosensing and transcellular pore formation in human Schlemm's canal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Age on Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with increased spontaneous autoantibody production and chronic inflammation, yet its impact on xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity remains unexplored. This study investigates the effect of age on mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA) in B10.S mice, a model of xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity characterized by anti-nucleolar autoantibodies (ANoA). Mature (3 months), adult (6 months), middle-aged (12 months), and old-age (24 months) mice were exposed to mercury (HgCl2) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 4-5 weeks. While spontaneous anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) increased with age in PBS-treated mice (34% in middle-aged, 57% in old age mice), HgIA incidence declined in old age mice, with only 59% (26/44) developing significant ANoA titers compared to 91-100% in younger cohorts. Notably, 56% (10/18) of initially ANoA-negative old mice had detectable ANoA at a lower dilution, indicating a reduced but not absent response. ANoA negativity in old age mice was associated with lower immunoglobulin levels, reduced anti-chromatin antibodies, and diminished germinal center formation, suggestive of immunosenescence. Flow cytometry revealed age-related declines in CD4 T cells, with mercury exposure augmenting T-cell differentiation in younger but not old mice. These findings demonstrate that aging enhances spontaneous autoimmunity but impairs xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity, with a subset of old age mice retaining partial responsiveness at lower dilutions, highlighting the complex interplay between immunosenescence and environmental triggers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Ocampo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiss, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kono, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Age on Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An information theory framework for capturing multi-connectivity via spatial network encoding reveals reduced population count (Hamming weight) localized to auditory, visual, and motor networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.The human brain operates as a complex system where functional networks evolve and interact across spatially distributed regions. In traditional neuroimaging analyses, functional connectivity (FC), based on pairwise correlations or statistical dependencies of temporal fluctuations in the BOLD signal, has been a primary method for exploring interactions between brain regions and decoding brain function. However, traditional FC methods often overlook the intricate, multi-way interplay among brain elements that emerge from the brains densely interconnected nature. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel voxel-centric framework that captures the multi-way interactions between voxels and networks identified via high-model order independent component analysis. This framework posits that individual voxels serve as critical mediators of multi-network communication, reflecting the brains complex functional architecture. By encoding voxel contributions from brain networks into binary representations and quantifying the population count at each voxel via Hamming weights, the proposed method prioritizes high-contribution voxels that facilitate inter-network interactions. This approach provides new insights into the brains functional organization, revealing previously unrecognized patterns of voxel-to-network entanglement. Specifically, in the context of schizophrenia, our method enables the identification of spatial patterns that may underpin the cognitive and perceptual disturbances characteristic of the disorder. This enhanced understanding could improve diagnostic precision and help tailor interventions that target specific dysfunctional networks, offering a pathway to more effective treatments and better patient outcomes in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bostami, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An information theory framework for capturing multi-connectivity via spatial network encoding reveals reduced population count (Hamming weight) localized to auditory, visual, and motor networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of p38 MAPK after repetitive mild TBI ameliorates immune signaling and behavioral deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can cause long-term functional impairments, and repetitive mTBIs within a window of vulnerability can exacerbate these consequences compared to a single mTBI. However, current interventions for mTBI focus on alleviating symptoms, rather than targeting underlying mechanisms. Following the initial mechanical impact, increasing evidence suggests that the brain undergoes an inflammatory cascade consisting of pro-inflammatory intracellular signaling pathways and production of cytokines, ultimately leading to chronic neuroinflammation and persistent neurological deficits. Prior work in severe traumatic brain injury has shown that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is a key regulator of microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines, and synaptic dysfunction, but its role in the context of mTBI remains unclear. As such, this study aimed to determine if inhibition of p38 MAPK would attenuate the inflammatory response and longer-term functional deficits following a weight-drop mouse model of repetitive mTBI.

MethodsC57BL/6J male and female mice were injected with a small molecule p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB239063) after each of 5 once-daily weight-drop closed head injuries (CHIs) or sham injuries. Functional outcome was assessed at 4-weeks post injury. Protein and transcriptional alterations associated with the immune response, synaptic function, microglial phenotype, and functional outcomes were assessed at both 4-hours and 4-weeks after the final CHI.

ResultsIn females, acute inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated i) cytokine expression and microglial reactivity at 4-hours post injury and ii) antidepressive-like behavior and synaptic loss at 4-weeks post injury. In males, p38 MAPK inhibition also attenuated microglial reactivity and up-regulation of specific cytokines, although changes in functional outcomes did not reach significance. Interestingly, bulk RNAseq analysis in both sexes showed that acute p38 MAPK inhibition both normalized the effects of injury and upregulated protective genes and pathways associated with recovery and maintenance of brain homeostasis. Together, these findings suggest a role for p38 MAPK in driving the acute and longer-term consequences post repetitive mTBI in a sex-dependent manner, and they suggest therapeutic potential of p38 MAPK inhibition. To our knowledge, this work is the first to investigate the effects of small molecule inhibitor SB239063 as a potential therapeutic treatment administrated following rmTBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munagapati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Moctezuma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of p38 MAPK after repetitive mild TBI ameliorates immune signaling and behavioral deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of speech modes and loudness in ventral precentral gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to vary the mode and loudness of speech is an important part of the expressive range of human vocal communication. However, the encoding of these behaviors in the ventral precentral gyrus (vPCG) has not been studied at the resolution of neuronal firing rates. We investigated this in two participants who had intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in their vPCG as part of a speech neuroprosthesis clinical trial. Neuronal firing rates modulated strongly in vPCG as a function of attempted mimed, whispered, normal or loud speech. At the neural ensemble level, mode/loudness and phonemic content were encoded in distinct neural subspaces. Attempted mode/loudness could be decoded from vPCG with an accuracy of 94% and 89% for two participants respectively, and corresponding neural preparatory activity could be detected hundreds of milliseconds before speech onset. We then developed a closed-loop loudness decoder that achieved 94% online accuracy in modulating a brain-to-text speech neuroprosthesis output based on attempted loudness. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of decoding mode and loudness from vPCG, paving the way for speech neuroprostheses capable of synthesizing more expressive speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wairagkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobacci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechefsky, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AuYong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of speech modes and loudness in ventral precentral gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral adsorption to Moore swabs in passive wastewater sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moore swabs have been used extensively for passive sampling in wastewater surveillance, typically yielding presence/absence information for targets of interest. Quantitative analysis of Moore swab data is only possible if target uptake is well characterized, specifically the relationship between quantity of the target in the liquid sample matrix and the quantity of target sorbing to the Moore swab as a function of time. The mechanism of Moore swab absorption remains unclear and is important to understand toward using them more quantitatively. We conducted viral adsorption and desorption experiments using nonpathogenic SARS-CoV-2 surrogates: {Phi}6, MHV, and BCoV as well as heat-inactivated Zika virus (ZIKV). We fit empirical adsorption data from batch experiments to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. We observed the adsorption behavior of viral targets onto Moore swabs is best characterized by the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model. Moore swabs retained the highest viral RNA concentrations after exposure durations between 9-12 hours in the presence of target microbes during kinetic viral adsorption experiments. The results inform current and future use of Moore swabs to produce quantitative data during wastewater surveillance, especially in settings where composite sampling remains infeasible.

ImportanceThis paper describes the adsorption behavior of viruses and bacteriophages to Moore swabs. Passive sampling via Moore swabs is among the most scalable form of passive wastewater sampling, considered critical to advance wastewater surveillance globally. But key unknowns constrain the utility of Moore swabs and all passive sampling approaches, including the quantitative relationship between targets in wastewater and recovery via Moore swabs. Practical questions such as how long they should be deployed and whether they can be interpreted quantitatively really depend on a characterization of viral target loading behaviors on Moore swab material as a function of time and concentration in the wastewater. Here, we use an approach that is seldom applied to microbial targets to examine adsorption behavior of viruses to Moore swabs, deriving isotherms that describe the relationships between concentration of the viral targets in wastewater and time on attachment to swab material. This is a critical step in advancing the application of Moore swab passive sampling for wastewater surveillance, with potential relevance to other microbial targets of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.656954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral adsorption to Moore swabs in passive wastewater sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intergenerational lipid memory of the social environment in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information about the environment can, in some cases, be transmitted to an organisms offspring by epigenetic inheritance. Here, we describe a novel form of epigenetics in C. elegans where information is transmitted between generations not by alterations in DNA, chromatin, or RNA, but by changes in the composition of lipids. Specifically, we delineate an environment-to-neuron-to-intestine-to-oocyte signalling axis that alters progeny thermotolerance by remodelling lipid provisioning to oocytes when animals detect social pheromones. Intergenerational information transmission via  lipid memories may represent an underappreciated form of epigenetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicerone, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intergenerational lipid memory of the social environment in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An artificial nervous system for communication between wearable and implantable therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioelectronics have transformed our capacity to monitor and treat diseases; however, a lack of micrometer-scale, energy efficient communication options limit these devices from forming integrated networks that enable full-body, sensor driven, physiological control. Inspired by our nervous systems ability to transmit information via ionic conduction, we engineered a Smart Wireless Artificial Nervous System (SWANS) that utilizes the bodys own tissue to transmit signals between wearables and implantables. When SWANS emits signals, it generates voltage gradients throughout the body that selectively turn on implanted transistor switches when exceeding their gate threshold voltages. SWANS implantable communication components maintain syringe-injectable footprints and >15x greater power efficiencies than Bluetooth and Near Field Communication. In vivo studies in rats demonstrate SWANS ability to wirelessly regulate dual hind leg motor control by connecting electronic-skin sensors to implantable neural interfaces via ionic signaling as well as coordinate bioelectronics throughout the epidermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and gastrointestinal spaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghanim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aygun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunin, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumyusenge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An artificial nervous system for communication between wearable and implantable therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
aNy-way ICA and its application to estimate cortico-thalamo-cerebellar functional links in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal data collected by international and national biobanking efforts have distinct scales and model orders and provide unique and complementary insights into disease mechanisms. We propose a novel, flexible and efficient data fusion approach--aNy-way independent component analysis (aNy-way ICA). aNy-way ICA fuses N-way multimodal or multidomain data by optimizing the entire loading correlation structure of linked components via Gaussian independent vector analysis (IVA-G) and simultaneously optimizing independence via separate ICAs. This allows for distinct model orders for different modalities/domains and multiple linked sources detection across any number of modalities or domains without requiring orthogonality constraints on sources. Simulation results demonstrate that aNy-way ICA identifies the designed sources and loadings, as well as the true covariance patterns, with improved accuracy compared to other approaches, especially under noisy conditions. Applying aNy-way ICA to fuse 4D multi-domain fMRI data in schizophrenia, we identified a cortico-thalamo-cerebellar circuit, highlighting the functional linkages among higher order thalamic nuclei, the visual cortex, default mode network, and the posterior lobe of cerebellum. Their function links were replicated in two independent datasets. The connection among higher order thalamic nuclei, the visual cortex, and default mode network discriminates schizophrenia from controls and this aberrant connection is related to multiple cognitive deficits in both discovery and replication datasets, indicating the identified cortico-thalamo-cerebellar circuit may underlie "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[aNy-way ICA and its application to estimate cortico-thalamo-cerebellar functional links in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProGuide: a flexible framework for modeling global conformational rearrangements in proteins using DEER-derived distance restraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conformational heterogeneity is integral to protein function - ranging from enzyme catalysis to signal transduction - and visualizing distinct conformational states requires experimental techniques capable of providing such structural information. One particularly powerful method, double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy, can provide a high-resolution, long-range ([~]15-80 [A]) probability distributions of distances between site-selected pairs of spin labels to resolve intra-protein distance parameters of unique protein conformations, as well as their respective likelihoods within a conformational ensemble. A current frontier in the field of DEER spectroscopy is utilizing this distance information in computational modeling to generate complete structural models of these multiple conformations. Although several methods have been developed for this purpose, modeling protein backbone structural rearrangements using multiple distance restraints remains challenging, due in part to the complexity provided by rotameric flexibility of the spin label side chain. Here, we overcome these challenges with ProGuide, a new framework for generating accurate structural models guided by DEER distance distribution information. Large conformational rearrangements are captured by performing iterative experimentally biased molecular dynamics simulations. In each iteration, spin-label rotameric heterogeneity is modeled using chiLife, and then C changes are calculated to capture distance-probability density present in the experimental DEER distributions and lacking from the modeled one. The resulting models of this process then go through a selection to generate the ensemble that best recapitulates the DEER data. We illustrate the power of this method using published DEER data from a study of biased agonism in the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a prototypical G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The resulting AT1R models consist of both Gq- and {beta}-arrestin-biased conformations, including a completely novel {beta}-arrestin-biased conformation. These models reveal structural insights involving tertiary structural rearrangements as well as residue-level changes in crucial microswitch motifs. Taken together, the results demonstrate the power and flexibility of ProGuide to investigate conformational rearrangements of large, complex proteins using DEER-derived distance restraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grosskopf, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerch, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.658127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProGuide: a flexible framework for modeling global conformational rearrangements in proteins using DEER-derived distance restraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing responses of hippocampal theta oscillations to running and a forelimb-dominated sensorimotor behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal theta oscillations regulate the timing of neurons to support navigation, memory formation, and sensorimotor integration. Theta is modulated by running speed, breathing, whisking, and jumping and increases in tasks involving memory encoding or retrieval. The positive relationship between theta frequency and running speed is believed stabilize hippocampal representations of space amid movement variability. Here, we incorporated a novel string-pulling task to determine if established relationships between movement and theta hold when progress to a reward is determined by the length of string pulled. This task eliminates many speed-associated inputs, such vestibular, visual, and hindlimb information, and allows an unprecedented level of precision in the analysis of individual paw movements. Given that animals move the string a fixed length to acquire a reward, we predicted that the positive relationship between theta frequency and speed would hold.

ApproachFive Sprague Dawley rats (4 mo.) were trained to continuously pull a string a fixed distance of 208 cm using an automated string-pulling system and run on a track for food reward. Local-field data was acquired from electrodes in dorsal CA1.

ResultsRelationships between theta and movement speed were distinct during string pulling and running. While theta was robust in both conditions, frequency was significantly reduced during string-pulling and showed no speed-frequency coupling, unlike running. This difference could result from the conflict between hindlimb and forelimb signals, with only forelimb movement signaling advancement. Fine-grained analysis of paw movements during string-pulling (lift, advance, grasp, pull, push) revealed that theta power and frequency peaked during the contralateral paws downward push despite paw speed being low during this action. This suggests that theta frequency and power could respond to effort rather than purely kinematic information. Notably, running-associated theta may similarly reflect both speed and effort as most locomotor tasks conflate these variables. Finally, theta phase aligned from one reach-pull cycle to the next during the downward pull motion - the first action that directly advances the string forward. Since phase-locking has been associated with sensorimotor gating, synchrony at this point could reflect the gating of inputs that are the most causally relevant for reaching the reward, potentially facilitating integration of action-outcome signals for memory encoding and navigation. Taken together, these data support a dual-scale view of hippocampal processing and theta-band activity where macroscale theta activity requires suprathreshold sensory, vestibular, and proprioceptive drive and microscale theta remains sensitive to subsecond limb movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holguin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwanath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing responses of hippocampal theta oscillations to running and a forelimb-dominated sensorimotor behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes govern metabolism-Enzymes define pathways and metabolic relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-centric pathway mapping tools, widely used to interpret untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics data, may underperform because a single metabolite can generate multiple spectral features, inflating false positive rates. Classic enzymology, which established metabolite flow before gene sequencing, offers experimentally validated precursor-product relationships that could overcome these ambiguities. We evaluated whether enzymology-defined precursor-product correlations are consistently detectable in human plasma LC-MS data. We detected amino acids, carnitine-related, TCA cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway metabolites in one individual sampled eight times over five years and in 50 adults sampled 6 to 8 times each. In the single participant repeated measures, strong positive correlations were observed for most direct precursor-product pairs. The longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses reproduced these patterns. Precursor-product proportionality, a fundamental principle of enzymology, is detectable in LC-MS datasets and remains consistent across studies. Applying these correlations to metabolomics workflows can improve pathway analysis, help metabolite identification, and reveal how genetic variations, diets, therapeutic drugs, and environmental exposures jointly impact metabolic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrell, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Go, Y.-M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes govern metabolism-Enzymes define pathways and metabolic relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.659360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral Signature of Trihexyphenidyl in The Tor1a (DYT1) Knockin Mouse Model of Dystonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.659360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary repetitive movements and abnormal postures. Animal models have played a pivotal role in studying the pathophysiology of dystonia. However, many genetic models, e.g. the Tor1a+/{Delta}E (DYT1) mouse, lack an overt motor phenotype, despite significant underlying neuronal abnormalities within the striatum and other motor control regions. Because the striatum is implicated in action sequencing, it is possible that the behavioral defect arises as a disruption in the frequency and temporal ordering of behaviors, rather than execution, which cannot be captured using traditional behavioral assays, thus limiting drug discovery efforts. To address this challenge, we used MoSeq, an unsupervised behavioral segmentation framework, to compare the continuous free behavior of control Tor1a+/+ mice and knockin Tor1a+/{Delta}E mutant mice in response to the anti-dystonia drug trihexyphenidyl. Although minimal baseline differences in behavioral organization were detected, both genotypes exhibited robust and consistent shifts in behavioral space structure after treatment with trihexyphenidyl. Further, we demonstrate differences in the behavioral space structure of male vs female mice after trihexyphenidyl challenge. The distinct behavioral signatures evoked by trihexyphenidyl and biological sex, a known risk factor for dystonia, suggest that the analysis of the temporal structure of continuous free behavior provides a sensitive and novel approach to the discovery of therapeutics for the treatment of dystonia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qader, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donsante, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinnah, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.659360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral Signature of Trihexyphenidyl in The Tor1a (DYT1) Knockin Mouse Model of Dystonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-Free Targeted High Efficiency Electroporation with Single-Cell Feedback Control Using Focused Microscale Electric Fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient, safe, and cell-selective intracellular delivery remains a bottleneck for scalable and cost-effective manufacturing of cell therapies. Here, we introduce Selective Permeabilization using Impedance Cytometry (SPICy) that couples multifrequency single-cell impedance cytometry with real-time, feedback-controlled, low-voltage single-cell electroporation. Electric field focusing in a 3-D printed biconical micro-aperture confines both sensing and electroporation to a microscale zone, enabling continuous-flow operation and the use of low voltages (<15 V) for electroporation. Impedance spectra are captured for each single cell and machine-learning based analysis enabled accurately distinguishing cells in a label-free manner. Selectively triggered low-voltage electroporation achieved simultaneous high delivery efficiency (>80 %) and high (>90 %) cell viability. Delivery of a range of different cargo sizes (4-500 kDa), GFP mRNA expression, CRISPR-Cas9 based knock-out and delivery to a variety of different cell lines, primary human T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also demonstrated. Using heterogenous or mixed samples, selective delivery to both cell lines, and primary immune cell subpopulations, from PBMCs, was demonstrated. SPICy thus provides a label-free, continuous flow, targeted non-viral platform for precision cell engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rallapalli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-Free Targeted High Efficiency Electroporation with Single-Cell Feedback Control Using Focused Microscale Electric Fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GOLF: A Generative AI Framework for Pathogenicity Prediction of Myocilin OLF Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in the MYOC gene, particularly those affecting the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of the myocilin protein, can be causal for open-angle glaucoma--a leading cause of irre-versible blindness. However, predicting the pathogenicity of these mutations remains challenging due to the complex effects of toxic gain-of-function variants and the scarcity of labeled clinical data. Herein, we present GOLF, a generative AI framework for assessing and explaining the pathogenicity of OLF domain variants. GOLF collects and curates a comprehensive dataset of OLF homologs and trains generative models that predict the effect of monoallelic missense mutations. While these models exhibit diverse predictive behaviors, they collectively achieve accurate classification of known pathogenic and benign variants. To interpret their decision mechanisms, GOLF uses a sparse autoencoder (SAE) that reveals the underlying biochemical features exploited by the generative models to predict variant effects. GOLF enables accurate evaluation of disease-causing mutations, supporting early genetic risk stratification for glaucoma and facilitating interpretable investigations into the molecular basis of pathogenic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GOLF: A Generative AI Framework for Pathogenicity Prediction of Myocilin OLF Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural connectivity-informed dynamic estimation (STRiDE): Multimodal connectivity constrained ICA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the dynamic intrinsic interactions between brain regions has been advanced by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), particularly through the connectivity analysis used to characterize reoccurring patterns in the brain known as brain states. However, previous studies have primarily focused on unimodal models, which can hinder optimal dynamic state estimation, especially in cognitive disorders, cases where there may be both structure and function disruption. To better estimate intrinsic brain interactions, it is important to account for the factors shaping this estimation not only in terms of time resolved variability of the connectivity but also regarding the underlying physical pathways between brain regions. However current approaches mostly use deterministic weighting of structural connectivity. To address this, we propose a flexible multimodal connectivity constrained independent component analysis (ICA) model, termed structural connectivity-informed dynamic state estimation (STRiDE), that enhances stability and sensitivity by leveraging white matter structural connectivity and dynamic functional connectivity information. Using this model, we decompose brain interactions into independent, reoccurring multimodal patterns or structural-functional states, guided by maximally independent structural connectivity priors derived from the group level data. We first evaluate our proposed model using a simulation pipeline, showing the approach works as design and improves sensitivity to group differences and enhances robustness to noise. Next, we applied the proposed multimodal model to real dataset including a cohort of subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC). Results demonstrated its potential to enhance group-differences in both connectivity domain and temporal dynamics parameters. Specifically results highlighted disruption within and between sensory and trans-modal domains, through a SZ vs HC comparison. Symptoms severity and cognitive scores statistical analysis specifies their significant association with default mode domain, offering insights into the disrupted functional and neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia. In addition, temporal interplay of the estimated STRiDEs reveals that visual-related

STRiDE is significantly impacted in SZ, regarding the speed of processing score, underscoring the link between visual system and speed of processing. In sum, the STRiDE approach provides a flexible way to link structural and functional connectivity at the network level and represents a general approach for studying multimodal dynamic patterns and leveraging these to study the typical and disordered brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fouladivanda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camazon, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural connectivity-informed dynamic estimation (STRiDE): Multimodal connectivity constrained ICA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZ-FRCNN: A Fast, Accessible and Robust Deep Learning Package for Object Detection Applications from Ethology to Cell Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in high-throughput imaging and experimental automation have dramatically increased the scale of biological datasets, creating a growing need for tools that can efficiently identify and localize features in complex image data. Although deep learning has transformed image analysis, methods such as region-based convolutional neural networks remain underutilized in biology due to technical barriers such as coding requirements and reliance on cloud infrastructure. We present EZ-FRCNN, a locally hosted, user-friendly package that enables the accessible and scalable application of object detection to biological datasets. Through graphical and scriptable interfaces, users can annotate data, train models, and perform inference entirely offline. We demonstrate its utility in detecting cell phenotypes for large-scale screening, enabling the first label-free tracking of grinder motion in freely moving C. elegans to quantify feeding dynamics, and identifying animals in naturalistic environments for ecological field studies. These once-infeasible analyses now enable rapid screening of cell therapies, investigation of internal state-behavior coupling without immobilization or genetic modification, and efficient wildlife tracking with minimal computational cost. Together, these examples demonstrate how accessible tools like EZ-FRCNN can drive new biological discoveries in both laboratory and field environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shappell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZ-FRCNN: A Fast, Accessible and Robust Deep Learning Package for Object Detection Applications from Ethology to Cell Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.660441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow-sensitive HEG1 controls eNOS activity to prevent endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.660441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertension (HTN), the chronic elevation of blood pressure, accounts for more atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease deaths than any other modifiable risk factor.1 In the arteries, stable blood flow (s-flow) drives healthy, atheroprotective endothelial cell (EC) functions including nitric oxide (NO) production, barrier function, and anti-inflammatory programs via the action of flow-sensitive proteins. We showed that s-flow stimulates Heart-of-Glass 1 (HEG1) protein expression, localization to cell-cell junctions, and secretion from ECs.2 We found that conditional, endothelial cell-specific knockout of (Heg1ECKO) exacerbates atherosclerosis2, however the mechanism was unknown. Here, we report a new role of HEG1 in controlling EC dysfunction, hypertension and atherosclerosis. We discover a novel mechanism: HEG1 regulates NO bioavailability via a flow-dependent HEG1-eNOS interaction (endothelial nitric oxide synthase, NOS3). Heg1ECKO develops spontaneous hypertension and severe atherosclerosis, both of which are effectively treated by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibition (ACEi). UK BioBank and Swedish cohort studies reveal that plasma HEG1 levels are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk.3,4 Our findings suggest HEG1 may serve as a biomarker to advance personalized therapies for EC dysfunction, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellum, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman-Kirigin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vapoor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.660441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow-sensitive HEG1 controls eNOS activity to prevent endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human ribomes reveal DNA-embedded ribonucleotides as a new type of epigenetic mark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are abundant in DNA, but their distribution and function in human nuclear genomes remain unknown. Here, we mapped nearly one million rNMPs per genome across diverse human cell types, defining a nuclear "ribome" with non-random distribution patterns. rNMPs are enriched in C/G-rich sequences, epigenetically marked regions, and telomeres. Conserved ribonucleotide-enriched zones (REZs) overlap with CpG islands and R-loops. rNMP concentration near transcription start sites (TSSs) correlates positively with gene expression. Wild-type cells display a broader gene-expression range than ribonuclease H2A (RNH2A) knockouts, in which loss of rNMP cleavage causes pronounced retention of embedded rG and strand-biased rC near TSSs, both increasing with gene expression. These findings establish DNA-embedded rNMPs as a novel epigenetic mark that modulates human gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channagiri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Figueroa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randhawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinazi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pursell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opresko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human ribomes reveal DNA-embedded ribonucleotides as a new type of epigenetic mark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.661317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Copper-Containing ROS-Scavenging Nanozyme Paradoxically Drives Alpha-Synucleinopathy by Amplifying Nitrosative Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.661317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are implicated in neurodegeneration, but their specific pathogenic roles remain unclear. Here, we developed a pair of iridium-based nanozymes with opposing functionalities to dissect these pathways. We show that a copper-tuned iridium nanozyme (Ir{square}Cu), despite being a superior ROS scavenger, paradoxically and dramatically exacerbated -synuclein (Syn) pathology in vivo. This pathology was causally linked to its ability to amplify RNS, as pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME completely abrogated the pathology and reversed a human Parkinsons disease (PD)-like transcriptomic signature. In contrast, a copper-free, broad-spectrum RONS-scavenging iridium (Ir) nanozyme demonstrated substantial therapeutic efficacy across diverse brain-first, body-first, and Alzheimers disease with Lewy body co-pathology models. Our findings uncover the importance of the RNS pathway in driving -synucleinopathies and establish a critical design principle for nanomedicine, mandating caution in the use of redox-active copper for neuroprotective applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.661317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Copper-Containing ROS-Scavenging Nanozyme Paradoxically Drives Alpha-Synucleinopathy by Amplifying Nitrosative Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-acting hydrogel-based depot formulations of tirzepatide and semaglutide for the management of type 2 diabetes and weight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several incretin hormone therapies have been clinically approved and have revolutionized the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Promising therapeutics include semaglutide (Ozempic(R) and Wegovy(R)), an agonist for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, and tirzepatide (Mounjaro(R)), a dual agonist for GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. These molecules help to regulate blood glucose levels, enhance insulin secretion and sensitivity, and reduce appetite. Currently, these treatments require weekly injections, which can be challenging for patients to adhere to. We recently reported the development of an injectable hydrogel depot technology enabling months-long release of semaglutide (Sema). Here, we further develop this technology for improved prolonged release of both Sema and tirzepatide (TZP). In a rat model of diabetes, we show a single administration of hydrogel-based formulations of either Sema or TZP maintained relevant drug levels for over 6 weeks. In these studies, single administrations of long-acting hydrogel-based therapies of Sema or TZP were similarly effective at regulating blood glucose and weight compared to daily injections of either Sema or TZP in standard aqueous vehicles. This hydrogel depot technology is easy to manufacture, injectable, and exhibits excellent biocompatibility, enabling months-long-acting treatments with the potential to improve management of diabetes and weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>d'Aquino, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jons, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saouaf, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doulames, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alakesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-acting hydrogel-based depot formulations of tirzepatide and semaglutide for the management of type 2 diabetes and weight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protocadherin mediates cell-cell adhesion and integrity of the oral placode in the tunicate Ciona 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In chordate embryos, placodes are ectodermal thickenings around the borders of the neural plate that give rise to various sensory organs and cell types. While generally thought to be a vertebrate-specific innovation, homologous placodes are proposed to exist in non-vertebrate chordates as well. In Ciona robusta, a solitary tunicate, the adult mouth (the oral siphon) is derived from one such "cranial-like" placode in the larva, which we term the oral siphon placode (OSP). At embryonic and larval stages, the OSP consists of a small rosette of cells that forms from the neuropore at the anteriormost extent of neural tube closure. While the morphogenesis of the OSP and its physical separation from other surface ectoderm structures have been described in detail, how this is regulated at the molecular level is currently unknown. Here we show the involvement of protocadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in the segregation and structural cohesiveness of the OSP. Protocadherin.e (Pcdhe.e) is expressed specifically in the OSP but not in other surface ectoderm cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of Pcdh.e in these cells results in loss of OSP structural integrity and ability to physically separate from other structures derived from the same cell lineage. Overexpression of Pcdh.e throughout the anterior surface ectoderm results in similar loss of a physically separate and distinct OSP territory. Furthermore, we show that Pcdh.e expession in the OSP depends on oral placode-specific transcription factors such as Six1/2 and Pitx. Our results suggest that OSP integrity and morphogenesis require precise regulation of a homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecule, which might reflect a conserved mechanism for placode formation in chordates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vedurupaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popsuj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protocadherin mediates cell-cell adhesion and integrity of the oral placode in the tunicate Ciona]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-substrate friction controls biofilm development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often live in biofilms, surface-attached communities that can form on nearly any surface, from coarse sands to smooth glass. It is often hypothesized that cell-substrate friction can impact biofilm growth and development on these disparate surfaces. However, the experimental difficulty in measuring the friction between a biofilm and its surface has limited our understanding of how friction forces impact emergent colony-level behaviors and morphologies. Here, we demonstrate that increasing cell-substrate friction increases the biofilm contact angle, which, in turn, decreases the horizontal biofilm range expansion rate. We first used individual-based simulations to isolate the impact of friction. In this simple model, we found that increasing friction increases biofilm contact angle, and, in turn, that the contact angle emerges from a simple dynamic force balance between cell-substrate friction, cell-cell steric forces, and cell-cell adhesion, reminiscent of Youngs equation for sessile liquid drops. We developed an approach to directly measure the friction between bacterial colonies and agar surfaces, and found that the friction between the substrate and the biofilm is higher on substrates made with higher agar weight percentage. Additionally, we observed that biofilm contact angles increase with friction, following a Young-equation-like balance. Finally, we found that contact angle increases with agar percentage for a wide range of bacteria, suggesting that the biophysical impact of friction may play a role for a wide array of microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hejri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belpaire, T. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-substrate friction controls biofilm development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.12.664223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory neurostimulation promotes stress resilience with frequency-specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.12.664223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders, acting via increased neuroinflammation and disrupted synaptic plasticity. While non-invasive visual or audiovisual neurostimulation (AV flicker) at 40Hz has been shown to modulate brain immune signaling and improve cognitive performance in mouse models of Alzheimers disease, its effects in the context of stress remain unknown. Here we show that AV flicker protects against stress-induced behavioral, microglial, astrocytic, and synaptic changes in a sex- and frequency-specific manner. Male and female mice underwent 28 days of chronic unpredictable stress with concomitant daily AV flicker exposure at 10Hz, 20Hz, or 40Hz. Stress-induced behaviors were most effectively mitigated by 10Hz AV flicker in males and 40Hz AV flicker in females. In the medial prefrontal cortex, AV flicker normalized the balance of mature and immature dendritic spines and counteracted stress-induced molecular changes in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, including in key neuropsychiatric risk genes. These findings show that frequency optimized AV flicker induces resilience to chronic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajelli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kye, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.12.664223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory neurostimulation promotes stress resilience with frequency-specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenome-based vertical profiling of the Gulf of Mexico highlights its uniqueness and far-reaching effects of freshwater input 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and metagenomic explorations of the oceans have identified well-structured microbial assemblages showing endemic genomic adaptations with increasing depth. However, deep water column surveys have been limited, especially of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) basin, despite its importance for human activities. To fill this gap, we report on 19 deeply sequenced [[~]5 Gbp/sample] shotgun metagenomes collected along a vertical gradient, from the surface to about 2,000m deep, at three GoM stations. Beta diversity analysis revealed strong clustering by depth, and not by station, even when including previously determined samples from other ocean basins. However, a community level pangenome style gene content analysis revealed [~]54% of predicted gene sequences to be station specific within our GoM samples. Of the 154 high-quality MAGs recovered, 145 represent novel species compared to NCBI genomes and TARA MAGs databases. Two of these MAGs were relatively abundant at both surface and deep samples, revealing remarkable versatility across the water column. A few MAGs of freshwater origin ([~]6% of total detected) were relatively abundant at 600m deep and 270 miles from the coast at one station, revealing that the effects of freshwater input in the GoM can sometimes be far-reaching and long-lasting. Notably, 1,447/16,068 of the total COGs detected were positively (Pearsons r [&ge;] 0.5) or negatively (Pearsons r [&le;] -0.5) correlated with depth including beta-lactamases, dehydrogenase, and CoA-associated oxidoreductases. Taken together our results reveal substantial novel genome and gene diversity across the GoMs water column, and testable hypotheses for some of the diversity patterns observed.

IMPORTANCETo what extent microbial communities are similar between different ocean basins at similar depths and what the impact of freshwater input by major rivers may be on these communities remain poorly understood issues with potentially important implications for modeling and managing marine biodiversity. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing and recovered 154 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from three stations in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and from various depths up to about 2000m. Comparison to similar data from other ocean basins highlight the unique diversity harbored by the GoM, which could be driven by more substantial input by the Mississippi River and by human activities, including offshore oil drilling. The data and results provided by this study should be useful for future comparative analysis of marine biodiversity and contribute toward its more complete characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conrad, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsementzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meziti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenome-based vertical profiling of the Gulf of Mexico highlights its uniqueness and far-reaching effects of freshwater input]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quality control of single-cell ATAC-seq data without peak calling using Chromap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we extend Chromap, an ultrafast method for single-cell ATAC-seq data alignment, to directly report peak-based quality control (QC) metrics, such as the fraction of reads in peaks, without calling peaks. Recent single-cell ATAC-seq analysis methods like SnapATAC2 utilize the genome-interval-based feature for data analysis, which disables filtering low-quality cells using common peak-based QC metrics. We show that Chromaps QC metrics capture additional low-quality cells missed by SnapATAC2 and improve downstream analysis results without sacrificing computational efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quality control of single-cell ATAC-seq data without peak calling using Chromap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.664155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the evolutionary origin of the stereoselectivity of short-chain dehydrogenases in the oxidation of the monoterpenol 1-borneol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.664155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme engineering has produced numerous methods to optimize enzymes for biotechnological processes; however, less is known about how natural evolution creates new functionalities. We investigate the evolutionary emergence of enantioselectivity in plant borneol dehydrogenases (BDHs), which feature hydrophobic active-sites and are enantioselective towards dibornane-type monoterpenols. Ancestral sequence reconstruction provided a trajectory from the oldest unselective BDH ancestor N30 (E=12) toward the youngest selective ancestor N32, involving 19 mutations: 18 mutations are peripheral, one (I111L) occurs in the active-site. The mutation L111I in the hydrophobic pocket increased the selectivity of N30, while the back-mutation I111L decreased the selectivity of N32. Additional peripheral mutations (V136L/G169A/V183I) were required for high selectivity. Crystal structures suggested that protein dynamics, rather than structural changes shape these catalytic properties. Molecular simulations with funnel-metadynamics revealed a correlation between the active-sites solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) and selectivity. This potential evolutionary pathway shapes enantioselectivity, and guides future enzyme engineering campaigns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, C. P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Geronimo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanique, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavciakova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijeiro, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drienovska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kracher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourist, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.664155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the evolutionary origin of the stereoselectivity of short-chain dehydrogenases in the oxidation of the monoterpenol 1-borneol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forced exercise modulates retinal inflammatory response and regulates miRNA expression to promote retinal neuroprotection during degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur labs have demonstrated exercise is protective in animal models of retinal degeneration (RD). Inflammation drives RD progression, and is regulated by the recruitment and reactivity of glia cells as well as through small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we explore the effects of treadmill exercise on the recruitment and reactivity of retinal inflammatory cells within the neural retina and miRNA expression in a light-induced retinal degeneration model (LIRD) that exhibits phenotypes found in patients with RD.

MethodsMale 6-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to either active or inactive groups. Active groups were exercised by treadmill 1 hour a day for two weeks at a speed of 10m/min, meanwhile inactive groups were placed on static treadmills for the same duration. Light induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) was induced during the second week of exercise using light exposure of 5000 lux, control animals were kept at 50 lux. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG) 5 days after LIRD. Retinas were collected 1-day and 5-days post-LIRD, sagittal sections were stained for inflammatory markers (GFAP and Iba1), TUNEL (cell death), and photoreceptor nuclei (outer nuclear layer; ONL) were quantified. RNA was extracted and miRNA expression quantified with GeneChip miRNA 4.0 array.

ResultsActive+LIRD mice demonstrated significant preservation of retinal function, evidenced by higher a-wave and b-wave amplitudes in ERG 5-days post-LIRD, compared to inactive+LIRD mice. Retinal sections from active+LIRD mice had fewer Iba1+ cells and decreased GFAP labeling 5-days post-LIRD compared to inactive+LIRD mice. Active+LIRD mice had fewer ONL TUNEL+ cells compared to inactive+LIRD mice. Inactive+LIRD mice showed a decline in ONL counts 1-day post-LIRD with significant loss 5-days post-LIRD compared to active+LIRD mice. In active groups, exercise promoted significant differences in miRNA expression, such as miR-302b, miR-192-5p, miR-187 compared to inactive groups.

ConclusionsOur results indicate that treadmill exercise preserved photoreceptor density, slowed and or prevented apoptosis in the ONL, and decreased the presence/recruitment of inflammatory cells in the neural retina. Altered miRNA expression profiles in active groups are associated with cell survival (miR-302b), oxidative stress regulation (miR-192-5p) and photoreceptor homeostasis (miR-187). These results reveal how exercise alters the retinal inflammatory response over the course of 1-day to 5-days, providing insight into exercise-based therapies and treatments for RD and neuroinflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haupt, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumaa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu-Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatright, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forced exercise modulates retinal inflammatory response and regulates miRNA expression to promote retinal neuroprotection during degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingomyelinase Licensing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alters Lipid and Protein Metabolites for Immunomodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely studied for their immunomodulatory and tissue reparative capabilities, but clinical translation has been hampered by inconsistent efficacy and limited standardization in manufacturing. While cytokine-based priming methods, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) stimulation, have shown promise in enhancing MSC potency, alternative approaches targeting distinct biological metabolism integral to secretome and membrane architecture have not been explored in MSCs. In this study, we investigate sphingomyelinase (SMase), an enzyme that generates ceramide from sphingomyelin, as a novel lipid-based priming strategy to modulate MSC function. Here, human MSCs were treated with SMase and high-content imaging and morphological profiling revealed that SMase-treated cells adopted a phenotype overlapping with IFN-{gamma}-licensed MSCs, including increased cell compactness and solidity. Lipidomic analysis showed broad alterations in sphingolipid species, and dynamic flux estimation (DFE) modeling predicted distinct metabolic shifts in SMase-treated cells compared to untreated controls. These changes were sustained up to 35 hours post-stimulation, indicating stable metabolic reprogramming. SMase priming also altered the MSC secretome, enriching for factors implicated in immune regulation. Functionally, SMase-primed MSCs retained the ability to suppress T-cell activation and promote anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SMase stimulation induces a durable, immunomodulatory-like state in MSCs through coordinated changes in lipid metabolism and secretory activity. This lipid-centric priming approach represents a promising alternative to cytokine-based licensing strategies and may support therapeutic MSC products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ONeill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingomyelinase Licensing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alters Lipid and Protein Metabolites for Immunomodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunomodulatory endothelial cells contribute to T cell recruitment and activation through antigen presentation on MHC class II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsA subset of endothelial cells referred to as immunomodulatory endothelial cells (IMEC) has been proposed to regulate T cell responses in atherosclerosis, but their phenotype and function remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the inflammation-induced emergence of IMEC and their crosstalk with T cells.

Methods and ResultsAn in vitro model to study IMEC was established and characterized using flow cytometry and proteomics. Single-cell transcriptome data from human atherosclerotic arteries as well as single cell transcriptome and endothelial cell-specific translatome data from a murine atherogenesis model were used to determine pathophysiological relevance. Immunopeptidomics was performed to detect antigen presentation. T cell chemotaxis, adhesion and activation were assessed through flow cytometry and microscopy. IMEC were induced by treating human endothelial cells with interleukin-1{beta}, interferon-{gamma}, and transforming growth factor-{beta}2. These cells expressed lower levels of classical endothelial cell markers but expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation (CD83, CD80 and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as chemokines, including CXCL9. An endothelial cell subpopulation with similar immunomodulatory features was identified in a mouse model of accelerated atherogenesis as well as in human atheromas. Conditioned medium from IMEC enhanced the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced T cell chemotaxis, the latter being partially inhibited by antagonizing CXCL9. Proteins related to glycosaminoglycan degradation were significantly downregulated in IMEC which was relevant inasmuch as the glycocalyx plays a key role in the establishment of chemokine gradients. Indeed, the accumulation of heparan sulfates in IMEC contributed to the adhesion of T cells. Notably, IMEC that had been exposed to monocyte lysates presented 627 peptide antigens on MHC class II and induced T cell activation.

ConclusionOur data demonstrate the role of IMEC as non-professional antigen-presenting cells that potentially contribute to T cell-mediated immune responses in cardiovascular disease.

Translational PerspectiveThis study characterizes immunomodulatory endothelial cells (IMEC) as critical mediators of vascular inflammation through their capacity to process and present exogenous antigens and activate T cells. Induced by pro-atherogenic cytokines (IFN-{gamma}, IL-1{beta}, TGF-{beta}2), IMEC upregulate MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, promote leukocyte chemotaxis, and enhance T cell adhesion through surface heparan sulfate. The identification of IMEC-like populations in both murine models and human atherosclerotic plaques indicates a conserved immunological function in atherogenesis. These findings position IMEC as novel, non-professional antigen-presenting cells and potential therapeutic targets to modulate vascular immune responses in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cartura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliraj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szyma?ski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrario, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezende, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueven, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleckwehl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimmeler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offermanns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muench, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graumann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siragusa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunomodulatory endothelial cells contribute to T cell recruitment and activation through antigen presentation on MHC class II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.665897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous ligand binding to intact and partially formed ATP binding sites in the hexameric termination factor Rho 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.665897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermodynamic coupling between ligand binding sites affords macromolecular machines a means to coordinate processive function. Because these machines may be compositionally complex, quantifying and interpreting ligand binding events can be experimentally difficult. Biophysical methods that convolve binding events into a one-dimensional metric, which suffice for monomeric macromolecules that bind to a single ligand, are insufficient to adequately describe the complexity of binding to oligomeric systems. Confounding factors include structural heterogeneity that may invalidate basic assumptions used to interpret the measurements. In this communication, we use native mass spectrometry to measure ATP binding to a hexameric helicase, the E. coli termination factor Rho. Providing new insights into classical and more recent biochemical experiments, we observe and quantify ATP binding to hexameric and lower-order complexes. Moreover, we observe super-stoichiometric binding consistent with ATP binding to partially formed binding sites at the edges of the open washer structure. Such detailed insights are likely critical to understanding the mechanisms by which a broad range of macromolecular machines harness the free energy from ligand binding, hydrolysis, and exchange to coordinate their ligand-dependent functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billings, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzquiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.665897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous ligand binding to intact and partially formed ATP binding sites in the hexameric termination factor Rho]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
snATAC-Express infers Gene Expression from Prioritized Chromatin Accessibility Peaks using Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle cell multi-omic investigation opens-up new opportunities to understand mechanisms of gene regulation. Existing methods for inferring transcript abundance from chromatin accessibility fail to prioritize the most relevant peaks and tend to assume positive associations between ATAC peaks and RNA counts. We hypothesize that gene regulation can be modeled as a function of combined positive and negative interactions among peaks and that causal regulatory variants are enriched in the vicinity of the most critical peaks.

ResultsA machine learning pipeline leveraging single nuclear multiomic transcriptome and chromatin accessibility data is developed to model gene expression as a function of ATAC peak intensity. Multiome data was available for 18 immune cell types from 29 donors, 19 with Crohns disease. The pipeline aggregates results from three machine learning approaches (random forest regression, XGBoost, and Light GBM) as well as linear regression to identify which ATAC peaks contribute to explaining variation among donors and cell types in pseudobulk gene expression. The coefficient of determination with cross-validation was used to identify robust models which typically explain between 5% and 40% of transcript abundance, utilizing on average 47% of the ATAC peaks, representing a significant gain in predictive accuracy. The most important peaks are enriched in GWAS variants for inflammatory bowel disease and the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, but not for rheumatoid arthritis.

ConclusionAtlanta Plots visualize the proportion of ATAC peaks contributing to a predictive model of gene expression as well as the proportion of variance explained by the model. Software implementing our pipeline, "snATAC-Express", is freely available on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolachala, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugathasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfinger, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[snATAC-Express infers Gene Expression from Prioritized Chromatin Accessibility Peaks using Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High speed functional imaging with a microfluidics-compatible open-top light-sheet microscope enabled by model predictive control of a tunable lens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Functional fluorescence imaging of small, transparent organisms has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the development and function of intact nervous systems at the cellular level, particularly when combined with microfluidic tools that enable precise manipulation of sensory cues. Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has a number of advantages for functional imaging, including efficient axial sectioning, reduced photobleaching, and high speed compared to confocal methods, but many configurations with ideal properties for efficient functional imaging place constraints on sample access and geometry that preclude their use with microfluidics. We present an open-top light-sheet microscope that uses a simplified inverted water immersion interface coupled with tunable lens remote focusing to achieve high-speed, multichannel 3D imaging of specimens in conventional microfluidics. We use model predictive control to efficiently optimize drive signals for an electrically tunable lens, providing reliable, camera-limited scanning of the imaging volume. We then demonstrate the utility of this approach by recording calcium activity from C. elegans at volume rates up to 20 Hz, including both whole-brain response to chemical stimulation and compartmentalized dendritic response of the PVD neuron to mechanical stimulation. Our approaches are flexible and inexpensive to implement, and could be adapted to improve performance and sample compatibility for a wide range of imaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High speed functional imaging with a microfluidics-compatible open-top light-sheet microscope enabled by model predictive control of a tunable lens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASCENT: Annotation-free Self-supervised Contrastive Embeddings for 3D Neuron Tracking in Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tracking individual neurons in dense 3D microscopy recordings of fast-moving, deforming organisms is a critical challenge in neuroscience. This task is often hindered by complex tissue motion and the need for laborious manual annotation. Here, we introduce ASCENT, an annotation-free computational framework that learns robust representations of neuronal identity that are invariant to tissue deformation. ASCENT trains a Neuron Embedding Transformer (NETr) through a self-supervised contrastive scheme on augmented data that mimics tissue deformations. NETr generates highly discriminative embeddings for each neuron by combining visual appearance with positional information, refined by the context of all other neurons in the frame. On a challenging benchmark C. elegans datasets, ASCENT achieves state-of-the-art tracking accuracy, surpassing supervised methods. The method is robust to image noise, highly data-efficient, and generalizes across different imaging conditions. By eliminating the annotation bottleneck, ASCENT provides a practical and scalable solution for the robust analysis of whole-brain neural dynamics in behaving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASCENT: Annotation-free Self-supervised Contrastive Embeddings for 3D Neuron Tracking in Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Strategy Adaptation in Reinforcement Learning Resembles Policy Gradient Ascent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of intelligence is the ability to adapt behavior to changing environments, which requires adapting ones own learning strategies. This phenomenon is known as learning to learn or meta-learning. Although well established in humans and animals, a computational framework that characterizes how biological agents adapt their learning strategies through experience remains elusive. Here we posit that humans update their learning strategies online through a gradient-based meta-learning process, effectively optimizing how they learn. However, estimating how these strategies evolve over time remains a significant challenge since traditional cognitive models, such as reinforcement learning (RL), typically assume that agents use static strategies. To address this, we introduce DynamicRL, a method that leverages neural networks to estimate the evolution of an individuals RL strategy by tracking cognitive parameters such as learning rates over time. Across four human bandit tasks, DynamicRL consistently outperforms traditional RL models with fixed parameters in fitting behavior, confirming that humans adapt their RL strategies over time. RL parameters estimated by DynamicRL reveal trajectories that systematically increase the expected reward of the RL strategy. The parameter updates at each step resemble policy gradient ascent, and their optimality correlates with the strength of the gradient signal. Moreover, these RL parameters evolve more slowly than decision variables, supporting the hierarchical relationship between strategy learning and value learning. Our work provides a computational framework that expands the hypothesis space from understanding strategies to understanding strategy adaptation, bridging adaptive behavior in biological and artificial intelligence through meta-learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji-An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Strategy Adaptation in Reinforcement Learning Resembles Policy Gradient Ascent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Capture Quantitative Oblique Back-Illumination Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative oblique back-illumination microscopy (qOBM) has emerged as a powerful technique for label-free, 3D quantitative phase imaging of arbitrarily thick biological specimens. However, in its initial embodiment, qOBM requires multiple captures for phase recovery, which reduces imaging speed and increases system complexity. In this work, we present a novel advancement in qOBM: single-capture qOBM (SCqOBM) which utilizes a deep learning model to accurately reconstruct phase information from a single oblique back-illumination capture. We demonstrate that SCqOBM achieves remarkable phase imaging accuracy, closely matching the results of traditional four-capture qOBM in diverse biological samples. We first highlight the unique potential of SCqOBM for non-invasive, in-vivo imaging applications by visualizing blood flow in mouse brain and human arm. Additionally, we demonstrate single-slice (en-face) quantitative phase imaging at 2 kHz and volumetric refractive index tomography at speeds up to 10 volumes per second. SCqOBM offers transformative advantages in speed, simplicity, and system accessibility, making it highly suitable for dynamic and real-time imaging applications. Its ability to produce high-resolution, quantitative phase and refractive index images with minimal hardware complexity opens new frontiers in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, including non-invasive hematological assessments and in-vivo tissue imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casteleiro Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Esteva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Capture Quantitative Oblique Back-Illumination Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in planta single-cell screen to accelerate functional genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens in whole plants are a powerful tool for functional genetics. However, elucidating gene function in highly redundant genetic programs such as signaling pathways remains challenging in both model and non-model plants. Here, we report a single-cell screening platform, PIVOT (Protoplast Isolation after Virus Overexpression in planTa), to accelerate identification and functional characterization of plant genes. We used Nicotiana benthamiana as a heterologous host to test gene libraries arrayed in a single leaf. Two elements of our system made pooled screens possible in planta: (1) we harnessed viral superinfection exclusion to ensure single multiplicity of infection per cell during pooled library delivery, and (2) we engineered a cell surface protein as a phenotypic marker for isolating cells of interest from a heterogeneous population. Using this system, we recovered known and new regulators of cytokinin signaling from an Arabidopsis open reading frame library. We anticipate PIVOT will be broadly applicable for high-throughput, single-cell functional genetic screening across the plant kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowensohn, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in planta single-cell screen to accelerate functional genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time, High-throughput Super-resolution Microscopy via Panoramic Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce super-resolution panoramic integration (SPI), an on-the-fly microscopy technique enabling instantaneous generation of subdiffractional images concurrently with scalable, high-throughput screening. SPI leverages multifocal optical rescaling, high-content sweeping, and synchronized line-scan readout while preserving minimal post-processing and compatibility with epi-fluorescence settings. We demonstrate SPI for various subcellular and populational morphology, function, and heterogeneity. This versatile platform offers a practical pathway toward biological insights beyond traditional optical and computational constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadesse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandracchia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdag, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time, High-throughput Super-resolution Microscopy via Panoramic Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.09.668990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Bio-Nano Interactions of PEGylated Cationic Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers within Synovial Joints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.09.668990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delivering therapeutics directly to synovial joints to treat osteoarthritis (OA) is challenging due to the dense negatively charged cartilage matrix and rapid turnover of synovial fluid, leading to high clearance rates. Our lab has identified polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as optimal nanocarriers to overcome delivery challenges to cartilage due to their positive charge and small size, which enables them to bind to cartilage and diffuse through tissue to deliver therapeutics to chondrocytes. Previously, we have developed and characterized dendrimers functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), demonstrating improved biocompatibility and enhanced transport through cartilage matrix. To improve the design of our therapeutic system, in this next phase of work, we characterized dendrimer-protein interactions or protein coronas that form on dendrimers after being immersed in synovial fluid. We also analyzed how synovial fluid protein coronas affect biological outcomes of dendrimers in synovial joints, specifically uptake in cartilage and internalization by chondrocytes. We identified that protein coronas can reduce dendrimer uptake in cartilage and chondrocytes; however, uptake reduction is mitigated by varying PEG chain length and density. Although protein coronas can be perceived as "biological barriers" to uptake, we demonstrate that dendrimers conjugated with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have better engagement with IGF-1 receptors after being pre-coated with a synovial fluid protein corona. Overall, these studies offer further insight into the mechanisms of how positively charged dendrimers target and transport through cartilage, bridging knowledge gaps between ex vivo and in vivo work.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668990v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas-Green, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dampty, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodzinsky, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.09.668990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Bio-Nano Interactions of PEGylated Cationic Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers within Synovial Joints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel combination of irreversible electroporation and allogenic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy synergizes therapeutic outcomes in a preclinical human pancreatic cancer mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation modality used clinically for treating unresectable tumors while preserving vital structures through controlled application of pulsed electric fields. Previous data suggest that patient outcomes are enhanced with the induction of an anti-tumor immune response, but current research focuses on using immune checkpoint inhibitors, which function through conventional immune pathways that may be downregulated by cancer or dysregulated by chemo-induced lymphodepletion. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells overcome this limitation, as they are engineered with synthetic receptors that redirect lymphocytes to recognize and target cells expressing tumor-specific structures. CARs are engineered to have an increased binding affinity compared to in-situ T-cell binding, amplify internal stimulation cascades, and release pro-inflammatory cytokines that can modulate the endogenous immune system. However, there are still major limitations for adoptive cell therapies in solid tumors, including life-threatening on-target off-tumor cytotoxicity, antigen escape, and failure to infiltrate and persist in solid tumors. Given the substantial evidence that IRE overcomes many of the challenges associated with immune infiltration and persistence in solid tumors, there is a strong premise for using targeted cell therapies following IRE, which would then target residual cancer that could repopulate the lesion. Here, we present the first proof-of-concept combination of IRE with an adoptive cell therapy. We validated that the cell membrane CAR target is not affected in electroporated cells that survive IRE, allowing for subsequent binding and elimination of residual tumor. The research demonstrates the feasibility and synergy of a novel combination of two clinically used techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parizi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.10.669537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel combination of irreversible electroporation and allogenic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy synergizes therapeutic outcomes in a preclinical human pancreatic cancer mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal taxa in gut microbiota limit antibiotic resistance during extended oral antibiotic use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain bacterial infections, such as those involving prosthetics, can require antimicrobial therapy over months to years, potentially increasing the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Here we longitudinally track the antimicrobial resistome in mice during continuous antibiotic dosing over 21 months. The burden of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) initially increases, but, surprisingly, declines in later months, approaching levels observed in untreated animals. ARG burden is regulated by taxonomy and declines as ARG-harboring taxa that initially bloom are replaced by commensals. Furthermore, we find that the dynamics of antibiotic-induced ARG burden are influenced by age-related differences in microbial taxonomy and can be removed by fecal microbiota transplantation. We show that commensals may regulate the resistome by limiting the growth of ARG-harboring taxa, thereby providing antimicrobial expansion resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cyphert, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjyal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekonen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leifer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal taxa in gut microbiota limit antibiotic resistance during extended oral antibiotic use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of prostate cancer in 3D pathology datasets via generative immunolabeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in nondestructive 3D pathology offer a complement to standard histology by enabling comprehensive volumetric analyses of intact clinical specimens (e.g. biopsies). Prior studies have demonstrated the added prognostic value of 3D pathology for prostate cancer risk stratification by correlating 3D microarchitectural features with long-term patient outcomes. However, these analyses relied on coarse manual annotations of cancer-enriched regions for downstream analysis without fine-grained delineation between often-intermixed cancerous and benign glands. To address these limitations, we have developed a 3D computational pipeline: Synthetic Immunolabeling for Generative Heatmaps of Tumor (SIGHT). SIGHT relies on deep learning-based 3D image translation models, trained in a fully supervised fashion, to convert H&E-analog 3D pathology datasets into multiplexed 3D immunofluorescence datasets that facilitate tumor detection. Our implementation of SIGHT synthetically labels two cytokeratin markers that are differentially expressed in cancerous and benign prostate glands, which are used to generate explainable 3D heatmaps of cancer-enriched regions in prostate tissues. Validation of SIGHT against ground-truth annotations from a panel of genitourinary pathologists yields an average F1 score of 0.88 which is comparable to the average inter-pathologist agreement F1 score of 0.90. To demonstrate the value of SIGHT, we developed machine classifiers of recurrence risk based on 3D glandular histomorphometric features from 75 patients. Volumetric glandular analysis in SIGHT-identified cancer-enriched regions vs. all tissue regions yields an average Kaplan-Meier hazard ratio of 3.57 (1.6 - 7.9 CI) vs. 0.92 (0.45 - 1.89 CI).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serafin, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salguero-Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraznenok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>True, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madabhushi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of prostate cancer in 3D pathology datasets via generative immunolabeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Geometry Limits Bacterial Metabolic Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial metabolic strategies are fundamentally linked to their physical form, yet a quantitative understanding of how cell size and shape constrain the efficiency of biomass production remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a coarse-grained whole-cell model of bacterial physiology that integrates proteome allocation, metabolic fluxes, and cell geometry with physical limits on cell surface area and intracellular diffusion. Our model shows that the efficiency of cellular growth is not monotonic with nutrient availability; instead, it peaks precisely at the onset of overflow metabolism, framing this metabolic switch as an optimal trade-off between efficient use of imported nutrients and rapid growth. By simulating perturbations to cell morphology, we demonstrate the strong metabolic advantage of a high surface-to-volume ratio, which consistently improves growth efficiency. Finally, we show how geometric limits on growth efficiency result in a hard physical constraint: the maximum sustainable cell size is inversely related to the growth rate. This is due to a fundamental conflict between the proteomic cost of growth speed and the cost of size, which creates a budget crisis in large, fast-growing cells. Our work shows how a few physical rules define the allowable strategies for bacterial metabolism and provides a mechanistic explanation for the observed limits on microbial cell size and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cylke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Geometry Limits Bacterial Metabolic Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Outer Polyion Impacts Protein Corona Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticles (NPs) can be engineered to achieve targeted delivery with strategies based on surface modifications. These include layer-by-layer (LbL) NPs, modular electrostatically assembled carriers with tunable surface properties altered by changes to the outer polyion layer. Variations in these polymers dictate intracellular trafficking and biodistribution patterns. As NPs are administered, a layer of protein adsorbs to their surfaces, forming a protein corona that affects NP properties, alters biodistribution, and ultimately, impacts therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesized that some differences in LbL NP performance are due, in part, to variations in the resulting protein coronas. To study them, we first optimized an ultrafiltration method to effectively isolate LbL NPs with their protein corona. Following incubation in conditioned media, anionic homopolypeptide outer layers, such as poly-L-aspartic acid (PLD) and poly-L-glutamic acid (PLE), and LbL NPs with the bioinert polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) had the lowest amount of protein associated, lower than conventional PEG liposomes. While mass spectroscopy revealed changes in the protein composition among LbL NPs; albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and apolipoprotein B were most abundant. In vitro, pre-formed protein coronas reduced uptake in macrophages but increased uptake in ovarian cancer cells for certain LbL NP outer layers. In vivo, LbL NP outer layer influenced both serum half-life and biodistribution. Overall, this work highlights that LbL NPs can be designed to control protein corona formation, and supports that further understanding NP interactions with biological fluids is essential for designing clinically translatable NP platforms.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=181 SRC="FIGDIR/small/670086v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18a2a66org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5b755org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@676af2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19e3b34_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dacoba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas-Green, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Outer Polyion Impacts Protein Corona Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrainFacts accurately quantifies both endogenous and live biotherapeutic product strain abundances in simulated and clinical vaginal microbiota samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) deliver microbial strains to modulate the host microbiota in order to promote health or treat and prevent disease. Since endogenous strains are already present, accurately evaluating LBP efficacy and mechanism of action requires distinguishing administered from endogenous strains. Although computational tools exist for inferring strains from short-read metagenomic data, few have been rigorously tested in the context of LBP treatment. Here, we assess the ability of StrainFacts, a computational tool for inferring strains from short-read metagenomic data, to estimate strain abundances and genotypes of endogenous and administered strains. We performed a simulation study of a single-strain LBP trial, modeling serial samples across a range of administered strain abundance, co-occurring endogenous strains, and sequencing depths. We found that StrainFacts accurately estimated both LBP and endogenous strain abundances and genotypes within simulated samples. We further validated methods using human vaginal microbiota samples spiked with CTV-05, the Lactobacillus crispatus strain contained in the LBP LACTIN-V, which has been shown to reduce recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Our findings demonstrate that StrainFacts can robustly assess LBP and endogenous strain colonization, abundance, and dynamics in simulated and experimental microbiota samples, supporting its utility as an analysis tool for vaginal LBP therapeutic trial data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsherbini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrainFacts accurately quantifies both endogenous and live biotherapeutic product strain abundances in simulated and clinical vaginal microbiota samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening channelrhodopsins using robotic intracellularelectrophysiology and single cell sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur ability to engineer opsins is limited by an incomplete understanding of how sequence variations influence function. The vastness of opsin sequence space makes systematic exploration difficult.

New methodIn recognition of the need for datasets linking opsin genetic sequence to function, we pursued a novel method for screening channel-rhodopsins to obtain these datasets. In this method, we integrate advances in robotic intracellular electrophysiology (Patch) to measure optogenetic properties (Excite), harvest individual cells of interest (Pick) and subsequently sequence them (Sequence), thus tying sequence to function.

ResultsWe used this method to sequence more than 50 cells with associated functional characterization. We further demonstrate the utility of this method with experiments on heterogeneous populations of known opsins and single point mutations of a known opsin. Of these point mutations, we found C160W ablates ChrimsonRs response to light.

Conclusion and comparison to existing methodsCompared to traditional manual patch clamp screening, which is labor-intensive and low-throughput, this approach enables more efficient, standardized, and scalable characterization of large opsin libraries. This method can enable opsin engineering with large datasets to increase our understanding of opsin sequence-function relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeLoo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badawy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockslager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magondu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening channelrhodopsins using robotic intracellularelectrophysiology and single cell sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical energetic contributions of the rectus femoris during perturbed walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals maintain locomotor stability following external perturbations by coordinating muscular responses to produce desired mechanical behavior at different levels of description (e.g., muscle-tendon units, joints, legs). To investigate the role of proximal musculature in responding to perturbations during human walking, here we extend a previous analysis relating joint and leg levels down to the level of the rectus femoris. Using in-vivo B-mode ultrasound processed with a custom automated fascicle tracking application and EMG measurements to drive Hill-type models of muscle force, we investigated mechanical energetics of the rectus femoris in 7 individuals who experienced rapid, transient unilateral belt accelerations during walking. We hypothesized that: H1) the rectus femoris would actively lengthen on the perturbed leg during the perturbed stride and H2) on the contralateral leg the rectus femoris would reflect the mechanical energetic demand at the knee and leg levels. H1 was partially supported, with the rectus femoris fascicles being decoupled from muscle-tendon unit lengthening. H2 was not supported, with the rectus femoris best reflecting the energetic role of the hip, as opposed to the knee or leg. Overall, these findings provide a first estimate of the variety of roles proximal muscles play in maintaining stability and lay the groundwork for additional in-vivo measurement informed multi-scale analyses of perturbed locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golyski, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical energetic contributions of the rectus femoris during perturbed walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous Delivery of Sphingomyelinase Mediates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Alters Cargo Sorting, and Therapeutic Potency in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exert regenerative and immunomodulatory effects largely through secreted paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Lipid composition critically influences EV stability, uptake, and bioactivity. Sphingomyelinase (SMase), an enzyme that hydrolyzes sphingomyelin into ceramide, regulates EV biogenesis by inducing membrane curvature and initiating inward membrane budding. Here, MSCs were treated with SMase, and EVs were isolated and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, miRNA sequencing, lipidomics, and proteomics. SMase treatment increased EV yield and altered lipid, protein, and miRNA cargo linked to TNF- signaling, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Functionally, SMase-EVs suppressed TNF- in macrophages, showed trending increased HUVEC tubular formation, and altered T-cell populations following local delivery in a critical murine oral wound defect model. These findings highlight how enzymatic lipid remodeling modifies MSC-EVs, enhancing their therapeutic potential and informing strategies for optimized EV-based therapies and scalable production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adedipe, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous Delivery of Sphingomyelinase Mediates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Alters Cargo Sorting, and Therapeutic Potency in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
40 Hz Audiovisual Stimulation Improves Sustained Attention and Related Brain Oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) have long been theorized to play a key role in sensory processing and attention by coordinating neural firing across distributed neurons. Gamma oscillations can be generated internally by neural circuits during attention or exogenously by stimuli that turn on and off at gamma frequencies. However, it remains unknown if driving gamma activity via exogenous sensory stimulation affects attention. We tested the hypothesis that non-invasive audiovisual stimulation in the form of flashing lights and sounds (flicker) at 40 Hz improves attention in an attentional vigilance task and affects neural oscillations associated with attention. We recorded scalp EEG activity of healthy adults (n=62) during one hour of either 40 Hz audiovisual flicker, no flicker as control, or randomized flicker as sham stimulation, while subjects performed a psychomotor vigilance task. Participants exposed to 40 Hz flicker stimulation had better accuracy and faster reaction times than participants in the control groups. The 40 Hz group showed increased 40 Hz activity compared to the control groups in agreement with previous studies. Surprisingly, 40 Hz subjects had significantly lower delta power (2-4 Hz), which is associated with arousal, and higher functional connectivity in lower alpha (8-10 Hz), which is associated with attention processes. Furthermore, decreased delta power and increased lower alpha functional connectivity were correlated with better attention task performance. This study reveals how gamma audiovisual stimulation improves attention performance with potential implications for therapeutic interventions for attention disorders and cognitive enhancement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Attokaren, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettupalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[40 Hz Audiovisual Stimulation Improves Sustained Attention and Related Brain Oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.671780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Mappings from Biological Hip Moment Estimates to Exoskeleton Torque can Personalize Assistance Across Users and Generalize Across Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.671780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in data-driven methods have enabled real-time estimation of biomechanical states for exoskeleton control. While biological joint moments can be directly used to scale exoskeleton assistance, this approach is often suboptimal. An optimized mapping between biological joint moments and exoskeleton assistance could enhance end-to-end controllers based on the users physiological state. We introduce a flexible parametrization of biological moment-based control using delay, scaling, and shaping terms to transform joint moment estimates into commanded torque. We performed human-in-the-loop optimization, using metabolic cost to evaluate each iterations controller parameters, for 9 subjects across three ambulation modes: level walking at 1.1 m/s, 1.5 m/s, and 5{degrees} inclined walking. We evaluated three methods of exoskeleton control: 1. Personalized/Task Dependent, 2. Task Dependent/Non-personalized, and 3. Task Agnostic/Non-personalized. On average, our personalized approach provided the greatest benefit of 18.3% reduction in metabolic cost compared to walking without the exoskeleton, with the task dependent and task agnostic controllers producing similar reductions of 8.6% and 8.4%, respectively. Our results show that while generalizable, task agnostic control parameters can improve user energetics across cyclic tasks, fully personalized exoskeleton control parameters yield larger metabolic reductions, highlighting the value of personalizing exoskeleton assistance to users across many diverse tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonhaut, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinaro, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.671780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Mappings from Biological Hip Moment Estimates to Exoskeleton Torque can Personalize Assistance Across Users and Generalize Across Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Optical Properties and Stability of DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes with Cryoprotectant Mediated Lyophilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long-term optical performance and stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with single-stranded DNA are critical for their application in near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence biological sensing and imaging. However, the aggregation of such DNA-SWCNTs during storage presents a significant challenge. Here, we explored the use of lyophilization combined with various cryoprotectants to enhance the long-term stability and reconstitution of DNA-SWCNTs at room temperature. Five conventionally used cryoprotectants, including glucose, sucrose, mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were evaluated for their ability to maintain desired optical properties and prevent aggregation of SWCNTs through the process of lyophilization and reconstitution. Our results indicated that glucose and PEG, particularly in an 80:20 ratio by weight, provided the best performance, preserving NIR fluorescence and ensuring consistent reconstitution without significant aggregation. Further, in vitro studies using murine macrophages demonstrated that lyophilized SWCNTs with glucose-PEG protectants and then held at room temperature before subsequent reconstitution maintained stable intracellular optical performance, supporting their potential for long-term storage, ease of transport, and use in biomedical applications. These findings suggest that the optimized lyophilization protocol with specific cryoprotectant combinations can significantly improve the shelf life and reproducibility of SWCNT-based sensors, paving the way for their broader application in biological and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadeem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junge, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roxbury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Optical Properties and Stability of DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes with Cryoprotectant Mediated Lyophilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Mecp2 Gene Dosage and Gene Therapy Shape Multi-Omic Signatures and Biomarkers in Rett Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by MECP2 mutations. Like other genetic neurodevelopmental disorders, it lacks molecular biomarkers to evaluate disease and therapeutic outcomes. We present a strategy to define biomarkers of MeCP2 dysfunction in brain with potential to delineate mechanisms and monitor therapeutic interventions. This strategy relies on a library of proteins responsive to Mecp2 gene dosage and correlated with molecular and clinical outcomes after AAV9-mediated MECP2 gene therapy in Mecp2-KO mice. Gene rescue restored MeCP2 in brain, improved clinical phenotypes, and reverted transcriptome and proteome abnormalities. We identified 327 shared proteins among 1852 cortical and hippocampal proteins responsive to Mecp2/MECP2. Of these, 119 also displayed Mecp2/MECP2-dependent transcript changes. Both the Mecp2-responsive proteome and transcript-protein pairs were enriched in synaptic and metabolic pathways, including central carbon and NAD+ metabolism. We used this therapy-responsive protein library to guide selection of candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in RTT. CSF composition from neurotypical and RTT groups was analyzed using ultrasensitive nucleic acid-based multiplexed ELISA. Twenty-eight proteins were altered in RTT, nine overlapping with Mecp2 dosage- and therapy-sensitive proteins. Multivariate regression linked several candidates to Mecp2/MeCP2 abundance and phenotypic improvement in mice. This paradigm provides a rigorous molecular systems-level framework integrating genetics, preclinical gene therapy, and clinical metrics to define robust cross-species biomarkers and mechanisms in RTT, with potential applicability to other neurodevelopmental disorders.

One Sentence SummaryGenetic Identification of cross-species biomarkers and mechanisms in Rett Syndrome
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selfridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandl-Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abela, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plecko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patgiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Mecp2 Gene Dosage and Gene Therapy Shape Multi-Omic Signatures and Biomarkers in Rett Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation elicits space- and parameter-dependent spiking responses in human cortical organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation (ES) is used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders and investigate brain dynamics, yet its effects on human cortical microcircuits remain poorly understood. Cortical organoids provide a unique platform to investigate these mechanisms in isolation from subcortical and long-range cortical inputs. Here we illustrate how cortical organoids respond to ES, identifying the response profiles of isolated cortical circuits while detailing a roadmap of how ES parameters affect the organoid spiking activity.

We employed a high-density multielectrode array to record neuronal activity from cortical organoids (n=417 units in N=7 organoids) during ES, systematically varying stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse width, and charge density.

By analyzing single unit spiking activity, we found that ES elicits excitatory, inhibitory, and mixed responses in 39%, 12%, and 17% of the units, respectively. On average, this response lasted 100 ms and became stable within 26 trials. The magnitude of both excitatory and inhibitory responses was maximal near the stimulation site and decayed with distance. The response magnitude was inversely correlated with pulse intensity and duration, but not with stimulation frequency and charge density.

These findings demonstrate that local cortical circuits are sufficient to initiate the early excitatory phase of the canonical ES response, whose magnitude depends on ES parameters, and can sustain the excitatory phase for over 100 ms. The reduced late inhibitory phase, together with the absence of late excitatory components observed 200 ms after ES in intact adult brains in-vivo, suggests that these phases may depend on neuronal maturation or inter-area connections. Our work thus establishes cortical organoids as a framework for studying the local contributions to ES-induced activity in a developmental model of the human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nigrisoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seseri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freddi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottoboni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical stimulation elicits space- and parameter-dependent spiking responses in human cortical organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Cell Migration Models Synergize Nuclear Piston, Uropod, and Microenvironment into Hydraulic Cell Engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus and uropod are the largest and most mechanically distinct structures in migrating amoeboid lymphocytes, including NK, B, and T cells. The biophysical properties of these structures may shape the ability of immune cells to navigate dense tissue microenvironments during immune surveillance. Using bead-spring and agent-based cell models, we explore the biomechanical contributions of the nucleus, uropod, septin-templated cortical rings, actomyosin cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix obstacles to lymphocyte migration. Our results support a migration model in which, following cell-matrix collisions, septins mediate the formation of cortical rings that hydraulically seal cytoplasmic compartments on each side of the passing nucleus, generating a pressure difference that propels the nucleus forward. This hydraulically driven nuclear piston actively enhances migration through confined spaces. Concurrently, the uropod emerging from the peristaltic collapse of rear compartments stabilizes directional persistence and prevents T cell repolarization. We show that such polarity stabilization boosts immune surveillance efficiency. Together, these models redefine the nucleus as an active component of the migratory engine and the uropod as a locomotion stabilizer. Furthermore, the models offer a predictive framework towards engineering of immune cell motility in complex tissue microenvironments with broad implications for cancer immunotherapy, aging, and regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alawadhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartagena-Rivera, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsygankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavylonis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabdanov, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Cell Migration Models Synergize Nuclear Piston, Uropod, and Microenvironment into Hydraulic Cell Engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partner fidelity and coevolution: Useful but not required for rapidly increased mutualistic benefits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary theory predicts that specialization between mutualistic partners is beneficial, limiting conflict and increasing the opportunity to evolve cooperative benefits through sustained reciprocal selection. However, specialized mutualisms are relatively rare in nature. Few empirical studies have directly examined how multi-partner interactions affect mutualistic evolution, largely because tracking partner dynamics over evolutionary timescales is challenging in natural systems. We circumvent this constraint via experimental evolution with an engineered resource sharing mutualism in Bakers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which allows precise control of partner fidelity across generations. We compared high partner fidelity (consistent pairings) with low partner fidelity (temporally rotating partners) across 54 rounds of selection. High partner fidelity produced the strongest mutualistic benefits (7.2% increased growth over controls), while low partner fidelity yielded only modest benefits (2.2% increase). Time-shift experiments confirmed that while coevolution enhanced benefit evolution, it was not strictly necessary: benefits also evolved through one-sided adaptation. Genomic analyses revealed parallel evolution in amino acid metabolism and starvation response genes, with the slower-growing genotype driving most evolutionary change. Surprisingly, high-fidelity lineages evolved as generalists rather than specialists, cooperating equally well with all partners tested. Overall, these results demonstrate that partner fidelity facilitates the rapid evolution of mutualistic benefits but is not strictly required for mutualistic evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoy, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partner fidelity and coevolution: Useful but not required for rapidly increased mutualistic benefits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation and coexistence in spatial coordination games between microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dense, microbial communities are shaped by local interactions between cells. Both the nature of interactions, spanning antagonistic to cooperative, and the strength of interactions vary between and across microbial species and strains. These local interactions can influence the emergence and maintenance of microbial diversity. However, it remains challenging to link features of local interactions with spatially mediated coexistence dynamics given the significant variation in the microscopic mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell feedback. Here, we explore how microbial interactions over a broad range of ecological contexts spanning antagonism to cooperation can enable coexistence as spatially explicit domains emerge. To do so, we introduce and analyze a family of stochastic coordination games, where individuals do better when playing (i.e., interacting) with individuals of the same type than when playing with individuals of a different type. Using this game-theoretic framework, we show that the population dynamics for coordination games is governed by a double-well shaped interaction potential. We find that in a spatial setting this double-well potential induces phase separation, facilitating coexistence. Moreover, we show that for microbes engaged in symmetric coordination games, phase separation takes on a universal scaling that follows  Model A coarsening, consistent with prior experimental observations for Vibrio cholerae mutual killers. Finally, we derive a PDE equivalent of the spatial stochastic game, confirming both the double-well nature of spatial coordination games and the universality of phase separation. Altogether, this work extends prior findings on the link between microbial interactions and population structure and suggests generic mechanisms embedded in local interactions that can enable coexistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation and coexistence in spatial coordination games between microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endoluminal catheter pulsed field ablation for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtherosclerotic vascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments such as angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy are invasive and limited by restenosis, thrombosis, and incomplete long-term efficacy. Pulsed field ablation (PFA), a nonthermal electroporation-based modality, has demonstrated safety in other cardiovascular applications, but it has not been applied for the treatment of endoluminal vascular diseases. We investigated whether pulsed electric fields could be delivered within the coronary artery and if PFA could selectively ablate the cellular components of atherosclerotic plaques.

MethodsA bipolar catheter-based PFA probe was fabricated using a balloon catheter with flexible electrodes and evaluated through a combination of ex vivo evaluations. The electrical conductivities of human atherosclerotic plaques were derived from previous impedance measurements for patient-specific multi-tissue and single-cell electroporation modeling. PFA was then evaluated for selective decellularization within an electrical conductivity-matched 3D fibrotic atherosclerosis tissue mimic using high concentrations of human macrophages and aggregated oxidized low-density lipoproteins, encapsulated within a collagen matrix.

ResultsEndoluminal bipolar probe evaluation demonstrated probe positioning and high voltage pulsed electric field delivery within the left coronary artery of ex vivo porcine hearts, with maximum ablations (6.99 cm2) and current (13 A) evaluated within live potato tissue. The multi-tissue model then indicated that endoluminal PFA can effectively cover >95% of severe and thick plaques with irreversible electroporation, with single-cell modeling supporting the electroporation of foam cells within the plaque. The 3D atherosclerosis mimic validated the ability of PFA to completely ablate the foam cells with fibrotic tissue at >1000 V/cm.

ConclusionsThis study provides the first demonstration of PFA for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. By combining experimental validation with computational modeling, we establish proof-of-concept that PFA can selectively ablate diseased cells while preserving extracellular architecture, laying the groundwork for future translational development of this therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salameh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endoluminal catheter pulsed field ablation for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Phosphorylation-induced Functional Switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Np) is essential for viral RNA replication and genomic RNA packaging. Phosphorylation of Np within its central Ser-Arg-rich (SRR) linker is proposed to modulate these functions. To gain mechanistic insights into these distinct roles, we performed in vitro biophysical and biochemical studies using recombinantly expressed ancestral Np and phosphomimetic SRR variants. Limited-proteolysis showed minor cleavage differences between wild-type (WT) and phosphomimetic Np, but no major structure or stability changes in the N- and C-terminal domains were observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning fluorimetry, respectively. Mass photometry (MP) revealed that WT Np dimerized more readily than phosphomimetic variants. Crosslinking-MP showed WT Np formed discrete complexes on viral 5' UTR stem-loop (SL) 5 RNA, whereas phosphomimetic Np assembled preferentially on SL1-4. WT Np bound non-specifically to all RNAs tested primarily via hydrophobic interactions, whereas phosphomimetic Np showed selectivity for SARS-CoV-2-derived RNAs. WT Np also compacted and irreversibly bound single-stranded DNA; this activity was significantly reduced by phosphorylation. These mechanistic insights support a model where phosphorylated Np functions in RNA replication and chaperoning, while non-phosphorylated Np facilitates genomic RNA packaging. The findings also help to explain infectivity differences and clinical outcomes associated with SRR linker variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabarkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayachou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouzina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musier-Forsyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Phosphorylation-induced Functional Switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gastrointestinal delivery of mRNA lipid nanoparticles selectively targets the pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) administered parenterally often show poor localization to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. In addition, patients typically prefer orally administered drugs to those given intravenously. We therefore investigated whether GI delivery, achievable via device mediated microneedle injections applied to buccal, gastric, small intestinal, colonic, or rectal tissues, could simultaneously enhance LNP delivery to the GI and pancreas while avoiding intravenous administration. Using a combined approach of formulation optimization and GI delivery site screening, we found that cationic SM-102 LNPs delivered gastrically achieved 7-fold higher pancreas delivery in rodents than intravenous neutral SM-102 LNPs. With dose optimization, gastric LNPs achieved 6000-fold greater pancreas to liver targeting ratios than intravenous LNPs. These results suggest GI microneedle administration can reprogram LNP biodistribution, thereby expanding therapeutic opportunities for both local and systemic nucleic acid delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal delivery of mRNA lipid nanoparticles selectively targets the pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-Aware Interpretable Deep Learning Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Classification Using rs-fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaining insight into the spectral and temporal alterations in brain connectivity associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) may offer pathways toward more informative biomarkers and a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms. We propose FINE (Frequency-aware Interpretable Neural Encoder), a novel deep learning model designed to capture multi-scale temporal and frequency-specific patterns in dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) derived from resting-state fMRI. FINE integrates multiple expert branches, including convolutional layers, learnable wavelet layers, transformers, and static encoders, enabling the joint modeling of temporal evolution and spectral content of brain networks in an end-to-end framework. Beyond classification, FINE supports frequency-wise interpretability by aligning gradient-based saliency maps with statistical group differences, revealing potential robust, biologically meaningful biomarkers of AD. Evaluated on the large OASIS-3 dataset (856 subjects), FINE achieves AD classification performance (ROC-AUC 0.769) and provides insights into frequency-specific connectivity disruptions, particularly within subcortical, sensorimotor, and cerebellar networks. Our results demonstrate that incorporating frequency-aware modeling and interpretable architectures can advance both disease classification and underlying functional disruption of AD-related brain dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-Aware Interpretable Deep Learning Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Classification Using rs-fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Trajectories During Surgical Stress in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress hyperglycemia (SH) during acute illness is linked to adverse surgical outcomes, yet the accompanying metabolic perturbations are incompletely characterized. We profiled longitudinal metabolic changes in adults without diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery to identify pathways associated with perioperative SH (defined as point-of-care glucose [&ge;]140 mg/dL on [&ge;]3 readings or [&ge;]180 mg/dL once). Blood was collected at baseline before surgery (T0) and at 2 h (T1), 24-48 h (T2), and 72-96 h (T3) after surgical initiation. High-resolution metabolomics (LC-MS) was integrated with continuous glucose monitoring and inflammatory/cardiac biomarkers. At T0, several pathways were associated with subsequent SH, including bile acid metabolism, the carnitine shuttle, and fatty-acid oxidation, suggesting preoperative metabolic susceptibility. In longitudinal analyses, participants who developed SH showed coordinated postoperative changes with significant enrichment of pathways not evident at baseline, C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glycosphingolipid (ceramide) metabolism, consistent with lipid remodeling and inflammatory signaling during surgical stress. Individuals with SH also exhibited higher inflammatory biomarker levels (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor). A machine-learning model using early metabolomic features predicted SH with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86. These findings highlight distinct preoperative and perioperative metabolic trajectories associated with SH and implicate established dysglycemia-related pathways, as well as stress-induced pathways in perioperative metabolic dysregulation. Pathway enrichment analyses were exploratory and hypothesis-generating; validation in larger cohorts and assessment of implications for clinical outcomes are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ku, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartelt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Guzman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Arroyo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollipara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huneault, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corujo-Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halkos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quyyumi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Trajectories During Surgical Stress in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.675943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-Free, Real-Time, In Vivo Optical Biopsy with a Handheld Quantitative Phase Microscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.675943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work we develop and demonstrate the utility of a compact, handheld quantitative phase imaging microscope that enables label-free, in vivo optical imaging of bulk tissues with clear cellular and subcellular histological detail in real-time. The proposed device overcomes significant challenges in optical imaging for in vivo applications, particularly for clinical human use. The approach uses quantitative oblique back illumination microscopy (qOBM) to obtain quantitative phase information of opaque samples using epi-illumination. The compact handheld probe achieves 0.8 {micro}m lateral resolution, 5 {micro}m axial resolution, 300 {micro}m X 300 {micro}m field of view, and operates at 25Hz in a wide-field (non-scanning) configuration, enabling real-time imaging. The probe is also inexpensive and has no moving components, making it robust. The utility of the probe is demonstrated in (1) human skin in vivo, (2) brain tumor tissue ex vivo from a murine tumor model and from discarded human tissue from neurosurgery, and (3) in vivo using healthy brain tissue from a large animal model (swine), simulating neurosurgical conditions. Given the clear cellular and subcellular histological detail (i.e., "optical biopsy") obtained in real-time, combined with the ease-of-use and low-cost of the system, the proposed device has significant implications for a broad range of clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.675943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-Free, Real-Time, In Vivo Optical Biopsy with a Handheld Quantitative Phase Microscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering cell types and states from reference atlases with heterogeneous single-cell ATAC-seq features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite substantial recent advances in query mapping and cell type or cell state discovery tools, their application to single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) data remains challenging. The heterogeneous nature of peak feature spaces across samples hinders the effectiveness of existing methods, while the absence of dedicated tools for detecting perturbed cell types and states in scATAC-seq data further limits the depth of downstream analyses. To address these limitations, we present EpiPack, an integrative computational toolkit that leverages heterogeneous transfer learning and graph-based modeling strategies to advance scATAC-seq analysis. At its core, the Peak Embedding Informed Variational Inference (PEIVI) framework within EpiPack enhances mappable reference construction, query mapping, and label transfer, demonstrating that leveraging heterogeneous features in scATAC-seq data outperforms methods relying solely on conventional homogeneous features. In addition, EpiPacks global-local out-of-reference (OOR) detection framework achieves robust and efficient detection of perturbed cell types and states, extending the utility of scATAC-seq to disease and perturbation contexts. With its modular design and transferable pre-trained references, EpiPack can be readily applied to diverse analytical tasks and is available as a Python package at https://github.com/ZhangLabGT/EpiPack.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering cell types and states from reference atlases with heterogeneous single-cell ATAC-seq features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of neurons whose properties vary in a continuous fashion rather than falling into discrete cell types. In the mouse visual cortex, excitatory neurons in layer 2 and 3 (L2/3) form such a continuum along cortical depth, patterned by the graded expression of hundreds of genes. Here we sought to understand how this continuum develops and contributes to cortical wiring. Using single-nucleus multiomics (RNA- and ATAC-Seq) and spatial transcriptomics, we show that the L2/3 continuum is established in two phases. During the first postnatal week, a genetically hardwired program establishes a primitive continuum of cell identities spanning the depth of L2/3. The second program, promoted by visual experience, is later superimposed upon the preexisting continuum. This second phase is driven by activity-regulated transcription factors that drive the L2/3 depth-dependent expression of genes linked to synaptic function and plasticity. We show that neurons at different positions along the L2/3 continuum project preferentially to distinct higher visual areas and that visual deprivation disrupts targeting to some higher visual areas while sparing others. Thus, cortical continua emerge through a stepwise process in which genetic programs and sensory experience specify neuronal identity and sculpt intracortical wiring specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorzek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tring, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAcentral in 2026: Genes and literature integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNAcentral was founded in 2014 to serve as a comprehensive database of non-coding RNA sequences. It began by providing a single unified interface to more specialised resources, and now contains 45 million sequences. It has grown beyond providing a single interface to many specialised resources and now provides several services and analyses. These include secondary structure prediction with R2DT, sequence search, and analysis with Rfam. Since its last publication in 2021, RNAcentral has developed two major features. First, literature integration with the development of LitScan and LitSumm. LitScan automatically identifies and links relevant publications to RNA entries, while LitSumm uses natural language processing to generate functional summaries from the literature. Together, these tools address the critical challenge of connecting sequence data with scattered functional knowledge across thousands of publications. Secondly, RNAcentral has created gene level entries. Gene level entries represent a large structural change to RNAcentral. While RNAcentral previously organized data exclusively at the sequence level, we now group related transcripts into gene-centric views. This allows researchers to explore all isoforms, splice variants, and related sequences for a gene in a unified interface, better reflecting biological organization and facilitating comparative analyses. RNAcentral is freely available at: https://rnacentral.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandalala, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muston, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Cathail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrigal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attrill, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marygold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobzinski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panneerselvam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbich, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths-Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordyl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujnicki, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appasamy, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovering, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesiti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szikszai</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAcentral in 2026: Genes and literature integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparatory encoding of diverse features of intended movement in the human motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the course of a voluntary movement, motor cortical activity exhibits a transition from preparation to execution, with markedly different activity across these phases. Preparatory activity in particular might be used to improve brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that harness brain activity to control external assistive devices, for example by anticipating a users intended movement trajectory for quick and fluid performance. However, to leverage preparatory activity for clinical BCIs, we must first understand which features of upcoming movements are encoded by preparatory activity in humans. In this work, we collected intracortical recordings from 3 research participants in the BrainGate2 clinical trial to investigate whether diverse features of movement, such as direction, curvature, and distance, are encoded by preparatory activity in the human motor cortex. We first show that preparatory activity is tuned to the direction of upcoming movements, and this tuning is largely preserved across movements with different effectors. Further investigation demonstrated this preparatory activity is also informative of initial and endpoint directions of curved movement trajectories, and encodes movement distance and speed independently. Finally, we present an online control paradigm that leverages preparatory activity to predict movements towards intended directions in advance, yielding rapid, self-paced control of a computer cursor by human participants. Altogether, these results demonstrate that preparatory activity in the human motor cortex encodes rich features of upcoming movement, highlighting its potential use for high performance brain-computer interface applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigotti-Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechefsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avansino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AuYong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparatory encoding of diverse features of intended movement in the human motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Fusion Analysis of Florbetapir PET and Multiscale Functional Network Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and disruption of intrinsic brain networks are two important characteristics of Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the relationship between amyloid accumulation and network dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, we integrated [18F]Florbetapir PET and resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) derived Functional Network Connectivity (FNC) from 552 temporally matched longitudinal PET-rsfMRI sessions across 395 participants spanning Cognitively Normal (CN), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and AD stages. With a model order of 11, joint Independent Component Analysis (jICA) was applied to the fused PET-FNC data, identifying 11 stable components, of which 9 PET-derived components corresponded to previously characterized brain regions or networks. The multimodal analysis revealed disease progression markers, including (1) a pattern of reduced subject loadings across clinical stages (CN > MCI > AD) in white matter and cerebellar regions, reflecting structural degeneration; (2) increased amyloid accumulation in affected individuals in grey matter regions, particularly in frontal, sensorimotor, extended hippocampal, and default mode network (DMN) regions, accompanied by functional connectivity alterations that reflected both compensatory and disruptive network dynamics. We identified PET-derived components that captured distinct stages of disease progression, with the DMN component emerging as a late-stage biomarker and a white matter component showing early-stage changes with limited progression thereafter. Additionally, several components showed significant variation in loadings between APOE{varepsilon} 4 carriers and non-carriers, linking the multimodal signatures to a well-established genetic risk factor for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bimali, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasayeva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaboina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballem, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Fusion Analysis of Florbetapir PET and Multiscale Functional Network Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics integration at cell type resolution uncovers gene-metabolite mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysregulation is an important factor for osteoarthritis pathogenesis, but comprehensive studies of underlying mechanisms and pathways are rare. We analyzed newly generated metabolomics data on bone marrow from 119 osteoarthritis patients, along with single-cell transcriptomics data to reconstruct networks of gene-metabolite associations at cell type resolution. Hubs of these networks - cell type-specific as well as pan-cell type hubs - revealed key molecular factors of osteoarthritis heterogeneity. Systems-level analysis of hubs revealed major roles for glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid and sphingolipid metabolism pathways, along with lipid signaling. We used Machine Learning models of gene-metabolite relationships to discover cell types most relevant to each metabolite. Integrative analysis of disease severity scores along with multi-omics data revealed a shift in specific immune cell subtypes in low versus high grade disease. We conclude that leveraging gene-metabolite covariation in a patient cohort can uncover underlying molecular mechanisms, overcoming the challenges posed by high dimensionality of multi-omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippner, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drissi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mautner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics integration at cell type resolution uncovers gene-metabolite mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnosis-Optimized Dynamic Feature Learning Reveals Altered Default Mode Network Connectivity in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by widespread neural dysconnectivity, with particularly pronounced alterations in the default mode network (DMN)--a set of brain regions involved in self-referential thought and mind-wandering. We investigated dynamic functional connectivity within the DMN in SZ by analyzing resting-state fMRI data from two independent cohorts (FBIRN and COBRE). Using a novel iterative feature-removal clustering approach focusing on DMN independent components, we identified distinct recurring connectivity states while iteratively removing dominant connectivity features to reveal subtler network patterns. This approach iteratively refines the set of features considered, ensuring a more balanced representation and facilitating the identification of significant interactions that would otherwise be overlooked. Cluster centroids for the four connectivity states were highly similar across both datasets, reflecting stable shared DMN patterns. State occupancy was compared between participants with SZ and healthy controls, and associations with clinical symptom severity were examined. The SZ group exhibited significant alterations in DMN connectivity dynamics, spending more time than controls in certain connectivity states characterized by atypical DMN coupling and less time in a state reflecting a normative DMN configuration. A comparison between the FBIRN and COBRE datasets reveals both similarities and differences in occupancy rate (OCR) states. Overall, the pattern of group effects converged while state-specific divergences likely reflected protocol/sample differences rather than conflicting biology. Crucially, the explainability pipeline yielded a highly similar feature-removal order across datasets, indicating that the same DMN edges drive the diagnostic signal in both cohorts. Several OCR effects also tracked symptom ratings, linking abnormal DMN dynamics to clinical expression. Our findings suggest that SZ is characterized by reproducible disturbances in the temporal organization of DMN connectivity. These dynamic DMN features may serve as potential biomarkers for SZ, offering diagnostic and clinical utility by capturing network dysfunction that static connectivity measures could overlook.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seraji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnosis-Optimized Dynamic Feature Learning Reveals Altered Default Mode Network Connectivity in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics reveal allopatric speciation and higher connectivity among coastal vs. inland hypersaline lakes and solar salterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypersaline environments, due to their discrete and geographically isolated nature, constitute ideal systems for studying evolutionary patterns and microbial diversification, and especially here when contrasting coastal with inland systems. Based on metagenomic comparisons of 25 hypersaline sites across 11 countries, we explored the influence of environmental factors, ionic composition, and geographic distance on their microbial community structures and taxa diversification. Our results revealed that microbial communities from coastal environments were taxonomically and functionally more similar to each other than to those from inland sites. A distance-decay relationship in the genetic relatedness, significantly more pronounced for the coastal sites, was observed among reconstructed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), clearer at distances below 400 km, but still detectable across global scales up to 20,000 km. The 484 MAGs recovered, representing 284 distinct species, revealed a striking global ubiquity, with 62.5% of the species showed cosmopolitanism as were detected across multiple sites. The higher taxonomic and genetic similarity of coastal environments over the inland sites seems to reflect an environmental connection that may be related to the ocean current dynamics. Most cosmopolitan species showed clear allopatric differentiation, although few cases of a single globally dominant genomovar (average nucleotide identity, ANI > 99.8%) were also observed, especially for some Haloquadratum species. The findings suggest that coastal hypersaline systems are loosely constrained by geographic isolation, with clear signals of allopatric speciation at the mesoscale (tenths to hundreds of kilometers) that become blurrier at larger scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos-Caparros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldeguer-Riquelme, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-R, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burcin Mutlu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llames, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Valdecantos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banciu, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello-Mora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics reveal allopatric speciation and higher connectivity among coastal vs. inland hypersaline lakes and solar salterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
γδ17 T cell-stromal networks modulate matrix composition and vascularity in foreign body response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune-stromal crosstalk governs tissue fibrosis, which is marked by dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) production and aberrant vasculature. Here, we investigate how {gamma}{delta} T cell interactions with stromal cells shape fibrosis in the foreign body response. During the acute reaction, type-1 ({gamma}{delta}IFN{gamma}) and type-17 ({gamma}{delta}17) effector subsets accumulated at the implant. While {gamma}{delta}IFN{gamma} decreased as fibrosis progressed, activated {gamma}{delta}17 persisted as dominant interleukin-17 producers. The {gamma}{delta}17 increased with aging and high-fat diet, both factors associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Co-culture with {gamma}{delta}17 stimulated fibroblast expression of collagen genes and intercellular communication inference linked {gamma}{delta} T cell ligands to activation of ECM remodeling and vascular development programs in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Finally, genetic deletion of {gamma}{delta} T cells altered expression of ECM components and increased vessel size within the fibrotic matrix. Altogether, our findings implicate {gamma}{delta} T cells in regulating stromal behavior to modulate composition and vascularity of fibrotic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amelung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[γδ17 T cell-stromal networks modulate matrix composition and vascularity in foreign body response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinflammatory Stress Preferentially Impacts Synaptic MAPK Signaling and Mitochondria in Excitatory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnderstanding synapse-specific effects of neuroinflammation can provide mechanistic and therapeutically relevant insights across the spectrum of neurological diseases.

MethodsWe applied neuron-specific proteomic biotinylation in vivo, differential centrifugation of brain for crude synaptosome enrichment (P2 fraction) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of biotinylated proteins to derive native-state proteomes of Camk2a-positive neurons and their corresponding P2 synaptic compartments. Next, in an in vivo model of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dosing, we examined the effects of neuroinflammation on whole neuron and synaptic compartments using a combination of MS, network analysis, confirmatory biochemical and ultrastructural assays and integrative approaches across our mouse-derived and existing human datasets.

ResultsUltrastructural and biochemical analyses of P2 fractions verified enrichment in synaptic elements, including synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. MS of biotinylated proteins from Camk2a-specific bulk brain homogenates (whole neuron) and P2 fractions (synaptosome) showed enrichment of >1000 proteins, consistent with neuron-specific biotinylation, also confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Camk2a-specific synaptic proteome revealed molecular signatures related to mitochondrial function, synaptic transmission, protein translation. LPS-treated mice displayed body weight loss and neuroinflammation, characterized by glial activation, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and upregulated expression of Alzheimers disease (AD)-related microglial genes. LPS-induced neuroinflammation exerted distinct effects on the synaptic proteome, including increased mitochondrial and reduced cytoskeletal-synaptic proteins, while suppressed synaptic MAPK signaling. Importantly, these changes were not observed at the whole neuron level, indicating unique vulnerability of the synapse to neuroinflammation. In line with synapse proteomic and signaling changes, LPS altered the ultrastructure of asymmetric synapses, suggesting dysregulation of excitatory neurotransmission. Co-expression network analysis of Camk2a neuronal proteins further resolved mitochondria- and synapse-specific protein modules, some of which were neuroinflammation-dependent. Neuroinflammation increased levels of a mitochondria-enriched module, and decreased levels of a pre-synaptic vesicle module, without impacting a post-synaptic membrane module. LPS-dependent mitochondrial and LPS-independent post-synaptic modules in mouse neurons mapped to post-mortem human AD brain proteomic modules which were decreased in cases with AD dementia and positively correlated to cognitive function, including pro-resilience markers for AD.

ConclusionOur findings using native-state proteomics of Camk2a neurons combined with synaptosome enrichment identify proteome-level mechanisms of early synaptic vulnerability to neuroinflammation relevant to AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malepati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinflammatory Stress Preferentially Impacts Synaptic MAPK Signaling and Mitochondria in Excitatory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Signature and PROTAC Strategy Revealed Histone Lysine Demethylase as a Target of Anticancer Activity of Deferiprone. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deferiprone (DFP) is an iron chelator approved for treating iron overload in thalassemia patients. Recent observations have suggested that DFP has promising anticancer activities ascribed to several mechanisms including reduction of the intracellular free labile iron and zinc ion pools and inhibition of the activities of other intracellular targets, including ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). We previously reported that DFP inhibits the demethylase activities of several Fe(II)/- ketoglutarate dependent histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) at much lower concentrations at which it inhibits RNR activities and/or reduces the labile intracellular iron and zinc ion pools. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA seq) and PROTACs strategies to validate and quantify the contribution of intracellular KDM inhibition to the antiproliferative activities of DFP. We report herein that DFP elicited gene expression signature that is largely similar to that of JIB-04, an established KDM inhibitor (KDMi), in two breast cancer (BCa) cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231). Importantly, RNA seq revealed that DFP and JIB-04 downregulated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an oncogene whose expression is commonly modulated through histone demethylation mediated by KDMs and degraded by several KDMi.

Moreover, DFP-derived PROTACs elicited enhanced cancer cell selective antiproliferative activities and intracellular on-target effects, downregulating several KDMs implicated in the etiology of BCa cells, including a strong degradation of KDMs 2A, 3A and 5B, and a moderate degradation of KDMs 4A-C, 5C, 6B. Collectively, our data supports KDM inhibition as a key mechanism of anticancer activity of DFP and identifies PROTAC is a viable strategy to obtain novel DFP analogs with improved potency and therapeutic index.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olugbami, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walunj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyelere, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Signature and PROTAC Strategy Revealed Histone Lysine Demethylase as a Target of Anticancer Activity of Deferiprone.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear-encoded tRNA genes harbor substantial allelic diversity in three nematode species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosolic transfer RNAs, which are encoded as hundreds of genes in nuclear genomes, experience exceptionally high mutation rates and have been hypothesized to confer substantial mutational load in natural populations. Although this phenomenon appears universal across multicellular eukaryotes, a comprehensive characterization of standing variation in tRNA repertoires is still lacking in any system. Here, we resolve within-species allelic variation in nuclear-encoded tRNAs in three nematode species: Caenorhabditis elegans, C. briggsae, and C. tropicalis. We show that these genes carry signatures of high rates of historical transcription-associated mutagenesis and of purifying selection, resulting in allelic variation that includes pervasive instances of within-gene mismatches between the amino acid recognized by the tRNA backbone and that indicated by the anticodon. Furthermore, patterns of tRNA genomic organization and variation differ markedly from those of protein-coding regions. Individual genomes harbor distinct complements of tRNA genes with predicted functional differences, an observation that coincides with recent evidence that variation in tRNA expression and regulation contributes to human disease. Our findings offer an entry point for identifying the micro-evolutionary processes that act on tRNA repertoires, and in turn connecting those processes to the macro-evolutionary patterns that have more frequently been the focus of study.

Significance statementTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are ancient and essential molecules that deliver amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. Despite their importance, little is known about how the genes encoding tRNAs vary among individuals, even though they accumulate large numbers of mutations due to their high rates of expression. Here, we report that three nematode species, including the model organism C. elegans, show within-species variation in their tRNA gene repertoires, which may cause differences in protein synthesis across individuals. Our findings may represent patterns common across multicellular species and they set the stage for future investigation into how this diversity influences cellular function and organismal fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear-encoded tRNA genes harbor substantial allelic diversity in three nematode species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skin-conformal electronics for wearable electrogastrography monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrogastrography (EGG), a non-invasive method for measuring gastric myoelectrical activity, offers valuable insights into gastrointestinal motility and functional disorders such as gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Despite its diagnostic potential, the clinical adoption of EGG has been limited due to its reliance on rigid electrodes and bulky instrumentation, which leads to motion artifacts and poor signal quality, and ultimately reduces patient comfort and restricting data collection to short-duration, stationary settings. To address these limitations, we present FlexEGG, a skin-conformal, flexible electronic system engineered for high-fidelity EGG monitoring in both clinical and real-world environments. The device incorporates a soft, stretchable electrode array specifically designed for the abdominal surface, utilizing a hybrid stretchable conductor composed of conductive polymer, silver nanowires (AgNWs), and polyurethane elastomer, which leads to good skin contact, signal stability, and mechanical conformability. A custom low-noise analog front-end and digital signal processing pipeline enables reliable acquisition of low-frequency, low-amplitude gastric slow waves. Additionally, FlexEGG supports simultaneous electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement, potentially facilitating integrated gut-heart axis monitoring for broader physiological assessment. In this study, we describe the design, implementation, and validation of FlexEGG in multi-channel, long-duration EGG and ECG recordings. Our findings demonstrate its potential as a wearable, non-invasive tool for continuous gastrointestinal electrophysiology monitoring, enabling new opportunities for diagnosing and managing digestive disorders in everyday settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mottini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skin-conformal electronics for wearable electrogastrography monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal Perturbation of Activation Loop Dynamics Rewires KinaseSignaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymes are central to life, with their catalytic activity often shaped by the dynamic conformations of regulatory loops. In hub enzymes such as tyrosine kinases, the activation loop critically controls substrate specificity, catalytic efficiency, and downstream signaling, shaping cellular fate. Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which loop dynamics encode these functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we used SRC kinase as a model to dissect how minimal perturbations of the activation loop reprogram kinase behavior. By generating and characterizing multiple variants, we identified a triple-deletion mutant with altered loop dynamics. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that this variant explores distinct loop conformations and exhibits a subtle shift in substrate preference toward more acidic motifs. These fine-tuned conformational changes translated into specific cellular signaling outcomes, as demonstrated by phosphoproteomic profiling. Comparative analysis across species further showed that nature exploits similar loop remodeling strategies to modulate kinase function. Together, our findings provide a blueprint for rationally tuning kinase activity and offer a generalizable framework for rewiring signaling pathways in diverse cellular contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febri, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkiv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uechi, G.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal Perturbation of Activation Loop Dynamics Rewires KinaseSignaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDBac: an open-access web platform and compendium for the identification of bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification and analysis of bacteria is central to the microbiological sciences. While gene sequencing methods have been the standard to achieve this, use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), particularly in clinical microbiology, provides high-throughput identification to the subspecies level. However, biotyping has yet to be adopted outside of clinical settings due to the lack of a centralized public database of MS protein signatures that would facilitate isolate identification via spectral comparison. Further, current platforms lack meaningful ways to compare multiple properties from large numbers of bacterial isolates. Herein we present the IDBac web platform, a crowd-sourced central knowledgebase of protein MS signatures of >1400 strains spanning 6 bacterial phyla. Accompanying the knowledgebase is analysis infrastructure to identify unknown isolates, probe relationships within culture collections using metadata integration, and visualize specialized metabolite differences within groups of closely related bacteria. To highlight this utility and encourage wide community contribution, examples of each are presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krull, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saulog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaroubi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingolelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raherisoanjato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergusson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokharel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge-Loria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petukhova, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassilly, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adaikpoh, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugni, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henke, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eustaquio, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lini</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDBac: an open-access web platform and compendium for the identification of bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decellularized Meniscus (MEND) as a biomaterial that supports stem cell invasion and chondrogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDCartilage damage affects 25 million people globally each year. Tissue engineering strategies such as microfracture and matrix induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) are currently being used in the clinic; however, they are accompanied by their own limitations such as donor site morbidity, rapid clearance from the injury site, and extensive cost. To overcome these limitations, the tissue engineering field has shown increasing interest in the use of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) biomaterials due to their heightened integration with native tissue and regeneration rates.

METHODSThe Gottardi Lab has developed a new dECM material sourced from porcine meniscus decellularization (MEND), in which elastin fibers are removed via enzymatic digestion, resulting in channels that can be easily recellularized.

RESULTSIn this work we demonstrate that MEND can be seeded with bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), achieving a uniform distribution of cell nuclei throughout the cross section of the scaffold. We also show that MEND retains its native structure in the presence of MSCs and can support chondrogenesis comparably to other commonly used tissue engineering materials such as methacrylated type I collagen and gelatin/hyaluronic acid hydrogels.

CONCLUSIONOverall, MEND is a promising new dECM biomaterial for cartilage regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonelli, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klessel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decellularized Meniscus (MEND) as a biomaterial that supports stem cell invasion and chondrogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.681057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Derived Neuroactive Lipids - Docosahexaenoyl-Glycine and Its Epoxide Metabolites are Multifunctional Lipid Mediators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.681057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid mediators derived from {omega}-3 and {omega}-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) support neurological health in part through their oxidative and non-oxidative transformation into a diverse array of bioactive molecules. Among these are lipidated neurotransmitters, formed via conjugation of neurotransmitters with fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Previous studies links these lipidated neurotransmitters to beneficial outcomes in neurological diseases. Here, we focus on two such endogenous lipidated neurotransmitters, arachidonoyl glycine (NA-Gly) and docosahexaenoyl glycine (DHA-Gly) and demonstrate their further biotransformation by cytochrome P450 enzymes into epoxidized metabolites. These metabolites are structurally multifunctional, combining both epoxide and glycine moieties. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells, we observe increased formation of NA-Gly and DHA-Gly, correlating with their anti-inflammatory effects. Functionally, these lipidated glycines are selective and act as inverse agonists of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and selectively potentiate transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), but not TRPV1 or TRPM3 channels. Together, our findings identify NA-Gly, DHA-Gly, and their epoxide derivatives as multifunctional lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory properties and selective receptor modulation, positioning them as potential therapeutic leads in neuroinflammation and reinforce the critical side role of glycine in brain function.

SignificanceLipidated neurotransmitters derived from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contribute to neurological health through their conversion into a diverse array of bioactive signaling molecules. In this study, we study docosahexaenoyl glycine (DHA-Gly) and demonstrate their further enzymatic transformation by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases into epoxidized derivatives. These structurally distinct metabolites exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in microglial cells and interact with GPR55 and TRPV4, but not TRPV1 or TRPM3. Our findings highlight a new class of multifunctional lipid mediators with therapeutic potential for targeting neuroinflammation and related neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denissiouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.681057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omega-3 Fatty Acid Derived Neuroactive Lipids - Docosahexaenoyl-Glycine and Its Epoxide Metabolites are Multifunctional Lipid Mediators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microparticle-Enabled Single Cell Multiparameter Electronic Immunophenotyping for Selective Electroporation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroporation (EP) is one of the leading non-viral intracellular delivery methods used in various applications across research and cell therapy development and manufacturing. Currently widely used bulk EP methods, while they offer scalability, cost efficiency and simplicity, cannot be used for targeted or selective delivery to a defined subset of a input cell population. Here, we present a Microparticle-Enabled Selectively Permeabilizing Impedance Cytometer (ME-SPICy), a microfluidic single-cell EP platform that enables targeted EP of selected cell subpopulations based on their surface markers. Antibody conjugated microparticles (MPs) are used to label selected cell subpopulations within a larger heterogenous sample. Using multifrequency impedance detection, ME-SPICy discriminates, in real-time, non-labeled and labeled cells within the mixed sample as they flow through a 3D printed biconical micro-aperture. This allows for the system to analyze if a cell is a target cell and selectively apply a low voltage (<16 V) for targeted single-cell EP. Simulations and experimental validation demonstrate that MP binding substantially alters cell impedance and phase signature, enabling accurate label-based discrimination. We demonstrated selective EP first using Jurkat cells by targeting either the labeled or non-labeled populations. Then we demonstrated targeted delivery to primary human lymphocytes within peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ME-SPICy achieved high precision, with 98% purity and >5 fold enrichment of lymphocytes in the electroporated cell population. This approach expands the capabilities of EP, offering a promising solution to decrease manufacturing complexity in both research and clinical cell engineering workflows
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rallapalli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microparticle-Enabled Single Cell Multiparameter Electronic Immunophenotyping for Selective Electroporation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GlueFinder: A Data-Driven Framework for the Rational Discovery of Molecular Glues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular glues can drive targeted protein degradation by stabilizing ternary complexes between proteins of interest and E3 ubiquitin ligases, but rational design has lagged due to limited rules for interface recognition and an overreliance on a few ligases (e.g., VHL or Cereblon). We introduce GlueFinder, a systematic, unbiased platform that leverages structural bioinformatics to mine the Protein Data Bank for ligand binding pockets adjacent to the protein interface which are ligandable sites near protein-protein interfaces that can nucleate glue-mediated complex formation. After validating its performance on a benchmark of experimentally solved dimeric structures with known and predicted glues, we applied GlueFinder to three therapeutically important targets, EGFR, HER2, and KRAS, and predicted candidate glues that recruit 24, 111, and 148 distinct E3 ligases to these targets, respectively. We further demonstrate that GlueFinder can promote the formation of non-native EGFR complexes, possibly enabling ternary assemblies that would not form on their own. Together, these results establish a general, computation-guided strategy for molecular glue discovery that decouples design from legacy degrader scaffolds and specific ligase dependencies, expands the usable E3 ligase repertoire, and enables rational targeting of interfacial binding pockets. GlueFinder thus broadens both the scope and precision of targeted protein degradation and moves the field toward mechanism-driven, systematic glue development across diverse therapeutic contexts.

SignificanceMolecular glues are small molecules that destroy disease-causing proteins by helping them attach to cellular disposal machinery. However, current glue discovery depends on a few known ligases and lacks clear design rules. GlueFinder provides a general, computation-guided method that scans protein structures to find pockets near interfaces where glues can act. Applied to key targets such as EGFR, HER2, and KRAS, it predicts glues that connect many different ligases and even create new protein complexes. By revealing where and how glues can work, GlueFinder expands the range of degradable proteins and accelerates the rational design of future therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GlueFinder: A Data-Driven Framework for the Rational Discovery of Molecular Glues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-daily Bermuda Atlantic Time Series virus sampling reveals taxonomy, host, and functional differences at the population, but not community level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ocean microbes contribute to biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem function, but they do so under top-down pressure imposed by viruses. While viruses are increasingly understood spatially and beginning to be incorporated into predictive modeling, high-frequency ocean virus dynamics remain understudied due to methodological challenges. Here we sampled stratified Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) waters for 112 hours at sub-daily 4-(surface) or 12-(deep chlorophyll maximum) hour intervals, purified viral particles from these samples, sequenced their metagenomes, and used the resulting data to characterize high-frequency virus community dynamics. Aggregated community diversity metrics changed with depth, but were not statistically significant temporally at a fixed location. However, finer-scale population-level analyses revealed both depth and temporal change, including physicochemical depth-driven differences and, in surface waters, thousands of viral populations that exhibited statistically significant diel rhythms. Statistical analyses revealed three main archetypes of temporal dynamics that themselves differed in abundance patterns, host predictions, viral taxonomy, and gene functions. Among these, highlights include viruses resembling an archetype with a night peaking pattern in activity that include an over-representation of viruses that putatively infect Prochlorococcus, a phototrophic cyanobacteria. Together, these efforts provide baseline community-and population-scale short-time-frame observations relevant to future climate state modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hageman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndlovu, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeCleir, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-daily Bermuda Atlantic Time Series virus sampling reveals taxonomy, host, and functional differences at the population, but not community level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory Neural Noise as a Limiting Factor in Visual Working Memory Precision in Neurotypicals and Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms that determine the capacity limits of working memory (WM) are not well understood, with traditional views identifying prefrontal circuitry as the main source of WM limits. Sensory noise, however, remains an underexplored explanation for WM limits despite its unavoidable influence on brain systems that encode and relay sensory information. Here, we show that individual differences in internal sensory noise during visual processing predict visual WM capacity. We further demonstrate that the well-documented WM deficits observed in schizophrenia can be associated with atypically high levels of visual sensory noise, offering a new explanatory framework for these deficits. By experimentally manipulating sensory noise via transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the visual cortex, we also show that changes in sensory noise led to corresponding changes in visual WM precision in individuals with schizophrenia. Finally, a computational model demonstrates that the same sensory noise measured during visual perception can limit WM precision during WM maintenance. These findings show that sensory noise may explain a significant amount of variance in WM function in both neurotypical adults and individuals with schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory Neural Noise as a Limiting Factor in Visual Working Memory Precision in Neurotypicals and Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feature Learning Model Identifies Predictive Attributes of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The therapeutic efficacy of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) is highly variable, limiting their clinical translation for musculoskeletal diseases and other regenerative medicine applications. There is a poor understanding of the critical quality attributes correlating to therapeutic efficacy of hMSCs. To address this challenge, we analyzed pre-clinical in vitro secretome profiles and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of hMSCs from multiple human donors. hMSCs from different donors showed significant differences between donors in therapeutic efficacy when assessed in a rat post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) model. A partial least squares feature learning model was trained to evaluate differences between more and less therapeutic donor hMSCs by examining cytokine secretion profiles, to predict donor-specific therapeutic outcomes. More therapeutic hMSCs exhibited increased secretion of GM-CSF, GRO, IL-4, and PDGF-AA, whereas less therapeutic donors had higher TNF-, IL-6, and MCP-1 secretion. The cytokine profile was accompanied by evaluation of MAPK pathway, which revealed distinct differences in phospho-protein signaling between more and less therapeutic hMSC secretome profiles. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signaling in more therapeutic donor cells decreased hMSC secretion of the key therapeutic associated cytokines and shifted hMSC secretome towards a less therapeutic profile. Prospective validation of cells from additional donors demonstrated significant correlations between predicted and observed pre-clinical in vivo efficacy to attenuate OA. This approach identifies critical quality attributes enabling consistent prediction of therapeutic potency, thereby addressing a major barrier to scalable and effective cell therapies. These findings advance precision cell-based therapies and offer a framework for standardized donor screening in clinical applications.

SummaryA feature learning model was developed, trained, and validated to identify critical quality attributes of MSCs that predict therapeutic potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>South, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarafan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucha, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pancheri, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feature Learning Model Identifies Predictive Attributes of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aβ-42 sidechain deamidation at Q15 and N27 modulate protein aggregation and microglial responses via altered cytokine production and CD68 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive aggregation of amyloid beta (A{beta}) monomers into oligomers is a critical factor in Alzheimers disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although mutated forms of A{beta} have been shown to display altered aggregation dynamics, the specific effects of deamidated A{beta} on microglial function remain understudied. Our research group previously found that the deamidated variant A{beta}-42-N27D modified A{beta} aggregation, reduced neurotoxicity, and reduced microglial reactivity, but the impact of A{beta}-42 side chain deamidation in general on such parameters remained unclear. Here, we expanded on our prior work by investigating how two site-specific A{beta}-42 mutations (Q15E & N27D), where neutral amide side chains are replaced with negatively charged carboxylic acids, affect aggregation and microglial immune response using a mouse microglial cell line. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that A{beta}-42-Q15E and A{beta}-42-N27D exhibit distinct aggregation profiles compared to A{beta}-42 wild type (WT). Multiplexed analysis of 8 cytokines secreted into the culture medium revealed that A{beta}-42-Q15E and A{beta}-42-N27D decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IP-10, and MIP-1 relative to A{beta}-42-WT. Immunocytochemistry revealed that A{beta}-42-Q15E and A{beta}-42-N27D decrease CD68 expression relative to A{beta}-42-WT. These findings demonstrate that deamidation significantly alters A{beta}-42 aggregation and microglial activation, suggesting structural modifications to A{beta}-42 modulate inflammatory signaling in AD. This work provides a foundation for future studies on A{beta}-42 post-translational modifications as potential therapeutic targets in AD.S
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinakarapandian, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saheba, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarshan, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajimon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raskatov, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paravastu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.684043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aβ-42 sidechain deamidation at Q15 and N27 modulate protein aggregation and microglial responses via altered cytokine production and CD68 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaboFM: A Foundation Model for Spatial Metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides molecularly resolved maps of metabolites and lipids across tissues, yet the lack of large-scale, unified representation learning frameworks limits its potential for generalization and downstream analysis. Here, we introduce MetaboFM, a foundation model for spatial metabolomics that consolidates thousands of public MSI datasets into standardized spatial-spectral tensors and extracts transferable embeddings using pretrained Vision Transformers. We curated and standardized around 4000 publicly available MSI datasets from the METASPACE repository, spanning multiple organisms, tissue types, ionization modes, and instruments. Across six metadata prediction tasks--encompassing organism, ionization polarity, tissue type, condition, analyzer type, and ionization source embeddings from pretrained MetaboFM encoders achieved a mean macro-F1 of 0.74 and accuracy of 0.80 with linear probes, demonstrating substantially higher discriminative power than classical principal component analysis (PCA) or randomly initialized baselines by over 20 percentage points. To interpret the learned representations, we mapped embedding directions back to the m/z domain, revealing distinct spectral regions that drive class separation across tissues, conditions, and ionization sources. A multimodal visual question answering (VQA) extension further links MSI embeddings with natural-language queries through a cross-attention fusion module, attaining an average macro-F1 of 0.61 {+/-} 0.05 across tasks. Finally, an interactive Gradio interface enables users to visualize MSI patches and query sample metadata in free-form language. Together, MetaboFM establishes a scalable foundation model paradigm for MSI, unifying representation learning, spectral interpretability, and multimodal interaction within a single framework for spatial metabolomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moctezuma, F. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaboFM: A Foundation Model for Spatial Metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-like individual differences emerge from random weight initializations in neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of AI research targets the behavior of an average human, a focus that traces to Turings imitation game. Yet, no two human individuals behave exactly alike. In this study, we show that artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with different random initializations exhibit substantial individual differences that resemble those in humans. Using a large dataset (N = 60) of human responses (accuracy, confidence, & response time) in a digit recognition task, we trained multiple instances of three ANN architectures on the same task, creating as many ANN instances as human subjects. We found that these ANN instances vary significantly from one another. Critically, ANN instances showed consistent variation in their alignment with specific human subjects. This consistency in alignment between ANN instances and humans extended across behavioral metrics, indicating that an ANN instance mimicking an individual on one metric also does so on others. Finally, we showed that leveraging these alignments improves predictions of individual human responses. Our findings highlight the potential of ANNs to capture human variability, opening new directions to develop models that go beyond aligning the average human and instead aligning the idiosyncratic behavior of specific individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan Murty, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-like individual differences emerge from random weight initializations in neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of single-strand annealing from native mass spectrometry and cryo-EM structures of RAD52 homolog Mgm101 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RAD52, the primary single-strand annealing (SSA) protein in humans, forms undecameric rings that bind ssDNA within a narrow, positively-charged groove. Whether RAD52 anneals two complementary ssDNAs on the same ring in cis, or between two ring-ssDNA complexes in trans, is unknown. Here, we determined cryo-EM structures of Mgm101, a RAD52 homolog from yeast mitochondria, in complexes with ssDNA, a duplex intermediate of annealing, and B-form dsDNA product. In all states, Mgm101 forms a closed nonadecameric ring that binds the backbone of the first ssDNA at the base of the narrow groove. The second complementary strand binds directly on top of the first to form an extended, unwound, and circular duplex intermediate of annealing. The third complex captures apparent B-form DNA product bound to a novel {beta}-hairpin motif located on top of the Mgm101 ring, above the primary DNA-binding groove. Mass photometry and native mass spectrometry confirm and further elucidate the complexes formed in solution. Altogether, our data reveal the full SSA pathway of Mgm101 and suggest it anneals two complementary ssDNAs on the same ring in cis. Structural conservation with RAD52 suggests it is likely to use a similar cis mechanism of annealing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of single-strand annealing from native mass spectrometry and cryo-EM structures of RAD52 homolog Mgm101]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue surface mechanics constrains proliferation-driven forces to guide mammalian body axis elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian embryos undergo complex morphogenetic changes after implantation in the uterus. The elongation of the body along a head-to-tail axis is a pivotal event, as it lays the foundation of the body plan. While genetic and biochemical aspects of mammalian body elongation have been uncovered, the physical mechanism of axial morphogenesis remains unknown, largely due to the inaccessibility of the implanted embryo to physical measurements and manipulations in utero. Gastruloids, a stem-cell-based embryo model of mammalian axial morphogenesis, lift such limitations. Combining live imaging, direct mechanical measurements, and chemical and mechanical perturbations, here we show that axis elongation in mouse and human gastruloids is guided by a posterior  actin cap at the tissue surface that constrains the expansive forces of cell proliferation. Measurements of mechanical stresses using oil microdroplets, as well as inhibition of cell proliferation and myosin activity, show that the forces driving elongation arise from cell proliferation, and not from convergent extension movements. We find that isotropic tissue expansion is redirected into posterior elongation by the formation of a supracellular actin cap at the posterior tissue surface that restricts lateral tissue expansion. Finally, we show that posterior elongation in mouse embryos displays the key features of the physical elongation mechanism reported for mouse and human gastruloids. These findings reveal that mammalian body axis elongation, including human, occurs via a different physical mechanism from other vertebrate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trani-Bustos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutillon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froeb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltwedel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Wouw, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sletten, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenvliet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue surface mechanics constrains proliferation-driven forces to guide mammalian body axis elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.684933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative metagenomics using a portable protocol. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.684933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A field-deployable DNA sequencing approach for quantitative microbial community profiling can enable rapid responses for a range of applications in the water sector - from process control to wastewater surveillance. Current quantitative approaches have complex instrumentation requirements and long turnaround time for DNA recovery and absolute quantitation. In this study, we report a field-deployable rapid detection and absolute quantitation (rD+rQ) workflow that leverages the real-time sequencing capabilities of Nanopore sequencing for quantitative metagenomics. This workflow integrates a high-molecular-weight DNA recovery protocol for diverse environmental matrices of relevance to the water sector and multiplexed Nanopore sequencing with barcoded spike-in-based calibration (BSINC). BSINC using multi-species genomic spike-in controls exhibits significantly higher calibration accuracy compared to conventional approaches that utilize either single DNA fragment or single organism spike in controls. Dynamic detection and quantitation limits were established based on coverage fraction of sequenced genomes and the coefficient of variation of genome copy numbers across replicates to enhance the accuracy and precision of microbial quantitation. The rD+rQ workflow achieves species-level identification and absolute quantitative results comparable to digital PCR in environmental samples. This portable laboratory and easy-to-use rD+rQ workflow should facilitate rapid decision-making for the water industry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolofari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khunjar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.684933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative metagenomics using a portable protocol.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural modeling reveals the mechanism of motor ATPase coordination during type IV pilus retraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse bacterial species utilize surface appendages called type IV pili (T4P) to interact with their environment. These structures are dynamically extended and retracted from the cell surface, which is critical for diverse functions. Some T4P systems rely on two distinct motor ATPases, PilT and PilU, whose combined activities are required to power forceful T4P retraction. However, the mechanism by which these motors coordinate to facilitate T4P retraction has remained unclear. Here, we utilize the competence T4P in V. cholerae as a model system to elucidate the molecular basis for PilT-PilU coordination during T4P retraction. Specifically, we modeled the interactions between PilT and PilU using AlphaFold 3 and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We then empirically tested these models using a combination of cytological and high-resolution genetic approaches. Our results reveal that interactions between PilT and the PilU C-terminus are critical for these motors to coordinate to drive T4P retraction. Finally, we show that PilT-PilU interactions are broadly conserved in T4P systems from diverse bacterial species, and we experimentally validate that they are required for T4P retraction in Acinetobacter baylyi. Together, this work expands our fundamental understanding of T4P dynamics, and more broadly it provides mechanistic insight into how these ATPases coordinate to assemble some of the strongest biological motors in nature.

SIGNIFICANCEDiverse bacterial species use filamentous surface appendages called type IV pili (T4P) to move along surfaces, take up DNA for horizontal gene transfer, and stick to biotic and abiotic surfaces. The forceful retraction of these filaments is often required for these behaviors. In many T4P systems, the combined activity of two distinct motor ATPase proteins is required for forceful retraction; however, a detailed understanding of how these motor proteins interact to promote forceful retraction is currently lacking. Here, we use an integrated approach to uncover the molecular mechanism for motor ATPase coordination. Furthermore, we show that this mechanism is broadly conserved in diverse T4P systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teipen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalia, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalia, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural modeling reveals the mechanism of motor ATPase coordination during type IV pilus retraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aversive Learning Induces Context-Gated Global Reorganization of Neural Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning generates experience-dependent changes to the brain. However, how neurons of diverse functions and connectivity reorganize and modulate their activities to generate coherent changes while preserving essential functions is not well understood. Here, we address this question using an aversive olfactory learning paradigm whereby Caenorhabditis elegans learns to reduce its olfactory preference for pathogenic bacteria. Using functional imaging during olfactory stimulation in naive and trained animals, we show that, at brain-wide scale, cell type-by-cell type, learning induces context-gated reconfiguration of the organization of neural activity throughout the brain to alter neural responses only during bacteria-discrimination task, while leaving intact bacteria-sensing functions. We found that the context-gated encoding of learning is globally distributed across layers of the nervous system, composed of neurons carrying information of context or learning experience. In particular, aversive training modulates multiple functional connections within the nervous system, including those between sensory neurons and interneurons, as well as those among interneurons, in a context-gated manner. At the systems level, training modulates correlated activity of neural populations; we found that low-dimensional temporal patterns of population activity correlate well with locomotory gaits that express olfactory preferences. Upon training, the rotation and contraction of the low-dimensional neural manifolds shifts the brain into predisposed states for the context-gated display of learned behavior. Because animals encounter unpredictable environments in life, efficient learning about relevant cues while maintaining other functions is essential for survival. Our findings uncover network-level mechanisms that help explain how the brain reorganizes its activity patterns to both encode new experience and preserve essential functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleftheriadis, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aversive Learning Induces Context-Gated Global Reorganization of Neural Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Symbolic Higher-Order Epistasis Discovery with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many human diseases are polygenic conditions that arise from a complex interplay of interactions between multiple genes at different loci, but currently most Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) largely only consider the main additive effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), resulting in a missing heritability problem in some complex traits. Identifying non-additive interactions, or epistasis, at a higher-order could aid in filling this gap, but it is computationally difficult due to the massive search space involved. Current epistasis detection approaches struggle with noncartesian higher order interactions and lack inherent explainability. We present a novel deep learning (DL) approach, EPIstasis Discovery with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (EPIK), a data-driven, modular, and symbolically representable framework. We also introduce a novel approach for higher-order XOR (a non-Cartesian type) interaction detection, utilized in EPIKs XOR detection module. EPIK slightly outperforms other DL approaches on simulated pure epistasis interactions benchmark in average F1 score. It outperforms other, general, traditional epistasis detection approaches on simulated mixed epistasis detection datasets and real-world GWAS datasets of Arabidopsis Thaliana. Finally, EPIK recovers a known gene interaction between MAPT and WNT3 for Parkinsons Disease (PD) while also suggesting a more complex interaction between MAPT, WNT3, and another gene, KANSL1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shazand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marteau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Symbolic Higher-Order Epistasis Discovery with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network modularity reveals context and state-dependent reorganization of time-varying functional connectivity in single-cell resolved neural activity recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important goal of neuroscience is to understand how biological neural networks organize activity at multiple scales to enable complex information processing and behavioral output. To address this challenge, large-scale neural activity datasets with increased resolution and wider coverage have become more prevalent across many model systems. However, bridging the gap in scale between changes in pairwise functional connectivity between neurons and changes in brain-wide organization of activity remains a key challenge. In this work, we demonstrate application of modularity-based community detection and network modularity to single-cell resolved recordings, for the first time, as a method to summarize complex changes in time-varying functional connectivity, facilitating comparisons across multiple time windows, recordings, and conditions. We apply these methods to both single-cell resolved multi-cell and whole-brain activity recordings. In the multi-cell recordings, we find that food odor changes functional connectivity between existing network modules in a C. elegans locomotory interneuron network, rather than reorganizing them. In spontaneous whole-brain activity, we identify several key hub neurons and combinations that significantly destabilize module assignments when silenced. Together, these results demonstrate community detection and modularity as a method for detecting context and network state-dependent changes in functional connectivity at the intermediate scale of network modules in single-cell resolved neural activity. Results from these analyses facilitate future investigation of mechanisms that mediate organization of neural activity at intermediate scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maalouf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network modularity reveals context and state-dependent reorganization of time-varying functional connectivity in single-cell resolved neural activity recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental filtering shapes patch dynamics across isolated mesophotic reefs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; [~]30-150 m) are major but poorly understood benthic habitats. We used Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and integrated metabarcoding (mtCOI, 18S), image analysis, and hydrodynamic modeling across six mesophotic banks in the Gulf of Mexico to test whether community assembly is governed by environmental filtering or dispersal limitation. Local environmental conditions explained nearly twice as much compositional variance as geographic effects. Differences in depth and turbidity predicted community dissimilarity up to tenfold better than geographic distance. Turbidity, driven by the benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), was the dominant filter, while depth effects were weaker and taxon-specific. Hydrodynamic simulations revealed dispersal is variable but not limiting. These findings identify the BNL as a key physical driver linking shelf oceanography, biodiversity, and ecosystem function. Suspended particle dynamics associated with BNLs merit integration into conservation planning as critical mediators of ecological connectivity in mesophotic and other patchy reef systems globally.

TeaserSuspended particle layers, not dispersal barriers, determines which species colonize mesophotic coral reefs on the TX-LA continental shelf.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pittoors, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweedt, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohsen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuttall, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental filtering shapes patch dynamics across isolated mesophotic reefs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidics-Enabled Simultaneous Imaging of Neural Activity and Behavior in Chemically Stimulated, Head-Fixed C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the brain processes sensory information and produces appropriate behavior is a fundamental question in neuroscience. In this study, we developed a novel microfluidic device that allows for simultaneous observation of neural activity and behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) during chemosensory stimulation. Traditional methods often involve trade-offs between high-resolution neuronal imaging, behavioral recording, and the ability to apply chemical stimulation. Our innovative design overcomes these limitations by immobilizing the worms head, stabilizing neuronal imaging, while allowing the posterior portion of the body to move freely, enabling the study of naturalistic behaviors during chemical stimulation. We applied this device to investigate how C. elegans responds to both attractive and aversive chemical cues. By correlating neural activity with observed behavior, we identified neurons and whole-brain dynamics associated with specific movements. Our results demonstrate that providing the worm with greater freedom of movement results in more naturalistic neuronal and behavioral responses to stimuli, compared to fully immobilized setups. This new tool offers a powerful approach for studying how sensory information is processed in the C. elegans nervous system to generate behavior, with potential applications in other model organisms. Its versatility and ease of operation make this device broadly applicable for studying how neural circuits drive behavior and decision-making in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidics-Enabled Simultaneous Imaging of Neural Activity and Behavior in Chemically Stimulated, Head-Fixed C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of exoskeleton stiffness on primary afferent feedback during stretch perturbations of isolated muscle-tendon unit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exoskeletons assist and augment human movement, but their effects on proprioceptive feedback remain poorly understood. We examined how parallel exoskeleton stiffness influences primary muscle spindle firing. In an anesthetized rat preparation, controlled stretches of the medial gastrocnemius were applied with springs (0-0.5 N/mm) attached in parallel to the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) to simulate passive exoskeleton assistance. Fascicle length was measured with sonomicrometry, force and MTU length with a servo motor, and spindle instantaneous firing rate (IFR) with dorsal root recordings. Increasing exoskeleton stiffness decreased biological muscle force (3.1 {+/-} 0.6 N to 1.6 {+/-} 0.6 N, p < 0.001) and stiffness (4.4 {+/-} 1.5 N/mm to 2.3 {+/-} 1.3 N/mm, p < 0.01), while fascicle length increased (7.9 {+/-} 1.3 mm to 8.3 {+/-} 1.5 mm, p < 0.005). Despite these altered mechanics, spindle firing did not significantly change, and showed weak correlations with muscle length, velocity, force, and yank (R2 [&le;] 0.14). These results indicate that exoskeleton stiffness modifies fascicle dynamics without altering spindle firing. Previously proposed models of primary afferent firing did not sufficiently explain these results. This is the first in situ investigation of exoskeleton effects on primary afferent feedback during active contractions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alshareef, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardelli, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simha, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of exoskeleton stiffness on primary afferent feedback during stretch perturbations of isolated muscle-tendon unit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolically driven differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to generate robust and functional lymphatic endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lymphatic system plays various crucial but underappreciated roles in fluid transport and immune response in numerous organs and tissue types. Consequently, generation of lymphatic vessels has been postulated as an innovative therapeutic strategy for various diseases. However, there is a lack of efficient and reliable method to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) for lymphatic regeneration. Current differentiation methods suffer from poor yield and low lymphatic marker expression, while also having limited clinical applicability due to its reliance on either the embryoid body intermediates or xenogenic supporting cells. Given that LECs exclusively rely on anaerobic and fatty acid metabolism due to the hypoxic environment of the lymph, here we report that the unique lymphatic-specific metabolic pathways can be exploited to promote lymphatic identity in differentiated LECs (dLECs). We show that dLECs express elevated levels of lymphatic markers compared to native endothelial cells, which is up to 15 times higher than the current leading standard of dLECs. Moreover, dLECs can form lymphatic vascular networks in both 2D and 3D, as well as secrete important lymphangiocrine for organ maturation. Upon implantation into double-ligation tail lymphedema and mammary fat pad models, dLECs were able to integrate with the host lymphatic vessels, restore fluid flow, and reduce swelling. Collectively, we show that metabolite supplementation can drive stem cell differentiation into dLECs, which can be incorporated into new alternative methods for personalized therapies and disease modeling, as well as provide a direct therapeutic option for lymphedema and lymphatic disorders.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=179 SRC="FIGDIR/small/686405v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c4caa5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d42b08org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1554ffcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f64ae6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG A xeno-free and stepwise differentiation protocol with VEGF-C and sodium acetate induces lymphatic identity in iPSC-derived endothelial cells. Differentiated LECs (dLECs) express key lymphatic markers as verified using bulk RNA-sequencing, qPCR, FACS, and immunostaining. These dLECs secrete important cytokines for lympangiocrine signaling, able to form robust 2D and 3D lymphatic networks, as well as demonstrate in vivo functionality and host integration in murine models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montes-Pinzon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taglione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightsey, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamage, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanjaya-Putra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolically driven differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to generate robust and functional lymphatic endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Animals Turn Inside Out: The Eversion of Bloodworms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bloodworms, Glycera dibranchiata, possess an eversible proboscis that normally remains concealed within their bodies but explosively everts if the worm attacks or burrows. How does the bloodworm evert quickly and reliably? In a series of experiments, we characterize bloodworm kinematics, pressure, and material properties to estimate the criteria for eversion safely without rupture of the proboscis. We predict the proboscis can withstand pressures 50 times higher and bending strains up to three times higher than the respective values observed. We also present a dimensional analysis of eversion, finding that everting animals, from frogs to snails to sharks, do not satisfy Froudes law for equivalence of velocities. Our findings may help inspire the development of pressure-driven soft robots with efficient retraction capabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhilash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chintawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Holness, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fladger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behravesh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Animals Turn Inside Out: The Eversion of Bloodworms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial convergent extension as a tuning process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-tuning--the ability of disordered systems to develop desired collective behaviors by tuning internal couplings in response to feedback--has recently emerged as a powerful framework for understanding adaptation in amorphous solids, mechanical metamaterials, and electrical networks. These systems can learn desired responses, encode memory, and robustly reorganize under repeated stimuli, much like artificial neural networks but without requiring processors to adjust their weights. Here, we extend this paradigm to morphogenesis and show that the epithelium can be viewed as tunable matter and that epithelial convergent extension (CE) can be understood as a self-tuning process. Using a vertex model with active interfacial tensions, we systematically compare distinct tension-update strategies, including externally imposed shear, global gradient descent optimization, and decentralized local feedback rules. We find that while all methods can generate tissue elongation, only local orientation- and length-sensitive rules reproduce key experimental features of CE, such as supracellular actomyosin pattern formation, cell shape changes, and junctional alignment. In contrast, global optimization produces homogeneous tension patterns and mechanically fragile states. By interpreting CE through the lens of tuning, our framework bridges the physics of tunable matter with developmental biology, revealing how simple, local rules enable tissues to efficiently orchestrate complex morphogenetic outcomes through decentralized mechanical adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arzash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial convergent extension as a tuning process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic ion dynamics underlies the temporal nature of resting-state functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms underlying the emergence of functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that resting-state activity consists of brief periods of strong co-fluctuations among brain regions, which reflect overall functional connectivity. Others report a continuum in co-fluctuations over time, with varying degree of correlation to functional connectivity. These findings raise the critical question: what neural processes underlie the temporal structure of resting-state activity? To address this, we used a biophysically realistic whole-brain computational model in which resting-state activity emerged from temporal variations in the ion concentrations of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+), intracellular chloride (Cl-), and the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase. The model reproduced transient periods of high co-fluctuations, and the functional connectivity at different co-fluctuation levels correlated to varying degrees with the connectivity measured over the entire simulation, in line with experimental observations. The periods of high co-fluctuations were aligned with large changes in extracellular ion concentrations. Furthermore, critical parameters governing ion dynamics strongly affected both the timing of these transient events and the spatial structure of the resulting functional connectivity. The balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity further modulated their frequency and amplitude. Together, these results suggest that intrinsic fluctuations in ion dynamics could serve as a plausible neural mechanism for the temporal organization of co-fluctuations and resting-state functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlinka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic ion dynamics underlies the temporal nature of resting-state functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CapuchinAI: Leveraging AI to study wild primate cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancing the study of primate cognition requires methods that preserve ecological validity while enabling the experimental control typical of laboratory research. We introduce CapuchinAI, a field-deployable touchscreen system that integrates real-time facial recognition with automated cognitive testing, providing a novel methodological framework for studying cognition in wild primates. Our approach combines a high-performing (>97% accuracy) YOLOv7-based facial recognition model (Multiple Capuchins v1.0) with a portable Raspberry Pi-driven touchscreen-reward apparatus designed for automated operation in natural habitats. The system detects approaching capuchins, initiates video recording, presents touchscreen stimuli, and dispenses food rewards contingent on task performance. During a two-week presentation to two habituated groups of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) at the Taboga Forest Reserve, 16 individuals voluntarily interacted with the apparatus, 10 learned to trigger rewards, and 8 formed and retained robust screen-reward associations. The rapid habituation and learning rates demonstrate the feasibility of deploying AI-mediated cognitive experiments in the wild. CapuchinAI addresses several long-standing challenges in field cognition research by enabling: (1) autonomous, individualized task administration without researcher intervention; (2) standardized, repeatable trials across individuals and sessions; (3) scalable deployment across groups and sites; and (4) parallel data collection on behavior, identity, and performance. This methodology provides a blueprint for integrating machine learning, touchscreen testing, and automated reward delivery to study within- and between-individual cognitive variation under natural conditions. CapuchinAI represents a significant step toward long-term comparative research on primate cognition by making laboratory experimental paradigms accessible in the wild, bridging the gap between lab and field.

Research HighlightsO_LIWe present CapuchinAI, a field-ready touchscreen testing station that uses real-time facial recognition to study cognition in wild capuchin monkeys
C_LIO_LIWe developed a YOLOv7-based facial recognition model (Multiple Capuchins v1.0) that identifies individual capuchins with >97% precision and recall from static images, video, and live footage, enabling fully automated, individualized testing in the wild.
C_LIO_LIWe integrated a version of this model into a closed-loop touchscreen-reward pipeline that detects an approaching monkey, presents a basic learning task, and automatically delivers food rewards based on the monkeys responses.
C_LIO_LIWild capuchins rapidly habituated and learned touchscreen-reward associations, showing that AI-enabled touchscreens provide a scalable field method for deploying lab-style cognitive tests and mapping individual differences across tasks, species, and sites.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potluri, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernethy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CapuchinAI: Leveraging AI to study wild primate cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of early locus coeruleus lesions in the TgF344 Alzheimer's disease rat model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONIn murine models of Alzheimers disease (AD), lesioning the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system with DSP-4 exacerbates AD-like neuropathology and cognitive impairment. However, the impact of LC lesions during prodromal stages is poorly characterized.

METHODSTgF344-AD and wild-type rats received monthly injections of DSP-4 or saline from 1-5 months of age, a time point preceding forebrain plaque or tangle deposition in TgF344-AD rats, after which behavior and pathology were assessed.

RESULTSDSP-4 compromised LC cell bodies, fibers, and NE content. LC lesion and the AD transgene each affected several affective behaviors and/or cognition individually, but few interactions were found and DSP-4 failed to exacerbate behavioral phenotypes or neuropathology in TgF344-AD rats.

DISCUSSIONCombined with previous literature, our data suggest that LC lesions exacerbate pre-existing AD-like pathology and behavioral impairments, rather than accelerate their onset. Further characterization of LC lesions in TgF344-AD rats at different ages is warranted.

Research-in-ContextO_LISystemic review: The authors reviewed existing literature using traditional sources, including PubMed. Previous studies investigated the impact of locus coeruleus (LC) lesions on Alzheimers disease (AD)-like neuropathology and behavior in murine models of AD. However, the impact of LC degeneration in an animal model that expresses both amyloid and endogenous tau pathology at a time point before the emergence of significant forebrain pathology is underexplored.
C_LIO_LIInterpretation: We expanded the behavioral and molecular characterization of TgF344-AD rats in response to N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4)-induced LC lesions during the pre-pathology stages of disease. Unexpectedly, we found that TgF344-AD genotype and DSP-4 rarely interacted to exacerbate AD-related symptoms or pathology.
C_LIO_LIFuture Directions: Our results indicate LC lesions do not accelerate onset of AD-like neuropathology or behavioral impairment in this model. Future studies in older TgF344-AD animals and using different DSP-4 treatment regimens would help clarify the relationship between LC integrity and AD progression.
C_LI

HighlightsO_LILocus coeruleus damage causes apathy-like behavior and changes in arousal
C_LIO_LITgF344-AD genotype induces social recognition deficits and anxiety-like behavior
C_LIO_LILocus coeruleus damage and TgF344-AD genotype rarely interact to worsen deficits
C_LIO_LIInteractions that exacerbate Alzheimers disease neuropathology were also scarce
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marriott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korukonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pate, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinshenker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelberman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of early locus coeruleus lesions in the TgF344 Alzheimer's disease rat model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-centric analysis of Raskinella chloraquaticus reveals a functionally conserved taxonomic group in global drinking water distribution systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent metagenomic survey of drinking water systems revealed that a highly prevalent and dominant uncultured bacterial genus (Raskinella) was represented globally by a single species (Raskinella chloraquaticus). R. chloraquaticus comprises of two sub-species groups, Lineages 1 and 2, the former representing a globally prevalent genomovar. The objective of this study was to perform comparative analysis of the gene content of R. chloraquaticus to characterize the gene-level diversity and determine factors shaping the diversity of this species. Pangenome analysis revealed that R. chloraquaticus possesses a core set of genes that constitute a major portion (87.74%) of the known gene content of the genome. Furthermore, most of the gene diversity of R. chloraquaticus is associated with Lineage 2 organisms, which consists of at least four distinct genomovars. Lineage 1 organisms consist of a higher proportion of identical genes than would have been expected if changes primarily occurred through random mutations and thus is potentially indicative of recombination. In contrast, Lineage 2 organisms appear to have emerged through random mutations and display stronger geographic preference. These results indicate that homologous recombination and geographic isolation likely shape the genetic repertoire of R. chloraquaticus. Further, the high level of gene conservation in R. chloraquaticus may be reflective of highly selective environment in drinking water systems. Thus, R. chloraquaticus may represent a model organism to probe selective pressures shaping the drinking water microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sudarshan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-centric analysis of Raskinella chloraquaticus reveals a functionally conserved taxonomic group in global drinking water distribution systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing Plasmid Crosstalk in Transcription Factor Mediated Cell-Free Biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmid crosstalk--unexpected changes to protein expression levels due to interactions between genetic cassettes in cell-free systems--complicates the creation of multi-plasmid cell-free tools. While the potential underlying mechanisms for crosstalk have been previously investigated, the practical impact of crosstalk on the implementation of cell-free genetic circuits has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we contextualize plasmid crosstalk in genetic circuits by examining its impact on the design and performance of multiple, diverse transcription factor biosensors. Guided by a deeper understanding, we harness crosstalk to enhance cell-free biosensor performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that plasmid crosstalk can serve as a tunable property in the development of cell-free genetic circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronovitskiy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styczynski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing Plasmid Crosstalk in Transcription Factor Mediated Cell-Free Biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.687706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating Neurodevelopmental Trajectories in Cancer with Topic Modeling: Revealing Persistent External Granule Layer Lineages in Medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.687706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar rhombic lip generates cerebellar progenitors and neurons that ultimately differentiate to comprise over half of all neurons in the adult human brain. Standard clustering approaches often fragment or miss rhombic lip progenitor populations entirely due to their transient nature, small size, and rapid state transitions, leaving fundamental questions unanswered about normal cerebellar development and how such processes may be hijacked in pediatric brain cancer. Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, affects approximately 500 children annually in the United States with overall survival rates varying dramatically by subgroup. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma, comprising 25-30% of cases, arises from rhombic lip-derived granule neuron precursors (GNP) within the external granule layer (EGL) and has particularly poor outcomes in several subtypes (5-year survival [~]41%). Using our topic modeling framework on over one million fetal cerebellar nuclei, we identify proliferative rhombic lip and EGL states that bifurcate into distinct glial and neuronal lineages through intermediate progenitors and capture a portion of the developmental spectrum form outer EGL (oEGL) proliferation through inner EGL (iEGL) differentiation. These developmental signatures (topics) persist in medulloblastoma, validating GNP origins of SHH tumors and revealing age-specific molecular programs that correspond to distinct stages of EGL development within SHH subtypes. Our transferable framework enables systematic comparison of developmental and disease states across technologies without data integration, solving a fundamental challenge as genomic atlases expand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldipur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldinger, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennari, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattwell, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.687706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating Neurodevelopmental Trajectories in Cancer with Topic Modeling: Revealing Persistent External Granule Layer Lineages in Medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow waves generation and propagation in a model of brain lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow waves (SWs), the hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, reflect the periodic occurrence of transient silent periods in cortical neurons (Down states). During NREM, SWs and Down states physiologically disrupt large-scale network interactions. Since early EEG studies, SWs have also been observed in awake patients after brain injury. Emerging evidence indicates that these intrusions of sleep-like activity interfere with ongoing network activity and contribute to motor and cognitive deficits; yet, the mechanisms governing the generation and spread of post-lesional SWs remain unclear. Here, we extend a neural mass model of EEG to capture transitions between wake-like and sleep-like dynamics and embed it in connectome-based networks with virtual lesions. This model supports that local disfacilitation, topology-dependent propagation, and synchrony-dependent amplification throughout the connectome are sufficient to produce post-lesional SWs. These mechanisms reproduce the spatial gradients of post-lesional SWs seen in patients and identify actionable targets for neuromodulation and rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaglioti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Porta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieus, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarasso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Vives, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow waves generation and propagation in a model of brain lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bruch's Membrane Contributes to the Structural Integrity of the Human Eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo investigate the contribution of the Bruchs membrane and sclera tissues to the overall structural integrity of the ocular wall.

MethodsTwenty-three human globes were subjected to biomechanical testing. A piece of sclera measuring 5 x 5 mm was carefully removed at the nasal region, 2 mm away from the optic nerve head. The intraocular pressure was increased at approximately 1 mmHg/s until Bruchs membrane-uvea-retina-tissue layer (BMUR) ruptured. Next, strips of sclera and Bruchs membrane-choriocapillaris (BMC) complex were isolated from the superior fundus region. Uniaxial tension tests were performed at a strain rate of 0.01/s and sampling rate of 15 Hz. The tangent moduli of the BMC and sclera at 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 strains were compared.

ResultsThe rupture pressure of the BMUR was 98.1 {+/-} 21.4 mmHg. The tangent moduli of the BMC at 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 strains were 2.96 {+/-} 1.44 MPa, 7.68 {+/-} 1.78 MPa and 9.43 {+/-} 2.11 MPa, respectively, and the tangent moduli of the sclera at 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 strains were 1.09 {+/-} 0.80 MPa, 2.72 {+/-} 1.67 MPa and 5.69 {+/-} 3.27 MPa, respectively.

ConclusionThe BMUR was able to sustain relatively high IOP before rupturing. The uniaxial tensile tests showed that the BMC tangent moduli were about 3 times of those of the sclera at strains of 0.01 and 0.02. Although the sclera is approximately 47 times thicker, the BMC is still likely to make a significant contribution (3.51% to 7.42% at strain <0.03) to the overall structural strength of the ocular wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, R. K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braeu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bruch's Membrane Contributes to the Structural Integrity of the Human Eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Stability and Interpretability of Motor Modules Computed with an Autoencoder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor module analysis is an important tool in the study of movement, particularly in people with impaired neural control. The most common method for computing motor modules is non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which identifies a matrix of motor modules and their corresponding time-series activity from electromyography data. NMF has several limitations, including dependence of the muscle weightings on the number of modules selected. Approaches for selecting the number of modules vary between studies, making it difficult to compare and reproduce results. Some metrics of motor control complexity use the variance accounted for when extracting a single motor module (VAF1), yet that modules structure offers little biomechanical interpretability. In this work, we present a method for computing motor modules using an autoencoder, a neural network architecture that can find latent representations of data. Using a single layer autoencoder, we extracted motor modules from data in able-bodied and individuals post-stroke. The structure of autoencoder-computed modules were significantly less sensitive to selected module number. With the autoencoder-computed modules, increasing the number of modules added new information, instead of splitting previous modules. Autoencoder-computed modules, especially at low module counts, had more distinct and interpretable biomechanical functions. Lastly, the autoencoder-computed modules are consistent with previous NMF studies in persons with stroke, which found fewer modules needed to explain the muscle activity of paretic limbs. Our autoencoder-based method offers a new approach for computing motor modules, with advantages of better stability in module structure across module counts, and a more biomechanically relevant interpretation of VAF1.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThis work presents an approach for computing motor modules using an autoencoder and comprehensively compares the in stability of motor module structure, functional significance at low module counts, and interpretation of VAF1 to the current state of the art. The AE-computed module structures were more stable at different module counts. The AE has the potential to improve confidence in module structure and make analysis less dependent on the specific number of modules selected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathella, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seamon, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Stability and Interpretability of Motor Modules Computed with an Autoencoder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ephaptic coupling and power fluctuations in depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initial therapeutic exposure to DBS during implantation surgery has reproducible acute behavioral effects that carry over without further stimulation. We analyzed LFP data from the first month following brief therapeutic intraoperative DBS. Data were recorded from the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC). During this month no further stimulation was applied. Recent studies have identified beta power fluctuations in LFP data as an acute putative depression biomarker of this exposure. However, a detailed description of neural dynamics underlying brain power fluctuations is missing. Here, we consider how these fluctuations are related to brain itinerancy, that is neural activity changes between stable and unstable states. We also provide a proof of principle study that these dynamics can be described using two new dynamical systems measures: instability frequency and relative wandering time. These capture interactions between neural activity and the mesoscale oscillatory electric fields generated by it. The two measures seem to split low vs. high HDRS scores within a small patient cohort. They are motivated by the cytoelectric coupling hypothesis, that suggests that efficient information processing results from mesoscale electric fields; and that the re-emergence of depression symptoms might result from altered electric fields. Whether the new measures reflect general mechanisms of rapid antidepressant action remains to be tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinotsis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagapan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarikhani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauvel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.15.688471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ephaptic coupling and power fluctuations in depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonized Protocol for Segmentation of the Hippocampal Tail on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure with cytoarchitectonically distinct subfields that exhibit heterogeneous lifespan trajectories and are differentially susceptible to diseases. Advances in high-resolution imaging have accelerated research on these structures, yet variability in segmentation protocols limits cross-study comparability. The Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) is an international consortium addressing this challenge by developing a reliable, accessible, and freely available segmentation protocol for high-resolution T2-weighted 3 tesla MRI scans (http://www.hippocampalsubfields.com). Here, we present the harmonized protocol for the posterior portion of the hippocampus (the "tail"), complementing the previously established "body" protocol, and with an anterior "head" protocol under development. The tail protocol provides standardized definitions of the external boundaries for the posterior-most extent of the hippocampus, facilitating consistent segmentation from surrounding tissues. The research community was extensively involved through an online survey that incorporated comprehensive protocol details, feasibility assessments, tutorial videos, and illustrative segmentations. Through this collaborative process, consensus emerged to exclude subfield labeling in the hippocampal tail due to limited visibility of internal landmarks and substantial anatomical variability in this region. All proposed boundary guidelines were deemed clear and agreed upon via a Delphi procedure. The harmonized tail protocol has high intra-(Averaged ICC(2,1) > 0.98; Averaged Dice Similarity Coefficient = 0.92) and inter-rater reliability (Averaged ICC(2,k) > 0.98; Averaged Dice Similarity Coefficient = 0.86) and offers a practical framework for replicable segmentation. By establishing standardized guidelines, this protocol enhances comparability of findings across developmental, aging, and clinical research and is compatible with ongoing technological advances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervais, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippocampal Subfields Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonized Protocol for Segmentation of the Hippocampal Tail on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics and interactions of vector thysanopterans and transmitted viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyzed the genomes of nine thysanopteran (thrips) species, with one newly generated, and examined their relationships with 23 representative orthotospoviruses from the family Tospoviridae (order Bunyavirales). Thrips can be agricultural pests, contributing to measurable yield reductions in economically valuable crops and ornamentals. Some thrips species are confirmed orthotospovirus vectors, while most of the [~]7,000 identified species are unknown in their vector status. We conducted in silico protein-protein interaction predictions for several thrips proteins, including an endocuticle protein previously reported to bind to orthotospovirus glycoproteins. In most ecologically observed vector-virus pairs, the predicted protein-protein interactions were confirmed, and additional plausible vector-virus transmission interactions emerged from our analyses. These results expand our understanding of vector-virus co-evolution and highlight candidate molecular interfaces that could be targeted to disrupt virus transmission in agricultural systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catto, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics and interactions of vector thysanopterans and transmitted viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning for adaptive control of phenotypically heterogeneous bacterial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial populations display extraordinary resilience to antibiotic stress, driven by diverse physiological states that allow some cells to persist and later repopulate. This phenotypic heterogeneity, amplified by environmental fluctuations, undermines the effectiveness of conventional fixed-dose treatment regimens. To address this challenge, we introduce a reinforcement learning (RL) framework that discovers adaptive treatment strategies using only experimentally accessible, population-level measurements. The RL agent learns to infer the hidden physiological state of the population and leverages this knowledge to maintain control even under conditions not encountered during training. Moreover, when granted control over nutrient availability, an important driver of physiological change often overlooked in antibiotic treatment protocols, the agent consistently drives population extinction, surpassing adaptive protocols based solely on drug dynamics. This computational framework offers a powerful, data-driven approach for designing adaptive treatment strategies to counter the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement learning for adaptive control of phenotypically heterogeneous bacterial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anion supercharging enables structural assignment of oxidatively released O-glycans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-glycan analysis faces analytical challenges due to poor fragmentation characteristics of oxidatively released O-glycan acids, which can preserve labile O-acetyl modifications but suffer from charge fixation at the reducing end. This study introduces a supercharging approach using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and butylamine mobile phase additives for enhanced mass spectrometric analysis of bleach-released O-glycan acids.

HFIP/butylamine increased average charge states by up to 50% compared to traditional mobile phases, dramatically improving MS2 fragmentation quality and enabling discrimination between isomeric compositions and structures. Enhanced fragmentation enabled confident identification of sialic acid variants and acetylation patterns, overcoming the analytical bottleneck of poor O-glycan acid fragmentation.

Computational optimization reduced database search times by up to ninefold while maintaining sensitivity. Application to multi-species gastric mucins revealed distinct glycosylation profiles. Porcine mucin showed predominant serine-linked neutral structures, while bovine and ovine mucins exhibited primarily threonine-linked sialylated glycans. A minor fraction of porcine and bovine mucins contained acetylated serine-linked sialylated glycans. This methodology provides a comprehensive framework for O-glycan characterization while preserving biological modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwood, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.689986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anion supercharging enables structural assignment of oxidatively released O-glycans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying antibiotic susceptibility and inoculum effects using transient dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, targeting pathogen cells by disrupting essential cellular processes. However, standard antibiotic susceptibility metrics (e.g. MIC) and textbook models neglect transient dynamics and density-dependent effects, despite their ubiquity in nature. In clinical infections, where bacterial populations are the units we treat, this can increase the risk of under treatment. To address this gap, we generate high resolution optical density time series data for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 antibiotics, 12 doses, 7 inoculum sizes, 4x replication), enabling gradient estimation and gradient-based model parameterization. We develop a dynamics-led computational pipeline that (1) evaluates population scale ordinary differential equation models from estimated time derivative data, and (2) classifies transient dynamics in dose-inoculum space using unsupervised clustering. Applied to our data, the pipeline identifies an ordinary differential equation model with a saturating antibiotic-loss term and a threshold-dependent weak Allee term that recapitulates and quantifies classic rate, yield, and inoculum effects of antibiotics. In addition, our model and clustering approach suggest a set of novel metrics, defining thresholds separating distinct dynamical regimes. Beyond antibiotic data sets, our approach utilizing a derivative-based fitting algorithm and clustering of derivative trajectories is applicable to any biological time series with controlled perturbations and variable initial conditions.

Author summaryWe show that standard math models and antibiotic susceptibility metrics fail to capture the regimes of dynamical behavior that result from combined antibiotic and inoculum effects when Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) is exposed to antibiotics. Using iterations of forward and data-driven modeling, we highlight the importance of transient dynamics, derivative-based model fitting, and higher-order nonlinearities in quantifying bacterial dynamics under perturbation. We identify an ordinary differential equation-based model that describes the observed inoculum effect as a type of weak Allee effect (positive density-dependence) and also captures antibiotic effects on population growth rate and yield governed by a saturating loss function. We show that these results generalize across antibiotic mechanisms of action and highlight the importance of fitting models using dynamics-based algorithms. Finally, we explore a clustering method for bacterial dynamics that, in combination with our mathematical model, advises a set of novel metrics for measuring antibiotic susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundius, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuske, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying antibiotic susceptibility and inoculum effects using transient dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Response Dynamics with Deep Brain Stimulation to the Subcallosal Cingulate for Treatment-Resistant Depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant depression, yet objective biomarkers that track recovery remain limited. This study examined longitudinal changes in stimulation-evoked potentials (SEPs) to characterize how SCC-driven cortical communication evolves during treatment. Ten patients across three SCC-DBS trials underwent high-density EEG recordings at 4 and 24 weeks. SEP features were extracted from source-localized SCC signals and related to clinical outcomes and fractional anisotropy (FA) of midcingulate cingulum. Cortical responses showed a consistent reduction in latency and an increase in magnitude over time, indicating faster and stronger electrocortical signaling with chronic stimulation. Higher baseline midcingulate FA predicted greater latency acceleration, linking SEP timing to white-matter integrity. These findings identify temporal SEP dynamics as candidate mechanistic biomarkers that reflect circuit engagement during SCC-DBS and offer a pathway toward physiology-guided optimization of neuromodulation for depression.

HighlightsO_LIReduced latency of stimulation evoked potential after 6 months of DBS
C_LIO_LILarger cortical evoked response to single pulse perturbation after 6 months of DBS
C_LIO_LIBaseline myelin integrity in MCC predicts magnitude of change in EP latency
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Bogaert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagapan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahill-Fuchel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veerakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva-Posse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Response Dynamics with Deep Brain Stimulation to the Subcallosal Cingulate for Treatment-Resistant Depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine and serotonin transients predict depressive symptom relief following deep brain stimulation of human subcallosal cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC) show promise in mitigating the symptoms of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in humans1-3. Monoamines, such as dopamine and serotonin, mediate the effects of pharmacological treatments of depression. However, their roles in recovery following DBS remain elusive, largely due to technical limitations of measuring these neurotransmitters in the living human brain. Here, by leveraging machine learning-enhanced electrochemistry4-7, we show that dopamine and serotonin signaling following DBS to the SCC predicted later depressive symptom relief in humans with TRD. We found that both dopamine and serotonin levels increased following subtherapeutic intraoperative SCC stimulation, with each neurotransmitter showing selective responses to distinct decision-making tasks. Furthermore, acute dopamine increases predicted later mood improvements during a social decision-making task, while serotonin enhancement predicted faster responses during a non-social learning task longitudinally. Critically, changes in dopamine and serotonin levels during the social decision-making task jointly predicted depressive symptom remission at 6-month follow-up. These findings illustrate the contribution of both dopamine and serotonin signaling in predicting behavioral improvement and depressive symptom remission in humans with TRD. Such neurochemical plasticity may serve as potential mechanistic biomarkers for SCC DBS mechanism and TRD treatment response.

Significance statementO_LIDopamine and serotonin levels increased following acute DBS to the SCC in humans.
C_LIO_LIAcute dopamine and serotonin changes predicted later mood and response speed changes.
C_LIO_LISustained TRD recovery was predicted by acute increases in both dopamine and serotonin estimates.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shevlin, B. R. K. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Q. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batten, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heflin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ONeil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauvel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohrenz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartle, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishida, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiore, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.691184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine and serotonin transients predict depressive symptom relief following deep brain stimulation of human subcallosal cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.690060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MOSAIC: A scalable framework for fMRI dataset aggregation and modeling of human vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.690060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large-scale vision fMRI datasets have been invaluable resources to the vision neuroscience community for their deep sampling of individual subjects and diverse stimulus sets. However, practical limitations to the number of subjects, stimuli, and trials that can be collected prevent individual fMRI datasets from reaching the scale necessary for modern modeling approaches and robust conclusions. Here, we introduce MOSAIC (Meta-Organized Stimuli And fMRI Imaging data for Computational modeling), a fMRI dataset aggregation framework designed to leverage the richness of individual datasets for computationally intensive modeling and robust tests of generalization. MOSAIC is composed of eight large-scale vision fMRI datasets totaling 93 subjects, 430,007 fMRI-stimulus pairs, and 162,839 naturalistic and artificial stimuli. A shared fMRI preprocessing pipeline and a filtered test-train split minimizes dataset-specific confounds and test-set leakage when aggregating the datasets. Crucially, additional datasets can be integrated into MOSAIC post hoc, allowing MOSAIC to evolve according to the communitys interests. We use MOSAIC to show that perceptually diverse stimulus sets consistently improve decoding accuracy and stability, carrying implications for future fMRI stimulus set design. We then jointly train brain-optimized encoding models across subjects and datasets to predict fMRI activity of all visual cortex and even the whole brain. In silico functional localizer experiments performed on these digital twin models can recover subject-specific category-selective cortical regions, thereby validating our approach. Together, MOSAIC provides a scalable and community-driven solution to build robust, larger-scale models of human vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lahner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murty, N. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.690060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MOSAIC: A scalable framework for fMRI dataset aggregation and modeling of human vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the effects of CD8/CD4 on T cell function in terms of TCR-pMHC-coreceptor catch and slip bonds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundT cells interact with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) via the T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptor CD4 or CD8 depending on the MHC class. These interactions form catch and slip bonds depending on the pMHC activity. Coreceptors and bond profiles impact TCR triggering and antigen discrimination.

MethodsBuilt upon our recent correlative analysis of TCR-pMHC catch bond with T cell function, we analyzed 26 pairs of T-cell-pMHC interactions to compare the correlations of their biophysical metrics with antigen-induced T cell responses in two situations: when the coreceptor is prevented vs permitted to bind pMHC.

ResultsWe found that the force-based metrics of TCR bond with pMHC perform better than parameters measured in the absence of force either in situ at the T cell membrane or in fluid phase using purified ectodomain proteins as predictors of T cell activation and thymocyte selection in both cases when the contributions of coreceptors are absent and present. Moreover, CD8 or CD4 co-engagement with pMHC systematically increases these metrics and increases TCR sensitivity and specificity, indicating coreceptor-mediated amplification of, or conversion to, catch-bonds that enhances mechanical tuning of TCR responses.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the importance of force in antigen recognition by the TCR and reveal that parameters derived from the bond profile, especially in the presence of coreceptor, are more informative predictors of T cell activation compared to conventional affinity-based measurements. These results offer mechanistic insights into the roles of catch bonds and coreceptors in TCR antigen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travaglino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazemipour Ashkezari, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the effects of CD8/CD4 on T cell function in terms of TCR-pMHC-coreceptor catch and slip bonds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-Binding Protein NF90 Mediates Polycomb-Independent Transactivation by EZH2 to Promote Cancer Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests critical roles of the polycomb-independent transactivation function of EZH2 in promoting some cancers, such as prostate cancer (PCa), yet the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we identify the RNA-binding protein NF90 as a key mediator of this activity. NF90 interacts with EZH2, but not with other core components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), through its RNA-binding modules. Conversely, EZH2 engages NF90 via its intrinsically disordered RNA-binding domain in an RNA-dependent manner. NF90 and EZH2 mutually recruit each other to the AR promoter, where they cooperatively activate AR transcription and enhance downstream AR signaling. This NF90-EZH2 complex is essential for PCa cell growth: depletion of either factor abolishes proliferation, an effect rescued by AR re-expression. Similar to EZH2, NF90 promotes cell-cycle gene expression, is upregulated in advanced PCa, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Collectively, our findings uncover RNA-mediated protein interactions as a central mechanism underlying PRC2-independent transcriptional activation by EZH2 and establish NF90 as a major EZH2 coactivator, a master regulator of the cell cycle, and a promising therapeutic target in advanced PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>shi, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senthil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhtar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonnet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-Binding Protein NF90 Mediates Polycomb-Independent Transactivation by EZH2 to Promote Cancer Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The language network responds robustly to sentences across diverse tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A network of left frontal and temporal brain areas supports language comprehension and production, implementing computations related to word retrieval and combinatorial linguistic processing. Here, we ask: are computations over linguistic input driven in a bottom-up way, by the input, or in a top-down way, by task demands? Participants (n=52) read sentences and nonword lists under six task conditions, including passive reading, reading with a memory probe at the end, and tasks that require deep semantic engagement. The sentences>nonwords contrast isolated the same set of language-responsive voxels across all tasks; the locations of those voxels were participant-specific, highlighting the value of individual-specific functional localization. We therefore conclude that language localization is robust to task variation. We then examined responses to each task in these language-responsive voxels (the language network) and in the domain-general multiple demand (MD) network, known to respond to task demands. The language network responded robustly to sentences across all tasks, with somewhat higher responses to semantically engaging tasks. In contrast, the MD network responded to both sentences and nonwords in the presence of a demanding task, which warrants caution when examining brain responses to language tasks accompanied by task demands, as such tasks engage two independent systems. A multivariate analysis revealed that stimulus information is more easily decodable in the language network, whereas task information is more decodable in the MD network. These results suggest that the language and MD networks perform complementary functions during task-driven language comprehension, with the language network primarily extracting information from linguistic input and the MD network determining the appropriate response to the task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The language network responds robustly to sentences across diverse tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Skin to Cortex: End-to-End Spiking Neural Network Simulation of Tactile Information Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autonomous systems and neuroprosthetic devices demand real-time tactile processing under strict energy and latency constraints. Designing these systems using neuromorphic principles, where communication is event-based and node activity is sparse, could improve their speed and energy efficiency. Here we present an end-to-end spiking neural network model of the ascending tactile pathway, from mechanoreceptors in the skin in humans (or whisker follicles in rodents) to cortical neurons, that operates in an event-driven neuromorphic fashion. The model comprises distinct anatomical stages, (1) three types of mechanoreceptor afferents, (2) trigeminal ganglion, (3) brainstem, (4) thalamic nucleus, and (5) three cortical layers, connected in a feed-forward hierarchy. We demonstrate the models responses to both rodent whisker deflection and human fingertip skin displacement, using information-theoretic analysis, pairwise correlation, and stimulus decoding at each layer. Our results show that tactile information is efficiently encoded and transformed at each stage: stimulus features are represented with high fidelity and reduced redundancy as signals ascend. Notably, simple linear or Bayesian decoders can reliably classify stimulus features from single-neuron activity in the thalamus and cortex for low-noise inputs, highlighting the emergence of robust neural representations. This open-source model is the first to include the mechanosensory periphery in a full tactile pathway simulation, enabling researchers to study how perturbations at any stage affect tactile encoding. Moreover, the network is well-suited for deployment on low-power, real-time neuromorphic hardware, facilitating the development of multi-layer signal processing and tactile navigation algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldenrust, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degertekin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Skin to Cortex: End-to-End Spiking Neural Network Simulation of Tactile Information Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microgel bone marrow model of mesenchymal stem cell paracrine signaling supporting hematopoietic stem cell retention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) housed within the bone marrow give rise to the full complement of blood and immune cells. Methods to expand HSCs ex vivo have traditionally relied on two-dimensional or liquid culture, but hydrogel approaches have been hypothesized to provide three-dimensional bone marrow-associated biophysical and biomolecular signals that may improve HSC expansion and maintenance ex vivo. Here, we describe a granular biomaterial approach to create a multicellular model of the bone marrow. By seeding HSCs amongst mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-laden hydrogel microspheres (microgels), we establish paracrine-mediated interactions between HSCs and hydrogel encapsulated MSCs. We provide support for the importance of microgel encapsulation for the emergence of niche-favorable MSC transcriptional profiles. We identify a common cell culture media that accommodates MSC activity while avoiding the use of serum that typically induces differentiation of HSCs. We observe an MSC-density-dependent increase in maintenance of long-term repopulating HSCs in granular co-culture, and we identify significant depletion of long-term repopulating HSCs when both HSCs and MSCs are interstitially seeded in the granular matrix. Together, these findings establish a granular hydrogel co-culture model to examine the influence of MSC-HSC interactions on maintenance and expansion of HSCs in a defined three-dimensional engineered tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microgel bone marrow model of mesenchymal stem cell paracrine signaling supporting hematopoietic stem cell retention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fitness costs of reproductive specialization scale inversely with organismal size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of reproductive specialization represents a fundamental innovation in multicellular life, yet the conditions favoring its evolution remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a population genetic framework that examines the fitness cost of reproductive specialization as a function of organism size. We show analytically that the costs of specialization decrease dramatically with organism size. For example, while a 4-cell organism with 50% somatic cells experiences a 50% reduction in population-level exponential growth rate (the same as the two-fold cost of sex), a hundred-cell organism faces only a 15% reduction, a thousand-cell organism 10%, a million-cell organism 5%, and a billion-cell organism merely 3.3%. This scaling relationship arises from the fact that proportionally more cellular growth in larger organisms is required for development, reducing the rate at which the fitness costs of specialization are compounded over multicellular generations. We contextualize our mathematical model with data from the volvocine green algae, showing that simple theoretical predictions closely match empirical measurements. While cellular differentiation demands that somatic advantages compensate for lost reproductive potential, we demonstrate that these compensatory requirements diminish with the logarithm of organism size, fundamentally altering the cost-benefit landscape for large organisms and potentially driving the evolution of a size-differentiation ratchet. This size-scaling relationship helps explain the broad association between large organismal size and multicellular complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnetti, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fitness costs of reproductive specialization scale inversely with organismal size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic reasoning takes place largely outside the language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains language network is often implicated in the representation and manipulation of abstract semantic knowledge. However, this view is inconsistent with a large body of evidence suggesting that language processing is neurally distinct from the rest of cognition. Here, we use precision brain imaging to uncover a set of brain regions, separate from the language network, that are engaged in semantic processing of both linguistic and pictorial stimuli. In three fMRI experiments, participants (total n=41 tested across 49 sessions) viewed sentences and pictures depicting simple events. In separate blocks, they performed either a semantic task or a difficulty-matched perceptual task. Across all three experiments, several areas in left lateral prefrontal cortex, left temporo-parietal cortex, and right cerebellum responded to semantic tasks for both sentences and pictures. These semantic processing areas are spatially and functionally distinct from the nearby language-selective areas, as well as from the multiple demand and default mode networks, exhibiting a unique response profile. Our results provide evidence for a new kind of selectivity in the human brain and pave the way for future explorations of the neural mechanisms that underlie semantic reasoning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldhaber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic reasoning takes place largely outside the language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis briggsae ancestral genomic hyper-diversity contrasts with globally distributed genome-wide haplotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomics provides a powerful framework to uncover the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms that shape genetic diversity within and across species, revealing how shared and lineage-specific processes influence their evolutionary trajectories through time. The nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae is distributed world-wide and is a comparative model to Caenorhabditis elegans in the biology of development, cellular mechanisms, neurobiology, genetic mappings of complex traits, and genome evolution. Following massive collection efforts by the nematode research community, we present the isolation of over 2,000 wild strains and analyses of genome sequences that catalog over six million single-nucleotide and insertion-deletion variants. This genome and strain resource provide a powerful means to interrogate the causal genetic bases of phenotypic variation for diverse traits. Additionally, we describe its global population structure and discover new and genetically distinct groups within this primarily self-fertilizing species, including groups of highly related strains that were sampled across different continents. We leverage expansive genetic variation to decipher the effects of linkage and selection on the distribution of genetic diversity across the genome and across geographic regions. Within the species, we find genomic regions with extremely high levels of genetic variation similar to hyper-divergent regions found in C. elegans and other species. These regions harbor new genes and variation enriched for environmental sensing and pathogen responses. In comparison to the outbreeding sister species Caenorhabditis nigoni, we conclude that long-term balancing selection has maintained substantial functional variation since the divergence from their outbreeding ancestor, likely in response to differences in the ecological niche. Overall, this massive strain resource enables future comparative genetics and genomics studies, including genome-wide association studies between Caenorhabditis species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moya, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorshidian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frezal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haryoso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulprakasam, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaye, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockman, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braendle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis briggsae ancestral genomic hyper-diversity contrasts with globally distributed genome-wide haplotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Network Dynamics Reveal Alzheimer's Disease Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by progressive disruptions in large-scale brain networks that precede cognitive decline, yet conventional functional connectivity analyses often fail to detect disruptions in coordination among large-scale brain networks that may be critical for early detection. This study leverages quasi periodic patterns (QPPs) and complex principal component analysis (cPCA) to characterize spatiotemporal network alterations across longitudinally stable (normal cognitive, mild cognitive impairment, dementia of Alzheimers type) and transitioning (normal cognitive to mild cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment to dementia of Alzheimers type) cohorts from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative using resting state fMRI. QPPs were used to derive recurrent spatiotemporal templates and network integrity measures at the intrinsic connectivity network level, while cPCA decomposed Hilbert transformed time series into complex valued patterns that capture amplitude and phase relationships. Nonparametric group comparisons revealed a structured trajectory in which limbic, subcortical, and higher cognition networks, including triple network components, are affected early, followed by progressive disruption in visual, cerebellar, sensorimotor, and additional triple network systems. Transitioning cohorts showed many of these alterations before formal diagnostic conversion, indicating that spatiotemporal signatures carry preclinical information. QPP based metrics were particularly sensitive to limbic and subcortical degradation, whereas cPCA emphasized changes in higher order, visual, and cerebellar patterns, revealing complementary aspects of the same underlying pathology. These findings extend prior QPP only work and highlight the utility of combining QPP and cPCA based measures as a dynamic, network-level biomarker framework for AD progression. with potential applications in early detection, characterizing disease trajectories, and treatment monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkyal, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irajie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Network Dynamics Reveal Alzheimer's Disease Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher levels of antibiotic resistance are less competitive: the hidden ecological cost of no-metabolic cost resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance is often assumed to be constrained by fitness costs that limit the spread of highly resistant strains. Yet, many resistance mechanisms - including enzymatic antibiotic degradation - can arise with little or no metabolic cost, raising an important question: why is extreme resistance not more widespread? Here, we show that community-level interactions impose a hidden ecological cost on high resistance. By performing experiments with simple communities comprised of antibiotic resistant clinical isolates and an antibiotic susceptible strain, we find that when exposed to betalactam antibiotics, strains with a higher degree of antibiotic resistance can promote the survival of cohabiting susceptible strains. Guided by mean-field modeling, we find that highly resistant bacteria accelerate detoxification of the shared environment, shortening the period during which resistance confers a competitive advantage. Experiments with an engineered strain with tunable resistance level confirm that susceptible cells grow best in the presence of highly resistant strains. Importantly, this effect does not require evolved cooperation or active enzyme secretion; experimental and modeling results show that unavoidable processes, such as cell death or passive leakage, prevent complete privatization of resistance, giving rise to "accidental co-operation". These findings suggest that resistance evolution is not only shaped by intrinsic cellular costs but also by ecological feedback that limits the benefits of incremental increases in resistance. This result may be reflected in the phenotypic responses of the clinical strains tested in this work, which fell into distinct low- and high-resistance classes with no intermediate phenotypes. Thus, this work demonstrates the important role of community dynamics in understanding the evolution of antibiotic resistance and treatment outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wetherington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher levels of antibiotic resistance are less competitive: the hidden ecological cost of no-metabolic cost resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projection-specific Routing of Odor Information in the Olfactory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory processing in the mammalian cortex relies on extensive feedforward and feedback connections, yet how information is routed along these pathways remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the functional properties of feedback and feedforward neurons in the mouse olfactory (piriform) cortex. We selectively labeled neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb (OB, feedback) or medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, feedforward) and recorded their activity during passive odor exposure and learning of an odor discrimination task. We found that odor identity and reward associations were encoded by OB-projecting ensembles early during odor exposure, whereas mPFC-projecting neurons encoded this information later, aligned with behavioral responses. Moreover, mPFC-projecting neurons maintained a stable representation of valence across days, while OB-projecting neurons exhibited pronounced plasticity. Together, these findings reveal that odor information is selectively routed through feedforward and feedback pathways and suggest that the functional properties of piriform neurons mirror the computational demands of their downstream targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projection-specific Routing of Odor Information in the Olfactory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Epithelial Elasticity via Local Tension Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological materials, like epithelial tissues, exhibit remarkable adaptability to mechanical stresses, dynamically remodeling their structure in response to external and internal forces. A key challenge is understanding how these tissues store a memory of past mechanical stimuli. Here, we investigate this memory using an active Vertex Model of epithelial sheets incorporating a local, mechanosensitive tension-remodeling rule where junctional tension updates depend on strain, acting as a slow, history-dependent variable. We demonstrate three hallmark mechanical consequences of this memory mechanism. First, a localized, short contractile cue permanently reprograms the global shear modulus, with the direction of change (stiffening or softening) controlled by the tension remodeling rate. Second, the tissue stores a long-range mechanical memory: a prior stimulus at one site modulates the tissues response to a subsequent, distant stimulus, mediated by coupling across the entire junctional network. Finally, we show that simple cyclic bulk deformation acts as a training protocol that autonomously tunes the tissues constitutive properties, including programming the Poisson ratio to auxetic (negative) values. These findings position epithelial mechanics within the framework of unsupervised physical learning, identifying the mechanosensitive remodeling rates as powerful control parameters for designing programmable tissue-scale rheology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arzash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Epithelial Elasticity via Local Tension Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Modeling Organic 2 Compound-Induced Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study presented an exploratory reinforcement learning (RL)-based simulation framework for examining antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dynamics under repeated exposure to an organic antimicrobial stressor, using copper as a representative model compound. Within a simplified and explicitly constrained simulation environment, three agent strategies were evaluated: random action selection, a rule-based heuristic, and a tabular Q-learning agent. Simulations were conducted over fixed-length 40-cycle episodes in which agents adjusted copper exposure in response to evolving resistance-related state variables. Across experimental runs, the Q-learning agent exhibited lower cumulative antibiotic resistance burden, measured by the area under the curve (AUC) of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for chloramphenicol and polymyxin B, while also maintaining lower cumulative copper exposure relative to the rule-based and random baselines. The rule-based agent demonstrated intermediate performance, whereas the random agent showed higher variability and less stable resistance trajectories. These differences reflected divergence in simulated resistance dynamics over time rather than short-term fluctuations in resistance burden. Rather than providing predictive or mechanistic insight into microbial evolution, this work introduced an interpretable RL-based simulation framework intended to support comparative evaluation of sequential decision-making strategies under constrained observability, where high-resolution diagnostics or detailed biological measurements may be unavailable. Together, the results supported the use of reinforcement learning as a flexible methodological framework for studying AMR dynamics as a feedback-driven control problem under simplified and transparent assumptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hedman, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Modeling Organic 2 Compound-Induced Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An NKX2-5 homolog is required downstream of BMP signaling to pattern the sensory-adhesive organ of a tunicate larva 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunicates are the sister group to vertebrates within the chordate phylum, yet unlike other chordate groups, they evolved a biphasic lifecycle alternating between motile larvae and sessile adults. The papillae of most tunicate larvae are the key sensory-adhesive organ regulating their settlement and metamorphosis. The papillae are nearly always arranged as a group of three morphologically identical organs that arise from an anterior neural plate border region nested between ventral epidermis and more dorsal/posterior neural tube progenitors. Due to their embryonic origin and molecular signatures, this anterior border has been evolutionarily linked to vertebrate placode regions. It was previously shown that the specification, patterning, and morphogenesis of the embryonic papilla region all depend on BMP signaling, though downstream mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that the NKX2-3/5/6 ortholog NK4 is a key transcription factor that acts downstream of BMP signaling to pattern the papillae in the Ciona embryo. We present evidence that NK4 is activated by BMP signaling and encodes a transcriptional repressor that is required to restrict the expression of the papilla regulatory gene Foxg to three cell clusters that give rise to the three papillae. Loss of NK4 function results in the formation of a single large papilla. In contrast, overexpression of NK4 represses Foxg, eliminating the papillae. We also show that the expression of NK4 is restricted dorsally by the BMP antagonist Chordin, while the ventrally-expressed transcription factor Msx alleviates the repressive effect of NK4, potentially allowing for the characteristic tripartite patterning of the papillae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavaler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cota, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An NKX2-5 homolog is required downstream of BMP signaling to pattern the sensory-adhesive organ of a tunicate larva]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-human primate LIBRA-Seq accelerates neutralizing antibody discovery in RM vaccinated against HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) exhibit protective efficacy against HIV-1 infection making them an ideal archetype for HIV-1 vaccine design. Presently, no vaccine candidate has induced antibody responses capable of meaningful protection against the swathe of circulating, difficult to neutralize tier 2 HIV-1 viruses. However, the development of stabilized, native-like envelope (Env) trimers such as BG505.SOSIP.664.T332N (BG505 SOSIP) has marked a significant advancement in vaccine design, due to their ability to elicit NAbs that neutralize tier 2 viruses in rhesus macaques (RM). NAb development following envelope trimer immunization in RM remains poorly understood, with hypothesized contributions from genetic variation at the IG loci, naive B cell repertoire, and differential gene expression in B cell lineages. To address these knowledge gaps, we have developed a set of BG505 SOSIP probes capable of recovering paired clonotype identity, antigen specificity, and gene expression of B cells in a high throughput fashion. These probes were constructed by conjugating biotinylated BG505 SOSIP to streptavidin covalently linked to both sc-RNA-Seq compatible DNA oligonucleotides and flow cytometry compatible fluorophores. Using these reagents, we isolated and sequenced BG505 SOSIP specific memory B cells from the PBMCs of an RM that developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies. To benchmark the accuracy of our technology, we compared our recovered heavy and light chain sequences to those identified from the same animal using conventional methodology and recovered 100% of previously identified NAbs. We then applied this technology to recover BG505 SOSIP specific memory B cells from five additional vaccinated RMs, cloned 34 antibodies for functional characterization, and identified ten antibodies with autologous neutralizing activity.

Author SummaryUnderstanding how effective antibodies arise after HIV vaccination is essential for developing a protective vaccine, yet studying these responses in non-human primates has been limited by low- throughput methods. In this study, we adapted a high-throughput single-cell sequencing approach to identify HIV envelope-specific antibodies from vaccinated rhesus macaques. This method allowed us to recover paired antibody sequences together with their antigen specificity from thousands of individual B cells. We successfully identified known neutralizing antibodies and discovered additional antibodies capable of neutralizing HIV across multiple animals. Our analysis revealed that vaccine-elicited antibody responses were dominated by a small number of expanded lineages, with shared genetic features among animals with stronger neutralization. These findings demonstrate that this approach can efficiently define the antibody repertoires generated by HIV vaccines and provide a powerful tool for evaluating and improving immunogens in preclinical vaccine studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Trenkle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruickshank, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGhee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbadugha, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrammert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derdeyn, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosinger, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-human primate LIBRA-Seq accelerates neutralizing antibody discovery in RM vaccinated against HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized and reproducible behavioral protocol to elicit visual spatial attention in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural activity gives rise to cognitive processes such as selective attention is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. An important but often overlooked advance towards this goal requires the development and sharing of rigorous and reproducible behavioral tasks across labs; this is particularly important given the recent surge in studies of cognition and perception in mice. Here, we developed a standardized training protocol for head-fixed mice to become experts in a psychometric visual contrast detection task in just 17 days. Experts detected stimuli at two distinct spatial locations for several hundred trials per day. As consecutive trials elapsed at either location, the speed, accuracy, and contrast sensitivity of visual perception improved - all hallmarks of spatial attention improving performance, as seen in primates. These findings validate the efficacy of this protocol to reveal multiple aspects of selective spatial attention in mice, establishing a rigorous and reproducible tool for the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Esteva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized and reproducible behavioral protocol to elicit visual spatial attention in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of DksA as a novel pro-inflammatory mediator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under conditions mimicking chronic cystic fibrosis lung infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major driver of airway inflammation, which plays a central role in the progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. During long-term colonization, P. aeruginosa adapts to the CF lung by downregulating virulence factors and adopting a biofilm-associated, mucoid lifestyle. Despite the expected reduction in immune activation due to these adaptations, excessive inflammation persists, a paradox that remains poorly understood.

Our objective was to identify novel bacterial mediators sustaining persistent inflammation by P. aeruginosa in the CF lung. To this end, we analyzed clinical P. aeruginosa CF isolates, cultured them in synthetic CF sputum medium, and exposed 3D lung epithelial cell cultures to the resulting cell-free supernatants. There was considerable variability in pro-inflammatory activity among the isolates, with a subset of the isolates inducing strong IL-8 secretion by the 3D cells despite low production of known virulence factors. Comparative proteomics analysis of the cell-free supernatants of pro- and anti-inflammatory isolates revealed several mediators not previously linked to inflammation.

Thirteen of these candidate pro-inflammatory mediators were selected for further analysis. Using P. aeruginosa transposon mutants lacking the respective mediators, DksA (a transcription factor) was confirmed as an immunomodulatory mediator in the 3D lung model. Finally, analysis of existing transcriptomes of P. aeruginosa in CF sputum, revealed that dksA was found to be one of the most strongly expressed genes in this patient population, highlighting the relevance of our findings. In conclusion, we identified a novel P. aeruginosa mediator that may contribute to CF airway inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wauters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Bossche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Haver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Braeckel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, A. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of DksA as a novel pro-inflammatory mediator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under conditions mimicking chronic cystic fibrosis lung infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysically Grounded Deep Learning Improves Protein-Protein ΔΔG Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate {Delta}{Delta}G prediction requires integrating machine learning with biophysical insight. Existing approaches typically prioritize one while neglecting the other. We introduce an encoder-agnostic framework that injects interpretable biophysical priors into residue-level deep learning representations via cross-embedding attention. ProtBFF consistently improves performance under homology-based-clustering evaluation and enables general-purpose encoders to surpass state-of-the-art specialized models or larger models. Our results show that integrating simple, mechanistic priors into pretrained representations yields more trust-worthy predictors, offering a practical solution for broader protein engineering applications.

Codegithub.com/Jfeldman34/ProtBFF
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maechler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysically Grounded Deep Learning Improves Protein-Protein ΔΔG Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Multi-Omic Analysis Uncovers Sex-Biased Molecular Programs Underlying Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Endurance Training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExercise training is known to benefit health and reduce disease risk. While skeletal muscle adaptations are fundamental to many of the health benefits of exercise training, the common and sex-specific molecular regulators that mediate these adaptations remain to be fully elucidated.

MethodsTo this end, we leveraged skeletal muscle multi-omics data generated by the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC), where 6 month-old male and female rats endurance trained for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Our objective was to identify shared and sex-specific multi-omic molecular responses to endurance training in skeletal muscle, and relate them to phenotypic adaptations.

ResultsWe identified largely sexually-conserved transcriptomic and proteomic pathway enrichments in the gastrocnemius, which correlated with skeletal muscle responses from a published exercise study in humans. We uncovered sex-consistent post-translational modifications, including decreased oxidation of MYH2 and deacetylation of the {beta}-oxidation enzyme HADHA. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed sex-specific remodeling across the acetylome, redox proteome, and phosphoproteome; females decreased mitochondrial protein cysteine oxidation and increased mitochondrial cristae proteins, indicative of enhanced redox buffering and mitochondrial efficiency. Despite decreases in cysteine oxidation of key mitochondrial proteins, females displayed increases in the cysteine oxidation of proteins involved in glucose catabolism relative to males after 8 weeks of training, suggestive of sex-biased subcellular reactive oxygen species generation. Males demonstrated earlier induction of mitochondrial transcripts and predicted activation of mTOR. Although the increase in mitochondrial protein abundance was more modest in males, there was greater oxidation of mitochondrial proteins in response to training compared to females.

ConclusionsThis work shows a large portion of the adaptive response to endurance training in skeletal muscle is shared between females and males, while there are distinct and nuanced sex-specific adaptations that are evident, particularly at the level of post-translational regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Many, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viggars, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevener, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.26.696612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Multi-Omic Analysis Uncovers Sex-Biased Molecular Programs Underlying Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Endurance Training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HPVarcall: Calling lineages and sublineages for partial DNA sequences of human papillomavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a computational method, HPVarcall, that assigns DNA sequences of a human papillomavirus (HPV) variant of known type to lineages and sublineages. The algorithm relies on statistical models - positional frequency profiles - trained on multiple alignments of HPV genomic sequences that are known to belong to specific sublineages of a given HPV type.

The workflow begins with multiple alignment of all available sequences for the HPV type, followed by construction of a phylogenetic tree and identification of branches containing sublineage-specific reference sequences. In the prediction phase, sublineage-specific statistical models are used to compute the posterior probabilities for each sublineage given a query sequence. The query classifies to belong to the sublineage with the highest posterior probability. Accuracy assessments performed for the nine HPV types included in the Gardasil 9 vaccine demonstrated a low error rate in assigning HPV genomic fragments of at least 1000 nucleotides to their correct sublineages and even higher accuracy for longer sequence fragments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomsadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borodovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HPVarcall: Calling lineages and sublineages for partial DNA sequences of human papillomavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Modulates the Functional Output of Human Taste Bud Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently discovered that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), which functions as a channel that transports chloride and bicarbonate across epithelial surfaces, is expressed in both human and murine TBCs, but how it functions in these cells remains unknown. We postulated that CFTR may impact peripheral taste signaling at the level of taste receptor-expressing cells of the taste bud. To begin to test this hypothesis, we assessed how pharmacological manipulation of CFTR could affect the functional responses of human fungiform taste bud cells to prototypical taste stimuli (e.g., bitter, sweet, fat) using single cell calcium imaging and neurotransmitter (ATP) release measurements. We first established the presence of CFTR in these cells using immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. We next found that CFTR inhibition generally increased stimulus-evoked calcium responses but that the specific response parameters impacted varied across different stimuli, likely due to differences in signal transduction mechanisms and the involvement of store-operated calcium channels. For example, response amplitudes to bitter and sweet stimuli were significantly enhanced with no changes in the proportion of cells responding to these stimuli whereas the opposite trends were observed with a fatty acid stimulus. Additionally, bitter-evoked neurotransmitter release was significantly enhanced by CFTR inhibition, suggesting that this effect is reflected throughout the signal transduction cascade. Ongoing and future experiments are utilizing shRNA knockdown as well as intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology to further interrogate the impacts of CFTR. In addition to human TBCs, we have detected CFTR in mouse taste tissues. Moreover, we have mined mouse TBC RNA sequencing datasets to determine CFTR co-expression patterns to inform future cellular and behavioral experiments in mice. Taken together, these data suggest that CFTR can modulate the signaling output of the taste bud.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montmayeur, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Modulates the Functional Output of Human Taste Bud Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-Time GPU-Accelerated Digital Heart Twin: Integrating Bidirectional Interactions Between Living Optogenetic Monolayers and Computational Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reentrant arrhythmias are life-threatening cardiac events that are difficult to study due to limited experimental control over the complex circuit dynamics. We aimed to develop a real-time digital heart twin that allows in real-time dynamic manipulation of reentrant pathways in vitro using physiologically relevant simulations. We designed a closed-feedback loop system that couples a cultured cardiac monolayer with a two-dimensional computational simulation of cardiac tissue. The simulation, based on GPU-accelerated models (e.g., cellular automata), predicts wave propagation in real-time using the Abubu.js library. Optical mapping captures monolayer activation patterns, and simulation outputs are converted into light-based stimulation via optogenetics, using LEDs and microcontrollers to depolarize cardiac tissue. Our platform is capable of accurately detecting and responding to electrical waves in real-time, enabling interactive control of reentrant circuits. The system replaces traditional fixed-delay stimulation protocols with computationally guided interventions, better mimicking physiological conduction dynamics. This digital twin provides a novel and responsive method to study reentrant arrhythmias. Its integration of optical stimulation, real-time modeling, and tissue feedback enables the construction of user-defined reentry pathways under dynamic control. By merging computational and biological systems, this work introduces a versatile experimental framework for investigating arrhythmias. The platform may inform future control and anti-arrhythmic strategies and pave the way for personalized cardiac electrophysiology studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valibeigi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaboudian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bub, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-Time GPU-Accelerated Digital Heart Twin: Integrating Bidirectional Interactions Between Living Optogenetic Monolayers and Computational Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells clonally expand and contribute to stromal cell function in fibrotic response to synthetic implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis plays a key role in both chronic disease progression and failure of synthetic biomaterial implants. However, the contribution of adaptive immunity to fibrotic development remains incompletely understood, particularly for regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we used single-cell multiomic profiling, integrating transcriptomics with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, to map Treg heterogeneity and clonal dynamics in a synthetic material-induced model of fibrosis. We uncovered progressive Treg clonal expansion accompanied by TCR activation signatures and an increasingly immunosuppressive phenotype along a continuous transcriptional trajectory. These Tregs suppressed immune responses and influenced extracellular matrix and vascular gene expression. Cell-cell communication inference predicted Treg-driven activation of pro-fibrotic and vasculogenic transcriptional programs in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, including Sox-family transcription factors. Functional Treg depletion increased inflammation and significantly reduced neovascularization. Together, these findings identify Treg functions in the fibro-vascular niche through stromal cell modulation, highlighting immune-stromal interactions as an important axis in fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory T cells clonally expand and contribute to stromal cell function in fibrotic response to synthetic implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular basis of accelerated whole-tooth regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Teeth are ectodermal organs that have, throughout their long evolutionary history, retained the capacity for full regeneration and replacement, even in adult stages. Yet, because most mammals (e.g., humans, mice) lack lifelong dental replacement, we do not fully understand its tempo and mode, and we do not have a clear picture of the cell populations and signals that contribute to the process. Here, we used cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi, species that differ in tooth formula (tooth shape and number) but share one-for-one tooth replacement, to (i) explore the tempo of dental replacement after plucking and then (ii) identify the cell populations, gene expression signatures, and interactions between cell populations that change in this plucking paradigm.

We observed that cichlid species with divergent dentitions accelerated tooth replacement >3x on the plucked half of the jaw. Then, we used single-nucleus RNA-seq to profile cellular and molecular changes across the first week of post-plucking tooth replacement. This approach allowed us to infer cellular trajectories in dental epithelium and mesenchyme that underlie tooth regeneration. We identifed distinct gene expression profiles and cellular interactions across four time points of accelerated tooth replacement, with divergent involvement of epithelial, mesenchymal and immune cell types. Diferential signaling of Collagen, BMP, MMP, Semaphorin and Slit-Robo pathways was evident after plucking and highlights temporally-sequenced roles of immune response, odontogenesis, vascularization and nerve pathfinding as teeth are constructed anew. Overall, this study provides insight into the trajectory of cellular interactions accompanying whole-tooth replacement and offers a comparative foundation for understanding dental regeneration in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mubeen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenhagen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satoskar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular basis of accelerated whole-tooth regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performance sorting of motor unit action potentials with EMUsort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural signals control muscle activity during behavior is a key challenge in motor neuroscience. To this end, recent advances in intramuscular multielectrode arrays have enabled high-quality multichannel recordings of many motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in freely moving subjects. However, identifying individual MUAP events within multichannel recordings is a significant challenge for existing spike sorting methods, which are typically optimized for identifying action potentials from neurons in the brain. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Enhanced Motor Unit sorter (EMUsort), an extension of Kilosort4 (KS4) that achieves high-performance MUAP spike sorting. We applied EMUsort to high-resolution intramuscular recordings from rat forelimb during locomotion and monkey forelimb during a reaching task. EMUsort improves upon prior methods by addressing key challenges encountered with MUAP datasets, including: 1) long time delays across electrodes due to propagation along muscle fibers, 2) more complex waveform shapes compared to neuronal action potentials, and 3) a high degree of MUAP overlap due to cumulative motor unit recruitment. We compared EMUsort to existing spike sorting methods quantitatively using simulated datasets that closely emulated the rat and monkey datasets we recorded. EMUsort provided median error rate reductions of 67.5% and 49.9% during periods of high motor unit activation for the rat and monkey datasets, respectively. In sum, EMUsort provides a substantial improvement to MUAP spike sorter accuracy, especially during regions of high MUAP overlap, in an easy-to-use software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamidipaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruszynski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performance sorting of motor unit action potentials with EMUsort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TEDLH: Domain HMMs for sensitive detection of remote homologues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe Encyclopedia of Domains (TED) provides domain annotations for proteins in the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (AFDB) using a consensus of three state-of-the-art structure-based methods. We used these TED domain annotations to construct profile Hidden Markov models (HMMs), collectively forming the TED Library of HMMs (TEDLH). TEDLH enables sensitive sequence and profile searches, supporting systematic exploration of protein domain families and their evolutionary relationships.

ResultsTEDLH links domain HMMs to experimentally determined CATH-PDB structures through direct (primary) and transitive (secondary and tertiary) relationships. Fewer than half of TEDLH HMMs are directly linked to a CATH-PDB domain; the remaining models are connected through transitive relationships. These transitive links extend coverage into more divergent regions of sequence space and better represent CATH superfamily diversity.

HMM-HMM comparisons within CATH superfamily 3.30.70.100 illustrate how transitive relationships expand sequence coverage in TEDLH. In this superfamily, 4,813 TEDLH HMMs are connected to 212 CATH-PDB representatives. Primary, secondary, and tertiary relationships progressively capture more divergent sequences (pairwise sequence identity <20%) that retain structural similarity (TM-score >0.6) and a conserved two-layer /{beta} sandwich core fold.

All-against-all HMM-HMM comparisons across TEDLH also reveal sequence similarities across the CATH hierarchy (cross-hits). At low query coverage (<50%), cross-hits are more frequent between CATH classes, whereas at higher coverage thresholds (>70%) they predominantly occur between superfamilies. These cross-hits are not driven by superfamily size or sequence diversity and can provide guidance for CATH curation. As an example, analysis of cross-hits between superfamilies 2.170.130.30 and 3.10.20.30 reveals evolutionary relationships between these groups.

Availability and ImplementationTEDLH is compatible with HH-suite3 and is available from FigShare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28531754 for local use.

Contactc.carreno@ucl.ac.uk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Carreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waman, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillitoe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.697892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TEDLH: Domain HMMs for sensitive detection of remote homologues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CELLWHISPER: INFERENCE OF DIRECT CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION FROM SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication underlies tissue function, and several computational tools aim to recover such communication from spatial transcriptomics data. However, these tools are prone to confounders such as cell-level gene expression and spatial distribution of cell types. Moreover, existing methods have largely focused on ligand-receptor signaling, leaving gap junction (GJ) communication poorly charted. We present CellWHISPER, a statistically grounded method for inferring direct communication mechanisms in the form of cell-type-signaling-gene quadruplets. CellWHISPER employs an analytical null model that conditions on spatial organization and expression profiles of cell types, yielding calibrated z-scores that provide improved false-positive control. To uncover salient communication patterns, CellWHISPER also includes a latent variable model that distils recurrent patterns into maps of mutual preferences among cell types and signaling genes. Applied to mouse brain STEREO-seq and Xenium data, CellWHISPER recapitulates established glial coupling, identifies novel candidates such as excitatory neuron-astrocyte GJ interactions, and highlights conserved and condition-specific mechanisms. Differential analysis in an Alzheimers disease model revealed preserved astroglial Connexin43 networks and increased microglia-associated GJ communication. Together, these results establish CellWHISPER as a confounder-aware, scalable method for mapping direct intercellular communication from spatial transcriptomics data, enabling systematic discovery of cellular crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moctezuma, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.697982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CELLWHISPER: INFERENCE OF DIRECT CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION FROM SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly under-actuated dynamic manipulation: Dice stacking is mostly open-loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans ability to grasp and dynamically manipulate objects with their hands is unmatched by current robots. To better understand human dynamic manipulation, we studied dice stacking, a task in which humans form a vertical stack of dice from a set of initially unstacked playing dice using an overturned cup and the surface of a table. This task is high dimensional and under-actuated, so it may superficially seem an incredible feat of state estimation and feedback control, but we show that this task is amenable to open-loop strategies. We simulated a cup with dice oscillated by fixed arm movement patterns using two different computer simulation frameworks with different contact models. These simulations showed that, for a range of arm and wrist movements, the dice naturally stack without any dice state feedback. We verified the predictions of these simulations with a physical robot. Thus, we have added dice stacking to the small list of dynamic manipulation tasks that can be robustly performed open-loop. We speculate that, for highly under-actuated tasks, humans may be biased to learn open-loop strategies over state feedback strategies. Future work could investigate the presence of such a bias in humans and its potential value for reinforcement learning algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly under-actuated dynamic manipulation: Dice stacking is mostly open-loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legionella and Mycobacterium populations exhibit geographic structuring across and within drinking water systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) within the Legionella and Mycobacterium can persist and sometimes proliferate in drinking water systems and pose a risk to public health. Most prior research has focused on isolated system components of the drinking water treatment and distribution system and has rarely examined spatiotemporal dynamics across the entire source water, treatment process, and distribution system continuum. This study addresses this critical knowledge gap by quantitative profiling of microbial communities with full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometry, and associated water chemistry parameters, including disinfection byproducts (DBPs), across five full-scale utilities. These utilities reflect varying source water types, geographic locations, treatment regimes, and climate zones. Microbial communities, including Legionella and Mycobacterium populations, in distribution system were shaped by source water type and exhibited significant community divergence across utilities. Within the same genus, strain-level analyses revealed highly distinct Legionella and Mycobacterium sequence variants unique to each utility. Interestingly, a substantial proportion of Legionella and Mycobacterium amplicon sequence variants were both utility specific and often specific to locations within the distribution system, indicating strong geographic structuring both across and within drinking water systems. Understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of this geographic structuring is critical to develop robust strategies for managing and monitoring Legionella and Mycobacterium populations in drinking water systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiLoreto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impellitteri, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legionella and Mycobacterium populations exhibit geographic structuring across and within drinking water systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programming T cells for Early Cancer Detection with Customized Protease-Activatable Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early cancer detection has the potential to reduce cancer mortality, yet endogenous tumor-shed biomarkers lack sensitivity for early-stage disease. We report OncoSCOUT, a cancer detection strategy using T cells engineered with protease-activatable receptors (PARs) that conditionally recognize tumor cells and release a synthetic biomarker for detection in urine. These PARs comprise masked synthetic Notch receptors in which antigen binding is blocked by a peptide mimotope tethered via a protease-cleavable linker. We demonstrate that requiring both extracellular protease activity and tumor antigen recognition improves spatial specificity and minimizes off-tumor activation of PAR T cells in vivo. To identify tumor-selective PARs, we adoptively transferred a HER2-targeted PAR library displaying [~]160,000 unique 4-mer amino acid linkers and discovered multiple variants significantly enriched in a HER2-positive cancer xenograft model. Using a single customized PAR, we show that OncoSCOUT can detect total tumor burdens as small as 10-30 mm3 with significantly improved sensitivity than the protein biomarker CA 15-3 or a 20-plex circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phuengkham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamat, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollins, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programming T cells for Early Cancer Detection with Customized Protease-Activatable Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral protein biogenesis underpins every viral life cycle stage, and elucidating these processes could reveal fundamental principles of virus-host interaction, and vulnerabilities amenable to therapeutic targeting. Here we apply biophysical, molecular, and cell biology techniques to investigate the insertion, folding, and oligomerization of the SARS-CoV-2 M protein. We describe the sequential co-translational insertion of the hydrophobic core, and demonstrate that the cytosolic C-terminal domain undergoes slower adoption of its tertiary structure. Additionally, we characterize how the transmembrane domain bundle facilitates M-protein oligomerization. Our results reveal a hydrophobic residue cluster that is essential for protein folding and co-translational dimerization. Additionally, we identify the cellular machinery responsible for targeting and inserting the M protein into the ER membrane, and chaperones and cofactors that may contribute to proper folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rius-Salvador, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedighian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Romero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Caceres, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Murria, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skehel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-del Pino, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MANTIS: Analytics toolkit for spatial metabolomics with matching spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationJoint Spatial Metabolomics (SM) and Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) profiling is a powerful approach to fine-mapping of metabolic states associated with tissue function. Current computational tools for analysis of "SM+ST" data focus primarily on alignment and integration of the two modalities, with limited support for probing biological relationships between the two molecular layers.

ResultsWe present MANTIS, a statistical framework for analyzing co-registered SM+ST profiles at single cell or spot resolution, along with spatial domain or cell type information, to discover metabolite spatial patterns and gene-metabolite relationships. It employs an autocorrelation-preserving permutation strategy to assess statistical significance, yielding calibrated inference under spatial dependence. It disentangles different sources of spatial patterns and correlations, viz., those arising from regional preferences, cell type associations, or other unknown factors. It introduces the use of spatial cross-correlation and spatial partial correlation statistics for quantifying gene-metabolite associations. Across data sets spanning different spatial technologies, tissues and species, MANTIS provides more specific and interpretable discoveries than existing methods through rigorous statistical testing and explicitly modeling confounding structure. To our knowledge, MANTIS is the first toolkit to unify spatial metabolomics, spatial transcriptomics, cell type information and spatial domains within a single framework that emphasizes spatial statistics, hypothesis testing and confounder correction.

Availability and ImplementationFreely available on the web at https://github.com/yuhaotuo/MANTIS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MANTIS: Analytics toolkit for spatial metabolomics with matching spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking genomic and phenotypic traits to interaction outcomes in a synthetic phyllosphere community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting microbiome function remains challenging as microbial interactions scale from pairwise encounters to emergent community properties. This is particularly true of disease protective microbial consortia, where pathogen invasion has typically been studied either in terms of single biocontrol agents or in terms of microbiome diversity at the full community level, but rarely in between. Focusing on a 16-member synthetic tomato phyllosphere bacterial community, we combined reciprocal spent-media growth assays of over 600 pairwise and community-level combinations with comparative genomics to dissect the ecological and metabolic drivers of community interactions. Across the interaction network, negative interactions dominated, with community-derived spent media consistently exerting stronger inhibitory effects on bacterial growth across the community than any single-species filtrate. While two isolates (Exiguobacterium sibiricum and Bacillus thuringiensis) exhibited strong inhibitory effects in monoculture assays, community spent media analyses revealed that no single strain was responsible for the pathogen-suppressive phenotype observed in community, indicating that protection against Pseudomonas syringae is an emergent property of the particular community composition. Furthermore, using correlations and cross-validated multivariate models, inhibition strengths were poorly predicted by either genomic annotations or phenotypic strategies. Instead, community context strongly constrained environmental modification and buffered strain-specific effects observed in isolation. Together, these results demonstrate that microbial community function cannot easily be inferred from pairwise interactions or individual strain properties alone, and that both direct and indirect interactions shape phyllosphere community structure and function, with emergent properties such as pathogen suppression arising from collective properties rather than the presence/absence or dominance of individual keystone taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Navarrete, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking genomic and phenotypic traits to interaction outcomes in a synthetic phyllosphere community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Inference of Spatially Resolved Cell Lineage Trees using LineageMap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the spatio-temporal processes of tissue growth, including how new cell types emerge and how cells form the tissue architecture, is a fundamental problem in biology. The emerging spatially resolved lineage tracing data, where three modalities, lineage barcodes, gene expression profiles, and spatial locations, are measured for each single cell, provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand these processes. Computational methods that take advantage of all three modalities to reconstruct cell lineage tree and ancestral cell states and locations are needed. We introduce LineageMap, a hybrid lineage inference algorithm that integrates the scalability of distance-based tree reconstruction methods with the flexibility of likelihood-based methods under a unified probabilistic framework. The input to LineageMap is spatially resolved lineage tracing data, where for each single cell, the gene expression, lineage barcode and spatial locations are available. LineageMap enables accurate, interpretable, and scalable inference of high-resolution lineage trees as well as locations of ancestral cells from the tri-modality single-cell data. Across simulated and experimental datasets, LineageMap consistently outperforms existing methods in the accuracy of reconstructed cell lineage trees, while revealing biologically coherent spatiotemporal trajectories. Our framework bridges molecular lineage tracing with spatial and transcriptomic information, advancing computational reconstruction of dynamic cellular ancestries in both time and space. LineageMap is available at: https://github.com/ZhangLabGT/LineageMap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Inference of Spatially Resolved Cell Lineage Trees using LineageMap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromark Fusion: A Replicable Multimodal Template for Structure-Function Fusion of Brain MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal data fusion is a powerful technique for extracting shared and complementary information about the brain that is captured across neuroimaging modalities. Independent component analysis (ICA)-based approaches are among the most widely utilized methods for multimodal fusion, as they are data-driven, robust to noise, and capable of identifying complex, hidden linkages of varying strengths across high-dimensional datasets. However, the data-driven nature of ICA fusion approaches can make comparisons across analyses difficult without a normative framework in place. In this work, we utilize resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and structural MRI (sMRI) scans from >15,000 subjects to generate a normative model of multimodal structure-function linkages that can be used as a template to guide ICA fusions of new datasets. When applying this template in two datasets, resultant components exhibit high correspondence to the template even in small sample sizes, and subject-level loadings from template-derived ICs show significant associations to age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromark Fusion: A Replicable Multimodal Template for Structure-Function Fusion of Brain MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Primary Central Source Determines Perturbation-Evoked N1 Amplitudes but not Latencies in Younger Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The balance perturbation-evoked N1 potential is a reliable cortical response during reactive balance control that is correlated to a variety of cognitive and motor functions. Although the supplementary motor area (SMA) has been identified as the primary source of the N1, it is less understood whether other brain regions contribute to N1 recorded at the scalp. We used source localization on electroencephalography (EEG) data from 25 younger adults recorded during backward whole-body perturbations during stance. We identified the sources that contribute to channel-based N1 recordings and quantified their impact on N1 amplitude and latency. In younger adults, N1 amplitudes can be explained by one single source in a central midline cortical region covering the SMA. When reconstructing N1 signals using backprojections with one versus all independent components (IC) identified as brain sources there was no difference in peak amplitudes and a small but significant difference in N1 peak latencies. Parallel brain sources thus deflect the time course of the N1, but not its magnitude. Brain areas associated with ICs contributing to the shift in N1 latency varied between participants. Our results emphasize the dominant influence of central cortical areas on the N1 response, informing hypothesizes regarding the nature of the signal and its functional role. Importantly, the extent and location of other cortical structures that influence N1 timing, such as parietal cortex areas and the anterior cingulate cortex, may further elucidate cortical contributions to balance. These markers could be crucial for the early detection of balance problems in clinical populations.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYWe demonstrate that channel-level amplitudes of the balance perturbation-evoked N1 in younger adults primarily reflect neural activity originating from cortical central midline regions, particularly the SMA. In contrast, contributions from parallel active brain regions evoked by balance perturbations are indicated by an influence on N1 peak latencies. Our findings imply that the perturbation-evoked N1, unlike other evoked potentials, is not a mixture of multiple neural sources in younger adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Protzak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirdamadi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borich, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Primary Central Source Determines Perturbation-Evoked N1 Amplitudes but not Latencies in Younger Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated platform for simultaneous wide-field voltage/calcium imaging and fMRI (EPI & ZTE) reveals neuronal infraslow dynamics underlying functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wide-field optical imaging acquired simultaneously with functional MRI has the ability to provide unprecedented insight into the neural origins of time-varying whole-brain activity. Simultaneously linking cellular-scale activity to whole-brain fMRI remains challenging due to optical access, RF coil placement, and transmission constraints in the MRI environment. We present an integrated platform that combines a long-distance tube-lens optical path (>98% transmission), a chronically stable optically-fused cranial window, and a subject-conformal RF surface coil compatible with both EPI and zero-echo-time (ZTE) fMRI. The system supports concurrent wide-field imaging of genetically encoded voltage or calcium indicators concurrently with intrinsic hemoglobin signals. In individual mice, wide-field optical and fMRI measures yield concordant functional connectivity, and cross-modal timing analyses demonstrate that neuronal infraslow dynamics (<0.1 Hz) underlie the majority of fMRI connectivity, after removing hemodynamic crosstalk. The platforms sensitivity, chronic stability, and sequence flexibility broaden access to cellular-to-whole-brain investigations across basic and translational neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Baese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated platform for simultaneous wide-field voltage/calcium imaging and fMRI (EPI & ZTE) reveals neuronal infraslow dynamics underlying functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) poses significant risks to astronaut visual health during long-duration missions, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are candidate molecular drivers, but their transcriptomic signatures in spaceflight-exposed retinal tissue have not been systematically characterized.

MethodsWe applied a machine learning ensemble of linear regression models to predict two ocular phenotypes: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining as a marker of lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage; and TUNEL positivity as a marker of apoptotic cell death. In this observational study, we use bulk retinal gene expression data obtained from a controlled experiment with ground control and spaceflown mice to predict these phenotypes. Gene Ontology pathway enrichment was performed on the most predictive gene sets for each phenotype.

ResultsThe 4-HNE phenotype was predicted by genes that converge on membrane-associated pathways, photoreceptor protein modification, synaptic dysfunction, and extracellular matrix dysregulation, including B2m, Tf, Cnga1, mt-Nd1, Snap25, and Efemp1. The genes predicting the TUNEL phenotype revealed a distinct signature emphasizing stress-induced apoptosis, rod photoreceptor degeneration, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, with Ddit4, Nrl, Rom1, Reep6, and Gabarapl1 emerging as central regulators.

ConclusionsOxidative lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell death represent complementary and molecularly distinct pathological mechanisms in spaceflight-exposed murine retinal tissue. The gene signatures provide a putative molecular framework for developing noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to monitor and protect astronaut visual health during long-duration and deep-space missions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casaletto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajapati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nautiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Monica, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paladugu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundackal Thomas, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community Curation of Microbial Metabolites Enables Biological Insights of Metabolomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial metabolites play a critical role in regulating ecosystems, including the human body and its microbiota. However, understanding the physiologically relevant role of these molecules, especially through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomics, poses significant challenges and often requires manual parsing of a large amount of literature, databases, and webpages. To address this gap, we established the Collaborative Microbial Metabolite Center knowledgebase (CMMC-KB), a platform that fosters collaborative efforts within the scientific community to curate knowledge about microbial metabolites. The CMMC-KB aims to collect comprehensive information about microbial molecules originating from microbial biosynthesis, drug metabolism, exposure-related molecules, food, host-derived molecules, and, whenever available, their known activities. Molecules from other sources, including host-produced, dietary, and pharmaceutical compounds, are also included. By enabling direct integration of this knowledgebase with downstream analytical tools, including molecular networking, we can deepen insights into microbiota and their metabolites, ultimately advancing our understanding of microbial ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mannochio-Russo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves Nunes, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portal Gomes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charron-Lamoureux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agongo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalon, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancelada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevrette, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumsille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Graeve, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donia, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzveta, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Abiead, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamany Djande, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiskia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliakopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iudicello, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaloudis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koolen, H. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvitne, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Rosa, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community Curation of Microbial Metabolites Enables Biological Insights of Metabolomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Identifies Distinct Treg-Mediated Remodeling in HFpEF Hearts Treated with Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains a major therapeutic challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and pronounced heterogeneity. Regenerative approaches using neonatal mesenchymal stromal cells (nMSCs) and their secretome (SEC) have shown promise in other heart failure contexts.

ObjectivesHowever, the effect of these therapies in HFpEF, and the underlying molecular mechanisms and causal pathways remain poorly understood.

MethodsHFpEF was established in two distinct murine models, followed by treatment with either nMSCs or SEC. Functional and histological endpoints were assessed. We developed a novel machine learning framework, VIPcell, which integrates data augmentation, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, and causal structure inference to identify genes causally linked to cardiac function using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data. VIPcell was applied to heart tissues from treated HFpEF animals to uncover key regulators of cardiac remodeling.

ResultsBoth nMSC and SEC therapies significantly improved diastolic function in two independent rodent HFpEF models. These improvements were associated with reduced inflammation, attenuated myocardial fibrosis, and improved exercise capacity. Intercellular communication analysis revealed widespread, system-level signaling in nMSC-treated hearts, compared to more localized endothelial-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in SEC-treated hearts. Causal inference via VIPcell suggested overlapping upstream regulators in both treatment groups, particularly genes involved in regulatory T cell (Treg) biology and immunomodulatory signaling pathways, including FOXO signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition, and Tie2 activation. In vivo validation confirmed selective expansion of Tregs following nMSC and SEC therapy. In vitro, nMSCs induced significantly greater Treg expansion compared to multiple adult stem cell types. Critically, chemical depletion of Tregs abrogated the therapeutic effects of both treatments, establishing Tregs as central mediators of diastolic function recovery in the HFpEF preclinical model.

ConclusionsnMSC and SEC therapies improve diastolic function in HFpEF through distinct remodeling mechanisms converging on Treg-mediated immune modulation. VIPcell supported identification of causal regulators, highlighting Treg-related signaling as a key driver of myocardial recovery in HFpEF. These findings offer mechanistic insight into cellular therapies for HFpEF and support the development of targeted, Treg-focused interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaesu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puvvala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bileweska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefenwicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorp, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Identifies Distinct Treg-Mediated Remodeling in HFpEF Hearts Treated with Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin-6 restricts pre-thymic T cell lineage commitment of progenitors driving loss of SIV control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective T cell reconstitution in people living with HIV is central to durable immune control and cure strategies. Sustained thymic output underpins T cell recovery and requires continuous seeding by T cell-committed progenitors originating in the bone marrow (BM). Using the SIV/rhesus macaque model, we identified a thymus-seeding progenitor (TSP; CD4-CD8-CD34CD38-CD7) in BM declining rapidly following SIV infection. This loss closely associated with reduction in T cell lineage committed differentiation of BM-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Importantly, both the decline in TSPs and the impairment of pre-thymic T cell potential were strongly associated with early loss of viral control, independent of peripheral T cell dynamics. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels robustly predicted the magnitude of TSP loss and the restriction of T cell-biased HSPC differentiation. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed inflammatory imprinting of HSPCs characterized by activation of the IL-6-JAK-STAT axis, inflammasome engagement, and coordinated suppression of key T cell specification factors, including RUNX1, FYN, and ZAP70. In a nonanimal model of thymopoiesis, IL-6 exposure of rhesus macaque and human HSPCs inhibited their transition from DN1 (CD38-) to DN2 (CD38) TSP states, indicating an early block in T cell lineage commitment. Conversely, ex vivo IL-6 receptor blockade restored thymocyte differentiation to levels comparable to untreated controls. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that pathogenic inflammation restricts pre-thymic T cell development early after infection, directly contributing to loss of viral control. These findings have important implications for understanding the mediators of anti-viral T cell immunity and HIV cure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beusch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Hakeem, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiardini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomalka, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin-6 restricts pre-thymic T cell lineage commitment of progenitors driving loss of SIV control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum Proteomic Profiling Implicates a Dysregulated Neurohormonal-Inflammatory Axis in Post-Fontan Tachycardia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPost-operative tachycardia is a common and poorly understood complication following the Fontan procedure. Post-operative factors such as surgical scarring and venous hypertension can contribute to tachycardia risk, but the specific molecular signaling cascades triggering acute tachycardia remain uncharacterized, limiting therapeutic innovation and leaving clinicians with only reactive management strategies. Here, we present a retrospective translational study leveraging serum proteomics and machine learning to identify the molecular drivers of post-operative Fontan tachycardia.

MethodsWe integrated a clinically relevant ovine animal model of the Fontan circulation with continuous telemetric heart rate monitoring and human patient data. Serum proteomics coupled with machine learning algorithms (LASSO and Boruta) were employed to identify protein panels predictive of post-operative tachycardia. Cross-species validation was performed by comparing proteomic signatures from sheep and pediatric patients undergoing Glenn or Fontan surgery.

ResultsOvine Fontan animals demonstrated significant heart rate elevation beginning on post-operative day (POD) 1, peaking at POD 3 (159.4 {+/-} 11.7 bpm vs. pre-operative 105.3 {+/-} 10.5 bpm, p<0.0001), before trending toward baseline by POD 10. This pattern was mirrored in human pediatric patients, though with a more modest magnitude. Surgical controls did not exhibit tachycardia, indicating the response was specific to the Fontan procedure. Proteomic analysis identified distinct separation between pre- and post-operative serum profiles. Principal component analysis revealed that the principal components most correlated with heart rate (PC1: r=0.79, p=6.5x10-; PC8: r=0.40, p=0.04) were significantly enriched for inflammatory and neural pathways. We leveraged the Boruta algorithm to identify a seven-protein panel (ACE, ANGT, ITIH4, SELENOP, W5PHP7, PTX3, and F5) with superior predictive power (AUC=0.926). A cross-species comparison between human and sheep demonstrated that three proteins, angiotensinogen (ANGT), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3), were similarly dysregulated in both species post-operatively.

ConclusionsThis study provides the first direct molecular evidence implicating a dysregulated neurohormonal-inflammatory axis as a principal driver of acute post-operative Fontan tachycardia. The identified protein signature offers novel mechanistic insights and establishes a foundation for developing targeted diagnostics and therapeutics to predict and mitigate this significant clinical complication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takaesu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiess, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kievert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshetler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum Proteomic Profiling Implicates a Dysregulated Neurohormonal-Inflammatory Axis in Post-Fontan Tachycardia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds induce type 2 immunity to promote repair. Here, we show that immune cells recruited to ECM-treated murine muscle injuries and clinical soft tissue defects express immune checkpoints. Specifically, TH2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) increase LAG3 expression, while macrophages express PDL2. TCR analysis and a triple-reporter strain for interleukin (IL)-13 and Treg fate-mapping suggest that Tregs in ECM-treated wounds transition into TH2-like exTregs that express LAG3. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) significantly stimulated type 2 immunity in ECM-treated wounds, including increased TH2 cells, Treg transition to TH2-like exTregs, and pro-regenerative macrophages. Moreover, ICI enhanced muscle repair and reduced fibrosis in ECM-treated wounds. Collectively, these findings show Treg/TH2 plasticity in wound healing and introduce a novel ICI application to enhance immune-mediated regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectomes across temporal scales with simultaneous wide-field optical imaging and resting-state functional MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a cornerstone of human brain research, yet its interpretation is complicated by its sensitivity to the slow hemodynamic response that obscures the organization of neural activity across faster time scales. Here we use simultaneous wide-field optical imaging (WOI) and rs-fMRI to directly examine the relationship between neural and hemodynamic functional connectomes across time scales. We show that much of the large-scale spatial structure is preserved across modalities, across time scales, and across frequencies. Although rs-fMRI robustly captures time-averaged neural activity, time-resolved rs-fMRI estimates of functional connectivity exhibit significantly greater variability, which partially reflects sensitivity limitations. Hemodynamic WOI signals maintain greater similarity to neural activity than rs-fMRI, although their fidelity is reduced at high frequencies. Together, our findings demonstrate that the time-averaged spatial structure of neural activity is faithfully represented in hemodynamics and rs-fMRI; provide insight into the reliability of time-resolved rs-fMRI across temporal scales; and establish a multimodal framework for validating features of dynamic brain activity.

TeaserSpatial patterns of neural activity present across time scales are largely preserved in hemodynamics measured with optical imaging and rs-fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Baese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.703149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectomes across temporal scales with simultaneous wide-field optical imaging and resting-state functional MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies have transformed cancer care; however, tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to high variability in therapeutic responses. While tissue injuries can impact cancer recurrence and metastatic spread, little is known about their potential to effect immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. In this study, we reveal that distal traumatic muscle injury accelerated progression and impaired adjuvant ICB response of multiple murine tumors. This injury-induced accelerated tumor growth coincided with decreased intra-tumoral density and effector phenotype of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and relied on communication through a shared draining lymph node. Enhancing injury repair using a biological scaffold abrogated the injury-induced accelerated tumor growth in an interleukin-4-dependent manner and improved ICB response. In a retrospective cohort analysis of breast cancer patients undergoing ICB treatment, biological scaffold implantation following mastectomy was associated with increased overall survival. This work suggests that injury-driven immune dysfunction may contribute to cancer progression and ICB resistance, but enhancing wound healing with pro-regenerative biomaterials may offer a viable strategy for mitigating adverse cancer outcomes, particularly in the setting of adjuvant and neoadjuvant ICB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport Huyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathkour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Modal Scaffolding: Music Enhances Hippocampal Binding and Separation for Visual Sequential Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain continuously segments experience into meaningful episodes while also encoding temporal relationships between events, yet the mechanisms that optimize this dual challenge remain poorly understood. Here we tested a theoretical framework in which structured temporal context from one modality (music) can organize such memory computations in another (visual) through coordinated modulation of the hippocampus. Using fMRI and a sequence learning paradigm, we show that musical accompaniment enhanced both boundary detection and sequential organization of visual event memory. Mechanistically, musical context accelerated development of neural responses to boundaries in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while simultaneously optimizing hippocampal representational patterns for learning: strengthening pattern similarity for within-sequence items while reducing computational demands for discriminating representations of different sequences. Critically, musical context created conditions where contextual similarity became a stronger predictor of memory success than before, transforming similarity from an interference signal into a beneficial learning mechanism. Multivariate analysis further revealed that musical scaffolding enhanced hippocampal encoding of the sequential position of visual stimuli, demonstrating cross-modal transfer of temporal structure to visual sequence learning. Finally, we demonstrate functional specificity across hippocampal subfields, revealing how temporal structure cues can coordinate distinct computational processes within the memory circuit. These findings establish a framework for understanding how structured context signals like music can simultaneously optimize multiple aspects of memory organization, and provide mechanistic insight for educational and clinical interventions that have leveraged cross-modal temporal enhancement to improve human cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Modal Scaffolding: Music Enhances Hippocampal Binding and Separation for Visual Sequential Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric constraints in the development of primate extrastriate visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the mechanisms establishing primary sensory maps are well characterized, how multiple higher-order maps with systematic spatial relationships emerge across neocortex remains unclear. Because the probability and strength of cortical connections fall off steeply with distance, cortical geometry may centrally constrain how higher-order maps are arranged. To test this possibility in a well-characterized sensory system, we develop a growth model embedded in the folded surface geometry of the macaque visual cortex, using fMRI-defined V1 retinotopy as the sole functional anchor. Cortical organization emerges through algorithmic growth from primary visual cortex, governed by distance-dependent activity correlations and competition among developing projections. Without imposing areal boundaries, map orientations, or predefined topographic layouts, this process generates multiple retinotopic maps with systematic mirror reversals and smooth gradients that reflect key structural features of fMRI-derived extrastriate maps. Growth parameters estimated from a population template generalize across individual macaques, while individual cortical geometry shapes fine-scale map variation around a shared organizational scaffold. Together, these results show that conserved growth rules acting on realistic cortical geometry produce stereotyped higher-order retinotopic organization under minimal explicit specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric constraints in the development of primate extrastriate visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating White Matter Functional Network Connectivity Across the Alzheimers Disease Spectrum Using Resting-State fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter (WM) has traditionally been considered structurally important but functionally inert in fMRI research. However, growing evidence indicates that WM exhibits meaningful BOLD fluctuations and participates in functional connectivity. Here, we investigate alterations in WM functional network connectivity (FNC) across the Alzheimers disease (AD) spectrum using resting-state fMRI data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; 415 cognitively normal (CN), 283 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 91 AD). We applied a guided independent component analysis (ICA) approach based on a combined multiscale template including 202 intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs; 97 WM, 105 gray matter (GM)) to estimate subject-specific timecourses and compute static FNC (sFNC). Group differences in WM-WM, GM-GM, and WM-GM connectivity (AD-CN, AD-MCI, MCI-CN) were assessed using two-sample t-tests with covariates for age, sex, and motion, with false discovery rate correction. Results showed robust alterations in WM-WM and WM-GM connectivity in AD, particularly involving WM subcortical, frontal, sensorimotor, and occipitotemporal networks. Several WM-GM interactions with cerebellar and hippocampal GM networks were also disrupted, including reduced GM-cerebellar:WM-frontal coupling and increased GM-hippocampal:WM- frontal connectivity. Notably, MCI already showed WM-GM dysconnectivity relative to CN, suggesting that functional disruption of WM circuits emerges prior to overt dementia. These findings provide converging evidence that WM functional connectivity is both measurable and selectively altered across the AD continuum. Our findings support WM sFNC as a complementary candidate biomarker to GM-based measures for staging and monitoring AD. This is, to our knowledge, the first large-scale ADNI study to jointly model WM and GM intrinsic connectivity networks and quantify WM-GM dysconnectivity across CN, MCI, and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itkyal, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating White Matter Functional Network Connectivity Across the Alzheimers Disease Spectrum Using Resting-State fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Springtail-inspired compliant hinge enables terrain-adaptable takeoff in insect-scale robots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Springtails execute millisecond-scale escape jumps with a single appendage, the furca, on soil, snow, leaf litter, and water. Across 15 taxonomic families (n=552 individuals), relative furca length is bimodal. High-speed video and confocal imaging show that in some long-furca springtails, the resilin-rich manubrium-dens joint behaves as a compliant hinge. It bends during push-off to prolong contact, suppress pitch, and bias takeoff forward, whereas rigid joints drive backward launches with rapid body rotation. We translate this mechanism to a 20-mm, 84-mg jumping robot with an elastic robo-furca hinge. This flexible hinge reduces body rotation by [~] 90% on flat ground compared to rigid-hinge designs, while maintaining takeoff speed on gravel, springboards, leaves, and pine needles, enabling passive, terrain-adaptable launches for power-limited insect-scale robots without onboard sensing or active control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Springtail-inspired compliant hinge enables terrain-adaptable takeoff in insect-scale robots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anaerobic methane oxidation by ANME-2a at two molar chloride in Orca Basin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic methane oxidation, typically mediated by consortia of archaea and bacteria, is a key process in the global methane cycle, but little is known about its upper salinity limits. We characterized the microbial methane cycle in the anoxic, hypersaline Orca Basin using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and geochemical measurements at sub-meter resolution. In the brine, we detected transcriptional activity of the halophilic methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, consistent with a biological source for Orca Basin methane. In the particle-rich halocline ([~]2 M Cl-; [~]2235 meters depth), high mcrA transcription by a novel ANME-2a taxon was co-located with a positive shift in {delta}13C-CH4 indicative of anaerobic oxidation of methane. ANME-2a also transcribed genes for biosynthesis of the osmolyte N({varepsilon})-acetyl-{beta}-L-lysine, indicating adaptation for hypersaline conditions. At the same depth, consortia of sarcina-like archaea, likely ANME-2a, were observed in association with vibrioid and filamentous bacteria, potentially members of a halotolerant genus in the order Desulfobulbales (family SURF-16, which includes the previously identified ANME partner Seep-DBB) that were active at the same depth. At and above the oxic-anoxic interface, aerobic methane oxidation appears to be mediated by three genera of uncultivated Methylococcales bacteria. Our results double the upper salinity range of ANME-2a to [~]2 M Cl- and reveal the key microbial players in the methane bio-filter between the Orca Basin brine and overlying seawater.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adepoju, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKaig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, R. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buessecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoog, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paris, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmarais, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sephus, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozarycki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegelein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quartini, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartup, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingall, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raven, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anaerobic methane oxidation by ANME-2a at two molar chloride in Orca Basin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large language models unlock the ecology of species interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species interactions can determine species population sizes, geographic ranges, evolutionary trajectories, and responses to environmental change. Yet, despite their importance to many fundamental and applied questions, information on species interactions is often lacking due to constraints in data collection. Billions of text comments that have been submitted by millions of citizen scientists around the world have the potential to fill these gaps. Comments can be used to identify biotic interactions using advanced large language models (LLMs), providing a novel source of interaction data that is unusually high in spatiotemporal coverage, breadth, and resolution. This novel approach opens new avenues to evaluate species interactions on a broader scale, and to characterize and conserve biodiversity under pressing global change.

Highlights- Although species interactions are central to biodiversity dynamics, progress in resolving their fundamental properties and forecasting their shifts under global change has been hindered by persistent data limitations
- Citizen science platforms contain billions of observer text comments that often contain valuable information about species interactions, but the unstructured format of the information and the size of the datasets make these comments difficult to use
- Large language models (LLMs) provide an unparalleled opportunity to collect and analyze species interactions from such comments
- Using two case studies, we present a workflow that leverages LLMs to automatically collect species interaction observations from citizen science comments in multiple languages around the world
- Such a novel source of data greatly expands the data coverage and resolution of species interactions across space and time and can help to answer both long-standing ecological questions and new, pressing questions about ecological responses to global change
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajamaideen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengarelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdovinos, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Berkel, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnetske, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large language models unlock the ecology of species interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DynMoCo: a Novel AI Framework to Reveal Modular Substructures of Protein From Molecular Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are dynamic molecular machines whose functions are determined by their structures. While static structures can offer initial insights or hypotheses about protein function, they are often insufficient for a detailed mechanistic understanding. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide atomistic view of proteins dynamic motion and conformational change, but the resulting high-dimensional data are challenging to interpret. Traditional summary statistics and dimensionality-reduction methods often focus on global motions and can overlook regional, yet functionally critical motions. Inspired by approaches from social network science, we introduce a novel perspective for analyzing MD simulations through dynamic community detection, where molecules are modeled as time-evolving graphs, and communities of residues or atoms that move coherently or exhibit functional coupling are identified. We present DynMoCo, a novel deep learning framework that integrates graph convolutional networks with recurrent models for end-to-end dynamic community detection on molecular graphs. Given a MD trajectory, DynMoCo identifies spatially grounded substructures, tracks their evolution over time, and can incorporate structural knowledge to ensure physically meaningful communities. We provide a library of custom-written scripts to allow users to extract and visualize these communites on the MD simulated molecules in motion. We demonstrate the method on force-ramp and force-clamp steered MD simulations of three integrin systems, revealing modular substructures within known domains and characterizing their conformational rearrangements during force-induced unbending. By reducing high-dimensional MD data into interpretable communities, this approach offers new insights into the intrinsic organization and dynamic function of complex biomolecular systems.

SIGNIFICANCEProteins often perform their functions through dynamic, locally coordinated motions. Molecular dynamics simulations provide detailed views of these motions but produce high-dimensional data that are challenging to analyze and interpret. We present a novel deep learning model that analyzes molecular dynamics simulations data and identifies structurally coherent and potentially functionally related communities, while tracking their temporal evolution. This analysis tool provides a novel way to analyze MD data transforming it into interpretable representations of modular dynamic, enabling discovery of new mechanistic insights and advancing our understanding of how molecular motions drive biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkezari, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DynMoCo: a Novel AI Framework to Reveal Modular Substructures of Protein From Molecular Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal cell type deconvolution leveraging tissue structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spot-based spatial transcriptomics (ST) captures aggregated transcriptomic profiles at spatial locations (spots) in tissue slices. Cell type deconvolution methods decode each spot and estimate the proportion of every cell type in the spot, necessary for uncovering spatial cell type distributions for further downstream analyses. Existing methods utilize cell type markers or reference transcriptomic (scRNA-seq) atlases at single cell (sc) resolution, or by aggregating profiles of identified cell types. However, current methods fail to effectively utilize the 3D tissue layout and single cell resolution reference. Some leverage 2D spatial organization assuming proximal spots are similar, which may be violated around boundaries or isolated cell types. We present SpaDecoder, a parallelized matrix factorization-based per-spot deconvolution method for multiple 3D spatial or temporal ST tissue slices effectively leveraging tissue structure with an adaptively inferred 3D neighborhood Gaussian kernel. We additionally account for variability in sc-reference profiles, along with batch effects.

The mathematical framework of SpaDecoder allows it to be used for a range of downstream analyses. It can decode anteroposterior variability, impute gene expression, uncover putatively key tissue regions, identify colocalized cell types and predict spatio-temporal scRNA-seq cell locations. Ablation tests along with comparisons against other methods on various metrics, datasets, and scenarios, collectively show that SpaDecoder effectively harnesses 3D tissue structure and sc-reference profiles to improve cell type deconvolution. SpaDecoder is available at https://github.com/ZhangLabGT/spadecoder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal cell type deconvolution leveraging tissue structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-second Extracellular Impedance Measurement of Epithelial Cell Monolayers using Step Excitations and Time-domain Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is emerging as a powerful technique in in vitro epithelial research, offering quantitative insights into barrier integrity, morphology, and apical-basolateral polarity noninvasively through metrics such as transepithelial electrical resistance (TER/TEER), transepithelial capacitance (TEC), and membrane ratio (), respectively. However, due to the broad range of frequencies probed, EIS typically requires tens of seconds per measurement, limiting its ability to capture more rapid biological phenomena. We present Time-domain Epithelial Impedance Measurement (TEIM), a method for sub-second extracellular impedance measurements of epithelial cell monolayers based on step (Heaviside function) current excitation and time-domain analysis of the voltage transients, without the need for Fourier transforms. We experimentally demonstrate TEIM measuring TER, TEC, , and model-derived impedance spectrum at [~]0.3 s sampling rate, which represents a 100- fold improvement in time resolution compared with traditional EIS. The accuracy and precision of TEIM were benchmarked against EIS on both electrical circuits and epithelial cell monolayers of immortalized Human Bronchial Epithelial (16HBE) and Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) (n = 3 for each), and average percent errors for TER, TEC, and  ranged from 0.17-3.55%, 1.13-8.96%, and 0.59-26.35%, respectively. Application of TEIM to monitor Caco-2 responses to saponin, a quick-acting pore-forming detergent, revealed smoothly gated double-exponential transient TER and TEC dynamics that were too rapid to be adequately captured previously using EIS. Overall, TEIM enables electrophysiology studies of rapid changes in epithelial cell culture models and possibly more complex in vitro models, holding promise for future applications in areas such as disease modeling, therapeutic development, and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magondu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, X. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatcher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-second Extracellular Impedance Measurement of Epithelial Cell Monolayers using Step Excitations and Time-domain Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L-DOPA treatment promotes sustained neurovascular and synaptichomeostasis in the diabetic retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While previous work has shown a sustained protective effect of levodopa (L-DOPA) on retinal function in early-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR) in humans, its underlying biology is unknown. Using noninvasive measures in diabetic mice, we found L-DOPA protects retinal neurovascular function as measured by oscillatory potential timing and flicker-evoked retinal vasodilation, as well as visual behavior, for at least two weeks past treatment end. Assessing changes in retinal gene expression, differentially expressed genes were broadly comparable between diabetic mice experiencing washout of L-DOPA versus continued L-DOPA treatment, with gene co-expression network analysis identifying distinct modules across L-DOPA-treated diabetic mice associated with synaptic function and cytoskeletal organization that correlated with functional protection. Together, these findings demonstrate that L-DOPA restores and sustains retinal neurovascular function in early DR and links this protection to transcriptional programs supporting synapse activity and structural integrity.

TeaserL-DOPA restores neuronal and vascular performance in the diabetic retina, with benefits that lasted after treatment stopped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chlan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L-DOPA treatment promotes sustained neurovascular and synaptichomeostasis in the diabetic retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditioned Graph Reconstruction of Brain Functional Network Connectivity Reveals Interpretable Latent Axes of Sex and Fluid Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In studying the brains functional connectivity and its associations with clinically observed assessments, novel learning frameworks modeling its network properties in conjunction with assessment variables are crucial to uncover variable-specific patterns via meaningful encoding and reconstruction. We present a generative framework for modeling human brain functional connectivity features while retaining key network metrics and differences associated with demographic and cognitive variables. A conditional graph variational autoencoder is employed to encode static functional network connectivity (sFNC) features into a latent representation, which is then utilized for the dual purpose of reconstructing sFNC data conditioned on variables such as biological sex or fluid intelligence, and identifying discriminative connectivity features associated with the conditioning variables in the latent space. Using over 20,000 subjects from the UK Biobank, our model demonstrates high-fidelity reconstructions that preserve condition-specific network patterns, while the latent space captures interpretable patterns associated with these variables. The group differences in latent space are highlighted by one-hot probing of the latent dimensions and forward mapping to connectivity patterns. This approach provides a scalable, network-informed framework for studying brain functional connectivity and its associations with individual differences, offering potential applications in characterizing functional signatures for mental health conditions via clinically observed assessment variables.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTo enable the modeling of the brain functional connectivity network for encoding and reconstructing assessment-specific differences, we propose a conditional graph-based generative framework for modeling human brain functional connectivity while accounting for demographic and cognitive differences. Using a conditional graph variational autoencoder, our approach learns interpretable latent representations of functional connectivity networks derived from fMRI data. Evaluated on over 20,000 UK Biobank subjects, the model accurately reconstructs connectivity patterns outperforming baseline architectures and preserves differences associated with biological sex and fluid intelligence. By probing the latent space and mapping latent dimensions back to brain networks, we identify condition-specific connectivity features in an interpretable manner. This work provides a scalable, network-informed approach for studying individual differences in functional brain organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditioned Graph Reconstruction of Brain Functional Network Connectivity Reveals Interpretable Latent Axes of Sex and Fluid Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PFOA induced metabolic and immune perturbations in a SARS-2 infection model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study evaluates the impact of PFOA exposure on the metabolome and immune response to SARS-2 using a ferret model. Ferrets were separated into control or PFOA-exposed groups (10/mg/kg/day) and challenged with SARS-2. Longitudinal analyses encompassing clinical assessments, serological profiling, histopathology, and untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics revealed significant metabolic and immunological perturbations. We found prominent effects of PFOA exposure on metabolism, which resulted in altered metabolic responses to SARS-2 infection. PFOA exposure was also associated with impaired immune function, as evidenced by decreased serum IgG levels, increased viral loads, and prolonged peak infectivity. These findings underscore the consequences of PFOA exposure on host metabolism and immunity during infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanier, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe Haas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchimiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodlief, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PFOA induced metabolic and immune perturbations in a SARS-2 infection model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.707870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PantheonOS: An Evolvable Multi-Agent Framework for Automatic Genomics Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.707870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The convergence of large language model-powered autonomous agent systems and single-cell biology promises a paradigm shift in biomedical discovery. However, existing biological agent systems, building upon single-agent architectures, are narrowly specialized or overly general, limiting applications to routine analyses. We introduce PantheonOS (https://PantheonOS.stanford.edu), an evolvable, privacy-preserving multi-agent framework designed to reconcile generality with domain specificity. Critically, PantheonOS enables agentic code evolution, allowing evolving state-of-the-art batch correction and our reinforcement-learning augmented gene panel selection algorithms to achieve super-human performance. PantheonOS drives biological discoveries across systems: uncovering asymmetric paracrine Cer1-Nodal inhibition in proximal-distal axis formation of novel early mouse embryo 3D data; integrating human fetal heart multi-omics with whole-heart data to reveal molecular programs underpin heart diseases; and adaptively selecting virtual cell models to predict cardiac regulatory and perturbation effects. Together, PantheonOS points towards a future where scientific discoveries are increasingly driven by self-evolving AI systems across biology and beyond.

Websitehttps://pantheonos.stanford.edu

Ecosystemhttps://github.com/aristoteleo

SummaryLarge language model-powered agent systems are driving a paradigm shift in scientific discovery by automating, scaling, and accelerating data analysis. This transformation is particularly profound in biology, where the rapid expansion of single-cell and spatial genomics has effectively reshaped the field into a data-intensive science. However, existing biological agent systems are typically constrained to single-agent designs, are narrowly specialized, or are overly general without sufficient domain expertise, limiting their applicability to routine or shallow analyses. Here, we introduce PantheonOS (https://pantheonos.stanford.edu), an evolvable, privacy-preserving, and general-purpose multi-agent framework designed to reconcile generality with deep domain specificity. PantheonOS provides an abstract, extensible architecture that enables customized agent composition and supports end-to-end single-cell and multi-omics analysis, spanning reinforcement-learning-augmented gene panel design, raw FASTQ processing, multimodal data integration, and three-dimensional spatial genomics reconstruction. Central to this framework, Pantheon-Evolve enables agentic code evolution, allowing the system to autonomously improve state-of-the-art batch-correction algorithms and new reinforcement-learning based gene panel design algorithms, achieving performance beyond manually designed baselines. We demonstrate the power of PantheonOS across multiple biological domains. In early mouse embryogenesis, PantheonOS automatically reconstructs three-dimensional spatial gene expression landscapes and resolves asymmetric Cer1 expression and paracrine Cer1-Nodal inhibition, revealing a robust proximal-distal axis at embryonic day six (E6.0). In human development, PantheonOS integrates fetal heart single-cell multi-omics with whole-heart 3D MERFISH+ data at post-conception week 12, uncovering spatially resolved molecular programs underlying heart disease ontogeny. Finally, an intelligent model-routing mechanism enables PantheonOS to adaptively select optimal virtual cell models across heterogeneous tasks, revealing minimal regulatory networks of cardiogenesis and predicting spatially resolved perturbation effects in the developing heart. Together, PantheonOS establishes a foundation for fully automated, evolvable, and domain-aware agentic analysis in genomics, and points toward a future in which scientific discovery is increasingly driven by self-improving AI systems across biology and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poussi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rognoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.707870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PantheonOS: An Evolvable Multi-Agent Framework for Automatic Genomics Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal p38α knockout protects against neurological consequences following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) can substantially impact quality of life, and repetitive mTBIs (rmTBI) can amplify injury effects compared to a single injury. However, effective clinical treatments remain elusive, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying injury mechanisms. Neuroinflammation has emerged as a key contributor to worse functional outcomes after mTBI/rmTBI. While microglia are traditionally viewed as primary mediators of post-injury inflammation, accumulating evidence suggests neurons play an immunomodulatory role in initiating the rmTBI inflammatory cascade through activation of intracellular proinflammatory pathways like p38 MAPK and secretion of cytokines that, in turn, stimulate microglial activation. Here, we tested whether inducible neuronal p38 knockout protects against functional, immune, and cerebrovascular consequences of a weight-drop closed head injury model of rmTBI. A battery of functional assays was conducted 4 weeks post-injury, and tissues were collected at both 4 hours and 4 weeks following final CHI. In males, neuronal p38 knockout protected against injury-induced depressive-like behavior, hyperactivity, synaptic loss, microglial reactivity, cytokine upregulation, and reduction in cerebral blood flow. In females, neuronal p38 knockout protected against risk-taking behavior and partially protected against cytokine upregulation but had limited effect on microglial reactivity and cerebral blood flow. Together, these findings identify neuronal p38 as a sex-dependent driver of rmTBI-associated neurological consequences, and they support neuronal p38-immune signaling as a mechanistically relevant therapeutic target for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holberton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadragic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moctezuma, F. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saheba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saah, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigurupati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal p38α knockout protects against neurological consequences following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.702183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Omic, Multi-Tissue Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Adults: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.702183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular physical activity represents one of the greatest mechanisms for maintaining human health, yet the underlying molecular transducers of these benefits remain incompletely understood. Multi-omic assays now provide new opportunities to study the coordinated molecular responses of body tissues to different exercise modalities. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) was established to address this need by creating a molecular map of the response to physical activity. Described here is the first human cohort of MoTrPAC: sedentary adults enrolled prior to study suspension during the COVID-19 pandemic (N=175) randomized to either endurance or resistance exercise, or non-exercise control. From these participants, we detail their global acute molecular response in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and blood, integrated at multiple levels: tissue, exercise modality, timepoint, and omic category. These analyses characterize key molecular pathways, identify central regulators, and implicate novel candidate exerkines in mediating multi-organ exercise effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagendorf, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetr, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.702183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Omic, Multi-Tissue Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Adults: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optogenetics-compatible red fluorescent calcium indicator with negligible blue light photoactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are important tools for live cell and in vivo imaging. However, their application in optogenetic experiments has been limited by their complex photophysics, which can yield blue-light-induced artifacts. These photophysical drawbacks arise from the fluorescent protein (FP) used to construct the GECI. To address these limitations, we engineered novel red GECIs based on photostable red FPs, including mScarlet variants. After testing multiple design topologies and screening for calcium responses, we identified a lead variant, named ScaRCaMP-1.0. ScaRCaMP-1.0 exhibits moderate Ca2+ responses ({Delta}F/F0 = -13%) relative to other red GECIs, a tradeoff that appears to have enabled remarkable blue-light photostability at power densities exceeding 200 mW/mm2. We validated the performance of ScaRCaMP-1.0 in an optogenetic regime, and in vivo via fiber photometry. Finally, guided by structural predictions, we investigated the mechanism underlying ScaRCaMP responses. A pair of lysine residues on the surface of the FP appear to be important for controlling Ca2+ responses, and mutation of one residue (K132Y) notably increased the response size ({Delta}F/F0 = -22%) without compromising blue-light photostability. We call the improved variant ScaRCaMP-2.0. Taken together, these results establish ScaRCaMP as an optogenetics-compatible red GECI and demonstrate the potential of mScarlet-based fluorophores as a basis for generating photostable red biosensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulutas, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koveal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.28.708321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optogenetics-compatible red fluorescent calcium indicator with negligible blue light photoactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The limits of Bayesian estimates of divergence times in measurably evolving populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of divergence times for extant species using molecular data is an unconventional statistical problem: Divergence times and molecular rates are confounded, and only their product, the molecular branch length, is statistically identifiable. This means we must use priors on times and rates to break the identifiability problem. As a consequence, there is a lower bound in the uncertainty that can be attained under infinite data for estimates of evolutionary timescales using the molecular clock. With infinite data (i.e., an infinite number of sites and loci in the alignment) uncertainty in ages of nodes in phylogenies increases proportionally with their mean age, such that older nodes have higher uncertainty than younger nodes. On the other hand, if extinct taxa are present in the phylogeny, and if their sampling times are known (i.e.,  heterochronous data), then times and rates are identifiable and uncertainties of inferred times and rates go to zero with infinite data. However, in real heterochronous datasets (such as viruses and bacteria), alignments tend to be small and how much uncertainty is present and how it can be reduced as a function of data size are questions that have not been explored. This is clearly important for our understanding of the tempo and mode of microbial evolution using the molecular clock. Here we conducted extensive simulation experiments and analyses of empirical data to develop the infinite-sites theory for heterochronous data. Contrary to expectations, we find that uncertainty in ages of internal nodes scales positively with the distance to their closest tip with known age (i.e., calibration age), not their absolute age. Our results also demonstrate that estimation uncertainty decreases with calibration age more slowly in data sets with more, rather than fewer site patterns, although overall uncertainty is lower in the former. Our statistical framework establishes the minimum uncertainty that can be attained with perfect calibrations and sequence data that are effectively infinitely informative. Finally, we discuss the implications for viral sequence data sets. In a vast majority of cases viral data from outbreaks is not sufficiently informative to display infinite-sites behaviour and thus all estimates of evolutionary timescales will be associated with a degree of uncertainty that will depend on the size of the data set, its information content, and the complexity of the model. We anticipate that our framework is useful to determine such theoretical limits in empirical analyses of microbial outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos reis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.28.708707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The limits of Bayesian estimates of divergence times in measurably evolving populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-Causing Mutations Alter the Interplay Between Loop Dynamics and Catalysis in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) SHP-1 and SHP-2 play complex roles in a variety of signaling pathways, including those involved in cancers and other diseases, making them important drug targets. These two PTPs have superimposable active sites, but different biological functions in vivo, including opposing roles in cancer development. Unique to these PTPs is the presence of two tandem Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, which regulate access to the phosphate binding site in the catalytic domain, through an autoinhibition mechanism. Studies of the allosteric regulation and dynamics of these PTPs, as well as associated drug discovery efforts, typically focus on autoinhibition rather than the dynamics of a catalytic loop in the phosphatase domain, the WPD-loop, which is essential for PTPase activity. However, recent deep mutational scanning data has demonstrated that oncogenic mutations also regulate WPD-loop motion in SHP-2. We provide here a detailed computational study of WPD-loop dynamics and catalysis in wild-type and mutant full-length and truncated (catalytic domain only) SHP-1 and SHP-2, demonstrating that many oncogenic residues lie on the allosteric pathways regulating WPD-loop dynamics. Mutations at these positions alter WPD-loop dynamics, disrupting the active site and negatively impacting catalysis. Further, our simulations provide molecular insight into the link between the presence of the SH2 domains and loop motion in the catalytic domain, and, importantly, how it differs between the two PTPs. Taken together, our work showcases the impact of altered WPD-loop motion in oncogenic SHP-1 and SHP-2 variants, opening new strategies for selectively targeting these important therapeutic enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownless, A.-L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-Causing Mutations Alter the Interplay Between Loop Dynamics and Catalysis in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary profile enhancement improves protein function annotation for remote homologs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate annotation of protein function is essential for understanding biological processes, yet this remains challenging for proteins lacking characterized homologs or belonging to underrepresented functional classes. Although machine learning approaches have become the gold standard for automated function prediction, they often perform poorly on out-of-distribution samples with low sequence identity to training proteins with known annotations. We propose EPERep, an evolutionary input enhancement strategy that leverages the vast space of unannotated protein sequences to improve the prediction of the functions of underrepresented proteins. Our key insight is that, even if a query protein has insufficient similarity to annotated proteins for direct annotation transfer, a wider range of similar unannotated sequences can be identified to facilitate better representation learning. Inspired by profile-based sequence search methods, EPERep incorporates homologous sequences as contextual input to refine the representations of individual proteins from pre-trained protein language models, effectively constructing a pLM-based profile for each query protein. Across four major annotation benchmarks on EC numbers, structural domains, Pfam families, and Gene Ontology predictions, EPERep consistently outperforms strong ML and sequence-alignment baselines. Gains are most pronounced for proteins from rare functional classes, with few or no labeled homologs, and for sequences exhibiting remote homology to the training distribution. These results demonstrate that evolutionary input enhancement provides a principled and scalable strategy for improving protein function prediction, particularly in long-tail and low-identity regimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary profile enhancement improves protein function annotation for remote homologs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAVR: High-Resolution Cellular Imaging via a Physics-Aware Volumetric Reconstruction Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid convergence of advanced microscopy and deep learning is transforming cell biology by enabling imaging systems in which optical encoding and computational inference are jointly optimized for volumetric information capture and interpretation. However, broadly accessible three-dimensional imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution remains constrained by volumetric reconstruction throughput, susceptibility to artifacts, and the burden of collecting modality-matched training data. Here, we introduce PAVR, a physics-aware light-field imaging platform that integrates single-shot volumetric acquisition with fast, end-to-end volumetric reconstruction. PAVR is trained entirely using in silico system responses, avoiding reliance on external high-resolution ground-truth modalities and enabling sample-independent reconstruction across diverse biological contexts. Using fixed and live mammalian cells, we demonstrate multicolor volumetric imaging of subcellular organelles, three-dimensional tracking of autofluorescent particles, and high-speed visualization of organelle remodeling and interactions. We further extend PAVR to quantify coupled morphological and functional dynamics in beating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes under pharmacological perturbation. Together, PAVR establishes a scalable hardware-software platform for high-throughput volumetric imaging and quantitative analysis of dynamic cellular systems in both basic and translational settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forghani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radmand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesarwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAVR: High-Resolution Cellular Imaging via a Physics-Aware Volumetric Reconstruction Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
