<rdf:RDF xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:prism="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/prism/" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/">
<channel rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org">
<admin:errorReportsTo rdf:resource="mailto:biorxiv@cshlpress.edu"/>
<title>bioRxiv Channel: Carnegie Mellon University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Carnegie Mellon University"
</description>

<items>
<rdf:Seq>
</rdf:Seq>
</items>
<prism:eIssn/>
<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
<prism:issn/>

<image rdf:resource=""/>
</channel>
<image rdf:about="">
<title>bioRxiv</title>
<url/>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
</image>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortex retains and reorients neural dynamics during motor imagery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most prominent role of motor cortex is generating patterns of neural activity that lead to movement, but it is also active when we simply imagine movements in the absence of actual motor output. Despite decades of behavioral and imaging studies, it is unknown how the specific activity patterns and temporal dynamics within motor cortex during covert motor imagery relate to those during motor execution. Here we recorded intracortical activity from the motor cortex of two people with residual wrist function following incomplete spinal cord injury as they performed both actual and imagined isometric wrist extensions. We found that we could decompose the population-level activity into orthogonal subspaces such that one set of components was similarly active during both action and imagery, and others were only active during a single task type--action or imagery. Although they inhabited orthogonal neural dimensions, the action-unique and imagery-unique subspaces contained a strikingly similar set of dynamical features. Our results suggest that during motor imagery, motor cortex maintains the same overall population dynamics as during execution by recreating the missing components related to motor output and/or feedback within a unique imagery-only subspace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekleva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortex retains and reorients neural dynamics during motor imagery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-Ischemic Reorganization of Sensory Responses in Cerebral Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor integration is critical for generating skilled, volitional movements. While stroke tends to impact motor function, there are also often associated sensory deficits that contribute to overall behavioral deficits. Because many of the cortico-cortical projections participating in the generation of volitional movement either target or pass-through primary motor cortex (in rats, caudal forelimb area; CFA), any damage to CFA can lead to a subsequent disruption in information flow. As a result, the loss of sensory feedback is thought to contribute to motor dysfunction even when sensory areas are spared from injury. Previous research has suggested that the restoration of sensorimotor integration through reorganization or de novo neuronal connections is important for restoring function. Our goal was to determine if there was crosstalk between sensorimotor cortical areas with recovery from a primary motor cortex injury. First, we investigated if peripheral sensory stimulation would evoke responses in the rostral forelimb area (RFA), a rodent homologue to premotor cortex. We then sought to identify whether intracortical microstimulation-evoked activity in RFA would reciprocally modify the sensory response. We used seven rats with an ischemic lesion of CFA. Four weeks after injury, the rats forepaw was mechanically stimulated under anesthesia and neural activity was recorded in the cortex. In a subset of trials, a small intracortical stimulation pulse was delivered in RFA either individually or paired with peripheral sensory stimulation. Our results point to post-ischemic connectivity between premotor and sensory cortex that may be related to functional recovery. Premotor recruitment during the sensory response was seen with a peak in spiking within RFA after the peripheral solenoid stimulation despite the damage to CFA. Furthermore, stimulation evoked activity in RFA modulated and disrupted the sensory response in sensory cortex, providing additional evidence for the transmission of premotor activity to sensory cortex and the sensitivity of sensory cortex to premotor cortexs influence. The strength of the modulatory effect may be related to the extent of the injury and the subsequent reshaping of cortical connections in response to network disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudo, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guggenmos, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-Ischemic Reorganization of Sensory Responses in Cerebral Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory constraints on volitional modulation of the motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voluntary movement is driven by the primary motor cortex (M1), and individuals can learn to modulate even single neurons at will. Yet M1 also receives pronounced sensory inputs and contributes to sensory-driven motor responses. To what extent do these non-volitional signals restrict voluntary modulation of M1? Using a task in which the firing rate of a single neuron directly determines the position of a computer cursor along a visual axis, we assessed the ability of monkeys to modulate individual neurons under different sensory contexts. We found that sensory context persistently affected volitional control of single neurons in M1. For instance, visually rotating the biofeedback axis could render the same neural task effortless or problematic. Notably, extended training within or across days did not resolve this disparity. Our findings suggest that sensory context can limit the degree to which M1 activity is under volitional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fisac, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory constraints on volitional modulation of the motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring and Modeling Macrophage Growth using a Lab-on-CMOS Capacitance Sensing Microsystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report on the use of a lab-on-CMOS biosensor platform for quantitatively tracking the growth of RAW 264.7 murine Balb/c macrophages. We show that macrophage growth over a wide sensing area correlates linearly with an average capacitance growth factor resulting from capacitance measurements at a plurality of electrodes dispersed in the sensing area. We further show a temporal model that captures the cell evolution in the area of interest over long periods (e.g., 30 hours). The model links the cell numbers and the average capacitance growth factor associated with the sensing area to describe the observed growth kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring and Modeling Macrophage Growth using a Lab-on-CMOS Capacitance Sensing Microsystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-free multi-omics analysis reveals tumor status-informative signatures in gastrointestinal cancer patients' plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cancer development, hosts tumorigenesis and immune signals are released to and informed by circulating molecules, like cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and RNA (cfRNA) in blood. However, these two kinds of molecules are still not systematically compared in gastrointestinal cancer. Here, we profiled 4 types of cell-free omics data from colorectal and stomach cancer patients, and assayed 15 types of genomic, epi-genomic, and transcriptomic variations. First, we demonstrated that the multi-omics data were more capable of detecting cancer genes than the single-omics data, where cfRNAs were more sensitive and informative than cfDNAs in terms of detection ratio, variation type, altered number, and enriched functional pathway. Moreover, we revealed several peripheral immune signatures that were suppressed in cancer patients and originated from specific circulating and tumor-microenvironment cells. Particularly, we defined a {gamma}{delta}-T-cell score and a cancer-associated-fibroblast (CAF) score using the cfRNA-seq data of 143 cancer patients. They were informative of clinical status like cancer stage, tumor size, and survival. In summary, our work reveals the cell-free multi-molecular landscape of colorectal and stomach cancer, and provides a potential monitoring utility in blood for the personalized cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-free multi-omics analysis reveals tumor status-informative signatures in gastrointestinal cancer patients' plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bird wings are shaped by thermoregulatory demand for heat dissipation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tendency for animals in warmer climates to be longer-limbed (Allens Rule) is widely attributed to the demands of thermoregulation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, because variation in limb-length can typically be driven by selection for both efficient heat retention and increased heat dissipation capacity. Using comparative phylogenetic models, we find that occurrence in warmer climates is associated with longer wing bones for 1,520 species of passerine birds. The highly vascularized musculature along these bones is only uncovered during flight, when the wings function as the primary site of heat exchange, cooling the organism by dissipating excess heat generated by muscular activity. Conversely, the musculature along the wing bones is insulated by feathering when at rest, playing a negligible role in heat retention, even in colder climates. Given this asymmetry in thermoregulatory roles, we can identify the positive relationship between temperature and wing bone length as a phenotypic gradient shaped by increased demand for heat dissipation in warmer climates. Our findings provide a clear illustration of the mechanism by which global warming can drive spatial and temporal trends in appendage length, and also highlight the role of heat dissipation in reshaping even the most critical features of vertebrate anatomy.

Significance StatementAnimals tend to be longer-limbed in warmer climates, but it remains unclear whether this pattern is driven by selection for cold tolerance at low temperatures or efficient heat dissipation at high temperatures. We show that for 1,520 species of passerines, bird wing bones are relatively longer in warmer climates. The vascularized musculature along these bones primarily functions in heat exchange during flight, when the overwhelming thermoregulatory challenge is dissipating heat, suggesting longer wing-bone length is driven by heat dissipation demands. Our findings reveal the pervasive impacts of thermoregulatory demands on even the most important functional traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weeks, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouhey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bird wings are shaped by thermoregulatory demand for heat dissipation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring context-dependent computations through linear approximations of prefrontal cortex dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex neural population activity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hallmark of cognitive processes. How these rich dynamics emerge and support neural computations is largely unknown. Here, we infer mechanisms underlying the context-dependent selection and integration of sensory inputs by fitting dynamical models to PFC population responses of behaving monkeys. A class of models implementing linear dynamics driven by external inputs accurately captured the PFC responses within each context, achieving performance comparable to models without linear constraints. Two distinct mechanisms of input selection and integration were equally consistent with the data. One implemented context-dependent recurrent dynamics, as previously proposed, and relied on transient input amplification. The other relied on the subtle contextual modulation of the inputs, providing quantitative constraints on the attentional effects in sensory areas required to explain flexible PFC responses and behavior. Both mechanisms consistently revealed properties of inputs and recurrent dynamics missing in more simplified, incomplete descriptions of PFC responses. By revealing mechanisms consistent with rich cortical dynamics, our modeling approach provides a principled and general framework to link neural population activity and computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soldado Magraner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mante, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring context-dependent computations through linear approximations of prefrontal cortex dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 by Breakthrough Infection Sera from Previous and Current Waves in China 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to evolve and diversify, with an array of various Omicron sub-lineages, including BA.5, BA.2.75, BN.1, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1.5, now circulating globally at recent time. In this study, we evaluated the neutralization sensitivity of a comprehensive panel of Omicron subvariants to sera from different clinical cohorts, including individuals who received homologous or heterologous booster vaccinations, vaccinated people who had Delta or BA.2 breakthrough infection in previous waves, and patients who had BA.5 or BF.7 breakthrough infection in the current wave in China. All the Omicron subvariants exhibited substantial neutralization evasion, with BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB.1, and XBB.1.5 being the strongest escaped subvariants. Sera from Omicron breakthrough infection, especially the recent BA.5 or BF.7 breakthrough infection, exhibited higher neutralizing activity against all Omicron sub-lineages, indicating the chance of BA.5 and BF.7 being entirely replaced by BQ or XBB subvariants in China in a short-term might be low. We also demonstrated that the BQ and XBB subvariants were the most resistant viruses to monoclonal antibodies. Continuing to monitor the immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants and developing novel broad-spectrum vaccines and antibodies are still crucial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 by Breakthrough Infection Sera from Previous and Current Waves in China]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.527059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADAM10 mediates macroglial cell fate decisions in the developing brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.527059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) are transmembrane proteins with cell adhesion and protease activities that contain disintegrin and metalloproteinase domains. ADAM10, a member of the ADAM family, is widely expressed in the brain. There are >40 substrates reported for ADAM10, including Notch, Delta-like ligand-1 (Dll1), and N-cadherin. To date, however, its function in the brain has been largely unknown. We used genetic manipulation to delete Adam10 specifically from glial progenitors in developing brains and observed that conditional knockout mice showed locomotor abnormalities. They all died within 4 months with apparent defects in the cerebellum. By comprehensively analyzing data from bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and staining of the cerebellum, we found that ADAM10 promoted astrocyte generation under physiological conditions. Upon the removal of Adam10 in glial progenitors, the production of oligodendrocytes vastly increased, whereas the generation of astrocytes was substantially inhibited. Our results showed that ADAM10 plays a critical role in macroglial cell fate decisions during brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, W.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.527059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADAM10 mediates macroglial cell fate decisions in the developing brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electroacupuncture prevents astrocyte atrophy to alleviate depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocyte atrophy is the main histopathological hallmark of the major depressive disorder (MDD) in humans and in animal models of depression. Here we show that electroacupuncture prevents astrocyte atrophy in the prefrontal cortex and alleviates depressive-like behaviour in mice subjected to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Treatment of mice with CUMS induced depressive-like phenotypes as confirmed by sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, and forced swim test. These behavioural changes were paralleled with morphological atrophy of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex, revealed by analysis of 3D reconstructions of confocal Z-stack images of mCherry expressing astrocytes. This morphological atrophy was accompanied with a decrease in expression of cytoskeletal linker Ezrin, associated with formation of astrocytic leaflets, which form astroglial synaptic cradle. Electroacupuncture at the acupoint ST36 as well as treatment with anti-depressant fluoxetine prevented depressive-like behaviours, astrocytic atrophy and down-regulation of astrocytic ezrin. In conclusion, our data further strengthen the notion of a primary role of astrocytic atrophy in depression and reveal astrocytes as cellular target for electroacupuncture in treatment of depressive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semyanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electroacupuncture prevents astrocyte atrophy to alleviate depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticle structure and delivery route during pregnancy dictates mRNA potency, immunogenicity, and health in the mother and offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treating pregnancy-related disorders is exceptionally challenging because many small molecule drugs on the market may cause maternal and fetal toxicity. This potential danger has hindered the development and clinical evaluation of new drugs for several decades. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based RNA therapies with high delivery efficacy, favorable immune response, and minimal transplacental transport can quell maternal-fetal toxicity concerns and propel the development of pregnancy-safe drugs. To this extent, we report potent LNP structures that robustly deliver mRNA to maternal organs and placenta. Using structure-function analysis, we show that LNP efficacy is influenced by the polyamine headgroup, and toxicity is governed by the acrylate tail. Our lead nanoparticle shows robust protein expression via multiple clinically relevant administration routes in pregnant mice. In the placenta, it transfects trophoblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Further, by varying ionizable lipid structure, we demonstrate that LNP immunogenicity affects organ expression and pup health during pregnancy. Immunogenic LNPs show lower efficacy in lymphoid organs in an IL-1{beta} dependent manner in pregnant mice. Further, pro-inflammatory immune responses provoke the infiltration of adaptive immune cells in the placenta and restrict pup growth after birth. Together, our results provide a mechanistic basis for designing safe and potent LNPs that can be administered during pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arral, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerneni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoPresti, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerfler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid nanoparticle structure and delivery route during pregnancy dictates mRNA potency, immunogenicity, and health in the mother and offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying promising sequences for protein engineering using a deep Transformer Protein Language Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein engineers aim to discover and design novel sequences with targeted, desirable properties. Given the near limitless size of the protein sequence landscape, it is no surprise that these desirable sequences are often a relative rarity. This makes identifying such sequences a costly and time-consuming endeavor. In this work, we show how to use a deep Transformer Protein Language Model to identify sequences that have the most promise. Specifically, we use the models self-attention map to calculate a PROMISE SCORE that weights the relative importance of a given sequence according to predicted interactions with a specified binding partner. This PROMISE SCORE can then be used to identify strong binders worthy of further study and experimentation. We use the PROMISE SCORE within two protein engineering contexts-- Nanobody (Nb) discovery and protein optimization. With Nb discovery, we show how the PROMISE SCORE provides an effective way to select lead sequences from Nb repertoires. With protein optimization, we show how to use the PROMISE SCORE to select site-specific mutagenesis experiments that identify a high percentage of improved sequences. In both cases, we also show how the self-attention map used to calculate the PROMISE SCORE can indicate which regions of a protein are involved in intermolecular interactions that drive the targeted property. Finally, we describe how to fine-tune the Transformer Protein Language Model to learn a predictive model for the targeted property, and discuss the capabilities and limitations of fine-tuning with and without knowledge transfer within the context of protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frisby, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying promising sequences for protein engineering using a deep Transformer Protein Language Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Pipeline for FISH Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, high-throughput spatial transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating the spatial distribution of mRNA expression and the effects it may have on cellular function. There is a lack of standardized tools for analyzing spatial transcriptomics data, leading many groups to write their own in-house tools that are often poorly documented and not generalizable to other datasets. Currently, the only publicly available tools for extracting annotated transcript locations from raw multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) images are starfish, which is lacking in key areas, and MERlin, which is restricted to only MERFISH data. To address this, we have expanded and improved the starfish library and used those tools to create PIPEFISH, a semi-automated and generalizable pipeline that performs transcript annotation for FISH-based spatial transcriptomics. PIPEFISH has options for image processing, decoding, and cell segmentation, and calculates quality control metrics on the output to allow the user to assess the pipelines performance on their data. We used this pipeline to annotate transcript locations from three real datasets from three different common types of FISH image-based experiments: MERFISH, seqFISH, and targeted in situ sequencing (ISS), and verified that the results were high quality using the internal quality metrics of the pipeline and also a comparison to a orthogonal method of measuring RNA expression in a similar tissue sample. We have made PIPEFISH publicly available through Github for anyone interested in analyzing data from FISH-based spatial transcriptomic assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.529010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Pipeline for FISH Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.527605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective effect of plasma neutralization from prior SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection against BA.5 subvariant symptomatic reinfection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.527605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From December 2022 to January 2023, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections caused by BA.5 and BF.7 subvariants of B.1.1.529 (Omicron) swept across mainland China. It is crucial to estimate the protective effect of the neutralizing antibodies generated by such mass infections against the next potential SARS-CoV-2 reinfection wave, especially if driven by CH.1.1 or XBB.1.5. Previously, we recruited and continuously followed a cohort of individuals that experienced Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 breakthrough infections, as well as a control cohort with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the previously uninfected cohort, the total symptomatic infection rate surveyed during the outbreak was 91.6%, while the symptomatic reinfection rate was 32.9%, 10.5%, and 2.8% among individuals with prior Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 infection, respectively, with median intervals between infections of 335, 225 and 94 days. Pseudovirus neutralization assays were performed in plasma samples collected from previously Omicron BA.1-infected individuals approximately 3 months before the outbreak. Results indicate a robust correlation between the plasma neutralizing antibody titers and the protective effect against symptomatic reinfection. The geometric mean of the 50% neutralizing titers (NT50) against D614G, BA.5, and BF.7 were 2.0, 2.5, and 2.3-fold higher in individuals without symptomatic reinfection than in those with symptomatic reinfection (p < 0.01). Low plasma neutralizing antibody titer (below the geometric mean of NT50) was associated with an enhanced cumulative risk of symptomatic reinfection, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 23.55 (95% CI: 9.23-60.06) against BF.7 subvariant. Importantly, neutralizing antibodies titers post one month after BF.7/BA.5 breakthrough infections against CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are similar to that against BF.7 from individuals with prior BA.1 infection while not experiencing a symptomatic BF.7/BA.5 reinfection (plasma collected 3 months before the outbreak), suggesting that the humoral immunity generated by the current BF.7/BA.5 breakthrough infection may provide protection against CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 symptomatic reinfection wave for 4 months. Of note, the higher hACE2 binding of XBB.1.5 may reduce the protection period since the potential increase of infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.527605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective effect of plasma neutralization from prior SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection against BA.5 subvariant symptomatic reinfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics and Pharmacological Characterization of Patient-derived Glioma Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and is currently incurable. Primary GBM cultures are widely used tools for screening potentially therapeutic drugs; however, there is a lack of genomic and pharmacological characterization of these primary GBM cultures. Here, we collected 52 patient-derived glioma cell (PDGC) lines and characterized them through whole- genome sequencing (WGS), RNA-seq, and drug response screening. We identified three molecular subtypes among PDGCs: mesenchymal (MES), proneural (PN), and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Upon profiling the responses of PDGCs to 214 drugs, we found that the PN subtype PDGCs were sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, whereas the OXPHOS subtype PDGCs were sensitive to histone deacetylase inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. PN and OXPHOS subtype PDGCs stably formed tumors in vivo upon intracranial transplantation into immunodeficient mice, while most MES subtype PDGCs were incapable of tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, profiling and follow-up investigations showed that the serum-free culture system used for PDGCs enriched and propagated rare MYC/MYCN- amplified glioma cells. Our study provides a resource for understanding primary glioma cell cultures and aiding clinical translation.

SignificanceOur study provides a resource for patient-derived glioma cell lines (PDGCs) on transcriptome, genome, drug response, and tumorigenic abilities. PDGCs are categorized into PN, MES, and OXPHOS subtypes, with MES-subtype PDGCs incapable of tumorigenesis in vivo. Notably, the serum-free culture system for PDGCs enriches glioma cells with MYC/MYCN amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics and Pharmacological Characterization of Patient-derived Glioma Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia, widely studied for its complex roles in health and disease. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are essential for discerning striatal function, however the relationship between neuronal and hemodynamic activity, critical for interpreting fMRI signals, has not been rigorously examined in striatum. We find that optogenetic stimulation of striatal neurons or afferents evokes negative striatal fMRI responses in rats that can occur despite broad increases in local neuronal activity. Intra-striatal pharmacological manipulations suggest that opioidergic, but not dopaminergic transmission contributes to negative striatal fMRI signals (the latter instead associated with positive signals). Striatal neuronal activity peaks are also associated with negative hemodynamic signals in behaving rats. Negative fMRI responses are observed in human striatum under conditions of anticipated neuronal activity increases. Our results prompt consideration of local cellular and neurochemical environments along with neuronal activity in fMRI signal interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerri, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albaugh, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, T.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonneman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuber, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic cell armor made of DNA origami 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic and bioengineering applications of cells, such as cell printing and cell delivery, are directly limited by cell damage and death due to harsh mechanical conditions. Improved cellular robustness thus motivates investigations into cell encapsulation that provides essential protection. Here we target the cell-surface glycocalyx and crosslink two layers of DNA origami nanorods on the cellular plasma membrane to form a nanoscale protective shell. This modular and programmable approach enables fine control over the layering and composition of membrane-deposited nanorods. We show that the DNA origami nanoshell modulates the biophysical properties of cell membranes by enhancing membrane stiffness and lowering lipid fluidity. Moreover, the nanoshell serves as armor, protecting cells, limiting swelling and ultimately improving their viability against mechanical stress from osmotic imbalance and centrifugal forces. Our results demonstrate the potential of the nanoshell, not only as a cellular protection strategy, but also as a platform for manipulating and studying plasma membrane mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic cell armor made of DNA origami]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating simultaneous motor imagery and spatial attention for EEG-BCI control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are non-invasive approaches for replacing or restoring motor functions in impaired patients, and direct brain-to-device communication in the general population. Motor imagery (MI) is one of the most used BCI paradigms, but its performance varies across individuals and certain users require substantial training to develop control. In this study, we propose to integrate a MI paradigm simultaneously with a recently proposed Overt Spatial Attention (OSA) paradigm, to accomplish BCI control. Methods: We evaluated a cohort of 25 human subjects ability to control a virtual cursor in one- and two-dimensions over 5 BCI sessions. The subjects used 5 different BCI paradigms: MI alone, OSA alone, MI and OSA simultaneously towards the same target (MI+OSA), and MI for one axis while OSA controls the other (MI/OSA and OSA/MI). Results: Our results show that MI+OSA reached the highest average online performance in 2D tasks at 49% Percent Valid Correct (PVC), statistically outperforms MI alone (42%), and was higher, but not statistically significant, than OSA alone (45%). MI+OSA had a similar performance to each subjects best individual method between MI alone and OSA alone (50%) and 9 subjects reached their highest average BCI performance using MI+OSA. Conclusion: Integrating MI and OSA leads to improved performance over MI alone at the group level and is the best BCI paradigm option for some subjects. Significance: This work proposes a new BCI control paradigm that integrates two existing paradigms and demonstrates its value by showing that it can improve users BCI performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forenzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating simultaneous motor imagery and spatial attention for EEG-BCI control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anesthesia suppressed gastric myoelectric power in the ferret 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGastrointestinal myoelectric signals have been the focus of extensive research; although it is unclear how general anesthesia affects these signals, studies have often been conducted under general anesthesia. Here, we explore this issue directly by recording gastric myoelectric signals during awake and anesthetized states in the ferret and also explore the contribution of behavioral movement to observed changes in signal power.

MethodsFerrets were surgically implanted with electrodes to record gastric myoelectric activity from the serosal surface of the stomach, and, following recovery, were tested in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized conditions. Video recordings were also analyzed during awake experiments to compare myoelectric activity during behavioral movement and rest.

Key ResultsA significant decrease in gastric myoelectric signal power was detected under isoflurane anesthesia compared to the awake condition. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the awake recordings indicates that behavioral movement is associated with increased signal power compared to rest.

Conclusions & InferencesThese results suggest that both general anesthesia and behavioral movement can affect the amplitude of gastric myoelectric. In summary, caution should be taken in studying myoelectric data collected under anesthesia. Further, behavioral movement could have an important modulatory role on these signals, affecting their interpretation in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomaselli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciullo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anesthesia suppressed gastric myoelectric power in the ferret]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in air sampled from co-infected ferrets and analysis of their influence on pathogen stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae has contributed significantly to morbidity and mortality during multiple influenza virus pandemics and remains a common threat today. During a concurrent infection, both pathogens can influence the transmission of each other, but the mechanisms behind this are unclear. In this study, condensation air sampling and cyclone bioaerosol sampling were performed using ferrets first infected with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (H1N1pdm09) and secondarily infected with S. pneumoniae strain D39 (Spn). We detected viable pathogens and microbial nucleic acid in expelled aerosols from co-infected ferrets, suggesting that these microbes could be present in the same respiratory expulsions. To assess whether microbial communities impact pathogen stability within an expelled droplet, we performed experiments measuring viral and bacterial persistence in 1 L droplets. We observed that H1N1pdm09 stability was unchanged in the presence of Spn. Further, Spn stability was moderately increased in the presence of H1N1pdm09, although the degree of stabilization differed between airways surface liquid collected from individual patient cultures. These findings are the first to collect both pathogens from the air and in doing so, they provide insight into the interplay between these pathogens and their hosts.

ImportanceThe impact of microbial communities on transmission fitness and environmental persistence is under-studied. Environmental stability of microbes is crucial to identifying transmission risks and mitigation strategies, such as removal of contaminated aerosols and decontamination of surfaces. Co-infection with S. pneumoniae is very common during influenza virus infection, but little work has been done to understand whether S. pneumoniae alters stability of influenza virus, or vice versa, in a relevant system. Here, we demonstrate that influenza virus and S. pneumoniae are expelled by co-infected hosts. Our stability assays did not reveal any impact of S. pneumoniae on influenza virus stability, and a trend towards increased stability of S. pneumoniae in the presence of influenza viruses. Future work characterizing environmental persistence of viruses and bacteria should include microbially-complex solutions to better mimic physiologically relevant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Sage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shephard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frizzell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myerburg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakdawala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in air sampled from co-infected ferrets and analysis of their influence on pathogen stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of HERG channel in the Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) from Murine Intestinal L-Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HERG ion channel is a member of the Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. A reduction in HERG function reduces potassium efflux during repolarization. Previous research has shown that patients with long QT syndrome due to HERG mutations have increased secretion of the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, the role of HERG in GLP-1 secretion remains uncertain. Here we report that HERG is expressed in GLP-1-producing L-cells in rodent intestinal epithelium. In a mouse L-cell model (GLUTag cell line), downregulation of HERG significantly prolonged action potential duration, increased intracellular calcium concentration, and stimulated GLP-1 secretion after exposure to nutrients. These findings suggest that HERG in the intestine plays a direct role in GLP-1 secretion and may be a potential target for diabetes treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ang, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.-</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, R.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of HERG channel in the Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) from Murine Intestinal L-Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capacitance measurements for assessing DNA origami nanostructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanostructures fabricated with DNA are emerging as a practical approach for applications ranging from advanced manufacturing to therapeutics. To support the strides made in improving accessibility and facilitating commercialization of DNA nanostructure applications, we identify the need for a rapid characterization approach that aids nanostructure production. In our work, we introduce a low-fidelity characterization approach that provides an interdependent assessment of DNA origami formation, concentration and morphology using capacitance sensing. Change in charge is one of the transduction methods to determine capacitive loading on a substrate. It is known that cations in the solution stabilize DNA origami nanostructures. So, we hypothesized that the presence of cations and nanostructures in a buffer solution can induce capacitance change that is distinctive of the nanostructure present. In this study we were able to detect a change in the capacitance when the nanostructure solution was deposited on our capacitance sensor, and we could distinguish between pre-annealed and annealed structures at concentrations less than 15 nM. The capacitance measurements were affected by the concentration of Mg2+ ions in the solution, the staple-to-scaffold stoichiometric ratio of the nanostructure and the nanostructure morphology. Maintaining a 12.5 mM Mg2+ concentration in the nanostructure buffer, we discover a linear relationship between the relative capacitance change and the nanostructure concentration from 5 nM to 20 nM, which we call the characteristic curve. We find distinct characteristic curves for our three nanostructures with distinct morphologies but similar molecular weight - a rectangular plate, a sphere and a rod. Given that we can distinguish nanostructure formation, concentration and morphology, we expect that capacitance measurement will emerge as an affordable and rapid approach for quality control for nanostructure production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walawalkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajal, M. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandin, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capacitance measurements for assessing DNA origami nanostructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-regulation between hormone signaling pathways is indispensable for plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which multiple hormones interact and co-ordinate activity need to be understood. Here, we generated a cross-regulation network explaining how hormone signals are integrated from multiple pathways in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. To do so we comprehensively characterized transcription factor activity during plant hormone responses and reconstructed dynamic transcriptional regulatory models for six hormones; abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and strigolactone/karrikin. These models incorporated target data for hundreds of transcription factors and thousands of protein-protein interactions. Each hormone recruited different combinations of transcription factors, a subset of which were shared between hormones. Hub target genes existed within hormone transcriptional networks, exhibiting transcription factor activity themselves. In addition, a group of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (MPKs) were identified as potential key points of cross-regulation between multiple hormones. Accordingly, the loss of function of one of these (MPK6) disrupted the global proteome, phosphoproteome and transcriptome during hormone responses. Lastly, we determined that all hormones drive substantial alternative splicing that has distinct effects on the transcriptome compared with differential gene expression, acting in early hormone responses. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the common features of plant transcriptional regulatory pathways and how cross-regulation between hormones acts upon gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldierna Guzman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddoe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewsey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraint and acceleration are powerful, cell-type agnostic measures of functional importance. Previous studies in mammals were limited by species number and reliance on human-referenced alignments. We explore the evolution of placental mammals, including humans, through reference-free whole-genome alignment of 240 species and protein-coding alignments for 428 species. We estimate 10.7% of the human genome is evolutionarily constrained. We resolve constraint to single nucleotides, pinpointing functional positions, and refine and expand by over seven-fold the catalog of ultraconserved elements. Overall, 48.5% of constrained bases are as yet unannotated, suggesting yet-to-be-discovered functional importance. Using species-level phenotypes and an updated phylogeny, we associate coding and regulatory variation with olfaction and hibernation. Focusing on biodiversity conservation, we identify genomic metrics that predict species at risk of extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christmas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindle, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breit, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirilenko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, J. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redlich, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatesy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimshaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozyrev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinescu, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrill, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmanski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.529286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane and glycocalyx tethering of DNA nanostructures for enhanced uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.529286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA nanostructures (DNs) have been increasingly utilized in biosensing, drug delivery, diagnostics and therapeutics, because of their programmable assembly, control over size and shape, and ease of functionalization. However, the low cellular uptake of DNs has limited their effectiveness in these biomedical applications. Here we demonstrate the potential of membrane and glycocalyx binding as general strategies to enhance the cellular uptake of DNs. By targeting the plasma membrane and cell-surface glycocalyx, the uptake of all three distinct DNs is significantly enhanced as compared to uptake of bare DNs. We also demonstrate the viability of single-step membrane labeling by cholesterol-DNs as competitive with previous multistep approaches. Further, we show that the endocytic pathway of membrane-bound DNs is an interdependent process that involves scavenger receptors, clathrin-, and caveolinmediated endocytosis. Our findings may potentially expand the toolbox for effective cellular delivery of DNA nanostructured systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walawalkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deserno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.529286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane and glycocalyx tethering of DNA nanostructures for enhanced uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title: Leveraging Base Pair Mammalian Constraint to Understand Genetic Variation and Human Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although thousands of genomic regions have been associated with heritable human diseases, attempts to elucidate biological mechanisms are impeded by a general inability to discern which genomic positions are functionally important. Evolutionary constraint is a powerful predictor of function that is agnostic to cell type or disease mechanism. Here, single base phyloP scores from the whole genome alignment of 240 placental mammals identified 3.5% of the human genome as significantly constrained, and likely functional. We compared these scores to large-scale genome annotation, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), copy number variation, clinical genetics findings, and cancer data sets. Evolutionarily constrained positions are enriched for variants explaining common disease heritability (more than any other functional annotation). Our results improve variant annotation but also highlight that the regulatory landscape of the human genome still needs to be further explored and linked to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, J. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakthikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinescu, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szatkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg-Nilsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title: Leveraging Base Pair Mammalian Constraint to Understand Genetic Variation and Human Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Selectivity for Real-World Object Size In Natural Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Real-world size is a functionally important high-level visual property of objects that supports interactions with our physical environment. Critically, real-world-size is robust over changes in visual appearance as projected onto our retinae such that large and small objects are correctly perceived to have different real-world sizes. To better understand the neural basis of this phenomenon, we examined whether the neural coding of real-world size holds for objects embedded in complex natural scene images, as well as whether real-world size effects are present for both inanimate and animate objects, whether low- and mid-level visual features can account for size selectivity, and whether neural size tuning is best described by a linear, logarithmic, or exponential neural coding function. To address these questions, we used a large-scale dataset of fMRI responses to natural images combined with per-voxel regression and contrasts. Importantly, the resultant pattern of size selectivity for objects embedded in natural scenes was aligned with prior results using isolated objects. Extending this finding, we also found that size coding exists for both animate and inanimate objects, that low-level visual features cannot account for neural size preferences, and size tuning functions have different shapes for large versus small preferring voxels. Together, these results indicate that real-world size is an ecologically significant dimension in the larger space of behaviorally-relevant cortical representations that support interactions with the world around us.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Selectivity for Real-World Object Size In Natural Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Mechanism Underlying NEergic Neurons-Modulated The Arousal Associated With Midazolam Anesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of midazolam holds profound implications for modern clinical practice. The hypnotic and sedative effects of midazolam afford it broad clinical applicability. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the modulation of altered consciousness by midazolam remain elusive. Herein, using pharmacology, optogenetics, chemogenetics, fiber photometry, and gene knockdown, we revealed the role of locus coeruleus (LC)-ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) noradrenergic neural circuit in regulating midazolam-induced altered consciousness. This effect was mediated by 1 adrenergic receptors. Moreover, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA-R) represents a mechanistically crucial binding site in the LC for midazolam. Our findings will provide novel insights into the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the recovery of consciousness after midazolam administration and will help guide the timing of clinical dosing and propose effective intervention targets for timely recovery from midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Mechanism Underlying NEergic Neurons-Modulated The Arousal Associated With Midazolam Anesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular compartmentalization in a syncytium: restricted mobility of proteins within the sea urchin skeletogenic mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multinucleated cells, or syncytia, are found in diverse taxa. Their biological function is often associated with the compartmentalization of biochemical or cellular activities within the syncytium. How such compartments are generated and maintained is poorly understood. The sea urchin embryonic skeleton is secreted by a syncytium, and local patterns of skeletal growth are associated with distinct sub-domains of gene expression within the syncytium. For such molecular compartments to be maintained and to control local patterns of skeletal growth: 1) the mobility of TFs must be restricted to produce stable differences in the transcriptional states of nuclei within the syncytium, and 2) the mobility of biomineralization proteins must also be restricted to produce regional differences in skeletal growth patterns. To test these predictions, we expressed fluorescently-tagged forms of transcription factors and biomineralization proteins in sub-domains of the skeletogenic syncytium. We found that both classes of proteins have restricted mobility within the syncytium and identified motifs that limit their mobility. Our findings have general implications for understanding the functional and molecular compartmentalization of syncytia.

Summary statementTranscription factors and effector proteins have limited mobility within the skeletogenic syncytium of the sea urchin embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khor, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Santoro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettensohn, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular compartmentalization in a syncytium: restricted mobility of proteins within the sea urchin skeletogenic mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural basis of choking under pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incentives tend to drive improvements in performance. But when incentives get too high, we can "choke under pressure" and underperform when it matters most. What neural processes might lead to choking under pressure? We studied Rhesus monkeys performing a challenging reaching task in which they underperform when an unusually large "jackpot" reward is at stake. We observed a collapse in neural information about upcoming movements for jackpot rewards: in the motor cortex, neural planning signals became less distinguishable for different reach directions when a jackpot reward was made available. We conclude that neural signals of reward and motor planning interact in the motor cortex in a manner that can explain why we choke under pressure.

One-Sentence SummaryIn response to exceptionally large reward cues, animals can "choke under pressure", and this corresponds to a collapse in the neural information about upcoming movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smoulder, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oby, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovsky, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural basis of choking under pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.536913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Machine Learning Method to Characterize Conformational Changes of Amino Acids in Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.536913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acid dynamics are significant in determining the overall function, structure, stability, and activity of proteins. However, atomic-level descriptions of the structural features of proteins are limited by the current resolutions of experimental and computational techniques. In this study, we developed a machine learning (ML) framework for characterizing the individual aminoacids dynamic in a protein and compute its contribution to the overall function of proteins. This framewor identifies specific types of angular features in amino acids, such as bimodal-switch residues. It can assist in the analysis of various protein characteristics and provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of individual amino acids within a protein structure. We found that there is a strong correlation between a specific type of bimodal-switch residues and the global features in proteins. This knowledge can help us to identify key residues that are strongly correlated to the overall function of the protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollaei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>farimani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.536913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Machine Learning Method to Characterize Conformational Changes of Amino Acids in Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proline provides a nitrogen source in the retinal pigment epithelium to synthesize and export amino acids for the neural retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is known that metabolic defects in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can cause degeneration of its neighboring photoreceptors in the retina, leading to retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. However, how RPE metabolism supports the health of the neural retina remains unclear. The retina requires exogenous nitrogen sources for protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and energy metabolism. Using 15N tracing coupled with mass spectrometry, we found human RPE can utilize the nitrogen in proline to produce and export 13 amino acids, including glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, alanine and serine. Similarly, we found this proline nitrogen utilization in the mouse RPE/Cho but not in the neural retina of explant cultures. Co-culture of human RPE with the retina showed that the retina can take up the amino acids, especially glutamate, aspartate and glutamine, generated from proline nitrogen in the RPE. Intravenous delivery of 15N proline in vivo demonstrated 15N-derived amino acids appear earlier in the RPE before the retina. We also found proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), the key enzyme in proline catabolism, is highly enriched in the RPE but not the retina. The deletion of PRODH blocks proline nitrogen utilization in RPE and the import of proline nitrogen-derived amino acids in the retina. Our findings highlight the importance of RPE metabolism in supporting nitrogen sources for the retina, providing insight into understanding the mechanisms of the retinal metabolic ecosystem and RPE-initiated retinal degenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proline provides a nitrogen source in the retinal pigment epithelium to synthesize and export amino acids for the neural retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNC Knitting Micro-Resolution Mosquito Bite Blocking Textiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes and other biting arthropods transmit diseases worldwide, causing over 700,000 deaths each year, and costing about 3 billion annually for Aedes species alone. These insects also pose a significant threat to agricultural animals. While clothing could provide a simple solution to vector-borne diseases, modern textiles do not effectively block mosquito bites. To address this issue, we have designed three micro-resolution knitted structures, with five adjustable parameters, that can block bites. These designs were integrated into a computer numerical control knitting robot for mass production of bite-blocking garments with minimal human labor. We then quantified the comfort of blocking garments. Our knits enable individuals to protect themselves from insects amidst their day-to-day activities without impacting the environment.

One Sentence SummaryWe create micro-resolution mosquito bite blocking knits produced by robotic manufacturing to protect humans against vector-borne disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswalt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNC Knitting Micro-Resolution Mosquito Bite Blocking Textiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stacked regressions and structured variance partitioning for interpretable brain maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relating brain activity associated with a complex stimulus to different properties of that stimulus is a powerful approach for constructing functional brain maps. However, when stimuli are naturalistic, their properties are often correlated (e.g., visual and semantic features of natural images, or different layers of a convolutional neural network that are used as features of images). Correlated properties can act as confounders for each other and complicate the interpretability of brain maps, and can impact the robustness of statistical estimators. Here, we present an approach for brain mapping based on two proposed methods: stacking different encoding models and structured variance partitioning. Our stacking algorithm combines encoding models that each use as input a feature space that describes a different stimulus attribute. The algorithm learns to predict the activity of a voxel as a linear combination of the outputs of different encoding models. We show that the resulting combined model can predict held-out brain activity better or at least as well as the individual encoding models. Further, the weights of the linear combination are readily interpretable; they show the importance of each feature space for predicting a voxel. We then build on our stacking models to introduce structured variance partitioning, a new type of variance partitioning that takes into account the known relationships between features. Our approach constrains the size of the hypothesis space and allows us to ask targeted questions about the similarity between feature spaces and brain regions even in the presence of correlations between the feature spaces. We validate our approach in simulation, showcase its brain mapping potential on fMRI data, and release a Python package. Our methods can be useful for researchers interested in aligning brain activity with different layers of a neural network, or with other types of correlated feature spaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naselaris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stacked regressions and structured variance partitioning for interpretable brain maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional characterization of medium spiny neuron heterogeneity in the adult mouse striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are traditionally segregated into two subpopulations expressing dopamine (DA) D1-like or D2-like receptors. However, this dichotomy is challenged by recent evidence. Functional and expression studies raise important questions: do SPNs co-express different DA receptors, and do these differences reflect unique striatal spatial distributions and expression profiles? Using RNAscope in mouse striatum, we report heterogenous SPN subpopulations distributed across dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal axes. SPN subpopulations co-express multiple DA receptors, including D1 and D2 (D1/2R) and D1 and D3. Our integrative approach using single-nuclei multi-omics analyses provides a simple consensus to describe SPNs across diverse datasets, connecting it to complementary spatial mapping. Combining RNAscope and multi-omics shows D1/2R SPNs further separate into distinct subtypes according to spatial organization and conserved marker genes. Each SPN cell type contributes uniquely to genetic risk for neuropsychiatric diseases. Our results bridge anatomy and transcriptomics to offer new understandings of striatal neuron heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional characterization of medium spiny neuron heterogeneity in the adult mouse striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary graph theory on rugged fitness landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially-resolved datasets are revolutionizing knowledge in molecular biology, yet are under-utilized for questions in evolutionary biology. To gain insight from these large-scale datasets of spatial organization, we need mathematical representations and modeling techniques that can both capture their complexity, but also allow for mathematical tractability. Specifically, it is hard to link previous deme-based or lattice-based models with datasets exhibiting complex patterns of spatial organization and the role of heterogeneous population structure in shaping evolutionary dynamics is still poorly understood. Evolutionary graph theory utilizes the mathematical representation of networks as a proxy for population structure and has started to reshape our understanding of how spatial structure can direct evolutionary dynamics. However, previous results are derived for the case of a single mutation appearing in the population. Complex traits arise from interactions among multiple genes and these interaction can result in rugged fitness landscapes, where evolutionary dynamics can vastly differ from the dynamics of stepwise fixation. Here, we develop a unifying theory of how heterogenous population structure shapes evolutionary dynamics on rugged fitness landscapes. We show that even a simple extension to a two- mutational landscape can exhibit evolutionary dynamics not observed in deme-based models and that cannot be predicted using previous single-mutation results. We also show how to link these models to spatially-resolved datasets and build the networks of the stem cell niches of the bone marrow. We show that these cellular spatial architectures reduce the probability of neoplasm initiation across biologically relevant mutation rate and fitness distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary graph theory on rugged fitness landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallels and contrasts between the cnidarian and bilaterian maternal-to-zygotic transition are revealed in Hydractinia embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis requires coordinated gene regulatory activities early on that establish the trajectory of subsequent development, during a period called the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). The MZT comprises transcriptional activation of the embryonic genome and post-transcriptional regulation of egg-inherited maternal mRNA. Investigation into the MZT in animals has focused almost exclusively on bilaterians, which include all classical models such as flies, worms, sea urchin, and vertebrates, thus limiting our capacity to understand the gene regulatory paradigms uniting the MZT across all animals. Here, we elucidate the MZT of a non-bilaterian, the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Using parallel poly(A)-selected and non poly(A)-dependent RNA-seq approaches, we find that the Hydractinia MZT is composed of regulatory activities analogous to many bilaterians, including cytoplasmic readenylation of maternally contributed mRNA, delayed genome activation, and separate phases of maternal mRNA deadenylation and degradation that likely depend on both maternally and zygotically encoded clearance factors, including microRNAs. But we also observe massive upregulation of histone genes and an expanded repertoire of predicted H4K20 methyltransferases, aspects thus far unique to the Hydractinia MZT and potentially underlying a novel mode of early embryonic chromatin regulation. Thus, similar regulatory strategies with taxon-specific elaboration underlie the MZT in both bilaterian and non-bilaterian embryos, providing insight into how an essential developmental transition may have arisen in ancestral animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayers, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicotra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallels and contrasts between the cnidarian and bilaterian maternal-to-zygotic transition are revealed in Hydractinia embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The organization and dynamics of corticostriatal pathways link the medial orbitofrontal cortex to future decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately making a decision in the face of incongruent options increases the efficiency of making similar congruency decisions in the future. This adaptive process is modulated by reward, suggesting that ventral corticostriatal circuits may contribute to the process of conflict adaptation. To evaluate this possibility, a group of healthy adults (N = 30) were tested using functional MRI (fMRI) while they performed a color-word Stroop task. In a conflict-related region of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), stronger BOLD responses predicted faster response times (RTs) on the next trial. More importantly, the degree of behavioral conflict adaptation on RTs was correlated with the magnitude of mOFC-RT associations on the previous trial, but only after accounting for network-level interactions with prefrontal and striatal regions. This suggests that conflict adaptation may rely on interactions between distributed corticostriatal circuits. The convergence of white matter projections fro ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timothy Verstynen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The organization and dynamics of corticostriatal pathways link the medial orbitofrontal cortex to future decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compression of short-read sequences using path encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Storing, transmitting, and archiving the amount of data produced by next generation sequencing is becoming a significant computational burden. For example, large-scale RNA-seq meta-analyses may now routinely process tens of terabytes of sequence. We present here an approach to biological sequence compression that reduces the difficulty associated with managing the data produced by large-scale transcriptome sequencing. Our approach offers a new direction by sitting between pure reference-based compression and reference-free compression and combines much of the benefit of reference-based approaches with the flexibility of de novo encoding. Our method, called path encoding, draws a connection between storing paths in de Bruijn graphs --- a common task in genome assembly --- and context-dependent arithmetic coding. Supporting this method is a system, called a bit tree, to compactly store sets of kmers that is of independent interest. Using these techniques, we are able to encode RNA-seq reads using 3% -- 11% of the space of the sequence in raw FASTA files, which is on average more than 34% smaller than recent competing approaches. We also show that even if the reference is very poorly matched to the reads that are being encoded, good compression can still be achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carl Kingsford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rob Patro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compression of short-read sequences using path encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Converging structural and functional connectivity of orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex in the human striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modification of spatial attention via reinforcement learning (Lee & Shomstein, 2013) requires the integration of reward, attention, and executive processes. Corticostriatal pathways are an ideal neural substrate for this integration because these projections exhibit a globally parallel (Alexander, De Long, and Strick, 1985), but locally overlapping (Haber, 2003), topographical organization. Here, we explored whether there are unique striatal regions that exhibit convergent anatomical connections from orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex. Deterministic fiber tractography on diffusion spectrum imaging data from neurologically healthy adults (N=60) was used to map fronto-and parieto-striatal projections. In general, projections from cortex were organized in a rostral-caudal gradient along the striatal nuclei; however, we also identified two bilateral convergence zones--one in the caudate nucleus and another in the putamen--that consisted of voxels with projections from OFC, DLPFC, and parietal regions. The distributed cortical connectivity of these striatal convergence zones was confirmed with follow-up functional connectivity analysis from resting state fMRI data from 55 of the participants, in which a high percentage (62-80%) of structurally connected voxels also showed significant functional connectivity. These results delineate a neurologically plausible network of converging corticostriatal projections that may support the integration of reward, executive control, and spatial attention that occurs during spatial reinforcement learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kevin Jarbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy Verstynen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Converging structural and functional connectivity of orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex in the human striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A literature-based meta-analysis of brain-wide electrophysiological diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, neurophysiologists have characterized the biophysical properties of a rich diversity of neuron types. However, identifying common features and computational roles shared across neuron types is made more difficult by inconsistent conventions for collecting and reporting biophysical data. Here, we leverage NeuroElectro, a literature-based database of electrophysiological properties (www.neuroelectro.org), to better understand neuronal diversity - both within and across neuron types - and the confounding influences of methodological variability. We show that experimental conditions (e.g., electrode types, recording temperatures, or animal age) can explain a substantial degree of the literature-reported biophysical variability observed within a neuron type. Critically, accounting for experimental metadata enables massive cross-study data normalization and reveals that electrophysiological data are far more reproducible across labs than previously appreciated. Using this normalized dataset, we find that neuron types throughout the brain cluster by biophysical properties into 6-9 super-classes. These classes include intuitive clusters, such as fast-spiking basket cells, as well as previously unrecognized clusters, including a novel class of cortical and olfactory bulb interneurons that exhibit persistent activity at theta-band frequencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shreejoy J Tripathy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawn D Burton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Geramita</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard C Gerkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel N Urban</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A literature-based meta-analysis of brain-wide electrophysiological diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Search of Transcriptomic Read Sets with Sequence Bloom Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enormous databases of short-read RNA-seq sequencing experiments such as the NIH Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are now available. However, these collections remain difficult to use due to the inability to search for a particular expressed sequence. A natural question is which of these experiments contain sequences that indicate the expression of a particular sequence such as a gene isoform, lncRNA, or uORF. However, at present this is a computationally demanding question at the scale of these databases.nnWe introduce an indexing scheme, the Sequence Bloom Tree (SBT), to support sequence-based querying of terabase-scale collections of thousands of short-read sequencing experiments. We apply SBT to the problem of finding conditions under which query transcripts are expressed. Our experiments are conducted on a set of 2652 publicly available RNA-seq experiments contained in the NIH for the breast, blood, and brain tissues, comprising 5 terabytes of sequence. SBTs of this size can be queried for a 1000 nt sequence in 19 minutes using less than 300 MB of RAM, over 100 times faster than standard usage of SRA-BLAST and 119 times faster than STAR. SBTs allow for fast identification of experiments with expressed novel isoforms, even if these isoforms were unknown at the time the SBT was built. We also provide some theoretical guidance about appropriate parameter selection in SBT and propose a sampling-based scheme for potentially scaling SBT to even larger collections of files. While SBT can handle any set of reads, we demonstrate the effectiveness of SBT by searching a large collection of blood, brain, and breast RNA-seq files for all 214,293 known human transcripts to identify tissue-specific transcripts.nnThe implementation used in the experiments below is in C++ and is available as open source at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/[~]ckingsf/software/bloomtree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brad Solomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carleton Kingsford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Search of Transcriptomic Read Sets with Sequence Bloom Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform-level Ribosome Occupancy Estimation Guided by Transcript Abundance with Ribomap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling is a recently developed high-throughput sequencing technique that captures approximately 30 bp long ribosome-protected mRNA fragments during translation. Because of alternative splicing and repetitive sequences, a ribosome-protected read may map to many places in the transcriptome, leading to discarded or arbitrary mappings when standard approaches are used. We present a technique and software that addresses this problem by assigning reads to potential origins proportional to estimated transcript abundance. This yields a more accurate estimate of ribosome profiles compared with a na{iota}ve mapping. Ribomap is available as open source at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/[~]ckingsf/software/ribomap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel McManus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Kingsford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform-level Ribosome Occupancy Estimation Guided by Transcript Abundance with Ribomap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo characterization of the connectivity and subcomponents of the human globus pallidus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Projections from the substantia nigra and striatum traverse through the pallidum on the way to their targets. To date, in vivo characterization of these pathways remains elusive. Here we used high angular resolution diffusion imaging (N=138) to study the characteristics and structural subcompartments of the human pallidum. Our results show that the diffusion orientation distribution at the pallidum is asymmetrically oriented in a dorsolateral direction, consistent with the orientation of underlying fiber systems. Furthermore, compared to the outer pallidal segment, the internal segment has more peaks in the orientation distribution function and stronger anisotropy in the primary fiber direction, consistent with known cellular differences between the underlying nuclei. These differences in orientation, complexity, and degree of anisotropy are sufficiently robust to automatically segment the pallidal nuclei using diffusion properties. Thus the gray matter diffusion signal can be useful as an in vivo measure of the collective nigrostriatal and striatonigral pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick Beukema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy Verstynen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Cheng Yeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo characterization of the connectivity and subcomponents of the human globus pallidus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salmon provides accurate, fast, and bias-aware transcript expression estimates using dual-phase inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Salmon, a new method for quantifying transcript abundance from RNA-seq reads that is highly-accurate and very fast. Salmon is the first transcriptome-wide quantifier to model and correct for fragment GC content bias, which we demonstrate substantially improves the accuracy of abundance estimates and the reliability of subsequent differential expression analysis compared to existing methods that do not account for these biases. Salmon achieves its speed and accuracy by combining a new dual-phase parallel inference algorithm and feature-rich bias models with an ultra-fast read mapping procedure. These innovations yield both exceptional accuracy and order-of-magnitude speed benefits over alignment-based methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rob Patro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geet Duggal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael I Love</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael A Irizarry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Kingsford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salmon provides accurate, fast, and bias-aware transcript expression estimates using dual-phase inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of multiple-wave population admixture by modeling decay of linkage disequilibrium with multiple exponential functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture-introduced linkage disequilibrium (LD) has recently been introduced into the inference of the histories of complex admixtures. However, the influence of ancestral source populations on the LD pattern in admixed populations is not properly taken into consideration by currently available methods, which affects the estimation of several gene flow parameters from empirical data. We first illustrated the dynamic changes of LD in admixed populations and mathematically formulated the LD under a generalized admixture model with finite population size. We next developed a new method, MALDmef, by fitting LD with multiple exponential functions for inferring and dating multiple-wave admixtures. MALDmef takes into account the effects of source populations which substantially affect modeling LD in admixed population, which renders it capable of efficiently detecting and dating multiple-wave admixture events. The performance of MALDmef was evaluated by simulation and it was shown to be more accurate than MALDER, a state-of-the-art method that was recently developed for similar purposes, under various admixture models. We further applied MALDmef to analyzing genome-wide data from the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and the HapMap Project. Interestingly, we were able to identify more than one admixture events in several populations, which have yet to be reported. For example, two major admixture events were identified in the Xinjiang Uyghur, occurring around 27-30 generations ago and 182-195 generations ago, respectively. In an African population (MKK), three recent major admixtures occurring 13-16, 50-67, and 107-139 generations ago were detected. Our method is a considerable improvement over other current methods and further facilitates the inference of the histories of complex population admixtures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaoliang Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xumin Ni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pengtao Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric P Xing</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuhua Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of multiple-wave population admixture by modeling decay of linkage disequilibrium with multiple exponential functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pathway-centric view of spatial proximity in the 3D nucleome across cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial organization of the genome is critical for condition-specific gene expression. Previous studies have shown that functionally related genes tend to be spatially proximal. However, these studies have not been extended to multiple human cell types, and the extent to which context-specific spatial proximity of a pathway is related to its context-specific activity is not known. We report the first pathway-centric analyses of spatial proximity in six human cell lines. We find that spatial proximity of genes in a pathway tends to be context-specific, in a manner consistent with the pathways context-specific expression and function; housekeeping genes are ubiquitously proximal to each other, and cancer-related pathways such as p53 signaling are uniquely proximal in hESC. Intriguingly, we find a correlation between the spatial proximity of genes and interactions of their protein products, even after accounting for the propensity of co-pathway proteins to interact. Related pathways are also often spatially proximal to one another, and housekeeping genes tend to be proximal to several other pathways suggesting their coordinating role. Further, the spatially proximal genes in a pathway tend to be the drivers of the pathway activity and are enriched for transcription, splicing and transport functions. Overall, our analyses reveal a pathway-centric organization of the 3D nucleome whereby functionally related and interacting genes, particularly the initial drivers of pathway activity, but also genes across multiple related pathways, are in spatial proximity in a context-specific way. Our results provide further insights into the role of differential spatial organization in cell type-specific pathway activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiren Karathia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Kingsford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Girvan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar Hannenhalli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pathway-centric view of spatial proximity in the 3D nucleome across cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning structure in gene expression data using deep architectures, with an application to gene clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes play a central role in all biological processes. DNA microarray technology has made it possible to study the expression behavior of thousands of genes in one go. Often, gene expression data is used to generate features for supervised and unsupervised learning tasks. At the same time, advances in the field of deep learning have made available a plethora of architectures. In this paper, we use deep architectures pre-trained in an unsupervised manner using denoising autoencoders as a preprocessing step for a popular unsupervised learning task. Denoising autoencoders (DA) can be used to learn a compact representation of input, and have been used to generate features for further supervised learning tasks. We propose that our deep architectures can be treated as empirical versions of Deep Belief Networks (DBNs). We use our deep architectures to regenerate gene expression time series data for two different data sets. We test our hypothesis on two popular datasets for the unsupervised learning task of clustering and find promising improvements in performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aman Gupta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haohan Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavi Ganapathiraju</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning structure in gene expression data using deep architectures, with an application to gene clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene regulatory network for apical organ neurogenesis and its spatial control in sea star embryos. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How neural stem cells generate the correct number and type of differentiated neurons in appropriate places is an important question in developmental biology. Although nervous systems are diverse across phyla, many taxa have a larva that forms an anterior concentration of neurons, or apical organ. The number of neurons in these organs is highly variable. We show that neurogenesis in the sea star larvae begins with soxc-expressing multipotent progenitors. These give rise to restricted progenitors that express lhx2/9. Soxc- and lhx2/9-expressing cells are capable of undergoing both asymmetric divisions, which allow for progression towards a particular neural fate, and symmetric proliferative divisions. Nested concentric domains of gene expression along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis, which have been observed in a great diversity of metazoans, control neurogenesis in the sea star by promoting particular division modes and progression towards becoming a neuron. This work, therefore, explains how spatial patterning in the ectoderm controls progression of neurogenesis. Modification to the sizes of these AP territories provides a simple mechanism to explain the diversity of neuron number found among apical organs.nnSummary StatementThe progression of apical organ neurogenesis in the sea star is controlled by regulatory anterior-posterior patterning domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alys Jarvela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristen Yankura</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronica Hinman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene regulatory network for apical organ neurogenesis and its spatial control in sea star embryos.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Believer-Skeptic meets Actor-Critic: Rethinking the role basal ganglia pathways in decision-making and reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flexibility of behavioral control is a testament to the brains capacity for dynamically resolving uncertainty during goal-directed actions. This ability to select actions and learn from immediate feedback is driven by the dynamics of basal ganglia (BG) pathways. A growing body of empirical evidence conflicts with the traditional view that these pathways act as independent levers for facilitating (i.e., direct pathway) or suppressing (i.e., indirect pathway) motor output, suggesting instead that they engage in a dynamic competition during action decisions that computationally captures action uncertainty. Here we discuss the utility of encoding action uncertainty as a dynamic competition between opposing control pathways and provide evidence that this simple mechanism may have powerful implications for bridging neurocomputational theories of decision making and reinforcement learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyle Dunovan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy Verstynen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Believer-Skeptic meets Actor-Critic: Rethinking the role basal ganglia pathways in decision-making and reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of Voxelwise Effective Connectivities: Applications to High Connectivity Sub-Regions within Hippocampal and within Corticostriatal Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard BOLD connectivity analyses depend on aggregating the signals of individual voxel within regions of interest (ROIs). In certain cases, this aggregation implies a loss of valuable functional and anatomical information about sub-regions of voxels that drive the ROI level connectivity. We describe a data-driven statistical search method that identifies the voxels that are chiefly responsible for exchanging signals between regions of interest that are known to be effectively connected. We apply the method to high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from medial temporal lobe regions of interest of a single healthy individual measured repeated times over a year and a half. The method successfully recovered densely connected voxels within larger ROIs of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus subfields consistent with the well-known medial temporal lobe structural connectivity. To assess the performance of our method in more common scanning protocols we apply it to resting state fMRI data of corticostriatal regions of interest for 50 healthy individuals. The method recovered densely connected voxels within the caudate nucleus and the putamen in good qualitative agreement with structural connectivity measurements. We describe related methods for estimation of effective connections at the voxel level that merit investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruben Sanchez-Romero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph D. Ramsey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson C. Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Jarbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark Glymour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of Voxelwise Effective Connectivities: Applications to High Connectivity Sub-Regions within Hippocampal and within Corticostriatal Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method to exploit the structure of genetic ancestry space to enhance case-control studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One goal of human genetics is to understand the genetic basis of disease, a challenge for diseases of complex inheritance because risk alleles are few relative to the vast set of benign variants. Risk variants are often sought by association studies in which allele frequencies in cases are contrasted with those from population-based samples used as controls. In an ideal world we would know population-level allele frequencies, releasing researchers to focus on case subjects. We argue this ideal is possible, at least theoretically, and we outline a path to achieving it in reality. If such a resource were to exist, it would yield ample savings and would facilitate the effective use of data repositories by removing administrative and technical barriers. We call this concept the Universal Control Repository Network (UNICORN), a means to perform association analyses without necessitating direct access to individual-level control data. Our approach to UNICORN uses existing genetic resources and various statistical tools to analyze these data, including hierarchical clustering with spectral analysis of ancestry; and empirical Bayesian analysis along with Gaussian spatial processes to estimate ancestry-specific allele frequencies. We demonstrate our approach using tens of thousands of controls from studies of Crohns disease, showing how it controls false positives, provides power similar to that achieved when all control data are directly accessible, and enhances power when control data are limiting or even imperfectly matched ancestrally. These results highlight how UNICORN can enable reliable, powerful and convenient genetic association analyses without access to the individual level data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corneliu A Bodea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin M Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International IBD Genetics Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J Daly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernie Devlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Roeder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method to exploit the structure of genetic ancestry space to enhance case-control studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Connection Pattern Analysis: Decoding the Representational Content of Neural Communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lack of multivariate methods for decoding the representational content of interregional neural communication has left it difficult to know what information is represented in distributed brain circuit interactions. Here we present Multi-Connection Pattern Analysis (MCPA), which works by learning mappings between the activity patterns of the populations as a factor of the information being processed. These maps are used to predict the activity from one neural population based on the activity from the other population. Successful MCPA-based decoding indicates the involvement of distributed computational processing and provides a framework for probing the representational structure of the interaction. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of MCPA in realistic circumstances. Applying MCPA to fMRI data shows that interactions between visual cortex regions are sensitive to information that distinguishes individual natural images, suggesting that image individuation occurs through interactive computation across the visual processing network. MCPA-based representational similarity analyses (RSA) results support models of error coding in interactions among regions of the network. Further RSA analyses relate the non-linear information transformation operations between layers of a computational model (HMAX) of visual processing to the information transformation between regions of the visual processing network. Additionally, applying MCPA to human intracranial electrophysiological data demonstrates that the interaction between occipital face area and fusiform face area contains information about individual faces. Thus, MCPA can be used to assess the information represented in the coupled activity of interacting neural circuits and probe the underlying principles of information transformation between regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuanning Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avniel Singh Ghuman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Connection Pattern Analysis: Decoding the Representational Content of Neural Communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-Specific Quantification of Structural Variations in Cancer Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the hallmarks of cancer genome is aneuploidy, resulting in abnormal copy numbers of alleles. Structural variations (SVs) can further modify the aneuploid cancer genomes into a mixture of rearranged genomic segments with extensive range of somatic copy number alterations (CNAs). Indeed, aneuploid cancer genomes have significantly higher rate of CNAs and SVs. However, although methods have been developed to identify SVs and allele-specific copy number of genome (ASCNG) separately, no existing algorithm can simultaneously analyze SVs and ASCNG. Such integrated approach is particularly important to fully understand the complexity of cancer genomes. Here we introduce a new algorithm called Weaver to provide allele-specific quantification of SVs and CNAs in aneuploid cancer genomes. Weaver uses a probabilistic graphical model by utilizing cancer whole genome sequencing data to simultaneously estimate the digital copy number and inter-connectivity of SVs. Our simulation evaluation, comparison with single-molecule Optical Mapping analysis, and real data applications (including MCF-7, HeLa, and TCGA whole genome sequencing samples) demonstrated that Weaver is highly accurate and can greatly refine the analysis of complex cancer genome structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiguo Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David C. Schwartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-Specific Quantification of Structural Variations in Cancer Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-Free Exponents of Resting State are Biomarkers of Neuro-Typical and Atypical Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scale-free networks (SFN) arise from simple growth processes, which can encourage efficient, centralized and fault tolerant communication (1). Recently its been shown that stable network hub structure is governed by a phase transition at exponents (>2.0) causing a dramatic change in network structure including a loss of global connectivity, an increasing minimum dominating node set, and a shift towards increasing connectivity growth compared to node growth. Is this SFN shift identifiable in atypical brain activity? The Pareto Distribution (P(D)[~]D{wedge}-{beta}) on the hub Degree (D) is a signature of scale-free networks. During resting-state, we assess Degree exponents across a large range of neurotypical and atypical subjects. We use graph complexity theory to provide a predictive theory of the brain network structure. Results.We show that neurotypical resting-state fMRI brain activity possess scale-free Pareto exponents (1.8 se .01) in a single individual scanned over 66 days as well as in 60 different individuals (1.8 se .02). We also show that 60 individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, and 60 individuals with Schizophrenia have significantly higher (>2.0) scale-free exponents (2.4 se .03, 2.3 se .04), indicating more fractionated and less controllable dynamics in the brain networks revealed in resting state. Finally we show that the exponent values vary with phenotypic measures of atypical disease severity indicating that the global topology of the network itself can provide specific diagnostic biomarkers for atypical brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen Jose Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Mastrovito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe Ramsey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark Glymour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-Free Exponents of Resting State are Biomarkers of Neuro-Typical and Atypical Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal dynamics predicted by an elastic network model explains genome-wide accessibility and long-range couplings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the chromatin and its relation to gene expression and regulation is fundamental to understanding how the genome functions. Advances in Hi-C technology now permit us to have a glimpse into the 3D genome organization and identify topologically associated domains (TADs), but we still lack an understanding of the structural dynamics of chromosomes. The dynamic couplings between regions separated by large genomic distances (> 50 megabases) have yet to be characterized. We adapted a well-established protein-modeling framework, the Gaussian Network Model (GNM), to the task of modeling chromatin dynamics using Hi-C contact data. We show that the GNM can identify structural dynamics at multiple scales: it can quantify the fluctuations in the positions of gene loci, find large genomic compartments and smaller TADs that undergo en-bloc movements, and identify dynamically coupled distal regions along the chromosomes. We show that the predictions of the GNM correlate well with DNase-seq and ATAC-seq measurements on accessibility, the previously identified A and B compartments of chromatin structure, and pairs of interacting loci identified by ChIA-PET. We describe a method to use the GNM to identify novel cross-correlated distal domains (CCDDs) representing regions of long-range dynamic coupling and show that CCDDs are often associated with increased gene coexpression using a large-scale analysis of 212 expression experiments. Together, these results show that GNM provides a mathematically well-founded unified framework for assessing chromatin dynamics and the structural basis of genome-wide observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauerwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal dynamics predicted by an elastic network model explains genome-wide accessibility and long-range couplings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of multiple-wave population admixture by modeling decay of linkage disequilibrium with polynomial functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To infer the histories of population admixture, one important challenge with methods based on the admixture linkage disequilibrium (ALD) is to get rid of the effect of source LD (SLD) which is directly inherited from source populations. In previous methods, only the decay curve of weighted LD between pairs of sites whose genetic distance were larger than a certain starting distance was fitted by single or multiple exponential functions, for the inference of recent single- or multiple-wave of admixture. However, the effect of SLD has not been well defined and no tool has been developed to estimate the effect of SLD on weighted LD decay. In this study, we defined the SLD in the formularized weighted LD statistic under the two-way admixture model, and proposed polynomial spectrum (p-spectrum) to study the weighted SLD and weighted LD. We also found reference populations could be used to reduce the SLD in weighted LD statistic. We further developed a method, iMAAPs, to infer Multiple-wave Admixture by fitting ALD using Polynomial spectrum. We evaluated the performance of iMAAPs under various admixture models in simulated data and applied iMAAPs into analysis of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and the HapMap Project. We showed that iMAAPs is a considerable improvement over other current methods and further facilitates the inference of the histories of complex population admixtures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of multiple-wave population admixture by modeling decay of linkage disequilibrium with polynomial functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Enhancer-Promoter Interaction from Genomic Sequence with Deep Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the human genome, distal enhancers are involved in regulating target genes through proxi-mal promoters by forming enhancer-promoter interactions. Although recently developed high-throughput experimental approaches have allowed us to recognize potential enhancer-promoter interactions genome-wide, it is still largely unclear to what extent the sequence-level information encoded in our genome help guide such interactions. Here we report a new computational method (named "SPEID") using deep learning models to predict enhancer-promoter interactions based on sequence-based features only, when the locations of putative enhancers and promoters in a particular cell type are given. Our results across six different cell types demonstrate that SPEID is effective in predicting enhancer-promoter interactions as compared to state-of-the-art methods that only use information from a single cell type. As a proof-of-principle, we also applied SPEID to identify somatic non-coding mutations in melanoma samples that may have reduced enhancer-promoter interactions in tumor genomes. This work demonstrates that deep learning models can help reveal that sequence-based features alone are sufficient to reliably predict enhancer-promoter interactions genome-wide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poczos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Enhancer-Promoter Interaction from Genomic Sequence with Deep Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Search of Large Transcriptomic Sequencing Databases Using Split Sequence Bloom Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enormous databases of short-read RNA-seq sequencing experiments such as the NIH Sequencing Read Archive (SRA) are now available. These databases could answer many questions about the condition-specific expression or population variation, and this resource is only going to grow over time. However, these collections remain difficult to use due to the inability to search for a particular expressed sequence. While some progress has been made on this problem, it is still not feasible to search collections of hundreds of terabytes of short-read sequencing experiments. We introduce an indexing scheme called Split Sequence Bloom Tree (SSBT) to support sequence-based querying of terabyte-scale collections of thousands of short-read sequencing experiments. SSBT is an improvement over the SBT [1] data structure for the same task. We apply SSBT to the problem of finding conditions under which query transcripts are expressed. Our experiments are conducted on a set of 2,652 publicly available RNA-seq experiments contained in the NIH for the breast, blood, and brain tissues. We demonstrate that this SSBT index can be queried for a 1000 nt sequence in under 4 minutes using a single thread and can be stored in just 39 GB, a five-fold improvement in search and storage costs compared to SBT. We further report that SSBT can be further optimized by pre-loading the entire index to accomplish the same search in 30 seconds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Search of Large Transcriptomic Sequencing Databases Using Split Sequence Bloom Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Heuristic for Decomposing a Flow with Minimum Number of Paths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivated by transcript assembly and multiple genome assembly problems, in this paper, we study the following minimum path flow decomposition problem: given a directed acyclic graph G = (V,E) with source s and sink t and a flow f, compute a set of s-t paths P and assign weight w(p) for p [isin] P such that [Formula], and |P| is minimized. We propose an efficient pseudo-polynomialtime heuristic for this problem based on novel insights. Our heuristic gives a framework that consists of several components, providing a roadmap for continuing development of better heuristics. Through experimental studies on both simulated and transcript assembly instances, we show that our algorithm significantly improves the previous state-of-the-art algorithm. Implementation of our algorithm is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/catfish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Heuristic for Decomposing a Flow with Minimum Number of Paths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Confounders Correction with Regularized Linear Mixed Effect Models, with Application in Biological Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we inspect the performance of regularized linear mixed effect models, as an extension of linear mixed effect model, when multiple confounding factors coexist. We first review its parameter estimation algorithms before we introduce three different methods for multiple confounding factors correction, namely concatenation, sequence, and interpolation. Then we investigate the performance on variable selection task and predictive task on three different data sets, synthetic data set, semi-empirical synthetic data set based on genome sequences and brain wave data set connecting to confused mental states. Our results suggest that sequence multiple confounding factors corrections behave the best when different confounders contribute equally to response variables. On the other hand, when various confounders affect the response variable unevenly, results mainly rely on the degree of how the major confounder is corrected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Confounders Correction with Regularized Linear Mixed Effect Models, with Application in Biological Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Mechanisms of Functional Signaling Between Human Hippocampus Regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStandard BOLD connectivity analyses depend on aggregating the signals of individual voxels within regions of interest (ROIs). In certain cases, this spatial aggregation implies a loss of valuable functional and anatomical information about subsets of voxels that drive the ROI level connectivity.nnNew MethodWe use the FGES algorithm, a data-driven score-based graphical search method, to identify subsets of voxels that are chiefly responsible for exchanging signals between ROIs. We apply the method to high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from medial temporal lobe regions of interest of a single healthy individual measured repeated times over a year and a half.nnResultsThe FGES algorithm recovered subsets of voxels within larger medial temporal lobe ROIs of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus subfields that show spatially consistency across different scanning sessions, and are statistically significant under tests that validate the role of these subsets as main drivers of effective connectivity between hippocampal regions of interest.nnComparison with Existing MethodsIn contrast to standard functional connectivity methods, the FGES algorithm is robust against false positive connections produced by transitive closures of adjacencies (correlation methods) and common effect conditioning (Markov random field methods).nnConclusionsThe FGES algorithm allows for identification of communication subsets of voxels driving the connectivity between regions of interest, recovering valuable anatomical and functional information that is lost when ROIs are aggregated. The FGES algorithm is specially suited for voxelwise connectivity research, given its short running time and scalability to big data problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glymour, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Mechanisms of Functional Signaling Between Human Hippocampus Regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered topology of neural circuits in congenital prosopagnosia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a novel fMRI-based inter-subject functional correlation (ISFC) approach, which isolates stimulus-locked inter-regional correlation patterns, we compared the cortical topology of the neural circuit for face processing in participants with congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and matched controls. Whereas the anterior temporal lobe served as the major network hub for face processing in controls, this was not the case for the CPs. Instead, this group evinced hyper-connectivity in posterior regions of the visual cortex, mostly associated with the lateral occipital and the inferior temporal cortices. Moreover, the extent to which the network organization was atypical differed as a function of the severity of the face recognition deficit. These results offer new insights into the perturbed cortical topology in CP, which may serve as the underlying neural basis of the behavioral deficits typical of this disorder. The approach adopted here has the potential to uncover altered topologies in other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well.nnSignificance StatementCongenital prosopagnosia (CP;  face blindness), a developmental deficit in face recognition, is thought to affect up to 3% of the population. Understanding its neural basis is challenging as there is no obvious deficit on conventional structural or functional MRI scans. Using an innovative, fMRI-based inter-subject correlation approach geared towards tracking inter-regional stimulus-locked brain activation, the present study uncovers marked topological differences in a distributed brain network of higher-order visual regions in CP relative to controls. Alteration in topology also differs as a function of the severity of the deficit. These findings shed new light on the neural perturbations underlying CP, and the analytic approach we have adopted may have utility in elucidating the neural basis of other neurodevelopmental disorders such as dyslexia or amusia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered topology of neural circuits in congenital prosopagnosia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the performance of minimizers andwinnowing schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The minimizers scheme is a method for selecting k-mers from sequences. It is used in many bioinformatics software tools to bin comparable sequences or to sample a sequence in a deterministic fashion at approximately regular intervals, in order to reduce memory consumption and processing time. Although very useful, the minimizers selection procedure has undesirable behaviors (e.g., too many k-mers are selected when processing certain sequences). Some of these problems were already known to the authors of the minimizers technique, and the natural lexicographic ordering of k-mers used by minimizers was recognized as their origin. Many software tools using minimizers employ ad hoc variations of the lexicographic order to alleviate those issues.nnWe provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of k-mer ordering on the performance of the minimizers technique. By using small universal hitting sets (a recently defined concept), we show how to significantly improve the performance of minimizers and avoid some of its worse behaviors. Based on these results, we encourage bioinformatics software developers to use an ordering based on a universal hitting set or, if not possible, a randomized ordering, rather than the lexicographic order. This analysis also settles negatively a conjecture (by Schleimer et al.) on the expected density of minimizers in a random sequence.nnThe software used for this analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/gmarcais/minimizers.git.nnContact: gmarcais@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bork, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the performance of minimizers andwinnowing schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New mutations, old statistical challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Based on targeted sequencing of 208 genes in 11,730 neurodevelopmental disorder cases, Stessman et al. report the identification of 91 genes associated (at a False Discovery Rate [FDR] of 0.1) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and developmental delay (DD)--including what they characterize as 38 novel genes, not previously reported as connected with these diseases1.nnIf true, this would represent a substantial step forward. Unfortunately, each of the two discovery analyses (1. De novo mutation analysis and, 2. a comparison of private mutations with public control data) contain critical statistical flaws. When one accounts for these problems, fewer than half of the genes--and very few, if any, of the novel findings--survive. These errors have implications for how future analyses should be conducted, for understanding the genetic basis of these disorders, and for genomic medicine.nnWe discuss the two main ana ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurles, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New mutations, old statistical challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved processes of metazoan whole-body regeneration identified in sea star larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetazoan lineages exhibit a wide range of regenerative capabilities that vary among developmental stage and tissue type. The most robust regenerative abilities are apparent in the phyla Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Echinodermata, whose members are capable of whole-body regeneration (WBR). This phenomenon has been well-characterized in planarian and hydra models, but the molecular details of WBR are less established within echinoderms, or any other deuterostome system. Thus, it is not clear to what degree aspects of this regenerative ability are due to deeply conserved mechanisms.nnResultsWe characterize regeneration in the larval stage of the Bat Star (Patiria miniata). Following bisection along the anterior-posterior axis, larvae progress through phases of wound healing and re-proportioning of larval tissues. The overall number of proliferating cells is reduced following bisection and we find evidence for a re-deployment of genes with known roles in embryonic axial patterning. Following axial re-specification, we observe a significant localization of proliferating cells to the wound region. Analyses of transcriptome data highlight the molecular signatures of functions that are common to regeneration, including specific signaling pathways and cell cycle controls. Notably, we find evidence for temporal conservation among orthologous genes involved in regeneration from published Platyhelminth and Cnidarian regeneration datasets.nnConclusionsThese analyses show that sea star larval regeneration includes phases of wound response, axis respecification, and wound proximal proliferation. Commonalities of the overall process of regeneration, as well as gene usage between this deuterostome and other species with divergent evolutionary origins suggest a deep conservation of whole-body regeneration among the metazoa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/118232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved processes of metazoan whole-body regeneration identified in sea star larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size uniformity of animal cells is actively maintained by a p38 MAPK-dependent regulation of G1-length 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal cells within a tissue typically display a striking regularity in their size. To date, the molecular mechanisms that control this uniformity are still unknown. We have previously shown that size uniformity in animal cells is promoted, in part, by size-dependent regulation of G1 length. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying this process, we performed a large-scale small molecule screen and found that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in coordinating cell size and cell cycle progression. Small cells display higher p38 activity and spend more time in G1 than larger cells. Inhibition of p38 MAPK leads to loss of the compensatory G1 length extension in small cells, resulting in faster proliferation, smaller cell size and increased size heterogeneity. We propose a model wherein the p38 pathway responds to changes in cell size and regulates G1 exit accordingly, to increase cell size uniformity.nnOne-sentence summaryThe p38 MAP kinase pathway coordinates cell growth and cell cycle progression by lengthening G1 in small cells, allowing them more time to grow before their next division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginzberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hild, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimble, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size uniformity of animal cells is actively maintained by a p38 MAPK-dependent regulation of G1-length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Connectome Phenotypes Predict Social, Health, and Cognitive Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unique architecture of the human connectome is defined initially by genetics and subsequently sculpted over time with experience. Thus, similarities in predisposition and experience that lead to similarities in social, biological, and cognitive attributes should also be reflected in the local architecture of white matter fascicles. Here we employ a method known as local connectome fingerprinting that uses diffusion MRI to measure the fiber-wise characteristics of macroscopic white matter pathways throughout the brain. This fingerprinting approach was applied to a large sample (N=841) of subjects from the Human Connectome Project, revealing a reliable degree of between-subject correlation in the local connectome fingerprints, with a relatively complex, low-dimensional substructure. Using a cross-validated, high-dimensional regression analysis approach, we derived local connectome phenotype (LCP) maps that could reliably predict a subset of subject attributes measured, including demographic, health and cognitive measures. These LCP maps were highly specific to the attribute being predicted but also sensitive to correlations between attributes. Collectively, these results indicate that the local architecture of white matter fascicles reflects a meaningful portion of the variability shared between subjects along several dimensions.nnAuthor SummaryThe local connectome is the pattern of fiber systems (i.e., number of fibers, orientation, and size) within a voxel and reflects the proximal characteristics of white matter fascicles distributed throughout the brain. Here we show how variability in the local connectome is correlated in a principled way across individuals. This inter-subject correlation is reliable enough that unique phenotype maps can be learned to predict between-subject variability in a range of social, health, and cognitive attributes. This work shows, for the first time, how shared variability across individuals is reflected in the local connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Connectome Phenotypes Predict Social, Health, and Cognitive Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scallop Enables Accurate Assembly Of Transcripts Through Phasing-Preserving Graph Decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Scallop, an accurate, reference-based transcript assembler for RNA-seq data. Scallop significantly improves reconstruction of multi-exon and lowly expressed transcripts. On 10 human samples aligned with STAR, Scallop produces (on average) 35.7% and 37.5% more correct multi-exon transcripts than two leading transcript assemblers, StringTie [1] and TransComb [2], respectively. For transcripts expressed at low levels in the same samples, Scallop assembles 65.2% and 50.2% more correct multi-exon transcripts than StringTie and TransComb, respectively. Scallop obtains this improvement through a novel algorithm that we prove preserves all phasing paths from reads (including paired-end reads), while also producing a parsimonious set of transcripts and minimizing coverage deviation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scallop Enables Accurate Assembly Of Transcripts Through Phasing-Preserving Graph Decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Neural Networks To Improve Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While only recently developed, the ability to profile expression data in single cells (scRNA-Seq) has already led to several important studies and findings. However, this technology has also raised several new computational challenges including questions related to handling the noisy and sometimes incomplete data, how to identify unique group of cells in such experiments and how to determine the state or function of specific cells based on their expression profile. To address these issues we develop and test a method based on neural networks (NN) for the analysis and retrieval of single cell RNA-Seq data. We tested various NN architectures, some biologically motivated, and used these to obtain a reduced dimension representation of the single cell expression data. We show that the NN method improves upon prior methods in both, the ability to correctly group cells in experiments not used in the training and the ability to correctly infer cell type or state by querying a database of tens of thousands of single cell profiles. Such database queries (which can be performed using our web server) will enable researchers to better characterize cells when analyzing heterogeneous scRNA-Seq samples.nnSupporting website: http://sb.cs.cmu.edu/scnn/nnPassword for accessing the retrieval task webserver: scRNA-Seq
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Neural Networks To Improve Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graph-Guided Assembly For Novel HLA Allele Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate typing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), a histocompatibility test, is important because HLA genes play various roles in immune responses, and have also been shown to be associated with many diseases such as cancer. The current gold standard for HLA typing uses DNA sequencing technology combined with sequence enrichment techniques using specially designed primers or probes, causing it to be slow and labor-intensive. Although there exist enrichment-free computational methods that use various types of sequencing data, hyper-polymorphism found in HLA region of the human genome makes it challenging to type HLA genes with high accuracy from whole genome sequencing data. Furthermore, these methods are database-matching approaches where their output is inherently limited by the completeness of already known types, forcing them to find the best matching known alleles from a database, thereby causing them to be unsuitable for discovery of rare or novel alleles. In order to ensure both high accuracy as well as the ability to type novel alleles, we have developed a graph-guided assembly technique for classical HLA genes, which is capable of assembling phased, full-length haplotype sequences of typing exons given high-coverage (>30-fold) whole genome sequencing data. Our method delivers highly accurate HLA typing, comparable to the current state-of-the-art database-matching methods. We also demonstrate that our method can type novel alleles by experimenting on various data including simulated, Illumina Platinum Genomes, and 1000 Genomes data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graph-Guided Assembly For Novel HLA Allele Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferential Pitfalls In Decoding Neural Representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge for cognitive neuroscience is to decipher the representational schemes of the brain. A recent class of decoding algorithms for fMRI data, stimulus-feature-based encoding models, is becoming increasingly popular for inferring the dimensions of neural representational spaces from stimulus-feature spaces. We argue that such inferences are not always valid, because decoding can occur even if the neural representational space and the stimulus-feature space use different representational schemes. This can happen when there is a systematic mapping between them, as shown by two simulations. In one simulation, we successfully decoded the binary representation of numbers from their decimal features. Since binary and decimal number systems use different representations, we cannot conclude that the binary representation encodes decimal features. In the second simulation, we successfully decoded the HSV color representation from the RGB representation of colors, even though these color spaces have different geometries and their dimensions have different interpretations. Detailed analysis of the predicted colors showed systematic deviations from the ground truth despite the high decoding accuracy, indicating that decoding accuracy on its own is not sufficient for making representational inferences. The same argument applies to the decoding of neural patterns from stimulus-feature spaces and we urge caution in inferring the nature of the neural code from such methods. We discuss ways to overcome these inferential limitations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferential Pitfalls In Decoding Neural Representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opportunities And Obstacles For Deep Learning In Biology And Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning, which describes a class of machine learning algorithms, has recently showed impressive results across a variety of domains. Biology and medicine are data rich, but the data are complex and often ill-understood. Problems of this nature may be particularly well-suited to deep learning techniques. We examine applications of deep learning to a variety of biomedical problems--patient classification, fundamental biological processes, and treatment of patients--and discuss whether deep learning will transform these tasks or if the biomedical sphere poses unique challenges. We find that deep learning has yet to revolutionize or definitively resolve any of these problems, but promising advances have been made on the prior state of the art. Even when improvement over a previous baseline has been modest, we have seen signs that deep learning methods may speed or aid human investigation. More work is needed to address concerns related to interpretability and how to best model each problem. Furthermore, the limited amount of labeled data for training presents problems in some domains, as do legal and privacy constraints on work with sensitive health records. Nonetheless, we foresee deep learning powering changes at both bench and bedside with the potential to transform several areas of biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ching, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelstein, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu-Jones, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapow, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengerich, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanchantin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woloszynek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrikumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCaprio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segler, M. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opportunities And Obstacles For Deep Learning In Biology And Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual learning mechanisms drive adaptive inhibitory control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed behavior requires integrating action selection processes with learning systems that adapt control using environmental feedback. These functions intersect in the basal ganglia (BG), which has at least two targets of plasticity: a dopaminergic modulation of striatal pathways and cortical modulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Dual learning mechanisms suggests that feedback signals have a multifaceted impact on BG-dependent decisions. Using a hybrid of accumulation-to-bound decision models and reinforcement learning, we modeled the performance of humans in a stop-signal task where participants (N=75) learned the prior distribution of the timing of a stop signal through trial-and-error feedback. Changes in the drift-rate of the action execution process were driven by errors in action timing, whereas adaptation in the boundary height served to increase caution following failed stops. These findings highlight two interactive learning mechanisms for adapting the control of goal-directed actions based on dissociable dimensions of feedback error.nnAuthor SummaryMany complex behavioral goals rely on ones ability to regulate the timing of action execution while also maintaining enough control to cancel actions in response to "Stop" cues in the environment. Here we examined how these two fundamental components of behavior become tuned to the control demands of the environment by combining principles of reinforcement learning with accumulator models of decision making. The synthesis of these two theoretical frameworks is motivated by previous work showing that reinforcement learning and control rely on overlapping circuitry in the basal ganglia. Leveraging knowledge about the interaction of learning and control signals in this network, we formulated a computational model in which performance feedback is used to modulate key mechanisms of the decision process to facilitate goal acquisition. Model-based analysis of behavioral data collected on an adaptive stop-signal task revealed two critical learning mechanisms: one that adjusts the accumulation rate of the "Go" signal to errors in action timing and another that exercises caution by raising the height of the execution boundary after a failed Stop trial. We show how these independent learning mechanisms interact over the course of learning, shedding light on the behavioral effects plasticity in different pathways of the basal ganglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunovan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual learning mechanisms drive adaptive inhibitory control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SQUID: Transcriptomic Structural Variation Detection from RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcripts are frequently modified by structural variations, which leads to a fused transcript of either multiple genes (known as a fusion gene) or a gene and a previously non-transcribing sequence. Detecting these modifications (called transcriptomic structural variations, or TSVs), especially in cancer tumor sequencing, is an important and challenging computational problem. We introduce SQUID, a novel algorithm to accurately predict both fusion-gene and non-fusion-gene TSVs from RNA-seq alignments. SQUID unifies both concordant and discordant read alignments into one model, and doubles the accuracy on simulation data compared to other approaches. With SQUID, we identified novel non-fusion-gene TSVs on TCGA samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SQUID: Transcriptomic Structural Variation Detection from RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically Targeted Ratiometric and Activated pH Indicator Complexes (TRApHIC) for Receptor Trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent protein based pH sensors are a useful tool for measuring protein trafficking through pH changes associated with endo-and exocytosis. However, commonly used pH sensing probes are ubiquitously expressed with their protein of interest throughout the cell, hindering the ability to focus on specific trafficking pools of proteins. We developed a family of excitation-ratiometric, activatable pH responsive tandem dyes, consisting of a pH sensitive Cy3 donor linked to a fluorogenic malachite green acceptor. These cell-excluded dyes are targeted and activated upon binding to a genetically expressed fluorogen activating protein, and are suitable for selective labeling of surface proteins for analysis of endocytosis and recycling in live cells using both confocal and superresolution microscopy. Quantitative profiling of the endocytosis and recycling of tagged {beta}2-adrenergic receptor (B2AR) at a single vesicle level revealed differences among B2AR agonists, consistent with more detailed pharmacological profiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodiezyni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurabh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically Targeted Ratiometric and Activated pH Indicator Complexes (TRApHIC) for Receptor Trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Project Dhaka: Variational Autoencoder for Unmasking Tumor Heterogeneity from Single Cell Genomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intra-tumor heterogeneity is one of the key confounding factors in deciphering tumor evolution. Malignant cells will have variations in their gene expression, copy numbers, and mutation even when coming from a single tumor. Single cell sequencing of tumor cells is of paramount importance for unmasking the underlying the tumor heterogeneity. However extracting features from the single cell genomic data coherent with the underlying biology is computationally challenging, given the extremely noisy and sparse nature of the data. Here we are proposing  Dhaka a variational autoencoder based single cell analysis tool to transform genomic data to a latent encoded feature space that is more efficient in differentiating between the hidden tumor subpopulations. This technique is generalized across different types of genomic data such as copy number variation from DNA sequencing and gene expression data from RNA sequencing. We have tested the method on two gene expression datasets having 4K to 6K tumor cells and two copy number variation datasets having 250 to 260 tumor cells. Analysis of the encoded feature space revealed sub-populations of cells bearing distinct genomic signatures and the evolutionary relationship between them, which other existing feature transformation methods like t-SNE and PCA fail to do.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rashid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Project Dhaka: Variational Autoencoder for Unmasking Tumor Heterogeneity from Single Cell Genomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abdominal adiposity negatively associates with the rate of long term sequential skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is associated with functional and structural differences in the corticostriatal systems of the brain. These pathways are known to be critical for the acquisition of complex sensorimotor skills, such as the ability to learn a coordinated sequence of actions. Thus, individual differences in obesity should be associated with reduced efficiency of learning sequential skills. Here we measured long-term sequence learning across five days of training on the serial reaction time task in a cohort of neurologically healthy adults (N=30) with body types ranging from lean to obese. As expected, individuals with a greater degree of central adiposity, measured as central waist circumference, exhibited slower rates of learning, across all training days, than their leaner counterparts. This association between learning and central adiposity was restricted to response speeds, but not accuracy. These findings show that obesity is negatively associated with the efficiency of learning a long-term sequential skill, possibly due to previously observed associations between obesity and general basal ganglia function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abdominal adiposity negatively associates with the rate of long term sequential skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population-level distribution and putative immunogenicity of cancer neoepitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTumor neoantigens are a driver of cancer immunotherapy response; however, current neoantigen prediction tools produce many candidates that require further prioritization for research/clinical applications. Additional filtration criteria and population-level understanding may help to produce refined lists of putative neoantigens. Herein, we show neoepitope immunogenicity is likely related to measures of peptide novelty and report population-level behavior of these and other metrics.nnMethodsWe propose four peptide novelty metrics to refine predicted neoantigenicity: tumor vs. paired normal peptide binding affinity difference, tumor vs. paired normal peptide sequence similarity, tumor vs. closest human peptide sequence similarity, and tumor vs. closest microbial peptide sequence similarity. We apply these metrics to tumor neoepitopes predicted from somatic missense mutations in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a cohort of melanoma patients, as well as to a group of peptides with neoepitope-specific immune response data using an extension of pVAC-Seq [1].nnResultsWe show neoepitope burden varies across TCGA disease sites and HLA alleles, with surprisingly low repetition of neoepitope sequences across patients or neoepitope preferences among sets of HLA alleles. Only 20.3% of predicted neoepitopes across TCGA patients displayed novel binding change based on our binding affinity difference criteria. Similarity of amino acid sequence was typically high between paired tumor-normal epitopes, but in 24.6% of cases, neoepitopes were more similar to other human peptides, or even to bacterial (56.8% of cases) or viral peptides (15.5% of cases), than their paired normal counterparts. Applied to peptides with neoepitope-specific immune response, a linear model incorporating neoepitope binding affinity, protein sequence similarity between neoepitopes and their closest viral peptides, and paired binding affinity difference was able to predict immunogenicity with an AUROC of 0.66.nnConclusionsOur proposed neoepitope prioritization criteria emphasize neoepitope novelty and refine patient neoepitope predictions for focus on biologically meaningful candidate neoantigens. We have demonstrated that neoepitopes should be considered not only with respect to their paired normal epitope, but with respect to the entire human proteome, as well as bacterial and viral peptides, with potential implications for neoepitope immunogenicity and personalized vaccines for cancer treatment. We conclude that putative neoantigens are highly variable across individuals as a function of both cancer genetics and personalized HLA repertoire, while the overall behavior of filtration criteria reflects predictable patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paralkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paralkar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struck, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population-level distribution and putative immunogenicity of cancer neoepitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting Evidence Fragments for Distant Supervision of Molecular Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.We describe a methodology for automatically extracting  evidence fragments from a set of biomedical experimental research articles. These fragments provide the primary description of evidence that is presented in the papers figures. They elucidate the goals, methods, results and interpretations of experiments that support the original scientific contributions the study being reported. Within this paper, we describe our methodology and showcase an example data set based on the European Bioinformatics Institutes INTACT database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/). Using figure codes as anchors, we linked evidence fragments to INTACT data records as an example of distant supervision so that we could use INTACTs preexisting, manually-curated structured interaction data to act as a gold standard for machine reading experiments. We report preliminary baseline event extraction measures from this collection based on a publicly available, machine reading system (REACH). We use semantic web standards for our data and provide open access to all source code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burns, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasigi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovy, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting Evidence Fragments for Distant Supervision of Molecular Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Capacity poly(2-oxazoline) formulation of TLR 7/8 agonist extends survival in a chemo-insensitive, metastatic model of Lung Adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About 40% of the NSCLC patients have Stage IV cancer at the time of diagnosis. The only viable treatment options for metastatic disease are systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Nonetheless, chemoresistance remains a major cause of chemotherapy failure. New immunotherapeutic modalities such as anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade have shown promise; however, response to such strategies is highly variable across patients. Here, we show that our novel poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) based nanomicellar formulation of Resiquimod, an imidazoquinoline TLR 7/8 agonist, had a superior tumor inhibitory effect in a metastatic model of lung adenocarcinoma, relative to anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy as well as platinum-based chemotherapy, which is the mainstay of treatment for NSCLC. Investigation of the in vivo immune status following Resiquimod PM (POx micellar formulation of Resiquimod) treatment showed that Resiquimod-based stimulation of antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment resulted in the mobilization of anti-tumor CD8+ immune response. Our study demonstrates the promise of optimally delivered and nano-formulated Resiquimod as a new immunomodulating therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinod, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Swearingen, A. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fussell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolsky-Papkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecot, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabanov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Capacity poly(2-oxazoline) formulation of TLR 7/8 agonist extends survival in a chemo-insensitive, metastatic model of Lung Adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finding ranges of optimal transcript expression quantification in cases of non-identifiability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current expression quantification methods suffer from a fundamental but under-characterized type of error: the most likely estimates for transcript abundances are not unique. This means multiple estimates of transcript abundances generate the observed RNA-seq reads with equal likelihood, and the underlying true expression cannot be determined. This problem is called non-identifiability for probabilistic models, and is further exacerbated by incomplete reference transcriptome. That is, reads may be sequenced from unannotated expressed transcripts. Graph quantification is a generalization to transcript quantification, accounting for the reference incompleteness by allowing exponentially many unannotated transcripts to express reads. We propose methods to calculate a "confidence range of expression" for each transcript, representing its possible abundance across equally optimal estimates for both quantification models. This range informs both whether a transcript has potential estimation error due to non-identifiability and the extent of the error. Applying our methods to the Human Body Map data, we observe 35%-50% of transcripts potentially suffer from inaccurate quantification caused by non-identifiability. When comparing the expression between isoforms in one sample, we find that the degree of inaccuracy of 20%-47% transcripts can be so large that the ranking of expression between the transcript and its sibling isoforms cannot be determined. When comparing the expression of a transcript between two groups of RNA-seq samples in differential expression analysis, we observe that the majority of detected differentially expressed transcripts are reliable with a few exceptions after considering the ranges of the optimal expression estimates. The code for computing the range of expression is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/subgraphquant. The code for the involved analyses is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/subgraphquantanalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finding ranges of optimal transcript expression quantification in cases of non-identifiability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GCNG: Graph convolutional networks for inferring cell-cell interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several methods have been developed for inferring gene-gene interactions from expression data. To date, these methods mainly focused on intra-cellular interactions. The availability of high throughput spatial expression data opens the door to methods that can infer such interactions both within and between cells. However, the spatial data also raises several new challenges. These include issues related to the sparse, noisy expression vectors for each cell, the fact that several different cell types are often profiled, the definition of a neighborhood of cell and the relatively small number of extracellular interactions. To enable the identification of gene interactions between cells we extended a Graph Convolutional Neural network approach for Genes (GCNG). We encode the spatial information as a graph and use the network to combine it with the expression data using supervised training. Testing GCNG on spatial transcriptomics data we show that it improves upon prior methods suggested for this task and can propose novel pairs of extracellular interacting genes. Finally, we show that the output of GCNG can also be used for down-stream analysis including functional assignment.

Supporting website with software and data: https://github.com/xiaoyeye/GCNG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GCNG: Graph convolutional networks for inferring cell-cell interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.888297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VariantStore: A Large-Scale Genomic Variant Search Index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.888297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to efficiently query genomic variants from thousands of samples is critical to achieving the full potential of many medical and scientific applications such as personalized medicine. Performing variant queries based on coordinates in the reference or sample sequences is at the core of these applications. Efficiently supporting variant queries across thousands of samples is computationally challenging. Most solutions only support queries based on the reference coordinates and the ones that support queries based on coordinates across multiple samples do not scale to data containing more than a few thousand samples. We present VariantStore, a system for efficiently indexing and querying genomic variants and their sequences in either the reference or sample-specific coordinate systems. We show the scalability of VariantStore by indexing genomic variants from the TCGA-BRCA project containing 8640 samples and 5M variants in 4 Hrs and the 1000 genomes project containing 2500 samples and 924M variants in 3 Hrs. Querying for variants in a gene takes between 0.002 - 3 seconds using memory only 10% of the size of the full representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.24.888297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VariantStore: A Large-Scale Genomic Variant Search Index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised Adversarial Alignment of scRNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction is an important first step in the analysis of single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data. In addition to enabling the visualization of the profiled cells, such representations are used by many downstream analyses methods ranging from pseudo-time reconstruction to clustering to alignment of scRNA-seq data from different experiments, platforms, and labs. Both supervised and unsupervised methods have been proposed to reduce the dimension of scRNA-seq. However, all methods to date are sensitive to batch effects. When batches correlate with cell types, as is often the case, their impact can lead to representations that are batch rather than cell type specific. To overcome this we developed a domain adversarial neural network model for learning a reduced dimension representation of scRNA-seq data. The adversarial model tries to simultaneously optimize two objectives. The first is the accuracy of cell type assignment and the second is the inability to distinguish the batch (domain). We tested the method by using the resulting representation to align several different datasets. As we show, by overcoming batch effects our method was able to correctly separate cell types, improving on several prior methods suggested for this task. Analysis of the top features used by the network indicates that by taking the batch impact into account, the reduced representation is much better able to focus on key genes for each cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised Adversarial Alignment of scRNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein Syncrip regulates Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity in adult Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How to respond to starvation determines fitness. One prominent behavioral response is increased locomotor activities upon starvation, also known as Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). SIH is paradoxical as it promotes food seeking but also increases energy expenditure. Despite its importance in fitness, the genetic contributions to SIH as a behavioral trait remains unexplored. Here, we examined SIH in the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and performed genome-wide association studies. We identified 23 significant loci, corresponding to 14 genes, significantly associated with SIH in adult Drosophila. Gene enrichment analyses indicated that genes encoding ion channels and mRNA binding proteins (RBPs) were most enriched in SIH. We are especially interested in RBPs because they provide a potential mechanism to quickly change protein expression in response to environmental challenges. Using RNA interference, we validated the role of syp in regulating SIH. syp encodes Syncrip (Syp), an RBP. While ubiquitous knockdown of syp led to semi-lethality in adult flies, adult flies with neuron-specific syp knockdown were viable and exhibited decreased SIH. Using the Temporal and Regional Gene Expression Targeting (TARGET) system, we further confirmed the role of Syp in adult neurons in regulating SIH. To determine how syp is regulated by starvation, we performed RNA-seq using the heads of flies maintained under either food or starvation conditions. RNA-seq analyses revealed that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. We further generated an alternatively-spliced-exon-specific knockout (KO) line and found that KO flies showed reduced SIH. Together, this study demonstrates a significant genetic contribution to SIH as a behavioral trait, identifies syp as a SIH gene, and highlights the significance of RBPs and post-transcriptional processes in the brain in regulating behavioral responses to starvation.

Author summaryAnimals living in the wild often face periods of starvation. How to physiologically and behaviorally respond to starvation is essential for survival. One behavioral response is Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). We used the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, derived from a wild population, to study the genetic basis of SIH. Our results show that there is a significant genetic contribution to SIH in this population, and that genes encoding RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are especially important. Using RNA interference and the TARGET system, we confirmed the role of an RBP Syp in adult neurons in SIH. Using RNA-seq and Western blotting, we found that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. Further studies from syp exon-specific knockout flies showed that alternative splicing involving two exons in syp was important for SIH. Together, this study identifies syp as a SIH gene and highlights an essential role of post-transcriptional modification in regulating this behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein Syncrip regulates Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity in adult Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable roles of central striatum and anterior lateral motor area in initiating and sustaining naturalistic behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much is known about how corticostriatal circuits mediate behavioral selection, most previous work has been conducted in highly trained animals engaged in instrumental tasks. Understanding how corticostriatal circuits mediate behavioral selection and initiation in a naturalistic setting is critical to understanding how the brain chooses and executes behavior in unconstrained situations. Central striatum (CS), an understudied region that lies in the middle of the motor-limbic topography, is well-poised to play an important role in these processes since its main cortical inputs (Corbit et al., 2019) have been implicated in behavioral flexibility (lateral orbitofrontal cortex (Kim and Ragozzino, 2005)) and response preparation (anterior lateral motor area, ALM) (Li et al., 2015), However, although CS activity has been associated with conditioned grooming behavior in transgenic mice (Burguiere et al., 2013), the role of CS and its cortical inputs in the selection of spontaneous behaviors has not been explored. We therefore studied the role of CS corticostriatal circuits in behavioral selection in an open field context.

Surprisingly, using fiber photometry in this unconstrained environment, we found that population calcium activity in CS was specifically increased at onset of grooming, and not at onset of other spontaneous behaviors such as rearing or locomotion. Supporting a potential selective role for CS in the initiation of grooming, bilateral optogenetic stimulation of CS evoked immediate onset grooming-related movements. However, these movements resembled subcomponents of grooming behavior and not full-fledged grooming bouts, suggesting that additional input(s) are required to appropriately sequence and sustain this complex motor behavior once initiated. Consistent with this idea, optogenetic stimulation of CS inputs from ALM generated sustained grooming responses that evolved on a time-course paralleling CS activation monitored using single-cell calcium imaging. Furthermore, fiber photometry in ALM demonstrated a gradual ramp in calcium activity that peaked at time of grooming termination, supporting a potential role for ALM in encoding length of this spontaneous sequenced behavior. Finally, dual color dual region fiber photometry indicated that CS activation precedes ALM during naturalistic grooming sequences. Taken together, these data support a novel model in which CS activity is sufficient to initiate grooming behavior, but ALM activity is necessary to sustain and encode the length of grooming bouts. Thus, the use of an unconstrained behavioral paradigm has allowed us to uncover surprising roles for CS and ALM in the initiation and maintenance of spontaneous sequenced behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbit, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmari, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable roles of central striatum and anterior lateral motor area in initiating and sustaining naturalistic behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian Rhythm Is Disrupted by ZNF704 in Breast Carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number gain in chromosome 8q21 is considered as the prototype of genetic abnormalities associated with development of breast cancer, yet the oncogenic potential underlying this amplicon in breast carcinogenesis remains to be delineated. We report here that ZNF704, a gene mapped to 8q21, is recurrently amplified in various malignancies including breast cancer. We found that ZNF704 acts as transcription repressor and interacts with the transcription corepressor SIN3A complex. Genome-wide interrogation of the transcriptional targets identifies that the ZNF704/SIN3A complex represses a panel of genes including PER2 that are critically involved in the function of circadian clock. Indeed, ZNF704 overexpression prolongs the period and dampens the amplitude of circadian clock. We showed that ZNF704 promotes the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and accelerates the growth and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. Consistently, the level of ZNF704 expression is inversely correlated with that of PER2 in breast carcinomas, and high level of ZNF704 correlates with advanced histological grades, lymph node positivity, and poor prognosis of breast cancer patients, especially those with HER2+ and basal-like subtypes. These results indicate that ZNF704 is an important regulator of circadian clock and a potential driver for breast carcinogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian Rhythm Is Disrupted by ZNF704 in Breast Carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow drift of neural activity as a signature of impulsivity in macaque visual and prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An animals decision depends not only on incoming sensory evidence but also on its fluctuating internal state. This internal state is a product of cognitive factors, such as fatigue, motivation, and arousal, but it is unclear how these factors influence the neural processes that encode the sensory stimulus and form a decision. We discovered that, over the timescale of tens of minutes during a perceptual decision-making task, animals slowly shifted their likelihood of reporting stimulus changes. They did this unprompted by task conditions. We recorded neural population activity from visual area V4 as well as prefrontal cortex, and found that the activity of both areas slowly drifted together with the behavioral fluctuations. We reasoned that such slow fluctuations in behavior could either be due to slow changes in how the sensory stimulus is processed or due to a process that acts independently of sensory processing. By analyzing the recorded activity in conjunction with models of perceptual decision-making, we found evidence for the slow drift in neural activity acting as an impulsivity signal, overriding sensory evidence to dictate the final decision. Overall, this work uncovers an internal state embedded in the population activity across multiple brain areas, hidden from typical trial-averaged analyses and revealed only when considering the passage of time within each experimental session. Knowledge of this cognitive factor was critical in elucidating how sensory signals and the internal state together contribute to the decision-making process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow drift of neural activity as a signature of impulsivity in macaque visual and prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size regulation of multiple organelles competing for a shared subunit pool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cells regulate the size of intracellular structures and organelles, despite continuous turnover in their component parts, is a longstanding question. Recent experiments suggest that size control of many intracellular assemblies is achieved through the depletion of a limiting subunit pool in the cytoplasm. While the limiting pool model ensures organelle size scaling with cell size, it does not provide a mechanism for robust size control of multiple co-existing structures. Here we propose a kinetic theory for size regulation of multiple structures that are assembled from a shared pool of subunits. We demonstrate that a negative feedback between the growth rate and the size of individual structures underlies size regulation of a wide variety of intracellular assemblies, from cytoskeletal filaments to three-dimensional organelles such as centrosomes and the nucleus. We identify the feedback motifs for size control in these structures, based on known molecular interactions, and quantitatively compare our theory with available experimental data. Furthermore, we show that a positive feedback between structure size and growth rate can lead to bistable size distributions arising from autocatalytic growth. In the limit of high subunit concentration, autocatalytic growth of multiple structures leads to stochastic selection of a single structure, elucidating a mechanism for polarity establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size regulation of multiple organelles competing for a shared subunit pool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable generation of mesenchymal stem cells and adipocytes from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide unlimited supply for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipocytes that can be used for therapeutic applications. Here we developed a simple and highly efficient All-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-based method for generating an off-the-shelf and scalable number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived MSCs with enhanced adipogenic potential. We showed that short exposure of multiple hPSC lines (hESCs/ hiPSCs) to a high RA concentration (10 M) dramatically enhances embryoid body (EB) formation through regulation of genes activating signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation, survival and adhesion, among others. Disruption of cell adhesion induced the subsequent differentiation of the highly expanded RA-derived EB-forming cells into a pure population of multipotent MSCs (up to 1542-fold increase in comparison to RA-untreated counterparts). Interestingly, the RA-derived MSCs displayed enhanced differentiation potential into adipocytes. Thus, these findings present a novel RA-based approach for providing an unlimited source of MSCs and adipocytes that can be used for regenerative medicine, drug screening, and disease modeling applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelalim, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable generation of mesenchymal stem cells and adipocytes from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Paradigm for Measuring Resting State Functional Connectivity in Young Children Using fNIRS and Freeplay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) reflects the organization of functional networks in the brain. Functional networks measured during "resting", or task-absent, state are correlated with cognitive function, and much development of these networks occurs between infancy and adulthood. However, RSFC research in the intermediate years (especially between ages 3 and 5 years) has been limited, mainly due to a paucity of child-appropriate neural measures and behavioral paradigms. This paper presents a new paradigm to measure RSFC in young children, utilizing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Freeplay, a simple behavioral setup designed to approximate resting state in children. In Experiment 1, we recorded fNIRS data from children aged 3-8 years and adults aged 18-21 years and examined feasibility and validity of our measure of RSFC, and compared measures across the two groups. In Experiment 2, we recorded longitudinal data at two points (approximately 3 months apart) from children aged 3-5 years, and examined reliability under a variety of measures. In both experiments, all children were able to complete testing and provide usable data, a significant improvement over fMRI-based RSFC measurement in children. Results suggest this paradigm is practical and has good construct validity and test-retest reliability, and may contribute towards increasing the availability of reliable data on resting state networks in early childhood. In particular, these are some of the first positive results on the feasibility of reliably measuring functional connectivity in children aged 3-5 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppert, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiessen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Paradigm for Measuring Resting State Functional Connectivity in Young Children Using fNIRS and Freeplay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA): A Comprehensive Resource with Functional Genomic Data for Chinese Glioma Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas are the most common and malignant intracranial tumours in adults. Recent studies have shown that functional genomics greatly aids in the understanding of the pathophysiology and therapy of glioma. However, comprehensive genomic data and analysis platforms are relatively limited. In this study, we developed the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA, http://www.cgga.org.cn), a user-friendly data portal for storage and interactive exploration of multi-dimensional functional genomic data that includes nearly 2,000 primary and recurrent glioma samples from Chinese cohorts. CGGA currently provides access to whole-exome sequencing (286 samples), messenger RNA sequencing (1,018 samples) and microarray (301 samples), DNA methylation microarray (159 samples), and microRNA microarray (198 samples) data, as well as detailed clinical data (e.g., WHO grade, histological type, critical molecular genetic information, age, sex, chemoradiotherapy status and survival data). In addition, we developed an analysis tool to allow users to browse mutational, mRNA/microRNA expression, and DNA methylation profiles and perform survival and correlation analyses of specific glioma subtypes. CGGA greatly reduces the barriers between complex functional genomic data and glioma researchers who seek rapid, intuitive, and high-quality access to data resources and enables researchers to use these immeasurable data sources for biological research and clinical application. Importantly, the free provision of data will allow researchers to quickly generate and provide data to the research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.911982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA): A Comprehensive Resource with Functional Genomic Data for Chinese Glioma Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.916171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing multi-way chromatin interaction with hypergraph representation learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.916171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in high-throughput mapping of 3D genome organization have enabled genome-wide characterization of chromatin interactions. However, proximity ligation based mapping approaches for pairwise chromatin interaction such as Hi-C cannot capture multi-way interactions, which are informative to delineate higher-order genome organization and gene regulation mechanisms at single-nucleus resolution. The very recent development of ligation-free chromatin interaction mapping methods such as SPRITE and ChIA-Drop has offered new opportunities to uncover simultaneous interactions involving multiple genomic loci within the same nuclei. Unfortunately, methods for analyzing multi-way chromatin interaction data are significantly underexplored. Here we develop a new computational method, called MATCHA, based on hypergraph representation learning where multi-way chromatin interactions are represented as hyperedges. Applications to SPRITE and ChIA-Drop data suggest that MATCHA is effective to denoise the data and make de novo predictions of multi-way chromatin interactions, reducing the potential false positives and false negatives from the original data. We also show that MATCHA is able to distinguish between multi-way interaction in a single nucleus and combination of pairwise interactions in a cell population. In addition, the embeddings from MATCHA reflect 3D genome spatial localization and function. MATCHA provides a promising framework to significantly improve the analysis of multi-way chromatin interaction data and has the potential to offer unique insights into higher-order chromosome organization and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.916171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing multi-way chromatin interaction with hypergraph representation learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.930198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reciprocal transplant experiment in lakes with disparate trophic states show resolution dependent partial functional redundancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.930198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are considered to be functionally redundant, but few studies have tested this hypothesis empirically. In this study, we performed an in situ reciprocal transplant experiment on the surface and bottom waters of two lakes with disparate trophic states and tracked changes in their microbial community and functional attributes for 6 weeks using high-throughput sequencing and functional approaches. The communities from both lakes were resistant to changes in composition after the reciprocal transplant, but their functions tended to become similar to the incubating lakes functional profiles. A significant linear positive relationship was observed between the microbial community and functional attributes, though with varying scales of similarity, suggesting partial functional redundancy. Furthermore, the entropy-based L-divergence measure quantified the scale of partial functional redundancy in the lakes surface and bottom waters. This study establishes and quantifies the scale of partial functional redundancy in the freshwater ecosystem through empirical investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tandon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baatar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.01.930198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reciprocal transplant experiment in lakes with disparate trophic states show resolution dependent partial functional redundancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved design and analysis of practical minimizers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMinimizers are methods to sample k-mers from a sequence, with the guarantee that similar set of k-mers will be chosen on similar sequences. It is parameterized by the k-mer length k, a window length w and an order on the k-mers. Minimizers are used in a large number of softwares and pipelines to improve computation efficiency and decrease memory usage. Despite the methods popularity, many theoretical questions regarding its performance remain open. The core metric for measuring performance of a minimizer is the density, which measures the sparsity of sampled k-mers. The theoretical optimal density for a minimizer is 1/w, provably not achievable in general. For given k and w, little is known about asymptotically optimal minimizers, that is minimizers with density O(1/w).

ResultsWe derive a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of asymptotically optimal minimizers. We also provide a randomized algorithm, called the Miniception, to design minimizers with the best theoretical guarantee to date on density in practical scenarios. Constructing and using the Miniception is as easy as constructing and using a random minimizer, which allows the design of efficient minimizers that scale to the values of k and w used in current bioinformatics software programs.

AvailabilityReference implementation of the Miniception and the codes for analysis can be found at https://github.com/kingsford-group/miniception.

Contactgmarcais@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved design and analysis of practical minimizers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmin improves oedematous blood-gas barrier by cleaving epithelial sodium channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposeLung oedema in association with suppressed fibrinolysis is a hallmark of lung injury. We aimed to test whether plasmin cleaves epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) to resolve lung oedema fluid.

Experimental ApproachesHuman lungs and airway acid-instilled mice were used for analysing fluid resolution. In silico prediction, mutagenesis, Xenopus oocytes, immunoblotting, voltage clamp, mass spectrometry, protein docking, and alveolar fluid clearance were combined for identifying plasmin specific cleavage sites and benefits.

Key ResultsPlasmin led to a marked increment in lung fluid resolution in both human lungs ex vivo and injured mice. Plasmin specifically activated {beta}{gamma}ENaC channels in oocytes in a time-dependent manner. Deletion of four consensus proteolysis tracts ({Delta}432-444, {gamma}{Delta}131-138, {gamma}{Delta}178-193, and {gamma}{Delta}410-422) eliminated plasmin-induced activation significantly. Further, immunoblotting assays identified 7 cleavage sites (K126, R135, K136, R153, K168, R178, K179) for plasmin to trim both furin-cleaved C-terminal fragments and full-length human {gamma}ENaC proteins. In addition to confirming the 7 cleavage sites, 9 new sites (R122, R137, R138, K150, K170, R172, R180, K181, K189) in synthesized peptides were found to be cleaved by plasmin with mass spectrometry. These cleavage sites were located in the finger and the thumb, particularly the GRIP domain of human ENaC 3D model composed of two proteolytic centres for plasmin. Novel uncleaved sites beyond the GRIP domain in both  and {gamma} subunits were identified to interrupt the plasmin cleavage-induced conformational change in ENaC channel complexes. Additionally, plasmin could regulate ENaC activity via the G protein signal.

Conclusion and ImplicationsWe demonstrate that plasmin could cleave ENaC to benefit the blood-gas exchange by resolving oedema fluid as a potent fibrinolytic therapy for oedematous pulmonary diseases.

Bullet point summaryO_ST_ABSWhat is already knowC_ST_ABSO_LISerine proteases proteolytically cleave epithelial sodium channels, including plasmin and uPA acutely.
C_LIO_LIActivity of epithelial sodium channels is increased post proteolysis.
C_LI

What this study addsO_LIPlasmin cleaves up to 16 sites composed of two proteolytic centres in both full-length and furin-cleaved human {gamma} subunit of epithelial sodium channels in hours.
C_LIO_LINon-proteolytic sites in both  and {gamma} subunits interrupt the plasmin cleavage-induced channel gating.
C_LIO_LIIntratracheally instilled plasmin facilitates alveolar fluid clearance in normal human and injured mouse lungs.
C_LI

Clinical significanceO_LIActivation of human lung epithelial sodium channels by plasmin may benefit lung oedema resolution as a novel therapy for ARDS.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmin improves oedematous blood-gas barrier by cleaving epithelial sodium channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.941161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delta oscillations are a robust biomarker of dopamine depletion severity and motor dysfunction in awake mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.941161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delta oscillations (0.5-4 Hz) are a robust but often overlooked feature of basal ganglia pathophysiology in Parkinsons disease and their relationship to parkinsonian akinesia has not been investigated. Here, we establish a novel approach to detect spike oscillations embedded in noise to provide the first study of delta oscillations in awake, dopamine depleted mice. We find that approximately half of neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata exhibit delta oscillations in dopamine depletion and that these oscillations are a strong indicator of dopamine loss and akinesia, outperforming measures such as changes in firing rate, irregularity, bursting and synchrony. We further establish that these oscillations are caused by the loss of D2 receptor activation and do not require motor cortex, contrary to previous findings in anesthetized animals. These results give insight into how dopamine loss leads to dysfunction and suggest a reappraisal of delta oscillations as a biomarker in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whalen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.941161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delta oscillations are a robust biomarker of dopamine depletion severity and motor dysfunction in awake mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibronectin-Based Nanomechanical Biosensors to Map 3D Strains in Live Cells and Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical forces are integral to a wide range of cellular processes including migration, differentiation and tissue morphogenesis; however, it has proved challenging to directly measure strain at high spatial resolution and with minimal tissue perturbation. Here, we fabricated, calibrated, and tested a fibronectin (FN)-based nanomechanical biosensor (NMBS) that can be applied to cells and tissues to measure the magnitude, direction, and dynamics of strain from subcellular to tissue length-scales. The NMBS is a fluorescently-labeled, ultrathin square lattice FN mesh with spatial resolution tailored by adjusting the width and spacing of the lattice fibers from 2-100 {micro}m. Time-lapse 3D confocal imaging of the NMBS demonstrated strain tracking in 2D and 3D following mechanical deformation of known materials and was validated with finite element modeling. Imaging and 3D analysis of the NMBS applied to single cells, cell monolayers, and Drosophila ovarioles demonstrated the ability to dynamically track microscopic tensile and compressive strains in various biological applications with minimal tissue perturbation. This fabrication and analysis platform serves as a novel tool for studying cells, tissues, and more complex systems where forces guide structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsamis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Michel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallerat, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanski, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibronectin-Based Nanomechanical Biosensors to Map 3D Strains in Live Cells and Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced copy-back RNA synthesis as a novel therapeutic mechanism against RNA viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a well-established target for development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. Incorporation of ribonucleotide analogues by the RdRp will either cause termination of RNA synthesis or mutagenesis of the RNA product. We demonstrated recently that incorporation of a pyrazine-carboxamide ribonucleotide into nascent RNA leads to pausing and backtracking of the elongating RdRp. Here, we provide evidence for the single-stranded RNA product of backtracking serving as an intermediate in RdRp-catalyzed, template-switching reactions. This intermediate is used for both intramolecular template-switching (copy-back RNA synthesis) and intermolecular template-switching (homologous RNA recombination). The use of a magnetic-tweezers platform to monitor RdRp elongation dynamics permitted direct observation of copy-back synthesis and illuminated properties of the RdRp that promote copy-back synthesis, including stability of the RdRp-nascent-RNA complex and the dimensions of the RdRp nucleic-acid-binding channel. In cells, recombination was stimulated by the presence of a pyrazine-carboxamide ribonucleotide. The effect of the drug on recombination was diminished for a recombination-defective virus, but this virus was not resistant to the drug. The discovery that a ribonucleotide analogue can induce copy-back RNA synthesis suggests that this third mechanistic class of compounds may function by promoting formation of defective viral genomes. This study identifies RdRp-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular template switching as a viable new mechanistic target with potentially broad-spectrum appeal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janissen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustafa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijpers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harki, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.946558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced copy-back RNA synthesis as a novel therapeutic mechanism against RNA viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.950352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Protection Against Zika Virus Infection Conferred by a Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis SA14-14-2 Vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.950352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine SA14-14-2 has been in the Chinese national Expanded Program on Immunization since 2007. The recent recognition of severe disease syndromes associated with ZIKV, and the identification of ZIKV from mosquitoes in China, prompts an urgent need to investigate the potential interaction between the two. In this study, we showed that SA14-14-2 is protective against ZIKV infection in mice. JE vaccine SA14-14-2 triggered both Th1 and Th2 cross-reactive immune responses to ZIKV; however, it was cellular immunity that predominantly mediated cross-protection against ZIKV infection. Passive transfer of immune sera did not result in significant cross-protection, but did mediate antibody dependent enhancement in vitro, though this did not have an adverse impact on survival. This study suggests that SA14-14-2 vaccine can protect against ZIKV through a cross-reactive T cell response. This is vital information in terms of ZIKV prevention or precaution in those ZIKV-affected regions where JEV circulates or SA14-14-2 is in widespread use, and opens a promising avenue into developing a novel bivalent vaccine against both ZIKV and JEV.

ImportanceJapanese encephalitis is a controllable disease in many countries in Asia, especially in China, where many people have Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) immunity due to extensive JEV vaccination campaigns or natural exposure. Live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain is a safe and effective vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization and has been vaccinated more than 600 million doses since 1989. As the prevalence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and rising risk in above regions, the cross-reactive immune response between these two antigenically closely related flaviviruses, JEV and ZIKV, should also be fully recognized, which is presumed to be based on those ambiguous cross-reactive immunity between dengue virus and ZIKV. In this study, we found that JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred cross-protection against ZIKV challenge in mice, which is mainly due to cellular immunity rather than neutralizing antibody response. However, specific protective components or cooperation between components warrant to be explored in subsequent experiments. In conclusion, this study can provide important evidence for those who live in JEV-endemic areas and are at risk for ZIKV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turtle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.950352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Protection Against Zika Virus Infection Conferred by a Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis SA14-14-2 Vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational model explains and predicts substantia nigra pars reticulata responses to pallidal and striatal inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a rodent basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is well positioned to impact behavior. SNr neurons receive GABAergic inputs from the striatum (direct pathway) and globus pallidus (GPe, indirect pathway). Dominant theories of action selection rely on these pathways inhibitory actions. Yet, experimental results on SNr responses to these inputs are limited and include excitatory effects. Our study combines experimental and computational work to characterize, explain, and make predictions about these pathways. We observe diverse SNr responses to stimulation of SNr-projecting striatal and GPe neurons, including biphasic and excitatory effects, which our modeling shows can be explained by intracellular chloride processing. Our work predicts that ongoing GPe activity could tune the SNr operating mode, including its responses in decision-making scenarios, and GPe output may modulate synchrony and low-frequency oscillations of SNr neurons, which we confirm using optogenetic stimulation of GPe terminals within the SNr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational model explains and predicts substantia nigra pars reticulata responses to pallidal and striatal inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Electrodes for Reliable EEG Recordings on Coarse and Curly Hair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EEG is a powerful and affordable brain sensing and imaging tool used extensively for the diagnosis of neurological disorders (e.g. epilepsy), brain computer interfacing, and basic neuroscience. Unfortunately, most EEG electrodes and systems are not designed to accommodate coarse and curly hair common in individuals of African descent. This can lead to poor quality data that might be discarded in scientific studies after recording from a broader population set, and for clinical diagnoses, lead to an uncomfortable and/or emotionally taxing experience, and, in the worst cases, misdiagnosis. In this work, we design a system to explicitly accommodate coarse and curly hair, and demonstrate that, across time, our electrodes, in conjunction with appropriate braiding, attain substantially (~10x) lower impedance than state-of-the-art systems. This builds on our prior work that demonstrated that braiding hair in patterns consistent with the clinical standard 10-20 arrangement leads to improved impedance with existing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etienne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laroia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.965202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Electrodes for Reliable EEG Recordings on Coarse and Curly Hair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor heterogeneity assessed by sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational reconstruction of clonal evolution in cancers has become a crucial tool for understanding how tumors initiate and progress and how this process varies across patients. The field still struggles, however, with special challenges of applying phylogenetic methods to cancers, such as the prevalence and importance of copy number alteration (CNA) and structural variation (SV) events in tumor evolution, which are difficult to profile accurately by prevailing sequencing methods in such a way that subsequent reconstruction by phylogenetic inference algorithms is accurate. In the present work, we develop computational methods to combine sequencing with multiplex interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (miFISH) to exploit the complementary advantages of each technology in inferring accurate models of clonal CNA evolution accounting for both focal changes and aneuploidy at whole-genome scales. We demonstrate on simulated data that incorporation of FISH data substantially improves accurate inference of focal CNA and ploidy changes in clonal evolution from deconvolving bulk sequence data. Analysis of real glioblastoma data for which FISH, bulk sequence, and single cell sequence are all available confirms the power of FISH to enhance accurate reconstruction of clonal copy number evolution in conjunction with bulk and optionally single-cell sequence data.

Availabilitygithub.com/CMUSchwartzLab/FISH_deconvolution

Contactrussells@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heselmeyer-Haddad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ried, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.970392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor heterogeneity assessed by sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All neocortical sensory areas have an associated primary and secondary thalamic nucleus. While the primary nuclei encode sensory information for transmission to cortex, the nature of information encoded in secondary nuclei is poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from neurons in secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) thalamic nuclei of awake head-fixed mice with simultaneous whisker tracking and pupilometry. POm activity correlated with whether or not a mouse was whisking, but not precise whisking kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after unilateral paralysis of the whisker pad and thus was not due to sensory reafference. POm continued to track whisking even during optogenetic silencing of primary somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, indicating that motor efference copy cannot explain the correlation between movement and POm activity. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, raising the possibility that POm may track arousal rather than movement. LP, being part of the visual system, is not expected to encode whisker movement. We discovered, however, that LP and POm track whisking equally well, suggesting a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus is a monitor of behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petty, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnischtzke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient-dependent trade-offs between ribosomes and division protein synthesis control bacterial growth and cell shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell size control emerges from a regulated balance between the rates of cell growth and division. In bacteria, simple quantitative laws connect cellular growth rate to ribosome abundance. However, it remains poorly understood how translation regulates bacterial cell size and shapes under growth perturbations. Here we develop a whole-cell model for growth dynamics in rod-shaped bacteria that links ribosomal abundance with cell geometry, division control, and the extracellular environment. Our study reveals that cell size maintenance under nutrient perturbations requires a balanced trade-off between ribosomes and division protein synthesis. Deviations from this trade-off relationship are predicted under translational perturbations, leading to distinct modes of cell morphological changes, in agreement with single-cell experimental data on Escherichia coli. Furthermore, by calibrating our model with experimental data, we predict how combinations of nutrient-, translational- and shape perturbations can be chosen to optimize bacterial growth fitness and antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serbanescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojkic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient-dependent trade-offs between ribosomes and division protein synthesis control bacterial growth and cell shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are active against cells and tumors with defects in homology-directed repair as a result of synthetic lethality. PARP inhibitors have been suggested to act by either catalytic inhibition or by PARP localization in chromatin. In this study, we treat human HCC1937 BRCA1 mutant and isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells for three weeks with veliparib, a PARP inhibitor. We show that long-term treatment with veliparib results in chromatin-bound PARP1 in the BRCA1 mutant cells, and that this correlates with significant upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/ signalling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In contrast, long-term treatment of isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells with veliparib does not result in chromatin-associated PARP or significant upregulation of the inflammatory response. Our results suggest that long-term veliparib treatment may prime BRCA1 mutant tumors for positive responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Cruz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clairmont, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porciuncula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoRusso, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauthammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweasy, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.982967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPIN reveals genome-wide landscape of nuclear compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.982967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomes segregate differentially relative to distinct subnuclear structures, but this genome-wide compartmentalization, pivotal for modulating genome function, remains poorly understood. New genomic mapping methods can reveal chromosome positioning relative to specific nuclear structures. However, computational methods that integrate their results to identify overall intranuclear chromo-some positioning have not yet been developed. We report SPIN, a new method to identify genome-wide nuclear spatial localization patterns. As a proof-of-principle, we use SPIN to integrate nuclear compartment mapping (TSA-seq and DamID) and chromatin interaction data (Hi-C) from K562 cells to identify 10 spatial compartmentalization states genome-wide relative to nuclear speckles, lamina, and nucleoli. These SPIN states show novel patterns of genome spatial organization and their relation to genome function (transcription and replication timing). Comparisons of SPIN states with Hi-C sub-compartments and lamina-associated domains (LADs) from multiple cell types suggest constitutive compartmentalization patterns. By integrating different readouts of higher-order genome organization, SPIN provides critical insights into nuclear spatial and functional compartmentalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.982967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPIN reveals genome-wide landscape of nuclear compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.985259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Interaction between Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex during Memory Guided Saccades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.985259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are linked to each other by direct reciprocal connections and by numerous pathways that traverse other areas. The nature of the functional coordination mediated by the interconnecting pathways is not well understood. To cast light on this issue, we simultaneously monitored neuronal activity in DLPFC (areas FEF and 8a) and PPC (areas LIP and 7a) while monkeys performed a memory guided saccade task. On measuring the spike-count correlation, a measure of the tendency for firing rates to covary across trials, we found that the DLPFC-PPC correlation became negative at the time of the saccade if and only if the neurons had matching spatial preferences and the target was at their mutually preferred location. The push-pull coordination underlying the negative spike-count correlation may help to ensure that saccadic commands emanating from DLPFC and PPC sum a constant value.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWAnatomical pathways linking cortical areas that mediate executive control are thought to mediate coordination between them. We know very little, however, about the principles that govern this coordination. In the present study, we addressed this issue by recording simultaneously from neuronal populations in prefrontal and parietal cortex while monkeys performed memory guided saccades. We found a clear sign of coordination. Prefrontal and parietal neurons encoding a given saccade engage in a push-pull interaction during its execution. If parietal neurons are more active, prefrontal neurons are less active and vice versa. We suggest that this is a manifestation of a general principle whereby commands emanating from DLPFC and PPC are coordinated so as to sum a constant value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colby, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.985259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Interaction between Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex during Memory Guided Saccades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Farm to Pharmacy: Strawberry-Enabled Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although oral drug delivery is preferred by patients, it is not possible for proteins because the gastrointestinal tract is not sufficiently permeable. To enable the non-toxic oral uptake of protein drugs, we investigated plant-based foods as intestinal permeation enhancers, hypothesizing that compounds found in food would be well-tolerated by the gastrointestinal tract. Following a screen of over 100 fruits, vegetables, herbs, and fungi, we identified strawberry as a potent enhancer of macromolecular permeability in vitro and in mice. Natural product chemistry techniques identified pelargonidin, an anthocyanidin, as the active compound. In mice, insulin was orally administered with pelargonidin to induce sustained pharmacodynamic effects with doses as low as 1 U/kg and bioactivity of over 100% relative to the current gold standard of subcutaneous injection. Pelargonidin-induced permeability was reversible within two hours of treatment, and one month of daily dosing did not adversely affect mice as determined by weight tracking, serum concentrations of inflammatory markers, and tight junction gene expression. Results underscore the utility of plant-based foods in biomedical applications and demonstrate pelargonidin as an especially potent enhancer for the oral delivery of biologics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamson, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fein, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodieznyi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Farm to Pharmacy: Strawberry-Enabled Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential Neutralizing Antibodies Discovered for Novel Corona Virus Using Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fast and untraceable virus mutations take lives of thousands of people before the immune system can produce the inhibitory antibody. Recent outbreak of novel coronavirus infected and killed thousands of people in the world. Rapid methods in finding peptides or antibody sequences that can inhibit the viral epitopes of COVID-19 will save the life of thousands. In this paper, we devised a machine learning (ML) model to predict the possible inhibitory synthetic antibodies for Corona virus. We collected 1933 virus-antibody sequences and their clinical patient neutralization response and trained an ML model to predict the antibody response. Using graph featurization with variety of ML methods, we screened thousands of hypothetical antibody sequences and found 8 stable antibodies that potentially inhibit COVID-19. We combined bioinformatics, structural biology, and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to verify the stability of the candidate antibodies that can inhibit the Corona virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barati Farimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential Neutralizing Antibodies Discovered for Novel Corona Virus Using Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iatrogenic Iron Promotes Neurodegeneration and Activates Self-protection of Neural Cells against Exogenous Iron Attacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metal implants are used worldwide, with millions of metal nails, plates and fixtures grafted during orthopaedic surgeries. Iron is the most common element of these metal implants. As time passes metal elements can be corroded and iron can be released from the implants in the form of ferric (Fe3+) or ferrous (Fe2+). These iron ions can permeate the surrounding tissues and enter circulation; importantly both Fe3+ and Fe2+ freely pass blood brain barrier (BBB). Can iron from implants represent a risk factor for neurological diseases? This remains an unanswered question. In this study, we discovered that the probability of metal implants delivered through orthopaedic surgeries was higher in patients of Parkinsons diseases (PD) or ischemic stroke than in healthy subjects. This finding instigated subsequent study of iron effects on neuronal cells. In experiments in vivo, we found that iron selectively decreased presence of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in neurones through increasing the expression of Ndfip1, which degrades DMT1 and rarely exists in glial cells. At the same time iron accumulation increased expression of DMT1 in astrocytes and microglial cells and triggered reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. Facing the attack of excess iron, glial cells act as neuroprotectors to uptake more extracellular iron by up-regulating DMT1, whereas neurones limit iron uptake through decreasing DMT1 operation. Cerebral accumulation of iron was associated with impaired cognition, locomotion and mood. Excess iron thus affects neural cells and could increase the risk of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.21.001925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iatrogenic Iron Promotes Neurodegeneration and Activates Self-protection of Neural Cells against Exogenous Iron Attacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent stromal cells promote cancer resistance through SIRT1 loss-potentiated overproduction of small extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a potent tumor-suppressive program that prevents neoplastic events. Paradoxically, senescent cells develop an inflammatory secretome, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and implicated in age-related pathologies including cancer. Here we report that senescent cells actively synthesize and release small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with a distinctive size distribution. Mechanistically, SIRT1 loss supports accelerated sEV production despite enhanced proteome-wide ubiquitination, a process correlated with ATP6V1A downregulation and defective lysosomal acidification. Once released, senescent stromal sEVs significantly alter the expression profile of recipient cancer cells and enhance their aggressiveness, specifically drug resistance mediated by expression of ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4). Targeting SIRT1 with an agonist SRT2104 prevents development of cancer resistance through restraining sEV production by senescent stromal cells. In clinical oncology, sEVs in peripheral blood of posttreatment cancer patients are readily detectable by routine biotechniques, presenting a novel biomarker to monitor therapeutic efficacy and to predict long term outcome. Together, our study identifies a distinct mechanism supporting pathological activities of senescent cells, and provides a novel avenue to circumvent advanced human malignancies by co-targeting cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment, which contributes to drug resistance via secretion of sEVs from senescent stromal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiramongkol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent stromal cells promote cancer resistance through SIRT1 loss-potentiated overproduction of small extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HARVESTMAN: A framework for hierarchical featurelearning and selection from whole genome sequencingdata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present HO_SCPLOWARVESTMANC_SCPLOW, a method that takes advantage of hierarchical relationships among the possible biological interpretations and representations of genomic variants to perform automatic feature learning, feature selection, and model building. We demonstrate that HO_SCPLOWARVESTMANC_SCPLOW scales to thousands of genomes comprising more than 84 million variants by processing phase 3 data from the 1000 Genomes Project, the largest publicly available collection of whole genome sequences. Next, using breast cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we show that HO_SCPLOWARVESTMANC_SCPLOW selects a rich combination of representations that are adapted to the learning task, and performs better than a binary representation of SNPs alone. Finally, we compare HO_SCPLOWARVESTMANC_SCPLOW to existing feature selection methods and demonstrate that our method selects smaller and less redundant feature subsets, while maintaining accuracy of the resulting classifier. The data used is available through either the 1000 Genomes Project or The Cancer Genome Atlas. Access to TCGA data requires the completion of a Data Access Request through the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Binary releases of HO_SCPLOWARVESTMANC_SCPLOW compatible with Linux, Windows, and Mac are available for download at https://github.com/cmlh-gp/Harvestman-public/releases
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frisby, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.005603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HARVESTMAN: A framework for hierarchical featurelearning and selection from whole genome sequencingdata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ion transport mechanisms for smoke inhalation injured airway epithelial barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Smoke inhalation injury is the leading cause of death in firefighters and victims. Inhaled hot air and toxic smoke are the predominant hazards to the respiratory epithelium. We aimed to analyze the effects of thermal stress and smoke aldehyde on the permeability of the airway epithelial barrier. Transepithelial resistance (RTE) and short-circuit current (ISC) of mouse tracheal epithelial monolayers were digitized by an Ussing chamber setup. Zonula occludens-1 tight junctions were visualized under confocal microscopy. A cell viability test and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assay were performed. Thermal stress (40°C) decreased RTE in a two-phase manner. Meanwhile, thermal stress increased ISC followed by its decline. Na+ depletion, amiloride (an inhibitor for epithelial Na+ channels [ENaCs]), ouabain (a blocker for Na+/K+-ATPase) and CFTRinh-172 (a blocker of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator [CFTR]) altered the responses of RTE and ISC to thermal stress. Steady-state 40°C increased activity of ENaCs, Na+/K+-ATPase, and CFTR. Acrolein, one of the main oxidative unsaturated aldehydes in fire smoke, eliminated RTE and ISC. Na+ depletion, amiloride, ouabain, and CFTRinh-172 suppressed acrolein-sensitive ISC, but showed activating effects on acrolein-sensitive RTE. Thermal stress or acrolein disrupted zonula occludens-1 tight junctions, increased fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability but did not cause cell death or detachment. The synergistic effects of thermal stress and acrolein exacerbated the damage to monolayers. In conclusion, the paracellular pathway mediated by the tight junctions and the transcellular pathway mediated by active and passive ion transport pathways contribute to impairment of the airway epithelial barrier caused by thermal stress and acrolein.Graphical HeadlightsThermal stress and acrolein are two essential determinants for smoke-inhalation injury, impairing airway epithelial barrier.Transcellular ion transport pathways via the ENaC, CFTR, and Na/K-ATPase are interrupted by both thermal stress and acrolein, one of the most potent smoke toxins.Heat and acrolein damage the integrity of the airway epithelium through suppressing and relocating the tight junctions.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AbbreviationsENaCsepithelial Na+ channelsCFTRcystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatorRTEtransepithelial resistanceISCshort-circuit currentMTEmouse tracheal epithelialFITCfluorescein isothiocyanateHBEhuman bronchial epithelialDMSOdimethyl sulfoxideZO-1zonula occludens-1P1phase 1P2phase 2ASIamiloride-sensitive ISCKCsK+ channelsROSreactive oxygen speciesCaCCsCa2+-activated Cl− channelsNKCCNa+/K+/2Cl−MAPKmitogen-activated protein kinaseView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.007807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ion transport mechanisms for smoke inhalation injured airway epithelial barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific histone acetylation profiling of Alzheimer's Disease subjects and integration with genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We profile genome-wide histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) of 3 major brain cell types from hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of subjects with and without Alzheimers Disease (AD). We confirm that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with late onset AD (LOAD) prefer to reside in the microglial histone acetylome, which varies most strongly with age. We observe acetylation differences associated with AD pathology at 3,598 peaks, predominantly in an oligodendrocyte-enriched population. Strikingly, these differences occur at the promoters of known early onset AD (EOAD) risk genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, BACE1), late onset AD (LOAD) risk genes (BIN1, PICALM, CLU, ADAM10, ADAMTS4, SORL1 and FERMT2), and putative enhancers annotated to other genes associated with AD pathology (MAPT). More broadly, acetylation differences in the oligodendrocyte-enriched population occur near genes in pathways for central nervous system myelination and oxidative phosphorylation. In most cases, these promoter acetylation differences are associated with differences in transcription in oligodendrocytes. Overall, we reveal deregulation of known and novel pathways in AD and highlight genomic regions as therapeutic targets in oligodendrocytes of hippocampus and dlPFC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunsalus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.010330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific histone acetylation profiling of Alzheimer's Disease subjects and integration with genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.015289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the functions of supra-temporal and insular auditory responsive areas in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.015289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human auditory sensory area, which includes primary and non-primary auditory cortices, has been considered to locate in the supra-temporal lobe for more than a century. Recently, accumulating evidence shows that the posterior part of insula responses to sounds under non-task states with relevant short latencies. However, whether posterior insula (InsP) contribute to forming auditory sensation remains unclear. Here we addressed this issue by recording and stimulation directly on the supra-temporal and insular areas via intracranial electrodes from 53 epileptic patients. During passive listening to a non-speech sound, the high-{gamma} (60-140 Hz) active rate of InsP (68.8%) was approximate to the non-primary auditory areas (72.4% and 79.0%). Moreover, we could not distinguish InsP from supra-temporal subareas by either activation, latency, temporal pattern or lateral dominance of sound induce high-{gamma}. On the contrary, direct electrical stimulation evoked auditory sensations effectively on supra-temporal subareas (> 65%), while sparsely on InsP (9.49%). The results of cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) showed strong bidirectional connectivity within supra-temporal areas, but weak connectivity between supra-temporal areas and InsP. These findings suggest that even the InsP has similar basic auditory response properties to the primary or non-primary cortex, it may not directly participate in the formation of auditory perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.015289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the functions of supra-temporal and insular auditory responsive areas in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LY6E Restricts the Entry of Human Coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C3A is a sub-clone of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line with the strong contact inhibition of growth. We fortuitously found that C3A was more susceptible to human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection than HepG2, which was attributed to the increased efficiency of virus entry into C3A cells. In an effort to search for the host cellular protein(s) mediating the differential susceptibility of the two cell lines to HCoV-OC43 infection, we found that ADAP2, GILT and LY6E, three cellular proteins with known activity of interfering virus entry, expressed at significantly higher levels in HepG2 cells. Functional analyses revealed that ectopic expression of LY6E, but not GILT or ADAP2, in HEK 293 cells inhibited the entry of HCoV-OC43. While overexpression of LY6E in C3A and A549 cells efficiently inhibited the infection of HCoV-OC43, knockdown of LY6E expression in HepG2 significantly increased its susceptibility to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, we found that LY6E also efficiently restricted the entry mediated by the envelope spike proteins of other human coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, overexpression of serine protease TMPRSS2 or amphotericin treatment significantly neutralized the IFITM3 restriction of human coronavirus entry, but did not compromise the effect of LY6E on the entry of human coronaviruses. The work reported herein thus demonstrates that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis via a distinct mechanism.

ImportanceVirus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control by host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as host factors to facilitate the entry of several human pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.021469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LY6E Restricts the Entry of Human Coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.024430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Recipe for Designing Antibodies against the Ebola Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.024430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conceptual basis for antiviral therapy is to deliver a synthetic antibody that binds to a viral surface protein, and thus prevents the virus from deploying its cell-entry mechanism. The fast and untraceable virus mutations take lives of thousands of people before the immune system can produce the inhibitory antibody. In this paper, we devised a computational recipe to predict both the viral escape mutations and the possible inhibitory synthetic antibodies. We combined bioinformatics, structural biology, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the most likely viral mutations and the candidate antibodies that can inhibit those escape mutations. Specifically, using the crystal structures of the Sudan and Zaire Ebola viral GPs in complex to their respective antibodies (ABs), we have performed an extensive set of MD simulations, both on the wild-type structures and on a large array of additional complexes designed and generated through combinatorial mutations. We discovered that our methods enabled the successful redesign of antibody sequences to essentially all likely glycoprotein mutations. Our findings and the computational methodology developed here for general antibody design can facilitate therapy of current and possibly next generations of viruses.

Significance of the ManuscriptThis manuscript has high significance both methodologically and in potential biomedical application. In methodology, the manuscript combines molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo calculations, and bioinformatics in a novel way to simulate the evolutionary arms race between an evolving viral coat protein and a counter-evolving antibody against the virus. This simulation is shown to provide a method for designing a synthetic antibody against the newly emerging viral strains. This work is done in the context of ongoing work in other laboratories in which cells can be induced to produce synthetic antibodies and those synthetic antibodies can be edited (via, for example, CRISPR) to have an arbitrary sequence in the region that binds the viral coat protein. Putting those experimental methods together with the computational methods we present in this paper has the potential to provide a important approach to produce antibodies-on-demand against evolving viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barati Farimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.024430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Recipe for Designing Antibodies against the Ebola Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic analysis of tissue cells potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection by the protein-proofed single-cell RNA profiling of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin proteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA profiling of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, had proposed multiple tissue cells as the potential targets of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most were not echoed by the patients clinical manifestations, largely due to the lack of protein expression information of ACE2 and co-factors. Here, we incorporated the protein information to analyse the expression of ACE2, together with TMPRSS2 and Furin, two proteases assisting SARS-CoV-2 infection, at single cell level in situ, which we called protein-proofed single-cell RNA (pscRNA) profiling. Systemic analysis across 36 tissues revealed a rank list of candidate cells potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. The top targets are lung AT2 cells and macrophages, then cardiomyocytes and adrenal gland stromal cells, followed by stromal cells in testis, ovary and thyroid. Whereas, the polarized kidney proximal tubule cells, liver cholangiocytes and intestinal enterocytes are less likely to be the primary SARS-CoV-2 targets as ACE2 localizes at the apical region of cells, where the viruses may not readily reach. Actually, the stomach may constitute a physical barrier against SARS-CoV-2 as the acidic environment in normal stomach (pH < 2.0) could completely inactivate SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-viruses. These findings are in concert with the clinical characteristics of prominent lung symptoms, frequent heart injury, and uncommon intestinal symptoms and acute kidney injury. Together, we provide a comprehensive view on the potential SARS-CoV-2 targets by pscRNA profiling, and propose that, in addition to acute respiratory distress syndrome, attentions should also be paid to the potential injuries in cardiovascular, endocrine and reproductive systems during the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic analysis of tissue cells potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection by the protein-proofed single-cell RNA profiling of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin proteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human and mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By engaging angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2 or Ace2), the novel pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may invade host cells in many organs, including the brain. However, the distribution of ACE2 in the brain is still obscure. Here we investigated the ACE2 expression in the brain by analyzing data from publicly available brain transcriptome databases. According to our spatial distribution analysis, ACE2 was relatively highly expressed in some brain locations, such as the choroid plexus and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus. According to cell-type distribution analysis, nuclear expression of ACE2 was found in many neurons (both excitatory and inhibitory neurons) and some non-neuron cells (mainly astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells) in human middle temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. A few ACE2-expressing nuclei were found in a hippocampal dataset, and none were detected in the prefrontal cortex. Except for the additional high expression of Ace2 in the olfactory bulb areas for spatial distribution as well as in the pericytes and endothelial cells for cell-type distribution, the distribution of Ace2 in mouse brain was similar to that in the human brain. Thus, our results reveal an outline of ACE2/Ace2 distribution in the human and mouse brain, which indicates the brain infection of SARS-CoV-2 may be capable of inducing central nervous system symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Potential species differences should be considered when using mouse models to study the neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human and mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindfulness Improves Brain Computer Interface Performance by Increasing Control over Neural Activity in the Alpha Band 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are promising tools for assisting patients with paralysis, but suffer from long training times and variable user proficiency. Mind-body awareness training (MBAT) can improve BCI learning, but how it does so remains unknown. Here we show that MBAT allows participants to learn to volitionally increase alpha band neural activity during BCI tasks that incorporate intentional rest. We trained individuals in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; a standardized MBAT intervention) and compared performance and brain activity before and after training between randomly assigned trained and untrained control groups. The MBAT group showed reliably faster learning of BCI than the control group throughout training. Alpha-band activity in EEG signals, recorded in the volitional resting state during task performance, showed a parallel increase over sessions, and predicted final BCI performance. The level of alpha-band activity during the intentional resting state correlated reliably with individuals mindfulness practice as well as performance on a sustained attention task. Collectively, these results show that MBAT modifies a specific neural signal used by BCI. MBAT, by increasing patients control over their brain activity during rest, may increase the effectiveness of BCI in the large population who could benefit from alternatives to direct motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stieger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindfulness Improves Brain Computer Interface Performance by Increasing Control over Neural Activity in the Alpha Band]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon Stock of Human-Disturbed Forest Areas in Bukidnon, Philippines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A carbon stock assessment was done on two forest areas in Bukidnon, Philippines specifically in Mt. Kiamo in Kibalabag Village and Mt. Capistrano in Managok Village both in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. Using a nested sampling design, tree diameter at breast height as well as tree height were measured. Allometric equations were then used to calculate for the above and below ground biomass density of trees. Destructive sampling was then employed to determine the biomass density of understory and litterfall, while composite sampling was done for soil analysis. Carbon content was then used to compute for the carbon stock of the different carbon pools in the studied ecosystems. The average biomass density of the two areas was found to be 247.80 Mg ha-1 which are closely similar to other areas of the same forest type in Mindanao. Likewise the average carbon stock of the two areas is 143.14 MgC ha-1 which is similar to tree plantations based on previous studies. Furthermore, the said carbon stock is approximately 40% lower than the country average for natural forests (250 MgC ha-1). The results demonstrate the extent of the diminishing carbon sequestration capability of forest areas due to human disturbance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabahug, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapico, G. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon Stock of Human-Disturbed Forest Areas in Bukidnon, Philippines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oil Palm Plantations in Southern Philippines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aside from the greenhouse gas reduction ability of palm oil-based biofuel as alternative to fossil fuels, another essential greenhouse gas mitigation ability of oil palm plantation is in terms of offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions through carbon sequestration. In this context, this study was done to determine the carbon sequestration potential of oil palm plantations specifically in two areas in Mindanao, Philippines. Allometric equation was used in calculating the biomass of oil palm trunk. Furthermore, destructive methods were used to determine the biomass in other oil palm parts (fronds, leaves, and fruits). Carbon stocks from the other carbon pools in the oil palm plantations were measured which includes understory, litterfall, and soil. Results revealed that the average carbon stock in the oil palm plantations is 40.33 tC/ha. Majority of the carbon stock is found in the oil palm plant (53%), followed by soil (38%), litterfall (6%), and understory, (4%). The average carbon sequestration rate of oil palm plants is estimated to be 4.55 tC/ha/year. It is advised that oil palm expansions should be done on grasslands and barren lands instead of forest lands to avoid incurring "carbon debts". It is also recommended that oil palms should be mixed with shrub crops species to enhance soil organic carbon as well as increase the aboveground biomass in oil palm plantations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borbon, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricio, J. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, A. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oil Palm Plantations in Southern Philippines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunity-and-Matrix-Regulatory Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Safely and Effectively Treat Mouse Lung Injury and Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung injury and fibrosis represent the most significant outcomes of severe and acute lung disorders, including COVID-19. However, there are still no effective drugs to treat lung injury and fibrosis. In this study, we report the generation of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived immunity- and matrix-regulatory cells (IMRCs) produced under good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements, that can treat lung injury and fibrosis in vivo. We generate IMRCs by sequentially differentiating hESCs with serum-free reagents. IMRCs possess a unique gene expression profile distinct from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs), such as higher levels of proliferative, immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic genes. Moreover, intravenous delivery of IMRCs inhibits both pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mouse models of lung injury, and significantly improves the survival rate of the recipient mice in a dose-dependent manner, likely through paracrine regulatory mechanisms. IMRCs are superior to both primary UCMSCs and FDA-approved pirfenidone, with an excellent efficacy and safety profile in mice and monkeys. In light of public health crises involving pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), our findings suggest that IMRCs are ready for clinical trials on lung disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunity-and-Matrix-Regulatory Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Safely and Effectively Treat Mouse Lung Injury and Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incremental language comprehension difficulty predicts activity in the language network but not the multiple demand network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What role do domain-general executive functions play in human language comprehension? To address this question, we examine the relationship between behavioral measures of comprehension and neural activity in the domain-general "multiple demand" (MD) network, which has been linked to constructs like attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and selection, and implicated in diverse goal-directed behaviors. Specifically, fMRI data collected during naturalistic story listening are compared to theory-neutral measures of online comprehension difficulty and incremental processing load (reading times and eye-fixation durations). Critically, to ensure that variance in these measures is driven by features of the linguistic stimulus rather than reflecting participant-or trial-level variability, the neuroimaging and behavioral datasets were collected in non-overlapping samples. We find no behavioral-neural link in functionally localized MD regions; instead, this link is found in the domain-specific, fronto-temporal "core language network", in both left hemispheric areas and their right hemispheric homologues. These results argue against strong involvement of domain-general executive circuits in language comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von der Malsburg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incremental language comprehension difficulty predicts activity in the language network but not the multiple demand network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad and differential animal ACE2 receptor usage by SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented global public health and economy crisis. The origin and emergence of its causal agent, SARS-CoV-2, in the human population remains mysterious, although bat and pangolin were proposed to be the natural reservoirs. Strikingly, comparing to the SARS-CoV-2-like CoVs identified in bats and pangolins, SARS-CoV-2 harbors a polybasic furin cleavage site in its spike (S) glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 as its receptor to infect cells. Receptor recognition by the S protein is the major determinant of host range, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. In an effort to search for the potential intermediate or amplifying animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2, we examined receptor activity of ACE2 from 14 mammal species and found that ACE2 from multiple species can support the infectious entry of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the wild-type or furin cleavage site deficient S protein of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 of human/rhesus monkey and rat/mouse exhibited the highest and lowest receptor activity, respectively. Among the remaining species, ACE2 from rabbit and pangolin strongly bound to the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and efficiently supported the pseudotyped virus infection. These findings have important implications for understanding potential natural reservoirs, zoonotic transmission, human-to-animal transmission, and use of animal models.

ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 as primary receptor for host cell entry. Viral entry mediated by the interaction of ACE2 with spike protein largely determines host range and is the major constraint to interspecies transmission. We examined the receptor activity of 14 ACE2 orthologues and found that wild type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 lacking the furin cleavage site in S protein could utilize ACE2 from a broad range of animal species to enter host cells. These results have important implications in the natural hosts, interspecies transmission, animal models and molecular basis of receptor binding for SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.048710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad and differential animal ACE2 receptor usage by SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.051870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanics of Temporal Interference stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.051870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We utilize single neuron models to understand mechanisms behind Temporal Interference (TI) stimulation (also called "Interferential Stimulation"). We say that a neuron exhibits TI stimulation if it does not fire for a high-frequency sinusoidal input, but fires when the input is a low-frequency modulation of the high-frequency sinusoid (specifically that generated by addition of two high frequency sinusoids with a small difference in their frequencies), while the maximum amplitude is kept the same in both cases. Our key observation - that holds for both FitzHugh-Nagumo and Hodgkin-Huxley neuron models - is that for neuron models that do exhibit TI stimulation, a high frequency pure sinusoidal input results in a current balance between inward and outward currents. This current balance leads to a subthreshold periodic orbit that keeps the membrane potential from spiking for sinusoidal inputs. However, the balance is disturbed when the envelope of the sinusoids is modulated with a high slope: the fast-changing envelope activates fast depolarizing currents without giving slow outward currents time to respond. This imbalance causes the membrane potential to build up, causing the neuron to fire. This mechanistic understanding can help design current waveforms for neurons that exhibit TI stimulation, and also help classify which neuron-types may or may not exhibit TI stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.051870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanics of Temporal Interference stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient and layer-specific reduction in neocortical PV inhibition during sensory association learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory and motor learning reorganizes neocortical circuitry, particularly manifested in the strength of excitatory synapses. Prior studies suggest reduced inhibition can facilitate glutamatergic synapse plasticity during learning, but the role of specific inhibitory neurons in this process has not been well-documented. Here we investigate whether inhibition from parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons is altered in primary somatosensory cortex in mice trained in a whisker-based reward-association task. Anatomical and electrophysiological analyses show PV input to L2/3, but not L5, pyramidal (Pyr) neurons is rapidly suppressed during early stages of sensory training, effects that are reversed after longer training periods. Importantly, sensory stimulation without reward does not alter PV-mediated inhibition. Computational modeling indicates that reduced PV inhibition in L2/3 selectively enables an increase in translaminar recurrent activity, also observed during SAT. PV disinhibition in superficial layers of the neocortex may be one of the earliest changes in learning-dependent rewiring of the cortical column.

Impact statementTactile learning is associated with reduced PV inhibition in superficial layers of somatosensory cortex. Modeling studies suggest that PV disinhibition can support prolonged recurrent activity initiated by thalamic input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuljis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clopath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient and layer-specific reduction in neocortical PV inhibition during sensory association learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MINERVA: A facile strategy for SARS-CoV-2 whole genome deep sequencing of clinical samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a serious public health risk. Analyzing the genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from clinical samples is crucial for the understanding of viral spread and viral evolution, as well as for vaccine development. Existing sample preparation methods for viral genome sequencing are demanding on user technique and time, and thus not ideal for time-sensitive clinical samples; these methods are also not optimized for high performance on viral genomes. We have developed MetagenomIc RNA EnRichment VirAl sequencing (MINERVA), a facile, practical, and robust approach for metagenomic and deep viral sequencing from clinical samples. This approach uses direct tagmentation of RNA/DNA hybrids using Tn5 transposase to greatly simplify the sequencing library construction process, while subsequent targeted enrichment can generate viral genomes with high sensitivity, coverage, and depth. We demonstrate the utility of MINERVA on pharyngeal, sputum and stool samples collected from COVID-19 patients, successfully obtaining both whole metatranscriptomes and complete high-depth high-coverage SARS-CoV-2 genomes from these clinical samples, with high yield and robustness. MINERVA is compatible with clinical nucleic extracts containing carrier RNA. With a shortened hands-on time from sample to virus-enriched sequencing-ready library, this rapid, versatile, and clinic-friendly approach will facilitate monitoring of viral genetic variations during outbreaks, both current and future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.060947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MINERVA: A facile strategy for SARS-CoV-2 whole genome deep sequencing of clinical samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.063750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An automated homecage system for multiwhisker detection and discrimination learning in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.063750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated, homecage behavioral training for rodents has many advantages: it is low stress, requires little interaction with the experimenter, and can be easily manipulated to adapt to different experimental condition. We have developed an inexpensive, Arduino-based, homecage training apparatus for sensory association training in freely-moving mice using multiwhisker air current stimulation coupled to a water reward. Animals learn this task readily, within 1-2 days of training, and performance progressively improves with training. We examined the parameters that regulate task acquisition using different stimulus intensities, directions, and reward valence. Learning was assessed by comparing anticipatory licking for the stimulus compared to the no-stimulus (blank) trials. At high stimulus intensities (>9 psi), animals showed markedly less participation in the task. Conversely, very weak air current intensities (1-2 psi) were not sufficient to generate rapid learning behavior. At intermediate stimulus intensities (5-6 psi), a majority of mice learned that the multiwhisker stimulus predicted the water reward after 24-48 hrs of training. Both exposure to isoflurane and lack of whiskers decreased animals ability to learn the task. Perceptual learning was assessed and following training at an intermediate stimulus intensity, perception was likely heightened as mice were able to transfer learning behavior when exposed to the lower stimulus intensity. Mice learned to discriminate between two directions of stimulation rapidly and accurately, even when the angular distance between the stimuli was <15 degrees. Switching the reward to a more desirable reward, aspartame, had little effect on learning trajectory. Our results show that a tactile association task in an automated homecage environment can be monitored by anticipatory licking to reveal rapid and progressive behavioral change. These Arduino-based, automated mouse cages enable high-throughput training that facilitate analysis of large numbers of genetically modified mice with targeted manipulations of neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernhard, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erskine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hires, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.063750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An automated homecage system for multiwhisker detection and discrimination learning in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIFNet: Electromagnetic Source Imaging Framework Using Deep Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are used to measure brain activity, noninvasively, and are useful tools for brain research and clinical management of brain disorders. Tremendous effort has been made in solving the inverse source imaging problem from EEG/MEG measurements. This is a challenging ill-posed problem, since the number of measurements is much smaller than the number of possible sources in the brain. Various methods have been developed to estimate underlying brain sources from noninvasive EEG/MEG as this can offer insight about the underlying brain electrical activity with significantly improved spatial resolution. In this work, we propose a novel data-driven Source Imaging Framework using deep learning neural networks (SIFNet), where (1) a simulation pipeline is designed to model realistic brain activation and EEG/MEG signals to train generalizable neural networks, (2) and a residual convolutional neural network is trained using the simulated data, capable of estimating source distributions from EEG/MEG recordings. The performance of our proposed SIFNet approach is evaluated in a series of computer simulations, which indicates the excellent performance of SIFNet outperforming conventional weighted minimum norm algorithms that were tested in this work. The SIFNet is further tested by analyzing interictal EEG data recorded in a clinical setting from a focal epilepsy patient. The results of this clinical data analysis indicate accurate localization of epileptogenic activity as validated by the epileptogenic zone clinically determined in this patient. In sum, the proposed SIFNet approach promises to offer an alternative solution to the EEG/MEG inverse source imaging problem, shows promising signs of being robust against measurement noise, and is easy to implement, therefore, being translatable to clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohrabpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIFNet: Electromagnetic Source Imaging Framework Using Deep Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative point set registration for aligning scRNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies profile similar single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data using different technologies and platforms. A number of alignment methods have been developed to enable the integration and comparison of scRNA-Seq data from such studies. While each performs well on some of the datasets, to date no method was able to both perform the alignment using the original expression space and generalize to new data. To enable such analysis we developed Single Cell Iterative Point set Registration (SCIPR) which extends methods that were successfully applied to align image data to scRNA-Seq. We discuss the required changes needed, the resulting optimization function, and algorithms for learning a transformation function for aligning data. We tested SCIPR on several scRNA-Seq datasets. As we show it successfully aligns data from several different cell types, improving upon prior methods proposed for this task. In addition, we show the parameters learned by SCIPR can be used to align data not used in the training and to identify key cell type-specific genes.

Author SummaryIntegrating single cell expression data (scRNA-Seq) across labs, platforms, and technologies is a major challenge. Current methods for addressing this problem attempt to align cells in one study to match cells in another. While successful, current methods are unable to learn a general alignment in gene space that can be used to process new or additional data not used in the learning. Here we show that the scRNA-Seq alignment problem resembles a well known problem in the field of computer vision and robotics: point-cloud registration. We next extend traditional iterative rigid-object alignment methods for scRNA-seq while satisfying a set of unique constraints that distinguishes our solution from past methods. Analysis of transcriptomics data demonstrates that our method can accurately align scRNA-seq data, can generalize to unseen datasets, and can provide useful insights about genes active in the cells being studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative point set registration for aligning scRNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.095810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Once delayed non-invasive remote ischemic preconditioning protects against early stroke by modulating neuroinflammatory responses in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.095810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Once delayed non-invasive remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been proven to provide endogenous protection against injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in the central nervous system. However, for thus ischemic preconditioning method, it is still unclear how long this protection can maintain and what the underlying mechanism is. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that once delayed non-invasive RIPC protects brain injury at short reperfusion time. The rat was stimulated by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 90 min, and subsequent reperfusion was performed at 6 h, 72 h and 7 days after MCAo. RIPC was conducted in both hind limbs 24 h before MCAo for 3 cycles (10 min ischemia/ 10 min reperfusion). The infarct size was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Cresyl violet (CV) staining. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in the brain were measured by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The results showed that once delayed non-invasive RIPC reduced the infarct size, improved neurological functions and behavioral performance at 6 and 72 h post-stroke. There was no change by reperfusion at 7 d after MCAo. RIPC reduced the levels of TNF, IL-1{beta} and IL-6 in the brain at 72 h post stroke. It also reduced the levels of TNF and IL-1{beta} when reperfusion at 6 h after MCAo. Our results strongly supported that once delayed non-invasive RIPC protects against stroke as a non-invasive neuroprotective strategy, which maintained for both short and middle term ischemic reperfusion time. The protective effect is mediated by the modulation of inflammatory response in the ischemic brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.095810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Once delayed non-invasive remote ischemic preconditioning protects against early stroke by modulating neuroinflammatory responses in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Voluntary Movement-related Cortical Activity in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging non-invasive brain stimulation tool for safely and reversibly modulating brain circuits. The effectiveness of tFUS on human brain has been demonstrated, but how tFUS influences the human voluntary motor processing in the brain remains unclear. We apply low-intensity tFUS to modulate the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) originating from human subjects practicing a voluntary foot tapping task. 64-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) is recorded concurrently and further used to reconstruct the brain source activity specifically at the primary leg motor cortical area using the electrophysiological source imaging (ESI). The ESI illustrates the ultrasound modulated MRCP source dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolutions. The MRCP source is imaged and its source profile is further evaluated for assessing the tFUS neuromodulatory effects on the voluntary MRCP. Moreover, the effect of ultrasound pulse repetition frequency (UPRF) is further assessed in modulating the MRCP. ESI results show that tFUS significantly increases the MRCP source profile amplitude (MSPA) comparing to a sham ultrasound condition, and further, a high UPRF enhances the MSPA more than a low UPRF. This work provides the first evidence of tFUS enhancing the human voluntary movement-related cortical activity through excitatory modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.103176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Voluntary Movement-related Cortical Activity in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.100065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine responses reveal efficient coding of cognitive variables 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.100065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward expectations based on internal knowledge of the external environment are a core component of adaptive behavior. However, internal knowledge may be inaccurate or incomplete due to errors in sensory measurements. Some features of the environment may also be encoded inaccurately to minimise representational costs associated with their processing. We investigate how reward expectations are affected by differences in internal representations by studying rodents behaviour and dopaminergic activity while they make time based decisions. Several possible representations allow a reinforcement learning agent to model animals choices during the task. However, only a small subset of highly compressed representations simultaneously reproduce, both, animals behaviour and dopaminergic activity. Strikingly, these representations predict an unusual distribution of response times that closely matches animals behaviour. These results can inform how constraints of representational efficiency may be expressed in encoding representations of dynamic cognitive variables used for reward based computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Motiwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atallah, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machens, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.100065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine responses reveal efficient coding of cognitive variables]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traction Force Microscopy by Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells interact mechanically with their surrounding by exerting forces and sensing forces or force-induced displacements. Traction force microscopy (TFM), purported to map cell-generated forces or stresses, represents an important tool that has powered the rapid advances in mechanobiology. However, to solve the ill-posted mathematical problem, its implementation has involved regularization and the associated compromises in accuracy and resolution. Here we applied neural network-based deep learning as a novel approach for TFM. We modified a network for processing images to process vector fields of stress and strain. Furthermore, we adapted a mathematical model for cell migration to generate large sets of simulated stresses and strains for training the network. We found that deep learning-based TFM yielded results qualitatively similar to those from conventional methods but at a higher accuracy and resolution. The speed and performance of deep learning TFM make it an appealing alternative to conventional methods for characterizing mechanical interactions between cells and the environment.

Statement of SignificanceTraction Force Microscopy has served as a fundamental driving force for mechanobiology. However, its nature as an ill-posed inverse problem has posed serious challenges for conventional mathematical approaches. The present study, facilitated by large sets of simulated stresses and strains, describes a novel approach using deep learning for the calculation of traction stress distribution. By adapting the UNet neural network for handling vector fields, we show that deep learning is able to minimize much of the limitations of conventional approaches to generate results with speed, accuracy, and resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traction Force Microscopy by Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning is shaped by abrupt changes in neural engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal states such as arousal, attention, and motivation are known to modulate brain-wide neural activity, but how these processes interact with learning is not well understood. During learning, the brain must modify the neural activity it produces to improve behavioral performance. How do internal states affect the evolution of this learning process? Using a brain-computer interface (BCI) learning paradigm in non-human primates, we identified large fluctuations in neural population activity in motor cortex (M1) indicative of arousal-like internal state changes. These fluctuations drove population activity along dimensions we term neural engagement axes. Neural engagement increased abruptly at the start of learning, and then gradually retreated. In a BCI, the causal relationship between neural activity and behavior is known. This allowed us to understand how these changes impacted behavioral performance for different task goals. We found that neural engagement interacted with learning, helping to explain why animals learned some task goals more quickly than others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennig, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oby, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahureksa, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadtler, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.112714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning is shaped by abrupt changes in neural engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.111690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Loading of Human Engineered Heart Tissue Enhances Contractile Function and Drives Desmosome-linked Disease Phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.111690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role mechanical forces play in shaping the structure and function of the heart is critical to understanding heart formation and the etiology of disease but is challenging to study in patients. Engineered heart tissues (EHTs) incorporating human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have the potential to provide insight into these adaptive and maladaptive changes in the heart. However, most EHT systems are unable to model both preload (stretch during chamber filling) and afterload (pressure the heart must work against to eject blood). Here, we have developed a new dynamic EHT (dyn-EHT) model that enables us to tune preload and have unconstrained fractional shortening of >10%. To do this, 3D EHTs are integrated with an elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strip that provides mechanical pre- and afterload to the tissue in addition to enabling contractile force measurements based on strip bending. Our results demonstrate in wild-type EHTs that dynamic loading is beneficial based on the magnitude of the forces, leading to improved alignment, conduction velocity, and contractility. For disease modeling, we use hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from a patient with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) due to mutations in desmoplakin. We demonstrate that manifestation of this desmosome-linked disease state requires the dyn-EHT conditioning and that it cannot be induced using 2D or standard 3D EHT approaches. Thus, dynamic loading strategy is necessary to provoke a disease phenotype (diastolic lengthening, reduction of desmosome counts, and reduced contractility), which are akin to primary endpoints of clinical disease, such as chamber thinning and reduced cardiac output.

Single Sentence SummaryDevelopment of a dynamic mechanical loading platform to improve contractile function of engineered heart tissues and study cardiac disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bliley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teplenin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoes, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmykov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchesko, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongbloed, J. D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suurmeijer, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pijnappels, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolling, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, P. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.111690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Loading of Human Engineered Heart Tissue Enhances Contractile Function and Drives Desmosome-linked Disease Phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCAN-ATAC Sim: a scalable and efficient method to simulate single-cell ATAC-seq from bulk-tissue experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryscATAC-seq is a powerful approach for characterizing cell-type-specific regulatory landscapes. However, it is difficult to benchmark the performance of various scATAC-seq analysis techniques (such as clustering and deconvolution) without having a priori a known set of gold-standard cell types. To simulate scATAC-seq experiments with known cell-type labels, we introduce an efficient and scalable scATAC-seq simulation method (SCAN-ATAC-Sim) that down-samples bulk ATAC-seq data (e.g., from representative cell lines or tissues). Our protocol uses a consistent but tunable signal-to-noise ratio across cell types in a scATAC-seq simulation for integrating bulk experiments with different levels of background noise, and it independently samples twice without replacement to account for the diploid genome. Because it uses an efficient weighted reservoir sampling algorithm and is highly parallelizable with OpenMP, our implementation in C++ allows millions of cells to be simulated in less than an hour on a laptop computer.

AvailabilitySCAN-ATAC-Sim is available at scan-atac-sim.gersteinlab.org.

Contactpi@gersteinlab.org

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCAN-ATAC Sim: a scalable and efficient method to simulate single-cell ATAC-seq from bulk-tissue experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 response signaling and regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several molecular datasets have been recently compiled to characterize the activity of SARS-CoV-2 within human cells. Here we extend computational methods to integrate several different types of sequence, functional and interaction data to reconstruct networks and pathways activated by the virus in host cells. We identify key proteins in these networks and further intersect them with genes differentially expressed at conditions that are known to impact viral activity. Several of the top ranked genes do not directly interact with virus proteins. We experimentally tested treatments for a number of the predicted targets. We show that blocking one of the predicted indirect targets significantly reduces viral loads in stem cell-derived alveolar epithelial type II cells (iAT2s).

Software and interactive visualizationhttps://github.com/phoenixding/sdremsc
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 response signaling and regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tension promotes kinetochore-microtubule release in response to Aurora B activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aurora B kinase regulates kinetochore-microtubule interactions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation in cell division. Tension provides a signal to discriminate attachment errors from bi-oriented kinetochores with sisters correctly attached to opposite spindle poles. Current models focus on tension as an input to locally regulate Aurora B activity. Here we show that the outcome of Aurora B activity depends on tension. Using an optogenetic approach to manipulate Aurora B at individual kinetochores, we find that kinase activity promotes microtubule release when tension is high. Conversely, when tension is low, Aurora B activity promotes depolymerization of kinetochore-microtubule bundles while maintaining attachment. We propose that tension is a signal inducing distinct error-correction mechanisms, with release or depolymerization advantageous for typical errors characterized by high or low tension, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodjakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tension promotes kinetochore-microtubule release in response to Aurora B activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic CPSF6 regulates HIV-1 capsid trafficking and infection in a cyclophilin A-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid binds host proteins during infection, including cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6) and cyclophilin A (CypA). We observe that HIV-1 infection induces higher-order CPSF6 formation and capsid-CPSF6 complexes co-traffic on microtubules. CPSF6-capsid complex trafficking is impacted by capsid alterations that reduce CPSF6 binding or by excess cytoplasmic CPSF6 expression, both of which are associated with decreased HIV-1 infection. Higher-order CPSF6 complexes bind and disrupt HIV-1 capsid assemblies in vitro. Disruption of HIV-1 capsid binding to CypA leads to increased CPSF6 binding and altered capsid trafficking, resulting in reduced infectivity. Our data reveal an interplay between CPSF6 and CypA that is important for cytoplasmic capsid trafficking and HIV-1 infection. We propose that CypA prevents HIV-1 capsid from prematurely engaging cytoplasmic CPSF6 and that differences in CypA cellular localization and innate immunity may explain cell-specific variations in HIV-1 capsid trafficking and uncoating.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=131 SRC="FIGDIR/small/136697v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@646829org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f25cf9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b5e696org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3593a7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggs, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic CPSF6 regulates HIV-1 capsid trafficking and infection in a cyclophilin A-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beige adipocytes independently improve impaired glucose metabolism in the absence of brown adipose tissues in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beige adipocytes are emerging as an interesting issue in obesity and metabolism research. There is a neglected possibility that brown adipocytes are equally activated when external stimuli induce beige adipocytes. Thus, a question is whether beige adipocytes have the same functions as brown adipocytes when brown adipose tissue (BAT) is lacking. This question has not been well studied. Therefore we determine the beneficial effects of beige adipocytes upon cold challenge or CL316243 treatments in animal models of BAT ablation by surgical denervation. The data show that beige adipocytes partly contribute to impaired glucose metabolism resulting from denervated BAT. Whereas, we found that denervated BAT were activated by cold exposure and CL316243. Thus, we further used BAT-removal animal models to abolish BAT functions completely. We found that beige adipocytes upon cold challenge or CL316243 treatments independently improved impaired glucose metabolism in BAT-removal mice. The insulin signaling was activated in BAT-removal mice upon cold exposure. Whereas, both the activation of insulin signaling and up-regulation of glucose transporter expression were observed in BAT-removal mice with CL316243 treatments. The data show that beige adipocytes induced by cold exposure or CL316243 may have different mechanisms to improve impaired glucose metabolism. Beige adipocytes can also enhance energy expenditure and lipolytic activity of white adipose tissue when BAT is lacking. We provide direct evidences for the beneficial effect of beige adipocytes in glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in the absence of BAT in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beige adipocytes independently improve impaired glucose metabolism in the absence of brown adipose tissues in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-informed Protein Sequence Generation for Multi-class Virus Mutation Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral pandemics are emerging as a serious global threat to public health, like the recent outbreak of COVID-19. Viruses, especially those belonging to a large family of +ssRNA viruses, have a high possibility of mutating by inserting, deleting, or substituting one or multiple genome segments. It is of great importance for human health worldwide to predict the possible virus mutations, which can effectively avoid the potential second outbreak. In this work, we develop a GAN-based multi-class protein sequence generative model, named ProteinSeqGAN. Given the viral species, the generator is modeled on RNNs to predict the corresponding antigen epitope sequences synthesized by viral genomes. Additionally, a Graphical Protein Autoencoder (GProAE) built upon VAE is proposed to featurize proteins bioinformatically. GProAE, as a multi-class discriminator, also learns to evaluate the goodness of protein sequences and predict the corresponding viral species. Further experiments show that our ProteinSeqGAN model can generate valid antigen protein sequences from both bioinformatics and statistics perspectives, which can be promising predictions of virus mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barati farimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-informed Protein Sequence Generation for Multi-class Virus Mutation Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of neural crest lineages along the posterior developing zebrafish at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate stem cells that give rise to various cell types throughout the developing body in early life. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analyses to delineate NCC-derivatives along the posterior developing vertebrate, zebrafish, during the late embryonic to early larval stage, a period when NCCs are actively differentiating into distinct cellular lineages. We identified several major NCC/NCC-derived cell-types including mesenchyme, neural crest, neural, neuronal, glial, and pigment, from which we resolved over three dozen cellular subtypes. We dissected gene expression signatures of pigment progenitors delineating into chromatophore lineages, mesenchyme subtypes, and enteric NCCs transforming into enteric neurons. Global analysis of NCC derivatives revealed they were demarcated by combinatorial hox gene codes, with distinct profiles within neuronal cells. From these analyses, we present a comprehensive cell-type atlas that can be utilized as a valuable resource for further mechanistic and evolutionary investigations of NCC differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra-Garcia-Padilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westheimer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corteguera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.150938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of neural crest lineages along the posterior developing zebrafish at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syntactic representations in the human brain: beyond effort-based metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While studying semantics in the brain, neuroscientists use two approaches. One is to identify areas that are correlated with semantic processing load. Another is to find areas that are predicted by the semantic representation of the stimulus words. However, in the domain of syntax, most studies have focused only on identifying areas correlated with syntactic processing load. One possible reason for this discrepancy is that representing syntactic structure in an embedding space such that it can be used to model brain activity is a non-trivial computational problem. Another possible reason is that it is unclear if the low signal-to-noise ratio of neuroimaging tools such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) can allow us to reveal correlates of complex (and perhaps subtle) syntactic representations. In this study, we propose novel multi-dimensional features that encode information about the syntactic structure of sentences. Using these features and fMRI recordings of participants reading a natural text, we model the brain representation of syntax. First, we find that our syntactic structure-based features explain additional variance in the brain activity of various parts of the language system, even after controlling for complexity metrics that capture processing load. At the same time, we see that regions well-predicted by syntactic features are distributed in the language system and are not distinguishable from those processing semantics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syntactic representations in the human brain: beyond effort-based metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brainprint: identifying individuals from Magnetoencephalography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used to study a wide variety of cognitive processes. Increasingly, researchers are adopting principles of open science and releasing their MEG data. While essential for reproducibility, sharing MEG data has unforeseen privacy risks. Individual differences may make a participant identifiable from their anonymized recordings. However, our ability to identify individuals based on these individual differences has not yet been assessed. Here, we propose interpretable MEG features to characterize individual difference. We term these features brainprints (brain fingerprints). We show through several datasets that brainprints accurately identify individuals across days, tasks, and even between MEG and Electroencephalography (EEG). Furthermore, we identify consistent brainprint components that are important for identification. We study the dependence of identifiability on the amount of data available. We also relate identifiability to the level of preprocessing, the experimental task. Our findings reveal specific aspects of individual variability in MEG. They also raise concerns about unregulated sharing of brain data, even if anonymized.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=61 SRC="FIGDIR/small/159913v3_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50c58corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d99cc1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c255cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8f2c13_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1:C_FLOATNO Graphical abstract.

Identifying which subject a segment of MEG data belongs to is strikingly easy when other data from the same session is available for every subject. We propose three types of interpretable features that can also be used to identify individuals across sessions with high accuracy. Identifiability of individuals is influenced by factors such as resting state vs. task state, components of each feature, the sample size and the level of preprocessing. Our results reveal aspects of individual variability in MEG signals and highlight privacy risks associated with MEG data sharing.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brainprint: identifying individuals from Magnetoencephalography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.163808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Noun and Verb Processing during Sentence Comprehension in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.163808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain is very effective at integrating new words one by one into the composed representation of a sentence as it is read left-to-right. This raises the important question of what happens to the neural representations of words present earlier in the sentence? For example, do the strength of word representations encountered earlier on in the sentence remain constant or do they evolve as additional words are processed? Representation of words by neural activity in the brain has been the subject of several previous studies. We perform the experiment with a naturalistic task in which the subjects read simple active and passive sentences. Naturalistic studies have tended to explore words in isolation or in a very limited context (e.g., adjective-noun phrases). Representation of previously encountered words during incremental sentence reading, and how such representation evolve as more parts of a sentence are read, is a fundamental but unexplored problem - we take a first step in this direction. In particular, we examine the spatio-temporal characteristics of neural activity encoding nouns and verbs encountered in a sentence as it is read word-by-word. We use Magnetoencephalography (MEG) to passively observe neural activity, providing 1 ms temporal resolution.

Our experiments reveal that nouns and verbs read early in the sentence have a varying influence on neural activity while reading subsequent words, decreasing and increasing at particular word positions in active and passively voiced sentences, with particularly important contributions to activity in frontal and temporal cortical regions. We find the noun and verb information to be decodable from the neural activity for several seconds after sentence reading has completed. Our exploration is also the first to study the effect of question-answering task on the neural representation of the words post-sentence. We are releasing our 300 sentence MEG dataset to encourage further research in this important area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laing, E. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.163808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Noun and Verb Processing during Sentence Comprehension in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The discovery of potential natural products for targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by virtual screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters into the cells through its spike proteins binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein and causes virus infection in host cells. Until now, there are no available antiviral drugs have been reported that can effectively block virus infection. The study aimed to discover the potential compounds to prevent viral spike proteins to bind to the human ACE2 proteins from Taiwan Database of Extracts and Compounds (TDEC) by structure-based virtual screening. In this study, to rapidly discover potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, the molecular docking calculation was performed by AutoDock Vina program. Herein, we found that 39 potential compounds may have good binding affinities and can respectively bind to the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein in the prefusion conformation and spike-ACE2 complex protein in silico. Among those compounds, especially natural products thioflexibilolide A and candidine that were respectively isolated from the soft corals Sinularia flexibilis and Phaius mishmensis may have better binding affinity than others. This study provided the predictions that these compounds may have the potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from entry into cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.170639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The discovery of potential natural products for targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by virtual screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state embedded in the population activity of cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of research have shown that global brain states such as arousal can be indexed by measuring the properties of the eyes. Neural signals from individual neurons, populations of neurons, and field potentials measured throughout much of the brain have been associated with the size of the pupil, small fixational eye movements, and vigor in saccadic eye movements. However, precisely because the eyes have been associated with modulation of neural activity across the brain, and many different kinds of measurements of the eyes have been made across studies, it has been difficult to clearly isolate how internal states affect the behavior of the eyes, and vice versa. Recent work in our laboratory identified a latent dimension of neural activity in macaque visual cortex on the timescale of minutes to tens of minutes. This  slow drift was associated with perceptual performance on an orientation-change detection task, as well as neural activity in visual and prefrontal cortex (PFC), suggesting it might reflect a shift in a global brain state. This motivated us to ask if the neural signature of this internal state is correlated with the action of the eyes in different behavioral tasks. We recorded from visual cortex (V4) while monkeys performed a change detection task, and the prefrontal cortex, while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. On both tasks, slow drift was associated with a pattern that is indicative of changes in arousal level over time. When pupil size was large, and the subjects were in a heighted state of arousal, microsaccade rate and reaction time decreased while saccade velocity increased. These results show that the action of the eyes is associated with a dominant mode of neural activity that is pervasive and task-independent, and can be accessed in the population activity of neurons across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state embedded in the population activity of cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All hands on deck: Large-scale (re)sculpting of cortical circuits in post-resection children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the relative successes in the surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, there is rather little research on the neural (re)organization that potentially subserves behavioral compensation. Here, we examined the post-surgical functional connectivity (FC) in children and adolescents who have undergone unilateral cortical resection and, yet, display remarkably normal behavior. Conventionally, FC has been investigated in terms of the mean correlation of the BOLD time courses extracted from different brain regions. Here, we demonstrated the value of segregating the voxel-wise relationships into mutually exclusive populations that were either positively or negatively correlated. While, relative to controls, the positive correlations were largely normal, negative correlations among networks were increased. Together, our results point to reorganization in the contralesional hemisphere, possibly suggesting competition for cortical territory due to the demand for representation of function. Conceivably, the ubiquitous negative correlations enable the differentiation of function in the reduced cortical volume following a unilateral resection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maallo, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsk, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.183400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All hands on deck: Large-scale (re)sculpting of cortical circuits in post-resection children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the fascinating phenomena studied in cell biology emerge from interactions among highly organized multi-molecular structures and rapidly propagating molecular signals embedded into complex and frequently dynamic cellular morphologies. For the exploration of such systems, computational simulation has proved to be an invaluable tool, and many researchers in this field have developed sophisticated computational models for application to specific cell biological questions. However it is often difficult to reconcile conflicting computational results that use different simulation approaches (for example partial differential equations versus particle-based stochastic methods) to describe the same phenomenon. Moreover, the details of the computational implementation of any particular algorithm may give rise to quantitatively or even qualitatively different results for the same set of starting assumptions and parameters. In an effort to address this issue systematically, we have defined a series of computational test cases ranging from very simple (bimolecular binding in solution) to moderately complex (spatial and temporal oscillations generated by proteins binding to membranes) that represent building blocks for comprehensive three-dimensional models of cellular function. Having used two or more distinct computational approaches to solve each of these test cases with consistent parameter sets, we generally find modest but measurable differences in the solutions of the same problem, and a few cases where significant deviations arise. We discuss the strengths and limitations of commonly used computational approaches for exploring cell biological questions and provide a framework for decision-making by researchers wishing to develop new models for cell biology. As computational power and speed continue to increase at a remarkable rate, the dream of a fully comprehensive computational model of a living cell may be drawing closer to reality, but our analysis demonstrates that it will be crucial to evaluate the accuracy of such models critically and systematically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraru, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier-Schellersheim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prustel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhrmacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.184960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination Treatment Optimization Using aPan-Cancer Pathway Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.184960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of efficient combination therapies is a difficult key challenge in the treatment of complex diseases such as cancers. The large heterogeneity of cancers and the large number of available drugs renders exhaustive in vivo or even in vitro investigation of possible treatments impractical. In recent years, sophisti-cated mechanistic, ordinary differential equation-based pathways models that can predict treatment responses at a molecular level have been developed. However, surprisingly little effort has been put into leveraging these models to find novel therapies. In this paper we use for the first time, to our knowledge, a large-scale state-of-the-art pan-cancer signaling pathway model to identify potentially novel combination therapies to treat individual cancer cell lines from various tissues (e.g., minimizing proliferation while keeping dosage low to avoid adverse side effects) and populations of cancer cell lines (e.g., minimizing the maximum or average proliferation across the cell lines while keeping dosage low). We also show how our method can be used to optimize the mixtures and dosages used in sequential treatment plans--that is, optimized sequences of potentially different drug combinations--providing additional benefits. In order to solve the treatment optimization problems, we combine the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm with a significantly more scalable sampling scheme for truncated Gaussian distributions, based on a Hamiltonian Monte-Carlo method. These optimization techniques are independent of the signaling pathway model, and can thus be used for other signaling pathway models also, provided that a suitable predictive model is available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmucker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froehlich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saglam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandholm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.05.184960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination Treatment Optimization Using aPan-Cancer Pathway Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytes express DMT1 and transferrin receptors, which transport iron thus activating Ca2+ signalling: possible role in neuroprotection against iron overload? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTIron is the fundamental element for numerous physiological functions. Reduced ferrous (Fe2+) and oxidized ferric (Fe3+) are the two ionized iron states in the living organisms. In the cell membrane, divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) is responsible for cellular uptake of Fe2+, whereas transferrin receptors (TFR) carry transferrin (TF)-bound Fe3+. In this study we performed, for the first time, detailed analysis of the action of Fe ions on cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes. Using qPCR and immunocytochemistry we identified DMT1 and TFR in astrocytes in primary cultures, in acutely isolated astrocytes and in brain tissue preparations; in situ both DMT1 and TFR are concentrated in astroglial perivascular endfeet. Administration of Fe2+ or Fe3+ in low μM concentrations evoked Ca2+ signals in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Iron ions triggered increase in [Ca2+]i by acting through two distinct molecular cascades. Uptake of Fe2+ by DMT1 inhibited astroglial Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA), which led to an elevation in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration (as measured by SBFI probe), thus reversing Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) thereby generating Ca2+ influx. Uptake of Fe3+ by TF-TFR stimulated phospholipase C to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), thus trigering InsP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Iron-induced Ca2+ signals promote astroglial release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 cytokines by activating cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and NF-κB signalling cascade. In summary, these findings reveal new mechanisms of iron-induced astrocytic signalling operational in conditions of iron overload, in response to which astrocytes actively accumulate excessive iron and activate neuroprotective pathways.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.190652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytes express DMT1 and transferrin receptors, which transport iron thus activating Ca2+ signalling: possible role in neuroprotection against iron overload?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.195925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering modeling features of viral replication dynamics from high-throughput single-cell virology experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.195925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses experience selective pressure on the timing and order of events during infection to maximize the number of viable offspring they produce. Additionally, they may experience variability in cellular environments encountered, as individual eukaryotic cells can display variation in gene expression among cells. This leads to a dynamic phenotypic landscape that viruses must face to produce offspring. To examine replication dynamics displayed by viruses faced with this variable landscape, we have developed a method for fitting a stochastic mechanistic model of viral infection to growth data from high-throughput single-cell poliovirus infection experiments. The models mechanistic parameters provide estimates of several aspects associated with the viruss intracellular dynamics. We examine distributions of parameter estimates and assess their variability to gain insight into the root causes of variability in viral growth dynamics. We also fit our model to experiments performed under various drug treatments and examine which parameters differ under these conditions. We find that parameters associated with translation and early stage viral replication processes are essential for the model to capture experimentally observed dynamics. In aggregate, our results suggest that differences in viral growth data generated under different treatments can largely be captured by steps that occur early in the replication process.

Author SummaryUnderstanding the intercellular processes associated with virus replication is essential for controlling viral diseases. Single-cell infection experiments with poliovirus have shown that viral growth differs among individual cells in terms of both the total amount of virus produced and the rate of viral production. To better understand the source of this variation we here develop a modeling protocol that simulates viral growth and we then fit our model to data from high-throughput single-cell experiments. Our modeling approach is based on generating time course simulations of populations of single-cell infections. We aggregate metrics from our simulated populations such that we can describe our simulated viral growth in terms of several distributions. Using the corresponding distributions calculated from experimental data we minimize the difference between our simulated and experimental data to estimate parameters of our simulation model. Each parameter corresponds to a specific aspect of the intercellular viral replication process. By examining our estimates of these parameters, we find that steps that occur early in the viral replication process are essential for our model to capture the variability observed in experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashley I. Teufel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy A. Draghi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig E. Cameron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claus O. Wilke</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.195925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering modeling features of viral replication dynamics from high-throughput single-cell virology experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Cell Polarization and Orientation to Flow in a Novel Microfluidic Multimodal Shear Stress Generator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells (EC) respond to shear stress to maintain vascular homeostasis, and a disrupted response is associated with cardiovascular diseases. To understand how different shear stress modalities affect EC morphology and behavior, we developed a microfluidic device that concurrently generates three different levels of uniform wall shear stress (WSS) and six different WSS gradients (WSSG). In this device, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited a rapid and robust response to WSS, with the relative positioning of the Golgi and nucleus transitioning from non-polarized to polarized in a WSS magnitude- and gradient-independent manner. By contrast, polarized HUVECs oriented their Golgi and nucleus polarity to the flow vector in a WSS magnitude-dependent manner, with positive WSSG inhibiting and negative WSSG promoting this upstream orientation. Having validated this device, this chip can now be used to dissect the mechanisms underlying EC responses to different WSS modalities, including shear stress gradients, and to investigate the influence of flow on a diverse range of cells during development, homeostasis and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utku M Somnez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ya-Wen Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon  C Watkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beth L. Roman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lance Davidson</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Cell Polarization and Orientation to Flow in a Novel Microfluidic Multimodal Shear Stress Generator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed Sampling-based Bayesian Inference in Coupled Neural Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain performs probabilistic inference to interpret the external world, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain not well understood. The stimulus structure of natural scenes exists in a high-dimensional feature space, and how the brain represents and infers the joint posterior distribution in this rich, combinatorial space is a challenging problem. There is added difficulty when considering the neuronal mechanics of this representation, since many of these features are computed in parallel by distributed neural circuits. Here, we present a novel solution to this problem. We study continuous attractor neural networks (CANNs), each representing and inferring a stimulus attribute, where attractor coupling supports sampling-based inference on the multivariate posterior of the high-dimensional stimulus features. Using perturbative analysis, we show that the dynamics of coupled CANNs realizes Langevin sampling on the stimulus feature manifold embedded in neural population responses. In our framework, feedforward inputs convey the likelihood, reciprocal connections encode the stimulus correlational priors, and the internal Poisson variability of the neurons generate the correct random walks for sampling. Our model achieves high-dimensional joint probability representation and Bayesian inference in a distributed manner, where each attractor network infers the marginal posterior of the corresponding stimulus feature. The stimulus feature can be read out simply with a linear decoder based only on local activities of each network. Simulation experiments confirm our theoretical analysis. The study provides insight into the fundamental neural mechanisms for realizing efficient high-dimensional probabilistic inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed Sampling-based Bayesian Inference in Coupled Neural Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arc1 modulates microbiota-responsive developmental and metabolic traits in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbations to animal-associated microbial communities (the microbiota) have deleterious effects on various aspects of host fitness, but the molecular processes underlying these impacts are poorly understood. Here we identify a novel connection between the microbiota and the neuronal factor Arc1 that affects growth and metabolism in Drosophila. We find that Arc1 exhibits tissue-specific microbiota-dependent expression changes, and that germ-free flies bearing a null mutation of Arc1 exhibit delayed and stunted larval growth, along with a variety of molecular, cellular, and organismal traits indicative of metabolic dysregulation. Remarkably, we show that the majority of these phenotypes can be fully suppressed by mono-association with a single Acetobacter sp. isolate, through mechanisms involving both bacterial diet modification and live bacteria. Additionally, we provide evidence that Arc1 function in key neuroendocrine cells of the larval brain modulates growth and metabolic homeostasis under germ-free conditions. Our results reveal a novel role for Arc1 in modulating physiological responses to the microbial environment, and highlight how host-microbe interactions can profoundly impact the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations in an animal host.

SUMMARYDrosophila Arc1 exhibits microbiota-dependent, tissue-specific differential expression and functionally interacts with a key Acetobacter sp. isolate to regulate developmental growth and metabolic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallacaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.213835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arc1 modulates microbiota-responsive developmental and metabolic traits in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclin G2 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis by binding to insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and regulating the FAK-SRC-STAT signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell cycle protein cyclin G2 is considered a tumor suppressor. However, its regulatory effects and potential mechanisms in oral cancers are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cyclin G2 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The data from 80 patients with OSCC were utilized to predict the abnormal expression of cyclin G2. The proliferation and metastasis were determined by a cell counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, a wound-healing assay and a cell invasion assay. The expression of key proteins and genes associated with the cyclin G2 signaling pathways was determined by western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. The orthotopic nude mice model was established by a mouth injection of SCC9 cells overexpressing cyclin G2. We showed that the low level of cyclin G2 in OSCC, which is negatively correlated with clinical staging, was a negative prognostic factor for the disease. We also found that cyclin G2 inhibited the proliferation, metastasis and blocked the cell cycle at G1/S of OSCC cells, suggesting that cyclin G2 has an inhibitory effect in OSCC. Mechanistically, cyclin G2 inhibited the growth and metastasis of OSCC by binding to insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and regulating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) -SRC-STAT signal transduction pathway. Cyclin G2 competed with integrin to bind to IGFBP3; the binding between integrin and IGFBP3 was reduced after cyclin G2 overexpression, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of FAK and SRC. These results showed that cyclin G2 inhibited the progression of OSCC by interacting with IGFBP3 and that it may be a new target for OSCC treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclin G2 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis by binding to insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and regulating the FAK-SRC-STAT signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independently Regulated Multi-compartment Neuropeptide Release from a Clock Neuron Controls Circadian Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptides control rhythmic behaviors, but the timing and location of their release within circuits is unknown. Here imaging in the brain shows that synaptic neuropeptide release by Drosophila clock neurons is diurnal, peaking at times of day that were not anticipated by prior electrical and Ca2+ data. Furthermore, hours before peak synaptic neuropeptide release, neuropeptide release occurs at the soma, a neuronal compartment that has not been implicated in peptidergic transmission. The timing disparity between release at the soma and terminals results from independent and compartmentalized mechanisms for daily rhythmic release: consistent with conventional electrical activity-triggered synaptic transmission, terminals require Ca2+ influx, while somatic neuropeptide release is triggered by the biochemical signal IP3. Upon disrupting the somatic mechanism, the rhythm of terminal release and locomotor activity period are unaffected, but the number of flies with rhythmic behavior and sleep-wake balance are reduced. These results support the conclusion that somatic neuropeptide release controls specific features of clock neuron dependent behaviors. Thus, compartment specific mechanisms within individual clock neurons produce temporally and spatially partitioned neuropeptide release to expand the peptidergic connectome underlying daily rhythmic behaviors.

Significance StatementIt is believed that electrical activity simultaneously stimulates widespread release sites in single neurons to elicit neuropeptide dependent behaviors. However, optically detecting neuropeptide release in the intact brain shows that clock neurons release neuropeptides from different sites at different times of the day. This is possible because one neuronal compartment, the soma, uses biochemical signaling instead of electrical activity to evoke release. Disrupting somatic release affects specific features of circadian locomotor activity and sleep. Thus, neuropeptide release is elicited by independent triggers from distinct parts of clock neurons to engage different regions of behavior regulating circuitry. This strategy for expanding the connectome may be used for other neuropeptide dependent behaviors, such as feeding and pain perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klose, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitcher, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.219725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independently Regulated Multi-compartment Neuropeptide Release from a Clock Neuron Controls Circadian Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.221465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying signaling genes in spatial single cell expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.221465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent technological advances enable the profiling of spatial single cell expression data. Such data presents a unique opportunity to study cell-cell interactions and the signaling genes that mediate them. However, most current methods for the analysis of this data focus on unsupervised descriptive modeling, making it hard to identify key signaling genes and quantitatively assess their impact.

ResultsWe developed a Mixture of Experts for Spatial Signaling genes Identification (MESSI) method to identify active signaling genes within and between cells. The mixture of experts strategy enables MESSI to subdivide cells into subtypes. MESSI relies on multi-task learning using information from neighboring cells to improve the prediction of response genes within a cell. Applying the methods to three spatial single cell expression datasets, we show that MESSI accurately predicts the levels of response genes, improving upon prior methods and provides useful biological insights about key signaling genes and subtypes of excitatory neuron cells.

AvailabilityMESSI is available at: https://github.com/doraadong/MESSI

Contactzivbj@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.221465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying signaling genes in spatial single cell expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing live-cell single-molecule localization microscopy imaging and single-particle tracking in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, fluorescence microscopy techniques for the localization and tracking of single molecules in living cells have become well-established and indispensable tools for the investigation of cellular biology and in vivo biochemistry of many bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Nevertheless, these techniques are still not established for imaging archaea. Their establishment as a standard tool for the study of archaea will be a decisive milestone for the exploration of this branch of life and its unique biology.

Here we have developed a reliable protocol for the study of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii. We have generated an autofluorescence-free H. volcanii strain, evaluated several fluorescent proteins for their suitability to serve as single-molecule fluorescence markers and codon-optimized them to work under optimal H. volcanii cultivation conditions. We found that two of them, Dendra2Hfx and PAmCherry1Hfx, provide state-of-the-art single-molecule imaging. Our strategy is quantitative and allows dual-color imaging of two targets in the same field of view as well as DNA co-staining. We present the first single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) images of the subcellular organization and dynamics of two crucial intracellular proteins in living H. volcanii cells, FtsZ1, which shows complex structures in the cell division ring, and RNA polymerase, which localizes around the periphery of the cellular DNA. This work should provide incentive to develop SMLM strategies for other archaeal organisms in the near future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turkowyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wörtz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtifman Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mevarech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchfelder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endesfelder, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.222935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing live-cell single-molecule localization microscopy imaging and single-particle tracking in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the mechanism of cyclodextrins in the treatment of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C using crosslinked 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC) is a severe neurovisceral disorder that is pathophysiologically characterized by intracellular transport abnormalities leading to cytoplasmic accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol and multiple sphingolipids, including sphingosine. The compound 2-hydroxypropyl-{beta}-cyclodextrin (HP{beta}CD) is a compound with high cholesterol complexation capacity and is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of NPC. However, due to its short blood half-life, high doses are required to produce a therapeutic effect. It has been reported in mice that HP{beta}CDs circulation time and efficacy can be improved by increasing its size via polymerization, but the biodegradable nature of these systems did not allow the contribution of the macromolecule to the activity to be determined. In this work, stable forms of polymerized HP{beta}CD were generated (via epichlorohydrin crosslinking) to investigate their in vitro mechanisms of action and in vivo effects. Crosslinked CDs (8-312 kDa) displayed a 10-fold greater complexation capacity towards cholesterol than monomeric HP{beta}CD but were taken up by cells to a lower extent (in a size-dependent fashion), resulting in an overall comparable in vitro effect on intracellular cholesterol accumulation that was dependent on cholesterol complexation. When tested in vivo, the crosslinked 19.3 kDa HP{beta}CD exhibited a longer terminal half-life than the monomeric HP{beta}CD. However, it did not increase the life span of Npc1 mice, possibly due to reduced organ penetration and brain diffusion consequence of its large molecular weight. This could be circumvented by the application of magnetic resonance imaging-guided low intensity-pulsed focused ultrasound (MRIg-FUS), which increased the brain penetration of the CD. In conclusion, stable forms of polymerized HP{beta}CD constitute valuable tools to elucidate CDs mechanism of action. Moreover, the use of MRIg-FUS to maximize CDs tissue penetration warrants further investigation, as it may be key to harnessing CDs full therapeutic potential in the treatment of NPC.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/230136v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3dbaf1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bc255dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@390e7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5e5c5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG The 2-hydroxypropyl-{beta}-cyclodextrin (HP{beta}CD) is a well-established pharmaceutical excipient that can complex cholesterol and is currently under clinical investigation to treat Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC). However, high doses of the drug are needed to achieve a therapeutic effect. Using stable and long circulating crosslinked HP{beta}CDs, this study attempts to further understand the mechanisms behind CDs activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carradori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usuelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzenga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the mechanism of cyclodextrins in the treatment of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C using crosslinked 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EEG signals index a global signature of arousal embedded in neuronal population recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroencephalography (EEG) has long been used to index brain states, from early studies describing activity during visual stimulation to modern work employing complex perceptual tasks. These studies shed light on brain-wide signals but lacked explanatory power at the single neuron level. Similarly, single neuron studies can suffer from inability to measure brain-wide signals. Here, we combined these techniques while monkeys performed a change detection task and discovered a link between EEG and a signal embedded in spiking responses. This  slow drift was associated with arousal: decreases in pre-stimulus  power/increases in P1 amplitude were accompanied by :1) increases in pupil size, false alarm rate and saccade velocity; and 2) decreases in microsaccade rate and reaction time. These results show that brain-wide EEG signals can be used to index modes of activity acquired from direct neural recordings, that in turn reflect global changes in brain state that influence perception and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schibler, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EEG signals index a global signature of arousal embedded in neuronal population recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian estimation of cell-type-specific gene expression per bulk sample with prior derived from single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When assessed over a large number of samples, bulk RNA sequencing provides reliable data for gene expression at the tissue level. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) deepens those analyses by evaluating gene expression at the cellular level. Both data types lend insights into disease etiology. With current technologies, however, scRNA-seq data are known to be noisy. Moreover, constrained by costs, scRNA-seq data are typically generated from a relatively small number of subjects, which limits their utility for some analyses, such as identification of gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). To address these issues while maintaining the unique advantages of each data type, we develop a Bayesian method (bMIND) to integrate bulk and scRNA-seq data. With a prior derived from scRNA-seq data, we propose to estimate sample-level cell-type-specific (CTS) expression from bulk expression data. The CTS expression enables large-scale sample-level downstream analyses, such as detecting CTS differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and eQTLs. Through simulations, we demonstrate that bMIND improves the accuracy of sample-level CTS expression estimates and power to discover CTS-DEGs when compared to existing methods. To further our understanding of two complex phenotypes, autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimers disease, we apply bMIND to gene expression data of relevant brain tissue to identify CTS-DEGs. Our results complement findings for CTS-DEGs obtained from snRNA-seq studies, replicating certain DEGs in specific cell types while nominating other novel genes in those cell types. Finally, we calculate CTS-eQTLs for eleven brain regions by analyzing GTEx V8 data, creating a new resource for biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian estimation of cell-type-specific gene expression per bulk sample with prior derived from single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classic articles in Apoptotic Research: A Bibliometric Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClassic articles are defined as research papers with a total citation of one thousand or more. The present study is to identify and analyse the characteristics of the classic articles in apoptosis research.

MethodClassic articles with total of 1,000 or more citations from Web of Science Core Collection since year of publication to the end of 2017 were basically assessed regarding their document types, languages, journals, and Web of Science categories within 1900 to 2017.

ResultThe study showed 418 classic documents in apoptotic research including 260 articles published between 1972 and 2012. The most productive Web of Science category was multidisciplinary sciences. Nature published most of these classic articles followed by Cell, and Science. The most productive country and institution were United States and Harvard University respectively. The author S.J. Korsmeyer from Harvard University was the most productive in apoptosis field and published 13 classic apoptosis articles while the author J.C Reed had more potential to publish classic apoptosis articles in future. The author J.C. Reed and V.A. Fadok had equal potential to publish the same number of classic articles as first- and corresponding-author. Article of Kerr et al. in 1972 was the most popular and cited apoptosis article. The most impact article in 2017 was article entitled "Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion" by Dong et al. in 2002.

ConclusionThis study seems to identify the most industrious authors, institutions, and countries in the field of apoptosis research. It also tends to reveal the historical and discoveries related to the pathophysiology of apoptosis as well as the most impact publications on apoptosis studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jallow, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classic articles in Apoptotic Research: A Bibliometric Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.231464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic comparison of developmental GRNs explains how novelty is incorporated in early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.231464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impressive array of morphological diversity among animal taxa represents the product of millions of years of evolution. Morphology is the output of development, therefore phenotypic evolution arises from changes to the topology of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control the highly coordinated process of embryogenesis1. While genetic variation can arise anywhere in the genome and affect any part of an individual GRN, the need to form a viable embryo provides a constraint on the types of variation that pass the filter of selection. A particular challenge in understanding the origins of animal diversity lies in determining how GRNs incorporate novelty while preserving the overall stability of the network, and hence, embryonic viability. Here we assemble a comprehensive GRN, consisting of 42 genes (nodes) and 84 interactions (edges), for the model of endomesoderm specification in the sea star from zygote through gastrulation that corresponds to the GRN for sea urchin development of equivalent territories and stages2. Using these detailed models we make the first systems-level comparison of early development and examine how novelty is incorporated into GRNs. We show how the GRN is resilient to the introduction of a transcription factor, pmar1, the inclusion of which leads to a switch between two stable modes of Delta-Notch signaling. Signaling pathways can function in multiple modes and we propose that GRN changes that lead to switches between modes may be a common evolutionary mechanism for changes in embryogenesis. Our data additionally proposes a model in which evolutionarily conserved network motifs, or kernels, may function throughout development to stabilize these signaling transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cary, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zueva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattinato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longabaugh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.231464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic comparison of developmental GRNs explains how novelty is incorporated in early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoRhythMo: A Computational Framework for Modeling Biobehavioral Rhythms from Mobile and Wearable Data Streams 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents CoRhythMo, the first computational framework for modeling biobehavioral rhythms - the repeating cycles of physiological, psychological, social, and environmental events - from mobile and wearable data streams. The framework incorporates four main components: mobile data processing, rhythm discovery, rhythm modeling, and machine learning. We use a dataset of smartphone and Fitbit data collected from 138 college students over a semester to evaluate the frameworks ability to 1) model biobehavioral rhythms of students, 2) measure the stability of their rhythms over the course of the semester, 3) model differences between rhythms of students with different health status, and 4) predict the mental health status in students using the model of their biobehavioral rhythms. Our evaluation provides evidence for the feasibility of using CoRhythMo for modeling and discovering human rhythms and using them to assess and predict different life and health outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumminia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creswell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creswell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doryab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.244020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoRhythMo: A Computational Framework for Modeling Biobehavioral Rhythms from Mobile and Wearable Data Streams]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep reinforcement learning for modeling human locomotion control in neuromechanical simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling human motor control and predicting how humans will move in novel environments is a grand scientific challenge. Despite advances in neuroscience techniques, it is still difficult to measure and interpret the activity of the millions of neurons involved in motor control. Thus, researchers in the fields of biomechanics and motor control have proposed and evaluated motor control models via neuromechanical simulations, which produce physically correct motions of a musculoskeletal model. Typically, researchers have developed control models that encode physiologically plausible motor control hypotheses and compared the resulting simulation behaviors to measurable human motion data. While such plausible control models were able to simulate and explain many basic locomotion behaviors (e.g. walking, running, and climbing stairs), modeling higher layer controls (e.g. processing environment cues, planning long-term motion strategies, and coordinating basic motor skills to navigate in dynamic and complex environments) remains a challenge. Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning lay a foundation for modeling these complex control processes and controlling a diverse repertoire of human movement; however, reinforcement learning has been rarely applied in neuromechanical simulation to model human control. In this paper, we review the current state of neuromechanical simulations, along with the fundamentals of reinforcement learning, as it applies to human locomotion. We also present a scientific competition and accompanying software platform, which we have organized to accelerate the use of reinforcement learning in neuromechanical simulations. This "Learn to Move" competition, which we have run annually since 2017 at the NeurIPS conference, has attracted over 1300 teams from around the world. Top teams adapted state-of-art deep reinforcement learning techniques to produce complex motions, such as quick turning and walk-to-stand transitions, that have not been demonstrated before in neuromechanical simulations without utilizing reference motion data. We close with a discussion of future opportunities at the intersection of human movement simulation and reinforcement learning and our plans to extend the Learn to Move competition to further facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration in modeling human motor control for biomechanics and rehabilitation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidzinski, Łukasz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkeson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep reinforcement learning for modeling human locomotion control in neuromechanical simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep and superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex are critical for whisker-based texture discrimination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex, comprised of multiple distinct layers, processes sensory input from the periphery, makes decisions, and executes actions. Despite extensive investigation of cortical anatomy and physiology, the contributions of different cortical layers to sensory guided behaviors remain unknown. Here, we developed a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm in which head-fixed mice use a single whisker to either discriminate textures of parametrically varied roughness or detect the same textured surfaces. Lesioning the barrel cortex revealed that 2AFC texture discrimination, but not detection, was cortex-dependent. Paralyzing the whisker pad had little effect on performance, demonstrating that passive can rival active perception and cortical dependence is not movement-related. Transgenic Cre lines were used to target inhibitory opsins to excitatory cortical neurons of specific layers for selective perturbations. Both deep and superficial layers were critical for texture discrimination. We conclude that even basic cortical computations require coordinated transformation of sensory information across layers.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=77 SRC="FIGDIR/small/245381v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16c4d20org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b8832org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16ac3aborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5426d8_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.245381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep and superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex are critical for whisker-based texture discrimination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional resampling improves sensitivity and specificity of single cell CRISPR regulatory screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell CRISPR screens are the most promising biotechnology for mapping regulatory elements to their target genes at genome-wide scale. However, the analysis of these screens presents significant statistical challenges. For example, technical factors like sequencing depth impact not only expression measurement but also perturbation detection, creating a confounding effect. We demonstrate on two recent high multiplicity of infection single-cell CRISPR screens how these challenges cause calibration issues among existing analysis methods. To address these challenges, we propose SCEPTRE: analysis of single-cell perturbation screens via conditional re-sampling. This methodology, designed to avoid calibration issues due to technical confounders and expression model misspecification, infers associations between perturbations and expression by resampling the former according to a working model for perturbation detection probability in each cell. SCEPTRE demonstrates excellent calibration and sensitivity on the CRISPR screen data and yields hundreds of new regulatory relationships, supported by orthogonal functional evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.250092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional resampling improves sensitivity and specificity of single cell CRISPR regulatory screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 main protease by tafenoquine in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the current pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has taken a huge toll on human lives and the global economy. Therefore, effective treatments against this disease are urgently needed. Here, we established a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based high-throughput screening platform to screen compound libraries to identify drugs targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), in particular those which are FDA-approved, to be used immediately to treat patients with COVID-19. Mpro has been shown to be one of the most important drug targets among SARS-related coronaviruses as impairment of Mpro blocks processing of viral polyproteins which halts viral replication in host cells. Our findings indicate that the anti-malarial drug tafenoquine (TFQ) induces significant conformational change in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and diminishes its protease activity. Specifically, TFQ reduces the -helical content of Mpro, which converts it into an inactive form. Moreover, TFQ greatly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture system. Hence, the current study provides a mechanistic insight into the mode of action of TFQ against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Moreover, the low clinical toxicity of TFQ and its strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 should warrant further testing in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeng, L.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.250258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 main protease by tafenoquine in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H-MAGMA, inheriting a shaky statistical foundation, yields excess false positives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The  snp-wise mean model of Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation is often used to perform gene-level testing for association with disease and other phenotypes. This methodology, in turn, forms the foundation for H-MAGMA. Unfortunately, that foundation is unsound, with implications for H-MAGMA results published in Nature Neuroscience regarding genes associated with psychiatric disorders: e.g., only 125 of H-MAGMAs 275 reported discoveries for autism replicate when the foundations flaws are corrected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G'Sell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.260224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H-MAGMA, inheriting a shaky statistical foundation, yields excess false positives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting cell-type-specific allelic expression imbalance by integrative analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allelic expression imbalance (AEI), quantified by the relative expression of two alleles of a gene in a diploid organism, can help explain phenotypic variations among individuals. Traditional methods detect AEI using bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, a data type that averages out cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression across cell types. Since the patterns of AEI may vary across different cell types, it is desirable to study AEI in a cell-type-specific manner. Although this can be achieved by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), it requires full-length transcript to be sequenced in single cells of a large number of individuals, which are still cost prohibitive to generate. To overcome this limitation and utilize the vast amount of existing disease relevant bulk tissue RNA-seq data, we developed BSCET, which enables the characterization of cell-type-specific AEI in bulk RNA-seq data by integrating cell type composition information inferred from a small set of scRNA-seq samples, possibly obtained from an external dataset. By modeling covariate effect, BSCET can also detect genes whose cell-type-specific AEI are associated with clinical factors. Through extensive benchmark evaluations, we show that BSCET correctly detected genes with cell-type-specific AEI and differential AEI between healthy and diseased samples using bulk RNA-seq data. BSCET also uncovered cell-type-specific AEIs that were missed in bulk data analysis when the directions of AEI are opposite in different cell types. We further applied BSCET to two pancreatic islet bulk RNA-seq datasets, and detected genes showing cell-type-specific AEI that are related to the progression of type 2 diabetes. Since bulk RNA-seq data are easily accessible, BSCET provided a convenient tool to integrate information from scRNA-seq data to gain insight on AEI with cell type resolution. Results from such analysis will advance our understanding of cell type contributions in human diseases.

Author SummaryDetection of allelic expression imbalance (AEI), a phenomenon where the two alleles of a gene differ in their expression magnitude, is a key step towards the understanding of phenotypic variations among individuals. Existing methods detect AEI use bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and ignore AEI variations among different cell types. Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled the characterization of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression, the high costs have limited its application in AEI analysis. To overcome this limitation, we developed BSCET to characterize cell-type-specific AEI using the widely available bulk RNA-seq data by integrating cell-type composition information inferred from scRNA-seq samples. Since the degree of AEI may vary with disease phenotypes, we further extended BSCET to detect genes whose cell-type-specific AEIs are associated with clinical factors. Through extensive benchmark evaluations and analyses of two pancreatic islet bulk RNA-seq datasets, we demonstrated BSCETs ability to refine bulk-level AEI to cell-type resolution, and to identify genes whose cell-type-specific AEIs are associated with the progression of type 2 diabetes. With the vast amount of easily accessible bulk RNA-seq data, we believe BSCET will be a valuable tool for elucidating cell type contributions in human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.267815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting cell-type-specific allelic expression imbalance by integrative analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue pressure and cell traction compensate to drive robust aggregate spreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In liquid droplets, the balance of interfacial energies and substrate elasticity determines the shape of the droplet and the dynamics of wetting. In living cells, interfacial energies are not constant, but adapt to the mechanics of their environment. As a result, the forces driving the dynamics of wetting for cells and tissues are unclear and may be context specific. In this work, using a combination of experimental measurements and modeling, we show the surface tension of cell aggregates, as models of active liquid droplets, depends upon the size of the aggregate and the magnitude of applied load, which alters the wetting dynamics. Upon wetting rigid substrates, traction stresses are elevated at the boundary, and tension drives forward motion. By contrast, upon wetting compliant substrates, traction forces are attenuated, yet wetting occurs at a comparable rate. In this case, capillary forces at the contact line are elevated and aggregate surface tension contributes to strong outward, pressure-driven cellular flows. Thus, cell aggregates adapt to the mechanics of their environments, using pressure and traction as compensatory mechanisms to drive robust wetting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousafzai, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatabai, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue pressure and cell traction compensate to drive robust aggregate spreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cFIT: Integration and transfer learning of single cell transcriptomes, illustrated by fetal brain cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large, comprehensive collections of scRNA-seq data sets have been generated that allow for the full transcriptional characterization of cell types across a wide variety of biological and clinical conditions. As new methods arise to measure distinct cellular modalities, a key analytical challenge is to integrate these data sets or transfer knowledge from one to the other to better understand cellular identity and functions. Here, we present a simple yet surprisingly effective method named cFIT for capturing various batch effects across experiments, technologies, subjects, and even species. The proposed method models the shared information between various data sets by a common factor space, while allowing for unique distortions and shifts in gene-wise expression in each batch. The model parameters are learned under an iterative non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) framework and then used for synchronized integration from across-domain assays. In addition, the model enables transferring via low-rank matrix from more informative data to allow for precise identification in data of lower quality. Compared to existing approaches, our method imposes weaker assumptions on the cell composition of each individual data set, however, is shown to be more reliable in preserving biological variations. We apply cFIT to multiple scRNA-seq data sets of developing brain from human and mouse, varying by technologies and developmental stages. The successful integration and transfer uncover the transcriptional resemblance across systems. The study helps establish a comprehensive landscape of brain cell type diversity and provides insights into brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cFIT: Integration and transfer learning of single cell transcriptomes, illustrated by fetal brain cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating across neuroimaging modalities boosts prediction accuracy of cognitive ability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in cognitive ability arises from subtle differences in underlying neural architectural properties. Understanding and predicting individual variability in cognition from the differences in brain networks requires harnessing the unique variance captured by different neuroimaging modalities. Here we adopted a multi-level machine learning approach that combines diffusion, functional, and structural MRI data from the Human Connectome Project (N=1050) to provide unitary prediction models of various cognitive abilities: global cognitive function, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, impulsivity, spatial orientation, verbal episodic memory and sustained attention. Out-of-sample predictions of each cognitive score were first generated using a sparsity-constrained principal component regression on individual neuroimaging modalities. These individual predictions were then aggregated and submitted to a LASSO estimator that removed redundant variability across channels. This stacked prediction led to a significant improvement in accuracy, relative to the best single modality predictions (approximately 1% to 4% boost in variance explained), across a majority of the cognitive abilities tested. Further analysis found that diffusion and brain surface properties contribute the most to the predictive power. Our findings establish a lower bound to predict individual differences in cognition using multiple neuroimaging measures of brain architecture, both structural and functional, quantify the relative predictive power of the different imaging modalities, and reveal how each modality provides unique and complementary information about individual differences in cognitive function.

Author summaryCognition is a complex and interconnected process whose underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In order to unravel this question, studies usually look at one neuroimaging modality (e.g. functional MRI) and associate the observed brain properties with individual differences in cognitive performance. However, this approach is limiting because it fails to incorporate other sources of brain information and does not generalize well to new data. Here we tackled both problems by using out-of-sample testing and a multi-level learning approach that can efficiently integrate across simultaneous brain measurements. We tested this scenario by evaluating individual differences across several cognitive domains, using five measures that represent morphological, functional and structural aspects of the brain network architecture. We predicted individual cognitive differences using each brain property group separately and then stacked these predictions, forming a new matrix with as many columns as separate brain measurements, that was then fit using a regularized regression model that isolated unique information among modalities and substantially helped enhance prediction accuracy across most of the cognitive domains. This holistic approach provides a framework for capturing non-redundant variability across different imaging modalities, opening a window to easily incorporate more sources of brain information to further understand cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sentis, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating across neuroimaging modalities boosts prediction accuracy of cognitive ability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.282525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals early heterogeneity during ageing in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.282525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has relatively short lifespan and is genetically tractable, making it a widely used model organism in ageing research. Here, we carried out a systematic and quantitative investigation of yeast ageing with single-cell resolution through transcriptomic sequencing. We optimized a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) protocol to quantitatively study the whole transcriptome profiles of single yeast cells at different ages, finding increased cell-to-cell transcriptional variability during ageing. The single-cell transcriptome analysis also highlighted key biological processes or cellular components, including oxidation-reduction process, oxidative stress response (OSR), translation, ribosome biogenesis and mitochondrion that underlie ageing in yeast. Remarkably, we uncovered a molecular marker, FIT3, that was linked to mitochondrial DNA loss and indicated the early heterogeneity during ageing in yeast. We also analyzed the regulation of transcription factors and further characterized the distinctive temporal regulation of the OSR by YAP1 and proteasome activity by RPN4 during ageing in yeast. Overall, our data profoundly reveal early heterogeneity during ageing in yeast and shed light on the ageing dynamics at the single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.282525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq reveals early heterogeneity during ageing in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benefits of Deep Learning Classification of Continuous Noninvasive Brain Computer Interface Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noninvasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) assist paralyzed patients by providing access to the world without requiring surgical intervention. While the performance of noninvasive BCI is hindered by long training times and variable user proficiency, it may be improved by deep learning methods, such as convolutional neural networks (CovNets). Prior work has suggested that the application of deep learning to EEG signals collected over the motor cortex during motor imagery based BCI increases classification accuracy in standard sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) BCI datasets. It remains to be seen whether these improvements can generalize to practical scenarios such as continuous control tasks (as opposed to prior work reporting one classification per trial), or whether valuable information remains latent outside of the motor cortex (as no prior work has compared full scalp coverage to motor only electrode montages). Here we report that deep learning methods significantly increase offline classification accuracy on an independent, large, and longitudinal online motor imagery BCI dataset with up to 4-classes and continuous 2-dimensional feedback. Improvements in classification accuracy were found to negatively correlate with initial online BCI performance, suggesting deep learning methods preferentially benefit BCI participants who need it most. The CovNets also significantly increased the information transfer rate (ITR) of the BCI system: They produced a two-fold increase in ITR without loss in classification accuracy when comparing CovNet models trained with full scalp EEG coverage to the traditional motor cortex specific decoding. Our results suggest that a variety of neural biomarkers useful for BCI, including those outside the motor cortex, can be detected through deep learning methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stieger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.289462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benefits of Deep Learning Classification of Continuous Noninvasive Brain Computer Interface Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Long-Term Meditation Practices on Sensorimotor Rhythm Based BCI Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide an alternative pathway for users to perform motor control using motor imagery (MI). Despite the non-invasiveness, ease of use and low cost, this kind of BCI has limitation due to long training times and BCI inefficiency-- where a subpopulation cannot generate decodable EEG signals to perform the control task. Meditation is a mental training method to improve mindfulness and awareness, and is reported to have a positive effect on ones mental state. Here we investigate the behavioral and electrophysiological differences between experienced meditators and meditation naive subjects in 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional cursor control tasks. We found that within subjects who have room for improvement, meditators outperformed control subjects in both tasks, and there were fewer BCI insufficient subjects in the meditator group. Finally, we also explored the neurophysiological difference between the two groups, and showed that meditators had higher SMR predictor and were better able to generate decodable EEG signals to achieve SMR BCI control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Long-Term Meditation Practices on Sensorimotor Rhythm Based BCI Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional alterations in opioid use disorder reveal an interplay between neuroinflammation and synaptic remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrevalence rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) have increased dramatically, accompanied by a surge of overdose deaths. While opioid dependence has been extensively studied in preclinical models, an understanding of the biological alterations that occur in the brains of people who chronically use opioids and who are diagnosed with OUD remains limited. To address this limitation, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), regions heavily implicated in OUD, from postmortem brains in subjects with OUD.

MethodsWe performed RNA-seq on the DLPFC and NAc from unaffected comparison subjects (n=20) and subjects diagnosed with OUD (n=20). Our transcriptomic analyses identified differentially expressed (DE) transcripts and investigated the transcriptional coherence between brain regions using rank-rank hypergeometric ordering (RRHO). Weighted gene co-expression analyses (WGCNA) also identified OUD-specific modules and gene networks. Integrative analyses between DE transcripts and GWAS datasets using linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) assessed the genetic liability psychiatric-related phenotypes.

ResultsRRHO analyses revealed extensive overlap in transcripts between DLPFC and NAc in OUD, primarily relating to synaptic remodeling and neuroinflammation. Identified transcripts were enriched for factors that control pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated, chondroitin sulfate, and extracellular matrix signaling. Cell-type deconvolution implicated a role for microglia as a critical driver for opioid-induced neuroplasticity. Using LDSC, we discovered genetic liabilities for risky behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression.

ConclusionsOverall, our findings reveal new connections between the brains immune system and opioid dependence in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional alterations in opioid use disorder reveal an interplay between neuroinflammation and synaptic remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constrained brain volume in an efficient coding model explains the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of neurons in mammalian cortex varies by multiple orders of magnitude across different species. In contrast, the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons (E:I ratio) varies in a much smaller range, from 3:1 to 9:1 and remains roughly constant for different sensory areas within a species. Despite this structure being important for understanding the function of neural circuits, the reason for this consistency is not yet understood. While recent models of vision based on the efficient coding hypothesis show that increasing the number of both excitatory and inhibitory cells improves stimulus representation, the two cannot increase simultaneously due to constraints on brain volume. In this work, we implement an efficient coding model of vision under a volume (i.e., total number of neurons) constraint while varying the E:I ratio. We show that the performance of the model is optimal at biologically observed E:I ratios under several metrics. We argue that this happens due to trade-offs between the computational accuracy and the representation capacity for natural stimuli. Further, we make experimentally testable predictions that 1) the optimal E:I ratio should be higher for species with a higher sparsity in the neural activity and 2) the character of inhibitory synaptic distributions and firing rates should change depending on E:I ratio. Our findings, which are supported by our new preliminary analyses of publicly available data, provide the first quantitative and testable hypothesis based on optimal coding models for the distribution of neural types in the mammalian sensory cortices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alreja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemenman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.299040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constrained brain volume in an efficient coding model explains the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning of gene interactions from single cell time-course expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTime-course gene expression data has been widely used to infer regulatory and signaling relationships between genes. Most of the widely used methods for such analysis were developed for bulk expression data. Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data offers several advantages including the large number of expression profiles available and the ability to focus on individual cells rather than averages. However, this data also raises new computational challenges.

ResultsUsing a novel encoding for scRNA-Seq expression data we develop deep learning methods for interaction prediction from time-course data. Our methods use a supervised framework which represents the data as a 3D tensor and train convolutional and recurrent neural networks (CNN and RNN) for predicting interactions. We tested our Time-course Deep Learning (TDL) models on five different time series scRNA-Seq datasets. As we show, TDL can accurately identify causal and regulatory gene-gene interactions and can also be used to assign new function to genes. TDL improves on prior methods for the above tasks and can be generally applied to new time series scRNA-Seq data.

Availability and ImplementationFreely available at https://github.com/xiaoyeye/TDL.

Contactzivbj@cs.cmu.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at XXX online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning of gene interactions from single cell time-course expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exponential-family embedding with application to cell developmental trajectories for single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientists often embed cells into a lower-dimensional space when studying single-cell RNA-seq data for improved downstream analyses such as developmental trajectory analyses, but the statistical properties of such non-linear embedding methods are often not well understood. In this article, we develop the eSVD (exponential-family SVD), a non-linear embedding method for both cells and genes jointly with respect to a random dot product model using exponential-family distributions. Our estimator uses alternating minimization, which enables us to have a computationally-efficient method, prove the identifiability conditions and consistency of our method, and provide statistically-principled procedures to tune our method. All these qualities help advance the single-cell embedding literature, and we provide extensive simulations to demonstrate that the eSVD is competitive compared to other embedding methods.

We apply the eSVD via Gaussian distributions where the standard deviations are proportional to the means to analyze a single-cell dataset of oligodendrocytes in mouse brains (Marques et al., 2016). Using the eSVD estimated embedding, we then investigate the cell developmental trajectories of the oligodendrocytes. While previous results are not able to distinguish the trajectories among the mature oligodendrocyte cell types, our diagnostics and results demonstrate there are two major developmental trajectories that diverge at mature oligodendrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exponential-family embedding with application to cell developmental trajectories for single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The meaning that emerges from combining words is robustly localizable in space but not in time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study a core component of human intelligence--our ability to combine the meaning of words--neuroscientists have looked to theories from linguistics. However, linguistic theories are insufficient to account for all brain responses that reflect linguistic composition. In contrast, we adopt a data-driven computational approach to study the combined meaning of words beyond their individual meaning. We term this product "supra-word meaning" and investigate its neural bases by devising a computational representation for it and using it to predict brain recordings from two imaging modalities with complementary spatial and temporal resolutions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we reveal that hubs that are thought to process lexical-level meaning also maintain supra-word meaning, suggesting a common substrate for lexical and combinatorial semantics. Surprisingly, we cannot detect supra-word meaning in magnetoencephalography, which suggests the hypothesis that composed meaning might be maintained through a different neural mechanism than the synchronized firing of pyramidal cells. This sensitivity difference has implications for past neuroimaging results and future wearable neurotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toneva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.316935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The meaning that emerges from combining words is robustly localizable in space but not in time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.316661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and engineering of small SlugCas9 with broad targeting range and high specificity and activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.316661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The compact CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can be delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV), is a promising platform for therapeutic applications. However, current compact Cas9 nucleases have limited activity, targeting scope and specificity. Here, we identified three compact SaCas9 orthologs, Staphylococcus lugdunensis Cas9 (SlugCas9), Staphylococcus lutrae Cas9 (SlutrCas9) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus Cas9 (ShaCas9), for mammalian genome editing. Interestingly, SlugCas9 recognizes a simple NNGG PAM and displays comparable activity to SaCas9. We further generated a SlugCas9-SaCas9 chimeric nuclease, which has both high specificity and high activity. We lastly engineered SlugCas9 with mutations to generate a high fidelity variant that maintains high specificity without compromising on-target editing efficiency. Our study offers important minimal Cas9 tools that are ideal for both basic research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.316661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and engineering of small SlugCas9 with broad targeting range and high specificity and activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addiction-associated genetic variants implicate brain cell type- and region-specific cis-regulatory elements in addiction neurobiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple confident risk loci linked to addiction-associated behavioral traits. Genetic variants linked to addiction-associated traits lie largely in non-coding regions of the genome, likely disrupting cis-regulatory element (CRE) function. CREs tend to be highly cell type-specific and may contribute to the functional development of the neural circuits underlying addiction. Yet, a systematic approach for predicting the impact of risk variants on the CREs of specific cell populations is lacking. To dissect the cell types and brain regions underlying addiction-associated traits, we applied LD score regression to compare GWAS to genomic regions collected from human and mouse assays for open chromatin, which is associated with CRE activity. We found enrichment of addiction-associated variants in putative CREs marked by open chromatin in neuronal (NeuN+) nuclei collected from multiple prefrontal cortical areas and striatal regions known to play major roles in reward and addiction. To further dissect the cell type-specific basis of addiction-associated traits, we also identified enrichments in human orthologs of open chromatin regions of mouse neuronal subtypes: cortical excitatory, D1, D2, and PV. Lastly, we developed machine learning models from mouse cell type-specific regions of open chromatin to further dissect human NeuN+ open chromatin regions into cortical excitatory or striatal D1 and D2 neurons and predict the functional impact of addiction-associated genetic variants. Our results suggest that different neuronal subtypes within the reward system play distinct roles in the variety of traits that contribute to addiction.

Significance StatementWe combine statistical genetic and machine learning techniques to find that the predisposition to for nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use behaviors can be partially explained by genetic variants in conserved regulatory elements within specific brain regions and neuronal subtypes of the reward system. This computational framework can flexibly integrate open chromatin data across species to screen for putative causal variants in a cell type-and tissue-specific manner across numerous complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addiction-associated genetic variants implicate brain cell type- and region-specific cis-regulatory elements in addiction neurobiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Diaphanous and Enabled dependent asymmetric actin cable array repositions nuclei during Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells reposition their nuclei for a diversity of specialized functions through a wide variety of cytoskeletal mechanisms. To complete oogenesis, Drosophila nurse cells employ novel actin cable arrays to reposition their nuclei. During oogenesis, 15 nurse cells connected by ring canals contract to "dump" their cytoplasmic contents into the oocyte. Just prior to dumping, actin cables initiate from the nurse cell cortex and elongate toward their nuclei, pushing them away from the ring canals to prevent obstruction. How the actin cable arrays generate directional nuclear movement is not known. We found regional differences in the actin cable growth rate that are dependent on the differential localization of the actin assembly factors Enabled (Ena) and Diaphanous (Dia). Mislocalization of Ena resulted in actin cable arrays with a uniform growth rate. In the absence of growth rate asymmetry, nuclear relocation was significantly altered and cytoplasmic dumping was incomplete. This novel mechanism for nuclear repositioning relies on the regulated cortical localization of Dia and Ena producing asymmetric actin cable arrays that push the nuclei away from the ring canals, enabling successful oogenesis.

Summary statementThis work demonstrates that an asymmetric actin cable array regulated by the differential localization of Diaphanous and Enabled is necessary to reposition nurse cell nuclei and complete oogenesis in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Diaphanous and Enabled dependent asymmetric actin cable array repositions nuclei during Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.325332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic method corrects previously uncharacterized Hi-C artifact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.325332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromosomal structure plays an important role in gene regulation. Chromosome conformation capture techniques, especially the high-throughput, sequencing-based technique Hi-C, provide new insights on spatial architectures of chromosomes. However, Hi-C data contains artifacts and systemic biases that substantially influence subsequent analysis. Computational models have been developed to address these biases explicitly, however, it is difficult to enumerate and eliminate all the biases in models. Other models are designed to correct biases implicitly, but they will also be invalid in some situations such as copy number variations. We characterize a new kind of artifact in Hi-C data. We find that this artifact is caused by incorrect alignment of Hi-C reads against approximate repeat regions and can lead to erroneous chromatin contact signals. The artifact cannot be corrected by current Hi-C correction methods. We design a probabilistic method and develop a new Hi-C processing pipeline by integrating our probabilistic method with the HiC-Pro pipeline. We find that the new pipeline can remove this new artifact effectively, while preserving important features of the original Hi-C matrices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.325332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic method corrects previously uncharacterized Hi-C artifact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Context Affects Scene Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid visual perception is often viewed as a bottom-up process. Category-preferred neural regions are often characterized as automatic, default processing mechanisms for visual inputs of their categorical preference. To explore the sensitivity of such regions to top-down information, we examined three scene-preferring brain regions, the occipital place area (OPA), the parahippocampal place area (PPA), and the retrosplenial complex (RSC), and tested whether the processing of outdoor scenes is influenced by the functional contexts in which they are seen. Context was manipulated by presenting real-world landscape images as if being viewed through a window or within a picture frame; manipulations that do not affect scene content but do affect ones functional knowledge regarding the scene. This manipulation influences neural scene processing (as measured by fMRI): the OPA and PPA exhibited greater neural activity when participants viewed images as if through a window as compared to within a picture frame, while the RSC did not show this difference. In a separate behavioral experiment, functional context affected scene memory in predictable directions (boundary extension). Our interpretation is that the window context denotes three-dimensionality, therefore rendering the perceptual experience of viewing landscapes as more realistic. Conversely, the frame context denotes a two-dimensional image. As such, more spatially-biased scene representations in the OPA and the PPA are influenced by differences in top-down, perceptual expectations generated from context. In contrast, more semantically-biased scene representations in the RSC are likely to be less affected by top-down signals that carry information about the physical layout of a scene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aminoff, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.334102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Context Affects Scene Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.334987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural silences can be localized rapidly using noninvasive scalp EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.334987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A rapid and cost-effective noninvasive tool to detect and characterize suppressed neural activity can be of significant benefit for the diagnosis and treatment of many disorders. We propose a novel algorithm, SilenceMap, for uncovering the absence of electrophysiological signals, or neural "silences", using noninvasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals. By accounting for the contributions of different sources to the power of the recorded signals, and using a novel hemispheric baseline approach and a convex spectral clustering framework, SilenceMap permits rapid detection and localization of regions of silence in the brain using a relatively small amount of EEG data. SilenceMap substantially outperformed existing source localization algorithms in estimating the center-of-mass of the silence for three pediatric patients with lobectomy, using less than 3 minutes of EEG recordings (13, 2, and 11mm vs. 25, 62, and 53mm), as well for 70 different simulated regions of silence based on a real human head model (11{+/-}0.5mm vs. 54{+/-}2.2mm). SilenceMap paves the way towards accessible early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of altered physiological properties of human cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.334987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural silences can be localized rapidly using noninvasive scalp EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of natural scene representation in primary visual cortex requires early postnatal experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of the visual system is known to be shaped by early-life experience. To identify response properties that contribute to enhanced natural scene representation, we performed calcium imaging of excitatory neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice raised in three different conditions (standard-reared, dark-reared, and delayed-visual experience) and compared neuronal responses to natural scene features relative to simpler grating stimuli that varied in orientation and spatial frequency. We assessed population selectivity in V1 using decoding methods and found that natural scene discriminability increased by 75% between the ages of 4 to 6 weeks. Both natural scene and grating discriminability were higher in standard-reared animals compared to those raised in the dark. This increase in discriminability was accompanied by a reduction in the number of neurons that responded to low-spatial frequency gratings. At the same time there was an increase in neuronal preference for natural scenes. Light exposure restricted to a 2-4 week window during adulthood did not induce improvements in natural scene nor in grating stimulus discriminability. Our results demonstrate that experience reduces the number of neurons required to effectively encode grating stimuli and that early visual experience enhances natural scene discriminability by directly increasing responsiveness to natural scene features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowalewski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauttonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stan, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of natural scene representation in primary visual cortex requires early postnatal experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
You-Gui-Wan ameliorates house dust mite-induced allergic asthma via modulating amino acid metabolic disorder and gut dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAllergic asthma is a worldwide health problem, and its etiology remains incompletely understood. Besides, as current therapies for allergic asthma mainly rely on administration of glucocorticoids and have many side effects, new therapy is needed. You-Gui-Wan (YGW), a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, has been used for boosting Yang, enhancing immunity and treating allergic asthma.

ObjectivesThis study aims to explore the molecular changes during the development of allergic asthma and investigate the potential bio-signatures and the effect of YGW on house dust mite (HDM)-induced chronic allergic asthma in mice.

MethodsDermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), one of HDMs, was intratracheally administered once a week for a total of 7 treatments over 6 consecutive weeks to induce allergic asthma in mice. Serum metabolomics was analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. 16S rRNA-based microbiome profiling was used to analyze gut microbiota, and the correlation between metabolomic signatures and microbial community profiling was explored by Spearman correlation analysis.

ResultsSerum metabolomic analysis revealed that 10 identified metabolites -- acetylcarnitine, carnitine, hypoxanthine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, norleucine, isoleucine, betaine, methionine, and valine, were markedly elevated by Der p. These metabolites are mainly related to branch-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism. YGW administration reversed 7 of the 10 identified metabolites and chiefly affected BCAA metabolism. 16S DNA sequencing revealed that YGW profoundly changed Der p-induced gut microbiota composition. Multiple correlation analysis indicated 10 selected metabolites have a good correlation with gut microbiota.

ConclusionDer p induced BCAA metabolic deviation in allergic asthma mice, and YGW administration effectively ameliorated the AA metabolic disorder, and improved gut dysbiosis. This study paves the way towards the interactions of Der-p on microbiome and gut microbiota, and the effects of YGW treatment as well as provides a support for YGW administration with potential benefits for allergic asthma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.340646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[You-Gui-Wan ameliorates house dust mite-induced allergic asthma via modulating amino acid metabolic disorder and gut dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ESCO: single cell expression simulation incorporating gene co-expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene-gene co-expression networks (GCN) are of biological interest for the useful information they provide for understanding gene-gene interactions. The advent of single cell RNA-sequencing allows us to examine more subtle gene co-expression occurring within a cell type. Many imputation and denoising methods have been developed to deal with the technical challenges observed in single cell data; meanwhile, several simulators have been developed for benchmarking and assessing these methods. Most of these simulators, however, either do not incorporate gene co-expression or generate co-expression in an inconvenient manner.

ResultsTherefore, with the focus on gene co-expression, we propose a new simulator, ESCO, which adopts the idea of the copula to impose gene co-expression, while preserving the highlights of available simulators, which perform well for simulation of gene expression marginally. Using ESCO, we assess the performance of imputation methods on GCN recovery and find that imputation generally helps GCN recovery when the data are not too sparse, and the ensemble imputation method works best among leading methods. In contrast, imputation fails to help in the presence of an excessive fraction of zero counts, where simple data aggregating methods are a better choice. These findings are further verified with mouse and human brain cell data.

AvailabilityThe ESCO implementation is available as R package SplatterESCO (https://github.com/JINJINT/SplatterESCO).

Contactroeder@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ESCO: single cell expression simulation incorporating gene co-expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Diversity of Medium Spiny Neurons in the Primate Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is the interface between dopamine reward signals and cortico-basal ganglia circuits that mediate diverse behavioral functions. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) constitute the vast majority of striatal neurons and are traditionally classified as direct- or indirect-pathway neurons. However, that traditional model does not explain the anatomical and functional diversity of MSNs. Here, we defined molecularly distinct MSN types in the primate striatum, including (1) dorsal striatum MSN types associated with striosome and matrix compartments, (2) ventral striatum types associated with the nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle, and (3) an MSN-like type restricted to -opioid receptor rich islands in the ventral striatum. These results lay the foundation for achieving cell type-specific transgenesis in the primate striatum and provide a blueprint for investigating circuit-specific processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alikaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenhoefer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.354159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Diversity of Medium Spiny Neurons in the Primate Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Regulatory Evolution of the Primate Fine-Motor System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, fine motor control is essential for skilled behavior, and is subserved by specialized subdivisions of the primary motor cortex (M1) and other components of the brains motor circuitry. We profiled the epigenomic state of several components of the Rhesus macaque motor system, including subdivisions of M1 corresponding to hand and orofacial control. We compared this to open chromatin data from M1 in rat, mouse, and human. We found broad similarities as well as unique specializations in open chromatin regions (OCRs) between M1 subdivisions and other brain regions, as well as species- and lineage-specific differences reflecting their evolutionary histories. By distinguishing shared mammalian M1 OCRs from primate- and human-specific specializations, we highlight gene regulatory programs that could subserve the evolution of skilled motor behaviors such as speech and tool use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Regulatory Evolution of the Primate Fine-Motor System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hindbrain neuropore tissue geometry determines asymmetric cell-mediated closure dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap closure is a common morphogenetic process. In mammals, failure to close the embryonic hindbrain neuropore (HNP) gap causes fatal anencephaly. We observed that surface ectoderm cells surrounding the mouse HNP assemble high-tension actomyosin purse-strings at their leading edge and establish the initial contacts across the embryonic midline. The HNP gap closes asymmetrically, faster from its rostral than caudal extreme, while maintaining an elongated aspect ratio. Cell-based physical modelling identifies two closure mechanisms sufficient to describe tissue-level HNP closure dynamics; purse-string contraction and directional cell crawling. Combining both closure mechanisms hastens gap closure and produces a constant rate of gap shortening. Purse-string contraction reduces, whereas crawling increases gap aspect ratio, and their combination maintains it. Closure rate asymmetry can be explained by embryo tissue geometry, namely a narrower rostral gap apex. At the cellular level, our model predicts highly directional cell migration with a constant rate of cells leaving the HNP rim. These behaviours are reproducibly live-imaged in mouse embryos. Thus, mammalian embryos coordinate cellular and tissue-level mechanics to achieve this critical gap closure event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maniou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hindbrain neuropore tissue geometry determines asymmetric cell-mediated closure dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive MET alterations confer clinical response to MET inhibitors in gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating alterations of the MET gene are well-characterized oncogenic drivers, and MET inhibitors could successfully treat several tumor types with MET alterations, including gliomas with PTPRZ1-MET fusion. However, the full diversity and prevalence of MET alterations in gliomas are still lacking to accurately identify a subset of patients likely to benefit from MET inhibitor treatment. Here, we interrogated genomic profiles of 1,351 gliomas, and further identify 60 cases harboring MET alterations, including MET fusions and various MET exon skipping events. MET RNA alterations, but not MET amplification, are highly enriched in the secondary glioblastomas (sGBM) with significantly worse prognosis. Further molecular analysis has shown that MET RNA alterations acting an additive effects of MET overexpression are induced in the course of glioma evolution. In vitro and clinical studies indicate cells and patients harboring MET alterations have better response to MET inhibitors. Collectively, these data suggest that a subgroup of gliomas harboring MET alterations likely to have benefit from MET-targeted therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.-n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive MET alterations confer clinical response to MET inhibitors in gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.364877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role and Dynamics of Vacuolar pH during Cell-in-Cell mediated Death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.364877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-autonomous cell death by entosis was mediated by the so-called cell-in-cell structures, which were believed to kill the internalized cells by a mechanism dependent on acidified lysosomes. However, the precise values and roles of pH critical for the death of the internalized cells remained undetermined yet. We creatively employed keima, a fluorescent protein that displays different excitation spectra in responding to pH changes, to monitor the pH dynamics of the entotic vacuoles during cell-in-cell mediated death. We found that different cells varied in their basal intracellular pH, and the pH was relatively stable for entotic vacuoles containing live cells, but sharply dropped to a narrow range along with the inner cell death. In contrast, the lipidation of entotic vacuoles by LC3 displayed previously underappreciated complex patterns associated with entotic and apoptotic death, respectively. The pH decline seemed to play distinct roles in the two types of inner cell deaths, where apoptosis is preceded with moderate pH decline while a profound pH decline is likely to be determinate for entotic death. Whereas the cancer cells seemed to be lesser tolerant to acidified environments than non-cancerous cells, manipulating vacuolar pH could effectively control inner cell fates and switch the ways whereby inner cell die. Together, this study demonstrated for the first time the pH dynamics of entotic vacuoles that dictate the fates of internalized cells, providing a rationale for tuning cellular pH as a potential way to treat cell-in-cell associated diseases such as cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.364877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role and Dynamics of Vacuolar pH during Cell-in-Cell mediated Death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
With Childhood Hemispherectomy, One Hemisphere Can Support--But is Suboptimal for--Word and Face Recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are important for face and word recognition, respectively--a specialization that emerges over human development. The question is whether this bilateral distribution is necessary or whether a single hemisphere, be it left or right, can support both face and word recognition. Here, face and word recognition accuracy in patients with a single hemisphere following childhood hemispherectomy was compared against matched typical controls. In Experiment 1, participants viewed stimuli in central vision. Across both face and word tasks, accuracy of both left and right hemispherectomy patients, while significantly lower than controls accuracy, averaged above 80% and did not differ from each other. To compare patients single hemisphere more directly to one hemisphere of controls, in Experiment 2, participants viewed stimuli in one visual field to constrain initial processing chiefly to a single (contralateral) hemisphere. Whereas controls had higher word accuracy when words were presented to the right than to the left visual field, there was no field/hemispheric difference for faces. In contrast, left and right hemispherectomy patients, again, showed comparable performance to one another on both face and word recognition, albeit significantly lower than controls. Altogether, the findings indicate that a single developing hemisphere, either left or right, may be sufficiently plastic for comparable representation of faces and words. However, perhaps due to increased competition or "neural crowding," constraining cortical representations to one hemisphere may collectively hamper face and word recognition, relative to that observed in typical development with two hemispheres.

Significance StatementAdults show right and left cerebral hemispheric biases for face and word recognition, respectively, a division of labor that emerges over development. Here, face and word recognition were assessed in childhood hemispherectomy patients to study the consequences of development with a single hemisphere. While these patients showed above 80% accuracy on face and word recognition tasks, which is surprisingly high relative to the brain volume resected, they nonetheless performed more poorly than typically developing controls. Importantly, patient performance was independent of which hemisphere was removed, suggesting that their single, preserved hemisphere subserves face and word recognition comparably, albeit somewhat inferiorly relative to controls. This demonstrates the remarkable plasticity of the developing brain but, at the same time, highlights plasticitys constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettensohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[With Childhood Hemispherectomy, One Hemisphere Can Support--But is Suboptimal for--Word and Face Recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.373043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of cell-type-specific marker genes from co-expression patterns in tissue samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.373043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMarker genes, defined as genes that are expressed primarily in a single cell type, can be identified from the single cell transcriptome; however, such data are not always available for the many uses of marker genes, such as deconvolution of bulk tissue. Marker genes for a cell type, however, are highly correlated in bulk data, because their expression levels depend primarily on the proportion of that cell type in the samples. Therefore, when many tissue samples are analyzed, it is possible to identify these marker genes from the correlation pattern.

ResultsTo capitalize on this pattern, we develop a new algorithm to detect marker genes by combining published information about likely marker genes with bulk transcriptome data in the form of a semi-supervised algorithm. The algorithm then exploits the correlation structure of the bulk data to refine the published marker genes by adding or removing genes from the list.

Availability and implementationWe implement this method as an R package markerpen, hosted on https://github.com/yixuan/markerpen.

Contactroeder@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.373043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of cell-type-specific marker genes from co-expression patterns in tissue samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coinfection of Streptococcus pneumoniae reduces airborne transmission of influenza virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary bacterial infection, especially with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), is a common complication in fatal and ICU cases of influenza virus infection. During the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 (H1N1pdm09), there was higher mortality in healthy young adults due to secondary bacterial pneumonia, with Spn being the most frequent bacterial species. Previous studies in mice and ferrets have suggested a synergistic relationship between Spn and influenza viruses. In this study, we used the ferret model to study whether airborne transmission of H1N1pdm09 was influenced by coinfection with two Spn serotypes: type 2 (D39) and type 19F (BHN97). We found that coinfected animals experienced more severe clinical symptoms as well as increased bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, we observed that coinfection resulted in reduced airborne transmission of influenza virus. Only 1/3 animals coinfected with D39 transmitted H1N1pdm09 virus to a naive recipient compared to 3/3 transmission efficiency in animals infected with influenza virus alone. A similar trend was seen in coinfection with BHN97, suggesting that coinfection with Spn reduces influenza virus airborne transmission. The decrease in transmission does not appear to be caused by decreased stability of H1N1pdm09 in expelled droplets in the presence of Spn. Rather, coinfection resulted in decreased viral shedding in the ferret upper respiratory tract. Thus, we conclude that coinfection enhances colonization and airborne transmission of Spn but decreases replication and transmission of H1N1pdm09. Our data points to an asymmetrical relationship between these two pathogens rather than a synergistic one.

SignificanceAirborne transmission of respiratory viruses is influenced by many host and environmental parameters. The complex interplay between bacterial and viral coinfections on transmission of respiratory viruses has been understudied. We demonstrate that coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae reduces airborne transmission of influenza A viruses by decreasing viral titers in the upper respiratory tract. Instead of implicating a synergistic relationship between bacteria and virus, our work demonstrates an asymmetric relationship where bacteria benefit from the virus but where the fitness of influenza A viruses is negatively impacted by coinfection. The implications of exploring how microbial communities can influence the fitness of pathogenic organisms is a novel avenue for transmission control of pandemic respiratory viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mueller Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Sage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padovani, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myerburg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Cherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakdawala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.376442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coinfection of Streptococcus pneumoniae reduces airborne transmission of influenza virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.387431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropy, complexity, and maturity in children's neural responses during naturalistic mathematics learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.387431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWA major goal of human neuroscience is to understand how the brain functions in the real world, and to measure neural processes under naturalistic conditions that are more ecologically valid than traditional laboratory tasks. A critical step toward this goal is understanding how neural activity during real world naturalistic tasks relates to neural activity in more traditional laboratory tasks. In the present study, we used intersubject correlations to locate reliable stimulus-driven neural processes among children and adults in naturalistic and laboratory versions of a mathematics task that shared the same content. We show that relative to a control condition with grammatical content, naturalistic and simplified mathematics tasks evoked overlapping activation within brain regions previously associated with math semantics. We further examined the temporal properties of childrens neural responses during the naturalistic and laboratory tasks to determine whether temporal patterns of neural activity change over development, or dissociate based on semantic or task content. We introduce a rather novel measure, not yet used in fMRI studies of child learning: neural multiscale entropy. In addition to showing new evidence of naturalistic mathematics processing in the developing brain, we show that neural maturity and neural entropy are two independent but complementary markers of functional brain development. We discuss the implications of these results for the development of neural complexity in children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amalric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantlon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.387431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropy, complexity, and maturity in children's neural responses during naturalistic mathematics learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand-line revealed by Y chromosomal STRs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hazara population across Durand-line has experienced extensive interaction with Central Asian and East Asian populations. Hazara individuals have typical Mongolian facial appearances and they called themselves descendants of Genghis Khans army. The people who speak the Balochi language are called Baloch. Previously, a worldwide analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs and with PowerPlex Y23 System (Promega Corporation Madison, USA) kit was created with collaborative efforts, but Baloch and Hazara population from Pakistan and Hazara population from Afghanistan were missing. A limited data with limited number of markers and samples is available which poorly define these populations. So, in the current study, Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit loci were examined in 260 unrelated Hazara individuals from Afghanistan, 153 Hazara individuals, and 111 Balochi individuals from Baluchistan Pakistan. For the Hazara population from Afghanistan and Pakistan overall, 380 different haplotypes were observed on these 27 Y-STR loci, gene diversities ranged from 0.51288 (DYS389I) to 0.9257 (DYF387S1) and haplotype diversity was 0.9992 +/- 0.0004. For the Baloch population, every individual was unique at 27 Y-STR loci, gene diversity ranged from 0.5718 (DYS460) to 0.9371(DYF387S1). Twelve haplotypes shared between 178 individuals while only two haplotypes among these twelve were shared between 87 individuals in Hazara populations. Rst and Fst pairwise genetic distance analyses, multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot, Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, linear discriminatory analysis (LDA), and median-joining network (MJNs) were performed, which shed light on the history of Hazara and Baloch populations. Interestingly null alleles were observed at DYS448 with specific mutation patterns in Hazara populations. The results of our study showed that the Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit marker set provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across the Durand-line.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, S.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghafri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand-line revealed by Y chromosomal STRs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GEMC1-MCIDAS transcriptional program regulates multiciliogenesis in the choroid plexus and acts as a barrier to tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in the brain include the ependymal cells and choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells. The CP secretes cerebrospinal fluid that circulates within the ventricular system, driven by ependymal cilia movement. However, the mechanisms and functional significance of multiciliogenesis in the CP remain unknown. Deregulated oncogenic signals cause CP carcinoma (CPC), a rare but aggressive pediatric brain cancer. Here we show that aberrant NOTCH and Sonic Hedgehog signaling in mice drive tumors that resemble CPC in humans. NOTCH-driven CP tumors were monociliated, whereas disruption of the NOTCH complex restored multiciliation and decreased tumor growth. NOTCH suppressed multiciliation in tumor cells by inhibiting the expression of GEMC1 and MCIDAS, early regulators of multiciliogenesis. Consistently, GEMC1-MCIDAS function is essential for multiciliation in the CP, and is critical for correcting multiciliation defect in tumor cells by a NOTCH inhibitor. Disturbances to the GEMC1 program are commonly observed in human CPCs characterized by solitary cilia. Consistently, CPC driven by deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 in mice exhibits a cilia deficit consequent to loss of Gemc1-Mcidas expression. Taken together, these findings reveal a GEMC1-MCIDAS multiciliation program in the CP critical for inhibiting tumorigenesis, and it may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of CPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fame, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeltawab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidov, H. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracker, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GEMC1-MCIDAS transcriptional program regulates multiciliogenesis in the choroid plexus and acts as a barrier to tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DANGO: Predicting higher-order genetic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order genetic interactions, which have profound implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variation, remain poorly characterized. Most studies to date have focused on pairwise interactions, as designing high-throughput experimental screenings for the vast combinatorial search space of higher-order molecular interactions is dauntingly challenging. Here, we develop DO_SCPLOWANGOC_SCPLOW, a computational method based on a self-attention hypergraph neural network, designed to effectively predict higher-order genetic interaction among groups of genes. As a proof-of-concept, we provide comprehensive predictions for over 400 million trigenic interactions in the yeast S. cerevisiae, significantly expanding the quantitative characterization of such interactions. Our results demonstrate that DO_SCPLOWANGOC_SCPLOW accurately predicts trigenic interactions, uncovering both known and novel biological functions related to cell growth. We further incorporate protein embeddings and model uncertainty scoring to enhance the biological relevance and interpretability of the predicted interactions. Moreover, the predicted interactions can serve as powerful genetic markers for growth response under diverse conditions. Together, DO_SCPLOWANGOC_SCPLOW enables a more complete map of complex genetic interactions that impinge upon phenotypic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.400739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DANGO: Predicting higher-order genetic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spiking neural circuit model for learning multi-sensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in visual and vestibular information integration areas of macaque brain such as medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) have been classified into congruent neurons and opposite neurons, which prefer congruent inputs and opposite inputs from the two sensory modalities, respectively. In this work, we propose a mechanistic spiking neural model that can account for the emergence of congruent and opposite neurons and their interactions in a neural circuit for multi-sensory integration. The spiking neural circuit model is adopted from an established model for the circuits of the primary visual cortex with little changes in parameters. The network can learn, based on the basic Hebbian learning principle, the correct topological organization and behaviors of the congruent and opposite neurons that have been proposed to play a role in multi-sensory integration. This work explore the constraints and the conditions that lead to the development of a proposed neural circuit for cue integration. It also demonstrates that such neural circuit might indeed be a canonical circuit shared by computations in many cortical areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spiking neural circuit model for learning multi-sensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic decision policy reconfiguration under outcome uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In uncertain or unstable environments, sometimes the best decision is to change your mind. To shed light on this flexibility, we evaluated how the underlying decision policy adapts when the most rewarding action changes. Human participants performed a dynamic two-armed bandit task that manipulated the certainty in relative reward (conflict) and the reliability of action-outcomes (volatility). Continuous estimates of conflict and volatility contributed to shifts in exploratory states by changing both the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) and the amount of evidence needed to make a decision (boundary height), respectively. At the trialwise level, following a switch in the optimal choice, the drift rate plummets and the boundary height weakly spikes, leading to a slow exploratory state. We find that the drift rate drives most of this response, with an unreliable contribution of boundary height across experiments. Surprisingly, we find no evidence that pupillary responses associated with decision policy changes. We conclude that humans show a stereotypical shift in their decision policies in response to environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bond, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunovan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic decision policy reconfiguration under outcome uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.401943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MolDiscovery: Learning Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of Small Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.401943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of small molecules is a critical task in various areas of life science. Recent advances in mass spectrometry have enabled the collection of tandem mass spectra of small molecules from hundreds of thousands of environments. To identify which molecules are present in a sample, one can search mass spectra collected from the sample against millions of molecular structures in small molecule databases. This is a challenging task as currently it is not clear how small molecules are fragmented in mass spectrometry. The existing approaches use the domain knowledge from chemistry to predict fragmentation of molecules. However, these rule-based methods fail to explain many of the peaks in mass spectra of small molecules. Recently, spectral libraries with tens of thousands of labelled mass spectra of small molecules have emerged, paving the path for learning more accurate fragmentation models for mass spectral database search. We present molDiscovery, a mass spectral database search method that improves both efficiency and accuracy of small molecule identification by (i) utilizing an efficient algorithm to generate mass spectrometry fragmentations, and (ii) learning a probabilistic model to match small molecules with their mass spectra. We show our database search is an order of magnitude more efficient than the state-of-the-art methods, which enables searching against databases with millions of molecules. A search of over 8 million spectra from the Global Natural Product Social molecular networking infrastructure shows that our probabilistic model can correctly identify nearly six times more unique small molecules than previous methods. Moreover, by applying molDiscovery on microbial datasets with both mass spectral and genomics data we successfully discovered the novel biosynthetic gene clusters of three families of small molecules.

AvailabilityThe command-line version of molDiscovery and its online web service through the GNPS infrastructure are available at https://github.com/mohimanilab/molDiscovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagirdzhanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.401943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MolDiscovery: Learning Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of Small Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.383067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPICEMIX: Integrative single-cell spatial modeling for inferring cell identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.383067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics technologies promise to reveal spatial relationships of cell-type composition in complex tissues. However, the development of computational methods that can utilize the unique properties of spatial transcriptome data to unveil cell identities remains a challenge. Here, we introduce SO_SCPLOWPICEC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWIXC_SCPLOW, a new interpretable method based on probabilistic, latent variable modeling for effective joint analysis of spatial information and gene expression from spatial transcriptome data. Both simulation and real data evaluations demonstrate that SO_SCPLOWPICEC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWIXC_SCPLOW markedly improves upon the inference of cell types and their spatial patterns compared with existing approaches. By applying to spatial transcriptome data of brain regions in human and mouse acquired by seqFISH+, STARmap, and Visium, we show that SO_SCPLOWPICEC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWIXC_SCPLOW can enhance the inference of complex cell identities, reveal interpretable spatial metagenes, and uncover differentiation trajectories. SO_SCPLOWPICEC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWIXC_SCPLOW is a generalizable framework for analyzing spatial transcriptome data to provide critical insights into the cell type composition and spatial organization of cells in complex tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chidester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.383067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPICEMIX: Integrative single-cell spatial modeling for inferring cell identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.401638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioelectrical Interfaces with Cortical Spheroids in Three-Dimensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.401638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) neuronal spheroid culture serves as a powerful model system for the investigation of neurological disorders and drug discovery. The success of such a model system requires techniques that enable high-resolution functional readout across the entire spheroid. Conventional microelectrode arrays and implantable neural probes cannot monitor the electrophysiology activity across the entire native 3D geometry of the cellular construct. Here, we demonstrate a 3D self-rolled biosensor array (3D-SR-BA) integrated with a 3D cortical spheroid culture for simultaneous in-vitro electrophysiology recording, functional Ca2+ imaging, and drug effect monitoring. We have also developed a signal processing pipeline to detect neural firings with high spatiotemporal resolution from the electrophysiology recordings based on established spike sorting methods. The 3D-SR-BAs cortical spheroid interface provides a stable, high sensitivity recording of neural action potentials (< 50 V peak-to-peak amplitude). The 3D-SR-BA is demonstrated as a potential drug screening platform through the investigation of the neural response to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Upon addition of glutamate, the neuronal firing rates increased notably corresponding well with the functional Ca2+ imaging. Our entire system, including the 3D-SR-BA integrated with neural spheroid culture, enables simultaneous electrophysiology recording and functional Ca2+ imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution in conjunction with chemical stimulation. We demonstrate a powerful toolset for future studies of tissue development, disease progression, and drug testing and screening, especially when combined with native spheroid cultures directly extracted from humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalmykov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoyan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.401638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioelectrical Interfaces with Cortical Spheroids in Three-Dimensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Empty sella syndrome as a window into the neuroprotective effects of prolactin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDTo correlate structural integrity of visual pathway white matter tracts with prolactin levels in a patient who demonstrates downward herniation of the optic chiasm secondary to medical treatment of a prolactinoma.

METHODSA 36-year-old woman with a prolactinoma presented with progressive bilateral visual field defects nine years after initial diagnosis and medical treatment. She was diagnosed with empty-sella syndrome and instructed to stop cabergoline. Hormone testing was conducted in tandem with routine clinical evaluations over one year and the patient was followed with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and automated perimetry at three time points. Five healthy controls underwent a complementary battery of clinical and neuroimaging tests at a single time point.

RESULTSShortly after discontinuing cabergoline, diffusion metrics in the optic tracts were within the range of values observed in healthy controls. However, following a brief period where the patient resumed cabergoline (of her own volition), there was a decrease in serum prolactin with a corresponding decrease in visual ability and increase in radial diffusivity (p<0.001). Those measures again returned to their baseline ranges after discontinuing cabergoline a second time.

CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate the sensitivity of dMRI to detect rapid and functionally significant microstructural changes in white matter tracts secondary to alterations in serum prolactin levels. The inverse relations between prolactin and measures of diffusion and visual function provide support for a neuroprotective role of prolactin in the injured nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strawderman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiq, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vates, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahon, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Empty sella syndrome as a window into the neuroprotective effects of prolactin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A data harmonization pipeline to leverage external controls and boost power in GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe use of external controls in genome-wide association study (GWAS) can significantly increase the size and diversity of the control sample, enabling high-resolution ancestry matching and enhancing the power to detect association signals. However, the aggregation of controls from multiple sources is challenging due to batch effects, difficulty in identifying genotyping errors, and the use of different genotyping platforms. These obstacles have impeded the use of external controls in GWAS and can lead to spurious results if not carefully addressed. We propose a unified data harmonization pipeline that includes an iterative approach to quality control (QC) and imputation, implemented before and after merging cohorts and arrays. We apply this harmonization pipeline to aggregate 27,517 European control samples from 16 collections within dbGaP. We leverage these harmonized controls to conduct a GWAS of Crohns disease. We demonstrate a boost in power over using the cohort samples alone, and that our procedure results in summary statistics free of any significant batch effects. This harmonization pipeline for aggregating genotype data from multiple sources can also serve other applications where individual level genotypes, rather than summary statistics, are required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloemendal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.405415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A data harmonization pipeline to leverage external controls and boost power in GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning enables rapid and robust analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging in photon-starved conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful tool to quantify molecular compositions and study the molecular states in the complex cellular environment as the lifetime readings are not biased by the fluorophore concentration or the excitation power. However, the current methods to generate FLIM images are either computationally intensive or unreliable when the number of photons acquired at each pixel is low. Here we introduce a new deep learning-based method termed flimGANE (fluorescence lifetime imaging based on Generative Adversarial Network Estimation) that can rapidly generate accurate and high-quality FLIM images even in the photon-starved conditions. We demonstrated our model is not only 258 times faster than the most popular time-domain least-square estimation (TD_LSE) method but also provide more accurate analysis in barcode identification, cellular structure visualization, Forster resonance energy transfer characterization, and metabolic state analysis. With its advantages in speed and reliability, flimGANE is particularly useful in fundamental biological research and clinical applications, where ultrafast analysis is critical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rylander, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankeelov, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning enables rapid and robust analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging in photon-starved conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.383604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging neuronal correlations and dimensionality reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.383604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two commonly used approaches to study interactions among neurons are spike count correlation, which describes pairs of neurons, and dimensionality reduction, applied to a population of neurons. While both approaches have been used to study trial-to-trial correlated neuronal variability, they are often used in isolation and have not been directly related. We first established concrete mathematical and empirical relationships between pairwise correlation and metrics of population-wide covariability based on dimensionality reduction. Applying these insights to macaque V4 population recordings, we found that the previously reported decrease in mean pairwise correlation associated with attention stemmed from three distinct changes in population-wide covariability. Overall, our work builds the intuition and formalism to bridge between pairwise correlation and population-wide covariability and presents a cautionary tale about the inferences one can make about population activity by using a single statistic, whether it be mean pairwise correlation or dimensionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umakantha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.383604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging neuronal correlations and dimensionality reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.410795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting lineage-specific differences in open chromatin across dozens of mammalian genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.410795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvolutionary conservation is an invaluable tool for inferring functional significance in the genome, including regions that are crucial across many species and those that have undergone convergent evolution. Computational methods to test for sequence conservation are dominated by algorithms that examine the ability of one or more nucleotides to align across large evolutionary distances. While these nucleotide alignment-based approaches have proven powerful for protein-coding genes and some non-coding elements, they fail to capture conservation at many enhancers, distal regulatory elements that control spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression. The function of enhancers is governed by a complex, often tissue- and cell type-specific, code that links combinations of transcription factor binding sites and other regulation-related sequence patterns to regulatory activity. Thus, function of orthologous enhancer regions can be conserved across large evolutionary distances, even when nucleotide turnover is high.

ResultsWe present a new machine learning-based approach for evaluating enhancer conservation that leverages the combinatorial sequence code of enhancer activity rather than relying on the alignment of individual nucleotides. We first train a convolutional neural network model that is able to predict tissue-specific open chromatin, a proxy for enhancer activity, across mammals. Then, we apply that model to distinguish instances where the genome sequence would predict conserved function versus a loss regulatory activity in that tissue. We present criteria for systematically evaluating model performance for this task and use them to demonstrate that our models accurately predict tissue-specific conservation and divergence in open chromatin between primate and rodent species, vastly out-performing leading nucleotide alignment-based approaches. We then apply our models to predict open chromatin at orthologs of brain and liver open chromatin regions across hundreds of mammals and find that brain enhancers associated with neuron activity and liver enhancers associated with liver regeneration have a stronger tendency than the general population to have predicted lineage-specific open chromatin.

ConclusionThe framework presented here provides a mechanism to annotate tissue-specific regulatory function across hundreds of genomes and to study enhancer evolution using predicted regulatory differences rather than nucleotide-level conservation measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.410795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting lineage-specific differences in open chromatin across dozens of mammalian genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of CD44-/CD24- Breast Cancer Cells with Late Stage Tumor Recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor metastasis remains the main cause of breast cancer-related deaths, especially the later breast cancer distant metastasis. This study assessed CD44-/CD24- tumor cells in 576 tissue specimens for associations with clinicopathological features and metastasis and then investigated the underlying molecular events. The data showed that level of CD44-/CD24- cells was associated with later postoperative distant tumor metastasis. Furthermore, CD44-/CD24- triple negative cells could spontaneously convert into CD44+/CD24- cancer stem cells (CSCs) with properties similar to CD44+/CD24- CSCs from parental MDA-MB-231 cells in terms of gene expression, tumor cell xenograft formation, and lung metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified RHBDL2 as a regulator that enhanced spontaneous CD44+/CD24- CSC conversion, whereas knockdown of RHBDL2 expression inhibited YAP/NF-{kappa}B signaling and blocked spontaneous CD44-/CD24- cell conversion to CSCs. These data suggested that the level of CD44-/CD24- tumor cells could predict breast cancer prognosis, metastasis, and response to adjuvant therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of CD44-/CD24- Breast Cancer Cells with Late Stage Tumor Recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve for abdominal signaling while reducing cardiovascular side effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases by modulating afferent and efferent communication to the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Although distal vagal nerve branches, close to end organs, could provide a selective therapeutic approach, these locations are often surgically inaccessible. In contrast, the cervical vagus nerve has been targeted for decades using surgically implantable cuff electrodes to treat epileptic seizures and depression; however, to date, clinical implementation of VNS has relied on an electrode with contacts that fully wrap around the nerve, producing non-selective activation of the entire nerve. Here we demonstrate selective cervical VNS using cuff electrodes with multiple contacts around the nerve circumference to target different functional pathways. These flexible probes were adjusted to the diameter of the nerve using an adhesive hydrogel wrap to create a robust electrode interface. Our approach was verified in a rat model by demonstrating that cervical VNS produces neural activity in the abdominal vagus nerve while limiting effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., changes in heart rate or blood pressure). This study demonstrates the potential for selective cervical VNS as a therapeutic approach for modulating distal nerve branches while reducing off target effects. This methodology could potentially be refined to treat gastrointestinal, metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases amenable to vagal neuromodulatory control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forssell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciullo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedder, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve for abdominal signaling while reducing cardiovascular side effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale and integrative single-cell Hi-C analysis with Higashi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of single-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) technologies offers an unprecedented opportunity to unveil cell-to-cell variability of 3D genome organization. However, the development of computational methods that can effectively enhance scHi-C data quality and extract 3D genome features in single cells remains a major challenge. Here, we report Higashi, a new algorithm that achieves state-of-the-art analysis of scHi-C data based on hypergraph representation learning. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that Higashi significantly outperforms existing methods for embedding and imputation of scHi-C data. Higashi is uniquely able to identify multiscale 3D genome features (such as compartmentalization and TAD-like domain boundaries) in single cells, allowing markedly refined delineation of cell-to-cell variability of 3D genome features. By applying to a scHi-C dataset from human prefrontal cortex, Higashi reveals complex cell types as well as new connections between 3D genome features and cell type-specific gene regulation. Higashi provides an end-to-end solution to scHi-C data analysis and is applicable to studying single-cell 3D genomes in a wide range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale and integrative single-cell Hi-C analysis with Higashi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial pressure (ICP) has been proposed to play an important role in the sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) and susceptibility to glaucoma. However, the in vivo effects of simultaneous, controlled, acute variations in ICP and IOP have not been directly measured. We quantified the deformations of the anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) and scleral canal at Bruchs membrane opening (BMO) under acute elevation of IOP and/or ICP.

Four eyes of three monkeys were imaged in vivo with OCT under four pressure conditions: IOP and ICP either at baseline or elevated. The BMO and ALC were reconstructed from manual delineations. From these, we determined canal area at the BMO (BMO area), BMO aspect ratio and planarity, and ALC median depth relative to the BMO plane. To better account for the pressure effects on the imaging, we also measured ALC visibility as a percent of the BMO area. Further, ALC depths were analyzed only in regions where the ALC was visible in all pressure conditions. Bootstrap sampling was used to obtain mean estimates and confidence intervals, which were then used to test for significant effects of IOP and ICP, independently and in interaction.

Response to pressure manipulation was highly individualized between eyes, with significant changes detected in a majority of the parameters. Significant interactions between ICP and IOP occurred in all measures, except ALC visibility. On average, ICP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.17mm2 at baseline IOP, and contracted BMO area by 0.02 mm2 at high IOP. ICP elevation decreased ALC depth by 10m at baseline IOP, but increased depth by 7 m at high IOP. ALC visibility decreased as ICP increased, both at baseline (-10%) and high IOP (-17%). IOP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.04 mm2 at baseline ICP, and contracted BMO area by 0.09 mm2 at high ICP. On average, IOP elevation caused the ALC to displace 3.3 m anteriorly at baseline ICP, and 22 m posteriorly at high ICP. ALC visibility improved as IOP increased, both at baseline (5%) and high ICP (8%).

In summary, changing IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina of the monkey ONH, regardless of the other pressure level. There were significant interactions between the effects of IOP and those of ICP on LC depth, BMO area, aspect ratio and planarity. On most eyes, elevating both pressures by the same amount did not cancel out the effects. Altogether our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.

Research Highlights- In vivo ONH deformations caused by acute, controlled, simultaneous changes in IOP and/or ICP can be directly visualized and measured in the monkey eye using OCT.
- Acute changes of either IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa, regardless of the other pressure level.
- Pressures interacted, meaning that the effects of one pressure depended significantly on the level of the other pressure.
- Elevating both pressures did not cancel out the effects of one of them being elevated.
- Our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying a Frequency Modulation Response Biomarker in Responsive Neurostimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveResponsive Neurostimulation (RNS) is an effective treatment for controlling seizures in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who are not suitable candidates for resection surgery. A lack of tools for detecting and characterizing potential response biomarkers, however, contributes to a limited understanding of mechanisms by which RNS improves seizure control. We developed a method to quantify ictal frequency modulation, previously identified as a biomarker of clinical responsiveness to RNS.

ApproachFrequency modulation is characterized by shifts in power across spectral bands during ictal events, over several months of neurostimulation. This effect was quantified by partitioning each seizure pattern into segments with distinct spectral content and measuring the extent change from the baseline distribution of spectral content using the squared Earthmovers distance.

Main resultsWe analyzed intracranial electroencephalography data from 13 patients who received RNS therapy, six of whom exhibited frequency modulation on expert evaluation. Subjects in the frequency modulation group had, on average, significantly larger and more sustained changes in their Earthmovers distances (mean = 13.97x10-3 {+/-} 1.197x10-3). In contrast, those subjects without expert-identified frequency modulation exhibited statistically insignificant or negligible distances (mean = 4.994x10-3 {+/-} 0.732x10-3).

SignificanceThis method is the first step towards a quantitative, feedback-driven system for systematically optimizing RNS stimulation parameters, with an ultimate goal of truly personalized closed-loop therapy for epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneider, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisterson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokkinos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying a Frequency Modulation Response Biomarker in Responsive Neurostimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of Kinematics from Inertial Measurement Units Using a Combined Deep Learning and Optimization Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The difficulty of estimating joint kinematics remains a critical barrier toward widespread use of inertial measurement units in biomechanics. Traditional sensor-fusion filters are largely reliant on magnetometer readings, which may be disturbed in uncontrolled environments. Careful sensor-to-segment alignment and calibration strategies are also necessary, which may burden users and lead to further error in uncontrolled settings. We introduce a new framework that combines deep learning and top-down optimization to accurately predict lower extremity joint angles directly from inertial data, without relying on magnetometer readings. We trained deep neural networks on a large set of synthetic inertial data derived from a clinical marker-based motion-tracking database of hundreds of subjects. We used data augmentation techniques and an automated calibration approach to reduce error due to variability in sensor placement and limb alignment. On left-out subjects, lower extremity kinematics could be predicted with a mean ({+/-} STD) root mean squared error of less than 1.27 {degrees} ({+/-} 0.38 {degrees}) in flexion/extension, less than 2.52 {degrees} ({+/-} 0.98 {degrees}) in ad/abduction, and less than 3.34 {degrees} ({+/-} 1.02 {degrees}) internal/external rotation, across walking and running trials. Errors decreased exponentially with the amount of training data, confirming the need for large datasets when training deep neural networks. While this framework remains to be validated with true inertial measurement unit (IMU) data, the results presented here are a promising advance toward convenient estimation of gait kinematics in natural environments. Progress in this direction could enable large-scale studies and offer an unprecedented view into disease progression, patient recovery, and sports biomechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halilaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of Kinematics from Inertial Measurement Units Using a Combined Deep Learning and Optimization Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability of the Surface Area of the V1, V2, and V3 Maps in a Large Sample of Human Observers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How variable is the functionally-defined structure of early visual areas in human cortex and how much variability is shared between twins? Here we quantify individual differences in the best understood functionally-defined regions of cortex: V1, V2, V3. The Human Connectome Project 7T Retinotopy Dataset includes retinotopic measurements from 181 subjects, including many twins. We trained four "anatomists" to manually define V1-V3 using retinotopic features. These definitions were more accurate than automated anatomical templates and showed that surface areas for these maps varied more than three-fold across individuals. This three-fold variation was little changed when normalizing visual area size by the surface area of the entire cerebral cortex. In addition to varying in size, we find that visual areas vary in how they sample the visual field. Specifically, the cortical magnification function differed substantially among individuals, with the relative amount of cortex devoted to central vision varying by more than a factor of 2. To complement the variability analysis, we examined the similarity of visual area size and structure across twins. Whereas the twin sample sizes are too small to make precise heritability estimates (50 monozygotic pairs, 34 dizygotic pairs), they nonetheless reveal high correlations, consistent with strong effects of the combination of shared genes and environment on visual area size. Collectively, these results provide the most comprehensive account of individual variability in visual area structure to date, and provide a robust population benchmark against which new individuals and developmental and clinical populations can be compared.

Significance StatementAreas V1, V2, and V3 are among the best studied functionally-defined regions in human cortex. Using the largest retinotopy dataset to date, we characterized the variability of these regions across individuals and the similarity between twin pairs. We find that the size of visual areas varies dramatically (up to 3.5x) across healthy young adults, far more than the variability of the cerebral cortex size as a whole. Much of this variability appears to arise from inherited factors, as we find very high correlations in visual area size between monozygotic twin-pairs, and lower but still substantial correlations between dizygotic twin pairs. These results provide the most comprehensive assessment of how functionally defined visual cortex varies across the population to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benson, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forenzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability of the Surface Area of the V1, V2, and V3 Maps in a Large Sample of Human Observers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A read count-based method to detect multiplets and their cellular origins from snATAC-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similar to other droplet-based single cell assays, single nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) data harbor multiplets that confound downstream analyses. Detecting multiplets in snATAC-seq data is particularly challenging due to its sparsity and trinary nature (0 reads: closed chromatin, 1: open in one allele, 2: open in both alleles), yet offers a unique opportunity to infer multiplets when >2 uniquely aligned reads are observed at multiple loci. Here, we implemented the first read count-based multiplet detection method, ATAC-DoubletDetector, that detects multiplets independently of cell-type. Using PBMC and pancreatic islet datasets, ATAC-DoubletDetector captured simulated heterotypic multiplets (different cell-types) with [~]0.60 recall, showing [~]24% improvement over state of the art. ATAC-DoubletDetector detected homotypic multiplets with [~]0.61 recall, representing the first method to detect multiplets originating from the same cell type. Using our novel clustering-based algorithm, multiplets were annotated to their cellular origins with [~]85% accuracy. Application of ATAC-DoubletDetector will improve downstream analysis of snATAC-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thibodeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehar-Belaid, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kursawe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marches, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banchereau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ucar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A read count-based method to detect multiplets and their cellular origins from snATAC-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing the complexity of topologically associating domains through multi-feature optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three-dimensional structure of human chromosomes is tied to gene regulation and replication timing, but there is still a lack of consensus on the computational and biological definitions for chromosomal substructures such as topologically associating domains (TADs). TADs are described and identified by various computational properties leading to different TAD sets with varying compatibility with biological properties such as boundary occupancy of structural proteins. We unify many of these computational and biological targets into one algorithmic framework that jointly maximizes several computational TAD definitions and optimizes TAD selection for a quantifiable biological property. Using this framework, we explore the variability of TAD sets optimized for six different desirable properties of TAD sets: high occupancy of CTCF, RAD21, and H3K36me3 at boundaries, reproducibility between replicates, high intra- vs inter-TAD difference in contact frequencies, and many CTCF binding sites at boundaries. The compatibility of these biological targets varies by cell type, and our results suggest that these properties are better reflected as subpopulations or families of TADs rather than a singular TAD set fitting all TAD definitions and properties. We explore the properties that produce similar TAD sets (reproducibility and inter- vs intra-TAD difference, for example) and those that lead to very different TADs (such as CTCF binding sites and inter- vs intra-TAD contact frequency difference).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauerwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing the complexity of topologically associating domains through multi-feature optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sequence-based method for predicting extant fold switchers that undergo α-helix <-> β-strand transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extant fold-switching proteins remodel their secondary structures and change their functions in response to cellular stimuli, regulating biological processes and affecting human health. In spite of their biological importance, these proteins remain understudied. Few representative examples of fold switchers are available in the Protein Data Bank, and they are difficult to predict. In fact, all 96 experimentally validated examples of extant fold switchers were stumbled upon by chance. Thus, predictive methods are needed to expedite the process of discovering and characterizing more of these shapeshifting proteins. Previous approaches require a solved structure or all-atom simulations, greatly constraining their use. Here, we propose a high-throughput sequence-based method for predicting extant fold switchers that transition from -helix in one conformation to {beta}-strand in the other. This method leverages two previous observations: (1) -helix <-> {beta}-strand prediction discrepancies from JPred4 are a robust predictor of fold switching, and (2) the fold-switching regions (FSRs) of some extant fold switchers have different secondary structure propensities when expressed in isolation (isolated FSRs) than when expressed within the context of their parent protein (contextualized FSRs). Combining these two observations, we ran JPred4 on the sequences of isolated and contextualized FSRs from 14 known extant fold switchers and found -helix <->{beta}-strand prediction discrepancies in every case. To test the overall robustness of this finding, we randomly selected regions of proteins not expected to switch folds (single-fold proteins) and found significantly fewer -helix <-> {beta}-strand prediction discrepancies (p < 4.2*10-20, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Combining these discrepancies with the overall percentage of predicted secondary structure, we developed a classifier that often robustly identifies extant fold switchers (Matthews Correlation Coefficient of 0.70). Although this classifier had a high false negative rate (6/14), its false positive rate was very low (1/211), suggesting that it can be used to predict a subset of extant fold switchers from billions of available genomic sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sequence-based method for predicting extant fold switchers that undergo α-helix <-> β-strand transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.426996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for fragments of unexpectedorigin improves transcript quantification inRNA-seq simulations focused on increased realism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.426996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcript and gene quantification is the first step in many RNA-seq analyses. While many factors and properties of experimental RNA-seq data likely contribute to differences in accuracy between various approaches to quantification, it has been demonstrated (1) that quantification accuracy generally benefits from considering, during alignment, potential genomic origins for sequenced fragments that reside outside of the annotated transcriptome.

Recently, Varabyou et al. (2) demonstrated that the presence of transcriptional noise leads to systematic errors in the ability of tools -- particularly annotation-based ones -- to accurately estimate transcript expression. Here, we confirm the findings of Varabyou et al. (2) using the simulation framework they have provided. Using the same data, we also examine the methodology of Srivastava et al.(1) as implemented in recent versions of salmon (3), and show that it substantially enhances the accuracy of annotation-based transcript quantification in these data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.17.426996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for fragments of unexpectedorigin improves transcript quantification inRNA-seq simulations focused on increased realism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prosodic categories in speech are acoustically multidimensional: evidence from dimension-based statistical learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segmental speech units such as phonemes are cued by multiple acoustic dimensions (e.g. F0 and duration), but dimensions do not carry equal perceptual weight. The relative perceptual weights of acoustic speech dimensions are not fixed but vary with context. For example, when speech is altered to create an  accent in which two acoustic dimensions are correlated in a manner opposite that of long-term experience, the dimension that carries less perceptual weight is down-weighted to contribute less in category decisions. It remains unclear, however, whether this short-term reweighting is limited to segmental categorization, or if it extends to categorization of suprasegmental features which span multiple phonemes, syllables, or words, which would suggest that such "dimension-based statistical learning" is a widespread phenomenon in speech perception. Here we investigated the relative contribution of two acoustic dimensions to word emphasis. Participants categorized instances of a two-word phrase pronounced with typical covariation of fundamental frequency (F0) and duration, and in the context of an artificial  accent in which F0 and duration (established in prior research on English speech as  primary and  secondary dimensions, respectively) covaried atypically. When categorizing  accented speech, listeners rapidly down-weighted the secondary dimension (duration) while continuing to rely on the primary dimension (F0). This result indicates that listeners continually track short-term regularities across speech input and dynamically adjust the weight of acoustic evidence for suprasegmental categories. Thus, dimension-based statistical learning appears to be a widespread phenomenon in speech perception extending to both segmental and suprasegmental categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasmin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prosodic categories in speech are acoustically multidimensional: evidence from dimension-based statistical learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DECODE: A Deep-learning Framework for Condensing Enhancers and Refining Boundaries with Large-scale Functional Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMapping distal regulatory elements, such as enhancers, is the cornerstone for investigating genome evolution, understanding critical biological functions, and ultimately elucidating how genetic variations may influence diseases. Previous enhancer prediction methods have used either unsupervised approaches or supervised methods with limited training data. Moreover, past approaches have operationalized enhancer discovery as a binary classification problem without accurate enhancer boundary detection, producing low-resolution annotations with redundant regions and reducing the statistical power for downstream analyses (e.g., causal variant mapping and functional validations). Here, we addressed these challenges via a two-step model called DECODE. First, we employed direct enhancer activity readouts from novel functional characterization assays, such as STARR-seq, to train a deep neural network classifier for accurate cell-type-specific enhancer prediction. Second, to improve the annotation resolution ([~]500 bp), we implemented a weakly-supervised object detection framework for enhancer localization with precise boundary detection (at 10 bp resolution) using gradient-weighted class activation mapping.

ResultsOur DECODE binary classifier outperformed the state-of-the-art enhancer prediction methods by 24% in transgenic mouse validation. Further, DECODE object detection can condense enhancer annotations to only 12.6% of the original size, while still reporting higher conservation scores and genome-wide association study variant enrichments. Overall, DECODE improves the efficiency of regulatory element mapping with graphic processing units for deep-learning applications and is a powerful tool for enhancer prediction and boundary localization.

Contactpi@gersteinlab.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DECODE: A Deep-learning Framework for Condensing Enhancers and Refining Boundaries with Large-scale Functional Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Talker discontinuity disrupts attention to speech: Evidence from EEG and pupillometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech is processed less efficiently from discontinuous, mixed talkers than one consistent talker, but little is known about the neural mechanisms for processing talker variability. Here, we measured psychophysiological responses to talker variability using electroencephalography (EEG) and pupillometry while listeners performed a delayed recall of digit span task. Listeners heard and recalled seven-digit sequences with both talker (single- vs. mixed-talker digits) and temporal (0- vs. 500-ms inter-digit intervals) discontinuities. Talker discontinuity reduced serial recall accuracy. Both talker and temporal discontinuities elicited P3a-like neural evoked response, while rapid processing of mixed-talkers speech led to increased phasic pupil dilation. Furthermore, mixed-talkers speech produced less alpha oscillatory power during working memory maintenance, but not during speech encoding. Overall, these results are consistent with an auditory attention and streaming framework in which talker discontinuity leads to involuntary, stimulus-driven attentional reorientation to novel speech sources, resulting in the processing interference classically associated with talker variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njoroge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrachione, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Talker discontinuity disrupts attention to speech: Evidence from EEG and pupillometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-specific minimizers via polar sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizers are efficient methods to sample k-mers from genomic sequences that unconditionally preserve sufficiently long matches between sequences. Well-established methods to construct efficient minimizers focus on sampling fewer k-mers on a random sequence and use universal hitting sets (sets of k-mers that appear frequently enough) to upper bound the sketch size. In contrast, the problem of sequence-specific minimizers, which is to construct efficient minimizers to sample fewer k-mers on a specific sequence such as the reference genome, is less studied. Currently, the theoretical understanding of this problem is lacking, and existing methods do not specialize well to sketch specific sequences. We propose the concept of polar sets, complementary to the existing idea of universal hitting sets. Polar sets are k-mer sets that are spread out enough on the reference, and provably specialize well to specific sequences. Link energy measures how well spread out a polar set is, and with it, the sketch size can be bounded from above and below in a theoretically sound way. This allows for direct optimization of sketch size. We propose efficient heuristics to construct polar sets, and via experiments on the human reference genome, show their practical superiority in designing efficient sequence-specific minimizers. A reference implementation and code for analyses under an open-source license are at https://github.com/kingsford-group/polarset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-specific minimizers via polar sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling Comprehensive Transcriptome-Metabolome Association and Phylogenetic Analysis Speed Dissecion of Polyphyllins Biosynthetic Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genes in polyphyllins pathway mixed with other steroid biosynthetic genes form an extremely complex biosynthetic network in Paris polyphylla with a giant genome. The lack of genomic data and tissue specificity causes the study of the biosynthetic pathway notably difficult. Here, we report an effective method for the prediction of key genes of polyphyllin biosynthesis. Full-length transcriptome from eight different organs via hybrid sequencing of next generation sequencingand third generation sequencing platforms annotated two 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), 216 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and 199 UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Combining metabolic differences, gene-weighted co-expression network analysis, and phylogenetic trees, the candidate ranges of OSC, CYP, and UGT genes were further narrowed down to 2, 15, and 24, respectively. Beside the three previously characterized CYPs, we identified the OSC involved in the synthesis of cycloartenol and the UGT (PpUGT73CR1) at the C-3 position of diosgenin and pennogenin in P. polyphylla. This study provides a idea for the investigation of gene cluster deficiency biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>hua, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling Comprehensive Transcriptome-Metabolome Association and Phylogenetic Analysis Speed Dissecion of Polyphyllins Biosynthetic Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIFE AND WORK OF RESEARCHERS TRAPPED IN THE COVID-19PANDEMIC VICIOUS CYCLE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCOVID-19 has disrupted researchers work and posed challenges to their life routines. We have surveyed 740 researchers of which 66% experienced a decrease in productivity, 50% indicated increased workload, and 66% reported they have been feeling internal pressure to make progress. Those whose research required physical presence in a lab or the field experienced considerable disruption and productivity decrease. About 82% of this group will try to permanently reduce their work dependency on physical presence. Parents and those taking care of vulnerable dependents have been spending less time on research due to their role conflict. We further observed a gender gap in the overall disruption consequences; more female researchers have been experiencing a reduction in productivity and external pressure to make progress. The results of this study can help institution leaders and policymakers better understand the pandemics challenges for the research community and motivate appropriate measures to instill long-term solutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behbahani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehdizadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olechowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIFE AND WORK OF RESEARCHERS TRAPPED IN THE COVID-19PANDEMIC VICIOUS CYCLE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical selection of representative sets of RNA-seq samples using a hierarchical approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite numerous RNA-seq samples available at large databases, most RNA-seq analysis tools are evaluated on a limited number of RNA-seq samples. This drives a need for methods to select a representative subset from all available RNA-seq samples to facilitate comprehensive, unbiased evaluation of bioinformatics tools. In sequence-based approaches for representative set selection (e.g. a k-mer counting approach that selects a subset based on k-mer similarities between RNA-seq samples), because of the huge number of available RNA-seq samples and the large number of k-mers/sequences in each sample, computing the full similarity matrix between all samples using k-mers/sequences for the entire set of RNA-seq samples in a large database (e.g. the SRA) has memory and runtime challenges, making direct representative set selection infeasible with limited computing resources. Therefore, we developed a novel computational method called "hierarchical representative set selection" to handle this challenge. Hierarchical representative set selection is a divide-and-conquer-like algorithm that breaks the representative set selection into sub-selections and hierarchically selects representative samples through multiple levels. We demonstrate that hierarchical representative set selection can achieve performance close to that of direct representative set selection, while largely reducing the runtime and memory requirements of computing the full similarity matrix (up to 8.4X runtime reduction and 4.7X memory reduction for 10000 samples that could be practically run with direct subset selection). We show that hierarchical representative set selection substantially outperforms random sampling on the entire SRA set of RNA-seq samples, making it a practical solution to representative set selection on large databases such as the SRA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tung, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical selection of representative sets of RNA-seq samples using a hierarchical approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type Hierarchy Reconstruction via Reconciliation of Multi-resolution Cluster Tree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wealth of clustering algorithms are available for Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), but it remains challenging to compare and characterize the features across different scales of resolution. To resolve this challenge Multi-resolution Reconciled Tree (MRtree), builds a hierarchical tree structure based on multi-resolution partitions that is highly flexible and can be coupled with most scRNA-seq clustering algorithms. MRtree out-performs bottom-up or divisive hierarchical clustering approaches because it inherits the robustness and versatility of a flat clustering approach, while maintaining the hierarchical structure of cells. Application to fetal brain cells yields insight into subtypes of cells that can be reliably estimated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.06.430067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type Hierarchy Reconstruction via Reconciliation of Multi-resolution Cluster Tree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of evolutionary dynamics on any complex spatial structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the spatial arrangement of a population shapes its evolutionary dynamics has been of long-standing interest in population genetics. Most previous studies assume a small number of demes connected by migration corridors, symmetrical structures that most often act as well-mixed populations. Other studies use networks to model the more complex topologies of natural populations and to study the structures that suppress or amplify selection. However, they usually assume very small, regular networks, with strong constraints on the strength of selection considered. Here we build network generation algorithms, evolutionary simulations and derive general analytic approximations for probabilities of fixation in populations with complex spatial structure. By tuning network parameters and properties independent of each other, we systematically span across network families and show that both a networks degree distribution, as well as its node mixing pattern shape the evolutionary dynamics of new mutations. We analytically write the relevant selective parameter, predictive of evolutionary dynamics, as a combination of network statistics. As one application, we use recent imaging datasets and build the cellular spatial networks of the stem cell niches of the bone marrow. Across a wide variety of parameters and regardless of the birth-death process used, we find these networks to be strong suppressors of selection, delaying mutation accumulation in this tissue. We also find that decreases in stem cell population size decrease the suppression strength of the tissue spatial structure, hinting at a potential diminishing spatial suppression in the bone marrow tissue as individuals age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nombela-Arrieta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of evolutionary dynamics on any complex spatial structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing smaller genome graphs via string compression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The size of a genome graph -- the space required to store the nodes, their labels and edges -- affects the efficiency of operations performed on it. For example, the time complexity to align a sequence to a graph without a graph index depends on the total number of characters in the node labels and the number of edges in the graph. The size of the graph also affects the size of the graph index that is used to speed up the alignment. This raises the need for approaches to construct space-efficient genome graphs.

We point out similarities in the string encoding approaches of genome graphs and the external pointer macro (EPM) compression model. Supported by these similarities, we present a pair of linear-time algorithms that transform between genome graphs and EPM-compressed forms. We show that the algorithms result in an upper bound on the size of the genome graph constructed based on an optimal EPM compression. In addition to the transformation, we show that equivalent choices made by EPM compression algorithms may result in different sizes of genome graphs. To further optimize the size of the genome graph, we purpose the source assignment problem that optimizes over the equivalent choices during compression and introduce an ILP formulation that solves that problem optimally. As a proof-of-concept, we introduce RLZ-Graph, a genome graph constructed based on the relative Lempel-Ziv EPM compression algorithm. We show that using RLZ-Graph, across all human chromosomes, we are able to reduce the disk space to store a genome graph on average by 40.7% compared to colored de Bruijn graphs constructed by Bifrost under the default settings.

The RLZ-Graph software is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/rlzgraph
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing smaller genome graphs via string compression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New skill acquisition does not perturb existing function in sensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquisition of new skills has the potential to disturb existing network function. To directly assess whether previously acquired cortical function is altered during learning, mice were trained in an abstract task in which selected activity patterns were rewarded using an optical brain-computer interface device coupled to primary visual cortex (V1) neurons. Excitatory neurons were longitudinally recorded using 2-photon calcium imaging. Despite significant changes in local neural activity during task performance, tuning properties and stimulus encoding assessed outside of the trained context were not perturbed. Similarly, stimulus tuning was stable in neurons that remained responsive following a different, visual discrimination training task. However, visual discrimination training increased the rate of representational drift. Our results indicate that while some forms of perceptual learning may modify the contribution of individual neurons to stimulus encoding, new skill learning is not inherently disruptive to the quality of stimulus representation in adult V1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New skill acquisition does not perturb existing function in sensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feedforward and feedback interactions between visual cortical areas use different population activity patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain function relies on the coordination of activity across multiple, recurrently connected, brain areas. For instance, sensory information encoded in early sensory areas is relayed to, and further processed by, higher cortical areas and then fed back. However, the way in which feedforward and feedback signaling interact with one another is incompletely understood. Here we investigate this question by leveraging simultaneous neuronal population recordings in early and midlevel visual areas (V1-V2 and V1-V4). Using a dimensionality reduction approach, we find that population interactions are feedforward-dominated shortly after stimulus onset and feedback-dominated during spontaneous activity. The population activity patterns most correlated across areas were distinct during feedforward- and feedback-dominated periods. These results suggest that feedforward and feedback signaling rely on separate "channels", such that feedback signaling does not directly affect activity that is fed forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semedo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandvakili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feedforward and feedback interactions between visual cortical areas use different population activity patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top-down attention modulates auditory-evoked neural responses in neurotypical, but not ADHD, young adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals differ in their ability to selectively attend to goal-relevant auditory stimuli. People with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in particular tend to show cognitive deficits associated with distractibility and inefficiencies in inhibition and attention. We hypothesized that people with ADHD would exhibit poorer performance and weaker neural signatures of attentional control when undertaking a challenging auditory task that required strong top-down attention. Neurotypical (N = 20) and ADHD (N = 25) young adults with normal hearing listened to one of three concurrent, spatially separated speech streams and reported the order of the syllables presented while we recorded electroencephalography (EEG). We tested both the ability to sustain attentional focus on a single "target" stream and the ability to monitor the target but flexibly switch attention to an unpredictable "interrupter" stream from another direction if and when it appeared. Although both stimulus structure and task demands affected behavioral performance, ADHD status did not. In both groups, the interrupter evoked larger neural responses when it was to be attended compared to when it was irrelevant, including for the P3a "reorienting" response previously described as involuntary. This attentional modulation was weaker in ADHD listeners, even though their behavioral performance was no lower. Across the entire cohort, individual performance correlated with the degree of top-down modulation of neural responses. These results demonstrate that listeners differ in their ability to modulate neural representations of sound based on task goals. Adults with ADHD have weaker volitional control of attentional processes than their neurotypical counterparts.

Significance StatementADHD and neurotypical listeners attended to one speech stream among distractors while neural responses were measured with electroencephalography. Behavioral performance varied with stimulus structure and task demands, but not with ADHD status. In both groups, top-down attention modulated stimulus-evoked neural responses: interrupting sounds elicited weaker responses when the sounds were ignored compared to when they were attended. This modulation affected a late "orienting" response (P3a) that has been previously described as automatic and not dependent on internal state. Importantly, ADHD subjects showed weaker attentional filtering than did neurotypical controls. At the individual level, performance correlated with neural metrics. Our results demonstrate that people vary widely in how flexibly they can use attention to modulate sensory responses based on task goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwasa, J. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top-down attention modulates auditory-evoked neural responses in neurotypical, but not ADHD, young adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing Local Cell Sepcific Networks from Single Cell Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing facilitates investigations of gene co-expression networks at the cellular level potentially yielding unique biological insights, but the estimation problem is challenging. We develop a non-parametric approach to estimate cell-specific networks for each cell and cell type and propose novel downstream analyses. The individual networks preserve the cellular heterogeneity and facilitate testing for differences between cell groups. To further our understanding of autism spectrum disorder, we examine the evolution of gene networks in fetal brain cells and compare the gene networks of cells sampled from case and control subjects to reveal patterns in gene co-expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing Local Cell Sepcific Networks from Single Cell Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competence-associated peptide BriC alters fatty acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane lipid homeostasis is required for bacteria to survive in a spectrum of host environments. This homeostasis is achieved by regulation of fatty acid chain length and of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. In the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, fatty acid biosynthesis is encoded by a cluster of fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) genes (FASII locus) whose expression is controlled by the FabT repressor. Encoded immediately downstream of the FASII locus is BriC, a competence-induced, cell-cell communication peptide that promotes biofilm development as well as nasopharyngeal colonization in a murine model of pneumococcal carriage. Here, we demonstrate that briC is co-transcribed with genes of the fab gene cluster and that a reduction of briC levels, caused by decoupling its transcription from fab gene cluster, negatively impacts biofilm development. BriC elevates fabT transcription, which is predicted to alter the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids produced by the pathway. We find that briC inactivation results in a decreased production of unsaturated fatty acids that impact the membrane properties by decreasing the abundance of di-unsaturated phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. We propose that the link between BriC, FabT and phospholipid composition contributes to the ability of S. pneumoniae to alter membrane homeostasis in response to the production of a quorum-sensing peptide.

IMPORTANCEAdaptation of bacteria to their host environment is a key component of colonization and pathogenesis. As an essential component of bacterial membranes, fatty acid composition contributes to host adaptation. Similarly, so does cell-cell communication, which serves as a mechanism for population levels responses. While much is known about the pathways that control the biosynthesis of fatty acids, many questions remain regarding regulation of these pathways and consequently the factors that impacts the balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We find that BriC, a cell-cell communication peptide implicated in biofilm regulation and colonization, is both influenced by a fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and impacts this same pathway. This study identified a link between cell-cell communication, fatty acid composition, and biofilms and, in doing so, suggests that these pathways are integrated into the networks that control pneumococcal colonization and host adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, J. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competence-associated peptide BriC alters fatty acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CINS: Cell Interaction Network inference from Single cell expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies comparing single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data between conditions mainly focus on differences in the proportion of cell types or on differentially expressed genes. In many cases these differences are driven by changes in cell interactions which are challenging to infer without spatial information. To determine cell-cell interactions that differ between conditions we developed the Cell Interaction Network Inference (CINS) pipeline. CINS combines Bayesian network analysis with regression-based modeling to identify differential cell type interactions and the proteins that underlie them. We tested CINS on a disease case control and on an aging human dataset. In both cases CINS correctly identifies cell type interactions and the ligands involved in these interactions. We performed additional mouse aging scRNA-Seq experiments which further support the interactions identified by CINS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xylourgidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CINS: Cell Interaction Network inference from Single cell expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable active gels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cortex is an active adaptive material, embedded with complex regulatory networks that can sense, generate, and transmit mechanical forces. The cortex exhibits a wide range of dynamic behaviours, from generating pulsatory contractions and travelling waves to forming organised structures. Despite the progress in characterising the biochemical and mechanical components of the actin cortex, the emergent dynamics of this mechanochemical system is poorly understood. Here we develop a reaction-diffusion model for the RhoA signalling network, the upstream regulator for actomyosin assembly and contractility, coupled to an active actomyosin gel, to investigate how the interplay between chemical signalling and mechanical forces regulate stresses and patterns in the cortex. We demonstrate that mechanochemical feedback in the cortex acts to destabilise homogeneous states and robustly generate pulsatile contractions. By tuning active stress in the system, we show that the cortex can generate propagating contraction pulses, form network structures, or exhibit topological turbulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable active gels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Induces Spontaneous Cortical Hypersynchrony In Extended Motor and Cognitive Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinsons disease remains unclear. Studies have shown that DBS decreases pathological beta hypersynchrony between the basal ganglia and motor cortex. However, little is known about DBSs effects on long range corticocortical synchronization. Here, we use machine learning combined with spectral graph theory to compare resting-state cortical connectivity between the off and on-stimulation states and compare these differences to healthy controls. We found that turning DBS on increased high beta and gamma band coherence in a cortical circuit spanning the motor, occipitoparietal, middle temporal, and prefrontal cortices. We found no significant difference between DBS-off and controls in this network with multivariate pattern classification showing that the brain connectivity pattern in control subjects is more like those during DBS-off than DBS-on. These results show that therapeutic DBS increases spontaneous high beta-gamma synchrony in a network that couples motor areas to broader cognitive systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boring, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Induces Spontaneous Cortical Hypersynchrony In Extended Motor and Cognitive Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type Assignments for Spatial Transcriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent advancements in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques enable them to concurrently obtain information on the location and gene expression of single cells. A key question in the initial analysis of such spatial transcriptomics data is the assignment of cell types. To date, most studies used methods that only rely on the expression levels of the genes in each cell for such assignments. To fully utilize the data and to improve the ability to identify novel sub-types we developed a new method, FICT, which combines both expression and neighborhood information when assigning cell types.

ResultsFICT optimizes a probabilistic function that we formalize and for which we provide learning and inference algorithms. We used FICT to analyze both simulated and several real spatial transcriptomics data. As we show, FICT can accurately identify cell types and sub-types improving on expression only methods and other methods proposed for clustering spatial transcriptomics data. Some of the spatial sub-types identified by FICT provide novel hypotheses about the new functions for excitatory and inhibitory neurons.

AvailabilityFICT is available at: https://github.com/haotianteng/FICT

Contactzivbj@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type Assignments for Spatial Transcriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AIM-CICs: automatic identification method for Cell-in-cell structures based on convolutional neural network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas biochemical markers are available for most types of cell death, current studies on non-autonomous cell death by entosis relays strictly on the identification of cell-in-cell structure (CICs), a unique morphological readout that can only be quantified manually at present. Moreover, the manual CICs quantification is generally over-simplified as CICs counts, which represents a major hurdle against profound mechanistic investigations. In this study, we take advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) technology to develop an automatic identification method for CICs (AIM-CICs), which performs comprehensive CICs analysis in an automated and efficient way. The AIM-CICs, developed on the algorithm of convolutional neural network (CNN), can not only differentiate between CICs and non-CICs (AUC > 0.99), but also accurately categorize CICs into five subclasses based on CICs stages and cell number involved (AUC > 0.97 for all subclasses). The application of AIM-CICs would systemically fuel researches on CICs-mediated cell death such as high-throughput screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.432996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AIM-CICs: automatic identification method for Cell-in-cell structures based on convolutional neural network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Contraction of Adherens Junctions arises through RhoA and E-cadherin feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue morphogenesis often arises from the culmination of discrete changes in cell-cell junction behaviors, namely ratcheted junction contractions that lead to collective cellular rearrangements. Mechanochemical signaling in the form of RhoA underlies these ratcheted contractions, which occur asymmetrically as one highly motile vertex contracts toward a relatively less motile tricellular vertex. The underlying mechanisms driving asymmetric vertex movement remains unknown. Here, we use optogenetically controlled RhoA in model epithelia together with biophysical modeling to uncover the mechanism lending to asymmetric vertex motion. We find that both local and global RhoA activation leads to increases in junctional tension, thereby facilitating vertex motion. RhoA activation occurs in discrete regions along the junction and is skewed towards the less-motile vertex. At these less-motile vertices, E-cadherin acts as an opposing factor to limit vertex motion through increased frictional drag. Surprisingly, we uncover a feedback loop between RhoA and E-cadherin, as regional optogenetic activation of specified junctional zones pools E-cadherin to the location of RhoA activation. Incorporating this circuit into a mathematical model, we find that a positive feedback between RhoA-mediated tension and E-cadherin-induced frictional drag on tricellular vertices recapitulates experimental data. As such, the location of RhoA determines which vertex is under high tension, pooling E-cadherin and increasing the frictional load at the tricellular vertex to limit its motion. This feedback drives a tension-dependent intercellular "clutch" at tricellular vertices which stabilizes vertex motion upon tensional load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmiel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budnar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Contraction of Adherens Junctions arises through RhoA and E-cadherin feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control in uncoupling transcription and translation of haploid male germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, transcription and translations uncoupling plays an essential role in development and adulthood physiology. However, it remains elusive how thousands of mRNAs get translationally silenced while stability is maintained for up to hours or even days before translation. In addition to oocytes and neurons, developing spermatids have significant uncoupling of transcription and translation for delayed translation. Therefore, spermiogenesis represents an excellent in vivo model for investigating the mechanism underlying uncoupled transcription and translation. Through full-length poly(A) deep sequencing, we discovered dynamic changes in poly(A) length through deadenylation and re-polyadenylation. Deadenylation appeared to be mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcripts with shorter poly(A) tails tend to be sequestered into ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for translational repression and stabilization. In contrast, re-polyadenylation allows for translocation of the translationally repressed transcripts from RNPs to polysomes for translation. Overall, our data suggest that miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control represents a novel mechanism underlying uncoupled translation and transcription in haploid male germ cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control in uncoupling transcription and translation of haploid male germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injury-Free In Vivo Delivery and Engraftment into the Cornea Endothelium Using Extracellular Matrix Shrink-Wrapped Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell injection is a common clinical approach for therapeutic delivery of cells into diseased and damaged tissues in order to achieve regeneration. However, cell retention, viability, and engraftment at the injection site has generally been poor, driving the need for improved approaches. Here, we developed a technique to shrink-wrap micropatterned islands of corneal endothelial cells in a basement membrane-like layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) that enables the cells to maintain their cell-cell junctions and cytoskeletal structure while in suspension. These Monolayers exhibited the ability to rapidly engraft into intact, high-density corneal endothelial monolayers in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Importantly, the engrafted Monolayers increased local cell density, something that the clinical-standard single cells in suspension failed to do. These results show that shrink-wrapping cells in ECM dramatically improves engraftment and provides a potential alternative to cornea transplant when low endothelial cell density is the cause of corneal blindness.

One Sentence SummaryShrink-wrapped patches of endothelial cells can rapidly attach and integrate into an intact cornea endothelium when injected into the anterior chamber, increasing cell density.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palchesko, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandaker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feunderburgh, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injury-Free In Vivo Delivery and Engraftment into the Cornea Endothelium Using Extracellular Matrix Shrink-Wrapped Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulate Human Cardio-pulmonary Co-development Using Simultaneous Multilineage Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extensive crosstalk between the developing heart and lung is pivotal for their proper morphogenesis and maturation. However, there remains a lack of model systems for investigating the critical cardio-pulmonary mutual interaction during human embryogenesis. Here, we reported a novel stepwise strategy for directing simultaneous induction of both mesoderm-derived cardiac and endoderm-derived lung epithelial lineages within a single differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) via temporal specific tuning of WNT and TGF-{beta} signaling in the absence of exogenous growth factors. Using 3D suspension culture, we established concentric cardio-pulmonary micro-Tissues (Ts), and observed expedited alveolar maturation in the presence of cardiac accompany. Upon withdrawal of WNT agonist, the cardiac and pulmonary components within each dual-lineage T effectively segregated from each other with concurrent initiation of cardiac contraction. We expect our multilineage differentiation model to offer an experimentally tractable system for investigating human cardio-pulmonary interplay and tissue boundary formation during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulate Human Cardio-pulmonary Co-development Using Simultaneous Multilineage Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin accessibility and microRNA expression in nephron progenitor cells during kidney development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian nephrons originate from a population of nephron progenitor cells (NPCs), and it is known that NPCs transcriptomes change throughout nephrogenesis during healthy kidney development. To characterize chromatin accessibility and microRNA (miRNA) expression throughout this process, we collected NPCs from mouse kidneys at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) and postnatal day zero (P0) and assayed cells for transposase-accessible chromatin and small RNA expression. We observe 46,374 genomic regions of accessible chromatin, with 2,103 showing significant changes in accessibility between E14.5 and P0. In addition, we detect 1,104 known microRNAs, with 114 showing significant changes in expression. Genome-wide, changes in DNA accessibility and microRNA expression highlight biological processes like cellular differentiation, cell migration, extracellular matrix interactions, and developmental signaling pathways such as Notch. Furthermore, our data identify novel candidate cis-regulatory elements for Eya1 and Pax8, both genes with a role in NPC differentiation; we also associate expression-changing microRNAs, including let-7-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-181a-2-3p, and miR-9-3p, with candidate cis-regulatory elements. Overall, our data characterize NPCs during kidney development and point out new candidate regulatory elements for genes and microRNA with key roles in nephrogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clugston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodnar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin accessibility and microRNA expression in nephron progenitor cells during kidney development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spike mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants confer resistance to antibody neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge from the current global pandemic, some of which can replicate faster and with greater transmissibility and pathogenicity. In particular, UK501Y.V1 identified in UK, SA501Y.V2 in South Africa, and BR501Y.V3 in Brazil are raising serious concerns as they spread quickly and contain spike protein mutations that may facilitate escape from current antibody therapies and vaccine protection. Here, we constructed a panel of 28 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses bearing single or combined mutations found in the spike protein of these three variants, as well as additional nine mutations that within or close by the major antigenic sites in the spike protein identified in the GISAID database. These pseudoviruses were tested against a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including some approved for emergency use to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, and convalescent patient plasma collected early in the pandemic. SA501Y.V2 pseudovirus was the most resistant, in magnitude and breadth, against mAbs and convalescent plasma, followed by BR501Y.V3, and then UK501Y.V1. This resistance hierarchy corresponds with Y144del and 242-244del mutations in the N-terminal domain as well as K417N/T, E484K and N501Y mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD). Crystal structural analysis of RBD carrying triple K417N-E484K-N501Y mutations found in SA501Y.V2 bound with mAb P2C-1F11 revealed a molecular basis for antibody neutralization and escape. SA501Y.V2 and BR501Y.V3 also acquired substantial ability to use mouse and mink ACE2 for entry. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate major antigenic shifts and potentially broadening the host range of SA501Y.V2 and BR501Y.V3, which pose serious challenges to our current antibody therapies and vaccine protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spike mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants confer resistance to antibody neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEdeepoff: an in silico tool for off-target prediction of ABE and CBE base editors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base editors, including adenine base editors (ABEs) and cytosine base editors (CBEs), are valuable tools for introducing point mutations, but they frequently induce unwanted off-target mutations. Here, we performed a high-throughput gRNA-target library screening to measure editing efficiencies at integrated genomic off-targets and obtained datasets of 48,632 and 52,429 off-targets for ABE and CBE, respectively. We used the datasets to train deep learning models, resulting in ABEdeepoff and CBEdeepoff which can predict editing efficiencies at off-targets. These tools are freely accessible via online web server http://www.deephf.com/#/bedeep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEdeepoff: an in silico tool for off-target prediction of ABE and CBE base editors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEdeepon: an in silico tool for prediction of base editor efficiencies and outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base editors enable direct conversion of one target base into another in a programmable manner, but conversion efficiencies vary dramatically among different targets. Here, we performed a high-throughput gRNA-target library screening to measure conversion efficiencies and outcome product frequencies at integrated genomic targets and obtained datasets of 60,615 and 73,303 targets for ABE and CBE, respectively. We used the datasets to train deep learning models, resulting in ABEdeepon and CBEdeepon which can predict on-target efficiencies and outcome sequence frequencies. The software is freely accessible via online web server http://www.deephf.com/#/bedeep/bedeepon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEdeepon: an in silico tool for prediction of base editor efficiencies and outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellar: Interactive single cell data annotation tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent technologies and platforms enable the profiling of various molecular signals at the single-cell level. A key question for all studies using such data is the assignment of cell types. To improve the ability to correctly assign cell types in single and multi-omics sequencing and imaging single-cell studies, we developed Cellar. This interactive software tool supports all steps in the analysis and assignment process. We demonstrate the advantages of Cellar by using it to annotate several HuBMAP datasets from multi-omics single-cell sequencing and spatial proteomics studies. Cellar is freely available and includes several annotated reference HuBMAP datasets.

Availabilityhttps://data.test.hubmapconsortium.org/app/cellar
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasanaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellar: Interactive single cell data annotation tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial cell shape control by nutrient-dependent synthesis of cell division inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By analysing cell shape and size of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis under nutrient perturbations, protein depletion, and antibiotic treatments we find that cell geometry is extremely robust, reflected in a well-conserved scaling relation between surface area (S) and volume (V), S ~ V{gamma}, with{gamma} = 0.85. We develop a molecular model supported by single-cell simulations to predict that the surface-to-volume scaling exponent{gamma} is regulated by nutrient-dependent production of metabolic enzymes that act as cell division inhibitors in bacteria. Using theory that is supported by experimental data, we predict the modes of cell shape transformations in different bacterial species and propose a mechanism of cell shape adaptation to different nutrient perturbations. For organisms with high surface-to-volume scaling exponent{gamma} , such as B. subtilis, cell width is not sensitive to growth rate changes, whereas organisms with low{gamma} , such as A. baumannii, cell shape adapts readily to growth rate changes.

SIGNIFICANCEHow bacteria regulate their size and shapes to optimise their growth fitness in different nutrient environments remains largely unknown. By analysing the surface area and volume of rod-shaped B. subtilis exposed to different nutrient conditions and antibiotics we find that cells preserve a power law scaling between surface area and volume. We show that the surface-to-volume scaling is extremely robust and is regulated by nutrient-dependent synthesis of cell division inhibitors. By analysing different bacterial types, we find that cells conserve the surface-to-volume scaling exponent that is typical for each species, implying distinct mechanisms for morphological adaptation in each organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojkic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial cell shape control by nutrient-dependent synthesis of cell division inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation masking and fine structure shape neural envelope coding to predict speech intelligibility across diverse listening conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question in the neuroscience of everyday communication is how scene acoustics shape the neural processing of attended speech sounds and in turn impact speech intelligibility. While it is well known that the temporal envelopes in target speech are important for intelligibility, how the neural encoding of target-speech envelopes is influenced by background sounds or other acoustic features of the scene is unknown. Here, we combine human electroencephalography with simultaneous intelligibility measurements to address this key gap. We find that the neural envelope-domain signal-to-noise ratio in target-speech encoding, which is shaped by masker modulations, predicts intelligibility over a range of strategically chosen realistic listening conditions unseen by the predictive model. This provides neurophysiological evidence for modulation masking. Moreover, using high-resolution vocoding to carefully control peripheral envelopes, we show that target-envelope coding fidelity in the brain depends not only on envelopes conveyed by the cochlea, but also on the temporal fine structure (TFS), which supports scene segregation. Our results are consistent with the notion that temporal coherence of sound elements across envelopes and/or TFS influences scene analysis and attentive selection of a target sound. Our findings also inform speech-intelligibility models and technologies attempting to improve real-world speech communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation masking and fine structure shape neural envelope coding to predict speech intelligibility across diverse listening conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of target genes and pathways of blood trait loci using pooled CRISPR screens and single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of variants associated with complex traits and common diseases identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) map to noncoding regions of the genome with unknown regulatory effects in cis and trans. By leveraging biobank-scale GWAS data, massively parallel CRISPR screens and single cell transcriptome sequencing, we discovered target genes of noncoding variants for blood trait loci. The closest gene was often the target gene, but this was not always the case. We also identified trans-effects networks of noncoding variants when cis target genes encoded transcription factors, such as GFI1B and NFE2. We observed that GFI1B trans-target genes were enriched for GFI1B binding sites and fine-mapped GWAS variants, and expressed in human bone marrow progenitor cells, suggesting that GFI1B acts as a master regulator of blood traits. This platform will enable massively parallel assays to catalog the target genes of human noncoding variants in both cis and trans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniloski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimitou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjana, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of target genes and pathways of blood trait loci using pooled CRISPR screens and single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoded Competitive Clone-Initiating Cell (BC-CIC) Analysis Reveals Differences in Ovarian Cancer Cell Genotype and Niche Specific Clonal Fitness During Growth and Metastasis In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During oncogenesis, pathogenic clones develop which contain cells capable of spreading throughout the body, ultimately compromising vital organ functions and physiology. Understanding how metastatic clones develop and spread is critical for improving cancer treatments. However, our understanding of these processes has been hampered by a paucity of quantitative methodologies to comprehensively map, track and characterize such clones. To address this shortcoming, we have developed a DNA barcoding and next-generation sequencing based system-wide clonal tracking technology integrated with a computational data analysis pipeline called Clone-Initiating Cell (CIC) Calculator. The CIC Calculator interfaces with the CIC Morbus Mandala (CIC-MM) plot, a novel tool to visually comprehend and detect four distinct categories that explains their complex relationships with various tissues/organ sites. Further, we describe machine learning approaches to study CIC number, frequency, and estimate clone size and distribution demonstrating distinct growth patterns, and their inter-relationships and their routes of metastatic spread at clonal resolution. We demonstrate these methodologies, using our novel multifunctional lentiviral barcode libraries, and specifically barcoded tubal-ovarian metastatic OVCAR5 cell lines (engineered to express varying levels of metastasis promoting LRRC15 gene) and co-injected cells in a competitive CIC assay into tubal or ovarian sites in highly immunodeficient NSG mice. DNA was isolated from primary tumors, omental/bowel metastasis and system-wide anatomical site/organs. Amplicon sequencing libraries were constructed with spike-in-control barcodes (serving as internal calibration controls) to estimate absolute clone sizes. The computational pipeline CIC Calculator was then used to deconvolute and filter the data, set stringent thresholds, and generate high-quality information on CIC numbers and frequencies, clone sizes, linkages across sites and classify clones based on their extent of metastatic activity. Using of CIC-MM plot, statistical models and machine learning approaches, we generated high-resolution clonal maps of metastasis for each animal. The information generated included clone types and system-wide metastasis, similar and dissimilar clonal patterns of dominance at heterotopic sites and their routes of metastases. The data revealed previously unknown influences of cellular genotype and their implanted sites on selecting certain clones with specific system-wide clonal patterns, and identified rare LRRC15 expressor clones (classified as CIC.Toti) predisposed to exploit  all sites, albeit at varying degrees of dominance. The genomic technology and computational methodology described here are tissue-agnostic. They enable rapid adoption for an investigation into various stages of system-wide metastasis and growth of transplantable malignant cells at the highest clonal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aalam, S. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkum-Gamez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shridhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalari, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, D. J. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoded Competitive Clone-Initiating Cell (BC-CIC) Analysis Reveals Differences in Ovarian Cancer Cell Genotype and Niche Specific Clonal Fitness During Growth and Metastasis In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning sequence prioritization for cell type-specific enhancer design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discoveries of extreme cellular diversity in the brain warrant rapid development of technologies to access specific cell populations, enabling characterization of their roles in behavior and in disease states. Available approaches for engineering targeted technologies for new neuron subtypes are low-yield, involving intensive transgenic strain or virus screening. Here, we introduce SNAIL (Specific Nuclear-Anchored Independent Labeling), a new virus-based strategy for cell labeling and nuclear isolation from heterogeneous tissue. SNAIL works by leveraging machine learning and other computational approaches to identify DNA sequence features that confer cell type-specific gene activation and using them to make a probe that drives an affinity purification-compatible reporter gene. As a proof of concept, we designed and validated two novel SNAIL probes that target parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons. Furthermore, we show that nuclear isolation using SNAIL in wild type mice is sufficient to capture characteristic open chromatin features of PV neurons in the cortex, striatum, and external globus pallidus. Expansion of this technology has broad applications in cell type-specific observation, manipulation, and therapeutics across species and disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning sequence prioritization for cell type-specific enhancer design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the influences of sequence and position on yeast uORF activity using massively parallel reporter systems and machine learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are potent cis-acting regulators of mRNA translation and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). While both AUG- and non-AUG initiated uORFs are ubiquitous in ribosome profiling studies, few uORFs have been experimentally tested. Consequently, the relative influences of sequence, structural, and positional features on uORF activity have not been determined. We quantified thousands of yeast uORFs using massively parallel reporter assays in wildtype and {Delta}upf1 yeast. While nearly all AUG uORFs were robust repressors, most non-AUG uORFs had relatively weak impacts on expression. Machine learning regression modeling revealed that uORF functions are strongly impacted by both their sequences and locations within transcript leaders. Indeed, alternative transcription start sites highly influenced uORF activity. These results define the scope of natural uORF activity, identify features associated with translational repression and NMD, and suggest that the locations of uORFs in transcript leaders are nearly as important as uORF sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akirtava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar-Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the influences of sequence and position on yeast uORF activity using massively parallel reporter systems and machine learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial alignment between faces and voices improves selective attention to audio-visual speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to see a talkers face has long been known to improve speech intelligibility in noise. This perceptual benefit depends on approximate temporal alignment between the auditory and visual speech components. However, the practical role that cross-modal spatial alignment plays in integrating audio-visual (AV) speech remains unresolved, particularly when competing talkers are present. In a series of online experiments, we investigated the importance of spatial alignment between corresponding faces and voices using a paradigm that featured both acoustic masking (speech-shaped noise) and attentional demands from a competing talker. Participants selectively attended a Target Talkers speech, then identified a word spoken by the Target Talker. In Exp. 1, we found improved task performance when the talkers faces were visible, but only when corresponding faces and voices were presented in the same hemifield (spatially aligned). In Exp. 2, we tested for possible influences of eye position on this result. In auditory-only conditions, directing gaze toward the distractor voice reduced performance as predicted, but this effect could not fully explain the cost of AV spatial misalignment. Finally, in Exp. 3 and 4, we show that the effect of AV spatial alignment changes with noise level, but this was limited by a floor effect: due to the use of closed-set stimuli, participants were able to perform the task relatively well using lipreading alone. However, comparison between the results of Exp. 1 and Exp. 3 suggests that the cost of AV misalignment is larger at high noise levels. Overall, these results indicate that spatial alignment between corresponding faces and voices is important for AV speech integration in attentionally demanding communication settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial alignment between faces and voices improves selective attention to audio-visual speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarity in sensory modality and information domain impair processing in a dual-task context: Evidence from behavior, pupillometry, and EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Project AbstractMaking sense of our environment requires us to extract simultaneous temporal and spatial information from multiple sensory modalities, particularly audition and vision. This sensory information can be stored in working memory (WM) to guide future actions, at which point it must be safeguarded against interference from ongoing sensory processing. Recent fMRI research has uncovered regions in human frontal cortex well-suited to coordinate this interplay between attention and WM for multisensory and multidimensional information. Which of these brain regions are engaged depends on both the sensory modality of the input and the information domain of the task, forming the basis of two complementary networks specialized for auditory/temporal and visual/spatial processing. Motivated by the functional specializations of these networks, we examined whether similarity in sensory modality and information domain modulates neural and perceptual interference between two concurrent tasks. Participants stored temporal or spatial information about auditory or visual stimuli in WM, and on some trials, performed an intervening temporal or spatial auditory task during WM retention. WM recall and auditory perceptual judgments were impaired when the two tasks relied on the same sensory modality and/or information domain. Pupil dilations were also larger in these conditions, indicating increased cognitive effort. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed a neural signature of domain-based interference that was masked by behavioral ceiling effects. These results demonstrate that modality and information domain jointly affect how task information is represented in WM, and concomitantly, how tasks engage the complementary auditory-temporal and visual/spatial cognitive control networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njoroge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrachione, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarity in sensory modality and information domain impair processing in a dual-task context: Evidence from behavior, pupillometry, and EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sentinel cells enable genetic detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need for exploring different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to tackle future viral threats. In this vein, we propose the idea of sentinel cells, cellular biosensors capable of detecting viral antigens and responding to them with customizable responses. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a test case, we developed a live cell sensor (SARSNotch) using a de novo-designed protein binder against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. SARSNotch is capable of driving custom genetically-encoded payloads in immortalized cell lines or in primary T lymphocytes in response to purified SARS-CoV-2 Spike or in the presence of Spike-expressing cells. Furthermore, SARSNotch is functional in a cellular system used in directed evolution platforms for development of better binders or therapeutics. In keeping with the rapid dissemination of scientific knowledge that has characterized the incredible scientific response to the ongoing pandemic, we extend an open invitation for others to make use of and improve SARSNotch sentinel cells in the hopes of unlocking the potential of the next generation of smart antiviral therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilburger, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwanji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>QCRG Structural Biology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sentinel cells enable genetic detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomeric 8-oxoguanine drives rapid premature senescence in the absence of telomere shortening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a primary cause of cellular senescence and contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases. Oxidative damage to telomeric DNA is proposed to trigger premature senescence by accelerating telomere shortening. Here we tested this model directly using a precision tool to produce the common base lesion 8-oxo-guanine (8oxoG) exclusively at telomeres in human fibroblast and epithelial cells. A single induction of telomeric 8oxoG is sufficient to trigger multiple hallmarks of p53-dependent senescence. Telomeric 8oxoG activates ATM and ATR signaling, and enriches for markers of telomere dysfunction in replicating, but not quiescent cells. Acute 8oxoG production fails to shorten telomeres, but rather generates fragile sites and delayed mitotic DNA synthesis at telomeres, indicative of impaired replication. Based on our results we propose that oxidative stress promotes rapid senescence by producing oxidative base lesions which drive replication-dependent telomere fragility and dysfunction in the absence of shortening and shelterin loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnes, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thosar, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detwiler, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roginskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Houten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ornstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opresko, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomeric 8-oxoguanine drives rapid premature senescence in the absence of telomere shortening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thiolutin is a direct inhibitor of RNA Polymerase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thiolutin is a natural product transcription inhibitor with an unresolved mode of action. Thiolutin and the related dithiolopyrrolone holomycin chelate Zn2+ and previous studies have concluded that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) inhibition in vivo is indirect. Here, we present chemicogenetic and biochemical approaches to investigate thiolutins mode of action in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identify mutants that alter sensitivity to thiolutin. We provide genetic evidence that thiolutin causes oxidation of thioredoxins in vivo and that thiolutin both induces oxidative stress and interacts functionally with multiple metals including Mn2+ and Cu2+, and not just Zn2+. Finally, we show direct inhibition of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription initiation by thiolutin in vitro in support of classical studies that thiolutin can directly inhibit transcription in vitro. Inhibition requires both Mn2+ and appropriate reduction of thiolutin as excess DTT abrogates its effects. Pause prone, defective elongation can be observed in vitro if inhibition is bypassed. Thiolutin effects on Pol II occupancy in vivo are widespread but major effects are consistent with prior observations for Tor pathway inhibition and stress induction, suggesting that thiolutin use in vivo should be restricted to studies on its modes of action and not as an experimental tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laperuta, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugochuckwu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thiolutin is a direct inhibitor of RNA Polymerase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unilateral Resection of Both Cortical Visual Pathways Alters Action but not Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cortical visual system consists of two major pathways, a ventral pathway that subserves perception and a dorsal pathway that subserves visuomotor control. These pathways follow dissociable developmental trajectories, and, accordingly, might be differentially susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders or injuries. Previous studies have found that children with cortical resections of the ventral visual pathway retain largely normal visuoperceptual abilities. Whether visually guided actions, supported by computations carried out by the dorsal pathway, follow a similar pattern remains unknown. To address this question, we examined visuoperceptual and visuomotor behaviors in a pediatric patient, TC, who underwent a cortical resection that included portions of the left ventral and dorsal pathways. We collected data when TC used her right and left hands to perceptually estimate the width blocks that varied in width and length, and, separately, to grasp the same blocks. TCs perceptual estimation performance was comparable to that of controls, independent of the hand used. In contrast, relative to controls, she showed reduced visuomotor sensitivity to object shape and this was more evident when she grasped the objects with her contralesional right hand. These results provide evidence for a striking difference in the reorganization profiles of the two visual pathways. This difference supports the notion that the two pathways exhibit differential susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unilateral Resection of Both Cortical Visual Pathways Alters Action but not Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontostriatal Functional Connectivity Underlies Self-Enhancement During Social Evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-enhancement, the tendency to view oneself positively, is a pervasive social motive widely investigated in social and personality psychology. Despite research on the topic over the past several decades, relatively little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this motive, specifically in social evaluative situations. To investigate whether positive emotion regulation circuitry, neural circuitry involved in modulating positive affect, relates to the operation of the self-enhancement motive in social contexts, we conducted an fMRI study in a sample of healthy young adults. We hypothesized that self-enhancement indices (state, trait self-esteem) relate to greater positive functional connectivity between right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC), a neural region implicated in emotion regulation, and the ventral striatum (VS), a region associated with reward-related affect, during a social feedback task. Following social-evaluative feedback, participants maintained stable self-esteem or experienced a drop in state self-esteem. We found stable state self-esteem and higher trait self-esteem related to greater positive connectivity in RVLFPC-VS circuitry during receipt of positive (vs. neutral) feedback. These findings implicate the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation in the functioning of the self-enhancement motive and highlight a pathway through which self-enhancement may restore feelings of self-worth during threatening circumstances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrish, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscatell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inagaki, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moieni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberger, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontostriatal Functional Connectivity Underlies Self-Enhancement During Social Evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal fine structure influences voicing confusions for consonant identification in multi-talker babble 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the mechanisms of speech perception in everyday listening environments, it is important to elucidate the relative contributions of different acoustic cues in transmitting phonetic content. Previous studies suggest that the envelope of speech in different frequency bands conveys most speech content, while the temporal fine structure (TFS) can aid in segregating target speech from background noise. However, the role of TFS in conveying phonetic content beyond what envelopes convey for intact speech in complex acoustic scenes is poorly understood. The present study addressed this question using online psychophysical experiments to measure the identification of consonants in multi-talker babble for intelligibility-matched intact and 64-channel envelope-vocoded stimuli. Consonant confusion patterns revealed that listeners had a greater tendency in the vocoded (versus intact) condition to be biased toward reporting that they heard an unvoiced consonant, despite envelope and place cues being largely preserved. This result was replicated when babble instances were varied across independent experiments, suggesting that TFS conveys voicing information beyond what is conveyed by envelopes for intact speech in babble. Given that multi-talker babble is a masker that is ubiquitous in everyday environments, this finding has implications for the design of assistive listening devices such as cochlear implants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal fine structure influences voicing confusions for consonant identification in multi-talker babble]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring population structure in biobank-scale genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the structure of human populations from genetic variation data is a key task in population and medical genomic studies. While a number of methods for population structure inference have been proposed, current methods are impractical to run on biobank-scale genomic datasets containing millions of individuals and genetic variants. We introduce SCOPE, a method for population structure inference that is orders of magnitude faster than existing methods while achieving comparable accuracy. SCOPE infers population structure in about a day on a dataset containing one million individuals and variants as well as on the UK Biobank dataset containing 488,363 individuals and 569,346 variants. Furthermore, SCOPE can leverage allele frequencies from previous studies to improve the interpretability of population structure estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talwalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring population structure in biobank-scale genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DISCA: high-throughput cryo-ET structural pattern mining by deep unsupervised clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography directly visualizes heterogeneous macromolecular structures in complex cellular environments, but existing computer-assisted sorting approaches are low-throughput or inherently limited due to their dependency on available templates and manual labels.

We introduce a high-throughput template-and-label-free deep learning approach that automatically discovers subsets of homogeneous structures by learning and modeling 3D structural features and their distributions.

Diverse structures emerging from sorted subsets enable systematic unbiased recognition of macro-molecular complexes in situ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DISCA: high-throughput cryo-ET structural pattern mining by deep unsupervised clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An approach to gene-based testing accounting for dependence of tests among nearby genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it has become commonplace to test millions of SNPs for phenotypic association. Gene-based testing can improve power to detect weak signal by reducing multiple testing and pooling signal strength. While such tests account for linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of SNP alleles within each gene, current approaches do not capture LD of SNPs falling in different nearby genes, which can induce correlation of gene-based test statistics. We introduce an algorithm to account for this correlation. When a genes test statistic is independent of others, it is assessed separately; when test statistics for nearby genes are strongly correlated, their SNPs are agglomerated and tested as a locus. To provide insight into SNPs and genes driving association within loci, we develop an interactive visualization tool to explore localized signal. We demonstrate our approach in the context of weakly powered GWAS for autism spectrum disorder, which is contrasted to more highly powered GWAS for schizophrenia and educational attainment. To increase power for these analyses, especially those for autism, we use adaptive p-value thresholding (AdaPT), guided by high-dimensional metadata modeled with gradient boosted trees, highlighting when and how it can be most useful. Notably our workflow is based on summary statistics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G'Sell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An approach to gene-based testing accounting for dependence of tests among nearby genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal language areas do not emerge in the absence of temporal language areas: A case study of an individual born without a left temporal lobe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language relies on a left-lateralized fronto-temporal brain network. How this network emerges ontogenetically remains debated. We asked whether frontal language areas emerge in the absence of temporal language areas through a  deep-data investigation of an individual (EG) born without her left temporal lobe. Using fMRI methods that have been validated to elicit reliable individual-level responses, we find that--as expected for early left hemisphere damage--EG has a fully functional language network in her right hemisphere (comparable to that in n=145 controls) and performs normally on language assessments. However, we detect no response to language in EGs left frontal lobe (replicated across two sessions, 3 years apart). Another network--the multiple demand network--is robustly present in frontal lobes bilaterally, suggesting that EGs left frontal cortex can support non-linguistic cognition. The existence of temporal language areas therefore appears to be a prerequisite for the emergence of the frontal language areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal language areas do not emerge in the absence of temporal language areas: A case study of an individual born without a left temporal lobe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectivity-constrained computational account of topographic organization in high-level visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferotemporal cortex (IT) in humans and other primates is topo-graphically organized, containing multiple hierarchically-organized areas selective for particular domains, such as faces and scenes. This organization is commonly viewed in terms of evolved domain-specific visual mechanisms. Here, we develop an alternative, domain-general and developmental account of IT cortical organization. The account is instantiated as an Interactive Topographic Network (ITN), a form of computational model in which a hierarchy of model IT areas, subject to connectivity-based constraints, learns high-level visual representations optimized for multiple domains. We find that minimizing a wiring cost on spatially organized feedforward and lateral connections within IT, combined with constraining the feedforward processing to be strictly excitatory, results in a hierarchical, topographic organization. This organization replicates a number of key properties of primate IT cortex, including the presence of domain-selective spatial clusters preferentially involved in the representation of faces, objects, and scenes, columnar responses across separate excitatory and inhibitory units, and generic spatial organization whereby the response correlation of pairs of units falls off with their distance. We thus argue that domain-selectivity is an emergent property of a visual system optimized to maximize behavioral performance while minimizing wiring costs.

Significance StatementWe introduce the Interactive Topographic Network, a framework for modeling high-level vision, to demonstrate in computational simulations that the spatial clustering of domains in late stages of the primate visual system may arise from the demands of visual recognition under the constraints of minimal wiring costs and excitatory between-area neuronal communication. The learned organization of the model is highly specialized but not fully modular, capturing many of the properties of organization in primates. Our work is significant for cognitive neuroscience, by providing a domain-general developmental account of topo-graphic functional specialization, and for computational neuroscience, by demonstrating how well-known biological details can be successfully incorporated into neural network models in order to account for critical empirical findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauch, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectivity-constrained computational account of topographic organization in high-level visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of cell signaling and mutations in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Published research articles are rich sources of data when the knowledge is incorporated into models. Complex biological systems benefit from computational modelings ability to elucidate dynamics, explain data and address hypotheses. Modeling of pancreatic cancer could guide treatment of this devastating disease that has a known mutational profile disrupting signaling pathways but no reliable therapies. The approach described here is to utilize discrete modeling of the major signaling pathways, metabolism and the tumor microenvironment including macrophages. This modeling approach allows for abstraction in order to assemble large networks to capture numerous facets of the biological system under investigation. The Hallmarks of Cancer are represented as the processes of apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression, inflammation, immune response, oxidative phosphorylation and proliferation. The model is initialized with pancreatic cancer receptors and mutations and simulated in time. The model portrays the hallmarks of cancer and suggests combinations of inhibitors as therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butchy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltenmeier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotze, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miskov-Zivanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of cell signaling and mutations in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional organization of chromatin associated RNAs and their role in chromatin architecture in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interphase genome is dynamically organized in the nucleus and decorated with chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA). It remains unclear whether the genome architecture modulates the spatial distribution of caRNA and vice versa. Here, we generate a resource of genome-wide RNA-DNA and DNA-DNA contact maps in human cells. These maps reveal the chromosomal domains demarcated by locally transcribed RNA, hereafter termed RNA-defined chromosomal domains. Further, the spreading of caRNA is constrained by the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs), demonstrating the role of the 3D genome structure in modulating the spatial distribution of RNA. Conversely, stopping transcription or acute depletion of RNA induces thousands of chromatin loops genome-wide. Activation or suppression of the transcription of specific genes suppresses or creates chromatin loops straddling these genes. Deletion of a specific caRNA-producing genomic sequence promotes chromatin loops that straddle the interchromosomal target sequences of this caRNA. These data suggest a feedback loop where the 3D genome modulates the spatial distribution of RNA, which in turn affects the dynamic 3D genome organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calandrelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaleta-Rivera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional organization of chromatin associated RNAs and their role in chromatin architecture in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering 3D Vascularized Adipose Tissue Construct using a Decellularized Lung Matrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Critically sized defects in subcutaneous white adipose tissue result in extensive disfigurement and dysfunction and remain a reconstructive challenge for surgeons; as larger defect sizes are correlated with higher rates of complications and failure due to insufficient vascularization following implantation. Our study demonstrates for the first-time a method to engineer perfusable, pre-vascularized, high-density adipose grafts that combine patient-derived adipose cells with a decellularized lung matrix (DLM). The lung is one of the most vascularized organs with high flow, low resistance, and a large blood-alveolar interface separated by a thin basement membrane. For our work, the large volume capacity within the alveolar compartment was repurposed for high-density adipose cell filling, while the acellular vascular bed provided efficient graft perfusion throughout. Both adipocytes and hASCs were successfully delivered and remained in the alveolar space even after weeks of culture. While adipose derived cells maintained their morphology and functionality in both static and perfusion DLM cultures, perfusion culture offered enhanced outcomes over static culture. Furthermore, we demonstrate that endothelial cells seamlessly integrate into the acellular vascular tree of the DLM with adipocytes. These results support that the DLM is a unique platform for creating vascularized adipose tissue grafts for large defect filling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBari, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokai, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering 3D Vascularized Adipose Tissue Construct using a Decellularized Lung Matrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary graph theory beyond pairwise interactions: higher-order network motifs shape times to fixation in structured populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To design population topologies that can accelerate rates of solution discovery in directed evolution problems or in evolutionary optimization applications, we must first systematically understand how population structure shapes evolutionary outcome. Using the mathematical formalism of evolutionary graph theory, recent studies have shown how to topologically build networks of population interaction that increase probabilities of fixation of beneficial mutations, at the expense, however, of longer fixation times, which can slow down rates of evolution under elevated mutation rate. Here we find that moving beyond dyadic interactions is fundamental to explain the trade-offs between probability and time to fixation. We show that higher-order motifs, and in particular three-node structures, allow tuning of times to fixation, without changes in probabilities of fixation. This gives a near-continuous control over achieving solutions that allow for a wide range of times to fixation. We apply our algorithms and analytic results to two evolutionary optimization problems and show that the rate at which evolving agents learn to navigate their environment can be tuned near continuously by adjusting the higher-order topology of the agent population. We show that the effects of population structure on the rate of evolution critically depend on the optimization landscape and find that decelerators, with longer times to fixation of new mutants, are able to reach the optimal solutions faster than accelerators in complex solution spaces. Our results highlight that no one population topology fits all optimization applications, and we provide analytic and computational tools that allow for the design of networks suitable for each specific task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.26.450017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary graph theory beyond pairwise interactions: higher-order network motifs shape times to fixation in structured populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Situ Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of FRESH 3D Bioprinted Constructs Using Optical Coherence Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As 3D bioprinting has grown as a fabrication technology, so too has the need for improved analytical methods to characterize these engineered constructs. This is especially challenging for soft tissues composed of hydrogels and cells as these materials readily deform, posing a barrier when trying to assess print fidelity and other properties non- destructively. Indeed, given the importance of structure-function relationships in most tissue types, establishing that the 3D architecture of the bioprinted construct matches its intended anatomic design is critical. Here we report development of a multimaterial bioprinting platform with integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) for in situ volumetric imaging, error detection, and 3D reconstruction. While generally applicable to extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, we also report improvements to the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) bioprinting process through new collagen bioink compositions, support bath optical clearing, and machine pathing. This enables high-fidelity 3D volumetric imaging with micron scale resolution over centimeter length scales, the ability to detect a range of print defect types within a 3D volume, and real-time imaging of the printing process at each print layer. These advances provide FRESH and other extrusion-based 3D bioprinting approaches with a comprehensive methodology for quality assessment that has been absent in the field to date, paving the way for translation of these engineered tissues to the clinic and ultimately to achieving regulatory approval.

TeaserTransparent FRESH support bath enables in situ 3D volumetric imaging and validation of patient-derived tissue constructs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tashman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Situ Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of FRESH 3D Bioprinted Constructs Using Optical Coherence Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary Exposure to Antibiotic Residues Facilitates Metabolic Disorder by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics used as growth promoters in livestock and animal husbandry can be detected in animal-derived food. Epidemiological studies have implicated that exposure to these antibiotic residues in food may be associated to childhood obesity. Herein, the effect of exposure to residual dose of tylosin--an antibiotic growth promoter--on host metabolism and gut microbiota was explored in vivo. Theoretical maximal daily intake (TMDI) doses of tylosin were found to facilitate high-fat diet-induced obesity, induce insulin resistance, and perturb the composition of gut microbiota in mice. The obesity-related phenotypes were transferrable to germ-free recipient mice, indicating that the effects of TMDI dose of tylosin on obesity and insulin resistance occurred mainly via alteration of the gut microbiota. Tylosin TMDI exposure restricted to early life, which is the critical period of gut microbiota development, altered the abundance of specific bacteria related to host metabolic homeostasis later in life. Moreover, early-life exposure to tylosin TMDI was sufficient to modify the ratio of primary to secondary bile acids, thereby inducing lasting metabolic consequences via the downstream FGF15 signaling pathway. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that exposure to very low dose of antibiotic residues, whether continuously or in early life, can exert long-lasting effects on host metabolism by altering gut microbiota and its metabolites.

ImportanceEvidence has indicated that chronic exposure to antibiotic residues in food could contribute to obesity. However, few studies have investigated the effect of chronic exposure to very low-dose antibiotic residue in food (~1000-fold lower than the therapeutic dose) on gut microbiota and host metabolism. Our study demonstrates that even with limited exposure in early life, a residual dose of tylosin causes lasting metabolic disturbances through altering gut microbiota and its metabolites. Our findings reveal that the gut microbiota is susceptible to previously ignored environmental factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panyod, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.-C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary Exposure to Antibiotic Residues Facilitates Metabolic Disorder by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory provides flexible storage of information in service of upcoming behavioral goals. Some models propose specific fixed loci and mechanisms for the storage of visual information in working memory, such as sustained spiking in parietal and prefrontal cortex during working memory maintenance. An alternative view is that information can be remembered in a flexible format that best suits current behavioral goals. For example, remembered visual information might be stored in sensory areas for easier comparison to future sensory inputs, or might be re-coded into a more abstract action-oriented format and stored in motor areas. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a visuo-spatial working memory task where the required behavioral response was either known or unknown during the memory delay period. Using fMRI and multivariate decoding, we found that there was less information about remembered spatial position in early visual and parietal regions when the required response was known versus unknown. Further, a representation of the planned motor action emerged in primary somatosensory, primary motor, and premotor cortex during the same task condition where spatial information was reduced in early visual cortex. These results suggest that the neural networks supporting working memory can be strategically reconfigured depending on specific behavioral requirements during a canonical visual working memory paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademaker, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distribution-based comprehensive evaluation ofmethods for differential expression analysis inmetatranscriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the function of the human microbiome is important; however, the development of statistical methods specifically for the microbial gene expression (i.e., metatranscriptomics) is in its infancy. Many currently employed differential expression analysis methods have been designed for different data types and have not been evaluated in metatranscriptomics settings. To address this gap, we undertook a comprehensive evaluation and benchmarking of ten differential analysis methods for metatranscriptomics data. We used a combination of real and simulated data to evaluate performance (i.e., model fit, type I error, false discovery rate, and sensitivity) of the methods: log-normal (LN), logistic-beta (LB), MAST, DESeq2, metagenomeSeq, ANCOM-BC, LEfSe, ALDEx2, Kruskal-Wallis, and two-part Kruskal-Wallis. The simulation was informed by supragingival biofilm microbiome data from 300 preschool-age children enrolled in a study of early childhood caries (ECC), whereas validations were sought in two additional datasets from an ECC study and an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) study. The LB test showed the highest sensitivity in both small and large samples and reasonably controlled type I error. Contrarily, MAST was hampered by inflated type I error. Upon application of the LN and LB tests in the ECC study, we found that genes C8PHV7 and C8PEV7, harbored by the lactate-producing Campylobacter gracilis, had the strongest association with childhood dental diseases. This comprehensive model evaluation offer practical guidance for selection of appropriate methods for rigorous analyses of differential expression in metatranscriptomics. Selection of an optimal method increases the possibility of detecting true signals while minimizing the chance of claiming false ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Ribeiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divaris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distribution-based comprehensive evaluation ofmethods for differential expression analysis inmetatranscriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.17.452796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online tests yield robust thresholds with the right auditory hygiene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.17.452796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human auditory psychophysics research has historically been conducted in carefully controlled environments with calibrated audio equipment, and over potentially hours of repetitive testing with expert listeners. Here, we operationally define such conditions as having high  auditory hygiene. From this perspective, conducting auditory psychophysical paradigms online presents a serious challenge, in that results may hinge on absolute sound presentation level, reliably estimated perceptual thresholds, low and controlled background noise levels, and sustained motivation and attention. We introduce a set of procedures that address these challenges and facilitate auditory hygiene for online auditory psychophysics. First, we establish a simple means of setting sound presentation levels. Across a set of four level-setting conditions conducted in person, we demonstrate the stability and robustness of this level setting procedure in open air and controlled settings. Second, we test participants tone-in-noise thresholds using widely adopted online experiment platforms and demonstrate that reliable threshold estimates can be derived online in approximately one minute of testing. Third, using these level and threshold setting procedures to establish participant-specific stimulus conditions, we show that an online implementation of the classic probe-signal paradigm can be used to demonstrate frequency-selective attention on an individual-participant basis, using a third of the trials used in recent in-lab experiments. Finally, we show how threshold and attentional measures relate to well-validated assays of online participants in-task motivation, fatigue, and confidence. This demonstrates the promise of online auditory psychophysics for addressing new auditory perception and neuroscience questions quickly, efficiently, and with more diverse samples. Code for the tests is publicly available through Pavlovia and Gorilla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.17.452796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online tests yield robust thresholds with the right auditory hygiene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6 required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters GABA and monoamines. Pathogenic variants in PNPO have been repeatedly identified in patients with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and early-onset epilepsy. These patients often exhibit different types of seizures and variable comorbidities, including developmental impairment and intellectual disability. It is unclear how seizure types and associated comorbidities are linked to specific PNPO alleles and to what degree diet can modify their expression. Furthermore, the molecular characteristics of PNPO variants have not been examined in model systems. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated four knock-in Drosophila alleles, hWT, hR116Q, hD33V, and hR95H, in which the endogenous Drosophila PNPO (sugarlethal) was replaced by wild-type human PNPO cDNA and epilepsy-associated variants corresponding to R116Q, D33V, and R95H, respectively. We examined these knock-in flies at the molecular, circuitry, and behavioral levels. Collectively, we found a wide range of phenotypes in an allele- and diet-dependent manner. Specifically, the D33V mutation reduces the mRNA level, R95H reduces the protein stability, and R116Q alters the protein localization of PNPO in the brain. D33V and R95H mutations lead to partial and complete lethality during development, respectively and R116Q and D33V mutations shorten lifespan. At the behavioral level, hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygous flies are hypoactive on all tested diets whereas hR116Q flies show diet-dependent locomotor activities. At the circuitry level, hD33V homozygotes show rhythmic burst firing and hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygotes exhibit spontaneous seizure discharges. In hR95H homozygotes rescued with PLP supplementation, we uncovered that PLP deficiency abolishes development and causes extreme seizures in adults. Lastly, genetic and electrophysiological analyses demonstrate that hWT/hR95H heterozygous flies are prone to seizures due to a dominant-negative effect of hR95H on hWT, highlighting the possibility that human R95H carriers may also be susceptible to epilepsy. Together, this study demonstrates that human PNPO variants interact with diet to contribute to phenotypic variations; and that the knock-in Drosophila model offers a powerful approach to systematically examine clinical manifestations and the underlying mechanisms of human PNPO deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cell-cell interactions from pseudotime ordering of scRNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major advantage of single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data is the ability to reconstruct continuous ordering and trajectories for cells. To date, such ordering was mainly used to group cells and to infer interactions within cells. Here we present TraSig, a computational method for improving the inference of cell-cell interactions in scRNA-Seq studies. Unlike prior methods that only focus on the average expression levels of genes in clusters or cell types, TraSig fully utilizes the dynamic information to identify significant ligand-receptor pairs with similar trajectories, which in turn are used to score interacting cell clusters. We applied TraSig to several scRNA-Seq datasets. As we show, using the ordering information allows TraSig to obtain unique predictions that improve upon those identified by prior methods. Functional experiments validate the ability of TraSig to identify novel signaling interactions that impact vascular development in liver organoid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hislop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cell-cell interactions from pseudotime ordering of scRNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regeneration of the larval sea star nervous system by wounding induced respecification to the sox2 lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to restore lost body parts following traumatic injury is a fascinating area of biology that challenges current understanding of the ontogeny of differentiation. The origin of new cells needed to regenerate lost tissue, and whether they are pluripotent stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells or have de- or trans- differentiated, remains one of the most important open questions in regeneration. Additionally, it is not clearly known whether developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are reused to direct specification in these cells or whether regeneration specific networks are deployed. Echinoderms, including sea stars, have extensive ability for regeneration and have therefore been the subject of many thorough studies on the ultrastructural and molecular properties of cells needed for regeneration. However, the technologies for obtaining transgenic echinoderms are limited and tracking cells involved in regeneration, and thus identifying the cellular sources and potencies has proven challenging. In this study we develop new transgenic tools for cell tracking in the regenerating bipinnaria larva of the sea star Patira minaita. We show that the larval serotonergic nervous system can regenerate following decapitation. Using a BAC-transgenesis approach with photoconvertible fluorescent proteins, we show that expression of the pan ectodermal marker, sox2, is induced in previously sox2 minus cells at the wound site, even when cell division is inhibited. sox2+ cells give rise to new sox4+ neural precursors that then proceed along an embryonic neurogenesis pathway to reform the anterior nervous systems. sox2+ cells contribute to only neural and ectoderm lineages, indicating that these progenitors maintain their normal, embryonic lineage restriction. This indicates that sea star larval regeneration uses a combination of existing lineage restricted stem cells, as well as respecification of cells into neural lineages, and at least partial reuse of developmental GRNs to regenerate their nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zueva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.07.455526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regeneration of the larval sea star nervous system by wounding induced respecification to the sox2 lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical Modeling Reveals Quantitative Properties of KEAP1-NRF2 Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses, cells launch an NRF2-mediated transcriptional antioxidant program. The activation of NRF2 depends on a redox sensor, KEAP1, which acts as an E3-ligase adaptor to promote the ubiquitination and degradation of NRF2. While a great deal has been learned about this redox duo, its quantitative signaling properties are still largely unexplored. In the present study, we examined these properties including response time, half-life, maximal activation, and response steepness (ultrasensitivity) of NRF2, through mathematical modeling. The models describe, with increasing complexity, the reversible binding of KEAP1 dimer and NRF2 via the ETGE and DLG motifs, NRF2 production, KEAP1-dependent and independent NRF2 degradation, and perturbations by different classes of NRF2 activators. Our simulations revealed that at the basal condition, NRF2 molecules are largely sequestered by KEAP1, with the KEAP1-NRF2 complex distributed comparably in either an ETGE-bound only (open) state or an ETGE and DLG dual-bound (closed) state, corresponding to the unlatched and latched configurations of the conceptual hinge-latch model. With two-step ETGE binding, the open and closed states operate in cycle mode at the basal condition and transition to equilibrium mode at stressed conditions. Class I-V, electrophilic NRF2 activators, which modify redox-sensing cysteine residues of KEAP1, shift the balance to a closed state that is unable to degrade NRF2 effectively. When total NRF2 accumulates to a level that nearly saturates existing KEAP1, ultrasensitive NRF2 activation, i.e., a steep rise in the free NRF2 level, can occur. The ultrasensitivity results from two simultaneous mechanisms, zero-order degradation mediated by DLG binding and protein sequestration (molecular titration) mediated by ETGE binding. These response characteristics of class I-V activators do not require disruption of DLG binding to unlatch the KEAP1-NRF2 complex. In comparison, class VI NRF2 activators, which directly compete with NRF2 for KEAP1 binding, cause a shift to the unlatched, open state of KEAP1-NRF2 complex and ultimately its complete dissociation (unhinged), resulting in a fast release of free NRF2 followed by stabilization. Although class VI activators may induce free NRF2 to higher levels, ultrasensitivity is lost due to lower free KEAP1 and thus its NRF2-sequestering effect. Stress-induced nuclear NRF2 accumulation is enhanced when basal nuclear NRF2 turnover constitutes a small load of NRF2 production. Our simulation further demonstrated that optimal abundances of cytosolic and nuclear KEAP1 exist to maximize ultrasensitivity. In summary, by simulating the dual role of KEAP1 in repressing NRF2, i.e., sequestration and promoting degradation, our mathematical modeling provides key novel quantitative insights into the signaling properties of the KEAP1-NRF2 system, which may help with the design of novel classes of NRF2 activators and inhibitors and understanding of the toxic actions of environmental oxidative stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.455554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical Modeling Reveals Quantitative Properties of KEAP1-NRF2 Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2 Pathway Regulates Thermogenesis and Energy Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of key regulators of energy homeostasis holds important therapeutic promise for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Ang-(1-7) which acts mainly through the Mas receptor. Here, we identify ACE2 pathway as a critical regulator in the maintenance of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. We found that ACE2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that cold stimulation increases ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels in BAT and serum. ACE2 knockout mice (ACE2-/y), Mas knockout mice (Mas-/-), and the mice transplanted with brown adipose tissue from Mas-/- mice displayed impaired thermogenesis. In contrast, impaired thermogenesis of db/db obese diabetic mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were ameliorated by overexpression of ACE2 or continuous infusion of Ang-(1-7). Activation of ACE2 pathway was associated with improvement of metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, lipids and energy expenditure in multiple animal models. Consistently, ACE2 pathway remarkably enhanced the browning of white adipose tissue. Mechanistically, we showed that ACE2 pathway activated Akt/FoxO1 and PKA pathway, leading to induction of UCP1 and activation of mitochondrial function. Our data propose that adaptive thermogenesis requires regulation of ACE2 pathway and highlight novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotimi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2 Pathway Regulates Thermogenesis and Energy Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion using an Injectrode 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe goal of this work was to compare afferent fiber recruitment by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation using an injectable polymer electrode (Injectrode(R)) and a more traditional cylindrical metal electrode.

ApproachWe exposed the L6 and L7 DRG in four cats via a partial laminectomy or burr hole. We stimulated the DRG using an Injectrode or a stainless steel electrode using biphasic pulses at three different pulse widths (80, 150, 300 s) and pulse amplitudes spanning the range used for clinical DRG stimulation. We recorded antidromic evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) in the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves using nerve cuffs. We calculated the conduction velocity of the ECAPs and determined the charge-thresholds and recruitment rates for ECAPs from A, A{beta}, and A{delta} fibers. We also performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements for both electrode types.

Main ResultsThe ECAP thresholds for the Injectrode did not differ from the stainless steel electrode across all primary afferents (A, A{beta}, A{delta}) and pulse widths; charge-thresholds increased with wider pulse widths. Thresholds for generating ECAPs from A{beta} fibers were 100.0 {+/-} 32.3 nC using the stainless steel electrode, and 90.9 {+/-} 42.9 nC using the Injectrode. The ECAP thresholds from the Injectrode were consistent over several hours of stimulation. The rate of recruitment was similar between the Injectrodes and stainless steel electrode and decreased with wider pulse widths.

SignificanceThe Injectrode can effectively excite primary afferents when used for DRG stimulation within the range of parameters used for clinical DRG stimulation. The Injectrode can be implanted through minimally invasive techniques while achieving similar neural activation to conventional electrodes, making it an excellent candidate for future DRG stimulation and neuroprosthetic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevathan, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieuwoudt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempka, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoffstall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion using an Injectrode]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging-guided fine tuning of CAR synapse dynamics and T cell triggering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells typically recognize their ligands using a defined cell biology - the scanning of their membrane microvilli to palpate their environment - while that same membrane scaffolds T cell receptors (TCRs) that can signal upon ligand binding. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) present both a therapeutic promise as well as a tractable means to study the interplay between receptor affinity, microvillar dynamics and T cell function. CARs are often built using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with far greater affinity than that of natural TCRs. We used high resolution lattice lightsheet (LLS) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging to visualize microvillar scanning in the context of variations in CAR design. This demonstrated that conventional CARs hyper-stabilized microvillar contacts relative to TCRs. Reducing the affinity and/or avidity of binding brought synapse microvillar dynamics into natural ranges, normalized synapse resolution and improved downstream effector function. This work highlights the importance of understanding the underlying cell biology when designing receptors for optimal antigen engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beppler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging-guided fine tuning of CAR synapse dynamics and T cell triggering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.456996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progerin-Expressing Endothelial Cells are Unable to Adapt to Shear Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.456996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a rare premature aging disease caused by a single-point mutation in the lamin A gene, resulting in a truncated and farnesylated form of lamin A. This mutant lamin A protein, known as progerin, accumulates at the periphery of the nuclear lamina, resulting in both an abnormal nuclear morphology and nuclear stiffening. HGPS patients experience rapid onset of atherosclerosis, with death from heart attack or stroke as teenagers. Progerin expression has been shown to cause dysfunction in both vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (ECs). In this study we examined how progerin-expressing ECs adapt to fluid shear stress, the principal mechanical force from blood flow. We compared the response to shear stress for progerin-expressing, wild-type lamin A overexpressing, and control ECs to physiological levels of fluid shear stress. Additionally, we also knocked down ZMPSTE24 in ECs, which results in increased farnesylation of lamin A and similar phenotypes to HGPS. Our results showed that ECs either expressing progerin or with ZMPSTE24 knockdown were unable to adapt to shear stress, experiencing significant cell loss at a longer duration of exposure to shear stress (3 days). ECs overexpressing wild-type lamin A also exhibited similar impairments in adaptation to shear stress, including similar levels of cell loss. Quantification of nuclear morphology showed that progerin-expressing ECs had similar nuclear abnormalities in both static and shear conditions. Treatment of progerin-expressing cells and ZMPSTE24 KD cells with lonafarnib and methystat, drugs previously shown to improve HGPS nuclear morphology, resulted in improvements in adaptation to shear stress. Additionally, pre-alignment of cells to shear stress prior to progerin-expression prevented cell loss. Our results demonstrate that changes in nuclear lamins can affect the ability of EC to properly adapt to shear stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danielsson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noll, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.456996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progerin-Expressing Endothelial Cells are Unable to Adapt to Shear Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols (tactile vs. visual) influence their neural representations? We examined these questions by comparing reading of visual print (sighted group, n=19) and tactile Braille (congenitally blind group, n=19). Blind and sighted readers were presented with written (words, consonant strings, non-letter shapes) and spoken stimuli (words, backward speech) that varied in word-likeness. Consistent with prior work, the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) was active during Braille and visual reading. A posterior/anterior vOTC word-form gradient was observed only in sighted readers with more anterior regions preferring larger orthographic units (words). No such gradient was observed in blind readers. Consistent with connectivity predictions, in blind compared to sighted readers, posterior parietal cortices were recruited to a greater degree and contained word-preferring patches. Lateralization of Braille in blind readers was predicted by laterality of spoken language and reading hand. The effect of spoken language increased along a cortical hierarchy, whereas effect of reading-hand waned. These results suggested that the neural basis of reading is influenced by symbol modality and spoken language and support connectivity-based views of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccone, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural dynamics determine voltage and pH gating in human voltage-gated proton channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated ion channels are key players of electrical signaling in cells. As a unique subfamily, voltage-gated proton (Hv) channels are standalone voltage sensors without separate ion conductive pores. They are gated by both voltage and transmembrane proton gradient (i.e {Delta}pH), serving as acid extruders in most cells. Amongst their many functions, Hv channels are known to regulate the intracellular pH of human spermatozoa and compensate for the charge and pH imbalances caused by NADPH oxidases in phagocytes. Like the canonical voltage sensors, the Hv channel is a bundle of 4 helices (named S1 through S4), with the S4 segment carrying 3 positively charged Arg residues. Extensive structural and electrophysiological studies on voltage-gated ion channels generally agree on an outwards movement of the S4 segment upon activating voltage, but the real time conformational transitions are still unattainable. With purified human voltage-gated proton (hHv1) channel reconstituted in liposomes, we have examined its conformational dynamics at different voltage and pHs using the single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). Here we provided the first glimpse of real time conformational trajectories of the hHv1 voltage sensor and showed that both voltage and pH gradient shift the conformational dynamics of the S4 segment to control channel gating. Our results suggested the biological gating is determined by the conformational distributions of the hHv1 voltage sensor, rather than the conformational transitions between the presumptive  resting and  activated conformations. We further identified H140 as the key residue sensing extracellular pH and showed that both the intracellular and extracellular pH sensors act on the voltage sensing S4 segment to enrich the resting conformations. Taken together, we proposed a model that explains the mechanisms underlying voltage and pH gating in Hv channels, which may also serve as a general framework to understand the voltage sensing and gating in other voltage-gated ion channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural dynamics determine voltage and pH gating in human voltage-gated proton channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture and evolution of the cis-regulatory system of the echinoderm kirrelL gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gene regulatory network (GRN) that underlies echinoderm skeletogenesis is a prominent model of GRN architecture and evolution. KirrelL is an essential downstream effector gene in this network and encodes an Ig-superfamily protein required for the fusion of skeletogenic cells and the formation of the skeleton. In this study, we dissected the transcriptional control region of the kirrelL gene of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Using plasmid- and BAC-based transgenic reporter assays, we identified key cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcription factor inputs that regulate Sp-kirrelL, including direct, positive inputs from two key transcription factors in the skeletogenic GRN, Alx1 and Ets1. We next identified kirrelL cis-regulatory regions from seven other echinoderm species that together represent all classes within the phylum. By introducing these heterologous regulatory regions into developing sea urchin embryos we provide evidence of their remarkable conservation across ~500 million years of evolution. We dissected in detail the kirrelL regulatory region of the sea star, Patiria miniata, and demonstrated that it also receives direct inputs from Alx1 and Ets1. Our findings identify kirrelL as a component of the ancestral echinoderm skeletogenic GRN. They support the view that GRN sub-circuits, including specific transcription factor-CRE interactions, can remain stable over vast periods of evolutionary history. Lastly, our analysis of kirrelL establishes direct linkages between a developmental GRN and an effector gene that controls a key morphogenetic cell behavior, cell-cell fusion, providing a paradigm for extending the explanatory power of GRNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khor, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Santoro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettensohn, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture and evolution of the cis-regulatory system of the echinoderm kirrelL gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling the flow of signals between populations of neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technological advances now allow us to record from large populations of neurons across multiple brain areas. These recordings may illuminate how communication between areas contributes to brain function, yet a substantial barrier remains: How do we disentangle the concurrent, bidirectional flow of signals between populations of neurons? We therefore propose here a novel dimensionality reduction framework: Delayed Latents Across Groups (DLAG). DLAG disentangles signals relayed in each direction, identifies how these signals are represented by each population, and characterizes how they evolve within and across trials. We demonstrate that DLAG performs well on synthetic datasets similar in scale to current neurophysiological recordings. Then we study simultaneously recorded populations in primate visual areas V1 and V2, where DLAG reveals signatures of bidirectional yet selective communication. Our framework lays a foundation for dissecting the intricate flow of signals across populations of neurons, and how this signaling contributes to cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gokcen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semedo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandvakili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machens, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling the flow of signals between populations of neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACKR3 induces the perturbation of rRNA biogenesis: a novel mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3), previously known as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7), has emerged as a key player in several biologic processes. Its atypical "intercepting receptor" signaling properties have established ACKR3 as the main regulator in pathophysiological processes in many diseases. However, much less is known the underlying mechanisms of ACKR3 in promoting tumorigenesis. We found, in both human and animal model, that activation of ACKR3 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through the NOLC1-induced perturbations of rRNA biogenesis. As compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissue, human colonic cancer tissues demonstrated higher expression of ACKR3, and high ACKR3 expression was associated with increased severity of colonic cancer. Villin-ACKR3 transgenic mice demonstrated the characteristics of ACKR3-induced colorectal cancer, showing the nuclear {beta}-arrestin-1-activated perturbation of rRNA biogenesis. Activation of ACKR3 induced nuclear translocation of {beta}-arrestin-1 ({beta}-arr1), leading to the interaction of {beta}-arr1 with nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 (NOLC1). As the highly phosphorylated protein in the nucleolus, NOLC1 further interacted with Fibrillarin, a highly conserved nucleolar methyltransferase responsible for ribosomal RNA methylation, leading to the increase of methylation in Histone H2A, resulting in the promotion of rRNA transcription of ribosome biogenesis. Conclusion: ACKR3 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through the perturbation of rRNA biogenesis by nuclear {beta}-arr1-induced interaction of NOLC1 with Fibrillarin.

HIGH LIGHTSO_LIACKR3 is an atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
C_LIO_LIACKR3 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis
C_LIO_LIACKR3 induces nuclear translocation of {beta}-arr1
C_LIO_LINuclear {beta}-arr1 interacts with NOLC1 to activate Fibrillarin
C_LIO_LIInteraction of NOLC1 to Fibrillarin leads to perturbation of rRNA biogenesis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, R.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACKR3 induces the perturbation of rRNA biogenesis: a novel mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speech categorization reveals the role of early-stage temporal-coherence processing in auditory scene analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across spectral channels is thought to aid auditory grouping and scene segregation. Although prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, neurophysiological evidence suggests that temporal-coherence-based scene analysis may start as early as the cochlear nucleus (i.e., the first auditory region supporting cross-channel processing over a wide frequency range). Accordingly, we hypothesized that aspects of temporal-coherence processing that could be realized in early auditory areas may shape speech understanding in noise. We then explored whether physiologically plausible computational models could account for results from a behavioral experiment that measured consonant categorization in different masking conditions. We tested whether within-channel masking of target-speech modulations predicted consonant confusions across the different conditions, and whether predicted performance was improved by adding across-channel temporal-coherence processing mirroring the computations known to exist in the cochlear nucleus. Consonant confusions provide a rich characterization of error patterns in speech categorization, and are thus crucial for rigorously testing models of speech perception; however, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been utilized in prior studies of scene analysis. We find that within-channel modulation masking can reasonably account for category confusions, but that it fails when temporal fine structure (TFS) cues are unavailable. However, the addition of across-channel temporal-coherence processing significantly improves confusion predictions across all tested conditions. Our results suggest that temporal-coherence processing strongly shapes speech understanding in noise, and that physiological computations that exist early along the auditory pathway may contribute to this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speech categorization reveals the role of early-stage temporal-coherence processing in auditory scene analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of cell segmentation methods without reference segmentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell segmentation is a cornerstone of many bioimage informatics studies and inaccurate segmentation introduces error in downstream analysis. Evaluating segmentation results is thus a necessary step for developing segmentation methods as well as for choosing the most appropriate method for a particular type of sample. The evaluation process has typically involved comparison of segmentations to those generated by humans, which can be expensive and subject to unknown bias. We present here an approach to evaluating cell segmentation methods without relying upon comparison to results from humans. For this, we defined a number of segmentation quality metrics that can be applied to multichannel fluorescence images. We calculated these metrics for 14 previously-described segmentation methods applied to datasets from 4 multiplexed microscope modalities covering 5 tissues. Using principal component analysis to combine the metrics we defined an overall cell segmentation quality score and ranked the segmentation methods. We found that two deep learning-based methods performed the best overall, but that results for all methods could be significantly improved by postprocessing to ensure proper matching of cell and nuclear masks. Our evaluation tool is available as open source and all code and data are available in a Reproducible Research Archive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of cell segmentation methods without reference segmentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological insights into the neural basis of flexible behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely accepted that there is an inextricable link between neural computations, biological mechanisms, and behavior, but it is challenging to simultaneously relate all three. Here, we show that topological data analysis (TDA) provides an important bridge between these approaches to studying how brains mediate behavior. We demonstrate that cognitive processes change the topological description of the shared activity of populations of visual neurons. These topological changes constrain and distinguish between competing mechanistic models, are connected to subjects performance on a visual change detection task, and, via a link with network control theory, reveal a tradeoff between improving sensitivity to subtle visual stimulus changes and increasing the chance that the subject will stray off task. These connections provide a blueprint for using TDA to uncover the biological and computational mechanisms by which cognition affects behavior in health and disease.

Significance StatementAs the fields of systems, computational, and cognitive neuroscience strive to establish links between computations, biology, and behavior, there is an increasing need for an analysis framework to bridge levels of analysis. We demonstrate that topological data analysis (TDA) of the shared activity of populations of neurons provides that link. TDA allows us to distinguish between competing mechanistic models and to answer longstanding questions in cognitive neuroscience, such as why there is a tradeoff between visual sensitivity and staying on task. These results and analysis framework have applications to many systems within neuroscience and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouse, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological insights into the neural basis of flexible behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neuromuscular Model of Human Locomotion Combines Spinal Reflex Circuits with Voluntary Movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing models of human walking use low-level reflexes or neural oscillators to generate movement. While appropriate to generate the stable, rhythmic movement patterns of steady-state walking, these models lack the ability to change their movement patterns or spontaneously generate new movements in the specific, goal-directed way characteristic of voluntary movements. Here we present a neuromuscular model of human locomotion that bridges this gap and combines the ability to execute goal directed movements with the generation of stable, rhythmic movement patterns that are required for robust locomotion. The model represents goals for voluntary movements of the swing leg on the task level of swing leg joint kinematics. Smooth movements plans towards the goal configuration are generated on the task level and transformed into descending motor commands that execute the planned movements, using internal models. The movement goals and plans are updated in real time based on sensory feedback and task constraints. On the spinal level, the descending commands during the swing phase are integrated with a generic stretch reflex for each muscle. Stance leg control solely relies on dedicated spinal reflex pathways. Spinal reflexes stimulate Hill-type muscles that actuate a biomechanical model with eight internal joints and six free-body degrees of freedom. The model is able to generate voluntary, goal-directed reaching movements with the swing leg and combine multiple movements in a rhythmic sequence. During walking, the swing leg is moved in a goal-directed manner to a target that is updated in real-time based on sensory feedback to maintain upright balance, while the stance leg is stabilized by low-level reflexes and a behavioral organization switching between swing and stance control for each leg. With this combination of reflex-based stance leg and voluntary, goal-directed control of the swing leg, the model controller generates rhythmic, stable walking patterns in which the swing leg movement can be flexibly updated in real-time to step over or around obstacles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.26.461864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neuromuscular Model of Human Locomotion Combines Spinal Reflex Circuits with Voluntary Movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Knee Adduction Moment Response to Gait Retraining with Minimal Clinical Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knee osteoarthritis is a progressive disease mediated by high joint loads. Foot progression angle modifications that reduce the knee adduction moment (KAM), a surrogate of knee loading, have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving function. Although changes to the foot progression angle are overall beneficial, KAM reductions are not consistent across patients. Moreover, customized interventions are time-consuming and require instrumentation not commonly available in the clinic. We present a model that uses minimal clinical data to predict the extent of first peak KAM reduction after toe-in gait retraining. For such a model to generalize, the training data must be large and variable. Given the lack of large public datasets that contain different gaits for the same patient, we generated this dataset synthetically. Insights learned from ground-truth datasets with both baseline and toe-in gait trials (N=12) enabled the creation of a large (N=138) synthetic dataset for training the predictive model. On a test set of data collected by a separate research group (N=15), the first peak KAM reduction was predicted with a mean absolute error of 0.134% body weight * height (%BW*HT). This error is smaller than the test sets subject average standard deviation of the first peak during baseline walking (0.306 %BW*HT). This work demonstrates the feasibility of training predictive models with synthetic data and may provide clinicians with a streamlined pathway to identify a patient-specific gait retraining outcome without requiring gait lab instrumentation.

Author SummaryGait retraining as a conservative intervention for knee osteoarthritis shows great promise in extending pain-free mobility and preserving joint health. Although customizing a treatment plan for each patient may help to ensure a therapeutic response, this procedure cannot yet be performed outside of the gait laboratory, preventing research advances from becoming a part of clinical practice. Our work aims to predict the extent to which a patient with knee osteoarthritis will benefit from a non-invasive gait retraining therapy using measures that can be easily collected in the clinic. To overcome a lack of normative databases for gait retraining, we generated data synthetically based on limited ground-truth examples, and provided experimental evidence for the models ability to generalize to new subjects by evaluating on data collected by a separate research group. Our results can contribute to a future in which predicting the therapeutic benefit of a potential treatment can determine a custom treatment path for any patient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rokhmanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbecker, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shull, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halilaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Knee Adduction Moment Response to Gait Retraining with Minimal Clinical Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling of mature stage human breastmilk cells identifies host-defense lactocyte sub-populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breastmilk is chock-full of nutrients, immunological factors, and cells that aid infant development. Maternal cells are the least studied breastmilk component, and their unique properties are difficult to identify using traditional techniques. Here, we characterized the cells in mature stage breastmilk from healthy donors at the protein, gene, and transcriptome levels. Holistic analysis of flow cytometry, qPCR, and single cell RNA sequencing data identified the predominant cell population as epithelial with smaller populations of macrophages and T cells. Two percent of epithelial cells expressed four stem cell markers: SOX2, TRA-1-60, NANOG, and SSEA4. Furthermore, milk contained six distinct epithelial lactocyte sub-populations, including three previously unidentified sub-populations programmed towards host-defense and intestinal development. Pseudotime analysis delineated the differentiation pathways of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data define healthy human maternal breastmilk cells and provide a basis for their application in maternal and infant medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerfler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fein, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hredzak-Showalter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling of mature stage human breastmilk cells identifies host-defense lactocyte sub-populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular rhythm alterations in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens associated with opioid use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe and persistent disruptions to sleep and circadian rhythms are common features of people with opioid use disorder (OUD). Preclinical findings suggest altered molecular rhythms in the brain are involved in opioid reward and dependence. However, whether molecular rhythms are disrupted in brains of people with OUD remained an open question, critical to understanding the role of circadian rhythms in opioid addiction. We previously used subjects times of death (TOD) as a marker of time of day to investigate transcriptional rhythm alterations in psychiatric disorders. Using TOD and RNA sequencing, we discovered rhythmic transcripts in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), key brain areas involved in opioid addiction, were largely distinct between OUD and unaffected comparison subjects. Further, fewer rhythmic transcripts were identified in DLPFC of OUD subjects compared to unaffected subjects, but nearly double the number of rhythmic transcripts were found in the NAc of OUD subjects. In OUD, rhythmic transcripts in the NAc peaked either in the evening or near sunrise, and were associated with dopamine, opioid, and GABAergic neurotransmission. Co-expression network analysis identified several OUD-specific modules in the NAc, enriched for transcripts involved in the modulation of dopamine and GABA synapses, including glutamatergic signaling and extracellular matrices. Integrative analyses with human GWAS revealed that rhythmic transcripts in DLPFC and NAc were enriched for genomic loci associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Overall, our results connect transcriptional rhythm changes in dopamine, opioid, and GABAergic synaptic signaling in human brain to sleep-related phenotypes and OUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular rhythm alterations in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens associated with opioid use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.462450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Prediction of Cell-Drug Sensitivities Using Deep Learning-based Graph Regularized Matrix Factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.462450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Application of artificial intelligence (AI) in precision oncology typically involves predicting whether the cancer cells of a patient (previously unseen by AI models) will respond to any of a set of existing anticancer drugs, based on responses of previous training cell samples to those drugs. To expand the repertoire of anticancer drugs, AI has also been used to repurpose drugs that have not been tested in an anticancer setting, i.e., predicting the anticancer effects of a new drug on previously unseen cancer cells de novo. Here, we report a computational model that addresses both of the above tasks in a unified AI framework. Our model, referred to as deep learning-based graph regularized matrix factorization (DeepGRMF), integrates neural networks, graph models, and matrix-factorization techniques to utilize diverse information from drug chemical structures, their impact on cellular signaling systems, and cancer cell cellular states to predict cell response to drugs. DeepGRMF learns embeddings of drugs so that drugs sharing similar structures and mechanisms of action (MOAs) are closely related in the embedding space. Similarly, DeepGRMF also learns representation embeddings of cells such that cells sharing similar cellular states and drug responses are closely related. Evaluation of DeepGRMF and competing models on Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) datasets show its superiority in prediction performance. Finally, we show that the model is capable of predicting effectiveness of a chemotherapy regimen on patient outcomes for the lung cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset.*
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.462450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Prediction of Cell-Drug Sensitivities Using Deep Learning-based Graph Regularized Matrix Factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-dataset evaluation of frame censoring for task-based fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subject motion during fMRI can affect our ability to accurately measure signals of interest. In recent years, frame censoring--that is, statistically excluding motion-contaminated data within the general linear model using nuisance regressors--has appeared in several task-based fMRI studies as a mitigation strategy. However, there have been few systematic investigations quantifying its efficacy. In the present study, we compared the performance of frame censoring to several other common motion correction approaches for task-based fMRI using open data and reproducible workflows. We analyzed eight publicly-available datasets representing eleven distinct tasks in child, adolescent, and adult participants. Performance was quantified using maximum t-values in group analyses, and ROI-based mean activation and split-half reliability in single subjects. We compared frame censoring across several thresholds to the use of 6 and 24 canonical motion regressors, wavelet despiking, robust weighted least squares, and untrained ICA-based denoising, for a total of 240 separate analyses. Thresholds used to identify censored frames were based on both motion estimates (FD) and image intensity changes (DVARS). Relative to standard motion regressors, we found consistent improvements for modest amounts of frame censoring (e.g., 1-2% data loss), although these gains were frequently comparable to what could be achieved using other techniques. Importantly, no single approach consistently outperformed the others across all datasets and tasks. These findings suggest that the choice of a motion mitigation strategy depends on both the dataset and the outcome metric of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajracharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-dataset evaluation of frame censoring for task-based fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.463978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ConTreeDP: A consensus method of tumor trees based on maximum directed partition support problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.463978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic inference has become a crucial tool for interpreting cancer genomic data, but continuing advances in our understanding of somatic mutability in cancer, genomic technologies for profiling it, and the scale of data available have created a persistent need for new algorithms able to deal with these challenges. One particular need has been for new forms of consensus tree algorithms, which present special challenges in the cancer space for dealing with heterogeneous data, short evolutionary time scales, and rapid mutation by a wide variety of somatic mutability mechanisms. We develop a new consensus tree method for clonal phylogenetics, ConTreeDP, based on a formulation of the Maximum Directed Partition Support Consensus Tree (MDPSCT) problem. We demonstrate theoretically and empirically that our approach can efficiently and accurately compute clonal consensus trees from cancer genomic data.

Availability: https://github.com/CMUSchwartzLab/ConTreeDP
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.463978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ConTreeDP: A consensus method of tumor trees based on maximum directed partition support problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance via bacterial cell shape-shifting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved to develop multiple strategies for antibiotic resistance by effectively reducing intra-cellular antibiotic concentrations or antibiotic binding affinities, but the role of cell morphology on antibiotic resistance remains poorly characterized. By analyzing cell morphological data of different bacterial species under antibiotic stress, we find that bacterial cells robustly reduce surface-to-volume ratio in response to most types of antibiotics. Using quantitative modelling we show that by reducing surface-to-volume ratio, bacteria can effectively reduce intracellular antibiotic concentration by decreasing antibiotic influx. The model predicts that bacteria can increase surface-to-volume ratio to promote antibiotic dilution if efflux pump activity is reduced, in agreement with data on membrane-transport inhibitors. Using the particular example of ribosome-targeting antibiotics, we present a systems-level model for the regulation of cell shape under antibiotic stress, and discuss feedback mechanisms that bacteria can harness to increase their fitness in the presence of antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojkic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serbanescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic resistance via bacterial cell shape-shifting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiR-339-3p aggravates rat vascular inflammation induced by AT1R autoantibodies by down-regulating BKα protein expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abnormality of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) is an important factor in inducing vascular inflammation. BK channel agonists can readily recover BK channel function and improve vascular inflammation. However, it is not clear how to improve BK dysfunction caused by downregulation of BK channel protein expression. This study found that angiotensin II-1 receptor autoantibodies (AT1-AA), which are widely present in the body of various types of cardiovascular diseases, can down-regulate the expression of BK channel protein and induce vascular inflammation. Further research found that the elevated neural precursor cells expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L) protein level is involved in the down-regulation of BK channel  subunit (BK) protein level by AT1-AA. Bioinformatics analysis and experiments have confirmed that miR-339-3p plays an irreplaceable role in the high expression of NEDD4L and the low expression of BK, and aggravates the vascular inflammation induced by AT1-AA. Overall, AT1-AA increased miR-339-3p expression (targeting BK via the miR-339-3p/NEDD4L axis or miR-339-3p alone), reduced BK protein expression in VSMCs, and induced vascular inflammation. The results of the study indicate that miR-339-3p may become a new target for reversing vascular inflammation in AT1-AA-positive patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiR-339-3p aggravates rat vascular inflammation induced by AT1R autoantibodies by down-regulating BKα protein expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetition of a specific movement biases subsequent actions towards the recently practiced movement, a phenomenon referred to as use-dependent learning (UDL). UDL has been attributed to shifts in the tuning of neurons in the motor cortex. However, recent studies employing a forced reaction time task, including the eLife article by Marinovic et al (2017), indicate that these biases may also arise from a contaminated motor plan, one that is biased towards the practiced direction. We advanced this line of inquiry, seeking to establish the relative contribution of execution and planning processes to UDL in a center-out reaching task in which participants were able to initiate movements of their own volition. On most trials, the target appeared at a designated "frequent" location; on other trials, the target appeared at one of six "rare" locations. In Experiment 1, participants exhibited a robust movement bias towards the frequent target when movements were self-initiated quickly, but a small movement bias when movements were self-initiated slowly - the signature of a contaminated motor plan. Strikingly, the heading angles were bimodally distributed, with one peak at the frequent target location and the other at the rare target location - a finding reinforced by a re-analysis of two widely cited studies on UDL. Notably, the latter peak was shifted in the frequently practiced direction, a signature of a motor execution bias. To eliminate the contribution of planning-related UDL, we imposed a delay between target onset and movement initiation in Experiment 2. As predicted, the heading angles became unimodally distributed around the rare target. The peak of this distribution was again shifted towards the location of the frequent target, indicative of a persistent bias in motor execution. Taken together, these results highlight two distinct components of UDL even when movements are self-initiated: First, the temporal dynamics underlying movement planning, in which a default plan is progressively overridden by a new plan, produces a pronounced motor planning bias. Second, there is a small, temporally stable bias that may reflect shifts in motor unit tuning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.464780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-check the zebrafish 18s rRNA qPCR primers: they may be wrong 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.464780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A widely used qPCR primer for zebrafish gene rna18s (18s rRNA, or 18s), with the sequence of 5-TCGCtaGTtGGCATCGTTTAtG-3, is found to be incorrect. Initially designed for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rna18s, the primer has four different nucleotides from the zebrafish sequence 5-TCGCGGGTCGGCATCGTTTACG-3 (indicated in bold/underlined, lowercase letters for rainbow trout and uppercase letters for zebrafish). Since its first use in zebrafish in 2006, this mismatched primer has been clearly stated to be used in at least 50 publications and may have affected hundreds or more in publications citing them. For a sensitive, quantitative method as qPCR, this error must be corrected as soon as possible in the zebrafish community by using rna18s primer sets with accurate sequences, such as those summarized and newly designed in this article.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.464780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-check the zebrafish 18s rRNA qPCR primers: they may be wrong]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Mitochondria and HSP27 Protein to Protect the Blood-Brain Barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic stroke causes brain endothelial cell (BEC) death and damages tight junction integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We harnessed the innate mitochondrial load of endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and utilized mixtures of EV/exogenous heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) as a one-two punch strategy to increase BEC survival (via EV mitochondria) and preserve their tight junction integrity (via HSP27 effects). We demonstrated that the medium-to-large (m/lEV) but not small EVs (sEV) transferred their mitochondrial load, which subsequently colocalized with the mitochondrial network of the recipient primary human BECs. BECs treated with m/lEVs increased relative ATP levels and displayed superior mitochondrial function. Importantly, m/lEVs isolated from oligomycin (mitochondrial complex V inhibitor) or rotenone (mitochondrial complex I inhibitor)-exposed BECs (RTN-m/lEVs or OGM-m/lEVs) did not increase BECs ATP levels compared to naive m/lEVs. In contrast, RTN-sEV and OGM-sEV functionality in increasing cellular ATP levels was minimally impacted in comparison to naive sEVs. Intravenously administered m/lEVs showed a reduction in brain infarct sizes compared to vehicle-injected mice in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We formulated binary mixtures of human recombinant HSP27 protein with EVs: EV/HSP27 and ternary mixtures of HSP27 and EV with cationic polymer poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (diethyltriamine): (PEG-DET/HSP27)/EV. (PEG-DET/HSP27)/EV and EV/HSP27 mixtures decreased the paracellular permeability of small and large molecular mass fluorescent tracers in oxygen glucose-deprived primary human BECs. This one-two-punch approach to increase BEC metabolic function and tight junction integrity is a promising strategy for BBB protection and prevention of long-term neurological dysfunction post-ischemic stroke.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/466491v5_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dc5493org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@134ad7forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16a8929org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15315bc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMedium-to-large extracellular vesicles (m/lEVs), not small EVs contain mitochondria
C_LIO_LIm/lEVs increased ATP and mitochondrial function in brain endothelial cells (BECs)
C_LIO_LIm/lEVs from oligomycin-exposed BECs did not increase recipient BEC ATP levels
C_LIO_LIIntravenously injected m/lEVs reduced brain infarct sizes in a mouse stroke model
C_LIO_LIEV/HSP27 mixtures reduced small and large dextran molecule permeability across BECs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babidhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbins, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankello, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundara Manickam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Mitochondria and HSP27 Protein to Protect the Blood-Brain Barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of an adaptive epigenetic cell state in human bladder urothelial carcinoma evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) of bladder cancer (BLCA) facilitates therapy resistance and immune evasion to affect clinical prognosis directly. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism generating ITH in BLCA remains elusive. Here we show that a TM4SF1-positive cancer subpopulation (TPCS) drives ITH diversification in BLCA. By extensive profiling of the epigenome and transcriptome of BLCA from 79 donors across all stages, we elucidated the evolution trajectories of luminal and basal BLCA. TPCS emerges from the basal trajectory and shows extensive transcriptional plasticity with a distinct epigenomic landscape. Clinically, TPCS were enriched in advanced stage patients and associated with poor prognosis. Our results showed how cancer adapts to its environment by adopting a stem cell-like epigenomic landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of an adaptive epigenetic cell state in human bladder urothelial carcinoma evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and maintenance of different sized actin filaments in a common pool of building blocks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is one of the key structural components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton that regulates cellular architecture and mechanical properties. Dynamic regulation of actin filament length and organization is essential for the control of many physiological processes including cell adhesion, motility and division. While previous studies have mostly focused on the mechanisms controlling the mean length of individual actin filaments, it remains poorly understood how distinct actin filament populations in cells maintain different lengths using the same set of molecular building blocks. Here we develop a theoretical model for the length regulation of multiple actin filaments by nucleation and growth rate modulation by actin binding proteins in a limiting pool of monomers. We first show that spontaneous nucleation of actin filaments naturally leads to heterogeneities in filament length distribution. We then investigate the effects of filament growth inhibition by capping proteins and growth promotion by formin proteins on filament length distribution. We find that filament length heterogeneity can be increased by growth inhibition, whereas growth promoters do not significantly affect length heterogeneity. Interestingly, a competition between filament growth inhibitors and growth promoters can give rise to bimodal filament length distribution as well as a highly heterogeneous length distribution with large statistical dispersion. We quantitatively predict how heterogeneity in actin filament length can be modulated by tuning F-actin nucleation and growth rates in order to create distinct filament subpopulations with different lengths.

SIGNIFICANCEActin filaments organize into different functional network architectures within eukaryotic cells. To maintain distinct actin network architectures, it is essential to regulate the lengths of actin filaments. While the mechanisms controlling the lengths of individual actin filaments have been extensively studied, the regulation of length heterogeneity in actin filament populations is not well understood. Here we show that the modulation of actin filament growth and nucleation rates by actin binding proteins can regulate actin length distribution and create distinct sub-populations with different lengths. In particular, by tuning concentrations of formin, profilin and capping proteins, various aspects of actin filament length distribution can be controlled. Insights gained from our results may have significant implications for the regulation of actin filament length heterogeneity and architecture within a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.07.467615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and maintenance of different sized actin filaments in a common pool of building blocks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the Extent and Location of Spatiotemporally Distributed Epileptiform Sources from MEG Measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive MEG/EEG source imaging provides valuable information about the epileptogenic brain areas which can be used to aid presurgical planning in focal epilepsy patients suffering from drug-resistant seizures. However, the source extent estimation for electrophysiological source imaging remains to be a challenge and is usually largely dependent on subjective choice. Our recently developed algorithm, fast spatiotemporal iteratively reweighted edge sparsity minimization (FAST-IRES) strategy, has been shown to objectively estimate extended sources from EEG recording, while it has not been applied to MEG recordings. In this work, through extensive numerical experiments and real data analysis in a group of focal drug-resistant epilepsy patients interictal spikes, we demonstrated the ability of FAST-IRES algorithm to image the location and extent of underlying epilepsy sources from MEG measurements. Our results indicate the merits of FAST-IRES in imaging the location and extent of epilepsy sources for pre-surgical evaluation from MEG measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohrabpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the Extent and Location of Spatiotemporally Distributed Epileptiform Sources from MEG Measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective clonal persistence of human retroviruses in vivo: radial chromatin organization, integration site and host transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human retroviruses HTLV-1 and HIV-1 persist in vivo, despite the host immune response and antiretroviral therapy, as a reservoir of latently infected T-cell clones. It is poorly understood what determines which clones survive in the reservoir and which are lost. We compared >160,000 HTLV-1 integration sites from T-cells isolated ex vivo from naturally-infected subjects with >230,000 integration sites from in vitro infection, to identify the genomic features that determine selective clonal survival. Three factors explained >40% of the observed variance in clone survival of HTLV-1 in vivo: the radial intranuclear position of the provirus, its absolute genomic distance from the centromere, and the intensity of host genome transcription flanking the provirus. The radial intranuclear position of the provirus and its distance from the centromere also explained ~7% of clonal persistence of HIV-1 in vivo. Selection for transcriptionally repressive nuclear compartments favours clonal persistence of human retroviruses in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangham, C. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.467892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective clonal persistence of human retroviruses in vivo: radial chromatin organization, integration site and host transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low frequency somatic copy number alterations in normal human lymphocytes revealed by large scale single-cell whole genome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic-scale somatic copy number alterations in healthy humans are difficult to investigate because of low occurrence rates and the structural variations stochastic natures. Using a Tn5-transposase assisted single-cell whole genome sequencing method, we sequenced over 20,000 single lymphocytes from 16 individuals. Then, with the scale increased to a few thousand single cells per individual, we found that about 7.5% of the cells had large-size copy number alterations. Trisomy 21 was the most prevalent aneuploid event among all autosomal copy number alterations, while monosomy X occurred most frequently in over-30-year-old females. In the monosomy X single cells from individuals with phased genomes and identified X-inactivation ratios in bulk, the inactive X Chromosomes were lost more often than were the active ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low frequency somatic copy number alterations in normal human lymphocytes revealed by large scale single-cell whole genome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Compartmentalization with Nuclear Landmarks: Random yet Precise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three-dimensional (3D) organization of eukaryotic genomes plays an important role in genome function. While significant progress has been made in deciphering the folding mechanisms of individual chromosomes, the principles of the dynamic large-scale spatial arrangement of all chromosomes inside the nucleus are poorly understood. We use polymer simulations to model the diploid human genome compartmentalization relative to nuclear bodies such as nuclear lamina, nucleoli, and speckles. We show that a self-organization process based on a co-phase separation between chromosomes and nuclear bodies can capture various features of genome organization, including the formation of chromosome territories, phase separation of A/B compartments, and the liquid property of nuclear bodies. The simulated 3D structures quantitatively reproduce both sequencing-based genomic mapping and imaging assays that probe chromatin interaction with nuclear bodies. Importantly, our model captures the heterogeneous distribution of chromosome positioning across cells, while simultaneously producing well-defined distances between active chromatin and nuclear speckles. Such heterogeneity and preciseness of genome organization can coexist due to the non-specificity of phase separation and the slow chromosome dynamics. Together, our work reveals that the co-phase separation provides a robust mechanism for encoding functionally important 3D contacts without requiring thermodynamic equilibration that can be difficult to achieve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Compartmentalization with Nuclear Landmarks: Random yet Precise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dorsal visual pathway represents object-centered spatial relations for object recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although there is mounting evidence that input from the dorsal visual pathway is crucial for object processes in the ventral pathway, the specific functional contributions of dorsal cortex to these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that dorsal cortex computes the spatial relations among an objects parts - a processes crucial for forming global shape percepts - and transmits this information to the ventral pathway to support object categorization. Using fMRI with human participants (females and males), we discovered regions in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) that were selectively involved in computing object-centered part relations. These regions exhibited task-dependent functional and effective connectivity with ventral cortex, and were distinct from other dorsal regions, such as those representing allocentric relations, 3D shape, and tools. In a subsequent experiment, we found that the multivariate response of posterior IPS, defined on the basis of part-relations, could be used to decode object category at levels comparable to ventral object regions. Moreover, mediation and multivariate effective connectivity analyses further suggested that IPS may account for representations of part relations in the ventral pathway. Together, our results highlight specific contributions of the dorsal visual pathway to object recognition. We suggest that dorsal cortex is a crucial source of input to the ventral pathway and may support the ability to categorize objects on the basis of global shape.

Significance StatementHumans categorize novel objects rapidly and effortlessly. Such categorization is achieved by representing an objects global shape structure, that is, the relations among object parts. Yet, despite their importance, it is unclear how part relations are represented neurally. Here, we hypothesized that object-centered part relations may be computed by the dorsal visual pathway, which is typically implicated in visuospatial processing. Using fMRI, we identified regions selective for the part relations in dorsal cortex. We found that these regions can support object categorization, and even mediate representations of part relations in the ventral pathway, the region typically thought to support object categorization. Together, these findings shed light on the broader network of brain regions that support object categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayzenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dorsal visual pathway represents object-centered spatial relations for object recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised cell functional annotation for single-cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the first steps in the analysis of single cell RNA-Sequencing data (scRNA-Seq) is the assignment of cell types. While a number of supervised methods have been developed for this, in most cases such assignment is performed by first clustering cells in low-dimensional space and then assigning cell types to different clusters. To overcome noise and to improve cell type assignments we developed UNIFAN, a neural network method that simultaneously clusters and annotates cells using known gene sets. UNIFAN combines both, low-dimensional representation for all genes and cell specific gene set activity scores to determine the clustering. We applied UNIFAN to human and mouse scRNA-Seq datasets from several different organs. As we show, by using knowledge on gene sets, UNIFAN greatly outperforms prior methods developed for clustering scRNA-Seq data. The gene sets assigned by UNIFAN to different clusters provide strong evidence for the cell type that is represented by this cluster making annotations easier.

Softwarehttps://github.com/doraadong/UNIFAN
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised cell functional annotation for single-cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAMO: A molecular congruence analysis framework for evaluating model organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CAMO provides a rigorous and user-friendly solution for quantification and mechanistic exploration of omics congruence in model organisms and humans. It performs threshold-free differential analysis, quantitative concordance/discordance scoring, pathway-centric investigation, and topological subnetwork detection. Instead of dichotomous claims of "poorly" or "greatly" mimicking humans, CAMO facilitates discovery and visualization of specific molecular mechanisms that are best or least mimicked, providing foundations for hypothesis generation and subsequent translational investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oesterreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAMO: A molecular congruence analysis framework for evaluating model organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorical encoding of voice in human superior temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to recognize abstract features of voice during auditory perception is a complex, yet poorly understood, feat of human audition. For the listener, this occurs in near-automatic fasion to seamlessly extract complex cues from a highly variable auditory signal. Voice perception depends on specialized regions of auditory cortex, including superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS). However, the nature of voice encoding at the cortical level remains poorly understoood. We leverage intracerebral recordings across human auditory cortex during presentation of voice and non-voice acoustic stimuli to examine voice encoding in auditory cortex, in eight patient-participants undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation. We show that voice-selectivity increases along the auditory hierarchy from supratemporal plane (STP) to the STG and STS. Results show accurate decoding of vocalizations from human auditory cortical activity even in the complete absence of linguistic content. These findings show an early, less-selective temporal window of neural activity in the STG and STS followed by a sustained, strongly voice-selective window. We then developed encoding models that demonstrate divergence in the encoding of acoustic features along the auditory hierarchy, wherein STG/STS responses were best explained by voice category as opposed to the acoustic features of voice stimuli. This is in contrast to neural activity recorded from STP, in which responses were accounted for by acoustic features. These findings support a model of voice perception that engages categorical encoding mechanisms within STG and STS.

Significance StatementVoice perception occurs via specialized networks in higher order auditory cortex, yet how voice features are encoded remains a central unanswered question. With human intracerebral recordings of auditory cortex, we provide evidence for categorical encoding of voice in STG and STS and occurs in the absence of linguistic content. This selectivity strengthens after an initial onset response and cannot be explained by simple acoustic features. Together, these data support the existence of sites within STG and STS that are specialized for voice perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rupp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hect, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandresekaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorical encoding of voice in human superior temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.27.470015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarity in evoked responses does not imply similarity in macroscopic network states across tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.27.470015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an ongoing debate as to whether cognitive processes arise from a group of functionally specialized brain modules (modularism) or as the result of distributed nonlinear processes (dynamical systems theory). The former predicts that tasks recruiting similar local brain areas should be equally similar in their network profiles. The latter allows for differential connectivity, even when the areas recruited are largely the same. Here we evaluated both views at the macroscopic level by comparing region-wise activation patterns and functional correlation profiles from a large sample of healthy subjects (N=242) that performed two executive control tasks known to recruit nearly identical brain areas, the color-word Stroop task and the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT). Using a measure of instantaneous functional correlations, based on edge time series, we estimated the task-related networks that differed between incongruent and congruent conditions. At the group level, the two tasks were much more different in their network profiles than in their evoked activity patterns. This is found even when matching the degrees of freedom of both activation patterns and functional correlation profiles, when considering subject-level differences, after changing brain parcellations, and if employing alternative methods for defining task-related network profiles. Our results are consistent with the perspective of the brain as a dynamical system, suggesting that task representations should be independently evaluated at both node and edge (connectivity) levels.

Significant StatementIf the brain is strictly modular at the macroscopic scale, then recruiting the same brain regions should result in the same functional interactions between regions. However, if the brain is a dynamical system, with information represented at both the node and edge levels, then two tasks could have the same pattern of activation, but largely different functional correlation profiles. Here we tested this contrastive prediction using two tasks with overlapping cognitive demands, but different sensory signals. Despite being nearly identical in their activation patterns, we found that the tasks produced largely different functional correlation profiles. These findings reinforce the view of the brain as a dynamical system, with task states represented both within and across regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sentis, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraynak, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianaros, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.27.470015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarity in evoked responses does not imply similarity in macroscopic network states across tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous Super-Resolution and Distortion Correction for Single-shot EPI DWI using Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-shot echo planer imaging (SS-EPI) is widely used for clinical Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) acquisitions. However, due to the limited bandwidth along the phase encoding direction, the obtained images suffer from distortion and blurring, which limits its clinical value for diagnosis. Here we proposed a deep learning-based image-quality-transfer method with a novel loss function with improved network structure to simultaneously increase the resolution and correct distortions for SS-EPI. We proposed a modified network structure based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). A dense net with gradient map guidance and a multi-level fusion block was employed as the generator to suppress the over-smoothing effect. We also proposed a fractional anisotropy (FA) loss to exploit the intrinsic signal relations in DWI. In-vivo brain DWI data were used to test the proposed method. The results showed that the distortion-corrected high-resolution DWI images with restored anatomical details can be obtained from low-resolution SS-EPI images by taking the advantage of high-resolution anatomical images. Additionally, the proposed FA loss can improve the image quality and quantitative accuracy of diffusion metrics by utilizing the intrinsic relations among different diffusion directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.470880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous Super-Resolution and Distortion Correction for Single-shot EPI DWI using Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR Cas13-based tools to track and manipulate endogenous telomeric repeat-containing RNAs in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TERRA, TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA, is a long non-coding RNA transcribed from telomeres. Emerging evidence indicates that TERRA regulates telomere maintenance and chromosome end protection in normal and cancerous cells. However, the mechanism of how TERRA contributes to telomere functions is still unclear, partially owing to the shortage of approaches to track and manipulate endogenous TERRA molecules in live cells. Here, we developed a method to visualize TERRA in live cells via a combination of CRISPR Cas13 RNA labeling and Suntag technology. Single-particle tracking reveals that TERRA foci undergo anomalous diffusion in a manner that depends on the timescale and telomeric localization. Furthermore, we used a chemically-induced protein dimerization system to manipulate TERRA subcellular localization in live cells. Overall, our approaches to monitor and control TERRA locations in live cells provide powerful tools to better understand its roles in telomere maintenance and genomic integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigumira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR Cas13-based tools to track and manipulate endogenous telomeric repeat-containing RNAs in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decrowding Expansion Pathology: Unmasking Previously Invisible Nanostructures and Cells in Intact Human Brain Pathology Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are densely packed in cells and tissues, where they form complex nanostructures. Expansion microscopy (ExM) variants have been used to separate proteins from each other in preserved biospecimens, improving antibody access to epitopes. Here we present an ExM variant, decrowding expansion pathology (dExPath), which can expand proteins away from each other in human brain pathology specimens, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. Immunostaining of dExPath-expanded specimens reveals, with nanoscale precision, previously unobserved cellular structures, as well as more continuous patterns of staining. This enhanced molecular staining results in observation of previously invisible disease marker-positive cell populations in human glioma specimens, with potential implications for tumor aggressiveness. dExPath results in improved fluorescence signals even as it eliminates lipofuscin-associated autofluorescence. Thus, this form of expansion-mediated protein decrowding may, through improved epitope access for antibodies, render immunohistochemistry more powerful in clinical science and diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valdes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstock, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viapiano, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocca, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decrowding Expansion Pathology: Unmasking Previously Invisible Nanostructures and Cells in Intact Human Brain Pathology Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B.1.1.529 escapes the majority of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of diverse epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant (Omicron) contains 15 mutations on the receptor-binding domain (RBD). How Omicron would evade RBD neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) requires immediate investigation. Here, we used high-throughput yeast display screening1,2 to determine the RBD escaping mutation profiles for 247 human anti-RBD NAbs and showed that the NAbs could be unsupervised clustered into six epitope groups (A-F), which is highly concordant with knowledge-based structural classifications3-5. Strikingly, various single mutations of Omicron could impair NAbs of different epitope groups. Specifically, NAbs in Group A-D, whose epitope overlap with ACE2-binding motif, are largely escaped by K417N, G446S, E484A, and Q493R. Group E (S309 site)6 and F (CR3022 site)7 NAbs, which often exhibit broad sarbecovirus neutralizing activity, are less affected by Omicron, but still, a subset of NAbs are escaped by G339D, N440K, and S371L. Furthermore, Omicron pseudovirus neutralization showed that single mutation tolerating NAbs could also be escaped due to multiple synergetic mutations on their epitopes. In total, over 85% of the tested NAbs are escaped by Omicron. Regarding NAb drugs, the neutralization potency of LY-CoV016/LY-CoV555, REGN10933/REGN10987, AZD1061/AZD8895, and BRII-196 were greatly reduced by Omicron, while VIR-7831 and DXP-604 still function at reduced efficacy. Together, data suggest Omicron would cause significant humoral immune evasion, while NAbs targeting the sarbecovirus conserved region remain most effective. Our results offer instructions for developing NAb drugs and vaccines against Omicron and future variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.470392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B.1.1.529 escapes the majority of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of diverse epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic representations during language comprehension are affected by context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The meaning of words in natural language depends crucially on context. However, most neuroimaging studies of word meaning use isolated words and isolated sentences with little context. Because the brain may process natural language differently from how it processes simplified stimuli, there is a pressing need to determine whether prior results on word meaning generalize to natural language. fMRI was used to record human brain activity while four subjects (two female) read words in four conditions that vary in context: narratives, isolated sentences, blocks of semantically similar words, and isolated words. We then compared the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of evoked brain responses, and we used a voxelwise encoding modeling approach to compare the representation of semantic information across the four conditions. We find four consistent effects of varying context. First, stimuli with more context evoke brain responses with higher SNR across bilateral visual, temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices compared to stimuli with little context. Second, increasing context increases the representation of semantic information across bilateral temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices at the group level. In individual subjects, only natural language stimuli consistently evoke widespread representation of semantic information. Third, context affects voxel semantic tuning. Finally, models estimated using stimuli with little context do not generalize well to natural language. These results show that context has large effects on the quality of neuroimaging data and on the representation of meaning in the brain. Thus, neuroimaging studies that use stimuli with little context may not generalize well to the natural regime.

Significance StatementContext is an important part of understanding the meaning of natural language, but most neuroimaging studies of meaning use isolated words and isolated sentences with little context. Here we examined whether the results of neuroimaging studies that use out-of-context stimuli generalize to natural language. We find that increasing context improves the quality of neuroimaging data and changes where and how semantic information is represented in the brain. These results suggest that findings from studies using out-of-context stimuli may not generalize to natural language used in daily life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic representations during language comprehension are affected by context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution vibrational imaging using expansion stimulated Raman scattering microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is an emerging technology that provides high chemical specificity for endogenous biomolecules and can circumvent common constraints of fluorescence microscopy including limited capabilities to probe small biomolecules and difficulty resolving many colors simultaneously due to spectral overlap. However, the resolution of SRS microscopy remains governed by the diffraction limit. To overcome this, we describe a new technique called Molecule Anchorable Gel-enabled Nanoscale Imaging of Fluorescence and stImulatEd Raman Scattering microscopy (MAGNIFIERS), that integrates SRS microscopy with expansion microscopy (ExM). ExM is a powerful strategy providing significant improvement in imaging resolution by physical magnification of hydrogel-embedded preserved biological specimens. MAGNIFIERS offers chemical-specific nanoscale imaging with sub-50 nm resolution and has scalable multiplexity when combined with multiplex Raman probes and fluorescent labels. We used MAGNIFIERS to visualize nanoscale features in a label-free manner with C-H vibration of proteins, lipids and DNA in a broad range of biological specimens, from mouse brain, liver and kidney to human lung organoid. In addition, we applied MAGNIFIERS to track nanoscale features of protein synthesis in protein aggregates using metabolic labeling of small metabolites. Finally, we used MAGNIFIERS to demonstrate 8-color nanoscale imaging in an expanded mouse brain section. Overall, MAGNIFIERS is a valuable platform for super-resolution label-free chemical imaging, high-resolution metabolic imaging, and highly multiplexed nanoscale imaging, thus bringing SRS to nanoscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesekara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution vibrational imaging using expansion stimulated Raman scattering microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying control ensembles for decision-making within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In situations featuring uncertainty about action-reward contingencies, mammals exhibit a high degree of flexibility in adopting strategies for decision-making that are tuned in response to the conditions that they encounter. Although the cortico-basal ganglia thalamic (CBGT) network is implicated in information processing during decisions, it features a complex synaptic architecture, comprised of multiple feed-forward, reciprocal, and feedback pathways, that complicate efforts to elucidate the roles of specific CBGT populations in the process of evidence accumulation. In this paper we apply a strategic sampling approach, based on Latin hypercube sampling, to explore how variations in CBGT network properties, including subpopulation firing rates and synaptic weights, map to variability of parameters in a normative drift diffusion model (DDM), representing algorithmic aspects of information processing during decision-making. Through the application of canonical correlation analysis, we find that this relationship can be characterized in terms of three low-dimensional control ensembles within the CBGT network that impact specific qualities of the emergent decision policy: responsiveness (associated with overall activity in corticothalamic and direct pathways), pliancy (associated largely with overall activity in components of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia), and choice (associated with differences in direct and indirect pathways across action channels). These analyses provide key mechanistic predictions about the roles of specific CBGT network elements in tuning information processing dynamics during decisions.

Author summaryMammals are continuously subjected to uncertain situations in which they have to choose among behavioral options. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit is a complicated collection of interconnected nuclei believed to strongly influence the ability to adapt to environmental changes. The roles of specific CBGT components in controlling information during decisions remains unclear. At a more phenomenological, algorithmic level, drift-diffusion models have been shown to be able to reproduce behavioral data (action selection probabilities and the time needed to make a decision) obtained experimentally from mammals and to provide an abstract representation of a decision policy. In this work, we use simulated decision-making to establish a mapping from neural activity in the CBGT circuit to behavioral outcomes. This mapping illuminates the importance of three core sets of CBGT subnetworks in the action selection process and how they are involved in adapting decision policies across exploitative and exploratory situations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying control ensembles for decision-making within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurons burdened by DNA double strand breaks incite microglia activation through antiviral-like signaling in neurodegeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are linked to aging, neurodegeneration, and senescence1,2. However, the role played by neurons burdened with DSBs in disease-associated neuroinflammation is not well understood. Here, we isolate neurons harboring DSBs from the CK-p25 mouse model of neurodegeneration through fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS), and characterize their transcriptomes using single-nucleus, bulk, and spatial sequencing techniques. We find that neurons harboring DSBs enter a late-stage DNA damage response marked by the activation of senescent and antiviral-like immune pathways. We identify the NFkB transcription factor as a master regulator of immune gene expression in DSB-bearing neurons, and find that the expression of cytokines like Cxcl10 and Ccl2 develop in DSB-bearing neurons before glial cell types. Alzheimers Disease pathology is significantly associated with immune activation in excitatory neurons, and direct purification of DSB-bearing neurons from Alzheimers Disease brain tissue further validates immune gene upregulation. Spatial transcriptomics reveal that regions of brain tissue dense with DSB-bearing neurons also harbor signatures of inflammatory microglia, which is ameliorated by NFkB knock down in neurons. Inhibition of NFkB or depletion of Ccl2 and Cxcl10 in DSB-bearing neurons also reduces microglial activation in organotypic brain slice culture. In conclusion, we find that in the context of age-associated neurodegenerative disease, DSBs activate immune pathways in neurons, which in turn adopt a senescence associated secretory phenotype to elicit microglia activation. These findings highlight a novel role for neurons in the mechanism of age-associated neuroinflammation.

SummaryIt is unclear how age-associated DNA double strand break (DSB) accumulation in neurons influences the progression of cellular senescence and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we leverage mouse models of neurodegeneration, single-nucleus, bulk, and spatial transcriptomics from Alzheimers disease patients, mouse models, and primary neuron cultures to dissect the immune signaling pathways initiated by DSB-bearing neurons that trigger neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welch, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boix, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmauch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Velderrain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dileep, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozzelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurons burdened by DNA double strand breaks incite microglia activation through antiviral-like signaling in neurodegeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.25.474161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHERRY2: A method for rapid and sensitive single cell RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.25.474161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevalent single cell transcriptomic profiling (scRNA-seq) mechods are mainly based on synthesis and enrichment of full-length double-stranded complementary DNA. These approaches are challenging to generate accurate quantification of transcripts when their abundance is low or their full-length amplifications are difficult. Based on our previous finding that Tn5 transposase can directly cut-and-tag DNA/RNA hetero-duplexes, we present SHERRY2, a specifically optimized protocol for scRNA-seq without second strand cDNA synthesis. SHERRY2 is free of pre-amplification and eliminates the sequence-dependent bias. In comparison with other widely-used scRNA-seq methods, SHERRY2 exhibits significantly higher sensitivity and accuracy even for single nuclei. Besides, SHERRY2 is simple and robust, and can be easily scaled up to high-throughput experiments. When testing single lymphocytes and neuron nuclei, SHERRY2 not only obtained accurate countings of transcription factors and long non-coding RNAs, but also provided bias-free results that enriched genes in specific cellular components or functions, which outperformed other protocols. With a few thousand cells sequenced by SHERRY2, we confirmed expression and dynamics of Myc in different cell types of germinal centers, which were previously only revealed by gene-specific amplification methods. SHERRY2 is able to provide high sensitivity, high accuracy, and high throughput for those applications that require high number of genes identified in each cell. It can reveal the subtle transcriptomic difference between cells and facilitate important biological discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.25.474161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHERRY2: A method for rapid and sensitive single cell RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.474173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Approach to Investigate the Neural Mechanisms of Real World Social Vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.474173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye tracking and other behavioral measurements collected from patient-participants in their hospital rooms afford a unique opportunity to study immersive natural behavior for basic and clinical translational research. We describe an immersive social and behavioral paradigm implemented in patients undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy, with electrodes implanted in the brain to determine the source of their seizures. Our studies entail collecting eye tracking with other behavioral and psychophysiological measurements from patient-participants during unscripted behavior, including social interactions with clinical staff, friends and family, in the hospital room. This approach affords a unique opportunity to study the neurobiology of natural social behavior, though it requires carefully addressing distinct logistical, technical, and ethical challenges. Collecting neurophysiological data synchronized to behavioral and psychophysiological measures helps us to study the relationship between behavior and physiology. Combining across these rich data sources while participants eat, read, converse with friends and family, etc., enables clinical-translational research aimed at understanding the participants disorders and clinician-patient interactions, as well as basic research into natural, real-world behavior. We discuss data acquisition, quality control, annotation, and analysis pipelines that are required for our studies. We also discuss the clinical, logistical, and ethical and privacy considerations critical to working in the hospital setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alreja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wouwe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neimat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morency, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.474173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Approach to Investigate the Neural Mechanisms of Real World Social Vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing RNA-binding Ligands on Structures, Chemical Information, Binding Affinity and Drug-likeness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggest RNAs playing essential roles in many cell activities and act as promising drug targets. However, limited development has been achieved in detecting RNA-ligand interactions. To guide the discovery of RNA-binding ligands, it is necessary to characterize them comprehensively. We established a database, RNALID that collects RNA-ligand interactions validated by low-throughput experiment. RNALID contains 358 RNA-ligand interactions. Comparing to other databases, 94.5% of ligands in RNALID are completely or partially novel collections, and 51.78% have novel two-dimensional (2D) structures. The ligand structure analysis indicated that multivalent ligands (MV), ligands binding with cellular mRNA (mRNA), ligands binding with RNA from virus (vRNA) and ligands binding with RNA containing repetitive sequence (rep RNA) are more structurally conserved in both 2D and 3D structures than other ligand types. Binding affinity analysis revealed that interactions between ligands and rep RNA were significantly stronger (two-tailed MW-U test P-value = 0.012) than the interactions between ligands and non-rep RNAs; the interactions between ligands and vRNA were significantly stronger (two-tailed MW-U test P-value = 0.012) than those between ligands and mRNA. Drug-likeness analysis indicated that small molecule (SM) ligands binding with non-rep RNA or vRNA may have higher probability to be drugs than other types of ligands. Comparing ligands in RNALID to FDA-approved drugs and ligands without bioactivity indicated that RNA-binding ligands are different from them in chemical properties, structural properties and drug-likeness. Thus, characterizing the RNA-ligand interactions in RNALID in multiple respects provides new insights into discovering and designing druggable ligands binding with RNA.

KEY POINTSO_LIWe established a database, RNALID, by collecting RNA-ligand interactions validated by low-throughput experiments, which contains 358 RNA-ligand interactions, and 94.5% of them are completely or partially novel collections.
C_LIO_LILigands in RNALID were divided into fourteen types, and were analyzed on chemical properties, spatial properties, binding affinity and drug-likeness. Small molecule (SM) ligands binding with non-repeat RNA or virus RNA were indicated having higher probability to be drugs than other types of ligands.
C_LIO_LILigands in RNALID were different from protein-binding ligands and ligands without bioactivity in chemical properties, structural properties and drug-likeness.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing RNA-binding Ligands on Structures, Chemical Information, Binding Affinity and Drug-likeness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common neural functions during children's naturalistic and controlled laboratory mathematics learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of human neuroscience is to understand how the brain functions in the real world, and to measure neural processes under conditions that are ecologically valid. A critical step toward this goal is understanding how brain activity during naturalistic tasks that mimic the real world, relates to brain activity in more traditional laboratory tasks. In the present study, we used intersubject correlations to locate reliable stimulus-driven cerebral processes among children and adults in a naturalistic video lesson and a laboratory forced-choice task that shared the same arithmetic concept. We show that relative to a control condition with grammatical content, naturalistic and laboratory arithmetic tasks evoked overlapping activation within brain regions previously associated with math semantics. The regions of specific functional overlap between the naturalistic mathematics lesson and laboratory mathematics task included bilateral intraparietal cortex, which confirms that this region processes mathematical content independently of differences in task mode. These findings suggest that regions of the intraparietal cortex process mathematical content when children are learning about mathematics in the real world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amalric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantlon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common neural functions during children's naturalistic and controlled laboratory mathematics learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When challenged by hypertonicity, dehydrated cells must defend their volume to survive. This process requires the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SLC12 cation chloride transporters by WNK kinases, but how these kinases are activated by cell shrinkage remains unknown. Within seconds of cell exposure to hypertonicity, WNK1 concentrates into membraneless droplets, initiating a phosphorylation-dependent signal that drives net ion influx via the SLC12 cotransporters to rescue volume. The formation of WNK1 condensates is driven by its intrinsically disordered C-terminus, whose evolutionarily conserved signatures are necessary for efficient phase separation and volume recovery. This disorder-encoded phase behavior occurs within physiological constraints and is activated in vivo by molecular crowding rather than changes in cell size. This allows WNK1 to bypass a strengthened ionic milieu that favors kinase inactivity and reclaim cell volume through condensate-mediated signal amplification. Thus, WNK kinases are physiological crowding sensors that phase separate to coordinate a cell volume rescue response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beacham, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norrell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennant, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckerly, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanya, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β-R2 is required for HBP induced acute lung injury and vascular leakage for TGF-/Smad/Rho signaling pathway activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heparin-binding protein (HBP), as a granule protein secreted by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) participates in the pathophysiological process of sepsis. It has been reported that HBP is a biomarker of sepsis, which is related to the severity of septic shock and organ dysfunction. HBP binds to vascular endothelial cells as one of the primary target sites. However, it is still unclear whether HBP-binding protein receptors exist on the surface of ECs. The effect of HBP on vascular permeability in sepsis and its mechanism needs to be explored. We conducted in vivo and in vitro study. We demonstrated that HBP bound to transforming growth factor-{beta} receptor type 2 (TGF-{beta}-R2) as a ligand. GST pull-down analysis reveals that HBP mainly interacts with the extracellular domain of TGF-{beta}-R2. HBP induced acute lung injury (ALI) and vascular leakage via activation of TGF-{beta}/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Permeability assay suggests TGF-{beta}-R2 is necessary for HBP-induced increased permeability. We also defined the role of HBP and its potential membrane receptor TGF-{beta}-R2 in the blood-gas barrier in the pathogenesis of HBP-related ALI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β-R2 is required for HBP induced acute lung injury and vascular leakage for TGF-/Smad/Rho signaling pathway activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Rotating Apical-Out Airway Organoid for Assessing Respiratory Cilia Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motile cilia project from the airway apical surface and directly interface with inhaled external environment. Due to cilias nanoscale dimension and high beating frequency, quantitative assessment of their motility remains a sophisticated task. Here we described a robust approach for reproducible engineering of apical-out airway organoid (AOAO) of defined size. Propelled by exterior-facing cilia beating, the mature AOAO exhibited stable rotational motion when surrounded by Matrigel. We developed a computational framework leveraging computer vision algorithms to quantify AOAO rotation and validated its correlation with direct measurement of cilia motility. We further established the feasibility of using AOAO rotation to recapitulate and measure defective cilia motility caused by chemotherapy-induced toxicity and by CCDC39 mutations in cells from primary ciliary dyskinesia patient. We expect our rotating AOAO model and the associated computational pipeline to offer a generalizable framework to expediate modeling of and therapeutic development for genetic and environmental ciliopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wijesekara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacome, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barati farimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.15.476455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Rotating Apical-Out Airway Organoid for Assessing Respiratory Cilia Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.477231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-aware information selection and model recommendation with ACCORDION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.477231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New discoveries and knowledge are summarized in thousands of published papers per year per scientific domain, making it incomprehensible for scientists to account for all available knowledge relevant for their studies. In this paper, we present ACCORDION (ACCelerating and Optimizing model RecommenDatIONs), a novel methodology and an expert system that retrieves and selects relevant knowledge from literature and databases to recommend models with correct structure and accurate behavior, enabling mechanistic explanations and predictions, and advancing understanding. ACCORDION introduces an approach that integrates knowledge retrieval, graph algorithms, clustering, simulation, and formal analysis. Here, we focus on biological systems, although the proposed methodology is applicable in other domains. We used ACCORDION in nine benchmark case studies and compared its performance with other previously published tools. We show that ACCORDION is: comprehensive, retrieving relevant knowledge from a range of literature sources; very effective, reducing the error of the initial baseline model by more than 80%, recommending models that closely recapitulate desired behavior, and outperforming previously published tools; selective, recommending only the most relevant, context-specific, and useful subset (15-20%) of candidate knowledge in literature; diverse, accounting for several distinct criteria to recommend more than one solution, thus enabling alternative explanations or intervention directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miskov-Zivanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.22.477231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-aware information selection and model recommendation with ACCORDION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.476850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of various vaccine boosters on neutralization against Omicron following prime vaccinations with inactivated or adenovirus-vectored vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.476850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the first report on November 24, 2021, the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant is now overwhelmingly spreading across the world. Two SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines (IAVs), one recombinant protein subunit vaccine (PRV), and one adenovirus-vectored vaccine (AdV) have been widely administrated in many countries including China to pursue herd immunity. Here we investigated cross-neutralizing activities in 341 human serum specimens elicited by full-course vaccinations with IAV, PRV and AdV, and by various vaccine boosters following prime IAV and AdV vaccinations. We found that all types of vaccines induced significantly lower neutralizing antibody titers against the Omicron variant than against the prototype strain. For prime vaccinations with IAV and AdV, heterologous boosters with AdV and PRV, respectively, elevated serum Omicron-neutralizing activities to the highest degrees. In a mouse model, we further demonstrated that among a series of variant-derived RBD-encoding mRNA vaccine boosters, it is only the Omicron booster that significantly enhanced Omicron neutralizing antibody titers compared with the prototype booster following a prime immunization with a prototype S-encoding mRNA vaccine candidate. In summary, our systematical investigations of various vaccine boosters inform potential booster administrations in the future to combat the Omicron variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.476850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of various vaccine boosters on neutralization against Omicron following prime vaccinations with inactivated or adenovirus-vectored vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) negatively regulates intestinal homeostasis through the Hippo signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of tissue homeostasis often results in many diseases. Balanced control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation underlines tissue homeostasis. However, how endogenous factors influence the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) under physiological conditions remains not fully understood. Here, we find that the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) negatively regulates ISC proliferation in adult Drosophila midgut. Compromising EMC function in progenitors leads to excessive ISC proliferation and intestinal homeostasis disruption. Mechanistically, the EMC complex associates with and stabilizes Hippo (Hpo), the key component of the Hpo signaling pathway. In the absence of the EMC complex, Yki (Yorkie) is activated to promote ISC proliferation. Furthermore, the role of the EMC complex in stem cell proliferation control is evolutionarily conserved. Thus, our study uncovers the molecular mechanism of the EMC complex in controlling stem cell proliferation. Our results provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of how stem cell proliferation is properly controlled under physiological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) negatively regulates intestinal homeostasis through the Hippo signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLMsingle: a toolbox for improving single-trial fMRI response estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in modern artificial intelligence (AI) have inspired a paradigm shift in human neuroscience, yielding large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets that provide high-resolution brain responses to tens of thousands of naturalistic visual stimuli. Because such experiments necessarily involve brief stimulus durations and few repetitions of each stimulus, achieving sufficient signal-to-noise ratio can be a major challenge. We address this challenge by introducing GLMsingle, a scalable, user-friendly toolbox available in MATLAB and Python that enables accurate estimation of single-trial fMRI responses (glmsingle.org). Requiring only fMRI time-series data and a design matrix as inputs, GLMsingle integrates three techniques for improving the accuracy of trial-wise general linear model (GLM) beta estimates. First, for each voxel, a custom hemodynamic response function (HRF) is identified from a library of candidate functions. Second, cross-validation is used to derive a set of noise regressors from voxels unrelated to the experimental paradigm. Third, to improve the stability of beta estimates for closely spaced trials, betas are regularized on a voxel-wise basis using ridge regression. Applying GLMsingle to the Natural Scenes Dataset and BOLD5000, we find that GLMsingle substantially improves the reliability of beta estimates across visually-responsive cortex in all subjects. Furthermore, these improvements translate into tangible benefits for higher-level analyses relevant to systems and cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, we demonstrate that GLMsingle: (i) improves the decorrelation of response estimates between trials that are nearby in time; (ii) enhances representational similarity between subjects both within and across datasets; and (iii) boosts one-versus-many decoding of visual stimuli. GLMsingle is a publicly available tool that can significantly improve the quality of past, present, and future neuroimaging datasets that sample brain activity across many experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzawski, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLMsingle: a toolbox for improving single-trial fMRI response estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Epitope Mapping of Broad Sarbecovirus Neutralizing Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 has rapidly surged globally, accounting for over 60% of recent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Newly acquired RBD mutations and high transmission advantage over BA.1 urge the investigation of BA.2s immune evasion capability. Here, we show that BA.2 causes strong neutralization resistance, comparable to BA.1, in vaccinated individuals plasma. However, BA.2 displays more severe antibody evasion in BA.1 convalescents, and most prominently, in vaccinated SARS convalescents plasma, suggesting a substantial antigenicity difference between BA.2 and BA.1. To specify, we determined the escaping mutation profiles1,2 of 714 SARS-CoV-2 RBD neutralizing antibodies, including 241 broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies isolated from SARS convalescents, and measured their neutralization efficacy against BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2. Importantly, BA.2 specifically induces large-scale escape of BA.1/BA.1.1-effective broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies via novel mutations T376A, D405N, and R408S. These sites were highly conserved across sarbecoviruses, suggesting that Omicron BA.2 arose from immune pressure selection instead of zoonotic spillover. Moreover, BA.2 reduces the efficacy of S309 (Sotrovimab)3,4 and broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies targeting the similar epitope region, including BD55-5840. Structural comparisons of BD55-5840 in complexes with BA.1 and BA.2 spike suggest that BA.2 could hinder antibody binding through S371F-induced N343-glycan displacement. Intriguingly, the absence of G446S mutation in BA.2 enabled a proportion of 440-449 linear epitope targeting antibodies to retain neutralizing efficacy, including COV2-2130 (Cilgavimab)5. Together, we showed that BA.2 exhibits distinct antigenicity compared to BA.1 and provided a comprehensive profile of SARS-CoV-2 antibody escaping mutations. Our study offers critical insights into the humoral immune evading mechanism of current and future variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Epitope Mapping of Broad Sarbecovirus Neutralizing Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
False-Positive IRESes from Hoxa9 and other genes resulting from errors in mammalian 5' UTR annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperconserved genomic sequences have great promise for understanding core biological processes. It has been recently proposed that scores of hyperconserved transcript leaders (hTLs) encode Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESes) that drive cap-independent translation in part via interactions with ribosome expansion segments. However, the direct functional significance of such interactions has not yet been definitively demonstrated. We provide evidence that the putative IRESes previously reported in Hox gene hTLs are rarely included in transcript leaders. Instead, these regions function independently as transcriptional promoters. In addition, we find the proposed RNA structure of the putative Hoxa9 IRES is not conserved. Instead, sequences previously shown to be essential for putative IRES activity encode a hyperconserved transcription factor binding site (E-box) that contributes to its promoter activity by binding to the transcription factors USF1 and USF2. Similar E-box sequences enhance the promoter activities of other putative Hoxa gene IRESes. Moreover, we provide evidence that the vast majority of hTLs with putative IRES activity overlap transcriptional promoters, enhancers, and 3 splice sites that are most likely responsible for their reported IRES activities. These results argue strongly against recently reported widespread IRES-like activities from hTLs and contradict proposed interactions between ribosomal expansion segment ES9S and putative IRESes. Furthermore, our work underscores the importance of accurate transcript annotations, controls in bicistronic reporter assays, and the power of synthesizing publicly available data from multiple sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akirtava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[False-Positive IRESes from Hoxa9 and other genes resulting from errors in mammalian 5' UTR annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative miRNA Transcriptomics of Mouse and Macaque Reveals Cytoskeleton is An Inhibitor for C. neoformans Invasion into Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is an emerging infection shifted from primarily ART-naive to being ART-experienced HIV/AIDS patients, COVID-19 patients and also in immune competent individuals, mainly caused by the human opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, yet mechanisms of the brain or CNS dissemination remain to elucidate, which is the deadest process for the disease. Meanwhile, illustrations of clinically relevant responses in cryptococcosis were limited, as the low availabilities of clinical samples. In this study, macaque and mouse infection models were employed and miRNA-mRNA transcriptomes were performed and combined, which revealed cytoskeleton, a major feather in HIV/AIDS patients, was a centric pathway regulated in both two infection models. Notably, assays of clinical immune cells confirmed an enhanced "Trojan Horse" in HIV/AIDS patients, which can be shut down by cytoskeleton inhibitors. Furthermore, we identified a novel enhancer for macrophage "Trojan Horse", myocilin, and an enhanced fungal burden was achieved in brains of MYOC transgenic mice. Taking together, this study reveals fundamental roles of cytoskeleton and MYOC in blocking fungal CNS dissemination, which not only helps to understand the high prevalence of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV/AIDS, but also facilitates the development of novel drugs for therapies of meningoencephalitis caused by C. neoformans and other pathogenic microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative miRNA Transcriptomics of Mouse and Macaque Reveals Cytoskeleton is An Inhibitor for C. neoformans Invasion into Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepMinimizer: A Differentiable Framework for Optimizing Sequence-Specific Minimizer Schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizers are k-mer sampling schemes designed to generate sketches for large sequences that preserve sufficiently long matches between sequences. Despite their widespread application, learning an effective minimizer scheme with optimal sketch size is still an open question. Most work in this direction focuses on designing schemes that work well on expectation over random sequences, which have limited applicability to many practical tools. On the other hand, several methods have been proposed to construct minimizer schemes for a specific target sequence. These methods, however, require greedy approximations to solve an intractable discrete optimization problem on the permutation space of k-mer orderings. To address this challenge, we propose: (a) a reformulation of the combinatorial solution space using a deep neural network re-parameterization; and (b) a fully differentiable approximation of the discrete objective. We demonstrate that our framework, DO_SCPLOWEEPC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWINIMIZERC_SCPLOW, discovers minimizer schemes that significantly outperform state-of-the-art constructions on genomic sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepMinimizer: A Differentiable Framework for Optimizing Sequence-Specific Minimizer Schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D2 dopamine receptor expression, sensitivity to rewards, and reinforcement learning in a complex value-based decision-making task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the basal ganglia, different dopamine subtypes have opposing dynamics at post-synaptic receptors, with the ratio of D1 to D2 receptors determining the relative sensitivity to gains and losses, respectively, during value-based learning. This effective sensitivity to reward feedback interacts with phasic dopamine levels to determine the effectiveness of learning, particularly in dynamic feedback situations where frequency and magnitude of rewards need to be integrated over time to make optimal decisions. Using both simulations and behavioral data in humans, we evaluated how reduced sensitivity to losses, relative to gains, leads to suboptimal learning in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a complex value-learning task. In the behavioral data, we tested individuals with a variant of the human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2; -141C Ins/Del and Del/Del) gene that associates with lower levels of D2 receptor expression (N=119) and compared their performance to non-carrier controls (N=319). The magnitude of the reward response was measured by looking at ventral striatal (VS) reactivity to rewards in the Cards task using fMRI. DRD2 variant carriers had generally lower performance in the IGT than non-carriers, consistent with reduced sensitivity to losses. There was also a positive association between VS reactivity and performance in the IGT, however, we found no statistically significant difference in this effect between DRD2 carriers and non-carriers. Thus, while reduced D2 receptor expression was associated with less efficient learning in the IGT, we did not find evidence for the moderation of this effect by the magnitude of the reward response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creswell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuck, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianaros, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D2 dopamine receptor expression, sensitivity to rewards, and reinforcement learning in a complex value-based decision-making task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Genome Graph Expressiveness on the Discrepancy Between Genome Graph Distance and String Set Distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIntra-sample heterogeneity describes the phenomenon where a genomic sample contains a diverse set of genomic sequences. In practice, the true string sets in a sample are often unknown due to limitations in sequencing technology. In order to compare heterogeneous samples, genome graphs can be used to represent such sets of strings. However, a genome graph is generally able to represent a string set universe that contains multiple sets of strings in addition to the true string set. This difference between genome graphs and string sets is not well characterized. As a result, a distance metric between genome graphs may not match the distance between true string sets.

ResultsWe extend a genome graph distance metric, Graph Traversal Edit Distance (GTED) proposed by Ebrahimpour Boroojeny et al., to FGTED to model the distance between heterogeneous string sets and show that GTED and FGTED always underestimate the Earth Movers Edit Distance (EMED) between string sets. We introduce the notion of string set universe diameter of a genome graph. Using the diameter, we are able to upper-bound the deviation of FGTED from EMED and to improve FGTED so that it reduces the average error in empirically estimating the similarity between true string sets. On simulated TCR sequences and Hepatitis B virus genomes, we show that the diameter-corrected FGTED reduces the average deviation of the estimated distance from the true string set distances by more than 250%.

AvailabilityData and source code for reproducing the experiments are available at: https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/gtedemedtest/

Contactcarlk@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Genome Graph Expressiveness on the Discrepancy Between Genome Graph Distance and String Set Distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleome Browser: An integrative and multimodal data navigation platform for 4D Nucleome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Nucleome Browser (http://www.nucleome.org), an interactive, multimodal data visualization and exploration platform for 4D Nucleome research. Our tool effectively integrates heterogeneous datasets (e.g., genomics, imaging, 3D genome structure models, and single-cell data) and external data portals by a new adaptive communication mechanism. Nucleome Browser provides a scalable solution for integrating massive amounts of 4D Nucleome data to navigate multiscale nuclear structure and function in a wide range of biological contexts, enabling hypothesis generation and data sharing with the broad community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedlow, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleome Browser: An integrative and multimodal data navigation platform for 4D Nucleome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D bioprinting of an implantable xeno-free vascularized human skin graft 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioengineered tissues or organs produced using matrix proteins or components derived from xenogeneic sources pose risks of allergic responses, immune rejection, or even autoimmunity. Here, we report successful xeno-free isolation, expansion, and cryopreservation of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pericytes and keratinocytes from a single donor. We further demonstrate the bioprinting of a human skin substitute with a dermal layer containing xeno-free cultured human endothelial cells (EC), fibroblasts, and pericytes in a xeno-free bioink containing human collagen type I and fibronectin layered in a biocompatible polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh and subsequently seeded with xeno-free human keratinocytes to form an epidermal layer. Following implantation of such bilayered skin grafts on the dorsum of immunodeficient mice, keratinocytes form a mature stratified epidermis with rete ridge-like structures. The ECs and pericytes form human EC-lined perfused microvessels within 2 weeks after implantation, preventing graft necrosis, and eliciting further perfusion of the graft by angiogenic host microvessels. In summary, we describe the fabrication of a bioprinted vascularized bilayered skin substitute under completely xeno-free culture conditions demonstrating feasibility of a xeno-free approach to complex tissue engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baltazar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pober, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D bioprinting of an implantable xeno-free vascularized human skin graft]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cells use distinct topological and membrane receptor scanning strategies that individually coalesce during receptor recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During immune surveillance, CD8 T cells scan the surface of antigen presenting cells using dynamic microvillar palpation and movements as well as by having their receptors pre-concentrated into patches. Here, we use real-time lattice light sheet microscopy to demonstrate the independence of microvillar and membrane receptor patch scanning. While T cell receptor (TCR) patches can distribute to microvilli, they do so stochastically and not preferentially as for other receptors such as CD62L. The distinctness of TCR patch movement from microvillar movement extends to many other receptors that form patches that also scan independently of the TCR. An exception to this is the CD8 co-receptor which largely co-migrates in patches that overlap with or are closely adjacent to those containing TCRs. Microvilli that assemble into a synapse contain various arrays of the engaged patches, notably of TCRs and the inhibitory receptor PD-1, creating a pastiche of occupancies that vary from microvillar contact to contact. In summary, this work demonstrates that localization of receptor patches within the membrane and on microvillar projections is stochastic prior to antigen detection and that such stochastic variation may play into the generation of many individually-composed receptor patch compositions at a single synapse.

Significance statementMotile T cell microvilli palpate surfaces to facilitate surface scanning in a pattern that is independent of the movement of pre-formed patches of transmembrane antigen-receptors across those microvilli; once T cell receptors engage, the microvilli act to scaffold multiple receptors within a microvillar close-contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beppler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cells use distinct topological and membrane receptor scanning strategies that individually coalesce during receptor recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiologically Based Multiphysics Pharmacokinetic Model for Determining the Temporal Biodistribution of Targeted Nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticles (NP) are being increasingly explored as vehicles for targeted drug delivery because they can overcome free therapeutic limitations by drug encapsulation, thereby increasing solubility and transport across cell membranes. However, a translational gap exists from animal to human studies resulting in only several NP having FDA approval. Because of this, researchers have begun to turn toward physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to guide in vivo NP experimentation. However, typical PBPK models use an empirically derived framework that cannot be universally applied to varying NP constructs and experimental settings. The purpose of this study was to develop a physics-based multiscale PBPK compartmental model for determining continuous NP biodistribution. We successfully developed two versions of a physics-based compartmental model, models A and B, and validated the models with experimental data. The more physiologically relevant model (model B) had an output that more closely resembled experimental data as determined by normalized root mean squared deviation (NRMSD) analysis. A branched model was developed to enable the model to account for varying NP sizes. With the help of the branched model, we were able to show that branching in vasculature causes enhanced uptake of NP in the organ tissue. The models were solved using two of the most popular computational platforms, MATLAB and Julia. Our experimentation with the two suggests the highly optimized ODE solver package DifferentialEquations.jl in Julia outperforms MATLAB when solving a stiff system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We experimented with solving our PBPK model with a neural network using Julias Flux.jl package. We were able to demonstrate that a neural network can learn to solve a system of ODEs when the system can be made non-stiff via quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA). In the future, this model will incorporate modules that account for varying NP surface chemistries, multiscale vascular hydrodynamic effects, and effects of the immune system to create a more comprehensive and modular model for predicting NP biodistribution in a variety of NP constructs.

Author summaryNanoparticles (NP) have been used in various drug delivery contexts because they can target specific locations in the body. However, there is a translational gap between animals and humans, so researchers have begun toward computational models to guide in vivo NP experimentation. Here, we present several versions of physics-based multiscale physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) for determining NP biodistribution. We successfully developed two versions of ODE-based compartmental models (models A and B) and an ODE-based branched vascular model implemented in MATLAB and Julia and validated models with experimental data. Additionally, we demonstrated using a neural network to solve our ODE system. In the future, this model can integrate different NP surface chemistries, immune system effects, multiscale vascular hydrodynamic effects, which will enhance the ability of this model to guide a variety of in vivo experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>glass, e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>feng, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>malavia, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiologically Based Multiphysics Pharmacokinetic Model for Determining the Temporal Biodistribution of Targeted Nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has been widely adopted for its ability to record from large neuronal populations. To summarize the time course of neural activity, dimensionality reduction methods, which have been applied extensively to population spiking activity, may be particularly useful. However, it is unclear if the dimensionality reduction methods applied to spiking activity are appropriate for calcium imaging. We thus carried out a systematic study of design choices based on standard dimensionality reduction methods. We also developed a novel method to perform deconvolution and dimensionality reduction simultaneously (termed CILDS). CILDS most accurately recovered the single-trial, low-dimensional time courses from calcium imaging that would have been recovered from spiking activity. CILDS also outperformed the other methods on calcium imaging recordings from larval zebrafish and mice. More broadly, this study represents a foundation for summarizing calcium imaging recordings of large neuronal populations using dimensionality reduction in diverse experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.480682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Murine models of Mania and Depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropathological mechanisms triggering manic syndrome or manic episodes in bipolar disorder remain poorly characterised, as the research progress is severely limited by the paucity of appropriate animal models. Here we developed a novel manic mice model by combining a series of chronic unpredictable rhythm disturbances (CURD), which include disruption of circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, exposure to cone light, with subsequent interference of followed spotlight, stroboscopic illumination, high temperature stress, noise disturbance and foot shock. To validate this novel manic model, we used multiple behavioural and cell biology approaches comparing the CURD-model with healthy controls and depressed mice. The depression model was created by an exposure to an improved chronic unpredictable mild stress, which we defined as chronic unpredictable mild restraint (CUMR). A novel manic mice model induced by environmental stressors and free from genetic or pharmacological interventions will benefit research into pathological mechanisms of mania.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Murine models of Mania and Depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-level visual areas act like domain-general filters with strong selectivity and functional specialization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscientific studies rely heavily on a-priori hypotheses, which can bias results toward existing theories. Here, we use a hypothesis-neutral approach to study category selectivity in higher visual cortex. Using only stimulus images and their associated fMRI activity, we constrain randomly initialized neural networks to predict voxel activity. Despite no category-level supervision, the units in the trained networks act as detectors for semantic concepts like  faces or  words, providing solid empirical support for categorical selectivity. Importantly, this selectivity is maintained when training the networks without images that contain the preferred category, strongly suggesting that selectivity is not domain-specific machinery, but sensitivity to generic patterns that characterize preferred categories. The ability of the models representations to transfer to perceptual tasks further reveals the functional role of their selective responses. Finally, our models show selectivity only for a limited number of categories, all previously identified, suggesting that the essential categories are already known.

TeaserModels trained solely to predict fMRI activity from images reveal strong category selectivity in higher visual areas, even without exposure to these categories in training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khosla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-level visual areas act like domain-general filters with strong selectivity and functional specialization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound Neuromodulation and Correlation Change in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a neuromodulation technique which has been the focus of increasing interest for noninvasive brain stimulation with high spatial specificity. Its ability to excite and inhibit neural circuits as well as to modulate perception and behavior has been demonstrated, however, we currently lack understanding of how tFUS modulates the ways neurons interact with each other. This understanding would help explain tFUSs mechanism of high-level neuromodulation and allow future development of therapies for neurological disorders. In this study we investigate how tFUS modulates neural interaction and response to peripheral electrical limb stimulation through intracranial multi-electrode recordings in the rat somatosensory cortex. We deliver ultrasound in a pulsed pattern to attempt to induce frequency dependent plasticity in a manner similar to that found following electrical stimulation. We show that neural firing in response to peripheral electrical stimulation is increased after ultrasound stimulation at all frequencies, showing tFUS induced excitation in individual neurons in vivo. We demonstrate tFUS frequency dependent pairwise correlation changes between neurons, with both potentiation and depression observed at different frequencies. These results extend previous research showing tFUS to be capable of inducing synaptic depression and demonstrate its ability to modulate network dynamics as a whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.484914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound Neuromodulation and Correlation Change in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-free Prediction Test with Application to Genomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testing the significance of prediction in a regression model is one of the most important topics in statistics. This problem is especially difficult without any parametric assumptions on the data. This paper aims to test the null hypothesis that, given confounding variables Z, X does not significantly contribute to the prediction of Y under the model-free setting, where X and Z are possibly high dimensional. We propose a general framework that first fits nonparametric regression models on the Y|X and Y|(X, Z), then compares the prediction power of the two models. The proposed method allows us to leverage the strength of the most powerful regression algorithms developed from the modern machine learning community. The p-value for the test can be easily obtained by permutation. In simulations, we find that the proposed method is more powerful compared to existing methods. The proposed method allows us to draw biologically meaningful conclusions from two gene expression data analyses without strong distributional assumptions: (a) testing prediction power of sequencing RNA for the proteins in CITE-seq data, and (b) identification of spatially variable genes in spatially resolved transcriptomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-free Prediction Test with Application to Genomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and Molecular Organization of the Rhesus Macaque Dorsal Horn with a Comparison to Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key mechanisms underlying chronic pain occur within the neural circuitry of the dorsal horn. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with the predisposition to chronic pain. However, most of these variants lie in regulatory non-coding regions that have so far not been linked to spinal cord function. Here, we take a multi-species approach to determine whether chronic pain variants impact regulatory elements of dorsal horn neurons. We first built a more comprehensive single cell atlas; filling gaps by generating a high-quality Rhesus macaque atlas and integrating it with human and mouse. With cellular-resolution spatial transcriptomics, we mapped the laminar distributions of the resulting species-conserved neuron subtypes, uncovering an unexpected organization. Lastly, we generated a mouse single-nucleus open chromatin atlas to partition the heritability of chronic pain traits. From this, we identified strong, selective associations between specific, conserved neuron subtypes and major forms of chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arokiaraj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamessian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and Molecular Organization of the Rhesus Macaque Dorsal Horn with a Comparison to Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast and interpretable single-cell 3D genome analysis with Fast-Higashi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) technologies can probe three-dimensional (3D) genome structures in single cells and their cell-to-cell variability. However, existing scHi-C analysis methods are hindered by the data quality and the complex 3D genome patterns. The lack of computational scalability and interpretability poses further challenges for large-scale scHi-C analysis. Here, we introduce Fast-Higashi, an ultrafast and interpretable method based on tensor decomposition that can jointly identify cell identities and chromatin meta-interactions. Fast-Higashi is able to simultaneously model multiple tensors with unmatched features of different sizes. A new partial random walk with restart (Partial RWR) algorithm in Fast-Higashi efficiently mitigates data sparseness. Extensive evaluations on real scHi-C datasets demonstrate the advantage of Fast-Higashi over existing methods for embedding, leading to improved delineation of rare cell types and better reconstruction of developmental trajectories. Fast-Higashi can directly infer chromatin meta-interactions, identify 3D genome features that define distinct cell types, and help elucidate cell type-specific connections between genome structure and function. Moreover, Fast-Higashi can be generalized to incorporate other single-cell omics data. Fast-Higashi provides a highly efficient and interpretable scHi-C analysis solution that is applicable to a broad range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.18.488683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast and interpretable single-cell 3D genome analysis with Fast-Higashi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.488684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CONCERT: Genome-wide prediction of sequence elements that modulate DNA replication timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.488684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper control of replication timing (RT) is of vital importance to maintain genome and epigenome integrity. However, the genome-wide sequence determinants regulating RT remain unclear. Here, we develop a new machine learning method, named CO_SCPLOWONCERTC_SCPLOW, to simultaneously predict RT from sequence features and identify RT-modulating sequence elements in a genome-wide manner. CO_SCPLOWONCERTC_SCPLOW integrates two functionally cooperative modules, a selector, which performs importance estimationbased sampling to detect predictive sequence elements, and a predictor, which incorporates bidirectional recurrent neural networks and self-attention mechanism to achieve selective learning of longrange spatial dependencies across genomic loci. We apply CO_SCPLOWONCERTC_SCPLOW to predict RT in mouse embryonic stem cells and multiple human cell types with high accuracy. The identified RT-modulating sequence elements show novel connections with genomic and epigenomic features such as 3D chromatin interactions. In particular, CO_SCPLOWONCERTC_SCPLOW reveals a class of RT-modulating elements that are not transcriptional regulatory elements but are enriched with specific repetitive sequences. As a generic interpretable machine learning framework for predicting large-scale functional genomic profiles based on sequence features, CO_SCPLOWONCERTC_SCPLOW provides new insights into the potential sequence determinants of RT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.488684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CONCERT: Genome-wide prediction of sequence elements that modulate DNA replication timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fast, Provably Accurate Approximation Algorithm for Sparse Principal Component Analysis Reveals Human Genetic Variation Across the World 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used dimensionality reduction technique in machine learning and multivariate statistics. To improve the interpretability of PCA, various approaches to obtain sparse principal direction loadings have been proposed, which are termed Sparse Principal Component Analysis (SPCA). In this paper, we present ThreSPCA1, a provably accurate algorithm based on thresholding the Singular Value Decomposition for the SPCA problem, without imposing any restrictive assumptions on the input covariance matrix. Our thresholding algorithm is conceptually simple; much faster than current state-of-the-art; and performs well in practice. When applied to genotype data from the 1000 Genomes Project, ThreSPCA is faster than previous benchmarks, at least as accurate, and leads to a set of interpretable biomarkers, revealing genetic diversity across the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drineas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fast, Provably Accurate Approximation Algorithm for Sparse Principal Component Analysis Reveals Human Genetic Variation Across the World]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms regulating the frequency of inhibition-based gamma oscillations in primate prefrontal and parietal cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In primates, the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and posterior parietal (PPC) cortices are critical nodes in the network mediating cognitive functions including attention and working memory. Notably, during working memory tasks, gamma oscillations, usually prominent in layer 3 (L3), are induced in both DLPFC and PPC but exhibit higher frequency in DLPFC. These oscillation frequency differences might be crucial for working memory function, but the mechanisms producing different oscillation frequencies in monkey DLPFC and PPC remain poorly understood.

To investigate the basis of the DLPFC-PPC differences in oscillation frequency we studied GABAAR-mediated inhibition, which plays a crucial role in gamma oscillation production, in L3 pyramidal neurons (L3 PNs) from the rhesus monkey DLPFC or PPC. Recordings of GABAAR-mediated synaptic currents from L3 PNs, while suggesting a contribution to network synchronization in both areas, revealed no DLPFC-PPC differences in the strength or kinetics of GABAAR-mediated inhibition. Likewise, the expression of GABAAR genes in L3 PNs did not differ between regions.

In the absence of differences in inhibition, DLPFC L3 PNs showed greater dendritic spine density and higher expression of AMPAR and NMDAR subunit genes relative to PPC L3 PNs, suggesting that the excitatory synaptic drive onto L3 PNs could be stronger in the DLPFC. Simulations in computational models of the cortical microcircuit showed that, with constant synaptic inhibition, increasing the strength of recurrent excitatory synaptic drive increased the network oscillation frequency. Hence, the DLPFC-PPC differences in gamma oscillation frequency could depend on stronger recurrent excitation in the DLPFC relative to PPC.

Significance statementGamma oscillations may contribute to the neural substrate of working memory and exhibit a higher frequency in the prefrontal (DLPFC) than parietal (PPC) areas of primate cortex. To investigate the basis of these oscillation frequency differences which may be crucial for working memory encoding, we studied GABAAR-mediated inhibition on L3 pyramidal neurons (L3 PNs) from rhesus monkey DLPFC or PPC. Our data revealed no DLPFC-PPC differences in GABAAR-mediated inhibition but showed greater dendritic spine density in DLPFC L3 PNs, suggesting stronger excitatory synaptic drive. Simulations in computational network models showed that stronger recurrent excitatory synaptic drive increased the network oscillation frequency, suggesting that the higher oscillation frequency could depend on stronger recurrent excitation in the DLPFC relative to PPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Burgos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawkins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enwright, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermentrout, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms regulating the frequency of inhibition-based gamma oscillations in primate prefrontal and parietal cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.489997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.489997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 exhibit higher transmissibility over BA.21. The new variants receptor binding and immune evasion capability require immediate investigation. Here, coupled with Spike structural comparisons, we show that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 exhibit comparable ACE2-binding affinities to BA.2. Importantly, BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 display stronger neutralization evasion than BA.2 against the plasma from 3-dose vaccination and, most strikingly, from post-vaccination BA.1 infections. To delineate the underlying antibody evasion mechanism, we determined the escaping mutation profiles2, epitope distribution3 and Omicron neutralization efficacy of 1640 RBD-directed neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), including 614 isolated from BA.1 convalescents. Interestingly, post-vaccination BA.1 infection mainly recalls wildtype-induced humoral memory. The resulting elicited antibodies could neutralize both wildtype and BA.1 and are enriched on non-ACE2-competing epitopes. However, most of these cross-reactive NAbs are heavily escaped by L452Q, L452R and F486V. BA.1 infection can also induce new clones of BA.1-specific antibodies that potently neutralize BA.1; nevertheless, these NAbs are largely escaped by BA.2/BA.4/BA.5 due to D405N and F486V, and react weakly to pre-Omicron variants, exhibiting poor neutralization breadths. As for therapeutic NAbs, Bebtelovimab4 and Cilgavimab5 can effectively neutralize BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5, while the S371F, D405N and R408S mutations would undermine most broad sarbecovirus NAbs. Together, our results indicate that Omicron may evolve mutations to evade the humoral immunity elicited by BA.1 infection, suggesting that BA.1-derived vaccine boosters may not achieve broad-spectrum protection against new Omicron variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.30.489997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.487551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Simulator for Somatic Evolution Study Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.487551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSomatic evolution plays a key role in development, cell differentiation, and normal aging, but also diseases such as cancer, which is now mainly thought of as a disease of genetic and epigenetic modification. Understanding mechanisms of somatic mutability -- variant types and frequencies, phylogenetic structure, mutational signatures, and clonal heterogeneity -- and how they can vary between cell lineages will likely play a crucial role in biological discovery and medical applications. This need has led to a proliferation of new technologies for profiling single-cell variation, each with distinctive capabilities and limitations that can be leveraged alone or in combination with other technologies. The enormous space of options for assaying somatic variation, however, presents unsolved informatics problems with regards to selecting optimal combinations of technologies for designing appropriate studies for any particular scientific questions. Versatile simulation tools are needed to make it possible to explore and optimize potential study designs if researchers are to deploy multiomic technologies effectively.

ResultsIn this paper, we present a simulator allowing for the generation of synthetic data from a wide range of clonal lineages, variant classes, and sequencing technology choices, intended to provide a platform for effective study design in somatic lineage analysis. Our simulation framework allows for the assessment of study design setups and their statistical validity in determining different ground-truth cancer mechanisms. The user is able to input various properties of the somatic evolutionary system, mutation classes (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number changes, and classes of structural variation), and biotechnology options (e.g., coverage, bulk vs single cell, whole genome vs exome, error rate, number of samples) and can then generate samples of synthetic sequence reads and their corresponding ground-truth parameters for a given study design. We demonstrate the utility of the simulator for testing and optimizing study designs for various experimental queries.

Contactrussells@andrew.cmu.edu

Availabilityhttps://github.com/CMUSchwartzLab/MosaicSim
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivatsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.487551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Simulator for Somatic Evolution Study Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling object category representations driven by dynamic and static visual input 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can label and categorize objects in a visual scene with high accuracy and speed--a capacity well-characterized with neuroimaging studies using static images. However, motion is another cue that could be used by the visual system to classify objects. To determine how motion-defined object category information is processed in the brain, we created a novel stimulus set to isolate motion-defined signals from other sources of information. We extracted movement information from videos of 6 object categories and applied the motion to random dot patterns. Using these stimuli, we investigated whether fMRI responses elicited by motion cues could be decoded at the object category level in functionally defined regions of occipitotemporal and parietal cortex. Participants performed a one-back repetition detection task as they viewed motion-defined stimuli or static images from the original videos. Linear classifiers could decode object category for both stimulus formats in all higher order regions of interest. More posterior occipitotemporal and ventral regions showed higher accuracy in the static condition and more anterior occipitotemporal and dorsal regions showed higher accuracy in the dynamic condition. Significantly above chance classification accuracies were also observed in all regions when training and testing the SVM classifier across stimulus formats. These results demonstrate that motion-defined cues can elicit widespread robust category responses on par with those elicited by luminance cues in regions of object-selective visual cortex. The informational content of these responses overlapped with, but also demonstrated interesting distinctions from, those elicited by static cues.

Significance StatementMuch research on visual object recognition has focused on recognizing objects in static images. However, motion cues are a rich source of information that humans might also use to categorize objects. Here, we present the first study to compare neural representations of several animate and inanimate objects when category information is presented in two formats: static cues or isolated dynamic cues. Our study shows that while higher order brain regions differentially process object categories depending on format, they also contain robust, abstract category representations that generalize across format. These results expand our previous understanding of motion-derived animate and inanimate object category processing and provide useful tools for future research on object category processing driven by multiple sources of visual information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Pashkam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling object category representations driven by dynamic and static visual input]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New hypotheses of cell type diversity and novelty from comparative single cell and nuclei transcriptomics in echinoderms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell types are the fundamental building blocks of metazoan biodiversity and offer a powerful perspective for inferring evolutionary phenomena. With the development of single-cell transcriptomic techniques, new definitions of cell types are emerging. This allows a conceptual reassessment of traditional definitions of novel cell types and their evolution. Research in echinoderms, particularly sea star and sea urchin embryos have contributed significantly to understanding the evolution of novel cell types, in particular the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) and pigment cells that are found in sea urchin but not sea star embryos. This paper outlines the development of a gene expression atlas for the bat star, Patiria miniata, using single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of embryonic stages. The atlas revealed 22 cell clusters covering all expected cell types from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm germ layers. In particular, four distinct neural clusters, an immune cluster, and distinct right and left coelom clusters were revealed as distinct cell states. A comparison with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryo single cell transcriptomes was performed using 1:1 orthologs to anchor and then compare gene expression patterns. S. purpuratus primordial germ cell equivalents were not detected in P. minata, while the left coelom of P. miniata has no equivalent cell cluster in S. purpuratus. Pigment cells of S. purpuratus map to clusters containing immune mesenchyme and neural cells of P. miniata, while the PMCs of S. purpuratus are revealed as orthologous to the right coelom cluster of P. miniata. These results suggest a new interpretation of the evolution of these well-studied cell types and a reflection on the definition of novel cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatleberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New hypotheses of cell type diversity and novelty from comparative single cell and nuclei transcriptomics in echinoderms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput discovery of TRAF6-interacting peptides identifies determinants of positive and negative design and shows known and candidate human interaction partner motifs are not optimized for affinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAF6 is an adapter protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in signaling downstream of cell receptors essential for development and the immune system. TRAF6 participates in many protein-protein interactions, some of which are mediated by a C-terminal MATH domain that recruits TRAF6 to cell-surface receptors and associated proteins. The TRAF6 MATH domain binds to short peptide segments containing the motif PxExx[FYWHDE], where x is any amino acid. Blocking TRAF6 interactions is associated with favorable effects in various disease models. To better define the TRAF6 MATH domain binding preferences, we generated a bacterial cell-surface peptide display library to sample the TRAF6 motif sequence space. We performed sorting experiments and identified 236 of the best TRAF6-interacting peptides and a set of 1,200 peptides that match the sequence PxE but do not bind TRAF6. Selected binders, tested by single-clone bacterial display titrations and bio-layer interferometry, bound TRAF6 tighter than previously measured native peptides. To elucidate the structural basis for TRAF6 interaction preferences, we built all-atom structural models of the TRAF6 MATH domain in complex with high-affinity binders and motif-matching nonbinders that were identified in the screen. We identified motif features that favor binding to TRAF6 as well as negative design elements distributed across the motif that can disfavor or preclude binding. Searching the human proteome for matches to the library screening-defined binding motif revealed that most known, biologically relevant TRAF6 motif matches occupy a different sequence space from the most enriched hits discovered in combinatorial library screening. Our experimentally determined binding preferences and structural models can support the design of peptide-based interaction inhibitors with higher affinities than endogenous TRAF6 ligands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halpin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoldi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.491058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput discovery of TRAF6-interacting peptides identifies determinants of positive and negative design and shows known and candidate human interaction partner motifs are not optimized for affinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MuSiC2: cell type deconvolution for multi-condition bulk RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell type composition of intact bulk tissues can vary across samples. Deciphering cell type composition and its changes during disease progression is an important step towards understanding disease pathogenesis. To infer cell type composition, existing cell type deconvolution methods for bulk RNA-seq data often require matched single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data, generated from samples with similar clinical conditions, as reference. However, due to the difficulty of obtaining scRNA-seq data in diseased samples, only limited scRNA-seq data in matched disease conditions are available. Using scRNA-seq reference to deconvolve bulk RNA-seq data from samples with different disease conditions may lead to biased estimation of cell type proportions. To overcome this limitation, we propose an iterative estimation procedure, MuSiC2, which is an extension of MuSiC [1], to perform deconvolution analysis of bulk RNA-seq data generated from samples with multiple clinical conditions where at least one condition is different from that of the scRNA-seq reference. Extensive benchmark evaluations indicated that MuSiC2 improved the accuracy of cell type proportion estimates of bulk RNA-seq samples under different conditions as compared to the traditional MuSiC [1] deconvolution. MuSiC2 was applied to two bulk RNA-seq datasets for deconvolution analysis, including one from human pancreatic islets and the other from human retina. We show that MuSiC2 improves current deconvolution methods and provides more accurate cell type proportion estimates when the bulk and single-cell reference differ in clinical conditions. We believe the condition-specific cell type composition estimates from MuSiC2 will facilitate downstream analysis and help identify cellular targets of human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.491077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MuSiC2: cell type deconvolution for multi-condition bulk RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS9D1-AS1 overexpression amplifies intratumoral TGF-β signaling and promotes tumor cell escape from CD8+ T cell killing in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficacy of immunotherapy is limited in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) because high expression of tumor-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)-{beta} pathway molecules and interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) promotes tumor immune evasion. Here, we identified a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), VPS9D1-AS1, which was located in ribosomes and amplified TGF-{beta} signaling and ISG expression. We show that high expression of VPS9D1-AS1 was negatively associated with T lymphocyte infiltration in two independent cohorts of CRC. VPS9D1-AS1 served as a scaffolding lncRNA by binding with ribosome protein S3 (RPS3) and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-22-5p/514a-3p to increase the translation of TGF-{beta}, TGFBR1, and SMAD1/5/9. VPS9D1-AS1 knockout downregulated OAS1, an ISG gene, which further reduced IFNAR1 levels in tumor cells. Conversely, tumor cells overexpressing VPS9D1-AS1 were resistant to CD8+ T cell killing and lowered IFNAR1 expression in CD8+ T cells. In a conditional overexpression mouse model, VPS9D1-AS1 enhanced tumorigenesis and suppressed the infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Treating tumor-bearing mice with antisense oligonucleotide drugs targeting VPS9D1-AS1 significantly suppressed tumor growth. Our findings indicate that the tumor-derived VPS9D1-AS1/TGF-{beta}/ISG signaling cascade promotes tumor growth and enhances immune evasion and may thus serve as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS9D1-AS1 overexpression amplifies intratumoral TGF-β signaling and promotes tumor cell escape from CD8+ T cell killing in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual experience has opposing influences on the quality of stimulus representation in adult primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient dark exposure, typically 7-10 days in duration, followed by light reintroduction is an emerging treatment for improving the restoration of vison in amblyopic subjects whose occlusion is removed in adulthood. Dark exposure initiates homeostatic mechanisms that together with light-induced changes in cellular signaling pathways result in the re-engagement of juvenile-like plasticity in the adult such that previously deprived inputs can gain cortical territory. It is possible that dark exposure itself degrades visual responses, and this could place constraints on the optimal duration of dark exposure treatment. To determine whether eight days of dark exposure has a lasting negative impact on responses to classic grating stimuli, neural activity was recorded before and after dark exposure in awake head-fixed mice using 2-photon calcium imaging. Neural discriminability, assessed using classifiers, was transiently reduced following dark exposure; a decrease in response reliability across a broad range of spatial frequencies accounted for the disruption. Both discriminability and reliability recovered. Fixed classifiers were used to demonstrated that stimulus representation rebounded to the original, pre-deprivation state, thus DE did not appear to have a lasting negative impact on visual processing. Unexpectedly, we found that dark exposure significantly stabilized orientation preference and signal correlation. Our results reveal that natural vision exerts a disrupting influence on the stability of stimulus preference for classic grating stimuli, and at the same time improves neural discriminability for both low and high spatial frequency stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual experience has opposing influences on the quality of stimulus representation in adult primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulations of Pathogenic E1α Variants: Allostery and Impact on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex-E1 Structure and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency is a major cause of primary lactic acidemia resulting in high morbidity and mortality, with limited therapeutic options. The E1 component of the mitochondrial multienzyme PDC (PDC-E1) is a symmetric dimer of heterodimers ({beta}/{beta}) encoded by the PDHA1 and PDHB genes, with two symmetric active sites each consisting of highly conserved phosphorylation loops A and B. PDHA1 mutations are responsible for 82-88% of cases. Greater than 85% of E1 residues with disease-causing missense mutations (DMMs) are solvent inaccessible, with ~30% among those involved in subunit-subunit interface contact (SSIC). We performed molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type (WT) PDC-E1 and E1 variants with E1 DMMs at R349 and W185 (residues involved in SSIC), to investigate their impact on human PDC-E1 structure. We evaluated the change in E1 structure and dynamics and examined their implications on E1 function with the specific DMMs. We found that the dynamics of phosphorylation Loop A which is crucial for E1 biological activity, changes with DMMs that are at least about 15 [A] away. Because communication is essential for PDC-E1 activity (with alternating active sites), we also investigated the possible communication network within WT PDC-E1 via centrality analysis. We observed that DMMs altered/disrupted the communication network of PDC-E1. Collectively, these results indicate allosteric effect in PDC-E1, with implications for development of novel small molecule therapeutics for specific recurrent E1 DMMs such as replacements of R349 responsible for ~10% of PDC deficiency due to E1 DMMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gokcan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoyan, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isayev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulations of Pathogenic E1α Variants: Allostery and Impact on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex-E1 Structure and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal white matter alterations in SIVmac239 infected rhesus monkeys with and without regular cART treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe use the SIV-mac239 infected Chinese rhesus monkeys to longitudinally investigate white matters alterations with and without regular combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment, and its relationship with clinical tests.

Material and methodsDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI), CD4 T cell counts, and CD4/CD8 were obtained at baseline, 10 days, 4th week,12th week, 24th week, and 36th week post virus inoculation. postinfection (wpi). Microstructural properties were examined within 76 white matter defined by DTI-WM atlas for rhesus macaques. Corrections for multiple comparisons were performed using a false discovery rate (p < 0.05, FDR). Correlation analyses between imaging markers and clinical measures (CD4 T-cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio) were determined using Pearsons correlations.

ResultsIn our model, White matter alterations in SIV-infected macaques can be detected as soon as 4 weeks post inoculation in several brain regions. And with time proceeding, the cART can reverse, relieve, or even progressive effects. CD4 T-cell count is mainly associated with DTI metrics before the cART, whereas CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with white matter alteration with and without cART.

ConclusionSIV-mac239 infection can be an idol modal to explore HIV induced HIV associated brain alterations, and the first group of white matter alterations was as soon as 4 weeks post inoculation in structure next to the periventricular area. As the time progressed, cART can bring different effect to each region, including reversed, relieved, and even progressive effects. In addition, these changes are closely linked to CD4/CD8 ratio even after cART.

Importance
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguchu, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal white matter alterations in SIVmac239 infected rhesus monkeys with and without regular cART treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia Promotes Negative Reinforcement, But Not Motor Suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-SPN) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and negative reinforcement, results attributed to activation of the indirect pathway. The sole long-range projection target of A2A-SPNs is the external globus pallidus (GPe). Unexpectedly, we found that inhibition of the GPe did not suppress movement, but did drive robust negative reinforcement in a real-time place preference assay. Within the striatum, A2A-SPNs inhibit other SPNs through a short-range inhibitory collateral network, and we found that optogenetic stimuli that drove motor suppression shared a common mechanism of recruiting this inhibitory collateral network. Our results suggest that the indirect pathway plays a more prominent role in negative reinforcement than in motor control and challenges the assumption that activity of A2A-SPNs is synonymous with indirect pathway activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isett, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwenk, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegbesan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziausyte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia Promotes Negative Reinforcement, But Not Motor Suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Sera from SARS-CoV-1 Survivors after 3-dose of Vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies found that Omicron variant escapes vaccine-elicited immunity. Interestingly, potent cross-clade pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies were found in survivors of the infection by SARS-CoV-1 after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination (N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 7;385(15):1401-1406). These pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies were observed to efficiently neutralize the infection driven by the S protein from both SARS-CoV and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) including B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). However, whether these cross-reactive antibodies could neutralize the Omicron variant is still unknown. Based on the data collected from a cohort of SARS-CoV-1 survivors received 3-dose of immunization, our studies reported herein showed that a high level of neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were elicited by a 3rd-dose of booster vaccination of protein subunit vaccine ZF2001. However, a dramatically reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529) is observed in sera from these SARS-CoV-1 survivors received 3-dose of Vaccination. Our results indicates that the rapid development of pan-variant adapted vaccines is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Sera from SARS-CoV-1 Survivors after 3-dose of Vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-exponential growth and stochastic shape dynamics in rod-like bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proliferating bacterial cells exhibit stochastic growth and size dynamics but the regulation of noise in bacterial growth and morphogenesis remains poorly understood. A quantitative understanding of morphogenetic noise control, and how it changes under different growth conditions, would provide better insights into cell-to-cell variability and intergenerational fluctuations in cell physiology. Using multigenerational growth and width data of single Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus cells, we deduce the equations governing growth and size dynamics of rod-like bacterial cells. Interestingly, we find that both E. coli and C. crescentus cells deviate from exponential growth within the cell cycle. In particular, the exponential growth rate increases during the cell cycle, irrespective of nutrient or temperature conditions. We propose a mechanistic model that explains the emergence of super-exponential growth from autocatalytic production of ribosomes, coupled to the rate of cell elongation and surface area synthesis. Using this new model and statistical inference on large datasets, we construct the Langevin equations governing cell size and size dynamics of E. coli cells in different growth conditions. The single-cell level model predicts how noise in intragenerational and intergenerational processes regulate variability in cell morphology and generation times, revealing quantitative strategies for cellular resource allocation and morphogenetic noise control in different growth conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cylke, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-exponential growth and stochastic shape dynamics in rod-like bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Food for thought: selectivity for food in human ventral visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual cortex contains regions of selectivity for domains of ecological importance. Food is an evolutionarily critical category whose visual heterogeneity may make the identification of selectivity more challenging. We investigate neural responsiveness to food using natural images combined with large-scale human fMRI. Leveraging the improved sensitivity of modern designs and statistical analyses, we identify two food-selective regions in the ventral visual cortex. Our results are robust across 8 subjects from the Natural Scenes Dataset (NSD), multiple independent image sets and multiple analysis methods. We then test our findings of food selectivity in an fMRI "localizer" using grayscale food images. These independent results confirm the existence of food selectivity in ventral visual cortex and help illuminate why earlier studies may have failed to do so. Our identification of food-selective regions stands alongside prior findings of functional selectivity and adds to our understanding of the organization of knowledge within the human visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Food for thought: selectivity for food in human ventral visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving and evaluating deep learning models of cellular organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCells contain dozens of major organelles and thousands of other structures, many of which vary extensively in their number, size, shape and spatial distribution. This complexity and variation dramatically complicates the use of both traditional and deep learning methods to build accurate models of cell organization. Most cellular organelles are distinct objects with defined boundaries that do not overlap, while the pixel resolution of most imaging methods is not sufficient to resolve these boundaries. Thus while cell organization is conceptually object-based, most current methods are pixel-based. Using extensive image collections in which particular organelles were fluorescently-labeled, deep learning methods can be used to build conditional autoencoder models for particular organelles. A major advance occurred with the use of a U-net approach to make multiple models all conditional upon a common reference, unlabeled image, allowing the relationships between different organelles to be at least partially inferred.

ResultsWe have developed improved GAN-based approaches for learning these models and have also developed novel criteria for evaluating how well synthetic cell images reflect the properties of real images. The first set of criteria measure how well models preserve the expected property that organelles do not overlap. We also developed a modified loss function that allows retraining of the models to minimize that overlap. The second set of criteria uses object-based modeling to compare object shape and spatial distribution between synthetic and real images. Our work provides the first demonstration that, at least for some organelles, deep learning models can capture object-level properties of cell images.

AvailabilityA Reproducible Research Archive containing all source code, generated images and analysis results will be made available at http://murphylab.cbd.cmu.edu/Software upon publication.

Contactmurphy@cmu.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving and evaluating deep learning models of cellular organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β signaling and Creb5 cooperatively regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice, myogenic progenitors migrate to discrete sites to form individual muscles. The detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Using levator veli palatini (LVP) development as a model, we systematically investigated how a distinct connective tissue subpopulation, perimysial fibroblasts, communcates with myogenic cells to regulate mouse pharyngeal myogenesis. Using single-cell RNAseq data analysis, we identified that TGF-{beta} signaling is a key regulator for the perimysial fibroblasts. Loss of TGF-{beta} signaling led to defects in perimysial fibroblasts and subsequently muscle formation in Osr2-Cre;Alk5fl/fl mice. In particular, a perimysial fibroblast-specific regulator, Creb5, interacts with TGF-{beta} signaling to enable specific activation of perimysial fibroblast-derived signals such as Fgf18. Moreover, Fgf18 supports pharyngeal muscle development in vivo and its exogenous expression can partially rescue myogenic cell numbers in Osr2-Cre;Alk5fl/fl samples, illustrating that TGF-{beta}-regulated Fgf18 signaling is required for LVP development. Collectively, our findings revealed the mechanism by which TGF-{beta} signaling achieves its specificity in defining the perimysial-to-myogenic signals for pharyngeal myogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janeckova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pareek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β signaling and Creb5 cooperatively regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representing linguistic communicative goals in the premotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linguistic communication is often regarded as an action conveying the speakers communicative goal to the addressee. With both correlational (an fMRI study) and causal (a lesion study) evidence, we demonstrated that communicative goals are represented in human premotor cortex. Participants read scripts each containing a sentence said by the speaker with a goal of either a promise, a request, or a reply. The fMRI results showed that the premotor cortex represented more information on communicative goals than the perisylvian language regions. The lesion study results showed that, relative to healthy controls, the understanding of communicative goals was impaired in patients with lesions in the premotor cortex, whereas no reliable difference between the healthy controls and lesion controls. These findings convergently suggest that the premotor cortex is crucial for representing the goals conveyed by language, supporting the theoretical view that linguistic communication can be seen as a goal-directed action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representing linguistic communicative goals in the premotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fibrin enhanced thrombosis model for medical devices operating at low shear regimes or large surface areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, much of the development of computational models of device-related thrombosis has focused on platelet activity. While those models have been successful in predicting thrombus formation in medical devices operating at high shear rates (> 5000 s-1), they cannot be directly applied to low-shear devices, such as blood oxygenators and catheters, where emerging information suggest that fibrin formation is the predominant mechanism of clotting and platelet activity plays a secondary role. In the current work, we augment an existing platelet-based model of thrombosis with a partial model of the coagulation cascade that includes contact activation of factor XII and fibrin production. To calibrate the model, we simulate a backward-facing-step flow channel that has been extensively characterized in-vitro. Next, we perform blood perfusion experiments through a microfluidic chamber mimicking a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator and validate the model against these observations. The simulation results closely match the time evolution of the thrombus height and length in the backward-facing-step experiment. Application of the model to the microfluidic hollow fiber bundle chamber capture both gross features such as the increasing clotting trend towards the outlet of the chamber, as well as finer local features such as the structure of fibrin around individual hollow fibers. Our results are in line with recent findings that suggest fibrin production, through contact activation of factor XII, drives the thrombus formation in medical devices operating at low shear rates with large surface area to volume ratios.

Author summaryPatients treated with blood-contacting medical devices suffer from clotting complications. Over the past decades, a great effort has been made to develop computational tools to predict and prevent clot formation in these devices. However, most models have focused on platelet activity and neglected other important parts of the problem such as the coagulation cascade reactions that lead to fibrin formation. In the current work, we incorporate this missing element into a well-established and validated model for platelet activity. We then use this novel approach to predict thrombus formation in two experimental configurations. Our results confirm that to accurately predict the clotting process in devices where surface area to volume ratios are large and flow velocity and shear stresses remain low, coagulation reactions and subsequent fibrin formation must be considered. This new model could have great implications for the design and optimization of medical devices such as blood oxygenators. In the long term, the model could evolve into a functional tool to inform anticoagulation therapies for these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez Rojano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhussupbekov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgreen, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fibrin enhanced thrombosis model for medical devices operating at low shear regimes or large surface areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZH2/ hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChondrosarcomas are primary cancers of cartilaginous tissue and capable of alteration to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate at 11 months for the dedifferentiated subtype. At present, the surgical resection of chondrosarcoma is the only effective treatment, and no other treatment options including targeted therapies, conventional chemotherapies, or immunotherapies are available for these patients.

MethodsA non-biased ChIP sequence, cDNA microarray analysis, and validation of chondrosarcoma cell lines identified sulfatase 1(SULF1) as the top EZH2-targeted gene to regulate chondrosarcoma progression. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) array of chondrosarcoma cells with vector control or ectopically expressed SULF1 revealed that cMET was the downstream signal. The regulation of the EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis was further validated in mice and patient samples with mice models and chondrosarcoma tissue array, respectively.

ResultsThe EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis is identified, which contributes to the malignancy of chondrosarcoma and provides a potential therapeutic option for the disease. Ectopically expressed SULF1 or pharmaceutical inhibition of the cMET pathway significantly retards the chondrosarcoma growth and extends mice survival.

ConclusionsThe results not only established a signal pathway promoting the malignancy of chondrosarcoma but also provided a therapeutic potential for further development of effective target therapy to treat chondrosarcoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZH2/ hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentanglement of Resting State Brain Networks for Localizing Epileptogenic Zone in Focal Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting state electromagnetic recordings have been analyzed in epilepsy patients aiding presurgical evaluation. However, it has been rarely explored how pathological networks can be separated and thus used for epileptogenic focus localization purpose. We proposed here a resting state EEG/MEG analysis framework, to disentangle brain functional networks represented by electrophysiological oscillations. Firstly, by using an Embedded Hidden Markov Model (EHMM), we constructed a state space for resting state recordings consisting of brain states with different spatiotemporal patterns. After that, functional connectivity analysis along with graph theory were applied on the extracted brain states to quantify the network features of the extracted brain states, and we determine the source location of pathological states based on these features. The EHMM model was rigorously evaluated using computer simulations. Our simulation results revealed the proposed framework can extract brain states with high accuracy regarding both spatial and temporal profiles. We than validated the entire framework as compared with clinical ground truth in 10 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent MEG recordings. We segmented the resting state MEG recordings into a few brain states with diverse connectivity patterns and extracted pathological brain states by applying graph theory on the constructed functional networks. We showed reasonable localization results using the extracted pathological brain states in 6/10 patients, as compared to the invasive clinical findings. The framework can serve as an objective tool in extracting brain functional networks from noninvasive resting state electromagnetic recordings. It promises to aid presurgical evaluation guiding intracranial EEG electrodes implantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentanglement of Resting State Brain Networks for Localizing Epileptogenic Zone in Focal Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why is human vision so poor in early development? The impact of initial sensitivity to low spatial frequencies on visual category learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are born with very low contrast sensitivity, meaning that developing infants experience the world "in a blur". Is this solely a byproduct of maturational processes or is there some functional advantage for beginning life with poor vision? We explore whether reduced visual acuity as a consequence of low contrast sensitivity facilitates the acquisition of basic-level visual categories and, if so, whether this advantage also enhances subordinate-level category learning as visual acuity improves. Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the ecoset dataset to simulate basic-level category learning, we manipulated model training curricula along three dimensions: presence of blurred inputs early in training, rate of blur removal over time, and grayscale versus color inputs. We found that a training regimen where blur starts high and is gradually reduced over time - as in human development - improves basic-level categorization performance relative to a regimen in which non-blurred inputs are used throughout. However, this pattern was observed only when grayscale images were used (analogous to the low sensitivity to color infants experience during early development). Importantly, the observed improvements in basic-level performance generalized to subordinate-level categorization as well: when models were fine-tuned on a dataset including subordinate-level categories (ImageNet), we found that models initially trained with blurred inputs showed a greater performance benefit than models trained solely on non-blurred inputs. Consistent with several other recent studies, we conclude that poor visual acuity in human newborns confers multiple advantages, including, as demonstrated here, more rapid and accurate acquisition of visual object categories at multiple hierarchical levels.

Author SummaryWhy do humans start life with extremely poor vision? The common evolutionary story is that head size is small to accommodate the development of human-level intelligence. However, there is growing evidence that beginning life in a premature state confers short-term advantages. The "starting small" principle states that learning can be facilitated by restricted or impoverished inputs that reduce the learning complexity. We suggest that blurred vision during early development biases learning toward shape features, which organize objects naturally into "basic-level" categories that are the foundation of human cognition (e.g., birds, cars, etc.). Such categories are defined by their visual similarity in global object shape. Since blurring restricts visual inputs to emphasize shape information, it should enhance the learning of basic-level categories. We trained artificial neural-network models on basic-level categorization using either blurred or non-blurred color or grayscale images and found that models trained with blurred images outperformed models trained with non-blurred images, but only for grayscale. These same models performed better in subsequent "subordinate-level" tasks that required discriminating between objects within a basic-level category. Our simulations provide evidence that initially poor vision in infants has an important functional role in organizing knowledge about complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jinsi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why is human vision so poor in early development? The impact of initial sensitivity to low spatial frequencies on visual category learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA packaging via hierarchical chromatin structures revealed by live-cell 3D imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule localization microscopy is a powerful superresolution imaging technique to study biological questions by visualizing subcellular fine structures with nanometer-scale precision. However, its application in live-cell imaging studies has been impeded by the paucity of self-blinking organic fluorophores that enable high spatiotemporal resolution and labeling/localization density at a moderate laser intensity. Herein, we report a self-blinking Si-rhodamine dye 6-HESiR with a suitably increased "ON" fraction and a fluorogenic self-blinking dsDNA probe 6-HoeHESiR as a powerful tool for 3D superresolution imaging of native chromatin in eukaryotes without the use of photoswitching buffer and high laser intensity. With the probe 6-HoeHESiR, 3D superresolution imaging of in vitro reconstituted nucleosomal arrays and chromatin fibers yielded results consistent with EM analysis. Similar euchromatin and heterochromatin structures were visualized in fixed and live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution and labeling density, providing the first live-cell evidence for a hierarchical model of chromatin organization. 3D imaging results obtained in the presence of selective inhibitors of histone deacetylases also corroborate chromatin fiber decompaction upon hyperacetylation of histones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHENG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA packaging via hierarchical chromatin structures revealed by live-cell 3D imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Underlying beneficial effects of Rhubarb on constipation-induced inflammation, disorder of gut microbiome and metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough constipation is a common syndrome and a worldwide health problem. Constipation patients are becoming younger with a 29.6% overall prevalence in the children, which has captured great attention because of its epigenetic rejuvenation and recurrent episodes. Despite the usage of rhubarb to relieve constipation, novel targets and genes involved in target-relevant pathways with remarkable functionalities should still be sought after.

Materials and methodsWe established a reliable constipation model in C57B/6N male mice using intragastric administration diphenoxylate and the eligible subjects received 600mg/25g rhubarb extraction to ameliorate constipation. Resultant constipation was morphological and genetically compared with the specimen from different groups.

ResultsThe constipation mice exhibited thicker muscle layers, improved content of cytokines, including IL-17 and IL-23, and lower content of IL-22. The bacterial abundance and diversity varied tremendously. Notably, the alterations were reversed after rhubarb treatment. Additionally, SCFA and MLCFA were significantly influenced by constipation accompanied by enhanced expressions of SCFA receptors, GPR41 and GPR43.

ConclusionThis thesis has provided an insight that rhubarb promoted the flexibility of collagen fiber, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines, and maintained intestinal microflora balance with potential effects on affecting the metabolism of fatty acids and polyamines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Underlying beneficial effects of Rhubarb on constipation-induced inflammation, disorder of gut microbiome and metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the landscape of viral expression in cancer by deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About 15% of human cancer cases are attributed to viral infections. To date, virus expression in tumor tissues has been mostly studied by aligning tumor RNA sequencing reads to databases of known viruses. To allow identification of divergent viruses and rapid characterization of the tumor virome, we develop viRNAtrap, an alignment-free pipeline to identify viral reads and assemble viral contigs. We utilize viRNAtrap, which is based on a deep learning model trained to discriminate viral RNAseq reads, to explore viral expression in cancers and apply it to 14 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Using viRNAtrap, we uncover expression of unexpected and divergent viruses that have not previously been implicated in cancer and disclose human endogenous viruses whose expression is associated with poor overall survival. The viRNAtrap pipeline provides a way forward to study viral infections associated with different clinical conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickramasinghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auslander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the landscape of viral expression in cancer by deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZO1 scaffold isoforms differentially contribute to electrical synapse formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical synapses are neuronal gap junction (GJ) channels associated with a macromolecular complex called the electrical synapse density (ESD), which regulates development and dynamically modifies electrical transmission. However, the proteomic makeup and molecular mechanisms utilized by the ESD that direct electrical synapse formation are not well understood. Using the Mauthner cell of zebrafish as a model, we previously found that the intracellular scaffolding protein ZO1b is a member of the ESD, localizing postsynaptically, where it is required for GJ channel localization, electrical communication, neural network function, and behavior. Here, we show that the complexity of the ESD is further diversified by the genomic structure of the ZO1b gene locus. The ZO1b gene is alternatively initiated at three transcriptional start sites resulting in isoforms with unique N-termini that we call ZO1b-Alpha, -Beta, and - Gamma. We demonstrate that ZO1b-Beta and ZO1b-Gamma are broadly expressed throughout the nervous system and localize to electrical synapses. By contrast, ZO1b-Alpha is expressed mainly non-neuronally and is not found at synapses. We generate mutants in all individual isoforms, as well as double mutant combinations in cis on individual chromosomes, and find that ZO1b-Beta is necessary and sufficient for robust GJ channel localization. ZO1b-Gamma, despite its localization to the synapse, plays an auxiliary role in channel localization. This study expands the notion of molecular complexity at the ESD, revealing that an individual genomic locus can contribute distinct isoforms to the macromolecular complex at electrical synapses. Further, independent scaffold isoforms have differential contributions to developmental assembly of the interneuronal GJ channels. We propose that ESD molecular complexity arises both from the diversity of unique genes and from distinct isoforms encoded by single genes. Overall, ESD proteomic diversity is expected to have critical impacts on the development, structure, function, and plasticity of electrical transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michel, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grivette, M. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshfield, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowicz-Bedford, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZO1 scaffold isoforms differentially contribute to electrical synapse formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Memory via Automated Targeted Memory Reactivation during Sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A widely accepted view in memory research is that previously acquired information can be reactivated during sleep, leading to persistent memory storage. Recently, Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) has been developed as a technique whereby specific memories can be reactivated during sleep using a sensory stimulus linked to prior learning. TMR can improve various types of memory, raising the possibility that it may be useful for cognitive enhancement and clinical therapy. A major challenge for the expanded use of TMR is that experimenters must manually control stimulation timing and intensity, which is impractical in most settings. To address this limitation, we developed the SleepStim system for automated TMR in the home environment. SleepStim includes a smartwatch to collect movement and heart-rate data, plus a smartphone to emit auditory cues. A machine-learning model identifies periods of deep non-REM sleep and triggers TMR sounds within these periods. We tested whether this system could replicate the spatial-memory benefit of in-lab TMR. Participants learned the locations of objects on a grid, and then half of the object locations were reactivated during sleep over three nights. In an experiment with 61 participants, the TMR effect was nonsignificant but varied systematically with stimulus intensity; low-intensity but not high-intensity stimuli produced memory benefits. In a second experiment with 24 participants, we limited stimulus intensity and found that TMR reliably improved spatial memory, consistent with effects observed in laboratory studies. We conclude that SleepStim can effectively accomplish automated TMR and that avoiding sleep disruption is critical for TMR benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Memory via Automated Targeted Memory Reactivation during Sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of metagenomes via machine learning and assembly graphs reveals strain switches in Crohn's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial strains have closely related genomes but may have different phenotypes in the same environment. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing can capture the genomes of all strains present in a community but strain-resolved analysis from shotgun sequencing alone remains difficult. We developed an approach to identify and interrogate strain-level differences in groups of metagenomes. We use this approach to perform a meta-analysis of stool microbiomes from individuals with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis; n = 605), a disease for which there are not specific microbial biomarkers but some evidence that microbial strain variation may stratify by disease state. We first developed a machine learning classifier based on compressed representations of complete metagenomes (FracMinHash sketches) and identified genomes that correlate with IBD subtype. To rescue variation that may not have been present in the genomes, we then used assembly graph genome queries to recover strain variation for correlated genomes. Lastly, we developed a novel differential abundance framework that works directly on the assembly graph to uncover all sequence variants correlated with IBD. We refer to this approach as dominating set differential abundance analysis and have implemented it in the spacegraphcats software package. Using this approach, we identified five bacterial strains that are associated with Crohns disease. Our method captures variation within the entire sequencing data set, allowing for discovery of previously hidden disease associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiter, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irber, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Ward, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizutani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of metagenomes via machine learning and assembly graphs reveals strain switches in Crohn's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent gene expression highlights shared vocal motor microcircuitry in songbirds and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning is a skilled motor behavior observed in several mammalian and avian species and is critical for human speech. While convergent gene expression patterns have highlighted similar primary motor and striatal pathways for vocal imitation in songbirds and humans, the extent of molecular and circuit convergence remains unresolved. Here we profiled the four principal song nuclei of the zebra finch (HVC, LMAN, RA, Area X) and their surrounding brain regions using RNA-Seq and compared them with specialized markers we identified for human speech brain regions. Expanding previous work, both songbird RA and HVC exhibited convergent specialized gene expression of [~]350 genes with human laryngeal sensorimotor cortex. The songbird HVCRA intratelencephalic (IT) neurons were the predominant cell type that was convergent with human, specifically layer 2/3 IT neurons, while the songbird RA extratelencephalic (ET) projection neurons exhibited convergent expression with human layer 5 ET projection neurons. The molecular specializations of both songbird LMAN and human Brocas area were more unique to each species. These findings demonstrate the extent of convergent molecular specializations in distantly related species for vocal imitation and emphasize important evolutionary constraints for this complex trait.

One-Sentence SummaryOur data provide hundreds of candidate genes to study the molecular basis and evolution of song and speech across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gedman, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent gene expression highlights shared vocal motor microcircuitry in songbirds and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of growth differentiation factor 9 causes an arrest of early folliculogenesis in zebrafish - a novel insight into its action mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is the best characterized growth factor released by the oocyte; however, most information about GDF9 functions comes from studies in the mouse model. In this study, we created a mutant for Gdf9 gene (gdf9-/-) in zebrafish using TALEN approach. The loss of Gdf9 caused a complete arrest of follicle development at primary growth (PG) stage. These follicles eventually degenerated, and all mutant females gradually changed to males through sex reversal, which could be prevented by mutation of the male-promoting gene dmrt1. Interestingly, the phenotypes of gdf9-/- could be rescued by mutation of inhibin  (inha-/-) but not estradiol, suggesting a potential role for the activin-inhibin system in Gdf9 actions. In gdf9 null follicles, activin {beta}Aa (inhbaa) expression decreased dramatically; however, its expression rebounded in the double mutant (gdf9-/-;inha-/-). These results clearly indicate that although endocrine hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are important for folliculogenesis, the activation of PG follicles requires intrinsic factors from the oocyte, such as Gdf9, which in turn works on the neighboring follicle cells to trigger follicle activation, probably via activins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of growth differentiation factor 9 causes an arrest of early folliculogenesis in zebrafish - a novel insight into its action mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning alters neural activity to simultaneously support memory and action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How are we able to learn new behaviors without disrupting previously learned ones? To understand how the brain achieves this, we used a brain-computer interface (BCI) learning paradigm, which enables us to detect the presence of a memory of one behavior while performing another. We found that learning to use a new BCI map altered the neural activity that monkeys produced when they returned to using a familiar BCI map, in a way that was specific to the learning experience. That is, learning left a "memory trace." This memory trace co-existed with proficient performance under the familiar map, primarily by altering dimensions of neural activity that did not impact behavior. Such a memory trace could provide the neural underpinning for the joint learning of multiple motor behaviors without interference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Losey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oby, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlter, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning alters neural activity to simultaneously support memory and action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-synucleinopathy associated calcium overload and autophagy failure is regulated by gain-of-function of Tousled-like kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a pathological hallmark in Parkinsons disease (PD), -synucleinopathy causes multiple cellular damages, including calcium overload, mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction, and eventually dopamine neuron death. However, the hierarchy of these detrimental events is unclear. In Drosophila, we confirmed that overexpression of -synuclein could induce all these cytotoxic events. To determine the specific cytotoxic events induced by calcium overload, we established a calcium overload model in Drosophila and performed genetic screens. We found that calcium overload caused mitochondrial damage and autophagy failure and cell death, and these cytotoxic processes could be strongly rescued by loss of Tousled-like kinase (TLK). Interestingly, loss of TLK also rescued defects induced by -synuclein overexpression in Drosophila. This suggests that calcium overload acts as the crucial event upstream of mitochondrial and autophagy dysfunction. For TLK regulation of autophagy, our data indicated that a transcriptional factor REPTOR, which regulated the expression of several lysosomal genes, functioned downstream of TLK. In mammalian cells and mice, TLK2 (the homolog of Drosophila TLK) was phosphorylated under calcium overload. Upon phosphorylation, TLK2 increased its kinase activity. In addition, TLK2 could phosphorylate CREBRF (the human homolog of REPTOR) to cause its loss of transcription on the lysosomal genes. Moreover, TLK2 knockout mice rescued multi-aspect cytotoxicity induced by calcium overload and -synuclein overexpression. Our research demonstrates that TLK2 acts as a key regulator to mediate cell death and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy downstream of calcium overload.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.17.500360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-synucleinopathy associated calcium overload and autophagy failure is regulated by gain-of-function of Tousled-like kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibody evasion and receptor binding features of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant, BA.2.75, displayed a local growth advantage over BA.2.38, BA.2.76 and BA.5 in India. The underlying mechanism of BA.2.75s enhanced infectivity, especially compared to BA.5, remains unclear. Here, we show that BA.2.75 exhibits substantially higher ACE2-binding affinity than BA.5. Also, BA.2.75 spike shows decreased thermostability and increased "up" RBD conformation in acidic conditions, suggesting enhanced low-pH-endosomal cell-entry pathway utilization. BA.2.75 is less humoral immune evasive than BA.4/BA.5 in BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough-infection convalescents; however, BA.2.75 shows heavier neutralization evasion in Delta breakthrough-infection convalescents. Importantly, plasma from BA.5 breakthrough infection exhibit significantly weaker neutralization against BA.2.75 than BA.5, mainly due to BA.2.75s distinct RBD and NTD-targeting antibody escaping pattern from BA.4/BA.5. Additionally, Evusheld and Bebtelovimab remain effective against BA.2.75, and Sotrovimab recovered RBD-binding affinity. Together, our results suggest BA.2.75 may prevail after the global BA.4/BA.5 wave, and its increased receptor-binding capability could allow further incorporation of immune-evasive mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing antibody evasion and receptor binding features of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive Transcriptome Interactions of Protein-Targeted Drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The off-target toxicity of drugs targeted to proteins imparts substantial health and economic costs. Proteome interaction studies can reveal off-target effects with unintended proteins; however, little attention has been paid to intracellular RNAs as potential off targets that may contribute to toxicity. To begin to assess this, we developed a reactivity-based RNA profiling (RBRP) methodology, and applied it to uncover transcriptome interactions of a set of FDA-approved small-molecule drugs in vivo. We show that these protein-targeted drugs pervasively interact with the human transcriptome and can exert unintended biological effects on RNA function. In addition, we show that many off-target interactions occur at RNA loci associated with protein binding and structural changes, allowing us to generate hypotheses to infer the biological consequences of RNA off-target binding. The results suggest that rigorous characterization of drugs' transcriptome interactions may help assess target specificity and potentially avoid toxicity and clinical failures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velema, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietrys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kool, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive Transcriptome Interactions of Protein-Targeted Drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of Transgenic Fluorescent Mice for Screening Synaptogenic Adhesion Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse is the fundamental structure for neurons to transmit information between cells. The proper synapse formation is crucial for developing neural circuits and cognitive functions of the brain. The aberrant synapse formation has been proved to cause many neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to play a major role in achieving mechanistic cell-cell recognition and initiating synapse formation via trans-synaptic interactions. Although several synaptic CAMs, such as neurexins, neuroligins, SynCAMs, and LRRTMs, have been identified as synaptogenic molecules, these molecules so far as we know cannot fully explain the mechanism of synapse formation. There should be other synaptogenic adhesion molecules that remain undiscovered. Artificial synapse formation (ASF) assays, the commonly used method for screening synaptogenesis molecules, is time-consuming and labor-intensive due to the long-lasting immunostaining step. To skip this step, we generated synaptotagmin 1-tdTomato (Syt1-TDT) transgenic mice by inserting the tdTomato-fused synaptotagmin 1 coding sequence into the genome of C57BL/6J mice. In the brain of Syt1-TDT transgenic mice, the Syt1-TDT signals were widely observed in different areas. In the cultured hippocampal neurons, the Syt1-TDT signals merged with several synaptic markers, suggesting the well synaptic localization of Syt1-TDT. Compared to the wild-type (WT) mouse neurons, cultured hippocampal neurons from Syt1-TDT transgenic mice presented normal synaptic neurotransmission. In ASF assays, neurons from Syt1-TDT transgenic mice could form synaptic connections with HEK293T cells expressing neuroligin2, LRRTM2, and Slitrk2 without immunostaining. Therefore, our work suggested that the Syt1-TDT transgenic mice with the ability to label synapses by tdTomato will be a convenient tool for screening synaptogenic molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of Transgenic Fluorescent Mice for Screening Synaptogenic Adhesion Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated prediction of site and sequence of protein modification with ATRP initiators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most straightforward and commonly used chemical modifications of proteins is to react surface amino groups (lysine residues) with activated esters. This chemistry has been used to generate protein-polymer conjugates, many of which are now approved therapeutics. Similar conjugates have also been generated by reacting activated ester atom transfer polymerization initiators with lysine residues to create biomacromolecular initiators for polymerization reactions. The reaction between activated esters and lysine amino groups is rapid and has been consistently described in almost every publication on the topic as a "random reaction". A random reaction implies that every accessible lysine amino group on a protein molecule is equally reactive, and as a result, that the reaction is indiscriminate. Nonetheless, the literature contradicts itself by also suggesting that some lysine amino groups are more reactive than others (as a function of pKa, surface accessibility, temperature, and local environment). If the latter assumption is correct, then the outcome of these reactions cannot be random at all, and we should be able to predict the outcome from the structure of the protein. Predicting the non-random outcome of a reaction between surface lysines and reactive esters could transform the speed at which active bioconjugates can be developed and engineered. Herein, we describe a robust integrated tool that predicts the activated ester reactivity of every lysine in a protein, thereby allowing us to calculate the non-random sequence of reaction as a function of reaction conditions. Specifically, we have predicted the intrinsic reactivity of each lysine in multiple proteins with a bromine-functionalised N-hydroxysuccinimide initiator molecule. We have also shown that the model applied to PEGylation. The rules-based analysis has been coupled together in a single Python program that can bypass tedious trial and error experiments usually needed in protein-polymer conjugate design and synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated prediction of site and sequence of protein modification with ATRP initiators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust probabilistic modeling for single-cell multimodal mosaic integration and imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in single-cell technologies enable joint profiling of multiple omics. These profiles can reveal the complex interplay of different regulatory layers in single cells; still, new challenges arise when integrating datasets with some features shared across experiments and others exclusive to a single source; combining information across these sources is called mosaic integration. The difficulties lie in imputing missing molecular layers to build a self-consistent atlas, finding a common latent space, and transferring learning to new data sources robustly. Existing mosaic integration approaches based on matrix factorization cannot efficiently adapt to nonlinear embeddings for the latent cell space and are not designed for accurate imputation of missing molecular layers. By contrast, we propose a probabilistic variational autoencoder model, scVAEIT, to integrate and impute multimodal datasets with mosaic measurements. A key advance is the use of a missing mask for learning the conditional distribution of unobserved modalities and features, which makes scVAEIT flexible to combine different panels of measurements from multimodal datasets accurately and in an end-to-end manner. Imputing the masked features serves as a supervised learning procedure while preventing overfitting by regularization. Focusing on gene expression, protein abundance, and chromatin accessibility, we validate that scVAEIT robustly imputes the missing modalities and features of cells biologically different from the training data. scVAEIT also adjusts for batch effects while maintaining the biological variation, which provides better latent representations for the integrated datasets. We demonstrate that scVAEIT significantly improves integration and imputation across unseen cell types, different technologies, and different tissues.

Significance StatementSingle-cell multimodal assays provide an unprecedented opportunity for investigating heterogeneity of cell types and novel associations with disease and development. Although analyses of such multimodal datasets have the potential to provide new insights that cannot be inferred with a single modality, access typically requires the integration of multiple data sources. We propose a probabilistic variational autoencoder model for mosaic integration, which involves merging data sources that include features shared across datasets and features exclusive to a single data source. Our model is designed to provide a lower dimensional representation of the cells for visualization, clustering, and other downstream tasks; accurate imputation of missing features and observations; and transfer learning for robustly imputing new datasets when only partial measurements are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust probabilistic modeling for single-cell multimodal mosaic integration and imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nardilysin-Regulated Scission Mechanism Activates Polo-like Kinase 3 to Suppress the Development of Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develops through step-wise genetic and molecular alterations including Kras mutation and inactivation of apoptotic pathways. Here, we find that development of anoikis resistance and metastasis of KrasG12D-driven PDAC in mice is accelerated by deleting Plk3, explaining the often reduced Plk3 expression in human PDAC. Importantly, a 41 kDa Plk3 (p41Plk3) that contained the entire kinase domain at the N-terminus (1-353 aa) is activated by scission of the precursor p72Plk3 at Arg354 by metalloendopeptidase Nardilysin (NRDC), and the resulting p32Plk3 C-terminal Polo-box domain (PBD) was quickly removed by proteasome degradation preventing the p41Plk3 inhibition by PBD. We found that p41Plk3 is the activated form of Plk3 that regulates a feedforward mechanism to promote anoikis and suppress PDAC and metastasis. p41Plk3 phosphorylates c-Fos on Thr164, which in turn, induces expression of Plk3 and pro-apoptotic genes. These findings uncovered an NRDC-regulated post-translational mechanism (PTM) that activates Plk3, establishing a prototypic regulation by scission mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawke, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, B.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahassi, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stambrook, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nardilysin-Regulated Scission Mechanism Activates Polo-like Kinase 3 to Suppress the Development of Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.499114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational identification of potent and broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody cocktails from SARS convalescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.499114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages have escaped most RBD-targeting therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which proves the previous NAb drug screening strategies deficient against the fast-evolving SARS-CoV-2. Better broad NAb drug candidate selection methods are needed. Here, we describe a rational approach for identifying RBD-targeting broad SARS-CoV-2 NAb cocktails. Based on high-throughput epitope determination, we propose that broad NAb drugs should target non-immunodominant RBD epitopes to avoid herd immunity-directed escape mutations. Also, their interacting antigen residues should focus on sarbecovirus conserved sites and associate with critical viral functions, making the antibody-escaping mutations less likely to appear. Following the criteria, a featured non-competing antibody cocktail, SA55+SA58, is identified from a large collection of broad sarbecovirus NAbs isolated from SARS convalescents. SA55+SA58 potently neutralizes ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses, including circulating Omicron variants, and could serve as broad SARS-CoV-2 prophylactics to offer long-term protection. Our screening strategy can also be applied to identify broad-spectrum NAb drugs against other fast-evolving viruses, such as influenza viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.499114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational identification of potent and broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody cocktails from SARS convalescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-level tuning biases in higher visual cortex reflect the semantic informativeness of visual features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representations of visual and semantic information can overlap in human visual cortex, with the same neural populations exhibiting sensitivity to low-level features (orientation, spatial frequency, retinotopic position), and high-level semantic categories (faces, scenes). It has been hypothesized that this relationship between low-level visual and high-level category neural selectivity reflects natural scene statistics, such that neurons in a given category-selective region are tuned for low-level features or spatial positions that are diagnostic of the regions preferred category. To address the generality of this "natural scene statistics" hypothesis, as well as how well it can account for responses to complex naturalistic images across visual cortex, we performed two complementary analyses. First, across a large set of rich natural scene images, we demonstrated reliable associations between low-level (Gabor) features and high-level semantic dimensions (indoor-outdoor, animacy, real-world size), with these relationships varying spatially across the visual field. Second, we used a large-scale fMRI dataset (the Natural Scenes Dataset) and a voxelwise forward encoding model to estimate the feature and spatial selectivity of neural populations throughout visual cortex. We found that voxels in category-selective visual regions exhibit systematic biases in their feature and spatial selectivity which are consistent with their hypothesized roles in category processing. We further showed that these low-level tuning biases are largely independent of viewed image category. Together, our results are consistent with a framework in which low-level feature selectivity contributes to the computation of high-level semantic category information in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-level tuning biases in higher visual cortex reflect the semantic informativeness of visual features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection on sperm size in response to promiscuity and variation in female sperm storage organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sperm cells are exceptionally morphologically diverse across taxa. However, morphology can be quite uniform within species, particularly for species where females copulate with many males per reproductive bout. Strong sexual selection in these promiscuous species is widely hypothesized to reduce intraspecific sperm variation. Conversely, we hypothesize that intraspecific sperm size variation may be maintained by high among-female variation in the size of sperm storage organs, assuming that paternity success improves when sperm are compatible in size with the sperm storage organ. We use individual-based simulations and an analytical model to evaluate how selection on sperm size depends on promiscuity level and variation in sperm storage organ size (hereafter, female preference variation). Simulated species with high promiscuity showed stabilizing selection on sperm when female preference variation was low, and disruptive selection when female preference variation was high, consistent with the analytical model results. With low promiscuity (2-3 mates per female), selection on sperm was stabilizing for all levels of female preference variation in the simulations, contrasting with the analytical model. Promiscuity level, or mate sampling, thus has a strong impact on the selection resulting from female preferences. Further, for species with low promiscuity, disruptive selection on male traits will occur under more limited circumstances than many previous models suggest. Variation in female sperm storage organs likely has strong implications for intraspecific sperm variation in highly promiscuous species, but likely does not explain differences in intraspecific sperm variation for less promiscuous taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cramer, E. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilma, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifjeld, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection on sperm size in response to promiscuity and variation in female sperm storage organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified analysis of atlas single cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to generate atlas-scale single cell data provide opportunities for joint analysis across tissues and across modalities. Most of the existing methods for single cell atlas analysis use cells as the reference unit to combine datasets. However, such methods suffer from the inability to effectively integrate cross-modality data, hindering downstream gene-based analysis, and loss of genuine biological variations. Here we present a new data integration method, GIANT, which is for the first time designed for the atlas-scale analysis from the gene perspective. GIANT first converts datasets from different modalities into gene graphs, and then recursively embeds genes in the graphs into a latent space without additional alignment. Applying GIANT to the HuBMAP datasets creates a unified gene embedding space across multiple human tissues and data modalities, where gene representations reflect the functions of genes in their cells. Further evaluations demonstrate the usefulness of GIANT in discovering diverse gene functions, and underlying gene regulations in cells of different tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified analysis of atlas single cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Further humoral immunity evasion of emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants with R346 mutations on the spike glycoprotein have been identified in various countries, such as BA.4.6/BF.7 harboring R346T, BA.4.7 harboring R346S, and BA.5.9 harboring R346I. These subvariants, especially BA.4.6, exhibit substantial growth advantages compared to BA.4/BA.5. In this study, we showed that BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 displayed higher humoral immunity evasion capability than BA.4/BA.5, causing 1.5 to 1.9-fold decrease in NT50 of the plasma from BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough-infection convalescents compared to BA.4/BA.5. Importantly, plasma from BA.5 breakthrough-infection convalescents also exhibits significant neutralization activity decrease against BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 than BA.4/BA.5, showing on average 2.4 to 2.6-fold decrease in NT50. For neutralizing antibody drugs, Bebtelovimab remains potent, while Evusheld is completely escaped by these subvariants. Together, our results rationalize the prevailing advantages of the R346 mutated BA.4/BA.5 subvariants and urge the close monitoring of these mutants, which could lead to the next wave of the pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Further humoral immunity evasion of emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression QTLs in single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important drivers of gene expression variation and downstream phenotypes including disease risk. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows an unprecedented exploration of cell-type specific associations between gene expression levels and genotypes, but current methods rely on pseudobulk approaches that use composite expression values across cells and often use summary statistics within cell types, ignoring information across cell types and assuming cell type labels are accurate. Here, we extend our method, telescoping bimodal latent Dirichlet allocation (TBLDA), that identifies covarying genotypes and gene expression values when the matching from samples to cells is not one-to-one in order to allow cell-type label agnostic discovery of eQTLs in noncomposite scRNA-seq data. In particular, we add GPU-compatibility, sparse priors, and amortization to enable fast inference on large-scale scRNA-seq data. We apply single-cell TBLDA (scTBLDA) to 400K cells from 119 individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus and examine properties of features from each modality across the estimated latent factors. We use linked genes and SNPs to identify 205 cis-eQTLS, 66 trans-eQTLs, and 53 cell type proportion QTLs, which we then compare against prior studies of immune-cell eQTLs. Our results demonstrate the ability of scTBLDA to identify genes involved in cell-type specific regulatory processes associated with SNPs in single-cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gewirtz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townes, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression QTLs in single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating enhancer genetic variation across mammals to complex phenotypes using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-coding differences between mammals often fail to explain phenotypic diversity, suggesting involvement of enhancers, often rapidly evolving regions that regulate gene expression. Identifying associations between enhancers and phenotypes is challenging because enhancer activity is context-dependent and may be conserved without much sequence conservation. We developed TACIT (Tissue-Aware Conservation Inference Toolkit) to associate open chromatin regions (OCRs) with phenotypes using predictions in hundreds of mammalian genomes from machine learning models trained to learn tissue-specific regulatory codes. Applying TACIT for motor cortex and parvalbumin-positive interneurons to neurological phenotypes revealed dozens of new OCR-phenotype associations. Many associated OCRs were near relevant genes, including brain size-associated OCRs near genes mutated in microcephaly or macrocephaly. Our work creates a forward genomics foundation for identifying candidate enhancers associated with phenotype evolution.

One Sentence SummaryA new machine learning-based approach associates enhancers with the evolution of brain size and behavior across mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating enhancer genetic variation across mammals to complex phenotypes using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Field Potentials, Spiking Activity, and Receptive Fields in Human Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concept of receptive field (RF) is central to sensory neuroscience. Neuronal RF properties have been substantially studied in animals, while those in humans remain nearly unexplored. Here, we measured neuronal RFs with intracranial local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity in human visual cortex (V1/V2/V3). We recorded LFPs via macro-contacts and discovered that RF sizes estimated from low-frequency activity (LFA, 0.5 - 30 Hz) were larger than those estimated from low-gamma activity (LGA, 30 - 60 Hz) and high-gamma activity (HGA, 60 - 150 Hz). We then took a rare opportunity to record LFPs and spiking activity via microwires in V1 simultaneously. We found that RF sizes and temporal profiles measured from LGA and HGA closely matched those from spiking activity. In sum, this study reveals that spiking activity of neurons in human visual cortex could be well approximated by LGA and HGA in RF estimation and temporal profile measurement, implying the pivotal functions of LGA and HGA in early visual information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Field Potentials, Spiking Activity, and Receptive Fields in Human Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Frequency Stimulation Does Not Improve Comfort of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord neuromodulation has gained much attention for demonstrating improved motor recovery in people with spinal cord injury, motivating the development of clinically applicable technologies. Among them, transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is attractive because of its non-invasive profile. Many tSCS studies employ a high-frequency (10 kHz) carrier, which has been reported to reduce stimulation discomfort. However, these claims have come under scrutiny in recent years. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-frequency tSCS is more comfortable at therapeutic amplitudes, which evoke posterior root-muscle (PRM) reflexes. In 16 neurologically intact participants, tSCS was delivered using a 1-ms long monophasic pulse with and without a high-frequency carrier. Stimulation amplitude and pulse duration were varied and PRM reflexes were recorded from the soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. Participants rated their discomfort during stimulation from 0-10 at PRM reflex threshold. At PRM reflex threshold, high-frequency stimulation (0.87 {+/-} 0.2) was equally comfortable as conventional stimulation (1.03 {+/-} 0.18) but required approximately double the charge to evoke the PRM reflex (conventional: 32.4 {+/-} 9.2 {micro}C; high-frequency: 62.5 {+/-} 11.1 {micro}C). Strength-duration curves for high-frequency stimulation had a rheobase that was 4.8X greater and a chronaxie that was 5.7X narrower than the conventional monophasic pulse, indicating that high-frequency stimulation was less efficient in recruiting neural activity in spinal roots. High-frequency tSCS is equally as comfortable as conventional stimulation at amplitudes required to stimulate spinal dorsal roots.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/506783v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f013f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aded5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bad2e0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6aaf96_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capogrosso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Frequency Stimulation Does Not Improve Comfort of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does Functional Recovery Imply Stable Circuitry in the Spinal Animal? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal animals can regain locomotor function through gait training. However, the neural processes involved in this recovery are poorly understood. Here we use computer simulation to address if the reorganization of spinal circuits associated with the functional recovery leads to meaningful, stable circuitry function. Specifically, we develop a neuromuscular model of a spinalized rat whose circuitry can adapt based on two alternative Hebbian learning strategies, one designed to guide the circuitry back to its normal pre-injury state and the other designed to destabilize it and drive it into saturation. Exposing the model to simulated gait training, we find that both strategies lead to recovery of locomotor function as defined by the outcome measures reported in studies with spinal rats. If anything, the results obtained with the destabilizing learning strategy seem to agree more with animal observations, since it produces similarly excessive amplitudes in muscle activity. Our results suggest that gait training of spinalized animals does not necessarily effect a meaningful recovery of their spinal circuitry function. More experimental work should be directed to clarify this point, as it may have grave implications for the potential of gait rehabilitation in patients with motor complete injuries of the spinal cord.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Refy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does Functional Recovery Imply Stable Circuitry in the Spinal Animal?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a High-Performance Open-Source 3D Bioprinter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of 3D printing to biological research has provided the tissue engineering community with a method for organizing cells and biological materials into complex 3D structures. While many commercial bioprinting platforms exist, they are expensive, ranging from $5,000 to over $500,000. This high cost of entry prevents many labs from incorporating 3D bioprinting into their research. Due to the open-source nature of desktop plastic 3D printers, an alternative option has been to convert low-cost plastic printers into bioprinters. Several open-source modifications have been described, but there remains a need for a user-friendly, step-by-step guide for converting a thermoplastic printer into a bioprinter using components with validated performance. Here we convert a low-cost 3D printer, the FlashForge Finder, into a bioprinter using our Replistruder 4 syringe pump and the Duet3D Duet 2 WiFi for total cost of less than $900. We demonstrate that the accuracy of the bioprinters travel is better than 35 {micro}m in all three axes, and quantify fidelity by printing square lattice collagen scaffolds with average errors less than 2%. We also show high fidelity reproduction of clinical-imaging data by printing a scaffold of a human ear using collagen bioink. Finally, to maximize accessibility and customizability, all components we have designed for the bioprinter conversion are provided as open-source 3D models, along with instructions for further modifying the bioprinter for additional use cases, resulting in a comprehensive guide for the bioprinting field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiwarksi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a High-Performance Open-Source 3D Bioprinter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybridization led to a rewired pluripotency network in the allotetraploid Xenopus laevis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After fertilization, maternally contributed factors to the egg initiate the transition to pluripotency to give rise to embryonic stem cells, in large part by activating de novo transcription from the embryonic genome. Diverse mechanisms coordinate this transition across animals, suggesting that pervasive regulatory remodeling has shaped the earliest stages of development. Here, we show that maternal homologs of mammalian pluripotency reprogramming factors OCT4 and SOX2 divergently activate the two subgenomes of Xenopus laevis, an allotetraploid that arose from hybridization of two diploid species ~18 million years ago. Although most genes have been retained as two homeologous copies, we find that a majority of them undergo asymmetric activation in the early embryo. Chromatin accessibility profiling and CUT&RUN for modified histones and transcription factor binding reveal extensive differences in enhancer architecture between the subgenomes, which likely arose through genomic disruptions as a consequence of allotetraploidy. However, comparison with diploid X. tropicalis and zebrafish shows broad conservation of embryonic gene expression levels when divergent homeolog contributions are combined, implying strong selection to maintain dosage in the core vertebrate pluripotency transcriptional program, amid genomic instability following hybridization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phelps, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybridization led to a rewired pluripotency network in the allotetraploid Xenopus laevis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces converging Omicron RBD evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous evolution of Omicron has led to a rapid and simultaneous emergence of numerous variants that display growth advantages over BA. 5. Despite their divergent evolutionary courses, mutations on their receptor-binding domain (RBD) converge on several hotspots. The driving force and destination of such convergent evolution and its impact on humoral immunity remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that these convergent mutations can cause striking evasion of neutralizing antibody (NAb) drugs and convalescent plasma, including those from BA.5 breakthrough infection, while maintaining sufficient ACE2 binding capability. BQ.1.1.10, BA.4.6.3, XBB, and CH. 1.1 are the most antibody-evasive strain tested, even exceeding SARS-CoV-1 level. To delineate the origin of the convergent evolution, we determined the escape mutation profiles and neutralization activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from BA.2 and BA.5 breakthrough-infection convalescents. Importantly, due to humoral immune imprinting, BA.2 and especially BA.5 breakthrough infection caused significant reductions in the epitope diversity of NAbs and increased proportion of non-neutralizing mAbs, which in turn concentrated humoral immune pressure and promoted convergent evolution. Moreover, we showed that the convergent RBD mutations could be accurately inferred by integrated deep mutational scanning (DMS) profiles, and the evolution trends of BA.2.75/BA.5 subvariants could be well-simulated through constructed convergent pseudovirus mutants. Together, our results suggest current herd immunity and BA.5 vaccine boosters may not provide good protection against infection. Broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and NAb drugs development should be highly prioritized, and the constructed mutants could help to examine their effectiveness in advance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces converging Omicron RBD evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D electron diffraction reveals the chiral nature of the malaria pigment crystal hemozoin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detoxification of heme in Plasmodium depends on its crystallization into hemozoin. This pathway is a major target of antimalarial drugs. X-ray powder diffraction has established that the unit cell contains a cyclic hematin dimer, yet the pro-chiral nature of heme supports formation of four distinct stereoisomers, two centrosymmetric and two chiral enantiomers. Here we apply emerging methods of in situ cryo-electron tomography and diffraction to obtain a definitive structure of biogenic hemozoin. Individual crystals take a striking polar morphology. Diffraction analysis, supported by density functional theory, indicates a compositional mixture of one centrosymmetric and one chiral dimer, whose absolute configuration has been determined on the basis of crystal morphology and interaction with the aqueous medium. Structural modeling of the heme detoxification protein suggests a mechanism for dimer selection. The refined structure of hemozoin should serve as a guide to new drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klar, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruene, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houben, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzikowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatinus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D electron diffraction reveals the chiral nature of the malaria pigment crystal hemozoin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal asymmetries and interactions between dorsal and ventral visual pathways during object recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their anatomical and functional distinctions, there is growing evidence that the dorsal and ventral visual pathways interact to support object recognition. However, the exact nature of these interactions remains poorly understood. Is the presence of identity-relevant object information in the dorsal pathway simply a byproduct of ventral input? Or, might the dorsal pathway be a source of input to the ventral pathway for object recognition? In the current study, we used high-density EEG - a technique with high temporal precision and spatial resolution sufficient to distinguish parietal and temporal lobes - to characterize the dynamics of dorsal and ventral pathways during object viewing. Using multivariate analyses, we found that category decoding in the dorsal pathway preceded that in the ventral pathway. Importantly, the dorsal pathway predicted the multivariate responses of the ventral pathway in a time-dependent manner, rather than the other way around. Together, these findings suggest that the dorsal pathway is a critical source of input to the ventral pathway for object recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayzenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal asymmetries and interactions between dorsal and ventral visual pathways during object recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing acute IOP-induced lamina cribrosa deformations pre-mortem and post-mortem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeLamina cribrosa (LC) deformations caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are believed to contribute to glaucomatous neuropathy and have therefore been extensively studied, in many conditions from in-vivo to ex-vivo. We compare acute IOP-induced global and local LC deformations immediately before (pre-mortem) and after (post-mortem) sacrifice by exsanguination.

MethodsThe optic nerve heads of three healthy monkeys 12-15 years old were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography under controlled IOP pre-mortem and post-mortem. Volume scans were acquired at baseline IOP (8-10 mmHg) and at 15, 30, and 40 mmHg IOP. A digital volume correlation technique was used to determine the IOP-induced 3D LC deformations (strains) in regions visible pre-mortem and post-mortem.

ResultsBoth conditions exhibited similar nonlinear relationships between IOP increases and LC deformations. Median effective and shear strains were, on average over all eyes and pressures, smaller post-mortem than pre-mortem, by 14% and 11%, respectively (Ps < 0.001). Locally, however, the differences in LC deformation between conditions were variable. Some regions were subjected pre-mortem to triple the strains observed post-mortem, and others suffered smaller deformations pre-mortem than post-mortem.

ConclusionsIncreasing IOP acutely caused nonlinear LC deformations with an overall smaller effect post-mortem than pre-mortem. Locally, deformations pre-mortem and post-mortem were sometimes substantially different. We suggest that the differences may be due to weakened mechanical support from the unpressurized central retinal vessels post-mortem.

Translational RelevanceAdditional to the important pre-mortem information, comparison with post-mortem provides a unique context essential to understand the translational relevance of all post-mortem biomechanics literature.

PrecisThe authors compared in monkeys acute IOP-induced deformations of the lamina cribrosa pre-mortem and post-mortem. Deformation trends were similar pre-mortem and post-mortem, but deformations pre-mortem were generally smaller than those post-mortem, with substantial local variations. The differences are likely due to loss of vessel support post-mortem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucy, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.18.508448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing acute IOP-induced lamina cribrosa deformations pre-mortem and post-mortem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A texture statistics encoding model reveals hierarchical feature selectivity across human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mid-level visual features, such as contour and texture, provide a computational link between low- and high-level visual representations. While the detailed nature of mid-level representations in the brain is not yet fully understood, past work has suggested that a texture statistics model (P-S model; Portilla and Simoncelli, 2000) is a candidate for predicting neural responses in areas V1-V4 as well as human behavioral data. However, it is not currently known how well this model accounts for the responses of higher visual cortex regions to natural scene images. To examine this, we constructed single voxel encoding models based on P-S statistics and fit the models to fMRI data from human subjects (male and female) from the Natural Scenes Dataset (Allen et al., 2021). We demonstrate that the texture statistics encoding model can predict the held-out responses of individual voxels in early retinotopic areas as well as higher-level category-selective areas. The ability of the model to reliably predict signal in higher visual cortex voxels suggests that the representation of texture statistics features is widespread throughout the brain, potentially playing a role in higher-order processes like object recognition. Furthermore, we use variance partitioning analyses to identify which features are most uniquely predictive of brain responses, and show that the contributions of higher-order texture features increases from early areas to higher areas on the ventral and lateral surface of the brain. These results provide a key step forward in characterizing how mid-level feature representations emerge hierarchically across the visual system.

Significance StatementIntermediate visual features, like texture, play an important role in cortical computations and may contribute to tasks like object and scene recognition. Here, we used a texture model proposed in past work to construct encoding models that predict the responses of neural populations in human visual cortex (measured with fMRI) to natural scene stimuli. We show that responses of neural populations at multiple levels of the visual system can be predicted by this model, and that the model is able to reveal an increase in the complexity of feature representations from early retinotopic cortex to higher areas of ventral and lateral visual cortex. These results support the idea that texture-like representations may play a broad underlying role in visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A texture statistics encoding model reveals hierarchical feature selectivity across human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of collagen IX alpha2 interferes osteochondral homeostasis of the knee joint which ultimately causing osteoarthritis-like articular cartilage damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the branched chains of Type IX collagen (Col9), Collagen IX alpha2 (Col92) has been reported to be associated with several orthopedic conditions. To probe the relationship between Col92 and knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we performed a systematic analysis of Col92-deficient (Col9-/-) mice using whole-mount skeletal staining, Micro-CT (CT), biomechanics, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent (Elisa). Although whole-mount skeletal staining displayed no difference in bone length and ossification between Col9-/- mice and wild-type (Col92+/+) mice at mid-gestation and adult stages, the knee joint exhibited dramatic discrepancies. Specifically, the subchondral bone (SCB) in the knee joint of Col9-/- mice became sparse and deformed in the early stage, with altered bone morphometric parameters, reduced load-bearing capacity, dysfunctional bone homeostasis (decreased osteogenesis capacity and elevated bone resorption capacity), diminished cartilage proteoglycans and disrupted cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) anabolism and catabolism compared with the Col92+/+ mice. In the late stage, the cartilage degeneration in Col92-/- mice were particularly pronounced compared to Col92+/+ mice, as evidenced by severe cartilage destruction and a marked reduction in cartilage thickness and area. Overall, Col92 is essential for maintaining osteochondral homeostasis in the knee joint of mice, and the absence of this gene is accompanied by distinct sclerosis of the SCB and a reduction in load-bearing capacity; in the late stage, in the lack of SCB stress inhibition, excessive load is consistently exerted on the cartilage, ultimately leading to osteoarthritic-like articular cartilage damage. Hence, Col92 may serve as a potential candidate biomarker associated with KOA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of collagen IX alpha2 interferes osteochondral homeostasis of the knee joint which ultimately causing osteoarthritis-like articular cartilage damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.508760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporating natural language into vision models improves prediction and understanding of higher visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.508760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in neural networks have been catalyzed by joint training on images and natural language, increased dataset sizes, and data diversity. We explored whether the same factors support similar improvements in predicting visual responses in the human brain. We used models pre-trained with Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) - which learns image embeddings that best match text embeddings of image captions from diverse, large-scale datasets - to study visual representations. We built voxelwise encoding models based on CLIP image features to predict brain responses to real-world images. ResNet50 with CLIP explained up to R2 = 79% of variance in individual voxel responses in held-out test data, a significant increase from models trained only with image/label pairs (ImageNet trained ResNet) or text (BERT). Comparisons across different model backbones ruled out network architecture as a factor in performance improvements. Comparisons across models that controlled for dataset size and data diversity demonstrated that language feedback along with data diversity in larger datasets are important factors in explaining neural responses in high-level visual brain regions. Visualizations of model embeddings and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that our models capture both global and fine-grained semantic dimensions represented within human visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naselaris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.508760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating natural language into vision models improves prediction and understanding of higher visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between action plans tracks with evidence accumulation during flexible decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changing your mind requires shifting the way streams of information lead to a decision. Using in silico experiments we show how the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuits can feasibly implement shifts in the evidence accumulation process. When action contingencies change, dopaminergic plasticity redirects the balance of power, both within and between action representations, to divert the flow of evidence from one option to another. This finding predicts that when competition between action representations is highest, the rate of evidence accumulation is lowest. We then validate this prediction in a sample of homo sapiens as they perform an adaptive decision-making task while whole-brain hemodynamic responses are recorded. These results paint a holistic picture of how CBGT circuits manage and adapt the evidence accumulation process in mammals.

One-sentence SummaryInteractions between cortical and subcortical circuits in the mammalian brain flexibly control the flow of information streams that drive decisions by shifting the balance of power both within and between action representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bond, K. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahuguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between action plans tracks with evidence accumulation during flexible decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic trade-offs between biomass accumulation and division determine bacterial cell size and proteome in fluctuating nutrient environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria dynamically regulate cell size and growth rate to thrive in changing environments. While much work has been done to characterize bacterial growth physiology and cell size control during steady-state exponential growth, a quantitative understanding of how bacteria dynamically regulate cell size and growth in time-varying nutrient environments is lacking. Here we develop a dynamic coarse-grained proteome sector model which connects growth rate and division control to proteome allocation in time-varying environments in both exponential and stationary phase. In such environments, growth rate and size control is governed by trade-offs between prioritization of biomass accumulation or division, and results in the uncoupling of single-cell growth rate from population growth rate out of steady-state. Specifically, our model predicts that cells transiently prioritize ribosome production, and thus biomass accumulation, over production of division machinery during nutrient upshift, explaining experimentally-observed size control behaviors. Strikingly, our model predicts the opposite behavior during downshift, namely that bacteria temporarily prioritize division over growth, despite needing to upregulate costly division machinery and increasing population size when nutrients are scarce. Importantly, when bacteria are subjected to pulsatile nutrient concentration, we find that cells exhibit a transient memory of the previous metabolic state due to the slow dynamics of proteome reallocation. This phenotypic memory allows for faster adaptation back to previously-seen environments when nutrient fluctuations are short-lived.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic trade-offs between biomass accumulation and division determine bacterial cell size and proteome in fluctuating nutrient environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoFIB milling large tissue samples for cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET), a powerful tool for exploring the molecular structure of large organisms. However, technical challenges still limit cryoET applications on large samples. In particular, locating and cutting out objects of interest from a large tissue sample is an important but difficult step. In this study, we report a sample thinning strategy and workflow for tissue samples based on cryo-focused ion beam (cryoFIB) milling. This workflow provides a full solution for isolating objects of interest by starting from a millimeter-sized tissue sample and ending with hundred-nanometer thin lamellae. The workflow involves sample fixation, pre-sectioning, a two-step milling strategy, and locating the object of interest using cellular secondary electron imaging (CSEI). The two-step milling strategy introduces a coarse milling method to solve the milling efficiency problem for samples as thick as tens of microns, followed by a fine milling method to create a furrow-ridge structure. The furrow-ridge structure guarantees the generation of large, thin lamellae with enhanced mechanical stability and charge-reducing design. CSEI is highlighted in the workflow, which provides conventional, on-the-fly locating during cryoFIB milling. Tests of the complete workflow were conducted to demonstrate the high efficiency and high feasibility of the proposed method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoFIB milling large tissue samples for cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonuniform structural properties of wings confer sensing advantages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory feedback is essential to both animals and robotic systems for achieving coordinated, precise movements. Mechanosensory feedback, which provides information about body deformation and position in space, depends not only on the properties of sensors but also on the structure in which they are embedded. In insects, wing structure plays a particularly important role in flapping flight: in addition to generating aerodynamic forces, wings provide mechanosensory feedback necessary for guiding flight while undergoing dramatic deformations over the course of each wingbeat. However, the role that wing structure plays in determining mechanosensory information is relatively unexplored. Insect wings exhibit characteristic stiffness gradients, with greatest stiffness at the base and leading edge and lowest stiffness at the tip of the trailing edge. Additionally, wings are subject to both aerodynamic and structural damping. The sensory consequences of stiffness gradients and damping are unknown. Here we examine how both the nonuniform stiffness profile of a wing and its damping impacts sensory performance, using finite elements analysis combined with sensor placement optimization approaches. We show that wings with nonuniform stiffness exhibit several advantages over uniform stiffness wings, resulting in higher accuracy of rotation detection and lower sensitivity to the placement of sensors on the wing. Moreover, we show that higher damping generally improves the accuracy with which body rotations can be detected. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the nonuniform stiffness patterns in insect wings, as well as suggest design principles for robotic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergbreiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonuniform structural properties of wings confer sensing advantages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noninvasive, automated and reliable detection of spreading depolarizations in severe traumatic brain injury using scalp EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNoninvasive detection of spreading depolarizations (SD), as a potentially treatable mechanism of worsening brain injuries after traumatic brain injuries (TBI), has remained elusive. Current methods to detect SDs are based on intracranial recording, an invasive method with limited spatial coverage. Less invasive methods to diagnose SD are needed to improve generalizability and application of this emerging science and to guide worsening brain injury treatments. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a signal processing paradigm that can enable automated detection of SDs using noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG).

MethodsBuilding on our previously developed WAVEFRONT algorithm, we have designed a novel automated SD detection method. This algorithm, with learnable parameters and improved velocity estimation, extracts and tracks propagating power depressions, as well as near-DC shifts using low-density EEG. This modified WAVEFRONT is robust to the amplitude outliers and non-propagating depressions on the scalp. We show the feasibility of detecting SD events (700 total SDs) in continuous, low-density scalp EEG recording (95{+/-}42.2 hours with 19 electrodes) acquired from 12 severe TBI patients who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) and intracranial EEG that could be used as a ground truth for event detection. We quantify the performance of WAVEFRONT in terms of SD detection accuracy, including true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR), as well as the accuracy of estimating the frequency of SDs.

ResultsWAVEFRONT achieves the best average validation accuracy of 74% TPR (with 95% confidence interval of 70.8%-76.7%), with less than 1.5% FPR using Delta band EEG. Preliminary evidence suggests that WAVEFRONT can achieve a very good performance (regression with R2 [~=]0.71) in the estimation of SD frequencies.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate feasibility and quantify the performance of noninvasive SD detection after severe TBI using an automated algorithm. WAVEFRONT can potentially be used for diagnosis and monitoring of worsening brain injuries to guide treatments by providing a measure of SD frequency. Extension of these results to patients with intact skulls requires further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartings, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noninvasive, automated and reliable detection of spreading depolarizations in severe traumatic brain injury using scalp EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate immune sensing of self-derived double-stranded RNA by RIG-I-MAVS-TNF-α regulates the survival and senescence fate of SARS-2-S syncytia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with pre-existing heart failure are at a particularly high risk of morbidity and mortality resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Direct acute cardiac injury or cytokine storms have been proposed to contribute to depressed cardiac function. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the increased vulnerability to heart failure in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are still largely unknown. Here, we found that the senescent outcome of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-2-S)-induced syncytia exacerbated heart failure progression. We first demonstrated that syncytium formation in cells expressing SARS-2-S delivered by DNA plasmid or LNP-mRNA exhibits a senescence-like phenotype. Extracellular vesicles containing SARS-2-S (S-EVs) also confer a potent ability to form senescent syncytia without denovosynthesis of SARS-2-S. Mechanistically, SARS-2-S syncytia provoke the formation of functional MAVS aggregates, which regulate the senescence fate of SARS-2-S syncytia by TNF  . We further demonstrate that senescent SARS-2-S syncytia exhibit shrinked morphology, leading to the activation of WNK1 and impaired cardiac metabolism. In pre-existing heart failure mice, the WNK1 inhibitor WNK463, anti-syncytial drug niclosamide, and senolytic dasatinib protect the heart from exacerbated heart failure triggered by pseudovirus expressing SARS-2-S (SARS-2-Spp). Signs of senescent multinucleated cells are identified in ascending aorta from SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant-infected patient. Our findings thus suggest a potential mechanism for COVID-19-mediated cardiac pathology and recommend the application of WNK1 inhibitor for therapy.

Significance StatementIn this paper, we directly linked SARS-2-S-triggered syncytium formation with the ensuing induction of cellular senescence and its pathophysiological contribution to heart failure. We propose that both SARS-2-S expression and SARS-2-S protein internalization were sufficient to induce senescence in nonsenescent ACE2-expressing cells. This is important because of the persistent existence of SARS-2-S or extracellular vesicles containing SARS-2-S during the acute and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human subjects. In searching for the underlying molecular mechanisms determining syncytial fate, the formation of functional MAVS aggregates dependent on RIG-I was observed at an early stage during fusion and regulated the anti-death to senescence fate of SARS-2-S syncytia through the TNF-TNFR2 axis. We also found impaired cardiac metabolism in SARS-2-S syncytia induced by condensed WNK1. Importantly, SARS-2-Spp-exacerbated heart failure could be largely rescued by WNK1 inhibitor, anti-syncytial drug or senolytic agent. Together, we suggest that rescuing metabolism dysfunction in senescent SARS-2-S syncytia should be taken into consideration in individuals during the acute or post-acute stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate immune sensing of self-derived double-stranded RNA by RIG-I-MAVS-TNF-α regulates the survival and senescence fate of SARS-2-S syncytia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized Tet-On system for conditional control of gene expression in sea urchins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sea urchins and other echinoderms are important experimental models for studying developmental processes. The lack of approaches for conditional gene perturbation, however, has made it challenging to investigate the late developmental functions of genes that have essential roles during early embryogenesis and genes that have diverse functions in multiple tissues. The doxycycline-controlled Tet-On system is a widely used molecular tool for temporally and spatially regulated transgene expression. Here, we optimized the Tet-On system to conditionally induce gene expression in sea urchin embryos. Using this approach, we explored the roles the MAPK signaling plays in skeletogenesis by expressing genes that perturb the pathway specifically in primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) during later stages of development. We demonstrated the wide utility of the Tet-On system by applying it to a second sea urchin species and in cell types other than the PMCs. Our work provides a robust and flexible platform for the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression in sea urchins, which will considerably enhance the utility of this prominent model system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khor, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettensohn, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized Tet-On system for conditional control of gene expression in sea urchins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCID50 Measurements of anti-viral efficacy on metal printed masks and plastic surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created a need for effective personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent viral spread. PPE like face masks contain the spread of virus-filled droplets and thus reduce infection rates, has been a critical tool in stopping the spread of SARS-CoV-2. PET plastic barriers have also been used in public settings to reduce face to face viral transmission. However, in some cases, they have provided additional contact with the virus due to contamination. In order study, we evaluated the effectiveness of face masks and PET plastics coated in different metals in reducing viral load. We compared PPE printed with silver, copper, or zinc for their ability to inactivate live human coronavirus HCoV 229E. Our results show that silver and copper have significant anti-viral efficacy when printed on nonwoven fabric compared to the controls. The metal-printed PET showed around 70% anti-viral efficacy with any formulations, with copper performing the best. This work builds more data to support the development of metal printed materials for enhanced protection against coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilynsky, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCID50 Measurements of anti-viral efficacy on metal printed masks and plastic surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Hierarchical Causal Representation Learning for Nonstationary Multi-Omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though open chromatin may promote active transcription, gene expression responses may not be directly coordinated with changes in chromatin accessibility. Most existing methods for single-cell multi-omics data focus only on learning stationary and shared information among these modalities, overlooking modality-specific information delineating cellular states and dynamics resulting from causal relations among modalities. To account for this, the epigenome and transcriptome relationship can be characterized in relation to time as "coupled" (changing dependently) or "decoupled" (changing independently). We propose the framework HALO, which adopts a causal approach to model these temporal causal relations on two levels. On the representation level, HALO factorizes these two modalities into both coupled and decoupled latent representations, identifying the dynamic interplay between chromatin accessibility and transcription through temporal modulations in the latent space. On the individual gene level, HALO matches gene-peak pairs and characterizes changing dynamics between gene expression and local peaks with time. HALO reveals bipotency in a subset of AT2 cells that exhibit different decisions in lineage specification between systemic sclerosis (SSc) and normal conditions. We demonstrate that using coupled and decoupled information, HALO discovers analogous biological functions between modalities, distinguishes epigenetic factors for lineage specification, and identifies temporal cis-regulation interactions relevant to cellular differentiation and complex human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benos, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Hierarchical Causal Representation Learning for Nonstationary Multi-Omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Masked Minimizers: Unifying sequence sketching methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizers and syncmers are sequence sketching methods that extract representative substrings from a long sequence. We show that both these sampling rules are different instantiations of a new unifying concept we call masked minimizers, which applies a sub-sampling binary mask on a minimizer sketch. This unification leads to the first formal procedure to meaningfully compare minimizers, syncmers and other comparable masked minimizers. We further demonstrate that existing sequence sketching metrics, such as density (which measures the sketch sparseness) and conservation (which measures the likelihood of the sketch being preserved under random mutations), should not be independently measured when evaluating masked minimizers. We propose a new metric that reflects the trade-off between these quantities called the generalized sketch score, or GSS. Finally, we introduce a sequence-specific and gradient-based learning objective that efficiently optimizes masked minimizer schemes with respect to the proposed GSS metric. We show that our method finds sketches with better overall density and conservation compared to existing expected and sequence-specific approaches, enabling more efficient and robust genomic analyses in the many settings where minimizers and syncmers are used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Masked Minimizers: Unifying sequence sketching methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological Changes Associated with Copper Sulfate-Induced Emesis in Felines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nausea is a common disease symptom, yet there is no consensus regarding its physiological markers. In contrast, the process of vomiting is well documented as sequential muscular contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and esophageal shortening. Nausea, like other self-reported perceptions, is difficult to distinguish in preclinical models, but based on human experience emesis is usually preceded by nausea. Here we focused on measuring gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory changes prior to emesis to provide additional insights into markers for nausea. Felines were instrumented to chronically record heart rate, respiration, and electromyographic (EMG) activity from the stomach and duodenum before and after intragastric delivery of saline or copper sulfate (CuSO4, from 83 to 322 mg). CuSO4 is a prototypical emetic test agent that triggers vomiting primarily by action on GI vagal afferent fibers when administered intragastrically. CuSO4 infusion elicited a significant increase in heart rate, decrease in respiratory rate, and a disruption of gastric and intestinal EMG activity several minutes prior to emesis. The change in EMG activity was most consistent in the duodenum. Administration of saline did not induce these effects. Increasing the dose of CuSO4 did not alter the physiologic changes induced by the treatment. It is postulated that the intestinal EMG activity was related to a retrograde movement of chyme from the intestine to the stomach. These findings suggest that monitoring of intestinal EMG activity, perhaps in combination with heart rate, may provide the best indicator of the onset of nausea following treatments and in disease conditions, including GI disease, associated with emesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphey, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulgach, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielanin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.512908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological Changes Associated with Copper Sulfate-Induced Emesis in Felines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNCA Deletion Induced Aberrant Projection of Olfactory Sensory Neurons via NCK2-EphA4 Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synucleinopathies such as Parkinsons disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy are characteristic for -synuclein aggregates in neurons or glia, and are always manifested olfaction deficits at their primary onsets. It remains elusive why aggregation of -synuclein predominantly affect the olfactory system. Employing the knockout mice, we investigate the physiological function of -synuclein in olfactory system. We found that deletion of -synuclein primarily interferes the projection of olfactory sensory neurons. iTRAQ based LC-MS identified that 188 proteins are differentially expressed, including 9 that were associated with axon guidance. Among them, NCK2 is most significantly down-regulated, which was indicated to be involved a PPI network of 21 proteins, including 11 players of the Ephrin receptor signaling pathway. Either -synuclein deletion or NCK2 deficiency can inactivate Eph A4 receptor. Re-expressing -synuclein in the -synuclein knockout neurons reverse the NCK2, as well as the phosphorylated Eph A4 (the activated Eph A4). Thus, -synuclein regulates axon guidance through NCK2-Eph A4 signaling pathway. Malfunction of -synuclein, whether because of deletion or aggregation, may cause aberrant olfactory neurons projection and subsequent olfaction deficits. This extended our knowledge of effects of -synuclein in olfactory system, which may explain why olfaction is usually impaired in some synucleinopathy related disorders such as Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNCA Deletion Induced Aberrant Projection of Olfactory Sensory Neurons via NCK2-EphA4 Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.513978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best Practices for Interpretable Machine Learning in Computational Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.513978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in machine learning (ML) have enabled the development of next-generation prediction models for complex computational biology problems. These developments have spurred the use of interpretable machine learning (IML) to unveil fundamental biological insights through data-driven knowledge discovery. However, in general, standards and guidelines for IML usage in computational biology have not been well-characterized, representing a major gap toward fully realizing the potential of IML. Here, we introduce a workflow on the best practices for using IML methods to perform knowledge discovery which covers verification strategies that bridge data, prediction model, and explanation. We outline a workflow incorporating these verification strategies to increase an IML methods accountability, reliability, and generalizability. We contextualize our proposed workflow in a series of widely applicable computational biology problems. Together, we provide an extensive workflow with important principles for the appropriate use of IML in computational biology, paving the way for a better mechanistic understanding of ML models and advancing the ability to discover novel biological phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talwalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.513978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best Practices for Interpretable Machine Learning in Computational Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Human-Brain Mapping of Single Cortical Neurons for Profiling Morphological Diversity and Stereotypy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of individual cells morphology and their distribution at the whole brain scale is essential to understand the structure and diversity of cell types. Despite recent technological advances, especially single cell labeling and whole brain imaging, for many prevailing animal models, it is exceedingly challenging to reuse similar technologies to study human brains. Here we propose Adaptive Cell Tomography (ACTomography), a low-cost, high-throughput, high-efficacy tomography approach, based on adaptive targeting of individual cells suitable for human-brain scale modeling of single neurons to characterize their 3-D structures, statistical distributions, and extensible for other cellular features. Specifically, we established a platform to inject dyes into cortical neurons in surgical tissues of 18 patients with brain tumors or other conditions and 1 donated fresh postmortem brain. We collected 3-D images of 1746 cortical neurons, of which 852 neurons were subsequentially reconstructed to quantify their local dendritic morphology, and mapped to standard atlases both computationally and semantically. In our data, human neurons are more diverse across brain regions than by subject age or gender. The strong stereotypy within cohorts of brain regions allows generating a statistical tensor-field of neuron morphology to characterize 3-D anatomical modularity of a human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Human-Brain Mapping of Single Cortical Neurons for Profiling Morphological Diversity and Stereotypy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USP10 strikes down Wnt/β-catenin signaling by dual-wielding deubiquitinase activity and phase transition potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling is a conserved pathway crucially governing development, homeostasis and oncogenesis. Discovery of novel regulators holds great values in both basic and translational research. Through screening, we identified a deubiquitinase (DUB) USP10 as a novel and critical modulator of {beta}-catenin. Mechanistically, USP10 binds to key scaffold Axin1 via conserved motifs and stabilizes Axin1 through K48-linked deubiquitination, and surprisingly, tethers Axin1 and {beta}-catenin physically while promoting phase separation for {beta}-catenin suppression regardless of its enzymatic activity. Functionally, USP10 prominently regulates embryonic development and intestinal homeostasis by antagonizing {beta}-catenin via DUB activity. In colorectal cancer, USP10 substantially represses cancer growth mainly through physical binding compensation and phase separation promotion and correlates with Wnt/{beta}-catenin magnitude clinically. Collectively, we discovered USP10 functioning in multiple biological processes against {beta}-catenin and unearthed a novel enzyme-dependent and -independent "dual-regulating" mechanism by which USP10 utilizes parallelly and context-dependently. USP10 inhibitor was suggested in treating certain Wnt-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USP10 strikes down Wnt/β-catenin signaling by dual-wielding deubiquitinase activity and phase transition potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A-SOiD, an active learning platform for expert-guided, data efficient discovery of behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To identify and extract naturalistic behavior, two schools of methods have become popular: supervised and unsupervised. Each approach carries its own strengths and weaknesses, which the user must weigh in on their decision. Here, a new active learning platform, A-SOiD, blends these strengths and, in doing so, overcomes several of their inherent drawbacks. A-SOiD iteratively learns user-defined groups and can considerably reduce the necessary training data while attaining expansive classification through directed unsupervised classification. In socially-interacting mice, A-SOiD outperformed other methods and required 85% less training data than was available. Additionally, it isolated two additional ethologically-distinct mouse interactions via unsupervised classification. Similar performance and efficiency were observed using non-human primate 3D pose data. In both cases, the transparency in A-SOiDs cluster definitions revealed the defining features of the supervised classification through a game-theoretic approach. Lastly, we show the potential of A-SOiD to segment a large and rich variety of human social and single-person behaviors with 3D position keypoints. To facilitate use, A-SOiD comes as an intuitive, open-source interface for efficient segmentation of user-defined behaviors and discovered sub-actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schweihoff, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A-SOiD, an active learning platform for expert-guided, data efficient discovery of behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Network Pharmacology and Experimental Analysis Unveil Modulation of EGFR/MAPK Signaling Cascades in Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Qing-Tong-Hua-Yu Decoction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveBased on network pharmacology, the response of Qing-tong-hua-yu Decoction (QTHY) to the regulation of EGFR/MAPK signaling cascade in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was discussed and the possible mechanism of the protective effect of QTHY on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was studied.

MethodsA compound-target disease-function-pathway network was established and analyzed based on the network pharmacology approach used in Chinese medicine. The correlation, which is between effect of the components of QTHY Decoction against CI/RI with EGFR/MAPK signalling cascade response, was observed. And then the degree of neurological deficits in each group was assessed after cerebral ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days. Expression levels of EGFR and p44/42MAPK in ischemic brain tissue at different time points in various groups of rats were tested by Western bolt (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

ResultsNetwork pharmacology analysis revealed that QTHY-mediated treatment involved 439 key targets, in which the effect of QTHY groups against CI/RI was associated with EGFR/MAPK signaling cascade. QTHY treatment reduced neurological deficit scores and improved ischemic changes in rats. In addition, QTHY promoted EGFR and p44/42MAPK expression in the SVZ through the EGFR/MAPK signaling cascade, with varying degrees of improvement at different time points.

ConclusionQTHY can better improve cerebral ischemia injury in CI / RI rats and exert the neuroprotective effect of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This may be related to the potential of QTHY to activate the EGFR / MAPK signaling cascade, which is consistent with the results of network pharmacology analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Network Pharmacology and Experimental Analysis Unveil Modulation of EGFR/MAPK Signaling Cascades in Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Qing-Tong-Hua-Yu Decoction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic Reporting and Phenotypic Exclusion in fNIRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) promises to be a leading non-invasive neuroimaging method due to its portability and low cost. However, concerns are rising over its inclusivity of all skin tones and hair types (Parker and Ricard 2022, Webb et al 2022). Functional NIRS relies on direct contact of light-emitting optodes to the scalp, which can be blocked more by longer, darker, and especially curlier hair. Additionally, NIR light can be attenuated by melanin, which is accounted for in neither fNIRS hardware nor analysis methods. Recent work has shown that overlooking these considerations in other modalities like EEG leads to the disproportionate exclusion of individuals with these phenotypes - especially Black people - in both clinical and research literature (Bradford et al 2022, Choy 2020). In this article, we sought to determine if (1) biomedical optics developers and researchers report fNIRS performance variability between skin tones and hair textures, (2a) fNIRS neuroscience practitioners report phenotypic and demographic details in their articles, and thus, (2b) is a similar pattern of participant exclusion found in EEG also present in the fNIRS literature. We present a literature review of top Biomedical Optics and Human Neuroscience journals, showing that demographic and phenotypic reporting is unpopular in both fNIRS development and neuroscience applications. We conclude with a list of recommendations to the fNIRS community including examples of Black researchers addressing these issues head-on, inclusive best practices for fNIRS researchers, and recommendations to funding and regulatory bodies to achieve an inclusive neuroscience enterprise in fNIRS and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwasa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karrobi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic Reporting and Phenotypic Exclusion in fNIRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling of chimeric RNAs in human retinal development with retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric RNAs have been found in both cancer and healthy human cells. They have regulatory effects on human stem/progenitor cell differentiation, stemness maintenance and central nervous system (CNS) development. However, their physiological functions in the retinal development remain unknown. Based on the human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived retinal organoids (ROs) spanning from day 0 to day 120, we present the expression atlas of chimeric RNAs throughout the developing ROs. We confirmed the existence of some common chimeric RNAs and also discovered many novel chimeric RNAs during retinal development. We focused on CTNNBIP1-CLSTN1 (CTCL) whose downregulation causes precocious neuronal differentiation and a marked reduction of neural progenitors in human cerebral organoids. Our study found that CTCL also plays a key role in human retinogenesis, CTCL loss-of-function obstructed RO differentiation but prompted the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) differentiation. Together, this work provides a landscape of chimeric RNAs and reveals evidence for their crucial roles in human retina development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.515982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling of chimeric RNAs in human retinal development with retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Deep Learning based Source Imaging Framework Improves the Imaging of Epileptic Sources from MEG Interictal Spikes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electromagnetic source imaging (ESI) has been widely used to image brain activities for research and clinical applications from MEG and EEG. It is a challenging task due to the ill-posedness of the problem and the complexity of modeling the underlying brain dynamics. Deep learning has gained attention in the ESI field for its ability to model complex distributions and has successfully demonstrated improved imaging performance for ESI. In this work, we investigated the capability of imaging epileptic sources from MEG interictal spikes using deep learning-based source imaging framework (DeepSIF). A generic DeepSIF model was first trained with a generic head model using a template MRI. A fine-tuning procedure was proposed to introduce personalized head model information into the neural network for a personalized DeepSIF model. Two models were evaluated and compared in extensive computer simulations. The MEG-DeepSIF approach was further rigorously validated for imaging epileptogenic regions from interictal spike recordings in focal epilepsy patients. We demonstrated that DeepSIF can be successfully applied to MEG recordings and the additional fine-tuning step for personalized DeepSIF can alleviate the impact of head model variations and further improve the performance significantly. In a cohort of 29 drug-resistant focal epilepsy patients, the personalized DeepSIF model provided a sublobar concordance of 93%, sublobar sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 99%, respectively. When compared to the seizure-onset-zone defined by intracranial recordings, the localization error is 15.78 {+/-} 5.54 mm; and when compared with resection volume in seizure free patients, the spatial dispersion is 8.19 {+/-} 8.14 mm. DeepSIF enables an accurate and robust imaging of spatiotemporal brain dynamics from MEG recordings, suggesting its unique value to neuroscience research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Deep Learning based Source Imaging Framework Improves the Imaging of Epileptic Sources from MEG Interictal Spikes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.514089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of modular peptide binding proteins by superhelical matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.514089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General approaches for designing sequence-specific peptide binding proteins would have wide utility in proteomics and synthetic biology. Although considerable progress has been made in designing proteins which bind to other proteins, the general peptide binding problem is more challenging as most peptides do not have defined structures in isolation, and to offset the loss in solvation upon binding the protein binding interface has to provide specific hydrogen bonds that complement the majority of the buried peptides backbone polar groups (1-3). Inspired by natural repeat protein-peptide complexes, and engineering efforts to alter their specificity (4-11), we describe a general approach for de novo design of proteins made out of repeating units that bind peptides with repeating sequences such that there is a one to one correspondence between repeat units on the protein and peptide. We develop a rapid docking plus geometric hashing method to identify protein backbones and protein-peptide rigid body arrangements that are compatible with bidentate hydrogen bonds between side chains on the protein and the backbone of the peptide (12); the remainder of the protein sequence is then designed using Rosetta to incorporate additional interactions with the peptide and drive folding to the desired structure. We use this approach to design, from scratch, alpha helical repeat proteins that bind six different tripeptide repeat sequences--PLP, LRP, PEW, IYP, PRM and PKW--in near polyproline 2 helical conformations. The proteins are expressed at high levels in E. coli, are hyperstable, and bind peptides with 4-6 copies of the target tripeptide sequences with nanomolar to picomolar affinities both in vitro and in living cells. Crystal structures reveal repeating interactions between protein and peptide interactions as designed, including a ladder of protein sidechain to peptide backbone hydrogen bonds. By redesigning the binding interfaces of individual repeat units, specificity can be achieved for non-repeating sequences, and for naturally occuring proteins containing disordered regions. Our approach provides a general route to designing specific binding proteins for a broad range of repeating and non-repetitive peptide sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.514089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of modular peptide binding proteins by superhelical matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion of Video and Inertial Sensing Data via Dynamic Optimization of a Biomechanical Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inertial sensing and computer vision are promising alternatives to traditional optical motion tracking, but until now these data sources have been explored either in isolation or fused via unconstrained optimization, which may not take full advantage of their complementary strengths. By adding physiological plausibility and dynamical robustness to a proposed solution, biomechanical modeling may enable better fusion than unconstrained optimization. To test this hypothesis, we fused RGB video and inertial sensing data via dynamic optimization with a nine degree-of-freedom model and investigated when this approach outperforms video-only, inertial-sensing-only, and unconstrained-fusion methods. We used both experimental and synthetic data that mimicked different ranges of RGB video and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data noise. Fusion with a dynamically constrained model significantly improved estimation of lower-extremity kinematics over the video-only approach and estimation of joint centers over the IMU-only approach. It consistently outperformed single-modality approaches across different noise profiles. When the quality of video data was high and that of inertial data was low, dynamically constrained fusion improved estimation of joint kinematics and joint centers over unconstrained fusion, while unconstrained fusion was advantageous in the opposite scenario. These findings indicate that complementary modalities and techniques can improve motion tracking by clinically meaningful margins and that data quality and computational complexity must be considered when selecting the most appropriate method for a particular application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearl, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergbreiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halilaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion of Video and Inertial Sensing Data via Dynamic Optimization of a Biomechanical Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional gradients reveal altered functional segregation in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer' s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlzheimers disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are associated with disrupted functional organization in brain networks, yet the finer changes in the topological organization in aMCI and AD remain to be investigated. Connectome gradients are a new tool representing brain functional topological organization in a low-dimensional space to smoothly capture the human macroscale hierarchy.

MethodsHere, we examined altered topological organization in aMCI and AD by connectome gradient mapping. We further quantified functional segregation by gradient dispersion. Then, we systematically compared the alterations observed in aMCI and AD patients with those in normal controls (NCs) in a two-dimensional functional gradient space from both the whole-brain level and module level.

ResultsCompared with NCs, the first gradient, which described the neocortical hierarchy from unimodal to transmodal regions, showed a distributed and significant suppression in AD patients, while abnormalities were only limited to local regions in aMCI patients. The second gradient showed a decreased pattern in the somatomotor module in both aMCI and AD patients. Furthermore, gradient dispersion showed significant decreases in AD patients at both the global level and module level, whereas this alteration was limited only to limbic areas in aMCI. Notably, we demonstrated that suppressed gradient dispersion in aMCI and AD patients was associated with cognitive scores.

ConclusionsChanges in functional gradients could reflect different degrees of altered brain network segregation in aMCI and AD. These findings provide new evidence for altered brain hierarchy in aMCI and AD, which strengthens our understanding of the progressive mechanism of cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional gradients reveal altered functional segregation in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer' s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and Signal Crowdedness-Robust In-Situ Sequencing through Hybrid Block Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics technology has revolutionized our understanding of cell types and tissue organization, opening new possibilities for researchers to explore transcript distributions at subcellular levels. However, existing methods have limitations in resolution, sensitivity, or speed. To overcome these challenges, we introduce SPRINTseq (Spatially Resolved and signal-diluted Next-generation Targeted sequencing), an innovative in situ sequencing strategy that combines hybrid block coding and molecular dilution strategies. Our method enables fast and sensitive high-resolution data acquisition, as demonstrated by recovering over 142 million transcripts using a 108 gene panel from 453,843 cells from four mouse brain coronal slices in less than two days. Using this advanced technology, we uncover the cellular and subcellular molecular architecture of Alzheimers disease, providing additional information into abnormal cellular behaviors and their subcellular mRNA distribution. This improved spatial transcriptomics technology holds great promise for exploring complex biological processes and disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and Signal Crowdedness-Robust In-Situ Sequencing through Hybrid Block Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in vivo massively parallel platform for deciphering tissue-specific regulatory function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies are rapidly identifying non-protein-coding human disease-associated loci. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying these loci remains a challenge because the causal variants and the tissues in which they act are often unclear. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) have the potential to link differences in genome sequence, including genetic variants, to tissue-specific regulatory function. Although MPRA and similar technologies have been widely adopted in cell culture, there have been several barriers to widespread use in animals. We overcome these challenges with a new whole-animal MPRA (WhAMPRA), where systemic intravenous AAV effectively transduces the plasmid MPRA library to mouse tissues. Our WhAMPRA approach revealed models of tissue-specific regulation that generally match machine learning model predictions. In addition, we measured the regulatory effects of disrupting MEF2C transcription factor binding sites and impacts of late onset Alzheimers disease-associated genetic variations. Overall, our WhAMPRA technology simultaneously determines the transcriptional functions of hundreds of enhancers in vivo across multiple tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in vivo massively parallel platform for deciphering tissue-specific regulatory function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional specializations of human fast spiking neurons support fast cortical signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast spiking interneurons (FSINs) provide fast inhibition that synchronizes neuronal activity and is critical for cognitive function. Fast synchronization frequencies are evolutionary conserved in the expanded human neocortex, despite larger neuron-to-neuron distances that challenge fast input-output transfer functions of FSINs. Here, we test in human neurons from neurosurgery tissue which mechanistic specializations of human FSINs explain their fast-signaling properties in human cortex. With morphological reconstructions, multi-patch recordings, and biophysical modeling we find that despite three-fold longer dendritic path, human FSINs maintain fast inhibition between connected pyramidal neurons through several mechanisms: stronger synapse strength of excitatory inputs, larger dendrite diameter with reduced complexity, faster AP initiation, and faster and larger inhibitory output, while Na+ current activation/inactivation properties are similar. These adaptations underlie short input-output delays in fast inhibition of human pyramidal neurons through FSINs, explaining how cortical synchronization frequencies are conserved despite expanded and sparse network topology of human cortex.

Teaser/one-sentence summarySpecializations of fast spiking human neurons ensure fast signaling in human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilbers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galakhova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heistek, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metodieva, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idema, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Witt Hamer, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noske, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kommers, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Kock, C. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansvelder, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goriounova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional specializations of human fast spiking neurons support fast cortical signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted photodynamic neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 mediated by singlet oxygen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been on a rampage for more than two years. Vaccines in combination with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 carry great hope in the treatment and final elimination of COVID-19. However, the relentless emergence of variants of concern (VOC), including the most recent Omicron variants, presses for novel measures to counter these variants that often show immune evasion. Hereby we developed a targeted photodynamic approach to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by engineering a genetically encoded photosensitizer (SOPP3) to a diverse list of antibodies targeting the WT spike protein, including human antibodies isolated from a 2003 SARS patient, potent monomeric and multimeric nanobodies targeting RBD, and non-neutralizing antibodies (non-NAbs) targeting the more conserved NTD region. As confirmed by pseudovirus neutralization assay, this targeted photodynamic approach significantly increased the efficacy of these antibodies, especially that of non-NAbs, against not only the WT but also the Delta strain and the heavily immune escape Omicron strain (BA.1). Subsequent measurement of infrared phosphorescence at 1270 nm confirmed the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the photodynamic process. Mass spectroscopy assay uncovered amino acids in the spike protein targeted by 1O2. Impressively, Y145 and H146 form an oxidization "hotspot", which overlaps with the antigenic "supersite" in NTD. Taken together, our study established a targeted photodynamic approach against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and provided mechanistic insights into the photodynamic modification of protein molecules mediated by 1O2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted photodynamic neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 mediated by singlet oxygen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regression convolutional neural network models implicate peripheral immune regulatory variants in the predisposition to Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) involves aggregation of amyloid {beta} and tau, neuron loss, cognitive decline, and neuroinflammatory responses. Both resident microglia and peripheral immune cells have been associated with the immune component of AD. However, the relative contribution of resident and peripheral immune cell types to AD predisposition has not been thoroughly explored due to their similarity in gene expression and function. To study the effects of AD associated variants on cis-regulatory elements, we train convolutional neural network (CNN) regression models that link genome sequence to cell type-specific levels of open chromatin, a proxy for regulatory element activity. We then use in silico mutagenesis of regulatory sequences to predict the relative impact of candidate variants across these cell types. We develop and apply criteria for evaluating our models and refine our models using massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) data. Our models identify many AD-associated variants with a greater predicted impact in peripheral cells relative to microglia or neurons but few with greater predicted impact in microglia and neurons. Our results suggest that peripheral immune cells themselves may mediate a component of AD predisposition and support their use as models to study the effects of AD associated variants. We make our library of CNN models and predictions available as a resource for the community to study immune and neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regression convolutional neural network models implicate peripheral immune regulatory variants in the predisposition to Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound changes pain-associated behaviors by modulating pain processing brain circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent and unmet clinical need to develop non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain management due to the critical side effects of opioids. Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technology with high spatial specificity and deep brain penetration. Here, we developed a tightly-focused 128-element ultrasound transducer to specifically target small mouse brains, employing dynamic focus steering. We demonstrate that transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation at pain processing brain circuits can significantly alter pain-associated behaviors in mouse models in vivo. Our findings indicate that a single-session focused ultrasound stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) significantly attenuates heat pain sensitivity in wild-type mice and modulates heat and mechanical hyperalgesia in a humanized mouse model of chronic pain in sickle cell disease. Results further revealed a sustained behavioral change associated with heat hypersensitivity by targeting deeper cortical structures (e.g., insula) and multi-session focused ultrasound stimulation to S1 and insula. Analyses of brain electrical rhythms through electroencephalography demonstrated a significant change in noxious heat hypersensitive- and chronic hyperalgesia-associated neural signals following focused ultrasound treatment. Validation of efficacy was carried out through control experiments, tuning ultrasound parameters, adjusting inter-experiment intervals, and investigating effects on age, gender, genotype, and in a head-fixed awake model. Importantly, transcranial focused ultrasound was shown to be safe, causing no adverse effects on motor function and brain neuropathology. In conclusion, the rich experimental evidence validates the ability of novel focused ultrasound neuromodulation to suppress pain, presenting significant translational potential for next-generation chronic pain treatment without adverse effects.

Key pointsO_LINovel non-invasive neuromodulation of brains pain processing circuits with submillimeter spatial precision for pain management
C_LIO_LITranscranial focused ultrasound significantly modulates pain-related behaviors and brain electrical rhythms of pain in humanized SCD mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argueta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiven, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound changes pain-associated behaviors by modulating pain processing brain circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of pro-carcinogenic gut microbiota is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota is involved in the occurrence and progression of urinary system diseases such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the mechanism of how alteration of gut metagenome promotes ccRCC remains unclear. Here we aim to elucidate the association of specific gut bacteria and their metabolites with ccRCC. In a pilot case-control study among 30 ccRCC patients and 30 healthy controls, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing were analyzed from fecal samples collected prior to surgery or hospitalization. Alpha diversity and beta diversity analysis of the gut microbiota were performed, and differential taxa were identified by multivariate statistics. Meanwhile, serum metabolism was measured by UHPLC-MS, and differential genes were identified based on the TCGA database. Random Forests revealed the relative abundances of 20 species differed significantly between the RCC group and the Control group, among which 9 species, such as Desulfovibrionaceae, were enriched in the RCC group, and 11 species, such as four kinds of Lactobacillus, were less abundant. Concomitantly, serum level of taurine, which was considered to be consumed by Desulfovibrionaceae and released by Lactobacillus, has decreased in the RCC group. In addition, macrophage-related genes such as Gabbr1 was upregulated in ccRCC patients from our results.

IMPORTANCETo our knowledge, few studies investigate the correlation of gut microbiota and ccRCC tumorigenesis. Overall, our sequencing data suggest that changes in the composition of specific gut microbiota, especially Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrionaceae, may be involved in ccRCC. Numerous serum metabolites, for example, taurine, which were modified in concert with dysregulation of gut microbiota, were associated with metabolic status during ccRCC development. Furthermore, through comparative analysis of clinical indicators, we found that gut dysbiosis could potentially reshape systemic inflammation, which participated in ccRCC tumorigenesis and we performed bioinformatics analysis to draw this conclusion. In Summary, it could be concluded from our study that the reduction of protective bacteria Lactobacillus, proliferation of sulfide-degrading bacteria Desulfovibrionaceae, reduction of taurine, and enrichment of macrophage related genes might be the risk predictors of ccRCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of pro-carcinogenic gut microbiota is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of counting in the brains of 3- to 5-year-old children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to map number words onto their ordinal and quantitative meanings is a key step in the acquisition of formal mathematics. Previous neuroimaging work suggests that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the fronto-temporal language network may be involved in representing number words. However, the contribution of early-developing numerosity representations to the acquisition of counting has not been tested in children. If regions that support numerosity processing are important for the acquisition of counting, then there should be functional overlap between numerosity representations and number word representations in the brain, before children have mastered counting. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we identified numerosity processing regions in 3- to 5-year-old children during a numerosity comparison task. To identify neural representations of number words, we measured changes in neural amplitudes while those same children listened to number words and color words and while they listened to counting and alphabet sequences. Across multiple whole-brain analyses, we found that the bilateral IPS consistently supported representations of numerosities, number words, and counting sequences. Functional overlap between numerosities and unknown counting sequences was also evident in the left IFG, and in some cases number word representations emerged in the left hemisphere fronto-temporal language network. These results provide new evidence from children that primitive numerosity processing regions of the brain interface with the language network to ground the acquisition of verbal counting.

HighlightsO_LIfMRI data revealed the neural basis of counting acquisition in 3- to 5-year-olds.
C_LIO_LIOverlap between neural responses to count words and numerosity emerged in the IPS.
C_LIO_LISensitivity to number words emerged in the IPS across two different tasks.
C_LIO_LINumber word stimuli also engaged regions of the language network in children.
C_LIO_LIThe IPS and language network may ground number words during counting acquisition.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulet, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantlon, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of counting in the brains of 3- to 5-year-old children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning, the ability to modify vocal behavior based on experience, is a convergently evolved trait in birds and mammals. To identify genomic elements associated with vocal learning, we integrated new experiments conducted in the brain of the Egyptian fruit bat with analyses of the genomes of 222 placental mammals. We first identified an anatomically specialized region of the bat motor cortex containing direct monosynaptic projections to laryngeal motoneurons. Using wireless neural recordings of this brain region in freely vocalizing bats, we verified that single neuron activity in this region relates to vocal production. We profiled the open chromatin of this vocal-motor region, which we used to train machine learning models to identify enhancers associated with vocal learning across mammals. We found 201 proteins and 45 candidate enhancers that display convergent evolution associated with vocal learning, many of which overlapped loci associated with human speech disability. One such locus contains the neurodevelopmental transcription factors TSHZ3 and ZNF536 and multiple candidate vocal learning-associated enhancers, suggesting the co-evolution of protein and regulatory sequences underlying vocal learning.

One-Sentence SummaryAnalyses of bat neural activity and epigenomic data in a brain region involved in vocal behavior were used to identify proteins and regulatory elements associated with vocal learning in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvareva, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakuljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annaldasula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory cortical responses to speech are shaped by statistical learning of short-term speech input regularities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech perception presents an exemplary model of how neurobiological systems flexibly adjust when input departs from the norm. Dialects, accents, and even head colds can negatively impact comprehension by shifting speech from listeners expectations. Comprehension improves with exposure to shifted speech regularities, but there is no neurobiological model of this rapid learning. We used electroencephalography to examine human auditory cortical responses to utterances that varied only in fundamental frequency (F0, perceived as voice pitch) as we manipulated the statistical distributions of speech acoustics across listening contexts. Participants overtly categorized speech sampled across two acoustic dimensions that signal /b/ from /p/ (voice onset time [VOT] and F0) to model typical English speech regularities or an expectation-violating accent. These blocks were interleaved with passive exposure to two F0-distinguished test stimuli presented in an oddball ratio to elicit a cortical mismatch negativity (MMN) response. F0 robustly influenced speech categorization when short-term regularities aligned with English but F0 exerted no influence in the context of the accent. The short-term regularities modulated event-related potentials evoked by F0-distinguished test stimuli across both N1 and P3 temporal windows and, for P3 amplitude, there was a strong correlation with perceptual down-weighting of F0. The influence of the short-term regularities persisted to impact MMN in interleaved passive listening blocks when regularities mirrored English but were absent when regularities conveyed the accent. Thus, cortical response is modulated as a function of statistical regularities of the listening context, likely reflecting both early dimension encoding and later categorization.

Significance StatementSpeech perception is a quintessential example of how neurobiological systems flexibly adjust when input departs from the norm. Perception is well-tuned to native-language speech patterns. Yet it adjusts when speech diverges from expectations, as with a foreign accent. We observe that the effectiveness of specific cues in speech, like the pitch of a voice, in signaling phonemes like /b/ versus /p/ is dynamically re-weighted when speech violates native-language expectations. We find that this re-weighting is mirrored in cortical responses that reflect both early acoustic dimension encoding and also in later responses linked to phoneme categorization. The results implicate dynamic adjustments in the mapping of speech to cortical representations, as modulated by statistical regularities experienced across local speech input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory cortical responses to speech are shaped by statistical learning of short-term speech input regularities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HBM-CITEseq: a uniform CITE-seq processing pipeline for the HuBMAP Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of the HuBMAP Consortium we have been developing methods for uniformly processing and indexing multiple single-cell datasets, which enable efficient integration of data from different platforms. HuBMAP computational pipelines have so far focused on unimodal data types such as single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing and single nucleus ATAC-seq. Here we present HBM-CITEseq, a processing pipeline for Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-seq) datasets, the first multimodal sequencing processing pipeline for the HuBMAP Consortium, with transcriptomic outputs from HBM-CITEseq matching those of the HuBMAP RNA-seq pipeline.

HBM-CITEseq is a CWL workflow wrapping command-line tools encapsulated in Docker images. It is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/hubmapconsortium/citeseq-pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HBM-CITEseq: a uniform CITE-seq processing pipeline for the HuBMAP Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity Map and Transition Pathways of G Protein Coupled Receptor Revealed by Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately, one-third of all FDA-approved drugs target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, more knowledge of protein structure-activity correlation is required to improve the efficacy of the drugs targeting GPCRs. In this study, we developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict activation state and activity level of the receptors with high prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we applied this model to thousands of molecular dynamics trajectories to correlate residue-level conformational changes of a GPCR to its activity level. Finally, the most probable transition pathway between activation states of a receptor can be identified by using the state-activity information. In addition, with this model, we can associate the contribution of each amino acid to the activation process. Using this method we will be able to design drugs that mainly target principal amino acids driving the transition between activation states of GPCRs. Our advanced method is generalizable to all GPCR classes and provides mechanistic insight into the activation mechanism in the receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollaei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barati farimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity Map and Transition Pathways of G Protein Coupled Receptor Revealed by Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYSM1 co-activates ERα action via histone and non-histone deubiquitination to confer antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocrine resistance is a crucial challenge in estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-positive breast cancer (BCa) therapy. Aberrant alteration in modulation of E2/ER signaling pathway has emerged as the putative contributor for endocrine resistance in BCa. Thus, identification the efficient ER cofactor remains necessary for finding a potential therapeutic target for endocrine resistance. Herein, we have demonstrated that Myb like, SWIRM and MPN domains 1 (MYSM1) as a histone deubiquitinase is a novel ER co-activator with established Drosophila experimental model. Our results showed that MYSM1 participated in up-regulation of ER action via histone and non-histone deubiquitination. We provided the evidence to show that MYSM1 was involved in maintenance of ER stability via ER deubiquitination. Furthermore, silencing MYSM1 induced enhancement of histone H2A ubiquitination as well as reduction of histone H3K4me3 and H3Ac levels at cis regulatory elements on promoter of ER-regulated gene. In addition, MYSM1 depletion attenuated cell proliferation/growth in BCa-derived cell lines and xenograft models. Knockdown of MYSM1 increased the sensitivity of antiestrogen agents in BCa cells. MYSM1 was highly expressed in clinical BCa samples, especially in aromatase inhibitor (AI) non-responsive tissues. These findings clarify the molecular mechanism of MYSM1 as an epigenetic modifier in regulation of ER action and provide a potential therapeutic target for endocrine resistance in BCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYSM1 co-activates ERα action via histone and non-histone deubiquitination to confer antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.24.521856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release of large synaptic DCV proteins is triggered by Ca2+-independent Rugose-localized complexin phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.24.521856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal dense-core vesicles (DCVs) contain neuropeptides and much larger proteins that affect synaptic growth and plasticity. Rather than using full collapse exocytosis that is common in endocrine cells, DCVs at a native intact synapse, the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, release their contents via fusion pores formed by kiss and run exocytosis. Here fluorogen activating protein (FAP) imaging reveals the permeability range of synaptic DCV fusion pores and then shows that this constraint is circumvented by cAMP-induced extra fusions with dilating pores that result in DCV emptying. These Ca2+-independent full fusions require PKA-R2, a PKA phosphorylation site on the fusion clamp protein complexin and the acute presynaptic function of Rugose/Neurobeachin, a PKA-R2 anchor implicated in learning and autism. Therefore, localized Ca2+-independent cAMP signaling opens dilating fusion pores to release large cargo proteins that cannot pass through the narrower fusion pores that normally dominate spontaneous and Ca2+-evoked synaptic protein release. Hence, two independent exocytosis triggers (Ca2+ and cAMP) vary the composition of released proteins at the synapse by differentially adjusting DCV fusion pores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bulgari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavolo, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitcher, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.24.521856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release of large synaptic DCV proteins is triggered by Ca2+-independent Rugose-localized complexin phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cataloguing and profiling of the gut virome in Chinese populations uncover extensive viral signatures across common diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut viral community has been linked to human physiology and health, but our knowledge of its genetic and functional contents and disease dependence is far from complete. Here, we collected 11,327 bulk or viral metagenomes from fecal samples from large-scale Chinese populations to establish a Chinese gut virus catalogue (cnGVC) comprising 67,096 nonredundant viral genomes. This catalogue included [~]70% of novel viruses that are not represented in existing gut viral databases, and allowed us to characterize the functional diversity and specificity of the gut virome. Using cnGVC, we 1) profiled the gut virome in large-scale populations and evaluated their sex- and age-related variations, 2) investigated the diversity and compositional patterns of the gut virome across common diseases by analyzing 6,314 bulk metagenomes spanning 28 disease or unhealthy statuses, and 3) identified a large number of universal viral signatures of diseases and validated their predictive ability for health status. Overall, our resources and results would contribute to the grand effort of expanding the knowledge of the human gut virome and addressing a full picture of the associations between viruses and common diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhiming, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ULLAH, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cataloguing and profiling of the gut virome in Chinese populations uncover extensive viral signatures across common diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced Alpha And Beta Electroencephalographic Rhythms Covary With Single-Trial Speech Intelligibility In Competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Neurophysiological studies suggest that intrinsic brain oscillations influence sensory processing, especially of rhythmic stimuli like speech. Prior work suggests that brain rhythms may mediate perceptual grouping and selective attention to speech amidst competing sound, as well as more linguistic aspects of speech processing like predictive coding. However, we know of no prior studies that have directly tested, at the single-trial level, whether brain oscillations relate to speech-in-noise outcomes. Here, we combined electroencephalography while simultaneously measuring intelligibility of spoken sentences amidst two different interfering sounds: multi-talker babble or speech-shaped noise. We find that induced parieto-occipital alpha (7-15 Hz; thought to modulate attentional focus) and frontal beta (13-30 Hz; associated with maintenance of the current sensorimotor state and predictive coding) oscillations covary with trial-wise percent-correct scores; importantly, alpha and beta power provide significant independent contributions to predicting single-trial behavioral outcomes. These results can inform models of speech processing and guide noninvasive measures to index different neural processes that together support complex listening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.31.522365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced Alpha And Beta Electroencephalographic Rhythms Covary With Single-Trial Speech Intelligibility In Competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible in vivo genome editing in the sea star Patiria miniata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For centuries, echinoderms, a marine-invertebrate phylum, have fascinated scientists for their developmental and postembryonic phenomen. Experimentation on their eggs and embryos in particular have contributed foundation scientific advances. However, powerful molecular genetic studies are restricted to embryonic developmental stages which are amenable to genetic perturbation by microinjection of reagents into the zygotes. This represents a significant bottleneck to the study of postembryonic processes in where the earliest function of a gene must remain intact. We therefore sought to establish a spatio-temporal turnable gene editing tool for these species. Here, using the sea star Patiria miniata as a model we introduce a chemically inducible, Tet-ON, gene expression system. Pairing this Tet-ON system with CRISPR-mediated gene alteration technology we show as a proof-of-principle demonstration an inducible gene editing in the sea star transgenic cell populations for the first time in echinoderm biology. The approach we show here can be adapted for use in other species of echinoderms and will also extend experimental possibilities tremendously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zueva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible in vivo genome editing in the sea star Patiria miniata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell segmentation for high-resolution spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics promises to greatly improve our understanding of tissue organization and cell-cell interactions. While most current platforms for spatial transcriptomics only offer multi-cellular resolution, with 10-15 cells per spot, recent technologies provide a much denser spot placement leading to sub-cellular resolution. A key challenge for these newer methods is cell segmentation and the assignment of spots to cells. Traditional image-based segmentation methods are limited and do not make full use of the information profiled by spatial transcrip-tomics. Here we present SCS, which combines imaging data with sequencing data to improve cell segmentation accuracy. SCS assigns spots to cells by adaptively learning the position of each spot relative to the center of its cell using a transformer neural network. SCS was tested on two new sub-cellular spatial transcriptomics technologies and outperformed traditional image-based segmentation methods. SCS achieved better accuracy, identified more cells, and provided more realistic cell size estimation. Sub-cellular analysis of RNAs using SCS spots assignments provides information on RNA localization and further supports the segmentation results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell segmentation for high-resolution spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin determines the effects of TGF-beta on HNF4alpha transcription and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To date, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been observed in cultured hepatocytes, but not in vivo. TGF-{beta} is supposed to initiate EMT in hepatocytes by inhibiting HNF4 through the SMAD2/3 complex. We report that TGF-{beta} does not directly inhibit HNF4, but contributes to its transcriptional regulation by SMAD2/3 recruiting acetyltransferase CBP/p300 to the HNF4 promoter. The recruitment of CBP/p300 is indispensable for C/EBPa binding, another essential requirement for constitutive HNF4 expression in hepatocytes. In contrast to the observed induction of HNF4, SMAD2/3 inhibits C/EBP transcription. Therefore, long-term TGF-{beta} incubation results in C/EBP depletion, which abrogates HNF4 expression. Intriguingly, SMAD2/3 inhibitory binding to the C/EBP promoter is abolished by insulin. Thus, maintaining a high insulin concentration in culture medium ensures constitutive HNF4 and thereby prevents TGF-{beta}-induced hepatocyte EMT. Furthermore, insulin inhibits TGF-{beta}-induced SMAD2/3 binding to the promoters of core EMT transcription factors e.g., SNAI1. SNAI1 transcription requires both SMAD2/3 and FOXO1 in nuclei. Insulin inhibits SNAI1 transcription through impeding SMAD2/3 binding to its promoter and inducing FOXO1 phosphorylation. Hence, insulin is the key factor that prevents TGF-{beta}-induced EMT in hepatocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sticht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niess, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin determines the effects of TGF-beta on HNF4alpha transcription and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The natural tannins oligomeric proanthocyanidins and punicalagin are potent inhibitors of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to infect people worldwide. While the vaccinated population has been increasing, the rising breakthrough infection persists in the vaccinated population. For living with the virus, the dietary guidelines to prevent virus infection are worthy of and timely to develop further. Tannic acid has been demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of coronavirus and is under clinical trial. Here we found that two other members of the tannins family, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and punicalagin, are also potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection with different mechanisms. OPCs and punicalagin showed inhibitory activity against omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The water extractant of the grape seed was rich in OPCs and also exhibited the strongest inhibitory activities for viral entry of wild-type and other variants in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of grape seed extractants (GSE) supplementation against SARS-CoV-2 viral entry in vivo and observed that serum samples from the healthy human subjects had suppressive activity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 vpp infection after taking GSE capsules. Our results suggest that natural tannins acted as potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and GSE supplementation could serve as healthy food for infection prevention.

HighlightsO_LIOPCs and Punicalagin had inhibitory activity against omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
C_LIO_LIOPCs serve as a dual inhibitor of the viral Mpro and the cellular TMPRSS2 protease.
C_LIO_LIPunicalagin possesses the most potent activity to suppress the Mpro and block the interaction of the viral spike protein and human ACE2.
C_LIO_LIOPCs-enriched grape seed extractant exhibited inhibitory activities for viral entry of wild-type and other variants of SARS-CoV-2.
C_LIO_LIThe daily intake of grape seed extractants may be able to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, P.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The natural tannins oligomeric proanthocyanidins and punicalagin are potent inhibitors of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein triggers depression and dysosmia via TLR2 mediated neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDepression and dysosmia have been regarded as the main neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients, the mechanism of which remains unclear. Current studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein served as a pro-inflammatory factor as sensed by Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), suggesting the viral infection independent pathological feature of E protein. In this study, we aim to determine the role of E protein in depression, dysosmia and associated neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS).

MethodsDepression and olfactory function were observed in both female and male mice as receiving intracisternal injection of envelope protein. Immunohistochemistry was applied in conjunction with RT-PCR to assess the glial activation, blood-brain barrier status and mediators synthesis in cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. TLR2 was pharmacologically blocked to determine its role in E protein related depression and dysosmia.

ResultsIntracisternal injection of envelope protein evoked depression and dysosmia in both female and male mice. Immunohistochemistry suggested that envelope protein upregulated IBA1 and GFAP in cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, while ZO-1 was downregulated. Moreover, IL-1{beta}, TNF-, IL-6, CCL2, MMP2 and CSF1 were upregulated in both cortex and hippocampus, whereas IL-1{beta}, IL-6 and CCL2 were upregulated in olfactory bulb. Furtherly, inhibiting microglia, but not astrocyte, alleviated depression and dysosmia induced by envelope protein. Finally, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry suggested that TLR2 was upregulated in cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, the blocking of which mitigated depression and dysosmia induced by envelope protein.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that envelope protein could directly induce depression and dysosmia together with obvious neuroinflammation in CNS. TLR2 mediated depression and dysosmia induced by envelope protein, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for neurological manifestation in COVID-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein triggers depression and dysosmia via TLR2 mediated neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate changes in monkey optic nerve head (ONH) morphology under acutely controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

MethodsSeven ONHs from six monkeys were imaged via optical coherence tomography while IOP and ICP were maintained at one of 16 conditions. These conditions were defined by 4 levels for each pressure: low, baseline, high and very high. Images were processed to determine scleral canal area, aspect ratio, and planarity and anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) shape index and curvature. Linear mixed effect models were utilized to investigate the effects of IOP, ICP and their interactions on ONH morphological features. The IOP-ICP interaction model was compared with one based on translaminar pressure difference (TLPD).

ResultsWe observed complex, eye-specific, non-linear patterns of ONH morphological changes with changes in IOP and ICP. For all ONH morphological features, linear mixed effects models demonstrated significant interactions between IOP and ICP that were unaccounted for by TLPD. Interactions indicate that the effects of IOP and ICP depend on the other pressure. The IOP-ICP interaction model was a higher quality predictor of ONH features than a TLPD model.

ConclusionsIn vivo modulation of IOP and ICP causes nonlinear and non-monotonic changes in monkey ONH morphology that depend on both pressures and is not accounted for by a simplistic TLPD. These results support and extend prior findings.

Translational Relevance: A better understanding of ICPs influence on the effects of IOP can help inform the highly variable presentations of glaucoma and effective treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven optimization of biomarker panels in highly multiplexed imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed protein imaging methods provide valuable information about complex tissue structure and cellular heterogeneity. However, the number of markers that can be measured in the same tissue sample is currently limited. In this paper, we present an efficient method to choose a minimal predictive subset of markers that for the first time allows the prediction of full images for a much larger set of markers. We demonstrate that our approach also outperforms previous methods for predicting cell-level marker composition. Most importantly, we demonstrate that our approach can be used to select a marker set that enables prediction of a much larger set that could not be measured concurrently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven optimization of biomarker panels in highly multiplexed imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EstroGene database reveals diverse temporal, context-dependent and directional estrogen receptor regulomes in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the most successful cancer therapeutic targets, estrogen receptor- (ER/ESR1) has been extensively studied in decade-long. Sequencing technological advances have enabled genome-wide analysis of ER action. However, reproducibility is limited by different experimental design. Here, we established the EstroGene database through centralizing 246 experiments from 136 transcriptomic, cistromic and epigenetic datasets focusing on estradiol-treated ER activation across 19 breast cancer cell lines. We generated a user-friendly browser (https://estrogene.org/) for data visualization and gene inquiry under user-defined experimental conditions and statistical thresholds. Notably, documentation-based meta-analysis revealed a considerable lack of experimental details. Comparison of independent RNA-seq or ER ChIP-seq data with the same design showed large variability and only strong effects could be consistently detected. We defined temporal estrogen response metasignatures and showed the association with specific transcriptional factors, chromatin accessibility and ER heterogeneity. Unexpectedly, harmonizing 146 transcriptomic analyses uncovered a subset of E2-bidirectionally regulated genes, which linked to immune surveillance in the clinical setting. Furthermore, we defined context dependent E2 response programs in MCF7 and T47D cell lines, the two most frequently used models in the field. Collectively, the EstroGene database provides an informative resource to the cancer research community and reveals a diverse mode of ER signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oesterreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEE, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EstroGene database reveals diverse temporal, context-dependent and directional estrogen receptor regulomes in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the cellular atlas of human intracranial aneurysm and highlights inflammation features associated with aneurysm rupture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is pouch-like pathological dilations of cerebral arteries, which often affects middle-aged people and culminates in life-threatening hemorrhagic stroke. A deeper knowledge of the cellular and gene expression perturbations in human IA tissue deepens our understanding of disease mechanisms and facilitates developing pharmacological targets for unruptured IA. In this study, 21,332 qualified cells were obtained from cell-sparse ruptured and unruptured human IA tissues and a detailed cellular profile was determined, including conventional endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts and the newly identified pericytes. Notably, striking proportion of immune cells were identified in IA tissue, with the number of monocyte/macrophages and neutrophils being remarkably higher in ruptured IA. By leveraging external datasets and machine learning algorithms, a subset of macrophages characterized by high expression of CCL3 and CXCL3, and transcriptional activation of NF-{kappa}B and HIVEP2 was identified as the cell most associated with IA rupture. Further, the interactome of CCL3/CXCL3 macrophages disclosed their role in regulating vascular cell survival and orchestrating inflammation. In summary, this study illustrated the profile and interactions of vascular and immune cells in human IA tissue and the opportunities for targeting local chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ji, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the cellular atlas of human intracranial aneurysm and highlights inflammation features associated with aneurysm rupture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Statistical Framework for Single Cell and Bulk RNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in technology have enabled the measurement of RNA levels for individual cells. Compared to traditional tissue-level bulk RNA-seq data, single cell sequencing yields valuable insights about gene expression profiles for different cell types, which is potentially critical for understanding many complex human diseases. However, developing quantitative tools for such data remains challenging because of high levels of technical noise, especially the "dropout" events. A "dropout" happens when the RNA for a gene fails to be amplified prior to sequencing, producing a "false" zero in the observed data. In this paper, we propose a Unified RNA-Sequencing Model (URSM) for both single cell and bulk RNA-seq data, formulated as a hierarchical model. URSM borrows the strength from both data sources and carefully models the dropouts in single cell data, leading to a more accurate estimation of cell type specific gene expression profile. In addition, URSM naturally provides inference on the dropout entries in single cell data that need to be imputed for downstream analyses, as well as the mixing proportions of different cell types in bulk samples. We adopt an empirical Bayes approach, where parameters are estimated using the EM algorithm and approximate inference is obtained by Gibbs sampling. Simulation results illustrate that URSM outperforms existing approaches both in correcting for dropouts in single cell data, as well as in deconvolving bulk samples. We also demonstrate an application to gene expression data on fetal brains, where our model successfully imputes the dropout genes and reveals cell type specific expression patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Statistical Framework for Single Cell and Bulk RNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of multineuronal dimensionality, dynamics and measurement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many experiments, neuroscientists tightly control behavior, record many trials, and obtain trial-averaged firing rates from hundreds of neurons in circuits containing billions of behaviorally relevant neurons. Di-mensionality reduction methods reveal a striking simplicity underlying such multi-neuronal data: they can be reduced to a low-dimensional space, and the resulting neural trajectories in this space yield a remarkably insightful dynamical portrait of circuit computation. This simplicity raises profound and timely conceptual questions. What are its origins and its implications for the complexity of neural dynamics? How would the situation change if we recorded more neurons? When, if at all, can we trust dynamical portraits obtained from measuring an infinitesimal fraction of task relevant neurons? We present a theory that answers these questions, and test it using physiological recordings from reaching monkeys. This theory reveals conceptual insights into how task complexity governs both neural dimensionality and accurate recovery of dynamic portraits, thereby providing quantitative guidelines for future large-scale experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of multineuronal dimensionality, dynamics and measurement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing unwanted variation between samples in Hi-C experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C data is commonly normalized using single sample processing methods, with focus on comparisons between regions within a given contact map. Here, we aim to compare contact maps across different samples. We demonstrate that unwanted variation, of likely technical origin, is present in Hi-C data with replicates from different individuals, and that properties of this unwanted variation changes across the contact map. We present BNBC, a method for normalization and batch correction of Hi-C data and show that it substantially improves comparisons across samples, including in a QTL analysis as well as differential enrichment across cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fletez-Brant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing unwanted variation between samples in Hi-C experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STIMULUS: Noninvasive Dynamic Patterns of Neurostimulation using Spatio-Temporal Interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a systematic computational and modeling framework, we provide a novel Spatio-Temporal Interference-based stiMULation focUsing Strategy (STIMULUS) for high spatial precision noninvasive neurostimulation deep inside the brain. To do so, we first replicate the results of the recently proposed temporal interference (TI) stimulation (which was only tested in-vivo) in a computational model based on a Hodgkin-Huxley model for neurons and a model of current dispersion in the head. Using this computational model, we obtain a nontrivial extension of the 2-electrode-pair TI proposed originally to multielectrode TI (> 2 electrode pairs) that yields significantly higher spatial precision. To further improve precision, we develop STIMULUS techniques for generating spatial interference patterns in conjunction with temporal interference, and demonstrate strict and significant improvements over multielectrode TI. Finally, we utilize the adaptivity that is inherent in STIMULUS to create multisite neurostimulation patterns that can be dynamically steered over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STIMULUS: Noninvasive Dynamic Patterns of Neurostimulation using Spatio-Temporal Interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-cell scale dynamic organization of lysosomes revealed by spatial statistical analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic cells, lysosomes are distributed in the cytoplasm as individual membrane-bound compartments to degrade macromolecules and to control cellular metabolism. A fundamental yet unanswered question is whether and, if so, how individual lysosomes are spatially organized so that their functions can be coordinated and integrated to meet changing needs of cells. To address this question, we analyze their collective behavior in cultured cells using spatial statistical techniques. We find that in single cells, lysosomes maintain nonrandom, stable, yet distinct spatial distributions, which are mediated by the coordinated effects of the cytoskeleton and lysosomal biogenesis on different lysosomal subpopulations. Furthermore, we find that throughout the intracellular space, lysosomes form dynamic clusters that substantially increase their interactions with endosomes. Together, our findings reveal the spatial organization of lysosomes at the whole-cell scale and provide new insights into how organelle interactions are mediated and regulated over the entire intracellular space.nnHighlightsO_LILysosomes maintain stable yet distinct spatial distributions in single cellsnC_LIO_LIThe cytoskeleton and lysosomal biogenesis mediate stable lysosomal distributionsnC_LIO_LILysosomes form dynamic clusters that promote their interactions with endosomesnC_LIO_LITwo subpopulations of lysosomes jointly mediate formation of lysosomal clustersnC_LInneTOC BlurbLysosomes are spatially organized at the whole-cell scale and form dynamic clusters that promote their interactions with endosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ba, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiselyov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-cell scale dynamic organization of lysosomes revealed by spatial statistical analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaRiPPquest: A Peptidogenomics Approach for the Discovery of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-translationally Modified Peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are an important class of natural products that include many antibiotics and a variety of other bioactive compounds. While recent breakthroughs in RiPP discovery raised the challenge of developing new algorithms for their analysis, peptidogenomic-based identification of RiPPs by combining genome/metagenome mining with analysis of tandem mass spectra remains an open problem. We present here MetaRiPPquest, a software tool for addressing this challenge that is compatible with large-scale screening platforms for natural product discovery. After searching millions of spectra in the Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking infrastructure against just six genomic and metagenomic datasets, MetaRiPPquest identified 27 known and discovered 5 novel RiPP natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naman, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glukhov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzzatto Knaan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, R. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlemov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobeynikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaRiPPquest: A Peptidogenomics Approach for the Discovery of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-translationally Modified Peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable Selection in Heterogeneous Datasets: A Truncated-rank Sparse Linear Mixed Model with Applications to Genome-wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental and important challenge in modern datasets of ever increasing dimensionality is variable selection, which has taken on renewed interest recently due to the growth of biological and medical datasets with complex, non-i.i.d. structures. Naively applying classical variable selection methods such as the Lasso to such datasets may lead to a large number of false discoveries. Motivated by genome-wide association studies in genetics, we study the problem of variable selection for datasets arising from multiple subpopulations, when this underlying population structure is unknown to the researcher. We propose a unified framework for sparse variable selection that adaptively corrects for population structure via a low-rank linear mixed model. Most importantly, the proposed method does not require prior knowledge of sample structure in the data and adaptively selects a covariance structure of the correct complexity. Through extensive experiments, we illustrate the effectiveness of this framework over existing methods. Further, we test our method on three different genomic datasets from plants, mice, and human, and discuss the knowledge we discover with our method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable Selection in Heterogeneous Datasets: A Truncated-rank Sparse Linear Mixed Model with Applications to Genome-wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex Confounding Factor Correction for Genomic Association Mapping with Squared Sparse Linear Mixed Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide Association Study has presented a promising way to understand the association between human genomes and complex traits. Many simple polymorphic loci have been shown to explain a significant fraction of phenotypic variability. However, challenges remain in the non-triviality of explaining complex traits associated with multifactorial genetic loci, especially considering the confounding factors caused by population structure, family structure, and cryptic relatedness. In this paper, we propose a Squared-LMM (LMM2) model, aiming to jointly correct population and genetic confounding factors. We offer two strategies of utilizing LMM2 for association mapping: 1) It serves as an extension of univariate LMM, which could effectively correct population structure, but consider each SNP in isolation. 2) It is integrated with the multivariate regression model to discover association relationship between complex traits and multifactorial genetic loci. We refer to this second model as sparse Squared-LMM (sLMM2). Further, we extend LMM2/sLMM2 by raising the power of our squared model to the LMMn/sLMMn model. We demonstrate the practical use of our model with synthetic phenotypic variants generated from genetic loci of Arabidopsis Thaliana. The experiment shows that our method achieves a more accurate and significant prediction on the association relationship between traits and loci. We also evaluate our models on collected phenotypes and genotypes with the number of candidate genes that the models could discover. The results suggest the potential and promising usage of our method in genome-wide association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex Confounding Factor Correction for Genomic Association Mapping with Squared Sparse Linear Mixed Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac directed differentiation using small molecule Wnt modulation at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiation into diverse cell lineages requires the orchestration of gene regulatory networks guiding diverse cell fate choices. Utilizing human pluripotent stem cells, we measured expression dynamics of 17,718 genes from 43,168 cells across five time points over a thirty day time-course of in vitro cardiac-directed differentiation. Unsupervised clustering and lineage prediction algorithms were used to map fate choices and transcriptional networks underlying cardiac differentiation. We leveraged this resource to identify strategies for controlling in vitro differentiation as it occurs in vivo. HOPX, a non-DNA binding homeodomain protein essential for heart development in vivo was identified as dys-regulated in in vitro derived cardiomyocytes. Utilizing genetic gain and loss of function approaches, we dissect the transcriptional complexity of the HOPX locus and identify the requirement of hypertrophic signaling for HOPX transcription in hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. This work provides a single cell dissection of the transcriptional landscape of cardiac differentiation for broad applications of stem cells in cardiovascular biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voges, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senabouth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruxner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palpant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac directed differentiation using small molecule Wnt modulation at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hercules: a profile HMM-based hybrid error correction algorithm for long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationChoosing whether to use second or third generation sequencing platforms can lead to trade-offs between accuracy and read length. Several studies require long and accurate reads including de novo assembly, fusion and structural variation detection. In such cases researchers often combine both technologies and the more erroneous long reads are corrected using the short reads. Current approaches rely on various graph based alignment techniques and do not take the error profile of the underlying technology into account. Memory- and time-efficient machine learning algorithms that address these shortcomings have the potential to achieve better and more accurate integration of these two technologies.nnResultsWe designed and developed Hercules, the first machine learning-based long read error correction algorithm. The algorithm models every long read as a profile Hidden Markov Model with respect to the underlying platforms error profile. The algorithm learns a posterior transition/emission probability distribution for each long read and uses this to correct errors in these reads. Using datasets from two DNA-seq BAC clones (CH17-157L1 and CH17-227A2), and human brain cerebellum polyA RNA-seq, we show that Hercules-corrected reads have the highest mapping rate among all competing algorithms and highest accuracy when most of the basepairs of a long read are covered with short reads.nnAvailabilityHercules source code is available at https://github.com/BilkentCompGen/Hercules
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Firtina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hercules: a profile HMM-based hybrid error correction algorithm for long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Streptococcus pneumoniae Competence-Induced BriC Peptide Promotes Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Impacts Biofilm Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. The progression to this pathogenic lifestyle is preceded by asymptomatic colonization of the nasopharynx. This colonization is associated with biofilm formation; the competence pathway influences the structure and stability of biofilms. However, the molecules that link the competence pathway to biofilm formation are unknown. Here, we describe a new competence-induced gene, called briC, and demonstrate that its product promotes biofilm development and stimulates colonization in a murine model. We show that expression of briC is induced by the master regulator of competence, ComE. Whereas briC does not substantially influence early biofilm development on abiotic surfaces, it significantly impacts later stages of biofilm development. Specifically, briC expression leads to increases in biofilm biomass and thickness at 72h. Consistent with the role of biofilms in colonization, briC promotes nasopharyngeal colonization in the murine model. The function of BriC appears to be conserved across pneumococci, as comparative genomics reveal that briC is widespread across isolates. Surprisingly, many isolates, including strains from clinically important PMEN1 and PMEN14 lineages, which are widely associated with colonization, encode a long briC promoter. This long form captures an instance of genomic plasticity and functions as a competence-independent expression enhancer that may serve as a precocious point of entry into this otherwise competence-regulated pathway. Moreover, overexpression of briC by the long promoter fully rescues the comE-deletion induced biofilm defect in vitro, and partially in vivo. These findings indicate that BriC may bypass the influence of competence in biofilm development and that such a pathway may be active in a subset of pneumococcal lineages. In conclusion, BriC is a part of the complex molecular network that connects signaling of the competence pathway to biofilm development and colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eutsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veening, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesilkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Streptococcus pneumoniae Competence-Induced BriC Peptide Promotes Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Impacts Biofilm Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Discovery of Feedback Networks with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We test the adequacies of several proposed and two new statistical methods for recovering the causal structure of systems with feedback that generate noisy time series closely matching real BOLD time series. We compare: an adaptation for time series of the first correct method for recovering the structure of cyclic linear systems; multivariate Granger causal regression; the GIMME algorithm; the Ramsey et al. non-Gaussian methods; two non-Gaussian methods proposed by Hyv{diaeresis}arinen and Smith; a method due to Patel, et al.; and the GlobalMIT algorithm. We introduce and also compare two new methods, the Fast Adjacency Skewness (FASK) and Two-Step, which exploit non-Gaussian features of the BOLD signal in different ways. We give theoretical justifications for the latter two algorithms. Our test models include feedback structures with and without direct feedback (2-cycles), excitatory and inhibitory feedback, models using experimentally determined structural connectivities of macaques, and empirical resting state and task data. We find that averaged over all of our simulations, including those with 2-cycles, several of these methods have a better than 80% orientation precision (i.e., the probability a directed edge is in the true generating structure given that a procedure estimates it to be so) and the two new methods also have better than 80% recall (probability of recovering an orientation in the data generating model). Recovering inhibitory direct feedback loops between two regions is especially challenging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glymour, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glymour, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Discovery of Feedback Networks with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale two-photon imaging revealed super-sparse population codes in V1 superficial layer of awake monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient coding has been proposed as a general principle for the sensory systems. The efficient coding hypothesis predicts that neuronal population responses should be sparse, but limited by the measurement techniques, the precise estimates of the population sparseness of visual cortical neurons are still uncertain. Here, we employed large-scale two-photon calcium imaging to examine the neuronal population activities in V1 superficial layers of awake macaques in response to a large set of natural images. We found that only 0.5% of these neurons on average responded strongly to any given natural image with response strength above half of their individual peak responses, which is more than tenfold sparse over those reported by early studies. We further showed that these sparse population activities contain sufficient information for discriminating images with high accuracy. This study provided the first accurate measure of sparseness in V1 neuronal population responses, which support super-sparse neural codes in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale two-photon imaging revealed super-sparse population codes in V1 superficial layer of awake monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-scale detection of drug-target interactions using correlations in transcriptomic perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of an expanded chemical space for screening is an essential step in the challenge of identifying chemical probes for new, genomic-era protein targets. However, the difficulty of identifying targets for novel compounds leads to the prioritization of synthesis linked to known active scaffolds that bind familiar protein families, slowing the exploration of available chemical space. To change this paradigm, we validated a new pipeline capable of identifying compound-protein interactions even for compounds with no similarity to known drugs. Based on differential mRNA profiles from drug treatments and gene knockdowns across multiple cell types, we show that drugs cause gene regulatory network effects that correlate with those produced by silencing their target protein-coding gene. Applying supervised machine learning to exploit compound-knockdown signature correlations and enriching our predictions using an orthogonal structure-based screen, we achieved top-10/top-100 target prediction accuracies of 26%/41%, respectively, on a validation set 152 FDA-approved drugs and 3104 potential targets. We further predicted targets for 1680 compounds and validated a total of seven novel interactions with four difficult targets, including non-covalent modulators of HRAS and KRAS. We found that drug-target interactions manifest as gene expression correlations between drug treatment and both target gene knockdown and up/down-stream knockdowns. These correlations provide biologically relevant insight on the cell-level impact of disrupting protein interactions, highlighting the complex genetic phenotypes of drug treatments. Our pipeline can accelerate the identification and development of novel chemistries with potential to become drugs by screening for compound-target interactions in the full human interactome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pabon, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estabrooks, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbrand, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biondi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimon, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-scale detection of drug-target interactions using correlations in transcriptomic perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding during sequence learning does not alter cortical representations of individual actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a movement sequence is learned, serially ordered actions get bound together into sets in order to reduce computational complexity during planning and execution. Here we examined how the binding of serial actions alters the cortical representations of individual movements. Across five weeks of practice, healthy human subjects learned either a complex 32-item sequence of finger movements (Trained group, N=9) or randomly ordered actions (Control group, N=9). After five weeks of training, responses during sequence production in the Trained group were correlated, consistent with being bound together under a common command. These behavioral changes, however, did not coincide with plasticity in the multivariate representations of individual finger movements, assessed using fMRI, at any level of the cortical motor hierarchy. This suggests that the representations of individual actions remain stable, even as the execution of those same actions become bound together in the context of producing a well learned sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beukema, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding during sequence learning does not alter cortical representations of individual actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymptotically optimal minimizers schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe minimizers technique is a method to sample k-mers that is used in many bioinformatics software to reduce computation, memory usage and run time. The number of applications using minimizers keeps on growing steadily. Despite its many uses, the theoretical understanding of minimizers is still very limited. In many applications, selecting as few k-mers as possible (i.e. having a low density) is beneficial. The density is highly dependent on the choice of the order on the k-mers. Different applications use different orders, but none of these orders are optimal. A better understanding of minimizers schemes, and the related local and forward schemes, will allow designing schemes with lower density, and thereby making existing and future bioinformatics tools even more efficient.nnResultsFrom the analysis of the asymptotic behavior of minimizers, forward and local schemes, we show that the previously believed lower bound on minimizers schemes does not hold, and that schemes with density lower than thought possible actually exist. The proof is constructive and leads to an efficient algorithm to compare k-mers. These orders are the first known orders that are asymptotically optimal. Additionally, we give improved bounds on the density achievable by the 3 type of schemes.nnContactgmarcais@cs.cmu.edu ckingsf@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBlasio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymptotically optimal minimizers schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution and phylogeny inference of structural variations in tumor genomic samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic reconstruction of tumor evolution has emerged as a crucial tool for making sense of the complexity of emerging cancer genomic data sets. Despite the growing use of phylogenetics in cancer studies, though, the field has only slowly adapted to many ways that tumor evolution differs from classic species evolution. One crucial question in that regard is how to handle inference of structural variations (SVs), which are a major mechanism of evolution in cancers but have been largely neglected in tumor phylogenetics to date, in part due to the challenges of reliably detecting and typing SVs and interpreting them phylogenetically. We present a novel method for reconstructing evolutionary trajectories of SVs from bulk whole-genome sequence data via joint deconvolution and phylogenetics, to infer clonal subpopulations and reconstruct their ancestry. We establish a novel likelihood model for joint deconvolution and phylogenetic inference on bulk SV data and formulate an associated optimization algorithm. We demonstrate the approach to be efficient and accurate for realistic scenarios of SV mutation on simulated data. Application to breast cancer genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) shows it to be practical and effective at reconstructing features of SV-driven evolution in single tumors. All code can be found at https://github.com/jaebird123/tusv
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eaton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution and phylogeny inference of structural variations in tumor genomic samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation by competition: a hidden layer of gene regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular competition is ubiquitous, essential and multifunctional throughout diverse biological processes. Competition brings about trade-offs of shared limited resources among the cellular components, and it thus introduce a hidden layer of regulatory mechanism by connecting components even without direct physical interactions. By abstracting the analogous competition mechanism behind diverse molecular systems, we built a unified coarse-grained competition motif model to systematically compare experimental evidences in these processes and analyzed general properties shared behind them. We could predict in what molecular environments competition would reveal threshold behavior or display a negative linear dependence. We quantified how competition can shape regulator-target dose-response curve, modulate dynamic response speed, control target expression noise, and introduce correlated fluctuations between targets. This work uncovered the complexity and generality of molecular competition effect, which might act as a hidden regulatory mechanism with multiple functions throughout biological networks in both natural and synthetic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation by competition: a hidden layer of gene regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting CTCF-mediated chromatin loops using CTCF-MP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three dimensional organization of chromosomes within the cell nucleus is highly regulated. It is known that CTCF is an important architectural protein to mediate long-range chromatin loops. Recent studies have shown that the majority of CTCF binding motif pairs at chromatin loop anchor regions are in convergent orientation. However, it remains unknown whether the genomic context at the sequence level can determine if a convergent CTCF motif pair is able to form chromatin loop. In this paper, we directly ask whether and what sequence-based features (other than the motif itself) may be important to establish CTCF-mediated chromatin loops. We found that motif conservation measured by "branch-of-origin" that accounts for motif turn-over in evolution is an important feature. We developed a new machine learning algorithm called CTCF-MP based on word2vec to demonstrate that sequence-based features alone have the capability to predict if a pair of convergent CTCF motifs would form a loop. Together with functional genomic signals from CTCF ChIP-seq and DNase-seq, CTCF-MP is able to make highly accurate predictions on whether a convergent CTCF motif pair would form a loop in a single cell type and also across different cell types. Our work represents an important step further to understand the sequence determinants that may guide the formation of complex chromatin architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting CTCF-mediated chromatin loops using CTCF-MP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redundancy makes music and speech robust to individual differences in perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In speech, linguistic information is conveyed redundantly by many simultaneously present acoustic dimensions, such as fundamental frequency, duration and amplitude. Listeners show stable tendencies to prioritize these acoustic dimensions differently, relative to one another, which suggests individualized speech perception  strategies. However, it is unclear what drives these strategies, and more importantly, what impact they have on diverse aspects of communication. Here we show that such individualized perceptual strategies can be related to individual differences in perceptual ability. In a cue weighting experiment, we first demonstrate that individuals with a severe pitch perception deficit (congenital amusics) categorize linguistic stimuli similarly to controls when their deficit is unrelated to the main distinguishing cue for that category (in this case, durational or temporal cues). In contrast, in a prosodic task where pitch-related cues are typically more informative, amusics place less importance on this pitch-related information when categorizing speech. Instead, they relied more on duration information. Crucially, these differences in perceptual weights were observed even when pitch-related differences were large enough to be perceptually distinct to amusic listeners. In a second set of experiments involving musical and prosodic phrase interpretation, we found that this reliance on duration information allowed amusics to overcome their perceptual deficits and perceive both speech and music successfully. These results suggest that successful speech - and potentially music - comprehension is achieved through multiple perceptual strategies whose underlying weights may in part reflect individuals perceptual abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasmin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redundancy makes music and speech robust to individual differences in perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting redox regulatory site of protein kinase B impedes neutrophilic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophil activation has a pathogenic effect in inflammatory diseases. Protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT regulates diverse cellular responses. However, the significance of AKT in neutrophilic inflammation is still not well understood. Here, we identified CLLV-1 as a novel AKT inhibitor. CLLV-1 inhibited respiratory burst, degranulation, chemotaxis, and AKT phosphorylation in activated human neutrophils and dHL-60 cells. Significantly, CLLV-1 blocked AKT activity and covalently reacted with AKT Cys310 in vitro. The AKT309-313 peptide-CLLV-1 adducts were determined by NMR or mass spectrometry assay. The alkylation agent-conjugated AKT (reduced form) level was also inhibited by CLLV-1. Additionally, CLLV-1 ameliorated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. CLLV-1 acts as a covalent allosteric AKT inhibitor by targeting AKT Cys310 to restrain inflammatory responses in human neutrophils and LPS-induced ALI in vivo. Our findings provide a mechanistic framework for redox modification of AKT that may serve as a novel pharmacological target to alleviate neutrophilic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, I.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting redox regulatory site of protein kinase B impedes neutrophilic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data management and sharing in neuroimaging: Practices and perceptions of MRI researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involve complex data collection and analysis protocols, which necessitate the establishment of good research data management (RDM). Despite efforts within the field to address issues related to rigor and reproducibility, information about the RDM-related practices and perceptions of neuroimaging researchers remains largely anecdotal. To inform such efforts, we conducted an online survey of active MRI researchers that covered a range of RDM-related topics. Survey questions addressed the type(s) of data collected, tools used for data storage, organization, and analysis, and the degree to which practices are defined and standardized within a research group. Our results demonstrate that neuroimaging data is acquired in multifarious forms, transformed and analyzed using a wide variety of software tools, and that RDM practices and perceptions vary considerably both within and between research groups, with trainees reporting less consistency than faculty. Ratings of the maturity of RDM practices from ad-hoc to refined were relatively high during the data collection and analysis phases of a project and significantly lower during the data sharing phase. Perceptions of emerging practices including open access publishing and preregistration were largely positive, but demonstrated little adoption into current practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borghi, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gulick, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data management and sharing in neuroimaging: Practices and perceptions of MRI researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posterior and Mid-Fusiform Contribute to Distinct Stages of Facial Expression Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though the fusiform is well-established as a key node in the face perception network, its role in facial expression processing remains unclear, due to competing models and discrepant findings. To help resolve this debate, we recorded from 17 subjects with intracranial electrodes implanted in face sensitive patches of the fusiform. Multivariate classification analysis showed that facial expression information is represented in fusiform activity, in the same regions that represent identity, though with a smaller effect size. Examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics revealed a functional distinction between posterior and mid-fusiform expression coding, with posterior fusiform showing an early peak of facial expression sensitivity at around 180 ms after subjects viewed a face and mid-fusiform showing a later and extended peak between 230 - 460 ms. These results support the hypothesis that the fusiform plays a role in facial expression perception and highlight a qualitative functional distinction between processing in posterior and mid-fusiform, with each contributing to temporally segregated stages of expression perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posterior and Mid-Fusiform Contribute to Distinct Stages of Facial Expression Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous-trait probabilistic model for comparing multi-species functional genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large amount of multi-species functional genomic data from high-throughput assays are becoming available to help understand the molecular mechanisms for phenotypic diversity across species. However, continuous-trait probabilistic models, which are key to such comparative analysis, remain underexplored. Here we develop a new model, called phylogenetic hidden Markov Gaussian processes (Phylo-HMGP), to simultaneously infer heterogeneous evolutionary states of functional genomic features in a genome-wide manner. Both simulation studies and real data application demonstrate the effectiveness of Phylo-HMGP. Importantly, we applied Phylo-HMGP to analyze a new cross-species DNA replication timing (RT) dataset from the same cell type in five primate species (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon, and green monkey). We demonstrate that our Phylo-HMGP model enables discovery of genomic regions with distinct evolutionary patterns of RT. Our method provides a generic framework for comparative analysis of multi-species continuous functional genomic signals to help reveal regions with conserved or lineage-specific regulatory roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous-trait probabilistic model for comparing multi-species functional genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semi-soft Clustering of Single Cell Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivated by the dynamics of development, in which cells of recognizable types, or pure cell types, transition into other types over time, we propose a method of semi-soft clustering that can classify both pure and intermediate cell types from data on gene expression or protein abundance from individual cells. Called SOUP, for Semi-sOft clUstering with Pure cells, this novel algorithm reveals the clustering structure for both pure cells, which belong to one single cluster, as well as transitional cells with soft memberships. SOUP involves a two-step process: identify the set of pure cells and then estimate a membership matrix. To find pure cells, SOUP uses the special block structure the K cell types form in a similarity matrix, devised by pairwise comparison of the gene expression profiles of individual cells. Once pure cells are identified, they provide the key information from which the membership matrix can be computed. SOUP is applicable to general clustering problems as well, as long as the unrestrictive modeling assumptions hold. The performance of SOUP is documented via extensive simulation studies. Using SOUP to analyze two single cell data sets from brain shows it produce sensible and interpretable results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semi-soft Clustering of Single Cell Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reductions in Retrieval Competition Predict the Benefit of Repeated Testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repeated testing leads to improved long-term memory retention compared to repeated study, but the mechanism underlying this improvement remains controversial. In this work, we test the hypothesis that retrieval practice benefits subsequent recall by reducing competition from related memories. This hypothesis implies that the degree of reduction in competition between retrieval practice attempts should predict subsequent memory for practiced items. To test this prediction, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data across two sessions. In the first session, participants practiced selectively retrieving exemplars from superordinate semantic categories (high competition), as well as retrieving the names of the superordinate categories from exemplars (low competition). In the second session, participants repeatedly studied and were tested on Swahili-English vocabulary. One week after session two, participants were again tested on the vocabulary. We trained a within-subject classifier on the data from session one to distinguish high and low competition states.We then used this classifier to measure competition across multiple retrieval practice attempts in the second session. The degree to which competition decreased for a given vocabulary word predicted whether that item was subsequently remembered in the third session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that repeated testing improves retention by reducing competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafidi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulbert, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reductions in Retrieval Competition Predict the Benefit of Repeated Testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Regression Enables Sample-Specific Pan-Cancer Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many applications, inter-sample heterogeneity is crucial to understanding the complex biological processes under study. For example, in genomic analysis of cancers, each patient in a cohort may have a different driver mutation, making it difficult or impossible to identify causal mutations from an averaged view of the entire cohort. Unfortunately, many traditional methods for genomic analysis seek to estimate a single model which is shared by all samples in a population, ignoring this inter-sample heterogeneity entirely. In order to better understand patient heterogeneity, it is necessary to develop practical, personalized statistical models. To uncover this inter-sample heterogeneity, we propose a novel regularizer for achieving patient-specific personalized estimation. This regularizer operates by learning two latent distance metrics - one between personalized parameters and one between clinical covariates - and attempting to match the induced distances as closely as possible. Crucially, we do not assume these distance metrics are already known. Instead, we allow the data to dictate the structure of these latent distance metrics. Finally, we apply our method to learn patient-specific, interpretable models for a pan-cancer gene expression dataset containing samples from more than 30 distinct cancer types and find strong evidence of personalization effects between cancer types as well as between individuals. Our analysis uncovers sample-specific aberrations that are overlooked by population level methods, suggesting a promising new path for precision analysis of complex diseases such as cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lengerich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Regression Enables Sample-Specific Pan-Cancer Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional neural network models of V1 responses to complex patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we evaluated the convolutional neural network (CNN) method for modeling V1 neurons of awake macaque monkeys in response to a large set of complex pattern stimuli. CNN models outperformed all the other baseline models, such as Gabor-based standard models for V1 cells and various variants of generalized linear models. We then systematically dissected different components of the CNN and found two key factors that made CNNs outperform other models: thresholding nonlinearity and convolution. In addition, we fitted our data using a pre-trained deep CNN via transfer learning. The deep CNNs higher layers, which encode more complex patterns, outperformed lower ones, and this result was consistent with our earlier work on the complexity of V1 neural code. Our study systematically evaluates the relative merits of different CNN components in the context of V1 neuron modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional neural network models of V1 responses to complex patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms controlling the multistage post-translational processing of endogenous Nrf1α/TCF11 proteins to yield distinct proteoforms within the coupled positive and negative feedback circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an attempt to terminate the chaotic state of the literature on Nrf1/TCF11 with various confused molecular masses, we herein establish a generally acceptable criterion required for identification of its endogenous full-length proteins and derivative isoforms expressed differentially in distinct experimental cell lines. Further work has been focused on the molecular mechanisms that dictate the successive multistate post-translational modifications (i.e. glycosylation by OST, deglycosylation by NGLY, and ubiquitination by Hrd1) of this CNC-bZIP protein and its proteolytic processing to yield multiple isoforms. Several lines of experimental evidence have demonstrated that the nascent Nrf1/TCF11 polypeptide (non-glycosylated) is transiently translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in which it becomes an inactive glycoprotein-A, and also folded in a proper topology within and around membranes. Thereafter, dynamic repositioning of the ER-resident domains in Nrf1 glycoprotein is driven by p97-fueled retrotranslocation into extra-ER compartments. Therein, glycoprotein of Nrf1 is allowed for digestion into a deglycoprotein-B and then its progressive proteolytic processing by cytosolic DDI-1/2 and proteasomes to yield distinct proteoforms (i.e. protein-C/D). The processing is accompanied by removal of a major N-terminal ~12.5-kDa polypeptide from Nrf1. Interestingly, our present study has further unraveled that coupled positive and negative feedback circuits exist between Nrf1 and its cognate target genes, including those encoding its regulators p97, Hrd1, DDI-1 and proteasomes. These key players are differentially or even oppositely involved in diverse cellular signalling responses to distinct extents of ER-derived proteotoxic and oxidative stresses induced by different concentrations of proteasomal inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms controlling the multistage post-translational processing of endogenous Nrf1α/TCF11 proteins to yield distinct proteoforms within the coupled positive and negative feedback circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Modeling of the Dynamic Biomarker Cascade in Alzheimer’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlzheimers disease (AD) is a major public health concern and there is an urgent need to better understand its complex biology and develop effective therapies. AD progression can be tracked in patients though validated imaging and spinal fluid biomarkers of pathology and neuronal loss. We still, however, lack a coherent quantitative model that explains how these biomarkers interact and evolve over time. Such a model could potentially help identify the major drivers of disease in individual patients and simulate response to therapy prior to entry in clinical trials. A current theory of AD biomarker progression, known as the dynamic biomarker cascade model, hypothesizes AD biomarkers evolve in a sequential, but temporally overlapping manner. A computational model incorporating assumptions about the underlying biology of this theory and its variations would be useful to test and refine its accuracy with longitudinal biomarker data from clinical trials.nnMethodsWe implemented a causal model to simulate time-dependent biomarker data under the descriptive assumptions of the dynamic biomarker cascade theory. We modeled pathologic biomarkers (beta-amyloid and tau), neuronal loss biomarkers and cognitive impairment as non-linear first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to include amyloid-dependent and non-dependent neurodegenerative cascades. We tested the feasibility of the model by adjusting its parameters to simulate three specific natural history scenarios in early-onset autosomal dominant AD and late-onset AD, and determine whether computed biomarker trajectories agreed with current assumptions of AD biomarker progression. We also simulated the effects of anti-amyloid therapy in late-onset AD.nnResultsThe computational model of early-onset AD demonstrated the initial appearance of amyloid, followed by biomarkers of tau and neurodegeneration, followed by onset of cognitive decline based on cognitive reserve, as predicted by prior literature. Similarly, the late-onset AD computational models demonstrated the first appearance of amyloid or non-amyloid-related tauopathy, depending on the magnitude of comorbid pathology, and also closely matched the biomarker cascades predicted by prior literature. Forward simulation of anti-amyloid therapy in symptomatic late-onset AD failed to demonstrate any slowing in progression of cognitive decline, consistent with prior failed clinical trials in symptomatic patients.nnConclusionWe have developed and computationally implemented a mathematical causal model of the dynamic biomarker cascade theory in AD. We demonstrate the feasibility of this model by simulating biomarker evolution and cognitive decline in early and late-onset natural history scenarios, as well as in a treatment scenario targeted at core AD pathology. Models resulting from this causal approach can be further developed and refined using patient data from longitudinal biomarker studies, and may in the future play a key role in personalizing approaches to treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doraiswamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Computational Modeling Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Modeling of the Dynamic Biomarker Cascade in Alzheimer’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the sequence of influenza A genome assembly during viral replication using point process models and fluorescence in situ hybridization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within influenza virus infected cells, viral genomic RNA are selectively packed into progeny virions, which predominantly contain a single copy of 8 viral RNA segments. Intersegmental RNA-RNA interactions are thought to mediate selective packaging of each viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). Clear evidence of a specific interaction network culminating in the full genomic set has yet to be identified. Using multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization to visualize four vRNP segments within a single cell, we developed image-based models of vRNP-vRNP spatial dependence. These models were used to construct likely sequences of vRNP associations resulting in the full genomic set. Our results support the notion that selective packaging occurs during cytoplasmic transport and identifies the formation of multiple distinct vRNP sub-complexes that likely form as intermediate steps toward full genomic inclusion into a progeny virion. The methods employed demonstrate a statistically driven, model based approach applicable to other interaction and assembly problems.

Author SummaryInfluenza virus consists of eight viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) that are assembled by infected cells to produce new virions. The process by which all eight vRNPs are assembled is not yet understood. We therefore used images from a previous study in which up to four vRNPs had been visualized in the same cell to construct spatial point process models that measure how well the subcellular distribution of one vRNP can be predicted from one or more other vRNPs. We used the likelihood of these models as an estimate of the extent of association between vRNPs and thereby constructed likely sequences of vRNP assembly that would produce full virions. Our work identifies the formation of multiple distinct vRNP sub-complexes that likely form as intermediate steps toward production of a virion. The results may be of use in designing strategies to interfere with virus assembly. We also anticipate that the approach may be useful for studying other assembly processes, especially for complexes with modest affinities and more components than can be visualized simultaneously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majarian, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakdawala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the sequence of influenza A genome assembly during viral replication using point process models and fluorescence in situ hybridization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scQuery: a web server for comparative analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-seq) studies often profile upward of thousands of cells in heterogeneous environments. Current methods for characterizing cells perform unsupervised analysis followed by assignment using a small set of known marker genes. Such approaches are limited to a few, well characterized cell types. To enable large scale supervised characterization we developed an automated pipeline to download, process, and annotate publicly available scRNA-seq datasets. We extended supervised neural networks to obtain efficient and accurate representations for scRNA-seq data. We applied our pipeline to analyze data from over 500 different studies with over 300 unique cell types and show that supervised methods greatly outperform unsupervised methods for cell type identification. A case study of neural degeneration data highlights the ability of these methods to identify differences between cell type distributions in healthy and diseased mice. We implemented a web server that compares new datasets to collected data employing fast matching methods in order to determine cell types, key genes, similar prior studies, and more.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvangada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scQuery: a web server for comparative analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Detection of H.pylori Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Bioinformatics Predictive Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To explore the mutation characteristics of H.pylori resistance-related genes to antibiotics of clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole. 23S rRNA, gyrA, gyrB, rdxA and frxA genes were amplified and sequenced, respectively. Their structural alteration after mutation was predicted using bioinformatics software. In the clarithromycin-resistant strains, the mutation rate in site A2143G was 74.2% (n=23). The mutations in sites C1883T, C2131T and T2179G might cause structural alteration. In the levofloxacin-resistant strains, the mutation rates in 87 (N to K/I) and 91 (D to N/Y/G) of gyrA were 28.6% (n=16) and 12.5% (n =7), respectively. Meanwhile, one of the mutation strains in site 91 was accompanied by D99N variation. Additionally, a D143E mutation was found in one drug-resistant strain. Some changes of tertiary structure occurred after these mutations. The mutation types of RdxA protein consisted of protein truncation caused by premature stop codons (n=26, 33.3%), frameshift mutations (n=8, 10.3%), FMN-binding sites (n=16, 20.5%) and the others (n=11, 14.1%). Predictive analysis showed that mutations in the first three groups and the A118S of the last group could lead to structural alteration. Our study suggested the clarithromycin-resistant sites of H.pylori were mainly located in A2143G of 23S rRNA. C1883T, C2131T and T2179G might also be related to resistance. Levofloxacin resistance was mainly based on the amino acid changes in 87 and 91 sites of gyrA. The new sites D99N and D143E might also be associated with resistance. Metronidazole resistance was related to RdxA protein truncation, frameshift, and FMN binding. The new site A118S might also be linked to drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Detection of H.pylori Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Bioinformatics Predictive Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rational account of human memory search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performing everyday tasks requires the ability to search through and retrieve past memories. A central paradigm to study human memory search is the semantic fluency task, where participants are asked to retrieve as many items as possible from a category (e.g. animals). Observed responses tend to be clustered semantically. To understand when our mind decides to switch from one cluster/patch to the next, recent work has proposed two competing mechanisms. Under the first switching mechanism, people make strategic decision to switch away from a depleted patch based on marginal value theorem, similar to optimal foraging in a spatial environment. The second switching mechanism demonstrates that similar behavior patterns can emerge using a random walk on a semantic network, without necessarily involving strategic switches. In the current work, instead of comparing competing switching mechanisms over observed human data, we propose a rational account of the problem by examining what would be the optimal patch-switching policy under the framework of reinforcement learning. The reinforcement learning agent, a Deep Q-Network (DQN), is built upon the random walk model and allows strategic switches based on features of the local semantic patch. After learning from rewards, the resulted policy of the agent gives rise to a third switching mechanism, which outperforms the previous two switching mechanisms. Our results provide theoretical justification of strategies used in human memory research, and shed light on how an optimal AI agent under realistic human constraints can generate hypothesis about human strategies in the same task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rational account of human memory search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupled Mixed Model for joint genetic analysis of complex disorders from independently collected data sets: application to Alzheimer’s disease and substance use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the last decade, Genome-wide Association studies (GWASs) have contributed to decoding the human genome by uncovering many genetic variations associated with various diseases. Many follow-up investigations involve joint analysis of multiple independently generated GWAS data sets. While most of the computational approaches developed for joint analysis are based on summary statistics, the joint analysis based on individual-level data with consideration of confounding factors remains to be a challenge. In this study, we propose a method, called Coupled Mixed Model (CMM), that enables a joint GWAS analysis on two independently collected sets of GWAS data with different phenotypes. The CMM method does not require the data sets to have the same phenotypes as it aims to infer the unknown phenotypes using a set of multivariate sparse mixed models. Moreover, CMM addresses the confounding variables due to population stratication, family structures, and cryptic relatedness, as well as those arising during data collection such as batch effects that frequently appear in joint genetic studies. We evaluate the performance of CMM using simulation experiments. In real data analysis, we illustrate the utility of CMM by an application to evaluating common genetic associations for Alzheimers disease and substance use disorder using datasets independently collected for the two complex human disorders. Comparison of the results with those from previous experiments and analyses supports the utility of our method and provides new insights into the diseases.nnThe software is available at https://github.com/HaohanWang/CMM
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanyukov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/336727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupled Mixed Model for joint genetic analysis of complex disorders from independently collected data sets: application to Alzheimer’s disease and substance use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory for non-painful auditory items is influenced by whether they are experienced in a context involving painful electrical stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we sought to examine the effect of pain on memory. Subjects heard a series of words and made categorization decisions in two different contexts. One context included painful shocks administered just after presentation of some of the words; the other context involved no shocks. For the context that included painful stimulations, every other word was followed by a shock and subjects were informed to expect this pattern. Word lists were repeated three times within each context in randomized order, with different category judgments but consistent pain-word pairings. After a brief delay, recognition memory was assessed. Non-pain words from the pain context were less strongly encoded than non-pain words from the completely pain-free context. An important accompanying finding is that response times to repeated experimental items were slower for non-pain words from the pain context, compared to non-pain words from the completely pain-free context. This demonstrates that the effect of pain on memory may generalize to non-pain items experienced in the same experimental context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremel, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibinson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reder, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory for non-painful auditory items is influenced by whether they are experienced in a context involving painful electrical stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatically eliminating errors induced by suboptimal parameter choices in transcript assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational tools used for genomic analyses are becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex. While these applications often provide more accurate results than their predecessors, a new problem is emerging in that these pieces of software have a large number of tunable parameters. Choosing the wrong parameter values for an application may lead to significant results being overlooked or false results being reported. We take some first steps towards generating a truly automated genomic analysis pipeline by developing a method for automatically choosing input-specific parameter values for reference-based transcript assembly. We extend the parameter advising framework, first developed for multiple sequence alignment, to optimize parameter choices for the Scallop transcript assembler. In doing so, we provide the first method for finding advisor sets for applications with large numbers of tunable parameters. By choosing parameter values for each input, the area under the curve (AUC) when comparing assembled transcripts to a reference transcriptome is increased by 28.9% over using only the default parameter choices on 1595 RNA-Seq samples in the Sequence Read Archive. This approach is general, and when applied to StringTie it increases AUC by 13.1% on a set of 65 RNA-Seq experiments from ENCODE. Parameter advisors for both Scallop and StringTie are available on Github1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBlasio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatically eliminating errors induced by suboptimal parameter choices in transcript assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of base-pair substitution patterns revealed by whole-genome sequencing of DNA mismatch repair defective Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a major contributor to replication fidelity, but its impact varies with sequence context and the nature of the mismatch. Mutation accumulation experiments followed by whole-genome sequencing of MMR-defective E. coli strains yielded {approx}30,000 base-pair substitutions, revealing mutational patterns across the entire chromosome. The base-pair substitution spectrum was dominated by A:T > G:C transitions, which occurred predominantly at the center base of 5'NAC3'+5'GTN3' triplets. Surprisingly, growth on minimal medium or at low temperature attenuated these mutations. Mononucleotide runs were also hotspots for base-pair substitutions, and the rate at which these occurred increased with run length. Comparison with {approx}2000 base-pair substitutions accumulated in MMR-proficient strains revealed that both kinds of hotspots appeared in the wild-type spectrum and so are likely to be sites of frequent replication errors. In MMR-defective strains transitions were strand biased, occurring twice as often when A and C rather than T and G were on the lagging-strand template. Loss of nucleotide diphosphate kinase increases the cellular concentration of dCTP, which resulted in increased rates of mutations due to misinsertion of C opposite A and T. In an mmr ndk double mutant strain, these mutations were more frequent when the template A and T were on the leading strand, suggesting that lagging-strand synthesis was more error-prone or less well corrected by proofreading than was leading strand synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niccum, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popodi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MohammedIsmail, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of base-pair substitution patterns revealed by whole-genome sequencing of DNA mismatch repair defective Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational strategy for finding novel targets and therapeutic compounds for opioid dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioids are widely used for treating different types of pains, but overuse and abuse of prescription opioids have led to opioid epidemic in the United States. Besides analgesic effects, chronic use of opioid can also cause tolerance, dependence, and even addiction. Effective treatment of opioid addiction remains a big challenge today. Studies on addictive effects of opioids focus on striatum, a main component in the brain responsible for drug dependence and addiction. Some transcription regulators have been associated with opioid addiction, but relationship between analgesic effects of opioids and dependence behaviors mediated by them at the molecular level has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we developed a new computational strategy that identifies novel targets and potential therapeutic molecular compounds for opioid dependence and addiction. We employed several statistical and machine learning techniques and identified differentially expressed genes over time which were associated with dependence-related behaviors after exposure to either morphine or heroin, as well as potential transcription regulators that regulate these genes, using time course gene expression data from mouse striatum. Moreover, our findings revealed that some of these dependence-associated genes and transcription regulators are known to play key roles in opioid-mediated analgesia and tolerance, suggesting that an intricate relationship between opioid-induce pain-related pathways and dependence may develop at an early stage during opioid exposure. Finally, we determined small compounds that can potentially target the dependence-associated genes and transcription regulators. These compounds may facilitate development of effective therapy for opioid dependence and addiction. We also built a database (http://daportals.org) for all opioid-induced dependence-associated genes and transcription regulators that we discovered, as well as the small compounds that target those genes and transcription regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational strategy for finding novel targets and therapeutic compounds for opioid dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G-quadruplex dynamics contribute to epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences rich in guanine (G) can adopt non-canonical structures known as G-quadruplexes (G4). Predicted G4-forming sequences in the mitochondrial genome are enriched on the heavy-strand and have been associated with formation of deletion breakpoints that cause mitochondrial disorders. However, the functional roles of G4 structures in regulating mitochondrial respiration in non-cancerous cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RHPS4, previously thought to be a nuclear G4-ligand, localizes primarily to mitochondria in live cells by mechanisms involving mitochondrial membrane potential. We find that RHPS4 exposure causes an acute inhibition of mitochondrial transcript elongation, leading to respiratory complex depletion. At higher ligand doses, RHPS4 causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication pausing and genome depletion. Using these different levels of RHPS4 exposure, we describe discrete nuclear gene expression responses associated with mitochondrial transcription inhibition or with mtDNA depletion. Importantly, a mtDNA variant with increased anti-parallel G4-forming characteristic shows a stronger respiratory defect in response to RHPS4, supporting the conclusion that mitochondrial sensitivity to RHPS4 is G4-structure mediated. Thus, we demonstrate a direct role for G4 perturbation in mitochondrial genome replication, transcription processivity, and respiratory function in normal cells and describe the first molecule that differentially recognizes G4 structures in mtDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falabella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek-Herman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Croix, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondheimer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsunyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G-quadruplex dynamics contribute to epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNNC: Convolutional Neural Networks for Co-Expression Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several methods were developed to mine gene-gene relationships from expression data. Examples include correlation and mutual information methods for co-expression analysis, clustering and undirected graphical models for functional assignments and directed graphical models for pathway reconstruction. Using a novel encoding for gene expression data, followed by deep neural networks analysis, we present a framework that can successfully address all these diverse tasks. We show that our method, CNNC, improves upon prior methods in tasks ranging from predicting transcription factor targets to identifying disease related genes to causality inference. CNNCs encoding provides insights about some of the decisions it makes and their biological basis. CNNC is flexible and can easily be extended to integrate additional types of genomics data leading to further improvements in its performance.nnSupporting website with software and data: https://github.com/xiaoyeye/CNNC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNNC: Convolutional Neural Networks for Co-Expression Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinative Metabolism of Glutamine Carbon and Nitrogen in proliferating Cancer Cells Under Hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under hypoxia, most of glucose is converted to secretory lactate, which leads to the lack of carbon source from glucose and thus the overuse of glutamine-carbon. However, under such a condition how glutamine nitrogen is disposed to avoid releasing potentially toxic ammonia remains to be determined. Here we identify a metabolic flux of glutamine to secretory dihydroorotate under hypoxia. We found that glutamine nitrogen is indispensable to nucleotide biosynthesis, but enriched in dihyroorotate and orotate rather than processing to its downstream uridine monophosphate under hypoxia. Dihyroorotate, not orotate, is then secreted out of cells. The specific metabolic pathway occurs in vivo and is required for tumor growth. Such a metabolic pathway renders glutamine mainly to acetyl coenzyme A for lipogenesis, with the rest carbon and nitrogen being safely removed. Our results reveal how glutamine carbon and nitrogen are coordinatively metabolized under hypoxia, and provide a comprehensive understanding on glutamine metabolism.nnSignificanceTumor cells often addict to glutamine, and particularly utilize its carbon for lipogenesis under hypoxia. We reveal that tumor cells package the excessive glutamine-nitrogen into secretory dihydroorotate, instead of toxic ammonia. This specifically reprogrammed pathway supports in vivo tumor growth, and could offer diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinative Metabolism of Glutamine Carbon and Nitrogen in proliferating Cancer Cells Under Hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using multiple measurements of tissue to estimate individual- and cell-type-specific gene expression via deconvolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPatterns of gene expression, quantified at the level of tissue or cells, can inform on etiology of disease. There are now rich resources for tissue-level (bulk) gene expression data, which have been collected from thousands of subjects, and resources involving single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data are expanding rapidly. The latter yields cell type information, although the data can be noisy and typically are derived from a small number of subjects.nnResultsComplementing these approaches, we develop a method to estimate subject- and cell-type-specific (CTS) gene expression from tissue using an empirical Bayes method that borrows information across multiple measurements of the same tissue per subject (e.g., multiple regions of the brain). Analyzing expression data from multiple brain regions from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx) reveals CTS expression, which then permits downstream analyses, such as identification of CTS expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL).nnAvailability and implementationWe implement this method as an R package MIND, hosted on https://github.com/randel/MIND.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using multiple measurements of tissue to estimate individual- and cell-type-specific gene expression via deconvolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous State HMMs for Modeling Time Series Single Cell RNA-Seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMethods for reconstructing developmental trajectories from time series single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data can be largely divided into two categories. The first, often referred to as pseudotime ordering methods, are deterministic and rely on dimensionality reduction followed by an ordering step. The second learns a probabilistic branching model to represent the developmental process. While both types have been successful, each suffers from shortcomings that can impact their accuracy.nnResultsWe developed a new method based on continuous state HMMs (CSHMMs) for representing and modeling time series scRNA-Seq data. We define the CSHMM model and provide efficient learning and inference algorithms which allow the method to determine both the structure of the branching process and the assignment of cells to these branches. Analyzing several developmental single cell datasets we show that the CSHMM method accurately infers branching topology and correctly and continuously assign cells to paths, improving upon prior methods proposed for this task. Analysis of genes based on the continuous cell assignment identifies known and novel markers for different cell types.nnAvailabilitySoftware and Supporting website: www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/chiehll/CSHMM/nnContactzivbj@cs.cmu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous State HMMs for Modeling Time Series Single Cell RNA-Seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping cis-regulatory variants in diverse human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful approach for connecting genotype to phenotype. Most GWAS hits are located in cis-regulatory regions, but the underlying causal variants and their molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To better understand human cis-regulatory variation, we mapped quantitative trait loci for chromatin accessibility (caQTLs)--a key step in cis-regulation--in 1000 individuals from 10 diverse populations. Most caQTLs were shared across populations, allowing us to leverage the genetic diversity to fine-map candidate causal regulatory variants, several thousand of which have been previously implicated in GWAS. In addition, many caQTLs that affect the expression of distal genes also alter the landscape of long-range chromosomal interactions, suggesting a mechanism for long-range expression QTLs. In sum, our results show that molecular QTL mapping integrated across diverse populations provides a high-resolution view of how worldwide human genetic variation affects chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tehranchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping cis-regulatory variants in diverse human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative synapse analysis for cell-type specific connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anatomical methods for determining cell-type specific connectivity are essential to inspire and constrain our understanding of neural circuit function. We developed new genetically-encoded reagents for fluorescence-synapse labeling and connectivity analysis in brain tissue, using a fluorogen-activating protein (FAP)-or YFP-coupled, postsynaptically-localized neuroligin-1 targeting sequence (FAP/YFPpost). Sparse viral expression of FAP/YFPpost with the cell-filling, red fluorophore dTomato (dTom) enabled high-throughput, compartment-specific localization of synapses across diverse neuron types in mouse somatosensory cortex. High-resolution confocal image stacks of virally-transduced neurons were used for 3D reconstructions of postsynaptic cells and automated detection of synaptic puncta. We took advantage of the bright, far-red emission of FAPpost puncta for multichannel fluorescence alignment of dendrites, synapses, and presynaptic neurites to assess subtype-specific inhibitory connectivity onto L2 neocortical pyramidal (Pyr) neurons. Quantitative and compartment-specific comparisons show that PV inputs are the dominant source of inhibition at both the soma and across all dendritic branches examined and were particularly concentrated at the primary apical dendrite, a previously unrecognized compartment of L2 Pyr neurons. Our fluorescence-based synapse labeling reagents will facilitate large-scale and cell-type specific quantitation of changes in synaptic connectivity across development, learning, and disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuljis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemoura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative synapse analysis for cell-type specific connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the RAGE V domain-S100A1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ca2+-dependent human S100A4 (Mts1) protein is part of the S100 family, and the S100A1 protein is the target of S100A4. Here, we studied the interactions of S100A1 with S100A4 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 700 MHz) spectroscopy. We used HADDOCK software to model S100A4 and S100A1, and we observed that S100A1 and the RAGE V domain have an analogous binding area in S100A4. We discovered that S100A4 acts as an antagonist among the RAGE V domain and S100A1, which inhibits tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. We used a WST-1 assay to examine the bioactivity of S100A1 and S100A4. This study could possibly be beneficial for evaluating new proteins for the treatment of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the RAGE V domain-S100A1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An algorithm for automated, noninvasive detection of cortical spreading depolarizations based on EEG simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a novel signal processing algorithm for automated, noninvasive detection of Cortical Spreading Depolarizations (CSDs) using electroencephalography (EEG) signals and validate the algorithm on simulated EEG signals. CSDs are waves of neurochemical changes that suppress neuronal activity as they propagate across the brains cortical surface. CSDs are believed to mediate secondary brain damage after brain trauma and cerebrovascular diseases like stroke. We address key challenges in detecting CSDs from EEG signals: (i) decay of high spatial frequencies as they travel from the cortical surface to the scalp surface; and (ii) presence of sulci and gyri, which makes it difficult to track the CSD waves as they travel across the cortex. Our algorithm detects and tracks "wavefronts" of the CSD wave, and stitches together data across space and time to decide on the presence of a CSD wave. To test our algorithm, we provide different models and complex patterns of CSD waves, including different widths of CSD suppressions, and use these models to simulate scalp EEG signals using head models of 4 subjects from the OASIS dataset. Our results suggest that the average width of suppression that a low-density EEG grid of 40 electrodes can detect is 1.1 cm, which includes a vast majority of CSD suppressions, but not all. A higher density EEG grid having 340 electrodes can detect complex CSD patterns as thin as 0.43 cm (less than minimum widths reported in prior works), among which single-gyrus propagation is the hardest to detect because of its small suppression area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An algorithm for automated, noninvasive detection of cortical spreading depolarizations based on EEG simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate yield in different temperature gradients in green tea (Camellia sinensis) brewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionEpigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a chemical catechin, a natural organic compound found in green teas with strong antioxidative effects. EGCG degrades or epimerizes according to temperature, fluctuating its concentration in green tea (Camellia sinensis). This study is conducted to determine the specified correlation between EGCG and tea temperature, and to conclude with the optimal temperature for EGCG yield.nnMethodsEGCG concentrations in different solutions of green tea are analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a diode array detector (DAD). The solutions are created from green tea brewed in water from 20{degrees}C to 100{degrees}C at increments of 20{degrees}C and undergo an ultrasonic bath of 30 minutes before being analyzed.nnResultsThere is a discernible difference between EGCG concentrations in all temperatures. At 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100{degrees}C, the concentrations are 6.18 g/mL, 32.37 g/mL, 57.36 g/mL, 36.13 g/mL, and 44.85 g/mL, respectively. EGCG concentration maximizes at 60{degrees}C. The lowest EGCG concentration yield is at 20{degrees}C.nnConclusionThe results of our experiments lead us to recommend hot brewing over cold brewing for green tea if one wishes to maximize the potential of the effects of EGCG due to its higher concentration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigallocatechin-3-gallate yield in different temperature gradients in green tea (Camellia sinensis) brewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex vivo dynamics of human glioblastoma cells in a microvasculature-on-a-chip system correlates with tumor heterogeneity and subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perivascular niche (PVN) plays an essential role in brain tumor stem-like cell (BTSC) fate control, tumor invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Herein we report on the use of a microvasculature-on-a-chip system as a PVN model to evaluate the dynamics of BTSCs ex vivo from 10 glioblastoma patients. We observed that BTSCs preferentially localize in the perivascular zone. Live cell tracking revealed that the cells residing in the vicinity of microvessels had the lowest motility, while a fraction of cells on the microvessels unexpectedly possessed the highest motility and migrated over the longest distance. These results indicate that the perivascular zone is a niche for BTSCs, while the microvascular tracks are also a path for long-distance tumor cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the degree of co-localization between tumor cells and microvessels varied significantly across patients. To validate the results from our microvasculature-on-a-chip system, we used single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 patients and 21,750 single cells in total) to identify the subtype of each tumor cell. The co-localization coefficient was found to correlate positively with proneural (stem-like) or mesenchymal (invasive) but not classical (proliferative) tumor cells. Furthermore, we found that a gene signature profile including PDGFRA correlated strongly with the "homing" of brain tumor cells to the PVN. Our findings demonstrated that ex vivo dynamics of human brain tumor cells in a microvasculature-on-a-chip model can recapitulate in vivo tumor cell dynamics, heterogeneity, and subtypes, representing a new route to the study of human tumor cell biology and uncover patient-specific tumor cell functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vortmeyer, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex vivo dynamics of human glioblastoma cells in a microvasculature-on-a-chip system correlates with tumor heterogeneity and subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell lineage inference from SNP and scRNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent studies focus on the inference of developmental and response trajectories from single cell NA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data. A number of computational methods, often referred to as pseudo-time ordering, have been developed for this task. Recently, CRISPR has also been used to reconstruct lineage trees by inserting random mutations. However, both approaches suffer from drawbacks that limit their use. Here we develop a method to detect significant, cell type specific, sequence mutations from scRNA-Seq data. We show that only a few mutations are enough for reconstructing good branching models. Integrating these mutations with expression data further improves the accuracy of the reconstructed models. As we show, the majority of mutations we identify are likely RNA editing events indicating that such information can be used to distinguish cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell lineage inference from SNP and scRNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Gene Networks Underlying Clinical Phenotypes Using SNP Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technologies are generating an abundance of genome sequence data and molecular and clinical phenotype data, providing an opportunity to understand the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying diseases. Previous approaches have largely focused on the co-localization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with clinical and expression traits, each identified from genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, and thus have provided only limited capabilities for uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind the SNPs influencing clinical phenotypes. Here we aim to extract rich information on the functional role of trait-perturbing SNPs that goes far beyond this simple co-localization. We introduce a computational framework called Perturb-Net for learning the gene network that modulates the influence of SNPs on phenotypes, using SNPs as naturally occurring perturbation of a biological system. Perturb-Net uses a probabilistic graphical model to directly model both the cascade of perturbation from SNPs to the gene network to the phenotype network and the network at each layer of molecular and clinical phenotypes. Perturb-Net learns the entire model by solving a single optimization problem with an extremely fast algorithm that can analyze human genome-wide data within a few hours. In our analysis of asthma data, for a locus that was previously implicated in asthma susceptibility but for which little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the association, Perturb-Net revealed the gene network modules that mediate the influence of the SNP on asthma phenotypes. Many genes in this network module were well supported in the literature as asthma-related.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCarter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrylak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Gene Networks Underlying Clinical Phenotypes Using SNP Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying functional targets from transcription factor binding data using SNP perturbation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in transcriptional regulation by binding to DNA to initiate the transcription of target genes. Techniques such as ChIP-seq and DNase-seq provide a genome-wide map of TF binding sites but do not offer direct evidence that those bindings affect gene expression. Thus, these assays are often followed by TF perturbation experiments to determine functional binding that leads to changes in target gene expression. However, such perturbation experiments are costly and time-consuming, and have a well-known limitation that they cannot distinguish between direct and indirect targets. In this study, we propose to use the naturally occurring perturbation of gene expression by genetic variation captured in population SNP and expression data to determine functional targets from TF binding data. We introduce a computational methodology based on probabilistic graphical models for isolating the perturbation effect of each individual SNP, given a large number of SNPs across genomes perturbing the expression of all genes simultaneously. Our computational approach constructs a gene regulatory network over TFs, their functional targets, and further downstream genes, while at the same time identifying the SNPs perturbing this network. Compared to experimental perturbation, our approach has advantages of identifying direct and indirect targets, and leveraging existing data collected for expression quantitative trait locus mapping, a popular approach for studying the genetic architecture of expression. We apply our approach to determine functional targets from the TF binding data for a lymphoblastoid cell line from the ENCODE Project, using SNP and expression data from the HapMap 3 and 1000 Genomes Project samples. Our results show that from TF binding data, functional target genes can be determined by SNP perturbation of various aspects that impact transcriptional regulation, such as TF concentration and TF-DNA binding affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying functional targets from transcription factor binding data using SNP perturbation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Synergistic Effect of Antioxidant Interaction between Luteolin and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera japonica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a flower that is used in traditional Chinese medicine to prevent the common cold. The two primary active compounds of the flower bud are luteolin, a flavonoid, and chlorogenic acid, a phenolic acid. Both active compounds have demonstrated antioxidant activity. The interactions between chemicals in a plant heavily influences its total antioxidant activity. We attempted to investigate the antioxidant interactions between the two chemicals in the plant. This study aims to investigate if the antioxidants luteolin and chlorogenic acid have a synergistic effect to inhibit free radicals when combined. A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) assay was performed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of luteolin and chlorogenic acid were first determined and then combined at a 1:1 ratio. The combined inhibition capacity was then compared with the sum of the individual inhibition capacities. The IC50 of luteolin is 26.304 g{middle dot}ml-1 {+/-} 0.120 g{middle dot}ml-1 while the IC50 of chlorogenic acid is 85.529 g{middle dot}ml-1 {+/-} 4.482 g{middle dot}ml-1. The combined solution produced a free radical percentage inhibition of 77.617% {+/-} 5.470%, more than the percentage inhibition of the separate solutions. The experiment shows that luteolin and chlorogenic acid have a synergistic effect in inhibiting DPPH free radicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Synergistic Effect of Antioxidant Interaction between Luteolin and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera japonica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward-driven changes in striatal pathway competition shape evidence evaluation in decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) networks are critical for adaptive decision-making, yet how changes to circuit-level properties impact cognitive algorithms remains unclear. Here we explore how dopaminergic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses alters competition between striatal pathways, impacting the evidence accumulation process during decision-making. Spike-timing dependent plasticity simulations showed that dopaminergic feedback based on rewards modified the ratio of direct and indirect corticostriatal weights within opposing action channels. Using the learned weight ratios in a full spiking CBGT network model, we simulated neural dynamics and decision outcomes in a reward-driven decision task and fit them with a drift diffusion model. Fits revealed that the rate of evidence accumulation varied with inter-channel differences in direct pathway activity while boundary height varied with overall indirect pathway activity. This multi-level modeling approach demonstrates how complementary learning and decision computations can emerge from corticostriatal plasticity.

Author summaryCognitive process models such as reinforcement learning (RL) and the drift diffusion model (DDM) have helped to elucidate the basic algorithms underlying error-corrective learning and the evaluation of accumulating decision evidence leading up to a choice. While these relatively abstract models help to guide experimental and theoretical probes into associated phenomena, they remain uninformative about the actual physical mechanics by which learning and decision algorithms are carried out in a neurobiological substrate during adaptive choice behavior. Here we present an "upwards mapping" approach to bridging neural and cognitive models of value-based decision-making, showing how dopaminergic feedback alters the network-level dynamics of cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways during learning to bias behavioral choice towards more rewarding actions. By mapping "up" the levels of analysis, this approach yields specific predictions about aspects of neuronal activity that map to the quantities appearing in the cognitive decision-making framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunovan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward-driven changes in striatal pathway competition shape evidence evaluation in decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human visual cortex is organized in a hierarchical manner. Although a significant body of evidence has been accumulated in support of this hypothesis, specific details regarding the spatial and temporal information flow remain open. Here we present detailed spatio-temporal correlation profiles of neural activity with low-level and high-level features derived from a "deep" (8-layer) neural network pre-trained for object recognition. These correlation profiles indicate an early-to-late shift from low-level features to high-level features and from low-level regions to higher-level regions along the visual hierarchy, consistent with feedforward information flow. To refine our understanding of information flow, we computed three sets of features from the low-and high-level features provided by the neural network: object-category-relevant low-level features (the common components between low-level and high-level features), low-level features roughly orthogonal to high-level features (the residual Layer 1 features), and unique high-level features that were roughly orthogonal to low-level features (the residual Layer 7 features). Contrasting the correlation effects of the common components and the residual Layer 1 features, we observed that the early visual cortex exhibits a similar amount of correlation with the two feature sets early in time (60 to 120 ms), but in a later time window, the early visual cortex exhibits a higher and longer correlation effect with the common components/low-level task-relevant features as compared to the low-level residual features--an effect unlikely to arise from purely feedforward information flow. Overall, our results indicate that non-feedforward processes, for example, top-down influences from mental representations of categories, may facilitate differentiation between these two types of low-level features within the early visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aminoff, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/422576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainNet: A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present BrainNet which, to our knowledge, is the first multi-person non-invasive direct brain-to-brain interface for collaborative problem solving. The interface combines electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain signals and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to deliver information noninvasively to the brain. The interface allows three human subjects to collaborate and solve a task using direct brain-to-brain communication. Two of the three subjects are designated as "Senders" whose brain signals are decoded using real-time EEG data analysis. The decoding process extracts each Senders decision about whether to rotate a block in a Tetris-like game before it is dropped to fill a line. The Senders decisions are transmitted via the Internet to the brain of a third subject, the "Receiver," who cannot see the game screen. The Senders decisions are delivered to the Receivers brain via magnetic stimulation of the occipital cortex. The Receiver integrates the information received from the two Senders and makes a decision using an EEG interface about either turning the block or keeping it in the same position. A second round of the game provides an additional chance for the Senders to evaluate the Receivers decision and send feedback to the Receivers brain, and for the Receiver to rectify a possible incorrect decision made in the first round. We evaluated the performance of BrainNet in terms of (1) Group-level performance during the game; (2) True/False positive rates of subjects decisions; (3) Mutual information between subjects. Five groups, each with three human subjects, successfully used BrainNet to perform the Tetris task, with an average accuracy of 81.25%. Furthermore, by varying the information reliability of the Senders by artificially injecting noise into one Senders signal, we investigated how the Receiver learns to integrate noisy signals in order to make a correct decision. We found that Receivers are able to learn which Sender is more reliable based solely on the information transmitted to their brains. Our results raise the possibility of future brain-to-brain interfaces that enable cooperative problem solving by humans using a "social network" of connected brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernethy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainNet: A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic interaction network inference from longitudinal microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral studies have focused on the microbiota living in environmental niches including human body sites. In many of these studies researchers collect longitudinal data with the goal of understanding not just the composition of the microbiome but also the interactions between the different taxa. However, analysis of such data is challenging and very few methods have been developed to reconstruct dynamic models from time series microbiome data.nnResultsHere we present a computational pipeline that enables the integration of data across individuals for the reconstruction of such models. Our pipeline starts by aligning the data collected for all individuals. The aligned profiles are then used to learn a dynamic Bayesian network which represents causal relationships between taxa and clinical variables. Testing our methods on three longitudinal microbiome data sets we show that our pipeline improve upon prior methods developed for this task. We also discuss the biological insights provided by the models which include several known and novel interactions.nnConclusionsWe propose a computational pipeline for analyzing longitudinal microbiome data. Our results provide evidence that microbiome alignments coupled with dynamic Bayesian networks improve predictive performance over previous methods and enhance our ability to infer biological relationships within the microbiome and between taxa and clinical factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic interaction network inference from longitudinal microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic Human-like Mining and Constructing Reliable Genetic Association Database with Deep Reinforcement Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing amount of scientific literature in biological and biomedical science research has created a challenge in the continuous and reliable curation of the latest knowledge discovered, and automatic biomedical text-mining has been one of the answers to this chal-lenge. In this paper, we aim to further improve the reliability of biomedical text-mining by training the system to directly simulate the human behaviors such as querying the PubMed, selecting articles from queried results, and reading selected articles for knowledge. We take advantage of the efficiency of biomedical text-mining, the flexibility of deep reinforcement learning, and the massive amount of knowledge collected in UMLS into an integrative arti-ficial intelligent reader that can automatically identify the authentic articles and effectively acquire the knowledge conveyed in the articles. We construct a system, whose current pri-mary task is to build the genetic association database between genes and complex traits of the human. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: 1) We propose to improve the reliability of text-mining by building a system that can directly simulate the behavior of a researcher, and we develop corresponding methods, such as Bi-directional LSTM for text mining and Deep Q-Network for organizing behaviors. 2) We demonstrate the effec-tiveness of our system with an example in constructing a genetic association database. 3) We release our implementation as a generic framework for researchers in the community to conveniently construct other databases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic Human-like Mining and Constructing Reliable Genetic Association Database with Deep Reinforcement Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fronto-temporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and b) occur in an order licensed by the languages grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network as long as the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total N=47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the BOLD response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input as long as composition can take place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing Confounding Factors Associated Weights in Deep Neural Networks Improves the Prediction Accuracy for Healthcare Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proliferation of healthcare data has brought the opportunities of applying data-driven approaches, such as machine learning methods, to assist diagnosis. Recently, many deep learning methods have been shown with impressive successes in predicting disease status with raw input data. However, the "black-box" nature of deep learning and the high-reliability requirement of biomedical applications have created new challenges regarding the existence of confounding factors. In this paper, with a brief argument that inappropriate handling of confounding factors will lead to models sub-optimal performance in real-world applications, we present an efficient method that can remove the influences of confounding factors such as age or gender to improve the across-cohort prediction accuracy of neural networks. One distinct advantage of our method is that it only requires minimal changes of the baseline models architecture so that it can be plugged into most of the existing neu-ral networks. We conduct experiments across CT-scan, MRA, and EEG brain wave with convolutional neural networks and LSTM to verify the efficiency of our method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing Confounding Factors Associated Weights in Deep Neural Networks Improves the Prediction Accuracy for Healthcare Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-dependent elevation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Drosophila is associated with changes in alcohol-induced hyperactivity and alcohol preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota impacts diverse aspects of host biology including metabolism, immunity, and behavior, but the scope of those effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To address these gaps, we used Two-dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to identify proteomic differences in male and female Drosophila heads raised with a conventional microbiota and those raised in a sterile environment (axenic). We discovered 22 microbiota-dependent protein differences, and identified a specific elevation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) in axenic male flies. Because ADH is a key enzyme in alcohol metabolism, we asked whether physiological and behavioral responses to alcohol were altered in axenic males. Here we show that alcohol induced hyperactivity, the first response to alcohol exposure, is significantly increased in axenic males, requires ADH activity, and is modified by genetic background. While ADH activity is required, we did not detect significant microbe-dependent differences in systemic ADH activity or ethanol level. Like other animals, Drosophila exhibit a preference for ethanol consumption, and here we show significant microbiota-dependent differences in ethanol preference specifically in males. This work demonstrates that male Drosophilas association with their microbiota affects their physiological and behavioral responses to ethanol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blundon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eutsey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyzel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolev, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-dependent elevation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Drosophila is associated with changes in alcohol-induced hyperactivity and alcohol preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Pathway Integrator: a framework of meta-analytic integration of multiple transcriptomic studies for consensual and differential pathway analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPathway analysis provides a knowledge-driven approach to interpret differentially expressed genes associated with disease status. Many tools have been developed to analyze a single study. When multiple studies of different conditions are jointly analyzed, novel integrative tools are needed. In addition, pathway redundancy issue introduced by combining public pathway databases hinders knowledge discovery.nnMethods and ResultsWe present a meta-analytic integration tool, Comparative Pathway Integrator (CPI), to address these issues using adaptively weighted Fishers method to discover consensual and differential enrichment patterns, consensus clustering to reduce pathway redundancy, and a novel text mining algorithm to assist interpretation of the pathway clusters. We applied CPI to jointly analyze six psychiatric disorder transcriptomic studies to demonstrate its effectiveness, and found functions confirmed by previous biological studies as well novel enrichment patterns.nnAvailabilityCPI is accessible online: http://tsenglab.biostat.pitt.edu/software.htm.nnContactxiangruz@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Pathway Integrator: a framework of meta-analytic integration of multiple transcriptomic studies for consensual and differential pathway analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HiAlc Klebsiella pneumonia, one of potential chief culprits of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: through generation of endogenous ethanol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a prelude of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has been considerated to be associated with the composition of gut microbiota. However, causal relationship between change of gut microbiome and NAFLD remains unclear. Here we show that Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly associated with NAFLD through inducing generation of endogenous ethanol. A strain of high alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) was initially isolated from fecal samples of patient with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) accompanied with auto-brewery syndrome (ABS). Gavage of HiAlc Kpn was capable of inducing murine model of fatty liver disease (FLD) in which had typical pathological changes of hepatic steatosis and similar liver gene expression profiles to those of alcohol intake in mice. Data derived from germ-free mice by gnotobiotic gavage further demonstrated that the HiAlc Kpn is the major cause of the changes in FLD mice. Furthermore, using proteomic and metabolitic analysis, we found that HiAlc Kpn induced generation of endogenous alcohol through the 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway. More interestingly, the blood alcohol concentration was elevated in FLD mice induced by HiAlc Kpn after glucose intake. Clinical analysis showed that HiAlc Kpn were observed in up to 60% of patients with NAFLD. Our results suggested that HiAlc Kpn make important contribution to NAFLD, possibly through generation of the endogenous alcohol. Thus, targeting these bacteria might provide a novel therapeutic for clinical treatment of NAFLD.nnIn BriefFatty liver disease induced by high alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniaennCompeting Financial Interest StatementThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HiAlc Klebsiella pneumonia, one of potential chief culprits of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: through generation of endogenous ethanol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior insular cortex plays a critical role in interoceptive attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although accumulating evidence indicates that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) mediates interoceptive attention, which refers the attention towards physiological signals arising from the body, the necessity of the AIC in this process has not been demonstrated. Using a novel task that directs attention toward breathing rhythm, we assessed the involvement of the AIC in interoceptive attention in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging and examined the necessity of the AIC in interoceptive attention in patients with AIC lesions. We found that interoceptive attention was associated with greater AIC activation, as well as enhanced coupling between the AIC and somatosensory area along with reduced coupling between AIC and visual sensory areas. AIC activation and connectivity were predictive of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy. Importantly, AIC lesion patients showed disrupted interoceptive discrimination accuracy and sensitivity. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that AIC plays a critical role in interoceptive attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior insular cortex plays a critical role in interoceptive attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sketching Algorithms for Genomic Data Analysis and Querying in a Secure Enclave 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current practices in collaborative genomic data analysis (e.g. PCAWG [1]) necessitate all involved parties to exchange individual patient data and perform all analysis locally, or use a trusted server for maintaining all data to perform analysis in a single site (e.g. the Cancer Genome Collaboratory). Since both approaches involve sharing genomic sequence data - which is typically not feasible due to privacy issues, collaborative data analysis remains to be a rarity in genomic medicine.nnIn order to facilitate efficient and effective collaborative or remote genomic computation we introduce SkSES (Sketching algorithms for Secure Enclave based genomic data analysiS), a computational framework for performing data analysis and querying on multiple, individually encrypted genomes from several institutions in an untrusted cloud environment. Unlike other techniques for secure/privacy preserving genomic data analysis, which typically rely on sophisticated cryptographic techniques with prohibitively large computational overheads, SkSES utilizes the secure enclaves supported by current generation microprocessor architectures such as Intels SGX. The key conceptual contribution of SkSES is its use of sketching data structures that can fit in the limited memory available in a secure enclave.nnWhile streaming/sketching algorithms have been developed for many applications in computer science, their feasibility in genomics has remained largely unexplored. On the other hand, even though privacy and security issues are becoming critical in genomic medicine, available cryptographic techniques based on, e.g. homomorphic encryption or garbled circuits, fail to address the performance demands of this rapidly growing field. The alternative offered by Intels SGX, a combination of hardware and software solutions for secure data analysis, is severely limited by the relatively small size of a secure enclave, a private region of the memory protected from other processes. SkSES addresses this limitation through the use of sketching data structures to support efficient secure and privacy preserving SNP analysis across individually encrypted VCF files from multiple institutions. In particular SkSES provides the users the ability to query for the "k most significant SNPs" among any set of user specified SNPs and any value of k - even when the total number of SNPs to be maintained is far beyond the memory capacity of the secure enclave.nnResultsWe tested SkSES on the complete iDASH-2017 competition data set comprised of 1000 case and 1000 control samples related to an unknown phenotype. SkSES was able to identify the top SNPs with respect to the{chi} 2 statistic, among any user specified subset of SNPs across this data set of 2000 individually encrypted complete human genomes quickly and accurately - demonstrating the feasibility of secure and privacy preserving computation for genomic medicine via Intels SGX.nnAvailabilityhttps://github.com/ndokmai/sgx-genome-variants-search
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kockan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokmai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulekci, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahinalp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sketching Algorithms for Genomic Data Analysis and Querying in a Secure Enclave]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the largest exome sequencing study to date focused on rare variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=35,584). Integrating de novo and case-control variation with an enhanced Bayesian framework incorporating evolutionary constraint against mutation, we implicate 99 genes in ASD risk at a false discovery rate (FDR) [&le;] 0.1. Of these 99 risk genes, 46 show higher frequencies of disruptive de novo variants in individuals ascertained for severe neurodevelopmental delay, while 50 show higher frequencies in individuals ascertained for ASD, and comparing ASD cases with disruptive mutations in the two groups shows differences in phenotypic presentation. Expressed early in brain development, most of the risk genes have roles in neuronal communication or regulation of gene expression, and 12 fall within recurrent copy number variant loci. In human cortex single-cell gene expression data, expression of the 99 risk genes is also enriched in both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal lineages, implying that disruption of these genes alters the development of both neuron types. Together, these insights broaden our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rubeis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulhern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Bernardina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Prieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza ----A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the risk perception of pandemic influenza can improve the risk communication efficiency of the government and ultimately reduce losses caused by the disaster. A mental model interview of 28 individuals who discussed pandemic influenza was analyzed in this paper. The interviewees were college students in Beijing, China who were evaluated to understand their views on the risk perception of pandemic influenza. Referring to the mental model theory, the researchers using Delphi method to identify the key risk factors and concepts to examine the public understanding of these contents; then, the researchers identify the deviations in their understanding so that suggestions and countermeasures have been put forward to enhance the effectiveness of risk communication. Most of the conceptual content was mentioned by most interviewees. However, some interviewees showed misunderstanding including excessive optimism about the consequences of pandemic influenza, a lack of detailed mitigation measures, and negative attitudes toward health education and vaccination. Once faced with threats, this may lead to the failure of risk communication. In Beijing City, the center of domestic and international education, the historical SARS epidemic and this years seasonal flu peak are all hints of the potential risk of a pandemic outbreak. Beijings college students one-sided understanding and misunderstanding of the relevant risk information may increase the risk during an influenza pandemic. The results highlight the necessity for the government to clearly focus on the communication content of the student group, provide an official reference plan for the public and update health education on this topic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/490532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza ----A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the structural variability of topologically associated domains as revealed by Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromosome structure plays an integral role in gene expression and regulation, replication timing, and other cellular processes. Topologically associating domains (TADs), one of the building blocks of chromosome structure, are genomic regions with higher contact frequencies within the region than outside the region. A central question is the degree to which TADs are conserved or vary between conditions. We analyze a set of 137 Hi-C samples from 9 different studies under 3 measures in order to quantify the effects of various sources of biological and experimental variation. We observe significant variation in TAD sets between both non-replicate and replicate samples, and show that this variability does not seem to come from genetic sequence differences. The effects of experimental protocol differences are also measured, demonstrating that samples can have protocol-specific structural changes, but that TADs are generally robust to lab-specific differences. This study represents a systematic quantification of the key factors influencing comparisons of chromosome structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauerwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the structural variability of topologically associated domains as revealed by Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Mediated Lipidome-Transcriptome Reprogramming Impulses to Cisplatin Insensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platinum-based therapy remains the cornerstone for cancer patient management; however, its efficacy varies. Theis study demonstrated the differential expressions of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in subtypes of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) determines cisplatin sensitivity. Its sensitive in serous EOCs (low LDLR), where insensitive in endometrioid and clear cell EOCs (high LDLR). Meanwhile, knocked-down or overexpressed LDLR in EOC could reversed the chemosensitivity pattern both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic dissection with transcriptome vs. lipidome trans-omics analyses elucidated the LDLR[-&gt;]LPC (Lyso-PhosphotidylCholine)[-&gt;]FAM83B (phospholipase-related)[-&gt;]FGFRs (cisplatin sensitivity and phospholipase-related) regulatory axis in cisplatin insensitivity. Implementing LPC-liposome encapsulated cisplatin could facilitate DNA-adduct formation via lipid droplets (LDs) delivery. Furthermore, Bioinformatics analyses found that the LDL/R[-&gt;]LD homeostasis alteration is critical for therapeutic prognosis. Lastly, using LPC-liposome-cisplatin improved cisplatin sensitivities in gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, this report discovered a LDL/R-reprogrammed transcriptome-lipidome network, by which impulses platinum insensitivity and disease outcome. The drug specific lipidome for liposome manufacture might be an efficienct pharmaceutics strategy for chemoagents.nnSignificanceLDLR reprograms cellular lipidome and transcriptome profiles to determines chemotherapy therapeutic efficacy. The LDLR-reduced LPC abundance disturbs phospholipids homeostasis of Lands cycle in LD, by which attenuates intracellular platinum transportation for DNA-adduct formation. Targeting LDLR-LD-lipidome with LPC-liposome-platinum could boost therapeutic efficacy for insensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Mediated Lipidome-Transcriptome Reprogramming Impulses to Cisplatin Insensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The self-organization model reveals systematic characteristics of aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a fundamental biological process, where key bio-markers interact with each other and synergistically regulate the aging process. Thus aging dysfunction will induce many disorders. Finding aging markers and re-constructing networks based on multi-omics data (i.e. methylation, transcriptional and so on) are informative to study the aging process. However, optimizing the model to predict aging have not been performed systemically, although it is critical to identify potential molecular mechanism of aging relative diseases.nnThis paper aims to model the aging self-organization system using a serious of supervised learning methods, and study complex molecular mechanism of aging at system level: i.e. optimizing the aging network; summarizing interactions between aging markers; accumulating patterns of aging markers within module; finding order-parameters of the aging self-organization system.nnIn this work, the normal aging process is modeled based on multi-omics profiles across tissues. In addition, the computational pipeline aims to model aging self-organizing systems and study the relationship between aging and related diseases (i.e. cancers), thus provide useful indexes of aging related diseases and improve diagnostic effects for both pre- and pro- gnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The self-organization model reveals systematic characteristics of aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing Hi-C subcompartments by imputing high-resolution inter-chromosomal chromatin interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The higher-order genome organization and its variation in different cellular conditions remains poorly understood. Recent high-resolution genome-wide mapping of chromatin interactions using Hi-C has revealed that chromosomes in the human genome are spatially segregated into distinct subcompartments. However, due to the requirement on sequencing coverage of the Hi-C data to define subcompartments, to date subcompartment annotation is only available in the GM12878 cell line, making it impractical to compare Hi-C subcompartment patterns across multiple cell types. Here we develop a new computational approach, named SO_SCPLOWNIPERC_SCPLOW, based on an autoencoder and multilayer perceptron classifier to infer subcompartments using typical Hi-C datasets with moderate coverage. We demonstrated that SO_SCPLOWNIPERC_SCPLOW can accurately reveal subcompartments based on Hi-C datasets with moderate coverage and can significantly outperform an existing method that uses numerous epigenomic datasets as input features in GM12878. We applied SO_SCPLOWNIPERC_SCPLOW to eight additional cell lines to identify the variation of Hi-C subcompartments across different cell types. SO_SCPLOWNIPERC_SCPLOW revealed that chromosomal regions with conserved and more dynamic subcompartment annotations across cell types have different patterns of functional genomic features. This work demonstrates that SO_SCPLOWNIPERC_SCPLOW is effective in identifying subcompartments without the need of high-coverage Hi-C data and has the potential to provide new insights into the spatial genome organization variation across different cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing Hi-C subcompartments by imputing high-resolution inter-chromosomal chromatin interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Copy Number Deconvolution Integrating Bulk and Single-Cell Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is crucial to understanding cancer development, but it is hampered by limits of available data sources. Bulk DNA sequencing is the most common technology to assess ITH, but mixes many genetically distinct cells in each sample, which must then be computationally deconvolved. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is a promising alternative, but its limitations -- e.g., high noise, difficulty scaling to large populations, technical artifacts, and large data sets -- have so far made it impractical for studying cohorts of sufficient size to identify statistically robust features of tumor evolution. We have developed strategies for deconvolution and tumor phylogenetics combining limited amounts of bulk and single-cell data to gain some advantages of single-cell resolution with much lower cost, with specific focus on deconvolving genomic copy number data. We developed a mixed membership model for clonal deconvolution via non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) balancing deconvolution quality with similarity to single-cell samples via an associated efficient coordinate descent algorithm. We then improve on that algorithm by integrating deconvolution with clonal phylogeny inference, using a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to incorporate a minimum evolution phylogenetic tree cost in the problem objective. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods on semi-simulated data of known ground truth, showing improved deconvolution accuracy relative to bulk data alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Copy Number Deconvolution Integrating Bulk and Single-Cell Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and mitigation of pervasive off-target activity in CRISPR-Cas9 screens for essential non-coding elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screens have recently emerged as a powerful method for functionally characterizing regulatory elements in the non-coding genome, but off-target effects in these experiments have not been systematically evaluated. Here, we conducted a genome-scale screen for essential CTCF loop anchors in the K562 leukemia cell line. Surprisingly, the primary drivers of signal in this screen were single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with low specificity scores. After removing these guides, we found that there were no CTCF loop anchors critical for cell growth. We also observed this effect in an independent screen fine-mapping the core motifs in enhancers of the GATA1 gene. We then conducted screens in parallel with CRISPRi and CRISPRa, which do not induce DNA damage, and found that an unexpected and distinct set of off-targets also caused strong confounding growth effects with these epigenome-editing platforms. Promisingly, strict filtering of CRISPRi libraries using GuideScan specificity scores removed these confounded sgRNAs and allowed for the identification of essential enhancers, which we validated extensively. Together, our results show off-target activity can severely limit identification of essential functional motifs by active Cas9, while strictly filtered CRISPRi screens can be reliably used for assaying larger regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ego, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aradhana,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenside, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanstiel, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and mitigation of pervasive off-target activity in CRISPR-Cas9 screens for essential non-coding elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo Peptide Sequencing Reveals a Vast Cyclopeptidome in Human Gut and Other Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic and branch cyclic peptides (cyclopeptides) represent an important class of bioactive natural products that include many antibiotics and anti-tumor compounds. However, little is known about cyclopeptides in the human gut, despite the fact that humans are constantly exposed to them. To address this bottleneck, we developed the CycloNovo algorithm for de novo cyclopeptide sequencing that employs de Bruijn graphs, the workhorse of DNA sequencing algorithms. CycloNovo reconstructed many new cyclopeptides that we validated with transcriptome, metagenome, and genome mining analyses. Our benchmarking revealed a vast hidden cyclopeptidome in the human gut and other environments and suggested that CycloNovo offers a much-needed step-change for cyclopeptide discovery. Furthermore, CycloNovo revealed a wealth of anti-microbial cyclopeptides from food that survive the complete human gastrointestinal tract, raising the question of how these cyclopeptides might affect the human microbiome.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe golden age of antibiotics was followed by a decline in the pace of antibiotics discovery in the 1990s. The key prerequisite for the resurgence of antibiotics research is the development of a computational discovery pipeline for antibiotics sequencing. We describe such pipeline for cyclic and branch cyclic peptides (cyclopeptides) that represent an important class of bioactive natural products such as antibiotics and anti-tumor compounds. Our CycloNovo algorithm for cyclopeptide sequencing reconstructed many new cyclopeptides that we validated with transcriptome, metagenome, and genome mining analyses. CycloNovo revealed a wealth of anti-microbial cyclopeptides from food that survive the complete human gastrointestinal tract, raising the question of how these cyclopeptides might affect the human microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behsaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prjibelski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smarr, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mylne, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo Peptide Sequencing Reveals a Vast Cyclopeptidome in Human Gut and Other Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-derived Models of Cell Organization Changes During Differentiation of PC12 Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular differentiation is a complex process requiring the coordination of many cellular components. PC12 cells are a popular model system to study changes driving and accompanying neuronal differentiation. While significant attention has been paid to changes in transcriptional regulation and protein signaling, much less is known about the changes in cell organization that accompany PC12 differentiation. Fluorescence microscopy can provide extensive information about this, although photobleaching and phototoxicity frequently limit the ability to continuously observe changes in single cells over the many days that differentiation occurs. Here we describe a generative model of differentiation-associated changes in cell and nuclear shape and their relationship to mitochondrial distribution constructed from images of different cells at discrete time points. We show that our spherical harmonic-based model can accurately represent cell and nuclear shapes by measuring reconstruction errors. We then learn a regression model that relates cell and nuclear shape and mitochondrial distribution and observe that the predictive accuracy generally increases during differentiation. Most importantly, we propose a method, based on cell matching and linear interpolation in the shape space, to model the dynamics of cell differentiation using only static images. Without any prior knowledge, the method produces a realistic shape evolution process.nnAuthor SummarynnCellular differentiation is an important process that is challenging to study due to the number of organizational changes it includes and the different time scales over which it occurs. Fluorescent microscopy is widely used to study cell dynamics and differentiation, but photobleaching and phototoxicity often make it infeasible to continuously observe a single cell undergoing differentiation for several days. In this work, we described a method to model aspects of the dynamics of PC12 cell differentiation without continuous imaging. We constructed accurate representations of cell and nuclear shapes and quantified the relationships between shapes and mitochondrial distributions. We used these to construct a generative model and combined it with a matching process to infer likely sequences of the changes in single cells undergoing differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierschenk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerries, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-derived Models of Cell Organization Changes During Differentiation of PC12 Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The symmetrical pattern of base-pair substitutions rates across the chromosome in Escherichia coli has multiple causes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation accumulation experiments followed by whole-genome sequencing have revealed that for several bacterial species the rate of base-pair substitutions is not constant across the chromosome but varies in a wave-like pattern symmetrical about the origin of replication. The experiments reported here demonstrate that in Escherichia coli several interacting factors determine the wave. Perturbing replication timing, progression, or the structure of the terminus disrupts the pattern. Biases in error-correction by proofreading and mismatch repair are major factors. The activities of the nucleoid binding proteins, HU and Fis, are important, suggesting that mutation rates increase when highly structured DNA is replicated. These factors should apply to most bacterial, and possibly eukaryotic, genomes, and imply that different areas of the genome evolve at different rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niccum, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MohammedIsmail, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The symmetrical pattern of base-pair substitutions rates across the chromosome in Escherichia coli has multiple causes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impoverished auditory cues fail to engage brain networks controlling spatial selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial selective attention enables listeners to process a signal of interest in natural settings. However, most past studies on auditory spatial attention used impoverished spatial cues: presenting competing sounds to different ears, using only interaural differences in time (ITDs) and/or intensity (IIDs), or using non-individualized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Here we tested the hypothesis that impoverished spatial cues impair spatial auditory attention by only weakly engaging relevant cortical networks. Eighteen normal-hearing listeners reported the content of one of two competing syllable streams simulated at roughly +30 {degrees} and -30{degrees} azimuth. The competing streams consisted of syllables from two different-sex talkers. Spatialization was based on natural spatial cues (individualized HRTFs), individualized IIDs, or generic ITDs. We measured behavioral performance as well as electroencephalographic markers of selective attention. Behaviorally, subjects recalled target streams most accurately with natural cues. Neurally, spatial attention significantly modulated early evoked sensory response magnitudes only for natural cues, not in conditions using only ITDs or IIDs. Consistent with this, parietal oscillatory power in the alpha band (8-14 Hz; associated with filtering out distracting events from unattended directions) showed significantly less attentional modulation with isolated spatial cues than with natural cues. Our findings support the hypothesis that spatial selective attention networks are only partially engaged by impoverished spatial auditory cues. These results not only suggest that studies using unnatural spatial cues underestimate the neural effects of spatial auditory attention, they also illustrate the importance of preserving natural spatial cues in assistive listening devices to support robust attentional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impoverished auditory cues fail to engage brain networks controlling spatial selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locality sensitive hashing for the edit distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSequence alignment is a central operation in bioinformatics pipeline and, despite many improvements, remains a computationally challenging problem. Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) is one method used to estimate the likelihood of two sequences to have a proper alignment. Using an LSH, it is possible to separate, with high probability and relatively low computation, the pairs of sequences that do not have an alignment from those that may have an alignment. Therefore, an LSH reduces in the overall computational requirement while not introducing many false negatives (i.e., omitting to report a valid alignment). However, current LSH methods treat sequences as a bag of k-mers and do not take into account the relative ordering of k-mers in sequences. And due to the lack of a practical LSH method for edit distance, in practice, LSH methods for Jaccard similarity or Hamming distance are used as a proxy.

ResultsWe present an LSH method, called Order Min Hash (OMH), for the edit distance. This method is a refinement of the minHash LSH used to approximate the Jaccard similarity, in that OMH is not only sensitive to the k-mer contents of the sequences but also to the relative order of the k-mers in the sequences. We present theoretical guarantees of the OMH as a gapped LSH.

Contactgmarcais@cs.cmu.edu, carlk@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBlasio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locality sensitive hashing for the edit distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological data analysis reveals principles of chromosome structure throughout cellular differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromosome structure has a significant influence in many diverse genomic processes and has recently been shown to relate to cellular differentiation. Many methods for describing the chromosomal architecture focus on specific substructures such as topologically-associating domains (TADs) or compartments, but we are still missing a global view of all geometric features of chromosomes. Topological data analysis (TDA) is a mathematically well-founded set of methods to derive robust information about the structure and topology of data sets, making it well-suited to better understand the key features of chromosome structure. By applying TDA to the study of chromosome structure through differentiation across three cell lines, we provide insight into principles of chromosome folding generally, and observe structural changes across lineages. We identify both global and local differences in chromosome topology through differentiation, identifying trends consistent across human cell lines.

AvailabilityScripts to reproduce the results from this study can be found at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/hictda

Contactcarlk@cs.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauerwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological data analysis reveals principles of chromosome structure throughout cellular differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting anomalies in RNA-seq quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algorithms to infer isoform expression abundance from RNA-seq have been greatly improved in accuracy during the past ten years. However, due to incomplete reference transcriptomes, mapping errors, incomplete sequencing bias models, or mistakes made by the algorithm, the quantification model sometimes could not explain all aspects of the input read data, and misquantification can occur. Here, we develop a computational method to detect instances where a quantification model could not thoroughly explain the input. Specifically, our approach identifies transcripts where the read coverage has significant deviations from the expectation. We call these transcripts "expression anomalies", and they represent instances where the quantification estimates may be in doubt. We further develop a method to attribute the cause of anomalies to either the incompleteness of the reference transcriptome or the algorithmic mistakes, and we show that our method precisely detects misquantifications with both causes. By correcting the misquantifications that are labeled as algorithmic mistakes, the number of false predictions of differentially expressed transcripts can be reduced. Applying anomaly detection to 30 GEUVADIS and 16 Human Body Map samples, we detect 103 genes with potential unannotated isoforms. These genes tend to be longer than average, and contain a very long exon near 3' end that the unannotated isoform excludes. Anomaly detection is a new approach for investigating the expression quantification problem that may find wider use in other areas of genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting anomalies in RNA-seq quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MOCHI enables discovery of heterogeneous interactome modules in 3D nucleome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the cell nucleus is highly heterogeneous, with different constituents forming complex interactomes. However, the global patterns of these interwoven heterogeneous interactomes remain poorly understood. Here we focus on two different interactomes, chromatin interaction network and gene regulatory network, as a proof-of-principle, to identify heterogeneous interactome modules (HIMs) in the nucleus. Each HIM represents a cluster of gene loci that are in spatial contact more frequently than expected and that are regulated by the same group of transcription factor proteins. We develop a new algorithm MOCHI to facilitate the discovery of HIMs based on network motif clustering in heterogeneous interactomes. By applying MOCHI to five different cell types, we found that HIMs have strong spatial preference within the nucleus and exhibit distinct functional properties. Through integrative analysis, this work demonstrates the utility of MOCHI to identify HIMs, which may provide new perspectives on 3D genome organization and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MOCHI enables discovery of heterogeneous interactome modules in 3D nucleome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Principal Components Reveal Patterns of Differentiation in Case/Control Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction is an important task in bioinformatics studies. Common unsupervised methods like principal components analysis (PCA) extract axes of variation that are high-variance but do not necessarily differentiate experimental conditions. Methods of supervised discriminant analysis such as partial least squares (PLS-DA) effectively separate conditions, but are hamstrung by inflexibility and overfit to sample labels. We would like a simple method which repurposes the rich literature of component estimation for supervised dimensionality reduction.

We propose to address this problem by estimating principal components from a set of difference vectors rather than from the samples. Our method directly utilizes the PCA algorithm as a module, so we can incorporate any PCA variant for improved components estimation. Specifically, Robust PCA, which ameliorates the deleterious effects of noisy samples, improves recovery of components in this framework. We name the resulting method Differential Robust PCA (drPCA). We apply drPCA to several cancer gene expression datasets and find that it more accurately summarizes oncogenic processes than do standard methods such as PCA and PLS-DA. A Python implementation of drPCA and Jupyter notebooks to reproduce experimental results are available at www.github.com/blengerich/drPCA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lengerich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/545798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Principal Components Reveal Patterns of Differentiation in Case/Control Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticostriatal synaptic weight evolution in a two-alternative forced choice task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural environments, mammals can efficiently select actions based on noisy sensory signals and quickly adapt to unexpected outcomes to better exploit opportunities that arise in the future. Such feedback-based changes in behavior rely on long term plasticity within cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic networks, driven by dopaminergic modulation of cortical inputs to the direct and indirect pathway neurons of the striatum. While the firing rates of corticostriatal neurons have been shown to adapt across a range of feedback conditions, it remains difficult to directly assess the corticostriatal synaptic weight changes that contribute to these adaptive firing rates. In this work, we simulate a computational model for the evolution of corticostriatal synaptic weights based on a spike timing-dependent plasticity rule driven by dopamine signaling that is induced by outcomes of actions in the context of a two-alternative forced choice task. Results show that plasticity predominantly impacts direct pathway weights, which evolve to drive action selection toward a more-rewarded action in settings with deterministic reward outcomes. After the model is tuned based on such fixed reward scenarios, its performance agrees with the results of behavioral experiments carried out with probabilistic reward paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunovan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticostriatal synaptic weight evolution in a two-alternative forced choice task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing 3D genome organization in multiple species using Phylo-HMRF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in whole-genome mapping approaches for the chromatin interactome (such as Hi-C) have offered new insights into 3D genome organization. However, our knowledge of the evolutionary patterns of 3D genome structures in mammalian species remains surprisingly limited. In particular, there are no existing phylogenetic-model based methods to analyze chromatin interactions as continuous features across different species. Here we develop a new probabilistic model, named phylogenetic hidden Markov random field (Phylo-HMRF), to identify evolutionary patterns of 3D genome structures based on multi-species Hi-C data by jointly utilizing spatial constraints among genomic loci and continuous-trait evolutionary models. The effectiveness of Phylo-HMRF is demonstrated in both simulation evaluation and application to real Hi-C data. We used Phylo-HMRF to uncover cross-species 3D genome patterns based on Hi-C data from the same cell type in four primate species (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, and gorilla). The identified evolutionary patterns of 3D genome organization correlate with features of genome structure and function, including long-range interactions, topologically-associating domains (TADs), and replication timing patterns. This work provides a new framework that utilizes general types of spatial constraints to identify evolutionary patterns of continuous genomic features and has the potential to reveal the evolutionary principles of 3D genome organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing 3D genome organization in multiple species using Phylo-HMRF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Build a better mouse task: can an open-source rodent joystick enhance reaching behavior outcomes through improved monitoring of real-time spatiotemporal kinematics? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, advanced behavioral tasks have only been used in human and non-human primates. However, with improved analytical and genetic techniques, there has been a growing drive to implement complex reaching, decision-making, and reaction time tasks - not in primates - but in rodents. Here, we assess the hypothesis that a mouse can learn a cued reaction time task. Moreover, we tested multiple training regimens and found that introducing elements of the reaction time task serially hindered, rather than helped task acquisition. Additionally, we include a step-by-step manual for inexpensive implementation and use of a rodent joystick for behavioral analysis. Task and analysis code for the evaluated behaviors are included such that they may be replicated and tested further. With these, we also include code for a probabilistic reward  two-arm bandit task. These various tasks, and the method to construct and implement them, will enable greatly improved study of the neural correlates of behavior in the powerful mouse model organism. In summary, we have tested and demonstrated that mice can learn sophisticated tasks with A joystick, and that targeted task design provides a significant advantage. These results of this study stand to inform the implementation of other sophisticated tasks using the mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belsey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Build a better mouse task: can an open-source rodent joystick enhance reaching behavior outcomes through improved monitoring of real-time spatiotemporal kinematics?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Microbiota-Induced Gene Expression Changes in the Drosophila melanogaster Head 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic microorganisms exert multifaceted impacts on the physiology of their animal hosts. Recent discoveries have shown the gut microbiota influence host brain function and behavior, but the host and microbial molecular factors required to actuate these effects are largely unknown. To uncover molecular mechanisms that underlie the gut-microbiota-brain axis, we used Drosophila melanogaster and its bacterial microbiota as a model to identify microbiota-dependent gene expression changes in the host brain and head. Specifically, we employed RNA-seq and nanoString nCounter technology to identify Drosophila genes that exhibit altered transcript levels in fly heads upon elimination of the microbiota. The identified genes, some of which exhibited sex-specific differences, have demonstrated or inferred functional roles in the immune response, metabolism, neuronal activity, and stress resistance. Overall, this study reveals microbiota-responsive genes in the fly head, an anatomical structure not previously investigated in this context. Our results serve as a foundation for future investigations of how microbe-driven gene expression changes impact Drosophila biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eutsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Microbiota-Induced Gene Expression Changes in the Drosophila melanogaster Head]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Invasive Assays of Cochlear Synaptopathy -- Candidates and Considerations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in multiple species, including in post-mortem human tissue, have shown that normal aging and/or acoustic overexposure can lead to a significant loss of afferent synapses innervating the cochlea. Hypothetically, this cochlear synaptopathy can lead to perceptual deficits in challenging environments and can contribute to central neural effects such as tinnitus. However, because cochlear synaptopathy can occur without any measurable changes in audiometric thresholds, synaptopathy can remain hidden from standard clinical diagnostics. To understand the perceptual sequelae of synaptopathy and to evaluate the efficacy of emerging therapies, sensitive and specific non-invasive measures at the individual patient level need to be established. Pioneering experiments in specific mice strains have helped identify many candidate assays. These include auditory brainstem responses, the middle-ear muscle reflex, envelope-following responses, and extended high-frequency audiograms. Unfortunately, because these non-invasive measures can be also affected by extraneous factors other than synaptopathy, their application and interpretation in humans is not straightforward. Here, we systematically examine six extraneous factors through a series of interrelated human experiments aimed at understanding their effects. Using strategies that may help mitigate the effects of such extraneous factors, we then show that these suprathreshold physiological assays exhibit across-individual correlations with each other indicative of contributions from a common physiological source consistent with cochlear synaptopathy. Finally, we discuss the application of these assays to two key outstanding questions, and discuss some barriers that still remain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Invasive Assays of Cochlear Synaptopathy -- Candidates and Considerations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stalk Lodging: A Portable Device for Phenotyping Stalk Bending Strength of Maize and Sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStalk lodging (breakage of plant stems prior to harvest) is a major problem for both farmers and plant breeders. A limiting factor in addressing this problem is the lack of a reliable method for phenotyping stalk strength. Previous methods of phenotyping stalk strength induce failure patterns different from those observed in natural lodging events. This paper describes a new device for field-based phenotyping of stalk strength called "DARLING" (Device for Assessing Resistance to Lodging IN Grains). The DARLING apparatus consists of a vertical arm which is connected to a horizontal footplate by a hinge. The operator places the device next to a stalk, aligns the stalk with a force sensor, steps on the footplate, and then pushes the vertical arm forward until the stalk breaks. Force and rotation are continuously recorded during the test and these quantities are used to calculate two quantities: stalk flexural stiffness and stalk bending strength.nnResultsField testing of DARLING was performed at multiple sites. Validation was based upon three factors. First, the device induces the characteristic "crease" or Brazier buckling failure patterns observed in naturally lodged stalks. Second, in agreement with prior research, flexural stiffness values attained using the DARLING apparatus are strongly correlated with bending strength measurements. Finally, a paired specimen experimental design was used to determine that the flexural data obtained with DARLING is in agreement with laboratory-based flexural testing results of the same specimens. DARLING was also deployed in the field to assess phenotyping throughput (# of stalks phenotyped per hour). Over approximately 5000 tests, the average testing rate was found to be 210 stalks/hour.nnConclusionsThe DARLING apparatus provides a quantitative assessment of stalk strength in a field setting. It induces the same failure patterns observed in natural lodging events. DARLING can also be used to perform non-destructive flexural tests. This new technology has many applications, including breeding, genetic studies on stalk strength, longitudinal studies of stalk flexural stiffness, and risk assessment of lodging propensity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Chapelle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stalk Lodging: A Portable Device for Phenotyping Stalk Bending Strength of Maize and Sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Diphtheria Toxin Translocation T-Domain pH-Dependent Unfolding in Solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diphtheria toxin is a multi-domain protein that invades cells by using their own endocytosis mechanism. In endocytosis, an endosome, a lipid bilayer vesicle, is formed to encapsulate an extracellular molecule. Subsequent acidification of endosome internal solution induces conformational rearrangements and membrane insertion of such encapsulated diphtheria toxin translocation domain (T-domain). In solution at neutral pH, a stand-alone T-domain adopts an all alpha-helical globular structure; however, atomistic details of the pH-dependent conformational changes of the protein are not completely understood. We model structural rearrangements in T-domain in 18 {micro}s long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of neutral and low pH T-domain models in explicit solvent. At low pH, six histidine residues of the protein were protonated. Two independent MD trajectories resulted in partial protein unfolding at low pH, in which similar regions of the protein conformational subspace were explored. Notably, a pH induced unfolding transition was initiated by partial unfolding of helix TH4 followed by unfolding of helix TH1. Helix TH2 repeatedly unfolds in the low pH T-domain model, which is consequently predicted to be disordered by a consensus of disorder prediction algorithms. Protonation of histidines disrupted a hydrophobic core containing a putative transmembrane helix TH8, which is encircled by hydrophobic surfaces of helices TH3, TH5 and TH9. Afterwards, the low pH T-domain model was reorganized into an ensemble of partially unfolded structures with increased solvent exposure of hydrophobic and charged sites. Thus, MD simulations suggest the destabilizing role of protonation of histidines, in the neutral pH conformation in solution, which may facilitate the initial stages of T-domain membrane binding. The simulation at neutral pH samples conformations in the vicinity of the native structure of the protein. However, significant fluctuations of the protein, including unfolding and refolding of -helices were observed at these simulation time-scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores-Canales, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simakov, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurnikova, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Diphtheria Toxin Translocation T-Domain pH-Dependent Unfolding in Solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental transcriptomes of the sea star, Patiria miniata, illuminate the relationship between conservation of gene expression and morphological conservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary changes in developmental gene expression lead to alteration in the embryonic body plan and biodiversity. A promising approach for linking changes in developmental gene expression to altered morphogenesis is the comparison of developmental transcriptomes of closely related and further diverged species within the same phylum. Here we generated quantitative transcriptomes of the sea star, Patiria miniata (P. miniata) of the echinoderm phylum, at eight embryonic stages. We then compared developmental gene expression between P. miniata and the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (~500 million year divergence) and between Paracentrotus lividus and the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (~40 million year divergence). We discovered that the interspecies correlations of gene expression level between morphologically equivalent stages decreases with increasing evolutionary distance, and becomes more similar to the correlations between morphologically distinct stages. This trend is observed for different sub-sets of genes, from various functional classes and embryonic territories, but is least severe for developmental genes sub-sets. The interspecies correlation matrices of developmental genes show a consistent peak at the onset of gastrulation, supporting the hourglass model of phylotypic stage conservation. We propose that at large evolutionary distance the conservation of relative expression levels for most sets of genes is more related to the required quantities of transcripts in a cell than to conserved morphogenesis processes. In these distances, the information about morphological similarity is reflected mostly in the interspecies correlations between the expressions of developmental control genes.nnAuthor summaryUnderstanding the relationship between the interspecies conservation of gene expression and morphological similarity is a major challenge in modern evolutionary and developmental biology. The Interspecies correlations of gene expression levels have been used extensively to illuminate these relationships and reveal the developmental stages that show the highest conservation of gene expression, focusing on the diagonal elements of the correlation matrices. Here we generated the developmental transcriptomes of the sea star, Patiria miniata, and used them to study the interspecies correlations between closely related and further diverged species within the echinoderm phylum. Our study reveals that the diagonal elements of the correlation matrices contain only partial information. The off-diagonal elements, that compare gene expression between distinct developmental stages, indicate whether the conservation of gene expression is indeed related to similar morphology or instead, to general cellular constraints that linger throughout development. With increasing evolutionary distances the diagonal elements decrease and become similar to the off-diagonal elements, reflecting the shift from morphological to general cellular constraints. Within this trend, the interspecies correlations of developmental control genes maintain their diagonality even at large evolutionary distance, and peak at the onset of gastrulation, supporting the hourglass model of phylotypic stage conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tabou de-Leon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental transcriptomes of the sea star, Patiria miniata, illuminate the relationship between conservation of gene expression and morphological conservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction of Ancestral Networks by Integer Linear Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe study of the evolutionary history of biological networks enables deep functional understanding of various bio-molecular processes. Network growth models, such as the Duplication-Mutation with Complementarity (DMC) model, provide a principled approach to characterizing the evolution of protein-protein interactions (PPI) based on duplication and divergence. Current methods for model-based ancestral network reconstruction primarily use greedy heuristics and yield sub-optimal solutions.

ResultsWe present a new Integer Linear Programming (ILP) solution for maximum likelihood reconstruction of ancestral PPI networks using the DMC model. We prove the correctness of our solution that is designed to find the optimal solution. It can also use efficient heuristics from general-purpose ILP solvers to obtain multiple optimal and near-optimal solutions that may be useful in many applications. Experiments on synthetic data show that our ILP obtains solutions with higher likelihood than those from previous methods, and is robust to noise and model mismatch. We evaluate our algorithm on two real PPI networks, with proteins from the families of bZIP transcription factors and the Commander complex. On both the networks, solutions from our ILP have higher likelihood and are in better agreement with independent biological evidence from other studies.

AvailabilityA Python implementation is available at https://bitbucket.org/cdal/.

Contactvaibhav.rajan@nus.edu.sg
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction of Ancestral Networks by Integer Linear Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Cell-type Selectivity and Inter-neuronal Connectivity Alteration by Transcranial Focused Ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising neuromodulation technique, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We investigate the effect of tFUS stimulation on different neuron types and synaptic connectivity in in vivo anesthetized rodent brains. Single units were separated into regular-spiking and fast-spiking units based on their extracellular spike shapes, further validated in transgenic optogenetic mice models of light-excitable excitatory and inhibitory neurons. For the first time, we show that excitatory neurons are significantly less responsive to low ultrasound pulse repetition frequencies (UPRFs), whereas the spike rates of inhibitory neurons do not change significantly across all UPRF levels. Our results suggest that we can preferentially target specific neuron types noninvasively by altering the tFUS UPRF. We also report in vivo observation of long-term synaptic connectivity changes induced by noninvasive tFUS in rats. This finding suggests tFUS can be used to encode temporally dependent stimulation paradigms into neural circuits and non-invasively elicit long-term changes in synaptic connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krook-Magnuson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Cell-type Selectivity and Inter-neuronal Connectivity Alteration by Transcranial Focused Ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Osteoblast Proliferation and Migration by Exogenous and Endogenous Formaldehyde 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde (FA) plays an important role in cell growth and migration; however, its potential role in osteoblasts remains largely unclear. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and wound healing assays revealed that FA exposure at naturally occurring concentrations inhibited the proliferation and migration of mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that FoxO1 signaling pathway components displayed distinct expression patterns upon FA exposure, reflected through significant enrichment of cell migration. In particular, FoxO1 Sirt1 and FA-induced related protein expression which were closely with cell proliferation and migration were confirmed by western blotting. The present results indicate that the FoxO1 pathway is involved in FA-induced inhibition of cell growth and migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Osteoblast Proliferation and Migration by Exogenous and Endogenous Formaldehyde]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome and RNA sequencing reveal variation and transcriptomic coordination in the developing human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in gene expression underlies neurotypical development, while genomic variants contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. BrainVar is a unique resource of paired whole-genome sequencing and bulk-tissue RNA-sequencing from the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 176 neurotypical individuals across prenatal and postnatal development, providing the opportunity to assay genomic and transcriptomic variation in tandem. Leveraging this resource, we identified rare premature stop codons with commensurate reduced and allele-specific expression of corresponding genes, and common variants that alter gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs). Categorizing eQTLs by prenatal and postnatal effect, genes affected by temporally-specific eQTLs, compared to constitutive eQTLs, are enriched for haploinsufficiency, protein-protein interactions, and neuropsychiatric disorder risk loci. Expression levels of over 12,000 genes rise or fall in a concerted late-fetal transition, with the transitional genes enriched for cell type specific genes and neuropsychiatric disorder loci, underscoring the importance of cataloguing developmental trajectories in understanding cortical physiology and pathology.nnHighlightsO_LIWhole-genome and RNA-sequencing across human prefrontal cortex development in BrainVarnC_LIO_LIGene-specific developmental trajectories characterize the late-fetal transitionnC_LIO_LIIdentification of constitutive, prenatal-specific, postnatal-specific, and rare eQTLsnC_LIO_LIIntegrated analysis reveals genetic and developmental influences on CNS traits and disordersnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochareddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastmalchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santperebaro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebbenkamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulden, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adle-Biassette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldinger, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Day, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome and RNA sequencing reveal variation and transcriptomic coordination in the developing human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Molecular Link between Cell Wall Modification and Stringent Response in a Gram-positive Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To ensure survival during colonization of the human host, bacteria must successfully respond to unfavorable and fluctuating conditions. This study explores the fundamental phenomenon of stress response in a gram-positive bacterium, where we investigate the ability of a cell wall modification enzyme to modulate intracellular stress and prevent the triggering of the stringent response pathway. The Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall modification proteins MurM and MurN are tRNA-dependent amino acid ligases, which lead to the production of branched muropeptides by generating peptide crossbridges. In addition, MurM has been proposed to contribute to translation quality control by preferentially deacylating mischarged tRNAs mischarged with amino acids that make up the peptidoglycan. Here, we demonstrate that the murMN operon promotes optimal growth under stressed conditions. Specifically, when grown in mildly acidic conditions, a murMN deletion mutant displays early entry into stationary phase and dramatically increased lysis. Surprisingly, these defects are rescued by inhibition of the stringent response pathway or by enhancement of the cells ability to deacylate mischarged tRNA molecules. The increase in lysis results from the activity of LytA, and experiments in macrophages reveal that murMN regulates phagocytosis in a LytA-dependent manner. These results suggest that under certain stresses, these bacterial cells lacking MurMN likely accumulate mischarged tRNA molecules, activate the stringent response pathway, and enter prematurely into stationary phase. Moreover, by virtue of its ability to deacylate mischarged tRNAs while building peptidoglycan crossbridges, MurM can calibrate the stress response with consequences to host-pathogen interactions. Thus, MurM is positioned at the interface of cell wall modification, translation quality control and stringent response. These findings expand our understanding of the functions of the bacterial cell wall: cell wall modifications that impart structural rigidity to the cell are interlinked to the cells ability to signal intracellularly and mount a response to environmental stresses.nnSIGNIFICANCEDuring infection, microbes must survive the hostile environmental conditions of the human host. When exposed to stresses, bacteria activate an intracellular response, known as stringent response pathway, to ensure their survival. This study connects two fundamental pathways important for cellular growth in a gram-positive bacterium; it demonstrates that enzymes responsible for cell wall modification are connected to the stringent response pathway via their ability to ameliorate errors in protein translation. Our study was performed on Streptococcus pneumoniae where the cell wall modification enzyme, MurM, is a known determinant of penicillin resistance. We now demonstrate the importance of MurM in translation quality control and establish that it serves as a gatekeeper of the stringent response pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerneni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narciso, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipe, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Molecular Link between Cell Wall Modification and Stringent Response in a Gram-positive Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A flexible simulation toolkit for designing and evaluating ChIP-sequencing experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in evaluating quantitative ChIP-seq analyses, such as peak calling and differential binding, is a lack of reliable ground truth data. We present Tulip, a toolkit for rapidly simulating ChIP-seq data using statistical models of the experimental steps. Tulip may be used for a range of applications, including power analysis for experimental design, benchmarking of analysis tools, and modeling effects of processes such as replication on ChIP-seq signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A flexible simulation toolkit for designing and evaluating ChIP-sequencing experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Lineage Tracing by Integrating CRISPR-Cas9 Mutations with Transcriptomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies combine two novel technologies, single-cell RNA-sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 barcode editing for elucidating developmental lineages at the whole organism level. While these studies provided several insights, they face several computational challenges. First, lineages are reconstructed based on noisy and often saturated random mutation data. Additionally, due to the randomness of the mutations, lineages from multiple experiments cannot be combined to reconstruct a consensus lineage tree. To address these issues we developed a novel method, LinTIMaT, which reconstructs cell lineages using a maximum-likelihood framework by integrating mutation and expression data. Our analysis shows that expression data helps resolve the ambiguities arising in when lineages are inferred based on mutations alone, while also enabling the integration of different individual lineages for the reconstruction of a consensus lineage tree. LinTIMaT lineages have better cell type coherence, improve the functional significance of gene sets and provide new insights on progenitors and differentiation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zafar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Lineage Tracing by Integrating CRISPR-Cas9 Mutations with Transcriptomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-resolution localization of causal variants across the genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present KnockoffZoom, a flexible method for the genetic mapping of complex traits at multiple resolutions. KnockoffZoom localizes causal variants by testing the conditional associations of genetic segments of decreasing width while provably controlling the false discovery rate using artificial genotypes as negative controls. Our method is equally valid for quantitative and binary phenotypes, making no assumptions about their genetic architectures. Instead, we rely on well-established genetic models of linkage disequilibrium. We demonstrate that our method can detect more associations than mixed effects models and achieve fine-mapping precision, at comparable computational cost. Lastly, we apply KnockoffZoom to data from 350k subjects in the UK Biobank and report many new findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sesia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-resolution localization of causal variants across the genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the Benefit Offered by Transcript Assembly on Single-Molecule Long Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third-generation sequencing technologies benefit transcriptome analysis by generating longer sequencing reads. However, not all single-molecule long reads represent full transcripts due to incomplete cDNA synthesis and the sequencing length limit of the platform. This drives a need for long read transcript assembly. We quantify the benefit that can be achieved by using a transcript assembler on long reads. Adding long-read-specific algorithms, we evolved Scallop to make Scallop-LR, a long-read transcript assembler, to handle the computational challenges arising from long read lengths and high error rates. Analyzing 26 SRA PacBio datasets using Scallop-LR, Iso-Seq Analysis, and StringTie, we quantified the amount by which assembly improved Iso-Seq results. Through combined evaluation methods, we found that Scallop-LR identifies 2100-4000 more (for 18 human datasets) or 1100-2200 more (for eight mouse datasets) known transcripts than Iso-Seq Analysis, which does not do assembly. Further, Scallop-LR finds 2.4-4.4 times more potentially novel isoforms than Iso-Seq Analysis for the human and mouse datasets. StringTie also identifies more transcripts than Iso-Seq Analysis. Adding long-read-specific optimizations in Scallop-LR increases the numbers of predicted known transcripts and potentially novel isoforms for the human transcriptome compared to several recent short-read assemblers (e.g. StringTie). Our findings indicate that transcript assembly by Scallop-LR can reveal a more complete human transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tung, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the Benefit Offered by Transcript Assembly on Single-Molecule Long Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entecavir resistance mutations rtL180M/T184L/M204V combined with rtA200V lead to tenofovir resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) imposes a high genetic barrier to drug resistance and potently inhibits replication of multidrug-resistant hepatitis B virus (MDR HBV) and few clinical cases with confirmed TDF-resistance have been reported to date. We reported a quadruple mutant which showed moderate resistant to TDF.nnMethods and resultsViral rebound was reported in a patient with chronic hepatitis B who underwent TDF monotherapy and harbored a quadruple mutant consisting of classic ETV-resistance mutations (rtL180M/T184L/M204V) together with an rtA200V mutation in the reverse transcriptase gene. Sequencing analysis revealed that this quadruple mutant emerged as a major viral population. In vitro phenotyping demonstrated that the rtL180M/T184L/A200V/M204V mutant had moderate resistance to TDF treatment, with a 4.52-fold higher half maximal effective concentration than that of wild-type virus. Importantly, this patient with TDF resistance achieved virological suppression after TDF/ETV combination rescue therapy.nnConclusionAn rtL180M/T184L/A200V/M204V mutant with moderate resistance to TDF monotherapy was selected during sequential NA treatment in a stepwise manner. ETV/TDF combination therapy effectively suppressed replication of this TDF resistant mutant. Our studies provide novel insights into the treatment of NA-naive patients as well as patients with TDF resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entecavir resistance mutations rtL180M/T184L/M204V combined with rtA200V lead to tenofovir resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid condensation drives telomere clustering during ALT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase-free cancer cells employ a recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway that depends on ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (APBs), whose function is unclear. We find that APBs behave as liquid condensates, suggesting two potential mechanisms to promote telomere elongation: condensation to enrich DNA repair factors for telomere synthesis and coalescence to cluster telomeres to provide repair templates. Using chemically-induced dimerization, we show that telomere sumoylation nucleates APB condensation via SUMO-SIM (SUMO interaction motif) interactions and clusters telomeres. The induced APBs lack DNA repair factors, indicating that these factors are clients recruited to the APB scaffold rather than components that drive condensation. Telomere clustering, however, relies only on liquid properties of the condensate, as an alternative condensation chemistry also induces clustering. Our results demonstrate how the material properties and chemical composition of APBs independently contribute to ALT, suggesting a general framework for how liquid condensates promote cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid condensation drives telomere clustering during ALT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Landscape of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in human immunogenic cancers: B cells are inversely associated with CD8T cells, but positively correlated with Treg cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells may be a strong predictor of cancer treatment responses and survival outcomes. While B cells have been suggested to suppress T cell cytotoxicity in preclinical studies, it has been less understood whether B cells will exert immune-regulatory roles in human cancers. We explored immune cell landscapes in six human immunogenic cancers, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma by calculating gene expression patterns of immune cell-specific metagenes in a total of 2951 cancers. We demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating activated B cells was correlated with regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration, but had an inverse association with activated CD8 T cell infiltration consistently across all six human cancers. Tumors infiltrated by activated B cells (ActB+ tumors) demonstrated an elevated expression of regulatory cytokines and immune checkpoints, compared to tumors without infiltration by activated B cells (ActB-tumors). Activated B infiltration was not significantly associated with survival outcomes.nnPrecisThis human cancer tissue analysis showed that tumor infiltration by activated B cells correlates with decreased infiltration by activated CD8 T cells in immunogenic solid tumors, implicating B cell inhibition may enhance T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anker, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamragouri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsangou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Landscape of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in human immunogenic cancers: B cells are inversely associated with CD8T cells, but positively correlated with Treg cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bimodal Regulation of the PRC2 Complex by USP7 Underlies Melanomagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although overexpression of EZH2, a catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), is an eminent feature of various cancers, the regulation of its abundance and function remains insufficiently understood. We report here that the PRC2 complex is physically associated with ubiquitin-specific protease USP7 in melanoma cells where USP7 acts to deubiquitinate and stabilize EZH2. Interestingly, we found that USP7-catalyzed H2BK120 deubiquitination is a prerequisite for chromatin loading of PRC2 thus H3K27 trimethylation. Genome-wide analysis of the transcriptional targets of the USP7/PRC2 complex identified a cohort of genes including FOXO1 that are involved in cell growth and proliferation. We demonstrated that the USP7/PRC2 complex drives melanoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. We showed that the expression of both USP7 and EZH2 elevates during melanoma progression, corresponding to a diminished FOXO1 expression, and the level of the expression of USP7 and EZH2 strongly correlates with histological grades and prognosis of melanoma patients. These results reveal a dual role for USP7 in the regulation of the abundance and function of EZH2, supporting the pursuit of USP7 as a therapeutic target for melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bimodal Regulation of the PRC2 Complex by USP7 Underlies Melanomagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociation of disease phenotype and allele silencing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific RNA silencing has been shown to be an effective therapeutic treatment in a number of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Studies of allele-specific silencing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to date have focused on mouse models of disease. Here, we investigate two methods of allele-specific silencing, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) silencing, using a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) model of disease. We used cellular micropatterning devices with traction force microscopy and automated video analysis to examine each strategys effects on contractile defects underlying disease. We find that shRNA silencing ameliorates contractile phenotypes of disease, reducing disease-associated increases in cardiomyocyte velocity, force, and power. We find that ASO silencing, while better able to target and knockdown a specific disease-associated allele, showed more modest improvements in contractile phenotypes. We find a dissociation between allelic-specificity and functional improvements between the two tested therapeutic strategies, suggesting a more complex method of allelic control underlying HCM-associated transcripts.nnAuthor summaryAllele-specific silencing, whereby a therapeutic molecule is used to lower the expression of just one of the two copies or alleles of a gene, may be a potential therapeutic strategy in diseases caused by a single mutation. In this paper, we examine two such strategies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a disease characterized by an overgrowth of the left-ventricular heart muscle as well as contractile dysfunction. We used a human cell model of disease, creating induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes from a patient with HCM caused by a single base pair change in just one allele of the gene MYH7. We used two strategies to silence the disease-associated copy of MYH7, both focused on reducing RNA expression from the mutated allele, as well as state-of-the-art biophysical techniques for measuring contractility. We found that one silencing strategy, which reduced expression of both the disease-associated and the healthy alleles of MYH7, showed great improvements in contractility between treated and untreated cells. Our second strategy, which silenced only the disease-associated copy of MYH7, showed more modest improvements in contractility. This suggests that the disease mechanism underlying this type of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be more complex than just presence or absence of the mutated RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dainis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaleta-Rivera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burridge, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruitt, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociation of disease phenotype and allele silencing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-Aware Seeds for Read Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMost modern seed-and-extend NGS read mappers employ a seeding scheme that requires extracting t non-overlapping seeds in each read in order to find all valid mappings under an edit distance threshold of t. As t grows (such as in long reads with high error rate), this seeding scheme forces mappers to use more and shorter seeds, which increases the seed hits (seed frequencies) and therefore reduces the efficiency of mappers.nnResultsWe propose a novel seeding framework, context-aware seeds (CAS). CAS guarantees finding all valid mapping but uses fewer (and longer) seeds, which reduces seed frequencies and increases efficiency of mappers. CAS achieves this improvement by attaching a confidence radius to each seed. We prove that all valid mappings can be found if the sum of confidence radii of seeds are greater than t. CAS generalizes the existing pigeonhole-principle-based seeding scheme in which this confidence radius is implicitly always 1. Moreover, we design an efficient algorithm that constructs the confidence radius database in linear time. We experiment CAS with E. coli genome and show that CAS reduces seed frequencies by up to 25.4% when compared with the state-of-the-art pigeonhole-principle-based seeding algorithm, the Optimal Seed Solver.nnAvailabilityhttps://github.com/Kingsford-Group/CAS_code
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-Aware Seeds for Read Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Related Changes in Neural Networks Supporting Complex Visual and Social Processing in Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite our differences, there is much about the natural visual world that almost all observers apparently perceive in common. This coherence across observers is evidenced by the finding that, across adults, approximately 30% of the brain is activated in a consistent fashion in response to viewing naturalistic input. The critical question addressed here is how does this consistency emerge and is this pattern of coherence apparent from early in development or does it evolve with time and/or experience? We focused our investigation at a key developmental juncture that might bridge the child and adult patterns, namely, the period of adolescence. We acquired fMRI BOLD data evoked by an 11-minute age-appropriate movie in younger (age 9-14 years) and older adolescents (age 15-19 years) and in adults. Using an intra-subject correlation approach, we characterized the consistency of the neural response within-individual (across two separate runs of the movie), and then, using an inter-subject correlation approach, evaluated the similarity of the response profile within individuals of the same age group and between age-groups. In primary sensory areas (A1+, V1) the response profiles in both groups of adolescents were highly similar to those of the adults, suggesting that these areas are functionally mature at earlier stages of the development. In contrast, some other regions exhibited higher within-age correlations in the adolescent groups than in the adult group. Last, we evaluated the brain responses across the whole cortex and identified the different patterns of maturation as reflected in different inter-subject correlations across the age groups. Together, these findings provide a fine-grained characterization of functional neural development. The approach offers the potential for careful tracking of the development of widespread cortical networks that support the emerging stereotypical responses to naturalistic visual and social stimuli and has important implications for future studies of cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lerner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Related Changes in Neural Networks Supporting Complex Visual and Social Processing in Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical universal k-mer sets for minimizer schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizer schemes have found widespread use in genomic applications as a way to quickly predict the matching probability of large sequences. Most methods for minimizer schemes use randomized (or close to randomized) ordering of k-mers when finding minimizers, but recent work has shown that not all non-lexicographic orderings perform the same. One way to find k-mer orderings for minimizer schemes is through the use of universal k-mer sets, which are subsets of k-mers that are guaranteed to cover all windows. The smaller this set the fewer false positives (where two poorly aligned sequences being identified as possible matches) are identified. Current methods for creating universal k-mer sets are limited in the length of the k-mer that can be considered, and cannot compute sets in the range of lengths currently used in practice. We take some of the first steps in creating universal k-mer sets that can be used to construct minimizer orders for large values of k that are practical. We do this using iterative extension of the k-mers in a set, and guided contraction of the set itself. We also show that this process will be guaranteed to never increase the number of distinct minimizers chosen in a sequence, and thus can only decrease the number of false positives over using the current sets on small k-mers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBlasio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbosibo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical universal k-mer sets for minimizer schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment and mapping methodology influence transcript abundance estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe accuracy of transcript quantification using RNA-seq data depends on many factors, such as the choice of alignment or mapping method and the quantification model being adopted. While the choice of quantification model has been shown to be important, considerably less attention has been given to comparing the effect of various read alignment approaches on quantification accuracy.nnResultsWe investigate the influence of mapping and alignment on the accuracy of transcript quantification in both simulated and experimental data, as well as the effect on subsequent differential expression analysis. We observe that, even when the quantification model itself is held fixed, the effect of choosing a different alignment methodology, or aligning reads using different parameters, on quantification estimates can sometimes be large, and can affect downstream differential expression analyses as well. These effects can go unnoticed when assessment is focused too heavily on simulated data, where the alignment task is often simpler than in experimentally-acquired samples. We also introduce a new alignment methodology, called selective alignment, to overcome the shortcomings of lightweight approaches without incurring the computational cost of traditional alignment.nnConclusionWe observe that, on experimental datasets, the performance of lightweight mapping and alignment-based approaches varies significantly and highlight some of the underlying factors. We show this variation both in terms of quantification and downstream differential expression analysis. In all comparisons, we also show the improved performance of our proposed selective alignment method and suggest best practices for performing RNA-seq quantification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment and mapping methodology influence transcript abundance estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and Distinct Dysfunction of Dynamic Connectivity Networks across Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) analysis can capture time-varying properties of connectivity and may provide further information about transdiagnostic psychopathology across major psychiatric disorders. In this study, we used resting state functional MRI and a sliding-window method to study DFC in 150 schizophrenia (SZ), 100 bipolar disorder(BD), 150 major depressive disorder (MDD), and 210 healthy controls (HC). DFC were clustered into two functional connectivity states. Significant 4-group differences in DFC were found only in state 2. Post hoc analyses showed that transdiagnostic dysconnectivity among there disorders featured decreased connectivity within visual, somatomotor, salience and frontoparietal networks. Our results suggest that decreased connectivity within both lower-order (visual and somatomotor) and higher-order (salience and frontoparietal) networks may serve as transdiagnostic marker of these disorders, and that these dysconnectivity is state-dependent. Targeting these dysconnectivity may improve assessment and treatment for patients that having more than one of these disorders at the same time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and Distinct Dysfunction of Dynamic Connectivity Networks across Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMDA receptor in vasopressin 1b neurons is not required for short-term social memory, object memory or aggression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) plays an important role in social behaviors including aggression, social learning and memory. Genetic removal of Avpr1b from mouse models results in deficits in aggression and short-term social recognition in adults. Avpr1b gene expression is highly enriched in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) region. Activity of the hippocampal CA2 has been shown to be required for normal short-term social recognition and aggressive behaviors. Vasopressin acts to enhance synaptic responses of CA2 neurons through a NMDA-receptor dependent mechanism. Genetic removal of the obligatory subunit of the NMDA receptor (Grin1) within distinct hippocampal regions impairs non-social learning and memory. However, the question of a direct role for NMDA receptor activity in Avpr1b neurons to modulate social behavior remains unclear. To answer this question, we first created a novel transgenic mouse line with Cre recombinase knocked into the Avpr1b coding region to genetically target Avpr1b neurons. We confirmed this line has dense Cre expression throughout the dorsal and ventral CA2 regions of the hippocampus, along with scattered expression within the caudate-putamen and olfactory bulb. Conditional removal of the NMDA receptor was achieved by crossing our line to an available floxed Grin1 line. The resulting mice were measured on a battery of social and memory behavioral tests. Surprisingly, we did not observe any differences between Avpr1b-Grin1 knockout mice and their wildtype siblings. We conclude that mice without typical NMDA receptor function in Avpr1b neurons can develop normal aggression as well as short-term social and object memory performance.nnSignificance StatementActivity of neurons that express vasopressin 1b receptor are essential for aggressive and social recognition behaviors. We created a novel transgenic mouse to allow selective targeting of vasopressin 1b neurons. Our studies indicate that NMDA receptor expression in vasopressin 1b neurons (including most CA2 neurons) are not required for development of the typical expression of aggression or recognition memory. Thus, CA2 neurons may have a unique way of incorporating novel stimuli into memory that deserves further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams Avram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fastman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymerblit-Sabba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cilz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stackmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMDA receptor in vasopressin 1b neurons is not required for short-term social memory, object memory or aggression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A way around the exploration-exploitation dilemma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing exploration with exploitation is seen as a mathematically intractable dilemma that all animals face. In this paper, we provide an alternative view of this classic problem that does not depend on exploring to optimize for reward. We argue that the goal of exploration should be pure curiosity, or learning for learnings sake. Through theory and simulations we prove that explore-exploit problems based on this can be solved by a simple rule that yields optimal solutions: when information is more valuable than rewards, be curious, otherwise seek rewards. We show that this rule performs well and robustly under naturalistic constraints. We suggest three criteria can be used to distinguish our approach from other theories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A way around the exploration-exploitation dilemma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased O-GlcNAcylation rapidly decreases GABAAR currents in hippocampus yet depresses neuronal output 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification involving O-linkage of {beta}-N-acetylglucosamine to Ser/Thr residues on target proteins, is increasingly recognized as a critical regulator of brain function in health and disease. Enzymes that catalyze O-GlcNAcylation are found at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites, and O-GlcNAcylated proteins localize to synaptosomes. An acute increase in O-GlcNAcylation induces long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory transmission at hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, and depresses hyperexcitable circuits in vitro and in vivo. Yet, no study has investigated how O-GlcNAcylation modulates the efficacy of inhibitory neurotransmission. Here we show an acute increase in O-GlcNAc dampens GABAergic currents onto principal cells in rodent hippocampus likely through a postsynaptic mechanism, and has a variable effect on the excitation/inhibition balance. The overall effect of increased O-GlcNAc is reduced synaptically-driven spike probability via synaptic depression and decreased intrinsic excitability. Our results position O-GlcNAcylation as a novel regulator of the overall excitation/inhibition balance and neuronal output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatham, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased O-GlcNAcylation rapidly decreases GABAAR currents in hippocampus yet depresses neuronal output]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weak neural signatures of spatial selective auditory attention in hearing-impaired listeners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial attention may be used to select target speech in one location while suppressing irrelevant speech in another. However, if perceptual resolution of spatial cues is weak, spatially focused attention may work poorly, leading to difficulty communicating in noisy settings. In electroencephalography (EEG), the distribution of alpha (8-14 Hz) power over parietal sensors reflects the spatial focus of attention (Banerjee et al., 2011; Foxe and Snyder, 2011). If spatial attention is degraded, however, alpha may not be modulated across parietal sensors. A previously published behavioral and EEG study found that, compared to normal-hearing (NH) listeners, hearing-impaired (HI) listeners often had higher interaural time difference (ITD) thresholds, worse performance when asked to report the content of an acoustic stream from a particular location, and weaker attentional modulation of neural responses evoked by sounds in a mixture (Dai et al., 2018). This study explored whether these same HI listeners also showed weaker alpha lateralization during the previously reported task. In NH listeners, hemispheric parietal alpha power was greater when the ipsilateral location was attended; this lateralization was stronger when competing melodies were separated by a larger spatial difference. In HI listeners, however, alpha was not lateralized across parietal sensors, consistent with a degraded ability to use spatial features to selectively attend.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonacci, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weak neural signatures of spatial selective auditory attention in hearing-impaired listeners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographic specificity of alpha power during auditory spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual and somatosensory spatial attention both induce parietal alpha (7-14 Hz) oscillations whose topographical distribution depends on the direction of spatial attentional focus. In the auditory domain, contrasts of parietal alpha power for leftward and rightward attention reveal a qualitatively similar lateralization; however, it is not clear whether alpha lateralization changes monotonically with the direction of auditory attention as it does for visual spatial attention. In addition, most previous studies of alpha oscillation did not consider subject-specific differences in alpha frequency, but simply analyzed power in a fixed spectral band. Here, we recorded electroencephalography in human subjects when they directed attention to one of five azimuthal locations. After a cue indicating the direction of an upcoming target sequence of spoken syllables (yet before the target began), alpha power changed in a task specific manner. Subject-specific peak alpha frequencies differed consistently between frontocentral electrodes and parieto-occipital electrodes, suggesting multiple neural generators of task-related alpha. Parieto-occipital alpha increased over the hemisphere ipsilateral to attentional focus compared to the contralateral hemisphere, and changed systematically as the direction of attention shifted from far left to far right. These results showing that parietal alpha lateralization changes smoothly with the direction of auditory attention as in visual spatial attention provide further support to the growing evidence that the frontoparietal attention network is supramodal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographic specificity of alpha power during auditory spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-spatial features reduce the reliance on sustained spatial auditory attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Top-down spatial attention is effective at selecting a target sound from a mixture. However, non-spatial features often distinguish sources in addition to location. This study explores whether redundant non-spatial features are used to maintain selective auditory attention for a spatially defined target. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while subjects focused attention on one of three simultaneous melodies. In one experiment, subjects (n = 17) were given an auditory cue indicating both the location and pitch of the target melody. In a second experiment (n = 17 subjects), the cue only indicated target location, and we compared two conditions: one in which the pitch separation of competing melodies was large, and one in which this separation was small. In both experiments, responses evoked by onsets of events in sound streams were modulated equally as strong by attention, suggesting that the target stimuli were correctly selected regardless of the cue or pitch information available. In all cases, parietal alpha was lateralized following the cue, but prior to melody onset, indicating that subjects always initially focused attention in space. During the stimulus presentation, however, this lateralization weakened when pitch cues were strong, suggesting that strong pitch cues reduced reliance on sustained spatial attention. These results demonstrate that once a well-defined target stream at a known location is selected, top-down spatial attention is unnecessary to filter out a segregated competing stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonacci, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-spatial features reduce the reliance on sustained spatial auditory attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAP2 is Hyperphosphorylated in Schizophrenia and Alters its Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (Sz) is a highly polygenic disorder, with common, rare, and structural variants each contributing only a small fraction of overall disease risk. Thus, there is a need to identify downstream points of convergence that can be targeted with therapeutics. Reduction of Microtubule-associated Protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity (MAP2-IR) is present in individuals with Sz, despite no change in MAP2 protein levels. MAP2 is phosphorylated downstream of multiple receptors and kinases identified as Sz risk genes, altering its immunoreactivity and function. Using an unbiased phosphoproteomics approach we quantified 18 MAP2 phosphopeptides, 9 of which were significantly altered in Sz subjects. Network analysis grouped MAP2 phosphopeptides into 3 modules, each with a distinct relationship to dendritic spine loss, synaptic protein levels, and clinical function in Sz subjects. We then investigated the most hyperphosphorylated site in Sz, phosphoserine1782 (pS1782). Computational modeling predicted phosphorylation of S1782 reduces binding of MAP2 to microtubules, which was confirmed experimentally. We generated a transgenic mouse containing a phosphomimetic mutation at S1782 (S1782E) and found reductions in basilar dendritic length and complexity along with reduced spine density. Because only a limited number of MAP2 interacting proteins have been previously identified, we combined co-immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry to characterize the MAP2 interactome in mouse brain. The MAP2 interactome was enriched for proteins involved in protein translation. These associations were shown to be functional as overexpression of wildtype and phosphomimetic MAP2 reduced protein synthesis in vitro. Finally, we found that Sz subjects with low MAP2-IR had reductions in the levels of synaptic proteins relative to nonpsychiatric control (NPC) subjects and to Sz subjects with normal and MAP2-IR, and this same pattern was recapitulated in S1782E mice. These findings suggest a new conceptual framework for Sz - that a large proportion of individuals have a "MAP2opathy" - in which MAP function is altered by phosphorylation, leading to impairments of neuronal structure, synaptic protein synthesis, and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grubisha, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiosio, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nates, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAP2 is Hyperphosphorylated in Schizophrenia and Alters its Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Area compressibility moduli of the monolayer leaflets of asymmetric bilayers from simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extraction from simulations of the area compressibility moduli of the monolayers in a bilayer is considered theoretically. A statistical mechanical derivation shows that the bilayer modulus is the sum of the two monolayer moduli, as is often supposed, but contrary to a recent study. Seemingly plausible assumptions regarding fluctuations are tested rigorously. Prospects for future research are discussed.nnSignificanceIt is important to describe the properties of both leaflets of generally asymmetric Biomembranes. One such property is the area compressibility modulus. This MS rigorously establishes the fundamental theory that corrects a recent BJ paper. The theory is straightforward but substantial enough that it was not readily apparent why the previous theory was incorrect. This is why this MS should be considered a new paper and not just a comment. Another reason is that this MS points to an alternative method, used only once previously, for extracting the leaflet area compressibility modulus from simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagle, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Area compressibility moduli of the monolayer leaflets of asymmetric bilayers from simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of unilateral cortical resection of the visual cortex on bilateral human white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children with unilateral resections of ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC) typically do not evince visual perceptual impairments, even when relatively large swathes of VOTC are resected. In search of possible explanations for this behavioral competence, we evaluated white matter microstructure and connectivity in eight pediatric epilepsy patients following unilateral cortical resection and 15 age-matched controls. To uncover both local and broader resection-induced effects, we analyzed tractography data using two complementary approaches. First, the microstructural properties were measured in the inferior longitudinal and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi, the major VOTC association tracts. Group differences were only evident in the ipsilesional, and not in the contralesional, hemisphere, and single-subject analyses revealed that these differences were limited to the site of the resection. Second, graph theory was used to characterize the connectivity of the contralesional occipito-temporal regions. There were no changes to the network properties in patients with left VOTC resections nor in patients with resections outside the VOTC, but altered network efficiency was observed in two cases with right VOTC resections. These results suggest that, in many, although perhaps not all, cases of unilateral VOTC resections in childhood, the white matter integrity in the preserved contralesional hemisphere along with residual neural activity might be sufficient for normal visual perception.nnHighlightsO_LIThere is well-circumscribed white matter damage in pediatric epilepsy after surgerynC_LIO_LIWhite matter pathways are normal distal as well as contralesional to the resectionnC_LIO_LIContralesional network properties differ after left or right hemisphere resectionnC_LIO_LIPreserved cortex and white matter may be sufficient for normal perceptionnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maallo, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of unilateral cortical resection of the visual cortex on bilateral human white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Transcriptomic Structural Variants in Heterogeneous Contexts via the Multiple Compatible Arrangements Problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic structural variants (TSVs) -- structural variants that affect expressed regions -- are common, especially in cancer. Detecting TSVs is a challenging computational problem. Sample heterogeneity (including differences between alleles in diploid organisms) is a critical confounding factor when identifying TSVs. To improve TSV detection in heterogeneous RNA-seq samples, we introduce the MO_SCPCAPULTIPLEC_SCPCAP CO_SCPCAPOMPATIBLEC_SCPCAP AO_SCPCAPRRANGEMENTC_SCPCAP PO_SCPCAPROBLEMC_SCPCAP (MCAP), which seeks k genome rearrangements to maximize the number of reads that are concordant with at least one rearrangement. This directly models the situation of a heterogeneous or diploid sample. We prove that MCAP is NP-hard and provide a [Formula]-approximation algorithm for k = 1 and a [Formula]-approximation algorithm for the diploid case (k = 2) assuming an oracle for k = 1. Combining these, we obtain a [Formula]-approximation algorithm for MCAP when k = 2 (without an oracle). We also present an integer linear programming formulation for general k. We completely characterize the graph structures that require k > 1 to satisfy all edges and show such structures are prevalent in cancer samples. We evaluate our algorithms on 381 TCGA samples and 2 cancer cell lines and show improved performance compared to the state-of-the-art TSV-calling tool, SQUID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Transcriptomic Structural Variants in Heterogeneous Contexts via the Multiple Compatible Arrangements Problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Common Architecture for Human and Artificial Cognition Explains Brain Activity Across Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Common Model of Cognition (CMC) is a recently proposed, consensus architecture intended to capture decades of progress in cognitive science on modeling human and human-like intelligence. Because of the broad agreement around it and preliminary mappings of its components to specific brain areas, we hypothesized that the CMC could be a candidate model of the large-scale functional architecture of the human brain. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed functional MRI data from 200 participants and seven different tasks that cover a broad range of cognitive domains. The CMC components were identified with functionally homologous brain regions through canonical fMRI analysis, and their communication pathways were translated into predicted patterns of effective connectivity between regions. The resulting dynamic linear model was implemented and fitted using Dynamic Causal Modeling, and compared against six alternative brain architectures that had been previously proposed in the field of neuroscience (three hierarchical architectures and three hub-and-spoke architectures) using a Bayesian approach. The results show that, in all cases, the CMC vastly outperforms all other architectures, both within each domain and across all tasks. These findings suggest that a common set of architectural principles that could be used for artificial intelligence also underpins human brain function across multiple cognitive domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stocco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steine-Hanson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebiere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/703777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Common Architecture for Human and Artificial Cognition Explains Brain Activity Across Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Taskonomy: Inferring the Similarity of Task-Derived Representations from Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained for object recognition have been widely used to account for visually-driven neural responses in both the human and primate brains. However, because of the generality and complexity of the task of object classification, it is often difficult to make precise inferences about neural information processing using CNN representations from object classification despite the fact that these representations are effective for predicting brain activity. To better understand underlying the nature of the visual features encoded in different brain regions of the human brain, we predicted brain responses to images using fine-grained representations drawn from 19 specific computer vision tasks. Individual encoding models for each task were constructed and then applied to BOLD5000--a large-scale dataset comprised of fMRI scans collected while observers viewed over 5000 naturalistic scene and object images. Because different encoding models predict activity in different brain regions, we were able to associate specific vision tasks with each region. For example, within scene-selective brain regions, features from 3D tasks such as 3D keypoints and 3D edges explain greater variance as compared to 2D tasks--a pattern that replicates across the whole brain. Using results across all 19 task representations, we constructed a "task graph" based on the spatial layout of well-predicted brain areas from each task. We then compared the brain-derived task structure with the task structure derived from transfer learning accuracy in order to assess the degree of shared information between the two task spaces. These computationally-driven results--arising out of state-of-the-art computer vision methods--begin to reveal the task-specific architecture of the human visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Taskonomy: Inferring the Similarity of Task-Derived Representations from Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional innovation in the evolution of the calcium-dependent system of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of eukaryotes was marked by the emergence of several novel subcellular systems. One such is the calcium (Ca2+)-stores system of the endoplasmic reticulum, which profoundly influences diverse aspects of cellular function including signal transduction, motility, division, and biomineralization. We use comparative genomics and sensitive sequence and structure analyses to investigate the evolution of this system. Our findings reconstruct the core form of the Ca2+- stores system in the last eukaryotic common ancestor as having at least 15 proteins that constituted a basic system for facilitating both Ca2+ flux across endomembranes and Ca2+-dependent signaling. We present evidence that the key EF-hand Ca2+-binding components had their origins in a likely bacterial symbiont other than the mitochondrial progenitor, whereas the protein phosphatase subunit of the ancestral calcineurin complex was likely inherited from the asgardarchaeal progenitor of the stem eukaryote. This further points to the potential origin of the eukaryotes in a Ca2+-rich biomineralized environment such as stromatolites. We further show that throughout eukaryotic evolution there were several acquisitions from bacteria of key components of the Ca2+-stores system, even though no prokaryotic lineage possesses a comparable system. Further, using quantitative measures derived from comparative genomics we show that there were several rounds of lineage-specific gene expansions, innovations of novel gene families, and gene losses correlated with biological innovation such as the biomineralized molluscan shells, coccolithophores, and animal motility. The burst of innovation of new genes in animals included the wolframin protein associated with Wolfram syndrome in humans. We show for the first time that it contains previously unidentified Sel1, EF-hand, and OB-fold domains, which might have key roles in its biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional innovation in the evolution of the calcium-dependent system of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-EMT: Cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current prevailing knowledge on EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition) deems epithelial cells acquire the characters of mesenchymal cells to be capable of invading and metastasizing on their own. One of the signature events of EMT is called "cadherin switch", e.g. the epithelial E-cadherin switching to the mesenchymal Cadherin-11. Here, we report the critical events after EMT that cancer cells utilize cadherin-11 to hijack the endogenous cadherin-11 positive fibroblasts. Numerous 3-D cell invasion assays with high-content live cell imaging methods reveal that cadherin-11 positive cancer cells adhere to and migrate back and forth dynamically on the cell bodies of fibroblasts. By adhering to fibroblasts for co-invasion through 3-D matrices, cancer cells acquire higher invasion speed and velocity, as well as significantly elevated invasion persistence, which are exclusive characteristics of fibroblast invasion. Silencing cadherin-11 in cancer cells or in fibroblasts, or in both, significantly decouples such physical co-invasion. Additional bioinformatics studies and PDX (patient derived xenograft) studies link such cadherin-11 mediated cancer hijacking fibroblasts to the clinical cancer progression in human such as triple-negative breast cancer patients. Further animal studies confirm cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts in vivo and promotes significant solid tumor progression and distant metastasis. Moreover, overexpression of cadherin-11 strikingly protects 4T1-luc cells from implant rejection against firefly luciferase in immunocompetent mice. Overall, our findings report and characterize the critical post-EMT event of cancer hijacking fibroblasts in cancer progression and suggest cadherin-11 can be a therapeutic target for solid tumors with stroma. Our studies hence provide significant updates on the "EMT" theory that EMT cancer cells can hijack fibroblasts to achieve full mesenchymal behaviors in vivo for efficient homing, growth, metastasis and evasion of immune surveillance. Our studies also reveal that cadherin-11 is the key molecule that helps link cancer cells to stromal fibroblasts in the "Seed & Soil" theory.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=117 SRC="FIGDIR/small/729491v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11317f1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@88fffaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5da692org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@62f6ed_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonkova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khong, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-EMT: Cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low rank mechanisms underlying flexible visual representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal population responses to sensory stimuli are remarkably flexible. The responses of neurons in visual cortex depend on stimulus properties (e.g. contrast), processes that affect all stages of visual processing (e.g. adaptation), and cognitive processes (e.g attention or task switching). The effects of all of these processes on trial-averaged responses of individual neurons are well-described by divisive normalization, in which responses are scaled by the total stimulus drive. Normalization describes how a staggering variety of sensory, cognitive, and motor processes affect individual neurons (1), but whether different normalization processes could be mediated by the same mechanism remains poorly understood. We and others recently showed that attention has low rank effects on the covariability of populations of neurons in visual area V4 (2-4), which strongly constrains mechanistic models mechanism (2). We hypothesized that measuring changes in population covariability associated with other normalization processes could clarify whether they might share a mechanism. Our experimental design included measurements in multiple visual areas using four normalization processes. We found that contrast, adaptation, attention, and task switching affect the responses of populations of neurons in primate visual cortex in a similarly low rank way. These results suggest that a given circuit uses a common mechanism to perform many forms of normalization and likely reflect a general principle that applies to a wide range of brain areas and sensory, cognitive, or motor processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baqai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low rank mechanisms underlying flexible visual representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures for inflammation vary across cancer types and correlate significantly with tumor stage, gender and vital status of patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer affects millions of individuals worldwide. One shortcoming of traditional cancer classification systems is that, even for tumors affecting a single organ, there is significant molecular heterogeneity. Precise molecular classification of tumors could be beneficial in personalizing patients therapy and predicting prognosis. To this end, here we propose to use molecular signatures to further refine cancer classification. Molecular signatures are collections of genes characterizing particular cell types, tissues or disease. Signatures can be used to interpret expression profiles from heterogeneous samples. Large collections of gene signatures have previously been cataloged in the MSigDB database. We have developed a web-based Signature Visualization Tool (SaVanT) to display signature scores in user-generated expression data. Here we have undertaken a systematic analysis of correlations between inflammatory signatures and cancer samples, to test whether inflammation can differentiate cancer types. Inflammatory response signatures were obtained from MsigDB and SaVanT and a signature score was computed for samples associated with 7 different cancer types. We first identified types of cancers that had high inflammation levels as measured by these signatures. The correlation between signature scores and metadata of these patients (gender, age at initial cancer diagnosis, cancer stage, and vital status) was then computed. We sought to evaluate correlations between inflammation with other clinical parameters and identified four cancer types that had statistically significant association (p-value < 0.05) with at least one clinical characteristic: pancreas adenocarcinoma (PAAD), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), kidney chromophobe (KICH), and uveal melanoma (UVM). These results may allow future studies to use these approaches to further refine cancer subtyping and ultimately treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>So, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures for inflammation vary across cancer types and correlate significantly with tumor stage, gender and vital status of patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shrinkage Classification for Overlapping Time Series: An interpretable method for mapping stimulus-differentiated evoked response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multivariate time series from neural electrophysiological recordings are a rich source of information about neural processing systems and require appropriate methods for proper analysis. Current methods for mapping brain function in these data using neural decoding aggregate information across space and time in limited ways, rarely incorporating spatial dependence across recording locations. We propose Shrinkage Classification for Overlapping Time Series (SCOTS), a neural decoding method that maps brain function, while accounting for spatio-temporal dependence, through interpretable dimensionality reduction and classification of multivariate neural time series. SCOTS has two components: first, overlapping clustering from sparse semi-nonnegative matrix factorization gives a data-driven aggregation of neural information across space; second, wavelet-transformed nearest shrunken centroids with sparse group lasso performs multi-class classification with selection of informative clusters and time intervals. We demonstrate use of SCOTS by applying it to human intracranial electrophysiological and MEG data collected while participants viewed visual stimuli from a range of categories. The method reveals the dynamic activation of brain regions with sensitivity to different object categories, giving insight into spatio-temporal contributions of these neural processing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliott, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boring, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G'Sell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shrinkage Classification for Overlapping Time Series: An interpretable method for mapping stimulus-differentiated evoked response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Multi-omic Framework of the Plant Response to Jasmonic Acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the systems-level actions of transcriptional responses to hormones provides insight into how the genome is reprogrammed in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we investigate the signaling pathway of the hormone jasmonic acid (JA), which controls a plethora of critically important processes in plants and is orchestrated by the transcription factor MYC2 and its closest relatives in Arabidopsis thaliana. We generated an integrated framework of the response to JA that spans from the activity of master and secondary-regulatory transcription factors, through gene expression outputs and alternative splicing to protein abundance changes, protein phosphorylation and chromatin remodeling. We integrated time series transcriptome analysis with (phospho)proteomic data to reconstruct gene regulatory network models. These enable us to predict previously unknown points of crosstalk from JA to other signaling pathways and to identify new components of the JA regulatory mechanism, which we validated through targeted mutant analysis. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of how a plant hormone remodels cellular functions and plant behavior, the general principles of which provide a framework for analysis of cross-regulation between other hormone and stress signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewsey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldierna Guzman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Multi-omic Framework of the Plant Response to Jasmonic Acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Shift-Work on the Carotid Artery and Cerebral Blood Flow of SHR Rats and WKY Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe objective was to investigate the effects of shift-work (SW) on the carotid arteries.nnMethodsThis study used two inverted photoperiods (inverted light:dark [ILD]16:8 and ILD12:12) to create the SW model. We recorded the rhythm and performed serological tests, carotid ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and carotid biopsy.nnResultsSW induced elevated blood pressure and increased angiotensin-II, apolipoprotein E, blood glucose, and triglycerides. SW increased the carotid intima-media thickness. SW led to the development of carotid arterial thrombosis, reduced cerebral blood flow, and increased the number of collagen fibers, expression of angiotensin receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor in the carotid arteries. SW decreased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and nitric oxide. SW induced the atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta. Multiple results of SHR were worse than WKY rats.nnConclusionSW can induce metabolic disorders and elevated blood pressure. SW can cause intima-media thickening of the carotid artery and aorta atherosclerosis. SW may result in carotid arterial thrombosis and affect cerebral blood flow. Hypertension can aggravate the adverse effects of SW.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Shift-Work on the Carotid Artery and Cerebral Blood Flow of SHR Rats and WKY Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CMU Array. A 3D Nano-Printed, Fully Customizable Ultra-High-Density Microelectrode Array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provide the means to record electrophysiological activity fundamental to both basic and clinical neuroscience (e.g. brain-computer interfaces). Despite recent advances, current MEAs have significant limitations - including low recording density, fragility, expense, and the inability to optimize the probe to individualized study or patient needs. Here we address the technological limitations through the utilization of the newest developments in 3D nanoparticle printing.1 Our  CMU Arrays possess previously impossible electrode densities (> 6000 channels/cm2) with tip diameters as small as 10 m. Most importantly, the probes are entirely customizable owing to the adaptive manufacturing process. Any combination of individual shank lengths, impedances, and layouts are possible. This is achieved in part via our new multi-layer, multi material, custom 3D-printed circuit boards, a fabrication advancement in itself. This device design enables new experimental avenues of targeted, large-scale recording of electrical signals from a variety of biological tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezbaruah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CMU Array. A 3D Nano-Printed, Fully Customizable Ultra-High-Density Microelectrode Array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How structural brain network topologies associate with cognitive abilities in a value-based decision-making task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Value-based decision-making relies on effective communication across disparate brain networks. Given the scale of the networks involved in adaptive decision-making, variability in how they communicate should impact behavior; however, precisely how the topological pattern of structural connectivity of individual brain networks influences individual differences in value-based decision-making remains unclear. Using diffusion MRI, we measured structural connectivity networks in a sample of community dwelling adults (N=124). We used standard graph theoretic measures to characterize the topology of the networks in each individual and correlated individual differences in these topology measures with differences in the Iowa Gambling Task. A principal components regression approach revealed that individual differences in brain network topology associate with differences in optimal decision-making, as well as associate with differences in each participants sensitivity to high frequency rewards. These findings show that aspects of structural brain network organization can constrain how information is used in value-based decision-making.nnAbbreviationsMRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging; IGT - Iowa Gambling Task; DWI - Diffusion Weighted Imaging; QSDR - Q-Space Diffeomorphic Reconstruction; PCA - Principal Components Analysis; GLM - Generalized Linear Models
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How structural brain network topologies associate with cognitive abilities in a value-based decision-making task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation selectively down-regulates astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors and triggers depressive-like behaviors via stimulating P2X7 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic loss of sleep damages health and disturbs quality of life. The long-lasting sleep deprivation (SD) as well as sleep abnormalities is a substantial risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD), although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In our previous studies, we report the activation of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome induced by long-term SD is P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) dependent, and antidepressant fluoxetine could alleviate this neuroinflammasome via 5-HT2B receptors (5-HT2BR) in astrocytes. Here, we discovered that the chronic SD activates astroglial P2X7 receptors, which in turn selectively down-regulated expression of 5-HT2BR in astrocytes. Stimulation of P2X7R induced by SD suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT and FoxO3a selectively in astrocytes, but not in neurones. The over-expression of FoxO3a in astrocytes inhibited expression of 5-HT2BR. Down-regulation of 5-HT2BR instigated by SD suppressed activation of STAT3 and relieved the inhibition of Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This latter cascade promoted the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The depressive-like behaviours induced by SD were alleviated in P2X7R-KO mice. Our study reveals the mechanism underlying chronic SD-induced depressive-like behaviors and highlights that blocking P2X7 receptors or activating 5-HT2BR in astrocytes could play a key role for exploring the therapeutic strategies aimed at the depression evoked by sleep disorders.nnMain PointsChronic SD selectively down-regulates expression of 5-HT2BR through activation of P2X7R in astrocytes. SD promotes the release of AA and PGE2 via the decreased 5-HT2BR, these factors induce depressive-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/745505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep deprivation selectively down-regulates astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors and triggers depressive-like behaviors via stimulating P2X7 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the worlds most important food crops. We reconstruct the history of rice dispersal in Asia using whole-genome sequences of >1,400 landraces, coupled with geographic, environmental, archaeobotanical and paleoclimate data. We also identify extrinsic factors that impact genome diversity, with temperature a leading abiotic factor. Originating [~]9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley, rice diversified into temperate and tropical japonica during a global cooling event [~]4,200 years ago. Soon after, tropical rice reached Southeast Asia, where it rapidly diversified starting [~]2,500 yBP. The history of indica rice dispersal appears more complicated, moving into China [~]2,000 yBP. Reconstructing the dispersal history of rice and its climatic correlates may help identify genetic adaptation associated with the spread of a key domesticated species.nnOne sentence summaryWe reconstructed the ancient dispersal of rice in Asia and identified extrinsic factors that impact its genomic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutaker, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocinsky, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slayton, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes, J. A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purugganan, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual acuity performance level is independent of locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotion has a global impact on circuit function throughout the cortex, including regulation of spatiotemporal dynamics in primary visual cortex (V1). The mechanisms driving state-changes in V1 result in a 2-3 fold gain of responsiveness to visual stimuli. To determine whether locomotion-mediated increases in response gain improve the perception of spatial acuity we developed a head-fixed task in which mice were free to run or sit still during acuity testing. Spatial acuity, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 cycles/{degrees}, was assessed before and after 3-4 weeks of reward-based training in adult mice. Training on vertical orientations once a day improved the average performance across mice by 22.5 {+/-} 0.05%. Improvement transferred to non-trained orientations presented at 45{degrees}, indicating that the improvement in acuity generalized. Furthermore we designed a second closed-loop task in which acuity threshold could be directly assessed in a single session. Using this design, we established that acuity threshold matched the upper limit of the trained spatial frequency; in two mice spatial acuity threshold reached as high as 1.5 cycles/{degrees}. During the 3-4 weeks of training we collected a sufficient number of stimulus trials in which mice performed above chance but below 100% accuracy. Using this subset of stimulus trials, we found that perceptual acuity was not enhanced on trials in which mice were running compared to trials in which mice were still. Our results demonstrate that perception of spatial acuity is not improved by locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swain, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalewski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual acuity performance level is independent of locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluoxetine improves behavioural deficits induced by chronic alcohol addiction by alleviating RNA editing of 5-HT2C receptors in astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alcoholism and major depressive disorder are common comorbidity, with alcohol-induced depressive symptoms being eased by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), although the mechanisms underlying pathology and therapy are poorly understood. Chronic alcohol consumption affects the activity of serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CR) by regulating adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) in neurones. Astrogliopathic changes contribute to alcohol addiction, while decreased release of ATP from astrocytes can trigger depressive-like behaviours in mice. In this study, we discovered that chronic alcohol addiction increased editing of RNA of 5-HT2CR via up-regulating the expression of ADAR2, consequnetly reducing the release of ATP from astrocytes induced by 5-HT2CR agonist, MK212. At the same time SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine decreased the expression of ADAR2 through the transactivation of EGFR/PI3K/AKT/cFos signalling pathway. Reduction in ADAR2 activity eliminated the RNA editing of 5-HT2CR in vivo and increased release of astroglial ATP which was suppressed by chronic alcohol consumption. Meanwhile, fluoxetine improved the behavioural and motor symptoms induced by alcohol addiction and decreased the alcohol intake. Our study suggests that the astrocytic 5-HT2CR contribute to alcohol addiction; fluoxetine thus can be used to alleviate depression, treat alcohol addiction and improve motor coordination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluoxetine improves behavioural deficits induced by chronic alcohol addiction by alleviating RNA editing of 5-HT2C receptors in astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative model to coordinate the oligomerization and aggregation mechanisms of CCL5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CC-type chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. The oligomerization and aggregation of CCL5 are considered to be responsible for its inflammatory properties. The CC-type dimer acts as the basic unit to constitute the oligomer. However, the structural basis of CCL5 oligomerization remains controversial. In this study, NMR and biophysical analyses proposed evidence that no single dimer-dimer interaction dominates in the oligomerization process of CCL5. CCL5 could oligomerize alternatively through two different interactions, E66-K25 and E66-R44/K45. In addition, a newly determined trimer structure reported an interfacial interaction through the N-terminal 12FAY14 sequence. The interaction contributes to aggregation and precipitation. In accordance with the observations, an integrative model explains the CCL5 oligomerization and aggregation process. CCL5 assembly consists of two types of dimer-dimer interactions and one aggregation mechanism. For full-length CCL5, the molecular accumulation triggers oligomerization through the E66-K25 interaction, and the 12FAY14 interaction acts as a secondary effect to derive aggregation. The E66-R44/K45 interaction dominates in CCL5 N-terminal truncations. The interaction would lead to filament-like formation in solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarivach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sue, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative model to coordinate the oligomerization and aggregation mechanisms of CCL5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving personalized prediction of cancer prognoses with clonal evolution models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer occurs via an accumulation of somatic genomic alterations in a process of clonal evolution. There has been intensive study of potential causal mutations driving cancer development and progression. However, much recent evidence suggests that tumor evolution is normally driven by a variety of mechanisms of somatic hypermutability, known as mutator phenotypes, which act in different combinations or degrees in different cancers. Here we explore the question of how and to which degree different mutator phenotypes act in a cancer predict its future progression. We develop a computational paradigm using evolutionary tree inference (tumor phylogeny) algorithms to derive features quantifying single-tumor mutational preferences, followed by a machine learning frame-work to identify key features predictive of progression. We build phylogenies tracing the evolution of subclones of cells in tumor tissues using a variety of somatic genomic alterations, including single nucleotide variations, copy number alterations, and structural variations. We demonstrate that mutation preference features derived from the phylogenies are predictive of clinical outcomes of cancer progression - overall survival and disease-free survival - based on the analyses on breast invasive carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. We further show that mutational phenotypes have predictive power even after accounting for traditional clinical and driver-centric predictors of progression. These results confirm the power of mutational phenotypes as an independent class of predictive biomarkers and suggest a strategy for enhancing the predictive power of conventional clinical or driver-centric genomic features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving personalized prediction of cancer prognoses with clonal evolution models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Representations for Gene Ontology Terms by Contextualized Text Encoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein functions can be described by the Gene Ontology (GO) terms, allowing us to compare the functions of two proteins by measuring the similarity of the terms assigned to them. Recent works have applied neural network models to derive the vector representations for GO terms and compute similarity scores for these terms by comparing their vector embeddings. There are two typical ways to embed GO terms into vectors; a model can either embed the definitions of the terms or the topology of the terms in the ontology. In this paper, we design three tasks to critically evaluate the GO embeddings of two recent neural network models, and further introduce additional models for embedding GO terms, adapted from three popular neural network frameworks: Graph Convolution Network (GCN), Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo), and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), which have not yet been explored in previous works. Task 1 studies edge cases where the GO embeddings may not provide meaningful similarity scores for GO terms. We find that all neural network based methods fail to produce high similarity scores for related terms when these terms have low Information Content values. Task 2 is a canonical task which estimates how well GO embeddings can compare functions of two orthologous genes or two interacting proteins. The best neural network methods for this task are those that embed GO terms using their definitions, and the differences among such methods are small. Task 3 evaluates how GO embeddings affect the performance of GO annotation methods, which predict whether a protein should be labeled by certain GO terms. When the annotation datasets contain many samples for each GO label, GO embeddings do not improve the classification accuracy. Machine learning GO annotation methods often remove rare GO labels from the training datasets so that the model parameters can be efficiently trained. We evaluate whether GO embeddings can improve prediction of rare labels unseen in the training datasets, and find that GO embeddings based on the BERT framework achieve the best results in this setting. We present our embedding methods and three evaluation tasks as the basis for future research on this topic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppunda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, C. J.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Representations for Gene Ontology Terms by Contextualized Text Encoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B-SOiD: An Open Source Unsupervised Algorithm for Discovery of Spontaneous Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying naturalistic behavior remains a prohibitively difficult objective. Recent machine learning advances have enabled limb localization. Extracting behaviors, however, requires ascertaining the spatiotemporal patterns of these positions. To provide the missing bridge from poses to actions and their kinematics, we developed B-SOiD - an open-source, unsupervised algorithm that identifies behavior without user bias. By training a machine classifier on pose pattern statistics clustered using new methods, our approach achieves greatly improved processing speed and the ability to generalize across subjects or labs. Using a frameshift alignment paradigm, B-SOiD overcomes previous temporal resolution barriers that prevent the use of other algorithms with electrophysiological recordings. Using only a single, off-the-shelf camera, B-SOiD provides categories of sub-action for trained behaviors and kinematic measures of individual limb trajectories in an animal model. These behavioral and kinematic measures are difficult but critical to obtain, particularly in the study of pain, OCD, and movement disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B-SOiD: An Open Source Unsupervised Algorithm for Discovery of Spontaneous Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal links between parietal alpha activity and spatial auditory attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both visual and auditory spatial selective attention result in lateralized alpha (8-14 Hz) oscillatory power in parietal cortex: alpha increases in the hemisphere ipsilateral to attentional focus. Brain stimulation studies suggest a causal relationship between parietal alpha and suppression of the representation of contralateral visual space. However, there is no evidence that parietal alpha controls auditory spatial attention. Here, we performed high definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS) on human subjects performing an auditory task in which they attended either spatial or nonspatial features. Alpha (10 Hz) but not theta (6 Hz) HD-tACS of right parietal cortex interfered with attending left but not right auditory space. Parietal stimulation had no effect for nonspatial auditory attention. Moreover, performance in post-stimulation trials returned rapidly to baseline. These results demonstrate a causal, frequency-, hemispheric-, and task-specific effect of parietal alpha brain stimulation on top-down control of auditory spatial attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart, R. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal links between parietal alpha activity and spatial auditory attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell time-series mapping of cell fate trajectories reveals an expanded developmental potential for human PSC-derived distal lung progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) are the facultative progenitors responsible for maintaining lung alveoli throughout life, yet are difficult to access from patients for biomedical research or lung regeneration applications. Here we engineer AEC2s from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro and use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the detailed kinetics of their differentiation over time. We focus on both the desired target cells as well as those that appear to diverge to alternative endodermal fates. By combining scRNA-seq with lentiviral barcoding to trace differentiating clones, we reveal the bifurcating cell fate trajectories followed as primordial lung progenitors differentiate into mature AEC2s. We define the global transcriptomic signatures of primary developing human AEC2s from fetal through adult stages in order to identify the subset of in vitro differentiating cells that appear to recapitulate the path of in vivo development. In addition, we develop computational methods based on Continuous State Hidden Markov Models (CSHMM) to identify the precise timing and type of signals, such as over-exuberant Wnt responses, that induce some early multipotent NKX2-1+ progenitors to lose lung fate as they clonally diverge into a variety of non-lung endodermal lineages. Finally, we find that this initial developmental plasticity is regulatable via Wnt modulation, and subsides over time, ultimately resulting in iPSC-derived AEC2s that exhibit a stable phenotype and nearly limitless self-renewal capacity in vitro. Our methods and computational approaches can be widely applied to study and control directed differentiation, producing an inexhaustible supply of mature lineages, exemplified here by the generation of AEC2s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villacorta-Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herriges, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedaie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alysandratos, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werder, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostoslavsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttentag, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez- Fraticelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell time-series mapping of cell fate trajectories reveals an expanded developmental potential for human PSC-derived distal lung progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of cytokinesis by β-adrenergic receptors indicates an approach for regulating cardiomyocyte endowment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT/SUMMARYOne million patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) live in the US. They have a lifelong risk of developing heart failure. Current concepts do not sufficiently address mechanisms of heart failure development specifically for these patients. We show that cardiomyocyte cytokinesis failure is increased in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis (ToF/PS), a common form of CHD. Labeling of a ToF/PS baby with isotope-tagged thymidine showed cytokinesis failure after birth. We used single-cell transcriptional profiling to discover that the underlying mechanism is repression of the cytokinesis gene ECT2, and show that this is downstream of {beta}-adrenergic receptors ({beta}-AR). Inactivation of the {beta}-AR genes and administration of the {beta}-blocker propranolol increased cardiomyocyte division in neonatal mice, which increased the endowment and conferred benefit after myocardial infarction in adults. Propranolol enabled the division of ToF/PS cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that {beta}-blockers should be evaluated for increasing cardiomyocyte division in patients with ToF/PS and other types of CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammanamanchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewarchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uys, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrial, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yimlamai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillermier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaladkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaethling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberwine, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viegas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhauser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of cytokinesis by β-adrenergic receptors indicates an approach for regulating cardiomyocyte endowment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double asymmetric percolation drives a quadruple transition in sexual contact networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 2007, ZIKV outbreaks have been occurring around the world. While ZIKV is mainly spread by mosquito vectors, transmission via sex activities enables the virus to spread in regions without mosquito vectors. Modeling the patterns of ZIKV outbreak in these regions remain challenging. We consider age as an asymmetric factor in transmitting ZIKV, in addition to gender as seen in previous literature, and modify the graph structure for better modeling of such patterns. We derived our results by both solving the underlying differential equations and simulation on population graph. Based on a double asymmetric percolation process on sexual contact networks. we discovered a quadruple ZIKV epidemic transition. Moreover, we explored the double asymmetric percolation on scale-free networks. Our work provides more insight into the ZIKV transmission dynamics through sexual contact networks, which may potentially provide better public health control and prevention means in a ZIKV outbreak.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double asymmetric percolation drives a quadruple transition in sexual contact networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pneumococcal attachment to epithelial cells is enhanced by the secreted peptide VP1 via its control of hyaluronic acid processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen. It can either asymptomatically colonize the nasopharynx or spread to other tissues to cause mild to severe diseases. Nasopharyngeal colonization is a prerequisite for all pneumococcal diseases. We describe a molecular pathway utilized by pneumococcus to adhere to host cells and promote colonization. We demonstrate that the secreted peptide VP1 enhances pneumococcal attachment to epithelial cells. Transcriptional studies reveal that VP1 triggers the expression of operons involved in the transport and metabolism of hyaluronic acid (HA), a glycosaminoglycan present in the host extracellular matrix. Genetic experiments in the pneumococcus reveal that HA processing locus (HAL) promotes attachment. Further, overexpression of HAL genes in the {Delta}vp1 background, reveal that the influence of VP1 on attachment is mediated via its effect on HA. In addition, VP1 also enhances degradation of the HA polymer, in a process that depends on the HAL genes. siRNA experiments to knockdown host HA synthesis support this conclusion. In these knockdown cells, attachment of wild-type pneumococci is decreased, and VP1 and HAL genes no longer contribute to the attachment. Finally, experiments in a murine model of colonization reveal that VP1 and HAL genes are significant contributors to colonization. Our working model, which combines our previous and current work, is that changes in nutrient availability that influence CodY and Rgg144 lead to changes in the levels of VP1. In turn, VP1 controls the expression of a genomic region involved in the transport and metabolism of HA, and these HAL genes promote adherence in an HA-dependent manner. VP1 is encoded by a core gene, which is highly induced in vivo and is a major contributor to host adhesion, biofilm development, colonization, and virulence. In conclusion, the VP1 peptide plays a central role in a pathway that connects nutrient availability, population-level signaling, adhesion, biofilm formation, colonization, and virulence.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYStreptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen. This bacterium asymptomatically colonizes the human upper respiratory tract from where it can disseminate to other tissues causing mild to severe disease. Colonization is a prerequisite for dissemination and disease, such that the molecules that control colonization are high-value candidates for therapeutic interventions. Pneumococcal colonization is a population-level response, which requires attachment to host cells and biofilm development. VP1 is a signaling peptide, highly induced in the presence of host cells and in vivo, promotes biofilm development, and serves as a potent virulence determinant. In this study, we build on the molecular mechanism of VP1 function to reveal novel bacterial and host molecules that enhance adherence and colonization. Our findings suggest that host hyaluronic acid serves as an anchor for pneumococcal cells, and that genes involved in the transport and metabolism of HA promote adherence. These genes are triggered by VP1, which in turn, is controlled by regulators that respond to nutrient status of the host. Finally, our results are strongly supported by studies in a murine model of colonization. We propose that VP1 serves as a marker for colonization and a target for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnaz Ebrahimi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazioglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesilkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pneumococcal attachment to epithelial cells is enhanced by the secreted peptide VP1 via its control of hyaluronic acid processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motorized shoes induce robust sensorimotor adaptation in walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motor system has the flexibility to update motor plans according to systematic changes in the environment or the body. This capacity is studied in the laboratory through sensorimotor adaptation paradigms imposing sustained and predictable motor demands specific to the task at hand. However, these studies are tied to the laboratory setting. Thus, we asked if a portable device could be used to elicit locomotor adaptation outside the laboratory. To this end we tested the extent to which a pair of motorized shoes could induce similar locomotor adaptation to split-belt walking, which is a well-established sensorimotor adaptation paradigm in locomotion. We specifically compared two groups of young, healthy subjects adapted on the treadmill by moving their feet at different speeds with a split-belt treadmill or with a pair of motorized shoes. We found that the adaptation of joint motions and measures of spatial and temporal asymmetry, which are commonly used to quantify sensorimotor adaptation in locomotion, were indistinguishable between groups. We only found small differences in the join angle kinematics during baseline walking between the groups-potentially due to the relatively large weight and height of the motorized shoes. Our results indicate that robust sensorimotor adaptation in walking can be induced with a paired of motorized shoes, opening the exciting possibility to study sensorimotor adaptation during more realistic situations outside the laboratory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres-Oviedo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aucie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motorized shoes induce robust sensorimotor adaptation in walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCRIBE: a new approach to dropout imputation and batch effects correction for single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies are widely used in recent years as a powerful tool allowing the observation of gene expression at the resolution of single cells. Two of the major challenges in scRNA-seq data analysis are dropout events and batch effects. The inflation of zero(dropout rate) varies substantially across single cells. Evidence has shown that technical noise, including batch effects, explains a notable proportion of this cell-to-cell variation. To capture biological variation, it is necessary to quantify and remove technical variation. Here, we introduce SCRIBE (Single-Cell Recovery Imputation with Batch Effects), a principled framework that imputes dropout events and corrects batch effects simultaneously. We demonstrate, through real examples, that SCRIBE outperforms existing scRNA-seq data analysis tools in recovering cell-specific gene expression patterns, removing batch effects and retaining biological variation across cells. Our software is freely available online at https://github.com/YiliangTracyZhang/SCRIBE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCRIBE: a new approach to dropout imputation and batch effects correction for single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Geometric Sharpness on Translucent Material Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When judging optical properties of a translucent object, humans often look at sharp geometric features such as edges and thin parts. Analysis of the physics of light transport shows that these sharp geometries are necessary for scientific imaging systems to be able to accurately measure the underlying material optical properties. In this paper, we examine whether human perception of translucency is likewise affected by the presence of sharp geometry, by confounding our perceptual inferences about an objects optical properties. We employ physically accurate simulations to create visual stimuli of translucent materials with varying shapes and optical properties under different illuminations. We then use these stimuli in psychophysical experiments, where human observers are asked to match an image of a target object by adjusting the material parameters of a match object with different geometric sharpness, lighting geometry, and 3D geometry. We find that the level of geometric sharpness significantly affects perceived translucency by the observers. These findings generalize across a few illuminations and object shapes. Our results suggest that the perceived translucency of an object depends on both the underlying material optical parameters and 3D shape. We also conduct analyses using computational metrics including (luminance-normalized) L2, structural similarity index (SSIM), and Michelson contrast. We find that these image metrics cannot predict perceptual results, suggesting low level image cues are not sufficient to explain our results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkioulekas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Geometric Sharpness on Translucent Material Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual role for shape skeletons in human vision: perceptual organization and object recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shape perception is crucial for object recognition. However, it remains unknown exactly how shape information is represented, and, consequently, used by the visual system. Here, we hypothesized that the visual system represents "shape skeletons" to both (1) perceptually organize contours and component parts into a shape percept, and (2) compare shapes to recognize objects. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and representational similarity analysis (RSA), we found that a model of skeletal similarity explained significant unique variance in the response profiles of V3 and LO, regions known to be involved in perceptual organization and object recognition, respectively. Moreover, the skeletal model remained predictive in these regions even when controlling for other models of visual similarity that approximate low- to high-level visual features (i.e., Gabor-jet, GIST, HMAX, and AlexNet), and across different surface forms, a manipulation that altered object contours while preserving the underlying skeleton. Together, these findings shed light on the functional roles of shape skeletons in human vision, as well as the computational properties of V3 and LO.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayzenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamps, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilks, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual role for shape skeletons in human vision: perceptual organization and object recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bootstrapping promotes the RSFC-behavior associations: an application of individual cognitive traits prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting state functional connectivity records enormous functional interaction information between any pair of brain nodes, which enriches the prediction of individual phenotypes. To reduce the high dimensional features in prediction, correlation analysis is a common way for feature selection. However, rs-fMRI signal exhibits typically low signal-to-noise ratio and correlation analysis is sensitive to outliers and data distribution, which may bring unstable and uninformative features to subsequent prediction. To alleviate this problem, a bootstrapping-based feature selection framework was proposed and applied on three widely used regression models: connectome-based predictive model (CPM), support vector regression (SVR) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). A large open-source dataset from Human Connectome Project (HCP) was adopted in the study and a series of cognitive traits were acted as the prediction targets. To systematically investigate the influences of different parameter settings on the bootstrapping-based framework, a total of 216 parameter combinations were evaluated through the R value between the predicted and real cognitive traits, and the best identified performance among them was chosen out as the final prediction accuracy for each cognitive trait. By using bootstrapping without replacement, the best performances of CPM with positive and negative feature sets, SVR and LASSO averagely increased by 28.0%, 33.2%, 11.6% and 24.3% in R values in contrast to the baseline method without bootstrapping. By using bootstrapping with replacement, these best performances increased by 22.1%, 22.9%, 9.4% and 19.6%. Furthermore, the bootstrapping-based feature selection methods could effectively refine the original feature sets obtained from correlation analysis, which thus retained the more stable and informative feature sets. The results demonstrate that bootstrapping-based feature selection is an easy-to-use and effective method to improve RSFC prediction of cognitive traits and is highly recommended in future RSFC prediction studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bootstrapping promotes the RSFC-behavior associations: an application of individual cognitive traits prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of post-selection inference to multi-omics data yields insights into the etiologies of human diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To correct for a large number of hypothesis tests, most researchers rely on simple multiple testing corrections. Yet, new methodologies of selective inference could potentially improve power while retaining statistical guarantees, especially those that enable exploration of test statistics using auxiliary information (covariates) to weight hypothesis tests for association. We explore one such method, adaptive p-value thresholding (Lei & Fithian 2018, AdaPT), in the framework of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression/coexpression studies, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia (SCZ). Selected SCZ GWAS association p-values play the role of the primary data for AdaPT; SNPs are selected because they are gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). This natural pairing of SNPs and genes allow us to map the following covariate values to these pairs: GWAS statistics from genetically-correlated bipolar disorder, the effect size of SNP genotypes on gene expression, and gene-gene coexpression, captured by subnetwork (module) membership. In all 24 covariates per SNP/gene pair were included in the AdaPT analysis using flexible gradient boosted trees. We demonstrate a substantial increase in power to detect SCZ associations using gene expression information from the developing human prefontal cortex (Werling et al. 2019). We interpret these results in light of recent theories about the polygenic nature of SCZ. Importantly, our entire process for identifying enrichment and creating features with independent complementary data sources can be implemented in many different high-throughput settings to ultimately improve power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G'Sell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of post-selection inference to multi-omics data yields insights into the etiologies of human diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-based Molecular Networking in the GNPS Analysis Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular networking has become a key method used to visualize and annotate the chemical space in non-targeted mass spectrometry-based experiments. However, distinguishing isomeric compounds and quantitative interpretation are currently limited. Therefore, we created Feature-based Molecular Networking (FBMN) as a new analysis method in the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) infrastructure. FBMN leverages feature detection and alignment tools to enhance quantitative analyses and isomer distinction, including from ion-mobility spectrometry experiments, in molecular networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duehrkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvepalli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protsyuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicheler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouellec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin H., C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSayles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyne, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito-Nothias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluskal,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-based Molecular Networking in the GNPS Analysis Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive and default mode networks support developmental stability in functional connectome fingerprinting through adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pioneering studies have shown that individual correlation measures from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies can identify another scan from that same individual. This method is known as "connectotyping" or functional connectome "fingerprinting". We analyzed a unique dataset of 12-30 years old (N=140) individuals who had two distinct resting state scans on the same day and again 12-18 months later to assess the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy across different time scales (same day, ~1.5 years apart) and developmental periods (youths, adults). Sensitivity and specificity to identify ones own scan was high (average AUC=0.94), although it was significantly higher in the same day (average AUC=0.97) than 1.5-year years later (average AUC=0.91). Accuracy in youths (average AUC=0.93) was not significantly different from adults (average AUC=0.96). Multiple statistical methods revealed select connections from the Frontoparietal, Default, and Dorsal Attention networks that enhanced the ability to identify an individual. Identification of these features generalized across datasets and improved fingerprinting accuracy in a longitudinal replication data set (N=208). These results provide a framework for understanding the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy in adolescents and adults at multiple time scales. Importantly, distinct features of ones "fingerprint" contribute to ones uniqueness, suggesting that cognitive and default networks play a primary role in the individualization of ones connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbrzikowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foran, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive and default mode networks support developmental stability in functional connectome fingerprinting through adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opposite neurons, found in macaque dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas, combine visual and vestibular cues of self-motion in opposite ways. A neural circuit recently proposed utilizes opposite neurons to perform causal inference and decide whether the visual and vestibular cues in MSTd and VIP should be integrated or segregated. However, it is unclear how these opposite connections can be formed with biologically realistic learning rules. We propose a network model capable of learning these opposite neurons, using Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian learning rules. The learned neurons are topographically organized and have von Mises-shaped feedforward connections, with tuning properties characteristic of opposite neurons. Our purpose is two-fold: on the one hand, we provide a circuit-level mechanism that explains the properties and formation of opposite neurons; on the other hand, we present a way to extend current theories of multisensory integration to account for appropriate segregation of sensory cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of Model Neurotransmitters with Lipid Bilayer Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aimed to reproduce the results of electrophysiological studies of synaptic signal transduction, conventional models of neurotransmission are based on the specific binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated receptor ion channels. However, the complex kinetic behavior observed in synaptic transmission cannot be reproduced in a standard kinetic model without the ad hoc postulation of additional conformational channel states. On the other hand, if one invokes unspecific neuro-transmitter adsorption to the bilayer--a process not considered in the established models--the electrophysiological data can be rationalized with only the standard set of three conformational receptor states that also depend on this indirect coupling of neurotransmitters via their membrane interaction. Experimental verification has been difficult because binding affinities of neuro-transmitters to the lipid bilayer are low. We quantify this interaction with surface plasmon resonance to measure equilibrium dissociation constants in neurotransmitter membrane association. Neutron reflectometry on artificial membranes reveals the structural aspects of neurotransmitters association with zwitterionic and anionic bilayers. We establish that serotonin interacts non-specifically with the membrane at physiologically relevant concentrations whilst GABA ({gamma}-aminobutyric acid) does not. Surface plasmon resonance shows that serotonin adsorbs with millimolar affinity and neutron reflectometry shows that it penetrates the membrane deeply whereas GABA is excluded from the bilayer.nnSignificanceReceptor ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane and their neurotransmitter agonists enable fast communication between neuronal cells. Electrophysiology studies reveal surprisingly complex kinetics that apparently require a variety of protein conformational states for their quantitative interpretation, but an alternate hypothesis invoking neurotransmitter membrane association reduces the complexity of the underlying reaction schemes significantly. While their affinity may be low, and is hard to quantify experimentally, neurotransmitter membrane association can be relevant because of their large temporary concentration in the synaptic cleft. With thermodynamic and structural measurements we quantify membrane-bound states of serotonin, establishing this neurotransmitter as membrane-affine, whereas the affinity of the more hydrophilic GABA is too low to register in our sensitivity-optimized measurement techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loesche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of Model Neurotransmitters with Lipid Bilayer Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Steering Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membrane-Associated Proteins with Neutron Reflection Results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method to incorporate structural results from neutron reflectometry, a technique that determines interfacial structures such as protein-membrane complexes at a solid surface, into molecular dynamics simulations. By analyzing component volume occupancy profiles, which describe the one-dimensional distribution of a particular molecular component within an interfacial architecture, we construct a real-space constraint in the form of a biasing potential for the simulation that vanishes when the simulated and experimental profiles agree. This approach improves the correspondence between simulation and experiment, as shown for an earlier investigation where an NR-derived structure was well captured by an independent MD simulation, and may lead to faster equilibration of ensemble structures. We further show that time averaging of the observable when biasing with this approach permits fluctuations about the average, which are necessary for conformational exploration of the protein. The method described here also provides insights into systems that are characterized by NR and MD when the two show slight differences in their profiles. This is particularly valuable for studies of proteins at interfaces that contain disordered regions since the conformation of such regions is difficult to judge from the analysis of one-dimensional experimental profiles and take prohibitively long to equilibrate in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treece, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Steering Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membrane-Associated Proteins with Neutron Reflection Results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TSA-Seq 2.0 reveals both conserved and variable chromosomal distances to nuclear speckles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide mapping of chromosomal distances relative to nuclear compartments using TSA-Seq suggests a more deterministic relationship between intranuclear gene position and expression as a function of nuclear speckle distance than radial position. Gene activity increases overall with decreasing distance to nuclear speckles, with active chromosomal regions forming the apex of chromosome loops protruding from the nuclear periphery into the interior. Interestingly, genomic distances to the nearest lamina-associated domain are larger for loop apexes mapping very close to nuclear speckles, suggesting the possibility of genomic "hardwiring" and conservation of speckle-associated regions. To facilitate comparison of genome organization relative to nuclear speckles in human K562, HCT116, HFFc6, and H1 cell lines, here we describe reducing the required cell number 10-20-fold for TSA-Seq by deliberately saturating protein-labeling while preserving distance mapping by the still unsaturated DNA-labeling. Surprisingly, in pair-wise cell line comparisons, only [~]10% of the genome shows a statistically significant shift in relative nuclear speckle distances. These modest shifts in nuclear speckle distance, however, tightly correlate with changes in cell-type specific gene expression. Similarly, half of all loci that contain induced heat-shock protein genes appear pre-positioned close to nuclear speckles, with the remaining showing small shifts towards speckles with transcriptional induction. Speckle association together with chromatin decondensation correlates with expression amplification upon HSPH1 activation. Our results demonstrate a largely "hardwired" genome organization and specific genes moving small mean distances relative to speckles during cell differentiation or physiological transition, suggesting an important role of nuclear speckles in gene expression regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholamalamdari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TSA-Seq 2.0 reveals both conserved and variable chromosomal distances to nuclear speckles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ghost QTL and hotspots in experimental crosses - novel solution by mixed model with nonzero mean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Ghost-QTL" are the false discoveries in QTL mapping, that arise due to the "accumulation" of the polygenic effects, uniformly distributed over the genome. The locations on the chromosome which are strongly correlated with the summary polygenic effect depend on a specific sample correlation structure determined by the genotype at all loci. During the analysis of e-QTL data or recombinant inbred lines this correlation structure is preserved for all traits under consideration, and may lead to the so called "hot-spots" via the detection of the summary polygenic effect at exactly the same positions for most of the considered traits. We illustrate that the problem can be solved by the application of the extended mixed effect model, where the random effects are allowed to have a nonzero mean. We provide formulas for estimating the thresholds for the corresponding t-test statistics and use them in the stepwise selection strategy, which allows for a simultaneous detection of several QTL. Extensive simulation studies illustrate that our approach allows to eliminate ghost-QTL/false hot spot effects, while preserving a high power of detection of true QTL effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szulc, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerge, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegmund, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ghost QTL and hotspots in experimental crosses - novel solution by mixed model with nonzero mean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A statistical method for identifying consistently important features across samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many applications, a consistently high measurement across many samples can indicate particularly meaningful or useful information for quality control or biological interpretation. Identification of these strong features among many others can be challenging especially when the samples cannot be expected to have the same distribution or range of values. We present a general method called conserved feature discovery (CFD) for identifying features with consistently strong signals across multiple conditions or samples. Given any real-valued data, CFD requires no parameters, makes no assumptions on the shape of the underlying sample distributions, and is robust to differences across these distributions.We show that with high probability CFD identifies all true positives and no false positives under certain assumptions on the median and variance distributions of the feature measurements. Using simulated data, we show that CFD is tolerant to a small percentage of poor quality samples and robust to false positives. Applying CFD to RNA sequencing data from the Human Body Map project and GTEx, we identify housekeeping genes as highly expressed genes across tissue types and compare to housekeeping gene lists from previous methods. CFD is consistent between the Human Body Map and GTEx data sets, and identifies lists of genes enriched for basic cellular processes as expected. The framework can be easily adapted for many data types and desired feature properties.

AvailabilityCode for CFD and scripts to reproduce the figures and analysis in this work are available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/cfd.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/cfd.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauerwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A statistical method for identifying consistently important features across samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Bayesian networks for integrating multi-omics time-series microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in the analysis of longitudinal microbiome data is the inference of temporal interactions between microbial taxa, their genes, the metabolites they consume and produce, and host genes. To address these challenges we developed a computational pipeline, PALM, that first aligns multi-omics data and then uses dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to reconstruct a unified model. Our approach overcomes differences in sampling and progression rates, utilizes a biologically-inspired multi-omic framework, reduces the large number of entities and parameters in the DBNs, and validates the learned network. Applying PALM to data collected from inflammatory bowel disease patients, we show that it accurately identifies known and novel interactions. Targeted experimental validations further support a number of the predicted novel metabolite-taxa interactions.

Source code and data will be freely available after publication under the MIT Open Source license agreement on our GitHub page.

IMPORTANCEWhile a number of large consortia are collecting and profiling several different types of microbiome and genomic time series data, very few methods exist for joint modeling of multi-omics data sets. We developed a new computational pipeline, PALM, which uses Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) and is designed to integrate multi-omics data from longitudinal microbiome studies. When used to integrate sequence, expression, and metabolomics data from microbiome samples along with host expression data, the resulting models identify interactions between taxa, their genes and the metabolites they produce and consume, and their impact on host expression. We tested the models both by using them to predict future changes in microbiome levels, and by comparing the learned interactions to known interactions in the literature. Finally, we performed experimental validations for a few of the predicted interactions to demonstrate the ability of the method to identify novel relationships and their impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourguignon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/835124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Bayesian networks for integrating multi-omics time-series microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
genuMet: distinguish genuine untargeted metabolic features without quality control samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLarge-scale untargeted metabolomics experiments lead to detection of thousands of novel metabolic features as well as false positive artifacts. With the incorporation of pooled QC samples and corresponding bioinformatics algorithms, those measurement artifacts can be well quality controlled. However, it is impracticable for all the studies to apply such experimental design.nnResultsWe introduce a post-alignment quality control method called genuMet, which is solely based on injection order of biological samples to identify potential false metabolic features. In terms of the missing pattern of metabolic signals, genuMet can reach over 95% true negative rate and 85% true positive rate with suitable parameters, compared with the algorithm utilizing pooled QC samples. genu-Met makes it possible for studies without pooled QC samples to reduce false metabolic signals and perform robust statistical analysis.nnAvailability and implementationgenuMet is implemented in a R package and available on https://github.com/liucaomics/genuMet under GPL-v2 license.nnContactLiming Liang: lliang@hsph.harvard.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at ....
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gonzalez,, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullo-Bonet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Gracia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estruch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapetra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aros, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Majem, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[genuMet: distinguish genuine untargeted metabolic features without quality control samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unpaired Data Empowers Association Tests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To achieve a holistic view of the underlying mechanisms of human diseases, the biomedical research community is moving toward harvesting retrospective data available in Electronic Healthcare Records (EHRs). The first step for causal understanding is to perform association tests between types of potentially high-dimensional biomedical data, such as genetic, blood biomarkers, and imaging data. To obtain a reasonable power, current methods require a substantial sample size of individuals with both data modalities. This prevents researchers from using much larger EHR samples that include individuals with at least one data type, limits the power of the association test, and may result in higher false discovery rate. We present a new method called the Semi-paired Association Test (SAT) that makes use of both paired and unpaired data. In contrast to classical approaches, incorporating unpaired data allows SAT to produce better control of false discovery and, under some conditions, improve the association test power. We study the properties of SAT theoretically and empirically, through simulations and application to real studies in the context of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Our method identifies an association between the high-dimensional characterization of Computed Tomography (CT) chest images and blood biomarkers as well as the expression of dozens of genes involved in the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciurba, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batmanghelich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unpaired Data Empowers Association Tests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal nitration and S-sulfhydration of Sp1-CSE-H2S pathway contribute to the progress of HHcy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sp1 (Specificity protein 1)-CSE (cystathionine-{gamma}-lyase)-H2S (hydrogen sulfide) pathway plays an important role in homocysteine-metabolism, whose disorder can result in hyperhomocysteinemia. The deficiency of plasma H2S in patients and animal models with hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported but it is unclear whether this deficiency plays a role in the progress of hyperhomocysteinemia. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the post-translational modification of Sp1 or CSE mediated by hyperhomocysteinemia itself can in turn affect the development of hyperhomocysteinemia. By both in vivo and in vitro studies, we conducted immunoprecipitation and maleimide assays to detect the post-translational modification of Sp1-CSE-H2S pathway and revealed four major findings: (1) the accumulation of homocysteine augmented the nitration of CSE, thus blunted its bio-activity and caused H2S deficiency. (2) H2S deficiency lowered the S-sulfhydration of Sp1 and inhibited its transcriptional activity, resulted in lower expression of CSE. CSE deficiency decreased the H2S level further, which in turn lowered the S-sulfhydration level of CSE. (3) CSE was S-sulfhydrated at Cys84, Cys109, Cys172, Cys229, Cys252, Cys307 and Cys310 under physiological conditions, mutation of Cys84, Cys109, Cys229, Cys252 and Cys307 decreased its S-sulfhydration level and bio-activity. (4) H2S deficiency could trap hyperhomocysteinemia into a progressive vicious circle and trigger a rapid increase of homocysteine, while blocking nitration or restoring S-sulfhydration could break this circle. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel mechanism involved in the disorder of homocysteine-metabolism, which may provide a candidate therapeutic strategy for hyperhomocysteinemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal nitration and S-sulfhydration of Sp1-CSE-H2S pathway contribute to the progress of HHcy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantum and Quantum-inspired Methods for de novo Discovery of Altered Cancer Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combinatorial calculations for de novo discovery of altered pathways in cancer cohorts involve both coverage (i.e. recurrence) and mutual exclusivity, and solving mutual exclusivity problems is NP-hard for classical computers. Advances in quantum computing systems and our classical, quantum-inspired algorithm GAMA (Graver Aug-mented Multi-seed Algorithm) motivated us to revisit methods for identifying altered pathways. Using different types of quantum and classical algorithms, we report novel formulations of the problem that are tailored to these new computational models. Our formulations require fewer binary variables than available methods, and offer a tuning parameter that allows a trade-off between coverage and exclusivity; varying this parameter returns a variety of solutions. We illustrate our formulations and methods with TCGA mutation data for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Both the D-Wave quantum annealing solver and the classical GAMA solver returned altered pathways that are known to be important in AML, with different tuning parameter values returning alternative altered pathways. Our reduced-variable algorithm and QUBO problem for-mulations demonstrate how quantum annealing-based binary optimization solvers can be used now in cancer genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alghassi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dridi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantum and Quantum-inspired Methods for de novo Discovery of Altered Cancer Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisensory integration areas such as dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas in macaques combine visual and vestibular cues to produce better estimates of self-motion. Congruent and opposite neurons, two types of neurons found in these areas, prefer congruent inputs and opposite inputs from the two modalities, respectively. A recently proposed computational model of congruent and opposite neurons reproduces their tuning properties and shows that congruent neurons optimally integrate information while opposite neurons compute disparity information. However, the connections in the network are fixed rather than learned, and in fact the connections of opposite neurons, as we will show, cannot arise from Hebbian learning rules. We therefore propose a new model of multisensory integration in which congruent neurons and opposite neurons emerge through Hebbian and anti-Hebbian learning rules, and show that these neurons exhibit experimentally observed tuning properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating mutual information under measurement error 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutual information is widely used to characterize dependence between biological signals, such as co-expression between genes or co-evolution between amino acids. However, measurement error of the biological signals is rarely considered in estimating mutual information. Measurement error is widespread and non-negligible in some cases. As a result, the distribution of the signals is blurred, and the mutual information may be biased when estimated using the blurred measurements. We derive a corrected estimator for mutual information that accounts for the distribution of measurement error. Our corrected estimator is based on the correction of the probability mass function (PMF) or probability density function (PDF, based on kernel density estimation). We prove that the corrected estimator is asymptotically unbiased in the (semi-) discrete case when the distribution of measurement error is known. We show that it reduces the estimation bias in the continuous case under certain assumptions. On simulated data, our corrected estimator leads to a more accurate estimation for mutual information when the sample size is not the limiting factor for estimating PMF or PDF accurately. We compare the uncorrected and corrected estimator on the gene expression data of TCGA breast cancer samples and show a difference in both the value and the ranking of estimated mutual information between the two estimators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/852384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating mutual information under measurement error]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Topology of Mutated Driver Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much progress has been made, and continues to be made, towards identifying candidate mutated driver pathways in cancer. However, no systematic approach to understanding how candidate pathways relate to each other for a given cancer (such as Acute myeloid leukemia), and how one type of cancer may be similar or different from another with regard to their respective pathways (Acute myeloid leukemia vs. Glioblastoma multiforme for instance), has emerged thus far. Our work attempts to contribute to the understanding of space of pathways through a novel topological framework. We illustrate our approach, using mutation data (obtained from TCGA) of two types of tumors: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We find that the space of pathways for AML is homotopy equivalent to a sphere, while that of GBM is equivalent to a genus-2 surface. We hope to trigger new types of questions (i.e., allow for novel kinds of hypotheses) towards a more comprehensive grasp of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dridi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghassi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Topology of Mutated Driver Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncharacteristic task-evoked pupillary responses implicate atypical locus coeruleus activity in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized partly by atypical attentional engagement, such as hypersensitivity to environmental stimuli. Attentional engagement is known to be regulated by the locus coeruleus (LC). Moderate baseline LC activity globally dampens neural responsivity and is associated with adaptive deployment and narrowing of attention to task-relevant stimuli. In contrast, increased baseline LC activity enhances neural responsivity across cortex and widening of attention to environmental stimuli regardless of their task relevance. Given attentional atypicalities in ASD, this study is the first to evaluate whether individuals with ASD exhibit a different profile of LC activity compared to typically developing controls under different attentional task demands. Males and females with ASD and age- and gender-matched controls participated in a one-back letter detection test while task-evoked pupillary responses--an established inverse correlate for baseline LC activity--were recorded. Participants completed this task in two conditions, either in the absence or presence of distractor auditory tones. Compared to controls, individuals with ASD evinced atypical pupillary responses in the presence versus absence of distractors. Notably, this atypical pupillary profile was evident despite the fact that both groups exhibited equivalent task performance. Moreover, between-group differences in pupillary responses were observed only in response to task-relevant and not to task-irrelevant stimuli, providing confirmation that the group differences are specifically associated with distinctions in LC activity. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD show atypical modulation of LC activity with changes in attentional demands, offering a possible mechanistic and neurobiological account for attentional atypicalities in ASD.

Significance StatementIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit atypical attentional behaviors, such as environmental hypersensitivity and atypical fixedness, but the neural mechanism underlying these behaviors remains elusive. One candidate mechanism is atypical locus coeruleus (LC) activity, as the LC has a critical role in attentional modulation. Elevated LC activity is associated with environmental exploration, while moderate LC activity is associated with focused attention on relevant stimuli. This study shows that, under tightly controlled conditions, task-evoked pupil responses--an LC activity proxy--are lower in individuals with ASD than in controls, but only in the presence of task-irrelevant stimuli. This suggests that individuals with ASD evince atypical modulation of LC activity in accordance with changes in attentional demands, offering a mechanistic account for attentional atypicalities in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingham, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauch, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minshew, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncharacteristic task-evoked pupillary responses implicate atypical locus coeruleus activity in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO serves as an indicator for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in individuals with gastric cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundN6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is the most common chemical decoration in mammalian RNAs which exerts vital effects on numerous cellular processes. Recently, m6A regulators have been validated to participate in promoting immune evasion and act as prognostic factors in various cancers. Nevertheless, the predictive abilities of m6A regulators for the prognosis and immunotherapy response in gastric cancer (GC) remain indistinct.

MethodsHerein, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, The Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and a clinical GC cohort were applied for differential expression analysis, correlation analysis, survival analysis, and hazard model construction. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to authenticate the PD-L1 (CD274) expression, stemness features, immune cell infiltration, and tumor microenvironment (TME) in GC individuals. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction, immunotherapy response prediction, and drug susceptibility prediction were performed, respectively. Additionally, tissue microarray (TMA), immunohistochemical staining, western blot assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry assay were adopted to evaluate the protein expression, the prognostic value, and the influence of FTO on GC malignant phenotypes as well as the expression of PD-L1.

ResultsIn agreement with the majority of m6A regulators, FTO was overexpressed and predicted poor prognosis in GC. Based on consensus clustering analysis, two independent subgroups (G1/G2) were identified. Notably, FTO was upregulated in the G1 subgroup. Meanwhile, the infiltration level of CD8+ T cells was strikingly decreased while the stemness features were enhanced in the G1 subgroup. More importantly, FTO was negatively correlated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutation burden (TMB). Furthermore, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response prediction indicated that patients with upregulated FTO showed high tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores. Subsequently, FTO was confirmed to be related to multiple immune checkpoints, particularly PD-L1. Specifically, FTO was dramatically upregulated in GC cell lines and clinical cancer samples. Functional experiments illustrated that FTO acted as an oncogene to facilitate malignant phenotypes. Notably, PD-L1 was remarkably downregulated after RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FTO.

ConclusionFTO can aggravate GC malignant phenotypes. More importantly, it could be utilized to predict the long-term prognosis and the immunotherapy response in GC individuals. However, larger trials should be performed to verify the prediction accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO serves as an indicator for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in individuals with gastric cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust differential expression testing for single-cell CRISPR screens at low multiplicity of infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell CRISPR screens (perturb-seq) link genetic perturbations to phenotypic changes in individual cells. The most fundamental task in perturb-seq analysis is to test for association between a perturbation and a count outcome, such as gene expression. We conduct the first-ever comprehensive benchmarking study of association testing methods for low multiplicity-of-infection (MOI) perturb-seq data, finding that existing methods produce excess false positives. We conduct an extensive empirical investigation of the data, identifying three core analysis challenges: sparsity, confounding, and model misspecification. Finally, we develop an association testing method -- SCEPTRE low-MOI -- that resolves these analysis challenges and demonstrates improved calibration and power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust differential expression testing for single-cell CRISPR screens at low multiplicity of infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nucleus transcriptomics of human and monkey striatum implicates DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration signaling in opioid use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum in the brain is involved in various behavioral functions, including reward, and disease processes, such as opioid use disorder (OUD). Further understanding of the role of striatal subregions in reward behaviors and their potential associations with OUD requires molecular identification of specific striatal cell types in human brain. The human striatum contains subregions based on different anatomical, functional, and physiological properties, with the dorsal striatum further divided into caudate and putamen. Both caudate and putamen are involved in altered reward processing, formation of habits, and development of negative affect states associated with OUD. Using single nuclei RNA-sequencing of human postmortem caudate and putamen, we identified canonical neuronal cell types in striatum (e.g., dopamine receptor 1 or 2 expressing neurons, D1 or D2) and less abundant subpopulations, including D1/D2-hybrid neurons and multiple classes of interneurons. By comparing unaffected subjects to subjects with OUD, we found neuronal-specific differences in pathways related to neurodegeneration, interferon response, and DNA damage. DNA damage markers were also elevated in striatal neurons of rhesus macaques following chronic opioid administration. We also identified sex-dependent differences in the expression of stress-induced transcripts among astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from female subjects with OUD. Thus, we describe striatal cell types and leverage these data to gain insights into molecular alterations in human striatum associated with opioid addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenster, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohut, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mccullough, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppe-Fish, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russek, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseyev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nucleus transcriptomics of human and monkey striatum implicates DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration signaling in opioid use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scGHOST: Identifying single-cell 3D genome subcompartments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New single-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) technologies enable probing of the genome-wide cell-to-cell variability in 3D genome organization from individual cells. Several computational methods have been developed to reveal single-cell 3D genome features based on scHi-C data, including A/B compartments, topologically-associating domains, and chromatin loops. However, no scHi-C analysis method currently exists for annotating single-cell subcompartments, which are crucial for providing a more refined view of large-scale chromosome spatial localization in single cells. Here, we present SCGHOST, a single-cell subcompartment annotation method based on graph embedding with constrained random walk sampling. Applications of SCGHOST to scHi-C data and single-cell 3D genome imaging data demonstrate the reliable identification of single-cell subcompartments and offer new insights into cell-to-cell variability of nuclear subcompartments. Using scHi-C data from the human prefrontal cortex, SCGHOST identifies cell type-specific subcompartments that are strongly connected to cell type-specific gene expression, suggesting the functional implications of single-cell subcompartments. Overall, SCGHOST is an effective new method for single-cell 3D genome subcompartment annotation based on scHi-C data for a broad range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scGHOST: Identifying single-cell 3D genome subcompartments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Alterations in Brain Network Asymmetry in 3- to 9-Month Infants with Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory exposure plays crucial roles in shaping healthy brain development and generating lateralization of functional network organization. However, little is known about whether and how an initial lack of auditory exposure in early infancy may disrupt development of functional network lateralization. We addressed this issue by recruiting 55 infants with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and 60 typically developing (TD) controls. Resting-state fNIRS imaging data were acquired to construct hemispheric cerebral networks, and graph theory was applied to quantify the topological characteristics of hemispheric networks. The infants with SNHL exhibited efficient small-world characteristic within each hemispheric network, however, the lateralization of functional network efficiency was substantially disrupted. Compared with TD infants with significantly increased network efficiency lateralized toward left hemisphere with age, the SNHL infants did not exhibit the emergence and development of such cerebral lateralization. Furthermore, the increased leftward asymmetry in nodal efficiency with age was found in TD but not in SNHL infants. Interestingly, the degree of hearing loss had no correlation with lateralization strength in the SNHL group. These results suggest that SNHL infants exhibited disrupted development of cortical lateralization in functional network organization, and highlight the importance of auditory stimulation-promoted multisensory functional integration in early infancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Alterations in Brain Network Asymmetry in 3- to 9-Month Infants with Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human subcutaneous adipose tissue variability is driven by VEGFA, ACTA2, adipocyte density, and ancestral history of the patient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose tissue is a dynamic regulatory organ that has profound effects on the overall health of patients. Unfortunately, inconsistencies in human adipose tissues are extensive and multifactorial including large variability in cellular sizes, lipid content, inflammation, extracellular matrix components, mechanics, and cytokines secreted. Given the high human variability, and since much of what is known about adipose tissue is from animal models, we sought to establish correlations and patterns between biological, mechanical, and epidemiological properties of human adipose tissues. To do this, twenty-six independent variables were cataloged for twenty patients that included patient demographics and factors that drive health, obesity, and fibrosis. A factorial analysis for mixed data (FAMD) was used to analyze patterns in the dataset (with BMI > 25) and a correlation matrix was used to identify interactions between quantitative variables. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and actin alpha 2, smooth muscle (ACTA2) gene expression were the highest loading in the first two dimensions of the FAMD. The number of adipocytes was also a key driver of patient-related differences, where a decrease in the density of adipocytes was associated with aging. Aging was also correlated with a decrease in overall lipid percentage of subcutaneous tissue (with lipid deposition being favored extracellularly), an increase in transforming growth factor-{beta}1 (TGF{beta}1), and an increase in M1 macrophage polarization. An important finding was that self-identified race contributed to variance between patients in this study, where Black patients had significantly lower gene expression levels of TGF{beta}1 and ACTA2. This finding supports the urgent need to account for patient ancestry in biomedical research to develop better therapeutic strategies for all patients. Another important finding was that TGF{beta} induced factor homeobox 1 (TGIF1), an understudied signaling molecule, is highly correlated with leptin signaling and was correlated with metabolic inflammation. Finally, this study revealed an interesting gene expression pattern where M1 and M2 macrophage markers were correlated with each other, and leptin, in patients with a BMI > 25. This finding supports growing evidence that macrophage polarization in obesity involves a complex, interconnecting network system rather than a full switch in activation patterns from M2 to M1 with increasing body mass. Overall, this study reinforces key findings in animal studies and identifies important areas for future research, where human and animal studies are divergent. Understanding key drivers of human patient variability is required to unravel the complex metabolic health of unique patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBari, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iizuka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Wood, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human subcutaneous adipose tissue variability is driven by VEGFA, ACTA2, adipocyte density, and ancestral history of the patient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicle RNA Profiling for the Detection of T1a stage Colorectal Cancer and Precancerous Advanced Adenoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It takes more than twenty years for normal colorectal mucosa to develop into metastatic carcinoma. The long time window provides a golden opportunity for early detection to terminate the malignant progression. Here we aim to enable liquid biopsy of T1a stage colorectal cancer (CRC) and precancerous advanced adenoma (AA) by profiling circulating small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-derived RNAs. We exhibited a full RNA landscape for the circulating sEVs isolated from 60 participants. A total of 58,333 annotated RNAs were detected from plasma sEVs, among which 1,615 and 888 sEV-RNAs were found differentially expressed in plasma from T1a stage CRC and AA compared to normal controls (NC). Then we further categorized these sEV-RNAs into 6 modules by a weighted gene coexpression network analysis and constructed a 60-gene t-SNE model consisting of the top 10 RNAs of each module that could well distinguish T1a stage CRC/AA from NC samples. Some sEV-RNAs were also identified as indicators of specific endoscopic and morphological features of different colorectal lesions. The top-ranked biomarkers were further verified by RT-qPCR, proving that these candidate sEV-RNAs successfully identified T1a stage CRC/AA from NC in another cohort of 124 participants. Finally, we adopted different algorithms to improve the performance of RT-qPCR-based models and successfully constructed an optimized classifier with 79.3% specificity and 99.0% sensitivity. In conclusion, circulating sEVs of T1a stage CRC and AA patients have distinct RNA profiles, which successfully enable the detection of both T1a stage CRC and AA via liquid biopsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicle RNA Profiling for the Detection of T1a stage Colorectal Cancer and Precancerous Advanced Adenoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrocatalytic on-site oxygenation for transplanted cell-based-therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantable cell therapies and tissue transplants require sufficient oxygen supply to function and are limited by a delay or lack of vascularization from the transplant host1, 2. Exogenous oxygen production can support cells and tissues, such as pancreatic islets and engineered therapeutic cells. Previous oxygenation strategies have targeted gas circulation or decomposition of solid peroxides. These strategies however require bulky implants, transcutaneous supply lines, and are limited in their total oxygen production or regulation3, 4. Readily integrated and controlled production of oxygen has eluded cell therapy devices. Here, we show an electrocatalytic approach that enables bioelectronic control of oxygen generation in complex cellular environments to sustain engineered cell viability and therapy production under hypoxic stress and at high cell densities. Nanostructured sputtered iridium oxide serves as an ideal catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at neutral pH. It enables a lower OER onset and shows selective oxygen production without evolution of toxic side products over a 300 mV window of operation. This electrocatalytic on site oxygenator (ecO2) can sustain high cell loadings (>60k cells/mm3) in hypoxic conditions in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that exogenous oxygen production devices can be readily integrated into bioelectronic platforms and enable high cell loadings in smaller device footprints with broad applicability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Refy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothrock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzkopff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikiforidis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veiseh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivnay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrocatalytic on-site oxygenation for transplanted cell-based-therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic growth in a shared enzyme pool ensures robust control of centrosome size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate regulation of centrosome size is essential for ensuring error-free cell division, and dysregulation of centrosome size has been linked to various pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. While a universally accepted model for centrosome size regulation is lacking, prior theoretical and experimental works suggest a centrosome growth model involving autocatalytic assembly of the pericentriolar material. Here we show that the autocatalytic assembly model fails to explain the attainment of equal centrosome sizes, which is crucial for error-free cell division. Incorporating latest experimental findings into the molecular mechanisms governing centrosome assembly, we introduce a new quantitative theory for centrosome growth involving catalytic assembly within a shared pool of enzymes. Our model successfully achieves robust size equality between maturing centrosome pairs, mirroring cooperative growth dynamics observed in experiments. To validate our theoretical predictions, we compare them with available experimental data and demonstrate the broad applicability of the catalytic growth model across different organisms, which exhibit distinct growth dynamics and size scaling characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic growth in a shared enzyme pool ensures robust control of centrosome size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling Human Post-Implantation Development via Extra-Embryonic Niche Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantation of the human embryo commences a critical developmental stage that comprises profound morphogenetic alteration of embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, axis formation, and gastrulation events. Our mechanistic knowledge of this window of human life remains limited due to restricted access to in vivo samples for both technical and ethical reasons. Additionally, human stem cell models of early post-implantation development with both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue morphogenesis are lacking. Here, we present iDiscoid, produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells via an engineered a synthetic gene circuit. iDiscoids exhibit reciprocal co-development of human embryonic tissue and engineered extra-embryonic niche in a model of human post-implantation. They exhibit unanticipated self-organization and tissue boundary formation that recapitulates yolk sac-like tissue specification with extra-embryonic mesoderm and hematopoietic characteristics, the formation of bilaminar disc-like embryonic morphology, the development of an amniotic-like cavity, and acquisition of an anterior-like hypoblast pole and posterior-like axis. iDiscoids offer an easy-to-use, high-throughput, reproducible, and scalable platform to probe multifaceted aspects of human early post-implantation development. Thus, they have the potential to provide a tractable human model for drug testing, developmental toxicology, and disease modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hislop, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenberger, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarz F., K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGraw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokhtari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rytel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa Lopes, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling Human Post-Implantation Development via Extra-Embryonic Niche Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the direction of introgression using genomic sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic data are informative about the history of species divergence and interspecific gene flow, including the direction, timing, and strength of gene flow. However, gene flow in opposite directions generates similar patterns in multilocus sequence data, such as reduced sequence divergence between the hybridizing species. As a result, inference of the direction of gene flow is challenging. Here we investigate the information about the direction of gene flow present in genomic sequence data using likelihood-based methods under the multispecies-coalescent-with-introgression (MSci) model. We analyze the case of two species, and use simulation to examine cases with three or four species. We find that it is easier to infer gene flow from a small population to a large one than in the opposite direction, and easier to infer inflow (gene flow from outgroup species to an ingroup species) than outflow (gene flow from an ingroup species to an outgroup species). It is also easier to infer gene flow if there is a longer time of separate evolution between the initial divergence and subsequent introgression. When introgression is assumed to occur in the wrong direction, the time of introgression tends to be correctly estimated and the Bayesian test of gene flow is often significant, while estimates of introgression probability can be even greater than the true probability. We analyze genomic sequences from Heliconius butterflies to demonstrate that typical genomic datasets are informative about the direction of interspecific gene flow, as well as its timing and strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thawornwattana, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flouri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the direction of introgression using genomic sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.544678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of face selective neurons alters eye movements when free viewing faces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.544678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During free viewing, faces attract gaze and induce specific fixation patterns corresponding to the facial features. This suggests that neurons encoding the facial features are in the causal chain that steers the eyes. However, there is no physiological evidence to support a mechanistic link between face encoding neurons in high-level visual areas and the oculomotor system. In this study, we targeted the middle face patches of inferior temporal (IT) cortex in two macaque monkeys using an fMRI localizer. We then utilized muscimol microinjection to unilaterally suppress IT neural activity inside and outside the face patches and recorded eye movements while the animals free viewing natural scenes. Inactivation of the face selective neurons altered the pattern of eye movements on faces: the monkeys found faces in the scene but neglected the eye contralateral to the inactivation hemisphere. These findings reveal the causal contribution of the high-level visual cortex in eye movements.

SignificanceIt has been shown, for more than half a century, that eye movements follow distinctive patterns when free viewing faces. This suggests causal involvement of the face-encoding visual neurons in the eye movements. However, the literature is scant of evidence for this possibility and has focused mostly on the link between low-level image saliency and eye movements. Here, for the first time, we bring causal evidence showing how face-selective neurons in inferior temporal cortex inform and steer eye movements when free viewing faces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azadi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afraz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.544678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of face selective neurons alters eye movements when free viewing faces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle endocytosis is driven by monocyte phenotype rather than nanoparticle size under high shear flow conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocytes are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system involved in pathogen clearance and nanoparticle pharmacokinetics. Monocytes play a critical role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and, recently, in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. While studies have investigated the effect of nanoparticle modulation on monocyte uptake, their capacity for nanoparticle clearance is poorly studied. In this study, we investigated the impact of ACE2 deficiency, frequently observed in individuals with cardiovascular complications, on monocyte nanoparticle endocytosis. Moreover, we investigated nanoparticle uptake as a function of nanoparticle size, physiological shear stress, and monocyte phenotype. Our Design of Experiment (DOE) analysis found that the THP-1 ACE2- cells showed a greater preference for 100nm particles under atherosclerotic conditions than THP-1 wild-type cells. Observing how nanoparticles can modulate monocytes in the context of disease can inform precision dosing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aldarondo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunyh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilynsky, C. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle endocytosis is driven by monocyte phenotype rather than nanoparticle size under high shear flow conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of macrophage nanoparticle targeting across blood and solid tumors using an eLDA Topic modeling Machine Learning approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of macrophages in regulating the tumor microenvironment has spurned the exponential generation of nanoparticle targeting technologies. With the large amount of literature and the speed at which it is generated it is difficult to remain current with the most up-to-date literature. In this study we performed a topic modeling analysis of the most common usages of nanoparticle targeting of macrophages in solid tumors. The data spans 20 years of literature, providing an extensive meta-analysis of the nanoparticle strategies. Our topic model found 6 distinct topics: Immune and TAMs, Nanoparticles, Imaging, Gene Delivery and Exosomes, Vaccines, and Multi-modal Therapies. We also found distinct nanoparticle usage, tumor types, and therapeutic trends across these topics. Moreover, we established that the topic model could be used to assign new papers into the existing topics, thereby creating a Living Review. This type of meta-analysis provides a useful assessment tool for aggregating data about a large field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilynsky, C. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of macrophage nanoparticle targeting across blood and solid tumors using an eLDA Topic modeling Machine Learning approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged activity-deprivation causes pre- and postsynaptic compensatory plasticity at neocortical excitatory synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostatic plasticity stabilizes firing rates of neurons, but the pressure to restore low activity rates can significantly alter synaptic and cellular properties. Most previous studies of homeostatic readjustment to complete activity silencing in rodent forebrain have examined changes after two days of deprivation, but it is known that longer periods of deprivation can produce adverse effects. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to address how presynaptic as well as postsynaptic compartments change during homeostatic plasticity, we subjected mouse cortical slice cultures to a more severe five-day deprivation paradigm. We developed and validated a computational framework to measure the number and morphology of presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments from super resolution light microscopy images of dense cortical tissue. Using these tools, combined with electrophysiological miniature excitatory postsynaptic current measurements, and synaptic imaging at the electron microscopy level, we assessed the functional and morphological results of prolonged deprivation. Excitatory synapses were strengthened both presynaptically and postsynaptically. Surprisingly, we also observed a decrement in the density of excitatory synapses, both as measured from colocalized staining of pre- and postsynaptic proteins in tissue, and from the number of dendritic spines. Overall, our results suggest that cortical networks deprived of activity progressively move towards a smaller population of stronger synapses.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBlocking activity in neocortical slice cultures produced coordinated pre and postsynaptic changes at excitatory synapses. Functional and structural assays suggest that deprivation results in fewer excitatory synapses, but each is strengthened both pre- and postsynaptically. This may contribute to the emergence of epileptiform activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobedo-Lozoya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valakh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhonsle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hooser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged activity-deprivation causes pre- and postsynaptic compensatory plasticity at neocortical excitatory synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAGEN: A generative adversarial network-based model to generate synthetic RNA sequences to target proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA - protein binding plays an important role in regulating protein activity by affecting localization and stability. While proteins are usually targeted via small molecules or other proteins, easy-to-design and synthesize small RNAs are a rather unexplored and promising venue. The problem is the lack of methods to generate RNA molecules that have the potential to bind to certain proteins. Here, we propose a method based on generative adversarial networks (GAN) that learn to generate short RNA sequences with natural RNA-like properties such as secondary structure and free energy. Using an optimization technique, we fine-tune these sequences to have them bind to a target protein. We use RNA-protein binding prediction models from the literature to guide the model. We show that even if there is no available guide model trained specifically for the target protein, we can use models trained for similar proteins, such as proteins from the same family, to successfully generate a binding RNA molecule to the target protein. Using this approach, we generated piRNAs that are tailored to bind to SOX2 protein using models trained for its relative (SOX10, SOX14, and SOX8) and experimentally validated in vitro that the top-2 molecules we generated specifically bind to SOX2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozden, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barazandeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akboga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seker, U. O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAGEN: A generative adversarial network-based model to generate synthetic RNA sequences to target proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the Visual Word Form Area: Characterizing a hierarchical, distributed and bilateral network for visual word processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the left hemisphere (LH) Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) is considered the pre-eminent cortical region engaged in visual text processing, other regions in both hemispheres have also been implicated. To examine the entire circuit, using functional MRI data, we defined ten regions of interest (ROI) in each hemisphere that, based on functional connectivity measures, naturally grouped into early vision, high-level vision, and language clusters. We analysed univariate and multivariate responses to words, inverted words, and consonant strings for ROIs and clusters, and demonstrated modulation by text condition bihemispherically, albeit more strongly and in a larger number of regions in the LH. Graph theory analysis revealed that the high-level vision cluster and, specifically, the VWFA was equivalently connected with both early visual and language clusters in both hemispheres, reflecting its role as a mediator in the circuit. Our findings reveal bihemispheric, stimulus-mediated ROI response flexibility but circuit-level connectivity stability, reflecting the complex contribution of a distributed system for word processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauch, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the Visual Word Form Area: Characterizing a hierarchical, distributed and bilateral network for visual word processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representation of spatial and non-spatial auditory attention in EEG signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural representation, capturing the content and format of encoded information, provides insight into the internal states of neural units. Studies of neural representation contrast with studies of neural processes, which focus on how one neural unit influences another. Representational similarity analysis (RSA), a multivariate analysis approach, has been used in previous studies to explore the neural representation of object categories in various neuroimaging modalities. In this study, we employed RSA to examine the neural representation of executive function. We designed an experiment involving a rich set of conditions where participants engaged in an auditory task requiring either spatial or non-spatial attention. We extracted representational features from their electroencephalography (EEG) scalp voltage and alpha power and compared these features with ideal conceptual models representing perfect categorization of different attentional states. The results demonstrate the feasibility of investigating internal cognitive states using RSA. Specifically, we identified time intervals during which attentional state contrasts, such as differences between attention types or locations, manifested in the measured neural responses from scalp voltage and alpha power distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representation of spatial and non-spatial auditory attention in EEG signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicrobeMASST, a taxonomically-informed mass spectrometry (MS) search tool, tackles limited microbial metabolite annotation in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Leveraging a curated database of >60,000 microbial monocultures, users can search known and unknown MS/MS spectra and link them to their respective microbial producers via MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Identification of microbial-derived metabolites and relative producers, without a priori knowledge, will vastly enhance the understanding of microorganisms role in ecology and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuffa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Gomes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Abiead, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalon, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichewicz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo Terrazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Ayala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijpers, M. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackrel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugizimana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephali, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubery, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madala, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Lotufo, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezende-Teixeira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Villalobos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo-Castillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escud</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells can express multiple inhibitory receptors. Upon induction of T cell exhaustion in response to persistent antigen, prominently in the anti-tumor immune response, many are expressed simultaneously. Key inhibitory receptors are CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT, as investigated here. These receptors are important as central therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibitory receptors are not constitutively expressed on the cell surface, but substantial fractions reside in intracellular vesicular structures. It remains unresolved to which extent the subcellular localization of different inhibitory receptors is distinct. Using quantitative imaging of subcellular distributions and plasma membrane insertion as complemented by proximity proteomics and a biochemical analysis of the association of the inhibitory receptors with trafficking adaptors, the subcellular distributions of the five inhibitory receptors were discrete. The distribution of CTLA-4 was most distinct with preferential association with lysosomal-derived vesicles and the sorting nexin 1/2/5/6 transport machinery. With a lack of evidence for the existence of specific vesicle subtypes to explain divergent inhibitory receptor distributions, we suggest that such distributions are driven by divergent trafficking through an overlapping joint set of vesicular structures. This extensive characterization of the subcellular localization of five inhibitory receptors in relation to each other lays the foundation for the molecular investigation of their trafficking and its therapeutic exploitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsey, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuelfing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concurrent profiling of multiscale 3D genome organization and gene expression in single mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of mammalian genomes within the nucleus features a complex, multiscale three-dimensional (3D) architecture. The functional significance of these 3D genome features, however, remains largely elusive due to limited single-cell technologies that can concurrently profile genome organization and transcriptional activities. Here, we report GAGE-seq, a highly scalable, robust single-cell co-assay that simultaneously measures 3D genome structure and transcriptome within the same cell. Employing GAGE-seq on mouse brain cortex and human bone marrow CD34+ cells, we comprehensively characterized the intricate relationships between 3D genome and gene expression. We found that these multiscale 3D genome features collectively inform cell type-specific gene expressions, hence contributing to defining cell identity at the single-cell level. Integration of GAGE-seq data with spatial transcriptomic data revealed in situ variations of the 3D genome in mouse cortex. Moreover, our observations of lineage commitment in normal human hematopoiesis unveiled notable discordant changes between 3D genome organization and gene expression, underscoring a complex, temporal interplay at the single-cell level that is more nuanced than previously appreciated. Together, GAGE-seq provides a powerful, cost-effective approach for interrogating genome structure and gene expression relationships at the single-cell level across diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munday, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abkowitz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concurrent profiling of multiscale 3D genome organization and gene expression in single mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.549940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix stiffness modulates 3D spheroid sorting and burst-like collective migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.549940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While it is known that cells with differential adhesion tend to segregate and preferentially sort, the physical forces governing sorting and invasion in heterogeneous tumors remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we tune matrix confinement, mimicking changes in the stiffness and confinement of the tumor microenvironment, to explore how physical confinement influences individual and collective cell migration in 3D spheroids. High levels of confinement lead to cell sorting while reducing matrix confinement triggers the collective fluidization of cell motion. Cell sorting, which depends on cell-cell adhesion, is crucial to this phenomenon. Burst-like migration does not occur for spheroids that have not undergone sorting, regardless of the degree of matrix confinement. Using computational Self-Propelled Voronoi modeling, we show that spheroid sorting and invasion into the matrix depend on the balance between cell-generated forces and matrix resistance. The findings support a model where matrix confinement modulates 3D spheroid sorting and unjamming in an adhesion-dependent manner, providing insights into the mechanisms of cell sorting and migration in the primary tumor and toward distant metastatic sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.549940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix stiffness modulates 3D spheroid sorting and burst-like collective migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical control of cell proliferation patterns in growing tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell proliferation plays a crucial role in regulating tissue homeostasis and development. However, our understanding of how cell proliferation is controlled in densely packed tissues is limited. Here we develop a computational framework to predict the patterns of cell proliferation in growing tissues, connecting single-cell behaviors and cell-cell interactions to tissue-level growth. Our model incorporates probabilistic rules governing cell growth, division, and elimination, while also taking into account their feedback with tissue mechanics. In particular, cell growth is suppressed and apoptosis is enhanced in regions of high cell density. With these rules and model parameters calibrated using experimental data, we predict how tissue confinement influences cell size and proliferation dynamics, and how single-cell physical properties influence the spatiotemporal patterns of tissue growth. Our findings indicate that mechanical feedback between tissue confinement and cell growth leads to enhanced cell proliferation at tissue boundaries, whereas cell growth in the bulk is arrested. By tuning cellular elasticity and contact inhibition of proliferation we can regulate the emergent patterns of cell proliferation, ranging from uniform growth at low contact inhibition to localized growth at higher contact inhibition. Furthermore, mechanical state of the tissue governs the dynamics of tissue growth, with cellular parameters affecting tissue pressure playing a significant role in determining the overall growth rate. Our computational study thus underscores the impact of cell mechanical properties on the spatiotemporal patterns of cell proliferation in growing tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Verdugo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical control of cell proliferation patterns in growing tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LipidSIM: inferring mechanistic lipid biosynthesis perturbations from lipidomics with a flexible, low-parameter, systematic Markov Modeling framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid metabolism is a complex and dynamic system involving numerous enzymes at the junction of multiple metabolic pathways. Disruption of these pathways leads to systematic dyslipidemia, a hallmark of many pathological developments, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Recent advances in computational tools can provide insights into the dysregulation of lipid biosynthesis, but limitations remain due to the complexity of lipidomic data, limited knowledge of interactions among involved enzymes, and technical challenges in standardizing across different lipid types. In this study, we present a low-parameter, biologically interpretable framework named Lipid Synthesis Investigative Markov model (LipidSIM), which models and predicts the source of perturbations in lipid biosynthesis from lipidomic data. LipidSIM achieves this by accounting for the interdependency between the lipid species via the lipid biosynthesis network and generates testable hypotheses regarding changes in lipid biosynthetic reactions. This feature allows the integration of lipidomics with other omics types, such as transcriptomics, to elucidate the direct driving mechanisms of altered lipidomes due to treatments or disease progression. To demonstrate the value of LipidSIM, we first applied it to hepatic lipidomics following Keap1 knockdown and found changes in mRNA expression of the lipid pathways were consistent with the LipidSIM-predicted fluxes. Second, we used it to study lipidomic changes following intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 to induce fast NAFLD/NASH development and the progression of fibrosis and hepatic cancer. Finally, to show the power of LipidSIM for classifying samples with dyslipidemia, we used a Dgat2-knockdown study dataset. Thus, we show that as it demands no a priori knowledge of enzyme kinetics, LipidSIM is a valuable and intuitive framework for extracting biological insights from complex lipidomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LipidSIM: inferring mechanistic lipid biosynthesis perturbations from lipidomics with a flexible, low-parameter, systematic Markov Modeling framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunities Specific to Both of the M Protein Ectodomain and RBD Synergize to Confer Cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effectiveness of the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine largely decreased overtime against the emerging virus strains, necessitating the universal vaccine development. The most abundant structural membrane (M) protein is highly conserved in amino acid sequence, which arouses our research interests in developing a universal immunogen based on it. Serological analysis showed that IgG responses specific to its N-terminal peptides can be strongly detected in many serum samples from both convalescent patients and vaccinees receiving inactivated vaccines, indicating the potential existence of human B-cell epitopes in reactive peptides. Microneutralization assays showed that the N-terminal peptide S2M2-30-specific hyperimmune serum was capable of cross-neutralizing the authentic viruses including wild-type HKU-001a, B.1.617.2/Delta, and Omicron subvariant BQ.1.1, and synergized with RBD-specific serum in reinforcing antiviral activities. Strong S2M2-30-specific immunities elicited in hACE2-transgenic mice could effectively inhibit B.1.1.7/Alpha (UK) infections. Our results suggest the potentiality of conserved M peptides as vaccine targets for conferring cross-protections against sarbecoviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunities Specific to Both of the M Protein Ectodomain and RBD Synergize to Confer Cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and unbiased enrichment of extracellular vesicles via meticulously engineered peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications, particularly as biomarkers and therapeutic agents for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the rapid, efficient, and unbiased separation of EVs from complex biological fluids remains a challenge due to their heterogeneity and low abundance concentration in biofluids. Herein, we report a novel approach to reconfigure and modify an artificial insertion peptide for the rapid isolation of EVs in 20 min with [~] 80% recovery. By inserting the peptide into the phospholipid bilayer of EVs, our method enables the unbiased isolation of EVs. Moreover, our approach demonstrates exceptional anti-interference capability and achieves a high purity of EVs comparable to standard ultracentrifugation and other methods. Importantly, we show that the isolated EVs could be directly applied for downstream protein and nucleic acids analyses, including proteomics analysis, exome sequencing analysis, as well as the detection of EGFR and KRAS gene mutation in clinical plasma samples. Our approach offers new possibilities for utilizing EVs in cancer diagnostics through liquid biopsy, as well as in various other biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and unbiased enrichment of extracellular vesicles via meticulously engineered peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential functional reorganization of ventral and dorsal visual pathways following childhood hemispherectomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispherectomy is a surgical procedure in which an entire hemisphere of a patients brain is resected or functionally disconnected to manage seizures in individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy. Despite the extensive loss of input from both ventral and dorsal visual pathways of one hemisphere, pediatric patients who have undergone hemispherectomy show a remarkably high degree of perceptual function across many domains. In the current study, we sought to understand the extent to which functions of the ventral and dorsal visual pathways reorganize to the contralateral hemisphere following childhood hemispherectomy. To this end, we collected fMRI data from an equal number of left and right hemispherectomy patients who completed tasks that typically elicit lateralized responses from the ventral or the dorsal pathway, namely, word (left ventral), face (right ventral), tool (left dorsal), and global form (right dorsal) perception. Overall, there was greater evidence of functional reorganization in the ventral pathway than in the dorsal pathway. Importantly, because ventral and dorsal reorganization was tested in the very same patients, these results cannot be explained by idiosyncratic factors such as disease etiology, age at the time of surgery, or age at testing. These findings suggest that because the dorsal pathway may mature earlier, it may have a shorter developmental window of plasticity than the ventral pathway and, hence, be less malleable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayzenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential functional reorganization of ventral and dorsal visual pathways following childhood hemispherectomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal transport for mapping senescent cells in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) provides a unique opportunity to study cellular organization and cell-cell interactions at the molecular level. However, due to the low resolution of the sequencing data additional information is required to utilize this technology, especially for cases where only a few cells are present for important cell types. To enable the use of ST to study senescence we developed scDOT, which combines ST and single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to improve the ability to reconstruct single cell resolved spatial maps. scDOT integrates optimal transport and expression deconvolution to learn non-linear couplings between cells and spots and to infer cell placements. Application of scDOT to existing and new lung ST data improves on prior methods and allows the identification of the spatial organization of senescent cells, the identification of their neighboring cells and the identification of novel genes involved in cell-cell interactions that may be driving senescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaliullin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovando, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konigshoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickelberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal transport for mapping senescent cells in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polybacterial intracellular coinfection of epithelial stem cells in periodontitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periodontitis affects billions of people worldwide. To address interkingdom relationships of microbes and niche on periodontitis, we generated the first sin-gle-cell meta-atlas of human periodontium (34-sample, 105918-cell), harmo-nizing 32 annotations across 4 studies1-4. Highly multiplexed immunofluores-cence (32-antibody; 113910-cell) revealed spatial innate and adaptive immune foci segregation around tooth-adjacent epithelial cells. Sulcular and junctional keratinocytes (SK/JKs) within epithelia skewed toward proinflammatory phe-notypes; diseased JK stem/progenitors displayed altered differentiation states and chemotactic cytokines for innate immune cells. Single-cell metagenomics utilizing unmapped reads revealed 37 bacterial species. 16S and rRNA probes detected polybacterial intracellular pathogenesis ("co-infection") of 4 species within single cells for the first time in vivo. Challenging coinfected primary human SK/JKs with lipopolysaccharide revealed solitary and synergistic ef-fects. Coinfected single-cell analysis independently displayed proinflammatory phenotypes in situ. Here, we demonstrate the first evidence of polybacterial intracellular pathogenesis in human tissues and cells--potentially influencing chronic diseases at distant sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Easter, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuck, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worth, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predeus, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasuike, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallet, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyc, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polybacterial intracellular coinfection of epithelial stem cells in periodontitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined topological data analysis and geometric deep learning reveal niches by the quantification of protein binding pockets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein pockets are essential for many proteins to carry out their functions. Locating and measuring protein pockets as well as studying the anatomy of pockets helps us further understand protein function. Most research studies focus on learning either local or global information from protein structures. However, there is a lack of studies that leverage the power of integrating both local and global representations of these structures. In this work, we combine topological data analysis (TDA) and geometric deep learning (GDL) to analyze the putative protein pockets of enzymes. TDA captures blueprints of the global topological invariant of protein pockets, whereas GDL decomposes the fingerprints to building blocks of these pockets. This integration of local and global views provides a comprehensive and complementary understanding of the protein structural motifs (niches for short) within protein pockets. We also analyze the distribution of the building blocks making up the pocket and profile the predictive power of coupling local and global representations for the task of discriminating between enzymes and non-enzymes. We demonstrate that our representation learning framework for macromolecules is particularly useful when the structure is known, and the scenarios heavily rely on local and global information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined topological data analysis and geometric deep learning reveal niches by the quantification of protein binding pockets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectation reshapes V4 neuronal activity and improves perceptual performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent visual experience heavily influences our visual perception, but how this is mediated by the reshaping of neuronal activity to alter and improve perceptual discrimination remains unknown. We recorded from populations of neurons in visual cortical area V4 while monkeys performed a natural image change detection task under different experience conditions. We found that maximizing the recent experience with a particular image led to an improvement in the ability to detect a change in that image. This improvement was associated with decreased neural responses to the image, consistent with neuronal changes previously seen in studies of adaptation and expectation. We found that the magnitude of behavioral improvement was correlated with the magnitude of response suppression. Furthermore, this suppression of activity led to an increase in signal separation, providing evidence that a reduction in activity can improve stimulus encoding. Within populations of neurons, greater recent experience was associated with decreased trial-to-trial shared variability, indicating that a reduction in variability is a key means by which experience influences perception. Taken together, the results of our study contribute to an understanding of how recent visual experience can shape our perception and behavior through modulating activity patterns in mid-level visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stan, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.555026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectation reshapes V4 neuronal activity and improves perceptual performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 XBB lineages on receptor-binding domain 455-456 enhances antibody evasion and ACE2 binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) XBB lineages have achieved dominance worldwide and keep on evolving. Convergent evolution of XBB lineages on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) L455F and F456L is observed, resulting in variants like EG.5, FL.1.5.1, XBB.1.5.70, and HK.3. Here, we show that neutralizing antibody (NAb) evasion drives the convergent evolution of F456L, while the epistatic shift caused by F456L enables the subsequent convergence of L455F through ACE2 binding enhancement and further immune evasion. L455F and F456L evade Class 1 NAbs, reducing the neutralization efficacy of XBB breakthrough infection (BTI) and reinfection convalescent plasma. Importantly, L455F single substitution significantly dampens receptor binding; however, the combination of L455F and F456L forms an adjacent residue flipping, which leads to enhanced NAbs resistance and ACE2 binding affinity. The perturbed receptor-binding mode leads to the exceptional ACE2 binding and NAb evasion, as revealed by structural analyses. Our results indicate the evolution flexibility contributed by epistasis cannot be underestimated, and the evolution potential of SARS-CoV-2 RBD remains high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 XBB lineages on receptor-binding domain 455-456 enhances antibody evasion and ACE2 binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.555034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogen Sulfide Coordinates Glucose Metabolism Switch through Destabilizing Tetrameric Pyruvate Kinase M2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.555034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells reprogram their glucose metabolic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate, is considered the rate-limiting enzyme involved in cancer glucose metabolism. By reducing PKM2 enzyme activity, cancer cells attain a greater fraction of glycolytic metabolites for macromolecule synthesis needed for rapid proliferation. Here we demonstrate that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) destabilizes PKM2 tetramer into dimer/monomer, leading to reduced PKM2 enzyme activity and an increase in the activation of nuclear transcriptional genes mediated by dimeric PKM2. Proteomic profiling of endogenous PKM2 reveals the occurrence of sulfhydration at cysteines, notably at cysteine 326. Blocking PKM2 sulfhydration at cysteine 326 through amino acid mutation stabilizes PKM2 tetramer and crystal structure further indicating that the tetramer organization of PKM2C326S is different from the currently known T or R states, revealing PKM2C326S as a newly identified form. The presence of a PKM2C326S mutant in cancer cells effectively rewires glucose metabolism to mitochondrial respiration, resulting in the significant inhibition of tumor growth. Collectively, PKM2 sulfhydration by H2S serves as a glucose metabolic rewiring mechanism in promoting tumorigenesis, and inhibition of PKM2 sulfhydration may be applied as a new therapeutic approach targeting cancer metabolism.

One-Sentence SummaryH2S rewires glucose metabolism by destabilizing PKM2 tetramerization majorly through sulfhydration at cysteine 326

HighlightsO_LIH2S enhances PKM2 dissociation from tetramer to dimer to facilitate dimeric PKM2 nuclear translocation.
C_LIO_LIH2S modifies PKM2 sulfhydration, notably at cysteine 326.
C_LIO_LIThe crystal structure reveals PKM2C326S as a unique tetramer conformation.
C_LIO_LIBlockage of PKM2 sulfhydration at C326 rewires cancer glucose metabolism and significantly inhibits tumor growth.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.555034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogen Sulfide Coordinates Glucose Metabolism Switch through Destabilizing Tetrameric Pyruvate Kinase M2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenicity and infectivity characterization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recently identified SARS-CoV-2 variant, BA.2.86, which carries a substantial number of Spike mutations, has raised a global alarm. An immediate assessment of its antigenic properties and infectivity is necessary. Here, we reveal the distinct antigenicity of BA.2.86 compared with previous variants including XBB.1.5. BA.2.86 significantly evades convalescent plasma from XBB breakthrough infection (BTI) and reinfections. Key mutations that mediate the enhanced resistance include N450D, K356T, L452W, A484K, V483del, and V445H on the RBD, while BA.2.86s NTD mutations and E554K on SD1 also largely contribute. However, we found that BA.2.86 pseudovirus exhibits compromised efficiency of infecting HEK293T-hACE2 cells compared to XBB.1.5 and EG.5, which may be caused by K356T, V483del, and E554K, and could potentially limit BA.2.86s transmissibility. In sum, it appears that BA.2.86 has traded its infectivity for higher immune evasion during long-term host-viral evolution. Close attention should be paid to monitoring additional mutations that could improve BA.2.86s infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenicity and infectivity characterization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to V5 Enhances Human Visual Motion Brain-Computer Interface by Modulating Feature-Based Attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paralysis affects roughly 1 in 50 Americans. While there is no cure for the condition, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can allow users to control a device with their mind, bypassing the paralyzed region. Non-invasive BCIs still have high error rates, which is hypothesized to be reduced with concurrent targeted neuromodulation. This study examines whether transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) modulation can improve BCI outcomes, and what the underlying mechanism of action might be through high-density electroencephalography (EEG)-based source imaging (ESI) analyses. V5-targeted tFUS significantly reduced the error for the BCI speller task. ESI analyses showed significantly increased theta activity in the tFUS condition at both V5 and downstream the dorsal visual processing pathway. Correlation analysis indicates that the dorsal processing pathway connection was preserved during tFUS stimulation, whereas extraneous connections were severed. These results suggest that V5-targeted tFUS mechanism of action is to raise the brains feature-based attention to visual motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosnoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to V5 Enhances Human Visual Motion Brain-Computer Interface by Modulating Feature-Based Attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CBGTPy: An extensible cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic framework for modeling biological decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce CBGTPy, a virtual environment for designing and testing goal-directed agents with internal dynamics that are modeled on the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways in the mammalian brain. CBGTPy enables researchers to investigate the internal dynamics of the CBGT system during a variety of tasks, allowing for the formation of testable predictions about animal behavior and neural activity. The framework has been designed around the principle of flexibility, such that many experimental parameters in a decision making paradigm can be easily defined and modified. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of CBGTPy across a range of single and multi-choice tasks, highlighting the ease of set up and the biologically realistic behavior that it produces. We show that CBGTPy is extensible enough to apply to a range of experimental protocols and to allow for the implementation of model extensions with minimal developmental effort.

Author summaryWe introduce a toolbox for producing biologically realistic simulations of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic dynamics during a variety of experimental tasks. The purpose is to foster the theory-experiment cycle, offering a tool for generating testable predictions of behavioral and neural responses that can be validated experimentally, in a framework that allows for simple updating as new experimental evidence emerges. We outline how our toolbox works and demonstrate its performance on a set of normative cognitive tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahuguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CBGTPy: An extensible cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic framework for modeling biological decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday perceptual tasks require sensory stimuli to be dynamically encoded and analyzed according to changing behavioral goals. For example, when searching for an apple at the supermarket, one might first find the Granny Smith apples by separating all visible apples into the categories "green" and "non-green". However, suddenly remembering that your family actually likes Fuji apples would necessitate reconfiguring the boundary to separate "red" from "red-yellow" objects. This flexible processing enables identical sensory stimuli to elicit varied behaviors based on the current task context. While this phenomenon is ubiquitous in nature, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such flexible computation. Traditionally, sensory regions have been viewed as mainly devoted to processing inputs, with limited involvement in adapting to varying task contexts. However, from the standpoint of efficient computation, it is plausible that sensory regions integrate inputs with current task goals, facilitating more effective information relay to higher-level cortical areas. Here we test this possibility by asking human participants to visually categorize novel shape stimuli based on different linear and non-linear boundaries. Using fMRI and multivariate analyses of retinotopically-defined visual areas, we found that shape representations in visual cortex became more distinct across relevant decision boundaries in a context-dependent manner, with the largest changes in discriminability observed for stimuli near the decision boundary. Importantly, these context-driven modulations were associated with improved categorization performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that codes in visual cortex are adaptively modulated to optimize object separability based on currently relevant decision boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectome through the human life span 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lifespan growth of the functional connectome remains unknown. Here, we assemble task-free functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 33,250 individuals aged 32 postmenstrual weeks to 80 years from 132 global sites. We report critical inflection points in the nonlinear growth curves of the global mean and variance of the connectome, peaking in the late fourth and late third decades of life, respectively. After constructing a fine-grained, lifespan-wide suite of system-level brain atlases, we show distinct maturation timelines for functional segregation within different systems. Lifespan growth of regional connectivity is organized along a primary-to-association cortical axis. These connectome-based normative models reveal substantial individual heterogeneities in functional brain networks in patients with autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimers disease. These findings elucidate the lifespan evolution of the functional connectome and can serve as a normative reference for quantifying individual variation in development, aging, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Men, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectome through the human life span]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heteroscedastic Personalized Regression Unveils Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease Stratified by Cognitive Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contemporary medical research, patient heterogeneity plays a pivotal role in comprehending intricate diseases such as Alzheimers disease and various forms of cancer. Specifically, in the genomic analysis of Alzheimers disease, individual patients may exhibit unique causal mutations that significantly influence their therapeutic trajectory. Conventional models that share numerous parameters across all individuals struggle to discern this heterogeneity and identify the influential factors for individuals. To tackle this challenge, we propose an innovative approach called Heteroscedastic Personalized Regression (Het-PR) to estimate the heterogeneity across samples and obtain personalized models for each sample. We demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of Het-PR through both simulation and real data experiments. In the simulation experiment, we show that Het-PR outperforms other state-of-the-art models in capturing inter-sample heterogeneity. In the real data experiment, we apply Het-PR to Alzheimers data and show that it can identify persuasive selected genetic factors for each individual patient. Interestingly, our results suggest that there might be different associative SNPs for AD patients stratified by different cognitive levels.

Author summaryIn medical research, it has been observed that causes of a disease vary significantly among individuals, especially when looking at complex diseases like Alzheimers disease and cancer. For Alzheimers disease, obesity, age, gender, and depression may play different roles across different patients. When studying the genes of Alzheimers patients, we find that each person might have their own unique genetic changes that can affect their treatment. For example, Alzheimers patients with different genetic mutations may respond differently to the same treatment. Traditional research methods often miss these individual differences and cant always pinpoint important personalized factors for each patient, because they usually use one model for all patients. To better understand these differences, weve introduced a new method, Heteroscedastic Personalized Regression (Het-PR), which generates a personalized model for each individual. Our experiments show that Het-PR is more effective than other leading methods in identifying these patient differences and recognizing Alzheimers genetic basis for each patient through both simulation and real data experiments. When we used Het-PR on real Alzheimers data, it helped us spot key genetic factors for each patient. Additionally, in our study, we excitedly find that different genetic markers in Alzheimers patients are possibly based on their cognitive abilities. Software for Heteroscedastic Personalized Regression is available in https://github.com/rong-hash/Het-PR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heteroscedastic Personalized Regression Unveils Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease Stratified by Cognitive Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Data Transformer 2: Multi-context Pretraining for Neural Spiking Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural population spiking activity recorded by intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) contain rich structure. Current models of such spiking activity are largely prepared for individual experimental contexts, restricting data volume to that collectable within a single session and limiting the effectiveness of deep neural networks (DNNs). The purported challenge in aggregating neural spiking data is the pervasiveness of context-dependent shifts in the neural data distributions. However, large scale unsupervised pretraining by nature spans heterogeneous data, and has proven to be a fundamental recipe for successful representation learning across deep learning. We thus develop Neural Data Transformer 2 (NDT2), a spatiotemporal Transformer for neural spiking activity, and demonstrate that pretraining can leverage motor BCI datasets that span sessions, subjects, and experimental tasks. NDT2 enables rapid adaptation to novel contexts in downstream decoding tasks and opens the path to deployment of pretrained DNNs for iBCI control. Code: https://github.com/joel99/context_general_bci
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Data Transformer 2: Multi-context Pretraining for Neural Spiking Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated customization of large-scale spiking network models to neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain function is facilitated by constructing computational models that accurately reproduce aspects of brain activity. Networks of spiking neurons capture the underlying biophysics of neuronal circuits, yet the dependence of their activity on model parameters is notoriously complex. As a result, heuristic methods have been used to configure spiking network models, which can lead to an inability to discover activity regimes complex enough to match large-scale neuronal recordings. Here we propose an automatic procedure, Spiking Network Optimization using Population Statistics (SNOPS), to customize spiking network models that reproduce the population-wide covariability of large-scale neuronal recordings. We first confirmed that SNOPS accurately recovers simulated neural activity statistics. Then, we applied SNOPS to recordings in macaque visual and prefrontal cortices and discovered previously unknown limitations of spiking network models. Taken together, SNOPS can guide the development of network models and thereby enable deeper insight into how networks of neurons give rise to brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated customization of large-scale spiking network models to neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-directional communication between monocytes and trophoblasts under hypoxia and hypoxia-reperfusion conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPregnancy-related disorders such as preeclampsia are associated with syncytiotrophoblast (STB) stress and monocyte dysregulation. It remains unclear whether this stress derives from prolonged placental hypoxia or a hypoxia-reperfusion-type injury. Thus, this study investigated how these two models of STB stress impact trophoblast-monocyte interactions.

MethodCobalt chloride chemically induced hypoxia in BeWo b30 cells. A transwell coculture system was used to examine trophoblast-monocyte signaling. qPCR quantified gene expression changes following coculture. Monocyte phagocytosis of E. Coli or adhesion to placental cells was determined via flow cytometry. Monocyte migration to placental signals was quantified using a cell counter.

ResultsCobalt chloride induced a hypoxic state in BeWo b30s. Reperfusion restored the expression of indirect hypoxia genes and ER stress genes. Coculturing THP-1 monocytes with normoxic, hypoxic, and hypoxic-reperfused BeWo b30s promoted b30 survival but not wound-healing capacity. Compared to hypoxic-reperfused BeWos, hypoxic cells increased monocyte adhesion and inflammatory gene expression, decreased monocyte phagocytosis, and did not change monocyte migration. Finally, placental signaling in early-onset PE decreased monocyte chemotaxis, but monocyte precondition more strongly influenced migration compared to placental state.

DiscussionOverall, hypoxic placental signals most effectively recapitulate monocyte functional behavior observed in preeclampsia. Further research is needed to understand spatial and temporal changes in monocyte-trophoblast interactions and pregnancy outcomes. Monocyte chemotaxis to primary placental signals varied by gestational age, maternal diagnosis, and monocyte condition, implying monocytes could be used as functional biomarkers to predict their behavior at the maternal-fetal interface as well as the onset of disease.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=79 SRC="FIGDIR/small/558721v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15dae34org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@157dec7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e2db81org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b90ab6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yankello, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.558721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-directional communication between monocytes and trophoblasts under hypoxia and hypoxia-reperfusion conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical and subcortical brain networks predict prevailing heart rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting heart rate may confer risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other adverse cardiovascular events. While the brainstems autonomic control over heart rate is well established, less is known about the regulatory role of higher-level cortical and subcortical brain regions, especially in humans. The present study sought to characterize the brain networks that predict variation in prevailing heart rate in otherwise healthy adults. We used machine learning approaches designed for complex, high-dimensional datasets, to predict variation in instantaneous heart period (the inter-heartbeat-interval) from whole brain hemodynamic signals measured by fMRI. Task-based and resting-state fMRI, as well as peripheral physiological recordings, were taken from two datasets that included extensive repeated measurements within individuals. Our models reliably predicted instantaneous heart period from whole brain fMRI data both within and across individuals, with prediction accuracies being highest when measured within-participants. We found that a network of cortical and subcortical brain regions, many linked to psychological stress, were reliable predictors of variation in heart period. This adds to evidence on brain-heart interactions and constitutes an incremental step towards developing clinically-applicable biomarkers of brain contributions to CVD risk.

Impact statementUsing whole brain fMRI data, we reliably predicted instantaneous heart period within and across individuals from the activity of a network of cortical and subcortical brain regions, many linked to psychological stress. This adds to existing evidence on brain-heart interactions and constitutes a step towards developing clinically-applicable biomarkers of brain contributions to CVD risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sentis, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianaros, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical and subcortical brain networks predict prevailing heart rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GET: a foundation model of transcription across human cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation, involving the complex interplay between regulatory sequences and proteins, directs all biological processes. Computational models of transcription lack generalizability to accurately extrapolate in unseen cell types and conditions. Here, we introduce GET, an interpretable foundation model designed to uncover regulatory grammars across 213 human fetal and adult cell types. Relying exclusively on chromatin accessibility data and sequence information, GET achieves experimental-level accuracy in predicting gene expression even in previously unseen cell types. GET showcases remarkable adaptability across new sequencing platforms and assays, enabling regulatory inference across a broad range of cell types and conditions, and uncovering universal and cell type specific transcription factor interaction networks. We evaluated its performance on prediction of regulatory activity, inference of regulatory elements and regulators, and identification of physical interactions between transcription factors. Specifically, we show GET outperforms current models in predicting lentivirus-based massive parallel reporter assay readout with reduced input data. In fetal erythroblasts, we identify distal (>1Mbp) regulatory regions that were missed by previous models. In B cells, we identified a lymphocyte-specific transcription factor-transcription factor interaction that explains the functional significance of a leukemia-risk predisposing germline mutation. In sum, we provide a generalizable and accurate model for transcription together with catalogs of gene regulation and transcription factor interactions, all with cell type specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrando, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GET: a foundation model of transcription across human cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microdroplet-enabled high-throughput cultivation of vaginal bacteria using cervicovaginal fluids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human vaginal microbiome (HVM) is closely associated with the health of the host. In particular, bacterial vaginosis, a condition where vaginal lactobacilli are reduced dramatically by an overgrowth of various other bacteria, has been linked to increased risk of sexually transmitted infectious diseases, including HIV, and preterm birth. Recent culture-independent studies leveraging next-generation sequencing technology have revealed that the HVM composition differs between women and changes over time. However, questions remain as to the underlying mechanisms and culture-dependent studies are needed for further elucidation of the HVMs genotype-phenotype relationships and system-level properties in vivo. In this work, we have adapted a previously developed microdroplet-based high-throughput cultivation platform for the investigation of vaginal bacteria using the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) as cultivation medium. Using undiluted CVF collected with Softdiscs discs, we observed the growth of L. iners in microdroplets containing CVF pooled from samples with a high prevalence of L. crispatus. Although demonstrated with L. iners, this work establishes a new framework for culturing microorganisms under clinically-relevant conditions ex vivo using minute volumes of host fluids; it can be further extended and adapted for addressing numerous questions about the HVM and other complex microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microdroplet-enabled high-throughput cultivation of vaginal bacteria using cervicovaginal fluids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of multi-omics and machine learning highlighted an m6A-related mRNA signature as a robust AAA progression predictor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disease in vascular surgery with significant morbidity and mortality rates upon rupture. Despite surgical interventions, effective targeted drugs for non-surgical candidates are lacking. M6A methylation, a dynamic RNA modification, has been implicated in various diseases, but its role in AAA remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the participation of M6A in the progression of AAA progression through multi-omics and machine learning.

Approach and Resultswe conducted methylated RNA immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) to profile the m6A methylome in AAA tissues, identifying differentially methylated genes (DMGs). Integrating multi-omics data from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in GEO databases, we developed a machine learning-based AAA m6A-related mRNA signature (AMRMS) to predict AAA dilation risk. The AMRMS demonstrated robust predictive performance in distinguishing AAA patients with large AAA and small AAA. Notably, the AMRMS highlighted FKBP11 as a key gene with a significant impact on the predicted model. Subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq) revealed the pivotal role of FKBP11-positive plasma cells in AAA progression.

ConclusionsOur study provides novel insights into the regulatory role of m6A modification in AAA pathogenesis, and further develop a promising AMRMS for risk evaluation in AAA patients. Furthermore, the identification of FKBP11 positive plasma cells as significant contributors to AAA progression opens new avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erhart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böckler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of multi-omics and machine learning highlighted an m6A-related mRNA signature as a robust AAA progression predictor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhyGCN: Pre-trained Hypergraph Convolutional Neural Networks with Self-supervised Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypergraphs are powerful tools for modeling complex interactions across various domains, including biomedicine. However, learning meaningful node representations from hypergraphs remains a challenge. Existing supervised methods often lack generalizability, thereby limiting their real-world applications. We propose a new method, Pre-trained Hypergraph Convolutional Neural Networks with Self-supervised Learning (PhyGCN), which leverages hypergraph structure for self-supervision to enhance node representations. PhyGCN introduces a unique training strategy that integrates variable hyperedge sizes with self-supervised learning, enabling improved generalization to unseen data. Applications on multi-way chromatin interactions and polypharmacy side-effects demonstrate the effectiveness of PhyGCN. As a generic framework for high-order interaction datasets with abundant unlabeled data, PhyGCN holds strong potential for enhancing hypergraph node representations across various domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhyGCN: Pre-trained Hypergraph Convolutional Neural Networks with Self-supervised Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-catenin inhibition disrupts the homeostasis of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation leading to the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GONFH) is a common refractory joint disease characterized by bone damage and the collapse of femoral head structure. However, the exact pathological mechanisms of GONFH remain unknown. Here, we observed abnormal osteogenesis and adipogenesis associated with decreased {beta}-catenin in the necrotic femoral head of GONFH patients. In vivo and in vitro studies further revealed that glucocorticoid exposure disrupted osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) by inhibiting {beta}-catenin signaling in glucocorticoid-induced GONFH rats. Col2+ lineage largely contributes to BMSCs, and was found an osteogenic commitment in the femoral head through 9 months of lineage trace. Specific deletion of {beta}-catenin in Col2+ cells shifted their commitment from osteoblasts to adipocytes, leading to a full spectrum of disease phenotype of GONFH in adult mice. Overall, we uncover that {beta}-catenin inhibition disrupting the homeostasis of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation contributes to the development of GONFH, and identify an ideal genetic modified mouse model of GONFH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-catenin inhibition disrupts the homeostasis of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation leading to the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Internal Decision Making During Reverse Engineering Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural decoding is often limited to tasks with known stimuli and limited response options . Real world tasks, however, are often completely stimulus free with unconstrained user response possibilities. Real time decoding of internal decision making would allow for more complex and interactive Huma Machine Teaming in a way that is not currently possible. To address this problem, we present here a novel method of decoding moments of recognition and their associated internal value judgments in the context of highly complex software reverse engineering tasks. This is done through a combination of P300 detection (a neural marker of recognition) and the Engagement Index (a ratio of neural band powers) to determine whether an item has been identified as relevant to the task (to be further explored) or irrelevant to the task (to be quickly ignored). Artificial neural networks were trained to identify P300s in each subject during the reverse engineering tasks. Dimensionality reduction of neural data during the tasks showed the existence of separately clustering subgroups of P300s with differences in Engagement Index. Subgroups of P300s differentiated by Engagement were further verified as distinct groupings with pupil dilation and user behavior metrics. This decoded information could be used to aid in the reverse engineering process via cognitive offloading of the users own decision making on to the visual interface in a completely automated and personalized fashion. This represents a significant advance in domain of real-time neural decoding, and opens up many further possibilities for usage in a broad range of intelligent human systems integration applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayer, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranford, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebiere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Internal Decision Making During Reverse Engineering Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing Drumming Technique with Trajectory Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Percussion began as a global phenomenon over seven thousand years ago and has continued to develop and shape human culture to this day. While drumming techniques have been qualitatively optimized in highly competitive environments like international orchestral, jazz, and marching arts competitions, little quantitative optimization has been performed to maximize technique efficiency and few tools currently exist to make a thorough quantitative analysis possible. Here, I demonstrate how trajectory optimization can be applied to the domain of percussion to (1) identify areas of suboptimality in experimental drumming strokes, (2) search for alternative locally optimal techniques, (3) analyze the sensitivity of optimal drumming techniques to variation in a drummers body type, and (4) analyze trends across different stroke types to create generalizable drumming strategies for a more coherent and efficient approach to drumming. Each of these quantifiable outcomes is interpreted to provide teachable insights for percussionists that are difficult to distill simply using the human eye and qualitative feedback. I also provide an open-source codebase for efficiently performing trajectory optimization on a biomechanical drumming arm model so that others can adapt this methodology for further biomechanical analysis and pedagogical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearl, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing Drumming Technique with Trajectory Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.560634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ependymocytes control cerebrospinal fluid flow to the peripheral organs through periaxonal pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.560634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms controlling movement of the CSF through the central canal towards the peripheral nerves are poorly characterized. We found that fluorescent dyes injected into cisterna magna are carried with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the central canal and peripheral nerves to the peripheral organs such as liver, and pancreas. We also found close connection between spinal axons and ependymocytes, suggesting synaptic interactions. Serotonin, acting through the 5-HT2B receptors abundantly expressed in ependymal cells, trigger Ca2+ signal that induces polymerization of cytoskeleton protein F-actin, consequently reducing the volume of ependymocytes. Shrinkage of the latter opens one-way route to facilitate CSF outflow from the central canal into the spinal cord parenchyma and peripheral nerves. In liver, CSF is received by stellate cells. Ependymal control over transfer of the CSF from central canal to peripheral organs by the periaxonal space (PAS) represents a novel mechanism dynamically connecting the CNS with the periphery.

In briefEpendymocytes control CSF flow from CNS to peripheral organs by periaxonal pathway, and serotonin evokes the ependymal shrinkage by the aggregation of F-actin.

HighlightsEpendymocytes control CSF flow from central canal to peripheral organs; CSF flows through the peripheral periaxonal space to reach the peripheral organs; Serotonin makes ependymocytes shrunk by 5-HT2B receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling and F-actin polymerization; The hepatic stellate cells are potential collectors of CSF in the liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkany, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkhratsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.560634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ependymocytes control cerebrospinal fluid flow to the peripheral organs through periaxonal pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) using electroencephalography (EEG) provide a non-invasive method for users to interact with external devices without the need for muscle activation. While noninvasive BCIs have the potential to improve the quality of lives of healthy and motor impaired individuals, they currently have limited applications due to inconsistent performance and low degrees of freedom. In this study, we use deep learning (DL)-based decoders for online Continuous Pursuit (CP), a complex BCI task requiring the user to track an object in two-dimensional space. We developed a labeling system to use CP data for supervised learning, trained DL-based decoders based on two architectures, including a newly proposed adaptation of the PointNet architecture, and evaluated the performance over several online sessions. We rigorously evaluated the DL-based decoders in a total of 28 human participants, and found that the DL-based models improved throughout the sessions as more training data became available and significantly outperformed a traditional BCI decoder by the last session. We also performed additional experiments to test an implementation of transfer learning by pre-training models on data from other subjects, and mid-session training to reduce inter-session variability. The results from these experiments showed that pre-training did not significantly improve performance, but updating the models mid-session may have some benefit. Overall, these findings support the use of DL-based decoders for improving BCI performance in complex tasks like CP, which can expand the potential applications of BCI devices and help improve the quality of lives of healthy and motor-impaired individuals.

Significance StatementBrain-computer Interfaces (BCI) have the potential to replace or restore motor functions for patients and can benefit the general population by providing a direct link of the brain with robotics or other devices. In this work, we developed a paradigm using deep learning (DL)-based decoders for continuous control of a BCI system and demonstrated its capabilities through extensive online experiments. We also investigate how DL performance is affected by varying amounts of training data and collected more than 150 hours of BCI data that can be used to train new models. The results of this study provide valuable information for developing future DL-based BCI decoders which can improve performance and help bring BCIs closer to practical applications and wide-spread use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forenzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanahan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced K Na 1.1 Channel Underlies Cortical Hyperexcitability and Seizure Susceptibility after Traumatic Brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic variants of the sodium-activated potassium channel KNa1.1, have been reported in multiple epileptic disorders. However, whether and how KNa1.1 channel is involved in epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unknown. Firstly, we used behavioral monitoring and EEG recording to examine physiological property, spontaneous seizure activity, and seizure susceptibility after TBI. We explored the changes of KNa1.1 channel following TBI, including changes of subcellular distribution and expression pattern. Meanwhile, we performed patch-clamp recording to detect the neuronal excitability. Furthermore, we built TBI model using kcnt1-/- mice and compared seizure activity with those on wild- type mice. We found severity-dependent seizure susceptibility in different degree of injured mice. Meanwhile, increased neuronal expression of KNa1.1 channel, especially in inhibitory neurons, around the lesion was also observed following TBI with increased neuronal excitability including reduced firing rate of interneurons and imbalanced excitation and inhibition (E/I). Although the maximum frequency of action potential of kcnt1-/- neurons was increased, kcnt1-/- mice displayed decreased seizure susceptibility to the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) after TBI. Taken together, this study suggests that pathologically enhanced expression and abnormally distributed KNa1.1 channel after TBI contribute to disputed E/I and seizure susceptibility, which might provide a potential therapeutic target on the epileptogenesis after TBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced K Na 1.1 Channel Underlies Cortical Hyperexcitability and Seizure Susceptibility after Traumatic Brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning gene networks under SNP perturbation using SNP and allele-specific expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression quantification from RNA-seq reads provides opportunities to study the control of gene regulatory networks by cis-acting and trans-acting genetic variants. Many existing methods performed a single-gene and single-SNP association analysis to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), and placed the eQTLs against known gene networks for functional interpretation. Instead, we view eQTL data as a capture of the effects of perturbation of gene regulatory system by a large number of genetic variants and reconstruct a gene network perturbed by eQTLs. We introduce a statistical framework called CiTruss for simultaneously learning a gene network and cis-acting and trans-acting eQTLs that perturb this network, given population allele-specific expression and SNP data. CiTruss uses a multi-level conditional Gaussian graphical model to model trans-acting eQTLs perturbing the expression of both alleles in gene network at the top level and cis-acting eQTLs perturbing the expression of each allele at the bottom level. We derive a transformation of this model that allows efficient learning for large-scale human data. Our analysis of the GTEx and LGxSM advanced intercross line mouse data for multiple tissue types with CiTruss provides new insights into genetics of gene regulation. CiTruss revealed that gene networks consist of local subnetworks over proximally located genes and global subnetworks over genes scattered across genome, and that several aspects of gene regulation by eQTLs such as the impact of genetic diversity, pleiotropy, tissue-specific gene regulation, and local and long-range linkage disequilibrium among eQTLs can be explained through these local and global subnetworks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning gene networks under SNP perturbation using SNP and allele-specific expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of homotypic vs. heterotypic interactions on the cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are an emerging class of drug carriers and are primarily reported to be internalized into recipient cells via a combination of endocytic routes such as clathrin-mediated, caveolae-mediated and macropinocytosis pathways. In this work, (1) we investigated potential effects of homotypic vs. heterotypic interactions by studying the cellular uptake of homologous EVs (EV donor cells and recipient cells of the same type) vs. heterologous EVs (EV donor cells and recipient cells of different types) and (2) determined the route of EV internalization into low pinocytic/hard-to-deliver cell models such as brain endothelial cells (BECs). We used BECs and macrophages as low-pinocytic and phagocytic cell models, respectively, to study the effect of homotypic vs. heterotypic interactions on EV uptake in the recipient cells. Homotypic interactions led to a greater extent of uptake into the recipient BECs compared to heterotypic interactions. However, we did not see a complete reduction in EV uptake into recipient BECs when endocytic pathways were blocked using pharmacological inhibitors. Our results suggest that EVs primarily use membrane fusion to enter low-pinocytic recipient BECs instead of relying on endocytosis. Lipophilic PKH67 dye-labeled EVs but not intravesicular esterase-activated calcein ester-labeled EVs severely reduced particle uptake into BECs while phagocytic macrophages internalized both types of EV-labeled particles to comparable extents. Our results also highlight the importance of carefully choosing labeling dye chemistry to study EV uptake, especially in the case of low pinocytic cells such as BECs.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=171 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/563628v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5cb50org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@172d1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@192caf6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b16ba_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamte, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandwani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinky, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manickam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of homotypic vs. heterotypic interactions on the cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fuzzy sequencer for rapid DNA fragment counting and genotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput sequencing technologies generate a vast number of DNA sequence reads simultaneously, which are subsequently analyzed using the information contained within these fragmented reads. The assessment of sequencing technology relies on information efficiency, which measures the amount of information entropy produced per sequencing reaction cycle. In this study, we propose a fuzzy sequencing strategy that exhibits information efficiency more than twice of currently prevailing cyclic reversible terminator sequencing methods. To validate our approach, we developed a fully functional and high-throughput fuzzy sequencer. This sequencer implements a highly efficient fluorogenic sequencing-by-synthesis chemistry and underwent testing across various application scenarios, including copy-number variation detection, noninvasive prenatal testing, transcriptome profiling, mutation genotyping, and metagenomic profling. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that the fuzzy sequencing strategy outperforms existing methods in terms of information efficiency and delivers accurate resequencing results with faster turnaround times.

One Sentence SummaryA fuzzy sequencer can exceed current limit of information efficiency of DNA sequencers for resequencing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fuzzy sequencer for rapid DNA fragment counting and genotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ornaments for Accurate and Efficient Allele-Specific Expression Estimation with Bias Correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression has been used to elucidate various biological mechanisms, such as genomic imprinting and gene expression variation caused by genetic changes in cis-regulatory elements. However, existing methods for obtaining allele-specific expression from RNA-seq reads do not adequately and efficiently remove various biases, such as reference bias, where reads containing the alternative allele do not map to the reference transcriptome, or ambiguous mapping bias, where reads containing the reference allele map differently from reads containing the alternative allele. We present Ornaments, a computational tool for rapid and accurate estimation of allele-specific expression at unphased heterozygous loci from RNA-seq reads while correcting for allele-specific read mapping bias. Ornaments removes reference bias by accounting for personalized transcriptome, and ambiguous mapping bias by probabilistically assigning reads to multiple transcripts and variant loci they map to. Ornaments is a lightweight extension of kallisto, a popular tool for fast RNA-seq quantification, that improves the efficiency and accuracy of WASP, a popular tool for bias correction in allele-specific read mapping. Our experiments on simulated and human lymphoblastoid cell-line RNA-seq reads with the genomes of the 1000 Genomes Project show that Ornaments is as efficient as kallisto, an order of magnitude faster than WASP, and more accurate than WASP and kallisto. In addition, Ornaments detected genes that are imprinted at transcript level with higher sensitivity, compared to WASP that detected the imprinted signals only at gene level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ornaments for Accurate and Efficient Allele-Specific Expression Estimation with Bias Correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleolus and centromere TSA-Seq reveals variable localization of heterochromatin in different cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome differential positioning within interphase nuclei remains poorly explored. We extended and validated TSA-seq to map genomic regions near nucleoli and pericentric heterochromatin in four human cell lines. Our study confirmed that smaller chromosomes localize closer to nucleoli but further deconvolved this by revealing a preference for chromosome arms below 36-46 Mbp in length. We identified two lamina associated domain subsets through their differential nuclear lamina versus nucleolar positioning in different cell lines which showed distinctive patterns of DNA replication timing and gene expression across all cell lines. Unexpectedly, active, nuclear speckle-associated genomic regions were found near typically repressive nuclear compartments, which is attributable to the close proximity of nuclear speckles and nucleoli in some cell types, and association of centromeres with nuclear speckles in hESCs. Our study points to a more complex and variable nuclear genome organization than suggested by current models, as revealed by our TSA-seq methodology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholamalamdari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleolus and centromere TSA-Seq reveals variable localization of heterochromatin in different cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy in functional brain states correlates with cognition in adolescent schizophrenia and healthy persons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) is rare, under-studied, and associated with more severe cognitive impairments and poorer outcomes than adult-onset schizophrenia. Neuroimaging has shown altered regional activations (first-order effects) and functional connectivity (second-order effects) in AOS compared to controls. The pairwise maximum entropy model (MEM) integrates first- and second-order factors into a single quantity called energy, which is inversely related to probability of occurrence of brain activity patterns. We take a combinatorial approach to study multiple brain-wide MEMs of task-associated components; hundreds of independent MEMs for various sub-systems are fit to 7 Tesla functional MRI scans. Acquisitions were collected from 23 AOS individuals and 53 healthy controls while performing the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET) for executive function, which is known to be impaired in AOS. Accuracy of PCET performance was significantly reduced among AOS compared to controls. A majority of the models showed significant negative correlation between PCET scores and the total energy attained over the fMRI. Across all instantiations, the AOS group was associated with significantly more frequent occurrence of states of higher energy, assessed with a mixed effects model. An example MEM instance was investigated further using energy landscapes, which visualize high and low energy states on a low-dimensional plane, and trajectory analysis, which quantify the evolution of brain states throughout this landscape. Both supported patient-control differences in the energy profiles. Severity of psychopathology was correlated positively with energy. The MEMs integrated representation of energy in task-associated systems can help characterize pathophysiology of AOS, cognitive impairments, and psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahuguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy in functional brain states correlates with cognition in adolescent schizophrenia and healthy persons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-silico analysis of Myocardial Infarction-related missense SNPs to identify novel biomarkers to predict susceptibility. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, stands as a formidable global health challenge, responsible for a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality. This study embarked on a comprehensive exploration of the genetic underpinnings of MI, recognizing the pivotal role of genetic factors in determining an individuals susceptibility to this life-threatening condition. The objective of our research was to investigate missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with MI to determine whether the changes in amino acid sequences have potential implications for the risk of MI. Employing a multifaceted approach, we leveraged an array of computational tools and databases to scrutinize specific missense SNP and meticulously analyzed their potential effects on protein structure stability and function. Our analysis has confirmed a total of 4 missense SNP in ALDH2, APOE, IGFBP1, and PCSK1 genes to be damaging to protein structure and hence, the function. An extensive literature review was then performed to determine the functional roles of these genes in the regulation of the cardiac system-related pathways. Our analysis confirmed that all 2 of these genes are directly involved in pathways related to the cardiac system, while the other 2 genes play other roles. We have further analyzed their interactions and underlying biological processes to determine their potential role in the incidence of MI. These findings collectively offer a profound understanding of the intricate genetic landscape underlying MI. They not only enhance our comprehension of the multifaceted genetic factors influencing MI susceptibility but also set the stage for future experimental investigations. Importantly, these insights hold the potential to guide future research and the development of therapeutic strategies, to improve the prevention and management of this critical cardiovascular condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarlochan, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasool, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.565946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-silico analysis of Myocardial Infarction-related missense SNPs to identify novel biomarkers to predict susceptibility.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FFCM-MRF: An accurate and generalizable cerebrovascular segmentation pipeline for humans and rhesus monkeys based on TOF-MRA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeCerebrovascular segmentation and quantification of vascular morphological features on humans and rhesus monkeys are essential for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of brain diseases. However, current automated whole-brain vessel segmentation methods are often not generalizable to independent datasets, limiting their usefulness in real-world environments with their heterogeneity in participants, scanners, and species.

Materials and MethodsIn this study, we proposed an automated, accurate and generalizable segmentation method for magnetic resonance angiography images called FFCM-MRF. This method integrates fast fuzzy c-means clustering and Markov random field optimization using blood vessel shape priors and spatial constraints. We used a total of 123 human and 44 macaque MRA images scanned at 1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T MRI from 9 datasets to develop and validate the method.

ResultsThe average Dice score coefficients for multiple independent datasets were 69.16-89.63%, with the improvements in FFCM-MRF ranged from 0.16-16.14% compared with state-of-the-art machine learning methods. Quantitative analysis showed that FFCM-MRF can accurately segment major arteries in the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and smaller distal pial arteries while effectively suppressing noise. Test-retest analysis showed that the model yielded high vascular volume and diameter reliability.

ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the proposed method is highly accurate and reliable and largely independent of variations in field strength, scanner platforms, acquisition parameters, and species. The macaque MRA data and user-friendly open-source toolbox are freely available at OpenNeuro and GitHub to facilitate studies of imaging biomarkers for cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FFCM-MRF: An accurate and generalizable cerebrovascular segmentation pipeline for humans and rhesus monkeys based on TOF-MRA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the effect of spatial structure on solid tumor evolution and ctDNA composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring, while sufficiently advanced to reflect tumor evolution in real time and inform on cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, mainly relies on DNA that originates from cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. In solid tumors, chemotherapy and immune infiltration can induce spatially variable rates of cell death, with the potential to bias and distort the clonal composition of ctDNA. Using a stochastic evolutionary model of boundary-driven growth, we study how elevated cell death on the edge of a tumor can simultaneously impact driver mutation accumulation and the representation of tumor clones and mutation detectability in ctDNA. We describe conditions in which invasive clones end up over-represented in ctDNA, clonal diversity can appear elevated in the blood, and spatial bias in shedding can inflate subclonal variant allele frequencies (VAFs). Additionally, we find that tumors that are mostly quiescent can display similar biases, but are far less detectable, and the extent of perceptible spatial bias strongly depends on sequence detection limits. Overall, we show that spatially structured shedding might cause liquid biopsies to provide highly biased profiles of tumor state. While this may enable more sensitive detection of expanding clones, it could also increase the risk of targeting a subclonal variant for treatment. Our results indicate that the effects and clinical consequences of spatially variable cell death on ctDNA composition present an important area for future work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laframboise, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the effect of spatial structure on solid tumor evolution and ctDNA composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Hi-C contact matrices using genome graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromosome structure plays an important role in fundamental genomic functions. Hi-C, a high-throughput, sequencing-based technique, has drastically expanded our comprehension of 3D chromosome structures. The first step of Hi-C analysis pipeline involves mapping sequencing reads from Hi-C to linear reference genomes. However, the linear reference genome does not incorporate genetic variation information, which can lead to incorrect read alignments, especially when analyzing samples with substantial genomic differences from the reference such as cancer samples. Using genome graphs as the reference facilitates more accurate mapping of reads, however, new algorithms are required for inferring linear genomes from Hi-C reads mapped on genome graphs and constructing corresponding Hi-C contact matrices, which is a prerequisite for the subsequent steps of the Hi-C analysis such as identifying topologically associated domains and calling chromatin loops. We introduce the problem of genome sequence inference from Hi-C data mediated by genome graphs. We formalize this problem, show the hardness of solving this problem, and introduce a novel heuristic algorithm specifically tailored to this problem. We provide a theoretical analysis to evaluate the efficacy of our algorithm. Finally, our empirical experiments indicate that the linear genomes inferred from our method lead to the creation of improved Hi-C contact matrices. These enhanced matrices show a reduction in erroneous patterns caused by structural variations and are more effective in accurately capturing the structures of topologically associated domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Hi-C contact matrices using genome graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urine proteomic analysis of patients with schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We tried to explore the difference of urinary proteome between unmedicated schizophrenia patients and normal people through a small number of cases. The results showed that a total of 35 differential proteins were screened in the schizophrenia group compared with the healthy control group. Through random grouping evaluation, it has 91.4 % credibility. Fifteen of the differentially expressed proteins were reported to be related to schizophrenia mechanism, drug target or nervous system regulation. Among them, the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia can distinguish all 10 patients and 9 normal people with 100 % accuracy in this study, and the AUC value of 17 proteins is greater than or equal to 0.9. The biological pathways enriched by differentially expressed proteins include ephrin receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP), etc. This study shows that urine proteomics can reflect the difference between schizophrenia and healthy controls, and has the potential as a diagnostic marker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urine proteomic analysis of patients with schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome folding principles revealed in condensin-depleted mitotic chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, condensin activity interferes with interphase chromatin structures. Here, we generated condensin-free mitotic chromosomes to investigate genome folding principles. Co- depletion of condensin I and II, but neither alone, triggered mitotic chromosome compartmentalization in ways that differ from interphase. Two distinct euchromatic compartments, indistinguishable in interphase, rapidly emerged upon condensin loss with different interaction preferences and dependence on H3K27ac. Constitutive heterochromatin gradually self-aggregated and co-compartmentalized with the facultative heterochromatin, contrasting with their separation during interphase. While topologically associating domains (TADs) and CTCF/cohesin mediated structural loops remained undetectable, cis-regulatory element contacts became apparent, providing an explanation for their quick re-establishment during mitotic exit. HP1 proteins, which are thought to partition constitutive heterochromatin, were absent from mitotic chromosomes, suggesting, surprisingly, that constitutive heterochromatin can self-aggregate without HP1. Indeed, in cells traversing from M- to G1-phase in the combined absence of HP1, HP1{Pi} and HP1{gamma}, re-established constitutive heterochromatin compartments normally. In sum, "clean-slate" condensin-deficient mitotic chromosomes illuminate mechanisms of genome compartmentalization not revealed in interphase cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome folding principles revealed in condensin-depleted mitotic chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsolateral striatum encodes a temporal basis for the organization of behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To behave adaptively, the brain must register temporal structure in the environment and use it to organize behavior. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) integrates sensorimotor input, and is necessary for accurate timing and structuring behavior in general. However, if DLS provides the basis for mapping temporal features in the environment to behavior, its activity should predict variation in that mapping. A reanalysis of DLS population activity in rats comparing the duration of two sequentially presented vibratory stimuli revealed a striking correspondence between neural activity and behavior. Varying vibration intensity of the second stimulus induced systematic biases in temporal judgments, and corresponding biases in multiple features of DLS activity during stimulus presentation, including population coding of time. In contrast, the same intensity manipulations applied to the first stimulus affected neither behavior nor neural activity. Furthermore, neuronal response profiles were best described as a continuum, arguing against hypotheses where categories of responses, e.g., ramping activity, selectively underpin temporal processing. These data represent important additional evidence that striatal population dynamics support the organization of behavior by mapping temporal information to action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motiwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsolateral striatum encodes a temporal basis for the organization of behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast evolution of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 to JN.1 under heavy immune pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the BA.2.86 variant demonstrated significant antigenic drift and enhanced ACE2 binding affinity, its ability to evade humoral immunity was relatively moderate compared to dominant strains like EG.5 and HK.3. However, the emergence of a new subvariant, JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1), which possesses an additional spike mutation, L455S, compared to BA.2.86, showed a markedly increased prevalence in Europe and North America, especially in France. Here, we found that L455S of JN.1 significantly enhances immune evasion capabilities at the expense of reduced ACE2 binding affinity. This mutation enables JN.1 to effectively evade Class 1 neutralizing antibodies, offsetting BA.2.86s susceptibility and thus allowing it to outcompete both its precursor BA.2.86 and the prevailing variants HV.1 (XBB.1.5+L452R+F456L) and JD.1.1 (XBB.1.5+L455F+F456L+A475V) in terms of humoral immune evasion. The rapid evolution from BA.2.86 to JN.1, similar to the earlier transition from BA.2.75 to CH.1.1, highlights the importance of closely monitoring strains with high ACE2 binding affinity and distinct antigenicity, despite their temporarily unremarkable immune evasion capabilities. Such strains could survive and transmit at low levels, since their large antigenic distance to dominant strains allow them to target distinct populations and accumulate immune-evasive mutations rapidly, often at the cost of receptor binding affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast evolution of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 to JN.1 under heavy immune pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PPARγ controls ESCRT-dependent fibroblast-like synoviocyte exosome biogenesis and Alleviates Chondrocyte Osteoarthritis Mediated by Exosomal ANXA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by synovitis, cartilage degeneration and exercise therapy has been recognized as first line therapy. The exercise related exosome involved in the interaction between fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and chondrocytes could be a novel promising strategy for treating OA. In this study, PPAR{gamma} was upregulated in FLSs under exercise by single cell transcriptome sequencing. Then, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of PPAR{gamma}-treated FLSs derived exosome on OA in vivo and vitro. Our data revealed that overexpression PPAR{gamma} FLSs derived exosome could ameliorate the OA severity in vivo and vitro. But knockdown PPAR{gamma} FLSs derived exosome aggravate OA. Moreover, we found PPAR{gamma} controls the endosomal sorting complex required for the transport (ESCRT)-dependent exosome biogenesis pathway. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) was enriched in OE-PPAR{gamma} exosome by quantitative proteomics. By Chip-qPCR and Co-IP methods, PPAR{gamma} and its coactivator -1 (PGC-1) acts with ESCRT subunits including HRS, STAM1, TSG101, CHMP7 and promotes their association to cargo ANXA1. As a therapeutic cargo, exosomal ANXA1 was confirmed be internalization by chondrocyte via exosome labeled experiment and ANXA1 could inhibit the phospharylation of ERK to activate the autophagy and decrease chondrocyte apoptosis. While the ANXA1 receptor blocker BOC-2 could reverse the therapic effect. In conclusion, PPAR{gamma}/ESCRT - FLSs exosomal ANXA1 - ERK axis provides a deeper theoretical basis for exercise therapy of OA and a new idea for the clinical transformation of exosomes into OA therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PPARγ controls ESCRT-dependent fibroblast-like synoviocyte exosome biogenesis and Alleviates Chondrocyte Osteoarthritis Mediated by Exosomal ANXA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenome profiling and containment estimation through abundance-corrected k-mer sketching with sylph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profiling metagenomes against databases allows for the detection and quantification of mi-crobes, even at low abundances where assembly is not possible. We introduce sylph (https://github.com/bluenote-1577/sylph), a metagenome profiler that estimates genome-to-metagenome containment average nucleotide identity (ANI) through zero-inflated Poisson k-mer statistics, enabling ANI-based taxa detection. Sylph is the most accurate method on the CAMI2 marine dataset, and compared to Kraken2 for multi-sample profiling, sylph takes 10x less CPU time and uses 30x less memory. Sylphs ANI estimates provide an orthogonal signal to abundance, enabling an ANI-based metagenome-wide association study for Parkinsons disease (PD) against 289,232 genomes while confirming known butyrate-PD associations at the strain level. Sylph takes < 1 minute and 16 GB of RAM to profile against 85,205 prokaryotic and 2,917,521 viral genomes, detecting 30x more viral sequences in the human gut compared to RefSeq. Sylph offers precise, efficient profiling with accurate containment ANI estimation for even low-coverage genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenome profiling and containment estimation through abundance-corrected k-mer sketching with sylph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compact deep neural network models of visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A powerful approach to understanding the computations carried out in visual cortex is to develop models that predict neural responses to arbitrary images. Deep neural network (DNN) models have worked remarkably well at predicting neural responses [1, 2, 3], yet their underlying computations remain buried in millions of parameters. Have we simply replaced one complicated system in vivo with another in silico? Here, we train a data-driven deep ensemble model that predicts macaque V4 responses [~]50% more accurately than currently-used task-driven DNN models. We then compress this deep ensemble to identify compact models that have 5,000x fewer parameters yet equivalent accuracy as the deep ensemble. We verified that the stimulus preferences of the compact models matched those of the real V4 neurons by measuring V4 responses to both  maximizing and adversarial images generated using compact models. We then analyzed the inner workings of the compact models and discovered a common circuit motif: Compact models share a similar set of filters in early stages of processing but then specialize by heavily consolidating this shared representation with a precise readout. This suggests that a V4 neurons stimulus preference is determined entirely by its consolidation step. To demonstrate this, we investigated the compression step of a dot-detecting compact model and found a set of simple computations that may be carried out by dot-selective V4 neurons. Overall, our work demonstrates that the DNN models currently used in computational neuroscience are needlessly large; our approach provides a new way forward for obtaining explainable, high-accuracy models of visual cortical neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stan, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compact deep neural network models of visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eSVD-DE: Cohort-wide differential expression in single-cell RNA-seq data using exponential-family embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA) datasets are becoming increasingly popular in clinical and cohort studies, but there is a lack of methods to investigate differentially expressed (DE) genes among such datasets with numerous individuals. While numerous methods exist to find DE genes for scRNA data from limited individuals, differential-expression testing for large cohorts of case and control individuals using scRNA data poses unique challenges due to substantial effects of human variation, i.e., individual-level confounding covariates that are difficult to account for in the presence of sparsely-observed genes.

ResultsWe develop the eSVD-DE, a matrix factorization that pools information across genes and removes confounding covariate effects, followed by a novel two-sample test in mean expression between case and control individuals. In general, differential testing after dimension reduction yields an inflation of Type-1 errors. However, we overcome this by testing for differences between the case and control individuals posterior mean distributions via a hierarchical model. In previously published datasets of various biological systems, eSVD-DE has more accuracy and power compared to other DE methods typically repurposed for analyzing cohort-wide differential expression.

ConclusionseSVD-DE proposes a novel and powerful way to test for DE genes among cohorts after performing a dimension reduction. Accurate identification of differential expression on the individual level, instead of the cell level, is important for linking scRNA-seq studies to our understanding of the human population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eSVD-DE: Cohort-wide differential expression in single-cell RNA-seq data using exponential-family embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VirusImmu: a novel ensemble machine learning approach for viral immunogenicity prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe viruses threats provoke concerns regarding their sustained epidemic transmission, making the development of vaccines particularly important. In the prolonged and costly process of vaccine development, the most important initial step is to identify protective immunogens. Machine learning (ML) approaches are productive in analyzing big data such as microbial proteomes, and can remarkably reduce the cost of experimental work in developing novel vaccine candidates.

ResultsWe intensively evaluated the immunogenicity prediction power of eight commonly-used ML methods by random sampling cross validation on a large dataset consisting of known viral immunogens and non-immunogens we manually curated from the public domain. XGBoost, kNN and RF showed the strongest predictive power. We then proposed a novel soft-voting based ensemble approach (VirusImmu), which demonstrated a powerful and stable capability for viral immunogenicity prediction across the test set and external test set irrespective of protein sequence length. VirusImmu was successfully applied to facilitate identifying linear B cell epitopes against African Swine Fever Virus as confirmed by indirect ELISA in vitro.

ConclusionsVirusImmu exhibited tremendous potentials in predicting immunogenicity of viral protein segments. It is freely accessible at https://github.com/zhangjbig/VirusImmu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VirusImmu: a novel ensemble machine learning approach for viral immunogenicity prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Familiarity training enhance straightening of neural trajectory for video prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive processing in the visual system is pivotal for efficient sensory-driven behaviors. Previous research has shown that the visual system transforms sequential inputs into straighter temporal trajectories. However, the specific role of  neural straightening in predictive processing, especially in how learning reshapes this phenomenon for enhanced prediction, remains unclear. To address this, we analyzed V2 population activity in macaques during familiarity training with video stimuli. Our findings reveal that repeated exposure to the same movies significantly enhances neural straightening, indicating a critical role of learning in refining neural trajectories for prediction. In parallel, our studies with the deep predictive network model, Pred-Net, demonstrated similar enhancements in neural straightening in response to familiar movies. This underscores a strong association between neural straightening and predictive coding. Together, our results provide novel insights into the adaptive mechanisms of the visual cortex, enriching our understanding of how learning shapes neural path-ways for efficient prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukundan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Familiarity training enhance straightening of neural trajectory for video prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical positive feedback and biochemical negative feedback combine to generate complex contractile oscillations in cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contractile force generation by the cortical actomyosin cytoskeleton is essential for a multitude of biological processes. The actomyosin cortex behaves as an active material that drives local and large-scale shape changes via cytoskeletal remodeling in response to biochemical cues and feedback loops. Cytokinesis is the essential cell division event during which a cortical actomyosin ring generates contractile force to change cell shape and separate two daughter cells. Our recent work with active gel theory predicts that actomyosin systems under the control of a biochemical oscillator and experiencing mechanical strain will exhibit complex spatiotemporal behavior, but cytokinetic contractility was thought to be kinetically simple. To test whether active materials in vivo exhibit spatiotemporally complex kinetics, we used 4-dimensional imaging with unprecedented temporal resolution and discovered sections of the cytokinetic cortex undergo periodic phases of acceleration and deceleration. Quantification of ingression speed oscillations revealed wide ranges of oscillation period and amplitude. In the cytokinetic ring, activity of the master regulator RhoA pulsed with a timescale of approximately 20 seconds, shorter than that reported for any other biological context. Contractility oscillated with 20-second periodicity and with much longer periods. A combination of in vivo and in silico approaches to modify mechanical feedback revealed that the period of contractile oscillation is prolonged as a function of the intensity of mechanical feedback. Effective local ring ingression is characterized by slower speed oscillations, likely due to increased local stresses and therefore mechanical feedback. Fast ingression also occurs where material turnover is high, in vivo and in silico. We propose that downstream of initiation by pulsed RhoA activity, mechanical positive feedback, including but not limited to material advection, extends the timescale of contractility beyond that of biochemical input and therefore makes it robust to fluctuations in activation. Circumferential propagation of contractility likely allows sustained contractility despite cytoskeletal remodeling necessary to recover from compaction. Our work demonstrates that while biochemical feedback loops afford systems responsiveness and robustness, mechanical feedback must also be considered to describe and understand the behaviors of active materials in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical positive feedback and biochemical negative feedback combine to generate complex contractile oscillations in cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextualized Networks Reveal Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Regulation in Tumors at Sample-Specific Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers are shaped by somatic mutations, microenvironment, and patient background, each altering gene expression and regulation in complex ways, resulting in heterogeneous cellular states and dynamics. Inferring gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from expression data can help characterize this regulation-driven heterogeneity, but network inference requires many statistical samples, limiting GRNs to cluster-level analyses that ignore intra-cluster heterogeneity. We propose to move beyond coarse analyses of pre-defined subgroups by using contextualized learning, a multi-task learning paradigm that uses multi-view contexts including phenotypic, molecular, and environmental information to infer personalized models. With sample-specific contexts, contextualization enables sample-specific models and even generalizes at test time to predict network models for entirely unseen contexts. We unify three network model classes (Correlation, Markov, Neighborhood Selection) and estimate context-specific GRNs for 7997 tumors across 25 tumor types, using copy number and driver mutation profiles, tumor microenvironment, and patient demographics as model context. Our generative modeling approach allows us to predict GRNs for unseen tumor types based on a pan-cancer model of how somatic mutations affect gene regulation. Finally, contextualized networks enable GRN-based precision oncology by providing a structured view of expression dynamics at sample-specific resolution, explaining known biomarkers in terms of network-mediated effects and leading to novel subtypings that improve survival prognosis. We provide a SKLearn-style Python package https://contextualized.ml for learning and analyzing contextualized models, as well as interactive plotting tools for pan-cancer data exploration at https://github.com/cnellington/CancerContextualized.

Significance StatementNetwork estimation is essential for understanding the structure and function of biological systems, but current statistical approaches fail to capture inter-subject heterogeneity or cross-modality information flow, both of which are needed for understanding complex phenotypes and pathologies. We introduce contextualized network inference, leveraging multi-view contextual metadata to capture similarities and differences among heterogeneous observations during network estimation. Sharing information across contexts enables inference at sample-specific resolution, thus quantifying variation between subjects and revealing context-specific network rewiring. Applied to tumor-specific transcriptional network inference using clinical, molecular, and multi-omic data, contextualized networks improve accuracy, generalize to unseen cancer types, and discover novel prognostic tumor subtypes. By tailoring disease models to each sample, contextualized networks promise to enable precision medicine at unprecedented resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellington, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengerich, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextualized Networks Reveal Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Regulation in Tumors at Sample-Specific Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sc-TUSV-ext: Single-cell clonal lineage inference from single nucleotide variants (SNV), copy number alterations (CNA) and structural variants (SV) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal lineage inference ("tumor phylogenetics") has become a crucial tool for making sense of somatic evolution processes that underlie cancer development and are increasingly recognized as part of normal tissue growth and aging. The inference of clonal lineage trees from single cell sequence data offers particular promise for revealing processes of somatic evolution in unprecedented detail. However, most such tools are based on fairly restrictive models of the types of mutation events observed in somatic evolution and of the processes by which they develop. The present work seeks to enhance the power and versatility of tools for single-cell lineage reconstruction by making more comprehensive use of the range of molecular variant types by which tumors evolve. We introduce Sc-TUSV-ext, an integer linear programming (ILP) based tumor phylogeny reconstruction method that, for the first time, integrates single nucleotide variants (SNV), copy number alterations (CNA) and structural variations (SV) into clonal lineage reconstruction from single-cell DNA sequencing data. We show on synthetic data that accounting for these variant types collectively leads to improved accuracy in clonal lineage reconstruction relative to prior methods that consider only subsets of the variant types. We further demonstrate the effectiveness on real data in resolving clonal evolution in the presence of multiple variant types, providing a path towards more comprehensive insight into how various forms of somatic mutability collectively shape tissue development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bristy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sc-TUSV-ext: Single-cell clonal lineage inference from single nucleotide variants (SNV), copy number alterations (CNA) and structural variants (SV)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting F-actin stress fibers to suppress the dedifferentiated phenotype in chondrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is a central mediator of the chondrocyte phenotype. Monolayer expansion of articular chondrocytes on tissue culture polystyrene, for cell-based repair therapies, leads to chondrocyte dedifferentiation. During dedifferentiation, chondrocytes spread and filamentous (F-)actin reorganizes from a cortical to a stress fiber arrangement causing a reduction in cartilage matrix expression and an increase in fibroblastic matrix and contractile molecule expression. While the downstream mechanisms regulating chondrocyte molecular expression by alterations in F-actin organization have become elucidated, the critical upstream regulators of F-actin networks in chondrocytes are not completely known. Tropomyosin (TPM) and the RhoGTPases are known regulators of F-actin networks. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the regulation of passaged chondrocyte F-actin stress fiber networks and cell phenotype by the specific TPM, TPM3.1, and the RhoGTPase, CDC42. Our results demonstrated that TPM3.1 associates with cortical F-actin and stress fiber F-actin in primary and passaged chondrocytes, respectively. In passaged cells, we found that TPM3.1 inhibition causes F-actin reorganization from stress fibers back to cortical F-actin and also causes an increase in G/F-actin. CDC42 inhibition also causes formation of cortical F-actin. However, CDC42 inhibition, but not TPM3.1 inhibition, leads to the re-association of TPM3.1 with cortical F-actin. Both TPM3.1 and CDC42 inhibition reduces nuclear localization of myocardin related transcription factor, which is known to suppress dedifferentiated molecule expression. We confirmed that TPM3.1 or CDC42 inhibition partially redifferentiates passaged cells by reducing fibroblast matrix and contractile expression, and increasing chondrogenic SOX9 expression. A further understanding on the regulation of F-actin in passaged cells may lead into new insights to stimulate cartilage matrix expression in cells for regenerative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schofield, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzepski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerstedt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting F-actin stress fibers to suppress the dedifferentiated phenotype in chondrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus-reward contingencies drive long-lasting alterations in neocortical somatostatin inhibition during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning involves the association of discrete events in the world to infer causality, likely through a cascade of changes at input- and target-specific synapses. Transient or sustained disinhibition may initiate cortical circuit plasticity important for association learning, but the cellular networks involved have not been well-defined. Here we show that sensory association learning drives a durable, target-specific reduction in inhibition from somatostatin (SST)-expressing GABAergic neurons onto pyramidal (Pyr) neurons in superficial but not deep layers of mouse somatosensory cortex. Critically, SST-output was not altered when stimulus and rewards were unpaired, indicating that these neurons are not modified by sensory input alone. Depression of SST output onto Pyr neurons could be phenocopied by chemogenetic suppression of SST activity outside of the training context. Thus, neocortical SST neuron output is persistently modified by convergent sensory and reinforcement signals to selectively disinhibit superficial layers of sensory neocortex during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuljis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus-reward contingencies drive long-lasting alterations in neocortical somatostatin inhibition during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant methylation and expression of TNXB promotes chondrocyte apoptosis and extracullar matrix degradation in hemophilic arthropathy via AKT signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent joint bleeding in hemophilia patients frequently causes hemophilic arthropathy (HA). Drastic degradation of cartilage is a major characteristic of HA, but its pathological mechanisms has not yet been clarified. In HA cartilages, we found server matrix degradation and increased expression of DNA methyltransferase proteins. We thus performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis on human HA (N = 5) and osteoarthritis (N = 5) articular cartilages, and identified 1228 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with HA. Functional enrichment analyses revealed the association between DMR genes (DMGs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. Among these DMGs, Tenascin XB (TNXB) expression was down-regulated in human and mouse HA cartilages. The loss of Tnxb in F8-/- mouse cartilage provided a disease-promoting role in HA by augmenting cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss. Tnxb knockdown also promoted chondrocyte apoptosis and inhibited phosphorylation of AKT. Importantly, AKT agonist showed chondroprotective effects following Tnxb knockdown. Together, our findings indicate that exposure of cartilage to blood leads to alterations in DNA methylation, which is functionally related to ECM homeostasis, and further demonstrate a critical role of TNXB in HA cartilage degeneration by activating AKT signaling. These mechanistic insights allow development of potentially new strategies for HA cartilage protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant methylation and expression of TNXB promotes chondrocyte apoptosis and extracullar matrix degradation in hemophilic arthropathy via AKT signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXA2 is essential for maintaining the urea cycle in acute liver failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic encephalopathy is a lethal complication of acute liver failure (ALF), and is caused by hyperammonemia. Ammonia clearance by the liver requires an intact and complete urea cycle comprising six enzymes, including the rate-limiting enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1). To date, the detailed regulation of CPS1 transcription in order to maintain urea cycle in physiological condition and ALF remains largely unknown. This study scrutinizes the role of pioneer factor forkhead box A 2 (FOXA2) in the regulation of CPS1 transcription, urea cycle performance and hyperammonemia. Physiologically, CPS1 transcription requires FOXA2 to maintain chromatin accessibility on its enhancers, which is essential for CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBP) binding to activate gene transcription. In ALF, hepatic C/EBP expression is inhibited by inflammatory mediators such as TGF-{beta} and TNF-. In this setting, retinoic acid receptor synergizes with FOXA2 to maintain CPS1 transcriptions. Once ALF patients suffer from massive hepatic necrosis, liver progenitor cells initiate a transcription network comprising FOXA2 and C/EBP to perform the urea cycle and prevent hyperammonemia. In ALF, hepatic encephalopathy occurs in patients lacking hepatic FOXA2 expression. In mice with acetaminophen-induced ALF, injection of Foxa2-AAV8 maintains urea cycle and prevents hyperammonemia. Taken together, FOXA2 is essential for maintaining the urea cycle. Pharmaceutical induction of hepatic FOXA2 expression might represent a novel approach to treat hepatic encephalopathy in ALF.

One Sentence SummaryPioneer factor FOXA2 synergizes with C/EBP or RAR to maintain urea cycle in acute liver failure
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sticht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niess, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXA2 is essential for maintaining the urea cycle in acute liver failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pneumococcal Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Horizontal Gene Transfer via the Transformation Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), the function of which is a matter of intense investigation. Here, we show that the EVs secreted by the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are associated with bacterial DNA on their surface and can deliver this DNA to the transformation machinery of competent cells. These findings suggest that EVs contribute to gene transfer in Gram-positive bacteria, and in doing so, may promote the spread of drug resistance genes in the population.

SignificanceThis work extends our understanding of horizontal gene transfer and the roles of extracellular vesicles in pneumococcus. This bacterium serves as the model for transformation, a process by which bacteria can take up naked DNA from the environment. Here we show that extracellular vesicles secreted by the pneumococcus have DNA on their surface, and that this DNA can be imported by the transformation machinery facilitating gene transfer. Understanding EV-mediated gene transfer may provide new avenues to manage the spread of antibiotic drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werner Lass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camphire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentice, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerneni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pneumococcal Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Horizontal Gene Transfer via the Transformation Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Artificial Lung Fiber Bundle Geometric Design on Micro- and Macro-scale Clot Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hollow fiber membrane bundle is the functional component of artificial lungs, transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood. It is also the primary location of blood clot formation and propagation in these devices. The geometric design of fiber bundles is defined by a narrow range of parameters that determine gas exchange efficiency and blood flow resistance, such as fiber packing density, path length, and frontal area. However, these parameters also affect thrombosis. This study investigated the effect of these parameters on clot formation using 3-D printed flow chambers that mimic the geometry and blood flow patterns of fiber bundles. Hollow fibers were represented by an array of vertical micro-rods (380 micron diameter) arranged with varying packing densities (40, 50, and 60%) and path lengths (2 and 4 cm). Blood was pumped through the device corresponding to three mean blood flow velocities (16, 20, and 25 cm/min). Results showed that (1) clot formation decreases dramatically with decreasing packing density and increasing blood flow velocity, (2) clot formation at the outlet of fiber bundle enhances deposition upstream, and consequently (3) greater path length provides more clot-free fiber surface area for gas exchange than a shorter path length. These results can be used to create less thrombogenic, more efficient artificial lung designs.

Translational Impact SentenceFiber bundle parameters, such as decreased packing density, increased blood flow velocity, and a longer path length, can be used to design a less thrombogenic, more efficient artificial lung to extend functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Artificial Lung Fiber Bundle Geometric Design on Micro- and Macro-scale Clot Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Remotely Modulates Extrastriate Visual Cortex with Subregion Specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has emerged as a powerful neuromodulation tool characterized by its deep penetration and precise spatial targeting to influence neural activity. Our study directed low-intensity tFUS stimulation onto a region of prefrontal cortex (the frontal eye field, or FEF) of a rhesus macaque to examine its impact on a remote site, the extrastriate visual cortex (area V4). This pair of cortical regions form a top-down modulatory circuit that has been studied extensively with electrical microstimulation. To measure the impact of tFUS stimulation, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and multi-unit spiking activities from a multi-electrode array implanted in the visual cortex. To deliver tFUS stimulation, we leveraged a customized 128-element random array ultrasound transducer with improved spatial targeting. We observed that tFUS stimulation in FEF produced modulation of V4 neuronal activity, either through enhancement or suppression, dependent on the pulse repetition frequency of the tFUS stimulation. Electronically steering the transcranial ultrasound focus through the targeted FEF cortical region produced changes in the level of modulation, indicating that the tFUS stimulation was spatially targeted within FEF. Modulation of V4 activity was confined to specific frequency bands, and this modulation was dependent on the presence or absence of a visual stimulus during tFUS stimulation. A control study targeting the insula produced no effect, emphasizing the region-specific nature of tFUS neuromodulation. Our findings shed light on the capacity of tFUS to modulate specific neural pathways and provide a comprehensive understanding of its potential applications for neuromodulation within brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Remotely Modulates Extrastriate Visual Cortex with Subregion Specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prognostic Significance of preoperative serum CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4, CEA, and AFP in Patients with Endometrial cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine preoperative serum CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4, CEA, and AFP with prognostic value, and to establish a risk score based on CA125, CEA, AFP levels for predicting the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of endometrial cancer (EC) patients.

MethodsA retrospective cohort study with 2081 EC patients was conducted at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. Patient baseline information, tumor characteristics, and data on five serum biomarkers (CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4, CEA, and AFP) were collected. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined using univariate or multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to compared survival, Data were randomly divided into a training cohort (50%, N = 1041) and an external validation cohort (50%, n = 1040). the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso)-Cox regression model was used to screen the independent factors for establishing risk score. And develop nomograms for survival rate prediction.

ResultsMultivariate analysis showed Elevated CA125 (P<0.0001) AFP (P <0.0001) and CEA(P=0.037) were identified as independent biomarkers for PFS. Increased CA125 (P = 0.003) AFP (P <0.0001) and CEA(P=0.014) were independent factors associated with OS. CA125, AFP and CEA were thus incorporated in an innovative Risk score (RS) by Lasso-Cox regression model, The RS was also an independent indicator for PFS (P<0.0001) and OS (P<0.0001). Furthermore, we developed and validated nomogram based on Cox regression models. The discriminative ability and calibration of the nomograms revealed good predictive ability, as indicated by the calibration plots.

ConclusionThis study suggests that the risk score based on preoperative serum levels of CA125, CEA, and AFP was prognostic biomarkers for predicting progression-free survival and overall survival for EC patients. Nomograms based on the RS and clinicopathological features accurately predict Prognosis of EC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, S.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prognostic Significance of preoperative serum CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4, CEA, and AFP in Patients with Endometrial cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
k-nonical space: sketching with reverse complements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequences equivalent to their reverse complements (i.e., double-stranded DNA) have no analogue in text analysis and non-biological string algorithms. Despite this striking difference, algorithms designed for computational biology (e.g., sketching algorithms) are designed and tested in the same way as classical string algorithms. Then, as a post-processing step, these algorithms are adapted to work with genomic sequences by folding a k-mer and its reverse complement into a single sequence: the canonical representation (k-nonical space). The effect of using the canonical representation with sketching methods is understudied and not understood. As a first step, we use context-free sketching methods to illustrate the potentially detrimental effects of using canonical k-mers with string algorithms not designed to accommodate for them. In particular, we show that large stretches of the genome ("sketching deserts") are undersampled or entirely skipped by context-free sketching methods, effectively making these genomic regions invisible to subsequent algorithms using these sketches. We provide empirical data showing these effects and develop a theoretical framework explaining the appearance of sketching deserts. Finally, we propose two schemes to accommodate for these effects: (1) a new procedure that adapts existing sketching methods to k-nonical space and (2) an optimization procedure to directly design new sketching methods for k-nonical space.

The code used in this analysis is freely available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/mdsscope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[k-nonical space: sketching with reverse complements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Shear Stress Reduces ERG Causing Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological high shear stress (HSS, 100 dyn/cm2) is generated in distal pulmonary arteries (PA) (100-500 m) in congenital heart defects and in progressive PA hypertension (PAH) with inward remodeling and luminal narrowing. Human PA endothelial cells (PAEC) were subjected to HSS versus physiologic laminar shear stress (LSS, 15 dyn/cm2). Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a feature of PAH not previously attributed to HSS, was observed. H3K27ac peaks containing motifs for an ETS-family transcription factor (ERG) were reduced, as was ERG-Kruppel-like factors (KLF)2/4 interaction and ERG expression. Reducing ERG by siRNA in PAEC during LSS caused EndMT; transfection of ERG in PAEC under HSS prevented EndMT. An aorto-caval shunt was preformed in mice to induce HSS and progressive PAH. Elevated PA pressure, EndMT and vascular remodeling were reduced by an adeno-associated vector that selectively replenished ERG in PAEC. Agents maintaining ERG in PAEC should overcome the adverse effect of HSS on progressive PAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moonen, J.-R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Yow, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isobe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacharinsak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisani, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitoh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbelin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Shear Stress Reduces ERG Causing Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AttentionPert: Accurately Modeling Multiplexed Genetic Perturbations with Multi-scale Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic perturbations (i.e. knockouts, variants) have laid the foundation for our understanding of many diseases, implicating pathogenic mechanisms and indicating therapeutic targets. However, experimental assays are fundamentally limited in the number of perturbation conditions they can measure. Computational methods can fill this gap by predicting perturbation effects under unseen conditions, but accurately predicting the transcriptional responses of cells to unseen perturbations remains a significant challenge. We address this by developing a novel attention-based neural network, AttentionPert, which accurately predicts gene expression under multiplexed perturbations and generalizes to unseen conditions. AttentionPert integrates global and local effects in a multi-scale model, representing both the non-uniform system-wide impact of the genetic perturbation and the localized disturbance in a network of gene-gene similarities, enhancing its ability to predict nuanced transcriptional responses to both single and multi-gene perturbations. In comprehensive experiments, AttentionPert demonstrates superior performance across multiple datasets outperforming the state-of-theart method in predicting differential gene expressions and revealing novel gene regulations. AttentionPert marks a significant improvement over current methods, particularly in handling the diversity of gene perturbations and in predicting out-of-distribution scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AttentionPert: Accurately Modeling Multiplexed Genetic Perturbations with Multi-scale Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vascular Dissection and Rupture Linked Metabolite Acts Via BLT2 Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDThoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a life-threatening vascular disease that requires effective drug treatment to prevent progression and rupture. Because arachidonic acid metabolism is involved in inflammation and vascular homeostasis, we investigated the roles of arachidonic acid metabolites in TAD pathogenesis and their utility as therapeutic targets.

METHODSSerum metabolomics analysis was performed to characterize arachidonic acid metabolites in TAD patients and a TAD mouse model. 12/15-LOX expression was profiled in the aortic tissues of TAD patients and the TAD mouse model. Four-week-old male Alox15 knockout mice (Alox15-/-), 12-HETE-treated mice, ML351 (12/15-LOX inhibitor)-treated mice, and LY255283 (leukotriene B 4 receptor 2 [BLT2] antagonist)-treated mice received {beta}-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN, 1 g/kg/day) for 4 weeks to model TAD, then underwent assessment of TAD progression. Interaction of 12-HETE produced by macrophages with BLT2 receptor-expressing cells was detected by molecular docking and immunoblotting.

RESULTSSerum levels of 12-HETE and the expression of 12/15-LOX in aortic tissue were significantly increased in TAD patients and BAPN-treated TAD mice. BAPN-induced TAD progression was significantly ameliorated in Alox15-deficient or -suppressed mice. 12-HETE directly interacted with BLT2 receptors on macrophages, activating the downstream NOX-1/ROS/NF-{kappa}B signaling pathway to induce inflammatory cytokine release. This initiated inflammatory cell recruitment and exacerbated extracellular matrix degradation, leading to phenotype switching in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Additionally, treatment with ML351 and LY255283 significantly reduced the rates of dissection rupture and combined treatment could maximize the curative effect.

CONCLUSIONS12-HETE may amplify the inflammatory cascade and trigger aberrant phenotype switching in VSMCs during TAD development. The reduction of circulating 12-HETE or antagonism of its receptor may be new targets for TAD prevention and treatment.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat Is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIThe expression levels of 12/15-LOX and its metabolite 12-HETE were elevated in TAD patients and TAD mice.
C_LIO_LIIncreased levels of 12-HETE directly bind to BLT2 receptors in macrophages, thereby initiating inflammatory cascades that downregulate VSMC differentiation markers through the suppression of IL-6.
C_LIO_LIDeletion or pharmacologic inhibition of 12/15-LOX and suppression of BLT2 mitigated TAD development by alleviating inflammation and VSMC phenotype switching.
C_LI

What Are the Clinical Implications?O_LIThe inhibition of 12-HETE-related pathways, through mechanisms such as reducing the plasma 12-HETE content or blocking its receptor, may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for TAD.
C_LIO_LIFurther studies are needed to explore the diagnostic value of serum 12-HETE as a novel biomarker for TAD.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vascular Dissection and Rupture Linked Metabolite Acts Via BLT2 Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.17.580798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EGF/STAT1 signals to maintain ECM1 expression in hepatic homeostasis are disrupted by IFNγ/NRF2 in chronic liver disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.17.580798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In healthy livers, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is essential for liver homeostasis by keeping latent transforming growth factor-{beta} (LTGF-{beta}) quiescent. Upon hepatocyte damage, ECM1 is downregulated, facilitating LTGF-{beta} activation and fibrogenesis. However, little is known about how hepatic ECM1 is regulated. Here we found in healthy hepatocytes, EGF/EGFR signaling sustains ECM1 expression through phosphorylating STAT1 at S727, enhancing its binding to the ECM1 promoter and boosting gene transcription. During liver inflammation, accumulating IFN{gamma} disrupts this process by downregulating EGFR and inhibiting EGF/EGFR/STAT1-mediated ECM1 promoter binding. Mechanistically, IFN{gamma}-induced STAT1 phosphorylation at Y701 impairs the binding of p-STAT1 S727 to the ECM1 promoter. Additionally, IFN{gamma} induces NRF2 nuclear translocation, which repressively binds to the ECM1 promoter, further reducing its expression. These findings were confirmed in several chronic liver disease (CLD) mouse models. Moreover, AAV8-ECM1 significantly attenuates liver fibrosis and injuries in Western diet (WD)-fed mice. Notably, in patients with CLD, ECM1 levels align with EGFR expression, while NRF2 and LTGF-{beta} activation show a negative correlation with both.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwosu, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pioronska, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Dijke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.17.580798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EGF/STAT1 signals to maintain ECM1 expression in hepatic homeostasis are disrupted by IFNγ/NRF2 in chronic liver disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNVeil enables accurate and robust tumor subclone identification and copy number estimation from single-cell DNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq) has significantly advanced cancer research by enabling precise detection of chromosomal aberrations, such as copy number variations (CNVs), at a single-cell level. These variations are crucial for understanding tumor progression and heterogeneity among tumor subclones. However, accurate CNV inference in scDNA-seq has been constrained by several factors, including low coverage, sequencing errors, and data variability. To address these challenges, we introduce CNVeil, a robust quantitative algorithm designed to accurately reveal CNV profiles while overcoming the inherent noise and bias in scDNA-seq data. CNVeil incorporates a unique bias correction method using normal cell profiles identified by a PCA-based Gini coefficient, effectively mitigating sequencing bias. Subsequently, a multi-level hierarchical clustering, based on selected highly variable bins, is employed to initially identify coarse subclones for robust ploidy estimation and further identify fine subclones for segmentation. To infer the CNV segmentation landscape, a novel change rate-based across-cell breakpoint identification approach is specifically designed to diminish the effects of low coverage and data variability on a per-cell basis. Finally, a consensus segmentation is utilized to further standardize read depth for the inference of the final CNV profile. In comprehensive benchmarking experiments, where we compared CNVeil with seven state-of-the-art CNV detection tools, CNVeil exhibited exceptional performance across a diverse set of simulated and real scDNA-seq data in cancer genomics. CNVeil excelled in subclone identification, segmentation, and CNV profiling. In light of these results, we anticipate that CNVeil will significantly contribute to single-cell CNV analysis, offering enhanced insights into chromosomal aberrations and genomic complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNVeil enables accurate and robust tumor subclone identification and copy number estimation from single-cell DNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-independent Encoding of Visual Salience inthe Mouse Superior Colliculus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting conspicuous stimuli in a visual scene is crucial for animal survival, yet it remains debated how the brain encodes visual saliency. Here we investigate how visual saliency is represented in the superficial superior colliculus (sSC) of awake mice using two-photon calcium imaging. We report on a preference-independent saliency map in the sSC. Specifically, salient stimuli evoke stronger responses in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons compared to uniform stimuli, with similar encoding patterns observed in both neuron types. The largest response occurs when a salient stimulus is positioned at the receptive field center, with contextual effects extending [~]40{degrees} away from the center. The response amplitude correlates well with the saliency strength of stimuli and is not influenced by the orientation or motion direction preferences of neurons. However, saliency encoding does depend on specific visual features. Furthermore, neurons involved in saliency encoding exhibit weak orientation or direction selectivity, suggesting a complementary relationship between the saliency map and the feature map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-independent Encoding of Visual Salience inthe Mouse Superior Colliculus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2 saltation variant BA.2.87.1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 saltation variant, BA.2.87.1, which features 65 spike mutations relative to BA.2, has attracted worldwide attention. In this study, we elucidate the antigenic characteristics and immune evasion capability of BA.2.87.1. Our findings reveal that BA.2.87.1 is more susceptible to XBB-induced humoral immunity compared to JN.1. Notably, BA.2.87.1 lacks critical escaping mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) thus allowing various classes of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that were escaped by XBB or BA.2.86 subvariants to neutralize BA.2.87.1, although the deletions in the N-terminal domain (NTD), specifically 15-23del and 136-146del, compensate for the resistance to humoral immunity. Interestingly, several neutralizing antibody drugs have been found to restore their efficacy against BA.2.87.1, including SA58, REGN-10933 and COV2-2196. Hence, our results suggest that BA.2.87.1 may not become widespread until it acquires multiple RBD mutations to achieve sufficient immune evasion comparable to that of JN.1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2 saltation variant BA.2.87.1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3DCellComposer - A Versatile Pipeline Utilizing 2D Cell Segmentation Methods for 3D Cell Segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCell segmentation is crucial in bioimage informatics, as its accuracy directly impacts conclusions drawn from cellular analyses. While many approaches to 2D cell segmentation have been described, 3D cell segmentation has received much less attention. 3D segmentation faces significant challenges, including limited training data availability due to the difficulty of the task for human annotators, and inherent three-dimensional complexity. As a result, existing 3D cell segmentation methods often lack broad applicability across different imaging modalities.

ResultsTo address this, we developed a generalizable approach for using 2D cell segmentation methods to produce accurate 3D cell segmentations. We implemented this approach in 3DCellComposer, a versatile, open-source package that allows users to choose any existing 2D segmentation model appropriate for their tissue or cell type(s) without requiring any additional training. Importantly, we have enhanced our open source CellSegmentationEvaluator quality evaluation tool to support 3D images. It provides metrics that allow selection of the best approach for a given imaging source and modality, without the need for human annotations to assess performance. Using these metrics, we demonstrated that our approach produced high-quality 3D segmentations of tissue images, and that it could outperform an existing 3D segmentation method on the cell culture images with which it was trained.

Conclusions3DCellComposer, when paired with well-trained 2D segmentation models, provides an important alternative to acquiring human-annotated 3D images for new sample types or imaging modalities and then training 3D segmentation models using them. It is expected to be of significant value for large scale projects such as the Human BioMolecular Atlas Program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3DCellComposer - A Versatile Pipeline Utilizing 2D Cell Segmentation Methods for 3D Cell Segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining Optimal Placement of Copy Number Aberration Impacted Single Nucleotide Variants in a Tumor Progression History 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral heterogeneity arises as a result of genetically distinct subclones emerging during tumor progression. These subclones are characterized by various types of somatic genomic aberrations, with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number aberrations (CNAs) being the most prominent. While single-cell sequencing provides powerful data for studying tumor progression, most existing and newly generated sequencing datasets are obtained through conventional bulk sequencing. Most of the available methods for studying tumor progression from multi-sample bulk sequencing data are either based on the use of SNVs from genomic loci not impacted by CNAs or designed to handle a small number of SNVs via enumerating their possible copy number trees. In this paper, we introduce DETOPT, a combinatorial optimization method for accurate tumor progression tree inference that places SNVs impacted by CNAs on trees of tumor progression with minimal distortion on their variant allele frequencies observed across available samples of a tumor. We show that on simulated data DETOPT provides more accurate tree placement of SNVs impacted by CNAs than the available alternatives. When applied to a set of multi-sample bulk exome-sequenced tumor metastases from a treatment-refractory, triple-positive metastatic breast cancer, DETOPT reports biologically plausible trees of tumor progression, identifying the tree placement of copy number state gains and losses impacting SNVs, including those in clinically significant genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahinalp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malikic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining Optimal Placement of Copy Number Aberration Impacted Single Nucleotide Variants in a Tumor Progression History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Reduced Spectral Resolution on Temporal-Coherence-Based Source Segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Hearing-impaired listeners struggle to understand speech in noise, even when using cochlear implants (CIs) or hearing aids. Successful listening in noisy environments depends on the brains ability to organize a mixture of sound sources into distinct perceptual streams (i.e., source segregation). In normal-hearing listeners, temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across frequency channels supports this process by promoting grouping of elements belonging to a single acoustic source. We hypothesized that reduced spectral resolution--a hallmark of both electric/CI (from current spread) and acoustic (from broadened tuning) hearing with sensorineural hearing loss--degrades segregation based on temporal coherence. This is because reduced frequency resolution decreases the likelihood that a single sound source dominates the activity driving any specific channel; concomitantly, it increases the correlation in activity across channels. Consistent with our hypothesis, predictions from a physiologically plausible model of temporal-coherence-based segregation suggest that CI current spread reduces comodulation masking release (CMR; a correlate of temporal-coherence processing) and speech intelligibility in noise. These predictions are consistent with our behavioral data with simulated CI listening. Our model also predicts smaller CMR with increasing levels of outer-hair-cell damage. These results suggest that reduced spectral resolution relative to normal hearing impairs temporal-coherence-based segregation and speech-in-noise outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Reduced Spectral Resolution on Temporal-Coherence-Based Source Segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread variation in molecular interactions and regulatory properties among transcription factor isoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human Transcription factors (TFs) genes encode multiple protein isoforms differing in DNA binding domains, effector domains, or other protein regions. The global extent to which this results in functional differences between isoforms remains unknown. Here, we systematically compared 693 isoforms of 246 TF genes, assessing DNA binding, protein binding, transcriptional activation, subcellular localization, and condensate formation. Relative to reference isoforms, two-thirds of alternative TF isoforms exhibit differences in one or more molecular activities, which often could not be predicted from sequence. We observed two primary categories of alternative TF isoforms: "rewirers" and "negative regulators", both of which were associated with differentiation and cancer. Our results support a model wherein the relative expression levels of, and interactions involving, TF isoforms add an understudied layer of complexity to gene regulatory networks, demonstrating the importance of isoform-aware characterization of TF functions and providing a rich resource for further studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambourne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattioli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheynkman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inukai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaundal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn-Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebbia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twizere, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuxman Bass, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread variation in molecular interactions and regulatory properties among transcription factor isoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAR T cell infiltration and cytotoxic killing within the core of 3D breast cancer spheroids under control of antigen sensing in microwell arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in blood cancers has intensified efforts to develop CAR T therapies for solid cancers. In the solid tumor microenvironment, CAR T cell trafficking and suppression of cytotoxic killing represent limiting factors for therapeutic efficacy. Here, we present a microwell platform to study CAR T cell interactions with 3D tumor spheroids and determine predictors of anti-tumor CAR T cell function. To precisely control antigen sensing by CAR T cells, we utilized a switchable adaptor CAR system, that instead of directly binding to an antigen of interest, covalently attaches to co-administered antibody adaptors that mediate tumor antigen recognition. Following addition of an anti-HER2 adaptor antibody, primary human CAR T cells exhibited higher infiltration and clustering compared to the no adaptor control. By tracking CAR T cell killing at the individual spheroid level, we showed the suppressive effects of spheroid size and identified the initial CAR T cell : spheroid area ratio as a predictor of cytotoxicity. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed lower CAR T cell numbers and cytotoxicity in the spheroid core compared to the periphery. Finally, increasing CAR T cell seeding density, resulted in higher CAR T cell infiltration and cancer cell elimination in the spheroid core. Our findings provide new quantitative insights into CAR T cell-mediated killing of HER2+ breast tumor cells. Given the miniaturized nature and live imaging capabilities, our microfabricated system holds promise for discovering cell-cell interaction mechanisms that orchestrate antitumor CAR T cell functions and screening cellular immunotherapies in 3D tumor models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervantonakis, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAR T cell infiltration and cytotoxic killing within the core of 3D breast cancer spheroids under control of antigen sensing in microwell arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Design of Genomics Studies for Clonal Evolution Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic biotechnologies have seen rapid development over the past two decades, allowing for both the inference and modification of genetic and epigenetic information at the single cell level. While these tools present enormous potential for basic research, diagnostics, and treatment, they also raise difficult issues of how to design research studies to deploy these tools most effectively. In designing a study at the population or individual level, a researcher might combine several different sequencing modalities and sampling protocols, each with different utility, costs, and other tradeoffs. The central problem this paper attempts to address is then how one might create an optimal study design for a genomic analysis, with particular focus on studies involving somatic variation, typically for applications in cancer genomics. We pose the study design problem as a stochastic constrained nonlinear optimization problem and introduce a simulation-centered optimization procedure that iteratively optimizes the objective function using surrogate modeling combined with pattern and gradient search. Finally, we demonstrate the use of our procedure on diverse test cases to derive resource and study design allocations optimized for various objectives for the study of somatic cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivatsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Design of Genomics Studies for Clonal Evolution Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHAI: Consensus Clustering Through Similarity Matrix Integration for Cell-Type Identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several methods have been developed to computationally predict cell-types for single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data. As methods are developed, a common problem for investigators has been identifying the best method they should apply to their specific use-case. To address this challenge, we present CHAI (consensus Clustering tHrough similArIty matrix integratIon for single cell type identification), a wisdom of crowds approach for scRNAseq clustering. CHAI presents two competing methods which aggregate the clustering results from seven state of the art clustering methods: CHAI-AvgSim and CHAI-SNF. Both methods demonstrate improved performance on a diverse selection of benchmarking datasets, besides also outperforming a previous consensus clustering method. We demonstrate CHAIs practical use case by identifying a leader tumor cell cluster enriched with CDH3. CHAI provides a platform for multiomic integration, and we demonstrate CHAI-SNF to have improved performance when including spatial transcriptomics data. CHAI is intuitive and easily customizable; it provides a way for users to add their own clustering methods to the pipeline, or down-select just the ones they want to use for the clustering aggregation. CHAI is available as an open source R package on GitHub: https://github.com/lodimk2/chai
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHAI: Consensus Clustering Through Similarity Matrix Integration for Cell-Type Identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.585352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marker selection strategies for circulating tumor DNA guided by phylogenetic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.585352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationBlood-based profiling of tumor DNA ("liquid biopsy") has offered great prospects for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and clinical guidance, but require further advances in computational methods to become a robust quantitative assay of tumor clonal evolution. We propose new methods to better characterize tumor clonal dynamics from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), through application to two specific questions: 1) How to apply longitudinal ctDNA data to refine phylogeny models of clonal evolution, and 2) how to quantify changes in clonal frequencies that may be indicative of treatment response or tumor progression. We pose these questions through a probabilistic framework for optimally identifying maximum likelihood markers and applying them to characterizing clonal evolution.

ResultsWe first estimate a distribution over plausible clonal lineage models, using bootstrap samples over pre-treatment tissue-based sequence data. We then refine these lineage models and the clonal frequencies they imply over successive longitudinal samples. We use the resulting framework for modeling and refining tree distributions to pose a set of optimization problems to select ctDNA markers to maximize measures of utility capturing ability to solve the two questions of reducing uncertain in phylogeny models or quantifying clonal frequencies given the models. We tested our methods on synthetic data and showed them to be effective at refining distributions of tree models and clonal frequencies so as to minimize measures of tree distance relative to the ground truth. Application of the tree refinement methods to real tumor data further demonstrated their effectiveness in refining a clonal lineage model and assessing its clonal frequencies. The work shows the power of computational methods to improve marker selection, clonal lineage reconstruction, and clonal dynamics profiling for more precise and quantitative assays of tumor progression.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/CMUSchwartzLab/Mase-phi.git.

Contactrussells@andrew.cmu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFramboise, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.585352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marker selection strategies for circulating tumor DNA guided by phylogenetic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-informed prediction of alternative splicing and splicing-altering mutations from sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing plays a crucial role in protein diversity and gene expression regulation in higher eukaryotes and mutations causing dysregulated splicing underlie a range of genetic diseases. Computational prediction of alternative splicing from genomic sequences not only provides insight into gene-regulatory mechanisms but also helps identify disease-causing mutations and drug targets. However, the current methods for the quantitative prediction of splice site usage still have limited accuracy. Here, we present DeltaSplice, a deep neural network model optimized to learn the impact of mutations on quantitative changes in alternative splicing from the comparative analysis of homologous genes. The model architecture enables DeltaSplice to perform "reference-informed prediction" by incorporating the known splice site usage of a reference gene sequence to improve its prediction on splicing-altering mutations. We benchmarked DeltaSplice and several other state-of-the-art methods on various prediction tasks, including evolutionary sequence divergence on lineage-specific splicing and splicing-altering mutations in human populations and neurodevelopmental disorders, and demonstrated that DeltaSplice outperformed consistently. DeltaSplice predicted [~]15% of splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in the human brain as causal splicing-altering variants. It also predicted splicing-altering de novo mutations outside the splice sites in a subset of patients affected by autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, including 19 genes with recurrent splicing-altering mutations. Among the new candidate disease risk genes, MFN1 is involved in mitochondria fusion, which is frequently disrupted in autism patients. Our work expanded the capacity of in silico splicing models with potential applications in genetic diagnosis and the development of splicing-based precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-informed prediction of alternative splicing and splicing-altering mutations from sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmented Doubly Robust Post-Imputation Inference for Proteomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative measurements produced by mass spectrometry proteomics experiments offer a direct way to explore the role of proteins in molecular mechanisms. However, analysis of such data is challenging due to the large proportion of missing values. A common strategy to address this issue is to utilize an imputed dataset, which often introduces systematic bias into down-stream analyses if the imputation errors are ignored. In this paper, we propose a statistical framework inspired by doubly robust estimators that offers valid and efficient inference for proteomic data. Our framework combines powerful machine learning tools, such as variational autoencoders, to augment the imputation quality with high-dimensional peptide data, and a parametric model to estimate the propensity score for debiasing imputed outcomes. Our estimator is compatible with the double machine learning framework and has provable properties. Simulation studies verify its empirical superiority over other existing procedures. In application to both single-cell proteomic data and bulk-cell Alzheimers Disease data our method utilizes the imputed data to gain additional, meaningful discoveries and yet maintains good control of false positives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmented Doubly Robust Post-Imputation Inference for Proteomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Completion of the DrugMatrix Toxicogenomics Database using ToxCompl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DrugMatrix Database contains systematically generated toxicogenomics data from short-term in vivo studies for over 600 chemicals. However, most of the potential endpoints in the database are missing due to a lack of experimental measurements. We present our study on leveraging matrix factorization and machine learning methods to predict the missing values in the DrugMatrix, which includes gene expression across eight tissues on two expression platforms along with paired clinical chemistry, hematology, and histopathology measurements. One major challenge we encounter is the skewed distribution of the available measured data, in terms of both tissue sources and values. We propose a method, ToxiCompl, that applies systematic hybrid sampling guided by Bayesian optimization in conjunction with low-rank matrix factorization to recover the missing values. ToxiCompl achieves good training and validation performance from a machine learning perspective.

We further conduct an in-depth validation of the predicted data from biological and toxicological perspectives with a series of analyses. These include examining the connectivity pattern of predicted gene expression responses, characterizing molecular pathway-level responses from sets of differentially expressed genes, evaluating known transcriptional biomarkers of tissue toxicity, and characterizing pre-dicted apical endpoints. Our analysis shows that the predicted differential gene expression, broadly speaking, aligns with what would be anticipated. For example, in most instances, our predicted differentially expressed gene lists offer a connectivity level comparable to that of measured data in connectivity analysis. Using Havcr1, a known transcriptional biomarker of kidney injury, we identify treatments that, based on the predicted expression data, manifest kidney toxicity in a manner that is mechanistically plausible and supported by the literature. Characterization of the predicted clinical chemistry data suggests that strong effects are relatively reliably predicted, while more subtle effects pose a greater challenge. In the case of histopathological prediction, we find a significant overprediction due to positivity bias in the measured data. Developing methods to deal with this bias is one of the areas we plan to target for future improvement. The main advantage of the ToxiCompl approach is that, in the absence of additional experimental data, it drastically extends the toxicogenomic landscape into a number of data-poor tissues, thereby allowing researchers to formulate mechanistic hypotheses about effects in tissues that have been underrepresented in the literature. All measured and predicted DrugMatrix data (i.e., gene expression, clinical chemistry, hematology, and histopathology) are available to the public through an intuitive GUI interface that allows for data retrieval, gene set analysis and high dimensional visualization of gene expression similarity (https://rstudio.niehs.nih.gov/complete_drugmatrix/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Completion of the DrugMatrix Toxicogenomics Database using ToxCompl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP): 3D Human Reference Atlas Construction and Usage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) aims to construct a reference 3D structural, cellular, and molecular atlas of the healthy adult human body. The HuBMAP Data Portal (https://portal.hubmapconsortium.org) serves experimental datasets and supports data processing, search, filtering, and visualization. The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) Portal (https://humanatlas.io) provides open access to atlas data, code, procedures, and instructional materials. Experts from more than 20 consortia are collaborating to construct the HRAs Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), knowledge graphs, and tools that describe the multiscale structure of the human body (from organs and tissues down to cells, genes, and biomarkers) and to use the HRA to understand changes that occur at each of these levels with aging, disease, and other perturbations. The 6th release of the HRA v2.0 covers 36 organs with 4,499 unique anatomical structures, 1,195 cell types, and 2,089 biomarkers (e.g., genes, proteins, lipids) linked to ontologies and 2D/3D reference objects. New experimental data can be mapped into the HRA using (1) three cell type annotation tools (e.g., Azimuth) or (2) validated antibody panels (OMAPs), or (3) by registering tissue data spatially. This paper describes the HRA user stories, terminology, data formats, ontology validation, unified analysis workflows, user interfaces, instructional materials, application programming interface (APIs), flexible hybrid cloud infrastructure, and previews atlas usage applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boerner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blood, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purkerson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaurooni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP): 3D Human Reference Atlas Construction and Usage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial Mapping of Response Latencies and Task Effects for Spoken Syllable Processing in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior lesion, noninvasive-imaging, and intracranial-electroencephalography (iEEG) studies have documented hierarchical, parallel, and distributed characteristics of human speech processing. Yet, there have not been direct, intracranial observations of the latency with which regions outside the temporal lobe respond to speech, or how these responses are impacted by task demands. We leveraged human intracranial recordings via stereo-EEG to measure responses from diverse forebrain sites during (i) passive listening to /bi/ and /pi/ syllables, and (ii) active listening requiring /bi/-versus-/pi/ categorization. We find that neural response latency increases from a few tens of ms in Heschls gyrus (HG) to several tens of ms in superior temporal gyrus (STG), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and early parietal areas, and hundreds of ms in later parietal areas, insula, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. These data also suggest parallel flow of speech information dorsally and ventrally, from HG to parietal areas and from HG to STG and STS, respectively. Latency data also reveal areas in parietal cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala that are not responsive to the stimuli during passive listening but are responsive during categorization. Furthermore, multiple regions--spanning auditory, parietal, frontal, and insular cortices, and hippocampus and amygdala--show greater neural response amplitudes during active versus passive listening (a task-related effect). Overall, these results are consistent with hierarchical processing of speech at a macro level and parallel streams of information flow in temporal and parietal regions. These data also reveal regions where the speech code is stimulus-faithful and those that encode task-relevant representations.

New & NoteworthyWe leverage direct, intracranial electroencephalography recordings to document speech information flow through diverse sites in the human forebrain, including areas where reported electrode coverage has historically been limited. Our data are consistent with hierarchical processing of speech at a macro level and parallel streams of information flow in temporal and parietal regions. They also reveal regions in the auditory pathway where stimulus-faithful speech codes are transformed to behaviorally relevant representations of speech content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hect, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harford, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial Mapping of Response Latencies and Task Effects for Spoken Syllable Processing in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ER Thioredoxin-Related Transmembrane Protein TMX2 Controls Redox-Mediated Tethering of ER-Mitochondria Contacts (ERMCS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thioredoxin-related transmembrane proteins (TMX) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have emerged as key regulators of ER membrane properties. Within the ER lumen, TMX proteins and other ER redox enzymes determine oxidative conditions, which control the formation of ER-mitochondria membrane contacts (ERMCS) and determine their function. ERMCS exhibit cytoplasmic redox nanodomains, derived from ER and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose mechanistic regulation is uncharacterized. Our research has identified the ER protein TMX2, which uses its unique cytosolic thioredoxin domain to prevent cytosolic sulfenylation of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins such as TOM70 through a functional interaction with peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1). By doing so, TMX2 interferes with the TOM70 ERMCS tethering function and reduces mitochondrial Ca2+ flux and metabolism. Recently, TMX2 mutations have been identified to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity (NEDMCMS). Using TMX2-mutated NEDMCMS patient cells, we demonstrate that compromising TMX2 through mutation reproduces mitochondrial defects. In a fly in vivo model, TMX2 knockdown manifests predominantly in glial cells. Our results therefore provide important mechanistic insight into NEDMCMS and mechanistically link TMX2-mediated control of ERMCS to brain development and function.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/589228v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (71K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@809587org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d8ef0corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@135fdc6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a7f7b6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG The transmembrane thioredoxin-related TMX2 prevents TOM70 sulfenylation at ERMCS, thus maintaining normal mitochondria metabolism in wild-type cells. TMX2 knockout leads to TOM70 sulfenylation and tight ERMCS formation. This then increases ROS production, unbalances mitochondrial lipids, and relatively shifts OXPHOS electron supply to complex II.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mast, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zardini Buzatto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballanyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overduin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, G. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcogliese, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ER Thioredoxin-Related Transmembrane Protein TMX2 Controls Redox-Mediated Tethering of ER-Mitochondria Contacts (ERMCS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UK BioCoin: Swift Trait-Specific Summary Statistics Regression for UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary statistics derived from large-scale biobanks facilitate the sharing of genetic discoveries while minimizing the risk of compromising individual-level data privacy. However, these summary statistics, such as those from the UK Biobank (UKB) provided by Neales lab, are often adjusted by a fixed set of covariates to all traits (12 covariates including 10 PCs, sex and age), preventing the exploration of trait-specific summary statistics. In this study, we present a novel computational device UK BioCoin (UKC), which is designed to provide an efficient framework for trait-specific adjustment for covariates. Without requiring access to individual-level data from UKB, UKC leverages summary statistics regression technique and resources from UKB (289 GB of 199 phenotypes and 10 million SNPs), to enable the generation of GWAS summary statistics adjusted by user-specified covariates. Through a comprehensive analysis of height under trait-specific adjustments, we demonstrate that the GWAS summary statistics generated by UKC closely mirror those generated from individual-level UKB GWAS ({rho} [&ge;] 0.99 for effect sizes and{rho} [&ge;] 0.99 for p-values). Furthermore, we demonstrate the results for GWAS, SNP-heritability estimation, polygenic score, and Mendelian randomization, after various trait-specific covariate adjustments as allowed by UKC, indicating UKC a platform that harnesses in-depth exploration for researchers lacking access to UKB. The whole framework of UKC is portable for other biobank, as demonstrated in Westlake Biobank, which can equivalently be converted to a  UKC-like" platform and promote data sharing. UKC has its computational engine fully optimized, and the computational efficiency of UKC is about 70 times faster than that of UKB. We package UKC as a Docker image of 20 GB (https://github.com/Ttttt47/UKBioCoin), which can be easily deployed on an average computer (e.g. laptop).

One sentence summaryWe develop UK BioCoin (UKC), which allows fine-tuning of covariates for each UK Biobank trait but does not relay on UK Biobank individual-level data. It will change the current landscape of GWAS and reshape its downstream analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UK BioCoin: Swift Trait-Specific Summary Statistics Regression for UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition for resources can reshape the evolutionary properties of spatial structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many evolving ecosystems have spatial structures that can be conceptualized as networks, with nodes representing individuals or homogeneous subpopulations and links the patterns of interaction and replacement between them. Prior models of evolution on networks do not take ecological niche differences and eco-evolutionary interplay into account. Here, we combine a resource competition model with evolutionary graph theory to study how heterogeneous topological structure shapes evolutionary dynamics under global frequency-dependent ecological interactions. We find that the addition of ecological competition for resources can produce a reversal of roles between amplifier and suppressor networks for deleterious mutants entering the population. Moreover, we show that this effect is a non-linear function of ecological niche overlap and discuss intuition for the observed dynamics using simulations and analytical approximations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devadhasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition for resources can reshape the evolutionary properties of spatial structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Nanoparticle-Associated Inflammation is Triggered by Sensing of Endosomal Damage: Engineering Endosomal Escape without Side Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as the dominant platform for RNA delivery, based on their success in the COVID-19 vaccines and late-stage clinical studies in other indications. However, we and others have shown that LNPs induce severe inflammation, and massively aggravate pre-existing inflammation. Here, using structure-function screening of lipids and analyses of signaling pathways, we elucidate the mechanisms of LNP-associated inflammation and demonstrate solutions. We show that LNPs hallmark feature, endosomal escape, which is necessary for RNA expression, also directly triggers inflammation by causing endosomal membrane damage. Large, irreparable, endosomal holes are recognized by cytosolic proteins called galectins, which bind to sugars on the inner endosomal membrane and then regulate downstream inflammation. We find that inhibition of galectins abrogates LNP-associated inflammation, both in vitro and in vivo. We show that rapidly biodegradable ionizable lipids can preferentially create endosomal holes that are smaller in size and reparable by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway. Ionizable lipids producing such ESCRT-recruiting endosomal holes can produce high expression from cargo mRNA with minimal inflammation. Finally, we show that both routes to non-inflammatory LNPs, either galectin inhibition or ESCRT-recruiting ionizable lipids, are compatible with therapeutic mRNAs that ameliorate inflammation in disease models. LNPs without galectin inhibition or biodegradable ionizable lipids lead to severe exacerbation of inflammation in these models. In summary, endosomal escape induces endosomal membrane damage that can lead to inflammation. However, the inflammation can be controlled by inhibiting galectins (large hole detectors) or by using biodegradable lipids, which create smaller holes that are reparable by the ESCRT pathway. These strategies should lead to generally safer LNPs that can be used to treat inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omo-Lamai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essien, E.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshwari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arral, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos-Contreras, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myerson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsourkas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzykantov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskill, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Discher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parhiz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Nanoparticle-Associated Inflammation is Triggered by Sensing of Endosomal Damage: Engineering Endosomal Escape without Side Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of brain-computer interface learning via low-dimensional control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A remarkable demonstration of the flexibility of mammalian motor systems is primates ability to learn to control brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This constitutes a completely novel motor behavior, yet primates are capable of learning to control BCIs under a wide range of conditions. BCIs with carefully calibrated decoders, for example, can be learned with only minutes to hours of practice. With a few weeks of practice, even BCIs with randomly constructed decoders can be learned. What are the biological substrates of this learning process? Here, we develop a theory based on a re-aiming strategy, whereby learning operates within a low-dimensional subspace of task-relevant inputs driving the local population of recorded neurons. Through comprehensive numerical and formal analysis, we demonstrate that this theory can provide a unifying explanation for disparate phenomena previously reported in three different BCI learning tasks, and we derive a novel experimental prediction that we verify with previously published data. By explicitly modeling the underlying neural circuitry, the theory reveals an interpretation of these phenomena in terms of biological constraints on neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menendez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oby, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadtler, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.589952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of brain-computer interface learning via low-dimensional control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear speckle rejuvenation alleviates proteinopathies at the expense of YAP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current treatments targeting individual protein quality control pathways have limited efficacy in alleviating proteinopathies, highlighting the prerequisite for a common druggable target capable of global proteostasis modulation. Building upon our prior research establishing nuclear speckles as pivotal membrane-less organelles for transcriptional control of proteostasis, we aim to alleviate proteinopathies through nuclear speckle rehabilitation. We identified pyrvinium pamoate as a nuclear speckle rehabilitator that enhances protein quality control gene expression and suppresses YAP1 transcriptional activity via decreasing the surface/interfacial tension of nuclear speckle condensates through interaction with the intrinsically disordered region of nuclear speckle scaffold protein SON. In pre-clinical models, nanomolar pyrvinium pamoate protected against retinal degeneration and tauopathy mainly by promoting autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome activity in a SON-dependent manner without causing stress. Aberrant nuclear speckle morphology, reduced protein quality control and increased YAP1 activity were observed in human tauopathies. Our study provides proof-of-principle of targeting nuclear speckles to ameliorate proteinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dion, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbuckle, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ickes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPont, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear speckle rejuvenation alleviates proteinopathies at the expense of YAP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humoral immunogenicity comparison of XBB and JN.1 in human infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the emergence of the BA.2.86/JN.1 lineage replacing XBB lineages, necessitates re-evaluation of current vaccine compositions. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the humoral immune response to XBB and JN.1 human exposures, emphasizing the need for JN.1-lineage-based boosters. We demonstrate the antigenic distinctiveness of XBB and JN.1 lineages in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals but not in those with prior vaccinations or infections, and JN.1 infection elicits superior plasma neutralization titers against its subvariants. We highlight the strong immune evasion and receptor binding capability of KP.3, supporting its foreseeable prevalence. Extensive analysis of the BCR repertoire, isolating [~]2000 RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with their targeting epitopes characterized by deep mutational scanning (DMS), underscores the systematic superiority of JN.1-elicited memory B cells (MBCs). Notably, Class 1 IGHV3-53/3-66-derived neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) contribute majorly within wildtype (WT)-reactive NAbs against JN.1. However, KP.2 and KP.3 evade a substantial subset of them, even those induced by JN.1, advocating for booster updates to KP.3 for optimized enrichment. JN.1-induced Omicron-specific antibodies also demonstrate high potency across all Omicron lineages. Escape hotspots of these NAbs have mainly been mutated in Omicron RBD, resulting in higher immune barrier to escape, considering the probable recovery of previously escaped NAbs. Additionally, the prevalence of broadly reactive IGHV3-53/3-66- encoding antibodies and MBCs, and their capability of competing with all Omicron-specific NAbs suggests their inhibitory role on the de novo activation of Omicron-specific naive B cells, potentially explaining the heavy immune imprinting in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. These findings delineate the evolving antibody response to Omicron antigenic shift from XBB to JN.1, and highlight the importance of developing JN.1 lineage, especially KP.3-based vaccine boosters, to enhance humoral immunity against current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humoral immunogenicity comparison of XBB and JN.1 in human infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new series of fluorogen-activating proteins for quantitative protein trafficking and co-localization studies in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal tracking of fluorescent proteins in live cells permits visualization of proteome remodeling in response to extracellular cues. Historically, protein dynamics during trafficking have been visualized using constitutively active fluorescent proteins (FPs) fused to proteins of interest. While powerful, such FPs label all cellular pools of a protein, potentially masking the dynamics of select subpopulations. To help study protein subpopulations, bioconjugate tags, including the fluorogen activation proteins (FAPs), were developed. FAPs are comprised of two components: a single-chain antibody (SCA) fused to the protein of interest and a malachite-green (MG) derivative, which fluoresces only when bound to the SCA. Importantly, the MG derivatives can be either cell-permeant or -impermeant, thus permitting isolated detection of SCA-tagged proteins at the cell surface and facilitating quantitative endocytic measures. To expand FAP use in yeast, we optimized the SCA for yeast expression, created FAP-tagging plasmids, and generated FAP-tagged organelle markers. To demonstrate FAP efficacy, we coupled the SCA to the yeast G-protein coupled receptor Ste3. We measured Ste3 endocytic dynamics in response to pheromone and characterized cis- and trans-acting regulators of Ste3. Our work significantly expands FAP technology for varied applications in S. cerevisiae.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT- Quantitative endocytic assays are required to characterize factors that regulate both ligand-dependent and constitutive endocytosis.
- We optimize fluorogen-activating proteins (FAPs) technology for use as a live cell imaging probe in yeast that fluoresces in the far-red range for quantitative endocytosis assays.
- The FAP tools and approaches generated will facilitate quantitative endocytic and protein recycling assays for yeast cell biologists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAtee, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filiztekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiatkowski, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.20.590399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new series of fluorogen-activating proteins for quantitative protein trafficking and co-localization studies in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-Term Disruption of TGFβ Signaling in Adult Mice Renders the Aorta Vulnerable to Hypertension-Induced Dissection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertension and transient increases in blood pressure from extreme exertion are risk factors for aortic dissection in patients with age-related vascular degeneration or inherited connective tissue disorders. Yet, the common experimental model of angiotensin II-induced aortopathy in mice appears independent of high blood pressure as lesions do not occur in response to an alternative vasoconstrictor, norepinephrine, and are not prevented by co-treatment with a vasodilator, hydralazine. We investigated vasoconstrictor administration to adult mice 1 week after disruption of TGF{beta} signaling in smooth muscle cells. Norepinephrine increased blood pressure and induced aortic dissection by 7 days and even within 30 minutes that was rescued by hydralazine; results were similar with angiotensin II. Changes in regulatory contractile molecule expression were not of pathological significance. Rather, reduced synthesis of extracellular matrix yielded a vulnerable aortic phenotype by decreasing medial collagen, most dynamically type XVIII, and impairing cell-matrix adhesion. We conclude that transient and sustained increases in blood pressure cause dissection in aortas rendered vulnerable by inhibition of TGF{beta}-driven extracellular matrix production by smooth muscle cells. A corollary is that medial fibrosis, a frequent feature of medial degeneration, may afford some protection against aortic dissection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-Term Disruption of TGFβ Signaling in Adult Mice Renders the Aorta Vulnerable to Hypertension-Induced Dissection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fairy: fast approximate coverage for multi-samplemetagenomic binning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetagenomic binning, the clustering of assembled contigs that belong to the same genome, is a crucial step for recovering metagenomeassembled genomes (MAGs). Contigs are linked by exploiting consistent read coverage patterns across a genome. Using coverage from multiple samples leads to higher-quality MAGs; however, standard pipelines require all-to-all read alignments for multiple samples to compute coverage, becoming a key computational bottleneck.

ResultsWe present fairy (https://github.com/bluenote-1577/fairy), an approximate coverage calculation method for metagenomic binning. Fairy is a fast k-mer-based alignment-free method. For multi-sample binning, fairy can be > 250x faster than read alignment and accurate enough for binning. Fairy is compatible with several existing binners on host and non-host-associated datasets. Using MetaBAT2, fairy recovers 98.5% of MAGs with > 50% completeness and < 5% incompleteness relative to alignment with BWA. Notably, multi-sample binning with fairy is always better than single-sample binning using BWA (> 1.5x more > 50% complete MAGs on average) while still being faster. For a public sediment metagenome project, we demonstrate that multisample binning recovers higher quality Asgard archaea MAGs than single-sample binning and that fairys results are indistinguishable from read alignment.

ConclusionsFairy is a new tool for approximately and quickly calculating multi-sample coverage for binning, resolving a longstanding computational bottleneck for metagenomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fairy: fast approximate coverage for multi-samplemetagenomic binning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond A and B Compartments: how major nuclear locales define nuclear genome organization and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Models of nuclear genome organization often propose a binary division into active versus inactive compartments yet typically overlook nuclear bodies. Here we integrated analysis of sequencing and image-based data to compare genome organization in four human cell types relative to three different nuclear locales: the nuclear lamina, nuclear speckles, and nucleoli. Whereas gene expression correlates mostly with nuclear speckle proximity, DNA replication timing correlates with proximity to multiple nuclear locales. Speckle attachment regions emerge as DNA replication initiation zones whose replication timing and gene composition vary with their attachment frequency. Most facultative LADs retain a partially repressed state as iLADs, despite their positioning in the nuclear interior. Knock out of two lamina proteins, Lamin A and LBR, causes a shift of H3K9me3-enriched LADs from lamina to nucleolus, and a reciprocal relocation of H3K27me3-enriched partially repressed iLADs from nucleolus to lamina. Thus, these partially repressed iLADs appear to compete with LADs for nuclear lamina attachment with consequences for replication timing. The nuclear organization in adherent cells is polarized with nuclear bodies and genomic regions segregating both radially and relative to the equatorial plane. Together, our results underscore the importance of considering genome organization relative to nuclear locales for a more complete understanding of the spatial and functional organization of the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gholamalamdari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vouzas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond A and B Compartments: how major nuclear locales define nuclear genome organization and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring differences between depression and bipolar disorder through the urinary proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How to differentiate the diagnosis of depression and bipolar disorder has always been an important problem that needs to be solved urgently in clinical practice. In this study, from the perspective of urine proteomics, urine samples of similar age were collected from two hospitals to investigate the candidate biomarkers for differentiating the diagnosis of depression and bipolar disorder using both group analysis and one-to-many analysis(1 patient: many control samples). The experimental results of the paired group analysis showed that 108 differential proteins were identified in the depressed group compared to the bipolar group under strict screening conditions with screening criteria of FC [&ge;] 2 or [&le;] 0.5 and a two-tailed unpaired t-test of P < 0.01, with an average of 3.7 randomly generated differential proteins, and a confidence level of 96.6 % for the correlation between these proteins and the disease difference. In the one-to-many analysis, 24 differential proteins were co-identified by the samples of 13 depressed patients, 16 of which showed a completely consistent trend of expression changes in all depressed patients studied, and 6 of which were associated with immunoglobulins; 41 differential proteins were co-identified by the samples of 12 depressed patients out of 13, and 19 of which showed a completely consistent trend of expression change in the These results reflect the strong consistency of differential proteins between the two groups of patients. 12 or more samples from depressed patients were enriched for differential proteins related to multiple biological processes and signaling pathways associated with the immune system, which is consistent with previous studies: immune mechanisms may be one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of major depression and that drugs with major immune targets can improve depressive symptoms. In the future, it may be possible to observe the immune status of patients with depression to provide direction and basis for the precise treatment of depression. The results of this paper show that urine proteomics can differentiate between depression and bipolar disorder, suggest possible mechanisms and potential targets for the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder, and provide a tool for future differential diagnosis and precision treatment of the diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring differences between depression and bipolar disorder through the urinary proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mimicking opioid analgesia in cortical pain circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior cingulate cortex is a key brain region involved in the affective and motivational dimensions of pain, yet how opioid analgesics modulate this cortical circuit remains unclear. Uncovering how opioids alter nociceptive neural dynamics to produce pain relief is essential for developing safer and more targeted treatments for chronic pain. Here we show that a population of cingulate neurons encodes spontaneous pain-related behaviors and is selectively modulated by morphine. Using deep-learning behavioral analyses combined with longitudinal neural recordings in mice, we identified a persistent shift in cortical activity patterns following nerve injury that reflects the emergence of an unpleasant, affective chronic pain state. Morphine reversed these neuropathic neural dynamics and reduced affective-motivational behaviors without altering sensory detection or reflexive responses, mirroring how opioids alleviate pain unpleasantness in humans. Leveraging these findings, we built a biologically inspired gene therapy that targets opioid-sensitive neurons in the cingulate using a synthetic mu-opioid receptor promoter to drive chemogenetic inhibition. This opioid-mimetic gene therapy recapitulated the analgesic effects of morphine during chronic neuropathic pain, thereby offering a new strategy for precision pain management targeting a key nociceptive cortical opioid circuit with safe, on-demand analgesia.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=40 SRC="FIGDIR/small/591113v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d294c0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@123d4f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1720deborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@efc632_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswell, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimando, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooldridge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval Ortega, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chehimi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejoh, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmey, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banghart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mimicking opioid analgesia in cortical pain circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide arousal signals are segregated from movement planning in the superior colliculus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superior colliculus (SC) is traditionally considered a brain region that functions as an interface between processing visual inputs and generating eye movement outputs. Although its role as a primary reflex center is thought to be conserved across vertebrate species, evidence suggests that the SC has evolved to support higher-order cognitive functions including spatial attention. When it comes to oculomotor areas such as the SC, it is critical that high precision fixation and eye movements are maintained even in the presence of signals related to ongoing changes in cognition and brain state, both of which have the potential to interfere with eye position encoding and movement generation. In this study, we recorded spiking responses of neuronal populations in the SC while monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task and found that the activity of some of the neurons fluctuated over tens of minutes. By leveraging the statistical power afforded by high-dimensional neuronal recordings, we were able to identify a low-dimensional pattern of activity that was correlated with pupil size and simultaneously recorded data in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), consistent with slow changes in the monkeys arousal levels while they were performing the task. Importantly, we found that the spiking responses of deep-layer SC neurons were less correlated with this brain-wide arousal signal, and that neural activity associated with changes in pupil size and saccade tuning did not overlap in population activity space with movement initiation signals. Taken together, these findings provide a framework for understanding how signals related to cognition and arousal can be embedded in the population activity of oculomotor structures without compromising the fidelity of the motor output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide arousal signals are segregated from movement planning in the superior colliculus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous Cardiac- and Neural Crest-Derived Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells have Similar Transcriptional Changes after TGFβ Signaling Disruption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of cardiac and neural crest origin contribute to the developing proximal aorta and are linked to disease propensity in adults. We analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of SMCs from mature thoracic aortas in mice to determine basal states and changes after disrupting transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF{beta}) signaling necessary for aortic homeostasis. A minority of Myh11 lineage-marked SMCs differentially expressed genes suggestive of embryological origin. Additional analyses in Nkx2-5 and Wnt1 lineage-marked SMCs derived from cardiac and neural crest progenitors, respectively, showed both lineages contributed to a major common cluster and each lineage to a minor distinct cluster. Common cluster SMCs extended from root to arch, cardiac subset cluster SMCs from root to mid-ascending, while neural crest subset cluster SMCs were restricted to the arch. The neural crest subset cluster had greater expression of a subgroup of TGF{beta}-dependent genes suggesting specific responsiveness or skewed extracellular matrix synthesis. Nonetheless, deletion of TGF{beta} receptors in SMCs resulted in similar transcriptional changes among all clusters, primarily decreased extracellular matrix molecules and modulators of TGF{beta} signaling. Many embryological markers of murine aortic SMCs were not confirmed in adult human aortas. We conclude: (i) there are multiple subtypes of cardiac- and neural crest-derived SMCs with shared or distinctive transcriptional profiles, (ii) neural crest subset SMCs with increased expression of certain TGF{beta}-inducible genes are not spatially linked to the aortic root predisposed to aneurysms from aberrant TGF{beta} signaling, and (iii) loss of TGF{beta} responses after receptor deletion is uniform among SMCs of different embryological origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous Cardiac- and Neural Crest-Derived Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells have Similar Transcriptional Changes after TGFβ Signaling Disruption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous HFO Sequences Reveal Propagation Pathways for Precise Delineation of Epileptogenic Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEpilepsy, a neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, poses great challenges in precisely delineating the epileptogenic zone - the brain region generating seizures - for effective treatment. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) are emerging as promising biomarkers; however, the clinical utility is hindered by the difficulties in distinguishing pathological HFOs from non- epileptiform activities at single electrode and single patient resolution and understanding their dynamic role in epileptic networks. Here, we introduce an HFO-sequencing approach to analyze spontaneous HFOs traversing cortical regions in 40 drug-resistant epilepsy patients. This data- driven method automatically detected over 8.9 million HFOs, pinpointing pathological HFO- networks, and unveiled intricate millisecond-scale spatiotemporal dynamics, stability, and functional connectivity of HFOs in prolonged intracranial EEG recordings. These HFO sequences demonstrated a significant improvement in localization of epileptic tissue, with an 818.47% increase in concordance with seizure-onset zone (mean error: 2.92 mm), compared to conventional benchmarks. They also accurately predicted seizure outcomes for 90% AUC based on pre-surgical information using generalized linear models. Importantly, this mapping remained reliable even with short recordings (mean standard deviation: 3.23 mm for 30-minute segments). Furthermore, HFO sequences exhibited distinct yet highly repetitive spatiotemporal patterns, characterized by pronounced synchrony and predominant inward information flow from periphery towards areas involved in propagation, suggesting a crucial role for excitation-inhibition balance in HFO initiation and progression. Together, these findings shed light on the intricate organization of epileptic network and highlight the potential of HFO-sequencing as a translational tool for improved diagnosis, surgical targeting, and ultimately, better outcomes for vulnerable patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

One Sentence SummaryPathological fast brain oscillations travel like traffic along varied routes, outlining recurrently visited neural sites emerging as critical hotspots in epilepsy network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous HFO Sequences Reveal Propagation Pathways for Precise Delineation of Epileptogenic Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arkypallidal neurons in the external globus pallidus can mediate inhibitory control by altering competition in the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive inhibitory control is crucial for survival. Traditionally, this control in mammals was attributed solely to the hyperdirect pathway, with cortical control signals flowing unidirectionally from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to basal ganglia output regions. Yet recent findings have put this model into question, suggesting that the STN is assisted in stopping actions through ascending control signals to the striatum mediated by the external globus pallidus (GPe). Here we investigate this suggestion by harnessing a biologically-constrained spiking model of the corticobasal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit that includes pallidostriatal pathways originating from arkypallidal neurons. Through a series of experiments probing the interaction between three critical inhibitory nodes (the STN, arkypallidal cells, and indirect path-way spiny projection neurons), we find that the GPe acts as a critical mediator of both ascending and descending inhibitory signals in the CBGT circuit. In particular, pallidostriatal pathways regulate this process by weakening the direct pathway dominance of the evidence accumulation process driving decisions, which increases the relative suppressive influence of the indirect pathway on basal ganglia output. These findings delineate how pallidostriatal pathways can facilitate action cancellation by managing the bidirectional flow of information within CBGT circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahuguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arkypallidal neurons in the external globus pallidus can mediate inhibitory control by altering competition in the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FKBP11 targeted plasma cells promote abdominal aortic aneurysm progression through an m6A-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDespite surgical advance, effective targeted drugs for non-surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are lacking because of the unclear pathogenesis of AAA. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, acknowledged for its pivotal influence on RNA metabolism, including aspects such as stability, transport, translation, and splicing, is largely implied for its role in AAA mechanism. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of m6A methylation in the progression of AAA through an integrative multi-omics and machine learning approach.

Methods and ResultsWe utilized methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) to map the m6A methylation landscape in AAA tissues and combined this with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from the GEO database, to explore the interplay between m6A methylation and gene expression. A machine learning-based AAA m6A-related mRNA signature (AMRMS) was developed to predict the risk of AAA dilation. The AMRMS showed robust predictive power in distinguishing between patients with large and small AAAs. Notably, FKBP11 was identified as a key gene significantly influencing the predictive model, and up-regulated in large AAAs compared to its in small AAAs. Further single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and histological analysis highlighted the critical role of FKBP11 in mediating the endoplasmic reticulum stress of plasma cells within the AAA walls and its correlation with m6A methylation.

ConclusionsThe m6A modification regulatory network plays a vital role in the progression of AAA, and the AMRMS offers promising potential in assessing the risk of AAA dilation. Our findings suggest that elevated FKBP11, by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in plasma cells, may significantly contribute to AAA expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erhart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FKBP11 targeted plasma cells promote abdominal aortic aneurysm progression through an m6A-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.593010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay of condensate material properties and chromatin heterogeneity governs nuclear condensate ripening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.593010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear condensates play many important roles in chromatin functions, but how cells regulate their nucleation and growth within the complex nuclear environment is not well understood. Here, we report how condensate properties and chromatin mechanics dictate condensate growth dynamics in the nucleus. We induced condensates with distinct properties using different proteins in human cell nuclei and monitored their growth. We revealed two key physical mechanisms that underlie droplet growth: diffusion-driven or ripening-dominated growth. To explain the experimental observations, we developed a quantitative theory that uncovers the mechanical role of chromatin and condensate material properties in regulating condensate growth in a heterogeneous environment. By fitting our theory to experimental data, we find that condensate surface tension is critical in determining whether condensates undergo elastic or Ostwald ripening. Our model also predicts that chromatin heterogeneity can influence condensate nucleation and growth, which we validated by experimentally perturbing the chromatin organization and controlling condensate nucleation. By combining quantitative experimentation with theoretical modeling, our work elucidates how condensate surface tension and chromatin heterogeneity govern nuclear condensate ripening, implying that cells can control both condensate properties and the chromatin organization to regulate condensate growth in the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigumira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lackner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.593010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay of condensate material properties and chromatin heterogeneity governs nuclear condensate ripening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.592792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional resilience of the neural visual recognition system post-pediatric occipitotemporal resection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.592792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the typically developing (TD) brain, neural representations for visual stimulus categories (e.g., faces, objects, and words) emerge in bilateral occipitotemporal cortex (OTC), albeit with weighted asymmetry; in parallel, recognition behavior continues to be refined. A fundamental question is whether two hemispheres are necessary or redundant for the emergence of neural representations and recognition behavior typically distributed across both hemispheres. The rare population of patients undergoing unilateral OTC resection in childhood offers a unique opportunity to evaluate whether neural computations for visual stimulus individuation suffice for recognition with only a single developing OTC. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped category selectivity (CS) and neural representations for individual stimulus exemplars using repetition suppression (RS) in the non-resected hemisphere of pediatric OTC resection patients (n = 9) and control patients with resection outside of OTC (n = 12), as well as in both hemispheres of TD controls (n = 21). There were no univariate group differences in the magnitude of CS or RS or any multivariate differences (per representational similarity analysis) in neural activation to faces, objects, or words across groups. Notwithstanding their comparable neural profiles, accuracy of OTC resection patients on face and object recognition, but not word recognition, was statistically inferior to that of controls. The comparable neural signature of the OTC resection patients preserved hemisphere and the other two groups highlights the resilience of the system following damage to the contralateral homologue. Critically, however, a single OTC does not suffice for normal behavior, and, thereby, implicates the necessity for two hemispheres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maallo, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.592792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional resilience of the neural visual recognition system post-pediatric occipitotemporal resection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric mesoscopic electrophysiology: a new imaging modality for the non-human primate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate brain is a densely interconnected organ whose function is best understood by recording from the entire structure in parallel, rather than parts of it in sequence. However, available methods either have limited temporal resolution (functional magnetic resonance imaging), limited spatial resolution (macroscopic electroencephalography), or a limited field of view (microscopic electrophysiology). To address this need, we developed a volumetric, mesoscopic recording approach (MePhys) by tessellating the volume of a monkey hemisphere with 992 electrode contacts that were distributed across 62 chronically implanted multi-electrode shafts. We showcase the scientific promise of MePhys by describing the functional interactions of local field potentials between the more than 300,000 simultaneously recorded pairs of electrodes. We find that a subanesthetic dose of ketamine -believed to mimic certain aspects of psychosis- can create a pronounced state of functional disconnection and prevent the formation of stable large-scale intrinsic states. We conclude that MePhys provides a new and fundamentally distinct window into brain function whose unique profile of strengths and weaknesses complements existing approaches in synergistic ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teichert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincze, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurnsey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric mesoscopic electrophysiology: a new imaging modality for the non-human primate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omicron-specific naive B cell maturation alleviates immune imprinting induced by SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain-induced immune imprinting poses great challenges to vaccine updates. Studies showed that repeated Omicron exposures could override immune imprinting induced by inactivated vaccines but not mRNA vaccines, a disparity yet to be understood. Here, we analyzed the underlying mechanism of immune imprinting alleviation in inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) cohorts. We observed in CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7 breakthrough infection (BTI), the proportion of Omicron-specific memory B cells (MBCs) substantially increased after an extended period post-Omicron BTI, with their antibodies displaying enhanced somatic hypermutation and neutralizing potency. Consequently, the neutralizing antibody epitope distribution encoded by MBCs post-BA.5/BF.7 BTI after prolonged maturation closely mirrors that in BA.5/BF.7-infected unvaccinated individuals. Together, these results indicate the activation and expansion of Omicron-specific naive B cells generated by first-time Omicron exposure helped to alleviate CoronaVac-induced immune imprinting, and the absence of this process should have caused the persistent immune imprinting seen in mRNA vaccine recipients.

HighlightsO_LILongitudinal MBC profiling of CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals following BA.5 BTI
C_LIO_LIOmicron-specific MBC proportion rises greatly after extended period post-BA.5 BTI
C_LIO_LIOmicron-specific naive B cell maturation reduces ancestral strain immune imprinting
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omicron-specific naive B cell maturation alleviates immune imprinting induced by SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iLipidome: enhancing statistical power and interpretability using hidden biosynthetic interdependencies in the lipidome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous biological processes and diseases are influenced by lipid composition. Advances in lipidomics are elucidating their roles, but analyzing and interpreting lipidomics data at the systems level remain challenging. To address this, we present iLipidome, a method for analyzing lipidomics data in the context of the lipid biosynthetic network, thus accounting for the interdependence of measured lipids. iLipidome enhances statistical power, enables reliable clustering and lipid enrichment analysis, and links lipidomic changes to their genetic origins. We applied iLipidome to investigate mechanisms driving changes in cellular lipidomes following supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and successfully identified the genetic causes of alterations. We further demonstrated how iLipidome can disclose enzyme-substrate specificity and pinpoint prospective glioblastoma therapeutic targets. Finally, iLipidome enabled us to explore underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular disease and could guide the discovery of early lipid biomarkers. Thus, iLipidome can assist researchers studying the essence of lipidomic data and advance the field of lipid biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHIANG, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iLipidome: enhancing statistical power and interpretability using hidden biosynthetic interdependencies in the lipidome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidural Spinal Cord Recordings (ESRs): Sources of Artifact in Stimulation Evoked Compound Action Potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionEvoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) measured using epidural spinal recordings (ESRs) during epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can help elucidate fundamental mechanisms for the treatment of pain, as well as inform closed-loop control of SCS. Previous studies have used ECAPs to characterize the neural response to various neuromodulation therapies and have demonstrated that ECAPs are highly prone to multiple sources of artifact, including post-stimulus pulse capacitive artifact, electromyography (EMG) bleed-through, and motion artifact resulting from disturbance of the electrode/tissue interface during normal behavior. However, a thorough characterization has yet to be performed for how these sources of artifact may contaminate recordings within the temporal window commonly used to determine activation of A-beta fibers in a large animal model.

MethodsWe characterized the sources of artifacts that can contaminate the recording of ECAPs in an epidural SCS swine model using the Abbott Octrode lead. Muscle paralytics were administered to block muscle activation preventing EMG from contaminating the recorded ECAPs. Concurrent EMG recordings of the longissimus, a long muscle of the back, were used to confirm a 2-4 millisecond (ms) latency source of EMG bleed-through that frequently contaminated the A-beta temporal window. Additionally, we obtained recordings approximately 5-10 minutes post-mortem after clear evoked A-beta and associated EMG responses ceased to characterize the representation of stimulation artifact across the array.

ResultsSpinal ECAP recordings can be contaminated by capacitive artifact, short latency EMG from nearby long muscles of the back, and motion artifact from multiple sources. In many cases, the capacitive artifact can appear nearly identical in duration and waveshape to evoked A-beta responses. These sources of EMG can have phase shifts across the electrode array, very similar to the phase shift anticipated by propagation of an evoked A-beta fiber response across the array. This short latency EMG is often evident at currents similar to those needed to activate A-beta fibers associated with the treatment of pain. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid between the cord and dura, and motion induced during breathing created a cyclic oscillation in all evoked components of the recorded ECAP signal.

ConclusionCareful controls must be implemented to accurately separate neural signal from the sources of artifact in spinal cord ECAPs. To address this, we suggest experimental procedures and associated reporting requirements necessary to disambiguate the underlying neural response from these confounds. These data are important to better understand the conceptual framework for recorded ESRs, with components such as ECAPs, EMG responses and artifacts, and have important implications for closed-loop control algorithms to account for transient motion such as postural changes and cough.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settell, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevathan, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaLuzerne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skubal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanauski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker-Hahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suminski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoffstall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross Ellison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidural Spinal Cord Recordings (ESRs): Sources of Artifact in Stimulation Evoked Compound Action Potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human birth tissue products as a regenerative medicine to inhibit post-surgical pain through multi-modal action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain after surgery causes significant suffering. Opioid analgesics cause severe side effects and accidental death. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop non-opioid therapies for managing post-surgical pain. Local application of Clarix Flo (FLO), a human amniotic membrane (AM) product, attenuated established post-surgical pain hypersensitivity without exhibiting known side effects of opioid use in mice. This effect was achieved through direct inhibition of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons via CD44-dependent pathways. We further purified the major matrix component, the heavy chain-hyaluronic acid/pentraxin 3 (HC-HA/PTX3) from human AM that has greater purity and water solubility than FLO. HC-HA/PTX3 replicated FLO-induced neuronal and pain inhibition. Mechanistically, HC-HA/PTX3 induced cytoskeleton rearrangements to inhibit sodium current and high-voltage activated calcium current on nociceptive neurons, suggesting it is a key bioactive component mediating pain relief. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of naturally derived biologics from human birth tissues as an effective non-opioid treatment for post-surgical pain. Moreover, we unravel the underlying mechanisms of pain inhibition induced by FLO and HC-HA/PTX3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uniyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahabole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human birth tissue products as a regenerative medicine to inhibit post-surgical pain through multi-modal action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic subnetworks can shift decision policies to maximize reward rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All mammals exhibit flexible decision policies that depend, at least in part, on the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways. Yet understanding how the complex connectivity, dynamics, and plasticity of CBGT circuits translate into experience-dependent shifts of decision policies represents a longstanding challenge in neuroscience. Here we present the results of a computational approach to address this problem. Specifically, we simulated decisions driven by CBGT circuits under baseline, unrewarded conditions using a spiking neural network, and fit an evidence accumulation model to the resulting behavior. Using canonical correlation analysis, we then replicated the identification of three control ensembles (responsiveness, pliancy and choice) within CBGT circuits, with each of these subnetworks mapping to a specific configuration of the evidence accumulation process. We subsequently simulated learning in a simple two-choice task with one optimal (i.e., rewarded) target and found that feedback-driven dopaminergic plasticity on cortico-striatal synapses effectively manages the speed-accuracy tradeoff so as to increase reward rate over time. The learning-related changes in the decision policy can be decomposed in terms of the contributions of each control ensemble, whose influence is driven by sequential reward prediction errors on individual trials. Our results provide a clear and simple mechanism for how dopaminergic plasticity shifts subnetworks within CBGT circuits so as to maximize reward rate by strategically modulating how evidence is used to drive decisions.

Author summaryThe task of selecting an action among multiple options can be framed as a process of accumulating streams of evidence, both internal and external, up to a decision threshold. A decision policy can be defined by the unique configuration of factors, such as accumulation rate and threshold height, that determine the dynamics of the evidence accumulation process. In mammals, this process is thought to be regulated by low dimensional subnetworks, called control ensembles, within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways. These control ensembles effectively act by tuning specific aspects of evidence accumulation during decision making. Here we use simulations and computational analysis to show that synaptic plasticity at the cortico-striatal synapses, mediated by choice-related reward signals, adjusts CBGT control ensemble activity in a way that improves accuracy and reduces decision time to maximize the increase of reward rate during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahuguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic subnetworks can shift decision policies to maximize reward rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain concentration drives the anatomical distribution of injury in acute and chronic traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain tissue injury caused by mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disproportionately concentrates in the midbrain, cerebellum, mesial temporal lobe, and the interface between cortex and white matter at sulcal depths 1-12. The bio-mechanical principles that explain why physical impacts to different parts of the skull translate to common foci of injury concentrated in specific brain structures are unknown. A general and longstanding idea, which has not to date been directly tested in humans, is that different brain regions are differentially susceptible to strain loading11,13-15. We use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) in healthy participants to develop whole-brain bio-mechanical vulnerability maps that independently define which regions of the brain exhibit disproportionate strain concentration. We then validate those vulnerability maps in a prospective cohort of mTBI patients, using diffusion MRI data collected at three cross-sectional timepoints after injury: acute, sub-acute, chronic. We show that regions that exhibit high strain, measured with MRE, are also the sites of greatest injury, as measured with diffusion MR in mTBI patients. This was the case in acute, subacute, and chronic subgroups of the mTBI cohort. Follow-on analyses decomposed the biomechanical cause of increased strain by showing it is caused jointly by disproportionately higher levels of energy arriving to  high-strain structures, as well as the inability of  high strain structures to effectively disperse that energy. These findings establish a causal mechanism that explains the anatomy of injury in mTBI based on in vivo rheological properties of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mix, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahon, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain concentration drives the anatomical distribution of injury in acute and chronic traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different state-dependence of population codes across cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During perceptual decision-making tasks, behavioral performance and its neural correlates vary with changes in internal states such as arousal, motivation, and strategy. It is not yet clear whether these state fluctuations differently impact the distributed neural processes that underlie task performance, from sensory processing to control of motor outputs. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is an association-level cortical region implicated in sensorimotor transformations, but evidence of its causal requirement in decision-making tasks has been contradictory. We trained mice to perform a navigation-based sound localization task and asked how natural fluctuations in behavioral state related to neural processing in association areas during decision-making. Behavioral performance in expert-level mice was not static but instead transitioned between periods of near-perfect performance and biased, less accurate performance. Using a hidden Markov model, we could reliably define these as distinct strategies that included a high-performance state where mice used relevant stimulus information to inform choices, and two biased states where mice weighted stimulus information less strongly. Optogenetic inactivation of PPC decreased task performance accuracy, and the model captured the resulting change in behavioral strategy as a reduction in the weighting of the auditory cues and an increase in behavioral bias, in predicting mices decisions. Two-photon calcium imaging revealed that performance states strongly influenced population activity patterns in PPC, but not primary auditory cortex (AC). Surprisingly, activity of individual PPC neurons was better explained by external inputs and behavioral variables during biased behavioral performance, while shared variability across neurons in PPC was strongest in the high-performance state. Together, these findings suggest that neural activity in parietal cortex is causally required for decisions and is linked to behavioral performance states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different state-dependence of population codes across cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural killer cell migration in HIV-infected individuals is inhibited by impairment of HIF-1alpha-mediated glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells serve as the first line of defense of the immune system and play a crucial role in fighting against HIV infection. The effective function of NK cells is closely related to their migration ability, but the status of NK cell migration in HIV-infected individuals and the regulation mechanism for NK cell migration remains unknown. Here, we found that NK cell migration was significantly impaired in HIV-infected individuals, lower in immune non-responders (INRs) compared with immune responders (IRs), and positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. Further investigations showed that the decreased NK cell migration in HIV infection was caused by the impairment of glycolysis. Mechanistically, we found that NK cell migration was regulated by HIF-1 pathway, and inhibitory receptor TIGIT restrained HIF-1 expression by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 or ERK signaling pathway, consequently weakening the glycolysis of NK cells in HIV-infected individuals, and ultimately leading to down-regulation of migration. Collectively, we uncovered a mechanism of reduced NK cell migration in HIV infection and provided a new insight for immunotherapy in HIV infection.

In BriefThe effective function of NK cells is closely related to its migration ability. The authors show that impaired NK cell migration in HIV-infected individuals is caused by TIGIT inhibiting HIF-1-mediated glycolysis via PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 or ERK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural killer cell migration in HIV-infected individuals is inhibited by impairment of HIF-1alpha-mediated glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnified interaural level differences enhance spatial release from masking in bilateral cochlear implant users 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bilateral cochlear implant (BiCI) usage makes binaural benefits a possibility for implant users. Yet for BiCI users, limited access to interaural time difference (ITD) cues and reduced saliency of interaural level difference (ILD) cues restricts perceptual benefits of spatially separating a target from masker sounds. The present study explored whether magnifying ILD cues improves intelligibility of masked speech for BiCI listeners in a "symmetrical-masker" configuration, which ensures that neither ear benefits from a long-term positive target-to-masker ratio (TMR) due to naturally occurring ILD cues. ILD magnification estimates moment-to-moment ITDs in octave-wide frequency bands, and applies corresponding ILDs to the target-masker mixtures reaching the two ears at each specific time and frequency band. ILD magnification significantly improved intelligibility in two experiments: one with NH listeners using vocoded stimuli and one with BiCI users. BiCI listeners showed no benefit of spatial separation between target and maskers with natural ILDs, even for the largest target-masker separation. Because ILD magnification relies on and manipulates only the mixed signals at each ear, the strategy never alters the monaural TMR in either ear at any time. Thus, the observed improvements to masked speech intelligibility come from binaural effects, likely from increased perceptual separation of the competing sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnified interaural level differences enhance spatial release from masking in bilateral cochlear implant users]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insula uses overlapping codes for emotion in self and others 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In daily life, we must recognize others emotions so we can respond appropriately. This ability may rely, at least in part, on neural responses similar to those associated with our own emotions. We hypothesized that the insula, a cortical region near the junction of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, may play a key role in this process. We recorded local field potential (LFP) activity in human neurosurgical patients performing two tasks, one focused on identifying their own emotional response and one on identifying facial emotional responses in others. We found matching patterns of gamma- and high-gamma band activity for the two tasks in the insula. Three other regions (MTL, ACC, and OFC) clearly encoded both self- and other-emotions, but used orthogonal activity patterns to do so. These results support the hypothesis that the insula plays a particularly important role in mediating between experienced vs. observed emotions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allawala, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascuzzi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulapaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franch, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathura, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirtle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenza, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouratian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijanki, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insula uses overlapping codes for emotion in self and others]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Bayesian inference to model continuous phenotypical progression in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout an organisms life, a multitude of complex and interdependent biological systems transition through biophysical processes that serve as indicators of the underlying biological states. Inferring these latent, unobserved states is a goal of modern biology and neuroscience. However, in many experimental setups, we can at best obtain discrete snapshots of the system at different times and for different individuals. This challenge is particularly relevant in the study of Alzheimers Disease (AD) progression, where we observe the aggregation of pathology in brain donors, but the underlying disease state is unknown. This paper proposes a biophysically motivated Bayesian framework (B-BIND: Biophysical Bayesian Inference for Neurode-generative Dynamics), where the disease state is modeled and continuously inferred from observed quantifications of multiple AD pathological proteins. Inspired by biophysical models, we describe pathological burden as an exponential process. The progression of AD is modeled by assigning a latent score, termed pseudotime, to each pathological state, creating a pseudotemporal order of donors based on their pathological burden. We study the theoretical properties of the model using linearization to reveal convergence and identifiability properties. We provide Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation algorithms, illustrating the effectiveness of our approach with multiple simulation studies across various data conditions. Applying this methodology to data from the Seattle Alzheimers Disease Brain Cell Atlas, we infer the pseudotime ordering of donors. Finally, we analyze the information within each pathological feature to refine the model, focusing on the most informative pathologies. This framework lays the groundwork for continuous pseudotime modeling in the analysis of neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachleff, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.597236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Bayesian inference to model continuous phenotypical progression in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Aqueous Solubility Prediction in Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the aqueous solubility of the chemical compound is of great importance in-silico drug discovery. However, correctly and rapidly predicting the aqueous solubility remains a challenging task. This paper explores and evaluates the predictability of multiple machine learning models in the aqueous solubility of compounds. Specifically, we apply a series of machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest, XG-Boost, LightGBM, and CatBoost, on a well-established aqueous solubility dataset (i. e., the Huuskonen dataset) of over 1200 compounds. Experimental results show that even traditional machine learning algorithms can achieve satisfactory performance with high accuracy. In addition, our investigation goes beyond mere prediction accuracy, delving into the interpretability of models to identify key features and understand the molecular properties that influence the predicted outcomes. This study sheds light on the ability to use machine learning approaches to predict compound solubility, significantly shortening the time that researchers spend on new drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Aqueous Solubility Prediction in Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-derived exosomal hemoglobin transfer contributes to neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis under hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia is an important physiological stress causing nerve injuries and several brain diseases. However, the mechanism of brain response to hypoxia remains unclear, thus limiting the development of interventional strategies. This study conducted combined analyses of single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing and extracellular vesicle transcriptome sequencing on hypoxic mouse brains, described cell-cell communication in the brain under hypoxia from intercellular and extracellular dimensions, confirmed that hemoglobin mRNA was transferred from non-neuronal cells to neurons, and eventually expressed. Then we further explored the role of exosomal hemoglobin transfer in vitro, clarified that hypoxia promoted the transfer and expression of exosomal hemoglobin between endothelial cells and neurons. And we found the vital function of exosomal hemoglobin to protect against neurological injury by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in neurons. In conclusion, this study identified a novel mechanism of  mutual aid in hypoxia responses in the brain, involving exosomal hemoglobin transfer, clarified the important role of exosomal communication in the process of brain stress response, and provided a novel interventional perspective for hypoxia-related brain diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-derived exosomal hemoglobin transfer contributes to neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis under hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A larval zebrafish model of TBI: Optimizing the dose of neurotrauma for discovery of treatments and aetiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are diverse with heterogeneous injury pathologies, which creates challenges for the clinical treatment and prevention of secondary pathologies such as post-traumatic epilepsy and subsequent dementias. To develop pharmacological strategies that treat TBI and prevent complications, animal models must capture the spectrum of TBI severity to better understand pathophysiological events that occur during and after injury. To address such issues, we improved upon our recent larval zebrafish TBI paradigm emphasizing titrating to different injury levels. We observed coordination between an increase in injury level and clinically relevant injury phenotypes including post-traumatic seizures (PTS) and tau aggregation. This preclinical TBI model is simple to implement, allows dosing of injury levels to model diverse pathologies, and can be scaled to medium- or high-throughput screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Locskai, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyenbaawi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.599067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A larval zebrafish model of TBI: Optimizing the dose of neurotrauma for discovery of treatments and aetiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Central nucleus of the amygdala to medial prefrontal cortex 5-HTergic neural circuit modulates the recovery of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General anesthesia, widely employed for its capacity to induce unconsciousness during surgical and diagnostic procedures, frequently results in postoperative recovery delays, a common complication. The precise mechanisms underpinning this delayed emergence from anesthesia remain not fully understood. Prior research has established a strong association between sleep-wake neural circuits and the anesthetic effects of general anesthetics, with serotonin (5-HT) playing a pivotal role in the regulation of anesthesia emergence. Extensive projections exist between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In this study, we utilized pharmacological, chemogenetic, and optogenetic techniques to explore the relationship between the 5-HT neural circuitry within the central amygdala (CeA)-mPFC pathway and the process of awakening from general anesthesia. Our findings reveal that modulating the 5-HT system in both the CeA and mPFC, via endogenous and exogenous means, can effectively reverse delayed emergence. This suggests that the 5-HT-ergic pathway within the CeA-mPFC circuit is instrumental in regulating the awakening process from sevoflurane anesthesia. These insights may inform future clinical interventions designed to prevent delayed emergence and reduce postoperative risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Central nucleus of the amygdala to medial prefrontal cortex 5-HTergic neural circuit modulates the recovery of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound activates feedforward and feedback cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways by selectively activating excitatory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) has been proven capable of altering focal neuronal activities and neural circuits non-invasively in both animals and humans. The abilities of tFUS for cell-type selection within the targeted area like somatosensory cortex have been shown to be parameter related. However, how neuronal subpopulations across neural pathways are affected, for example how tFUS affected neuronal connections between brain areas remains unclear. In this study, multi-site intracranial recordings were used to quantify the neuronal responses to tFUS stimulation at somatosensory cortex (S1), motor cortex (M1) and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm) of cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) pathway. We found that when targeting at S1 or POm, only regular spiking units (RSUs, putative excitatory neurons) responded to specific tFUS parameters (duty cycle: 6%-60% and pulse repetition frequency: 1500 and 3000 Hz ) during sonication. RSUs from the directly connected area (POm or S1) showed a synchronized response, which changed the directional correlation between RSUs from POm and S1. The tFUS induced excitation of RSUs activated the feedforward and feedback loops between cortex and thalamus, eliciting delayed neuronal responses of RSUs and delayed activities of fast spiking units (FSUs) by affecting local network. Our findings indicated that tFUS can modulate the CTC pathway through both feedforward and feedback loops, which could influence larger cortical areas including motor cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial focused ultrasound activates feedforward and feedback cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways by selectively activating excitatory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRISM: Multiplexed Profiling of RNA In-Situ through Single-round of Imaging in Three-Dimensional Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial RNA imaging has not been widely adopted because conventional fluorescence microscopy is limited to only a few channels, and the cyclic reactions needed to increase multiplexing in techniques such as sequential fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) require sophisticated instrumentation. Here, we introduce  Profiling of RNA In-situ through Single-round iMaging (PRISM), a method that expands coding capacity through color intensity grading. Using a radius vector filtering strategy to ensure the distinguishability of codewords in color space, PRISM achieves up to 64-plex color-barcoded RNA imaging in a single imaging round with conventional microscopes. We validate PRISMs versatility across various tissues by generating a 3D atlas of mouse embryonic development from E12.5 to E14.5, a quasi-3D tumor-normal transition landscape of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a 3D cell atlas and subcellular RNA localization landscapes of mouse brain. Additionally, we show the critical role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in mediating immune infiltration and immune response heterogeneity within and between tumor microenvironments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.601330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRISM: Multiplexed Profiling of RNA In-Situ through Single-round of Imaging in Three-Dimensional Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsilenced inhibitory cortical ensemble gates remote memory retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquired information can be consolidated to remote memory for storage but persists in a dormant state until its retrieval. However, it remains unknown how dormant memory is reactivated. Using a combination of simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging and holographic optogenetics in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in vivo, we discover a subset of GABAergic neurons that are specifically associated with dormant memory retrieval. These interneurons display persistent activity and inter-neuronal synchronization at the remote memory stage. In the absence of natural contextual cues, directly activating these interneurons reliably recalls cortical ensembles relevant to remote memory retrieval with context specificity. Conversely, targeted volumetric inactivation of these interneurons suppresses context-induced memory retrieval. Our results reveal an unexpected role of unsilenced inhibitory cortical ensembles in causally gating the retrievability of dormant remote memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsilenced inhibitory cortical ensemble gates remote memory retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deterioration in motor control is a hallmark of aging, significantly contributing to a decline in quality of life. More controversial is the question of whether and how aging impacts sensorimotor learning. We hypothesized that the inconsistent picture observed in the current literature can be attributed to at least two factors. First, aging studies tend to be underpowered. Second, the learning assays used in these experiments tend to reflect, to varying degrees, the operation of multiple learning processes, making it difficult to make inferences across studies. We took a two-pronged approach to address these issues. We first performed a meta-analysis of the sensorimotor adaptation literature focusing on outcome measures that provide estimates of explicit and implicit components of adaptation. We then conducted two well-powered experiments to re-examine the effect of aging on sensorimotor adaptation, using behavioral tasks designed to isolate explicit and implicit processes. Convergently, both approaches revealed a striking dissociation: Older individuals exhibited a marked impairment in their ability to discover an explicit strategy to counteract a visuomotor perturbation. However, they exhibited enhanced implicit recalibration. We hypothesize that the effect of aging on explicit learning reflects an age-related decline in reasoning and problem solving, and the effect of aging on implicit learning reflects age-related changes in multisensory integration. Taken together, these findings deepen our understanding of the impact of aging on sensorimotor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BiRNA-BERT Allows Efficient RNA Language Modeling with Adaptive Tokenization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in Transformer-based models have spurred interest in their use for biological sequence analysis. However, adapting models like BERT is challenging due to sequence length, often requiring truncation for proteomics and genomics tasks. Additionally, advanced tokenization and relative positional encoding techniques for long contexts in NLP are often not directly transferable to DNA/RNA sequences, which require nucleotide or character-level encodings for tasks such as 3D torsion angle prediction. To tackle these challenges, we propose an adaptive dual tokenization scheme for bioinformatics that utilizes both nucleotide-level (NUC) and efficient BPE tokenizations. Building on the dual tokenization, we introduce BiRNA-BERT, a 117M parameter Transformer encoder pretrained with our proposed tokenization on 28 billion nucleotides across 36 million coding and non-coding RNA sequences. The learned representation by BiRNA-BERT generalizes across a range of applications and achieves state-of-the-art results in long-sequence downstream tasks and achieves a performance comparable to 6x larger models in short-sequence tasks with 27xless pre-training compute. BiRNA-BERT can dynamically adjust its tokenization strategy based on sequence lengths, utilizing NUC for shorter sequences and switching to BPE for longer ones, thereby offering, for the first time, the capability to efficiently handle arbitrarily long DNA/RNA sequences. 1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tahmid, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahgir, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayzid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BiRNA-BERT Allows Efficient RNA Language Modeling with Adaptive Tokenization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CACHE challenges are a series of prospective benchmarking exercises meant to evaluate progress in the field of computational hit-finding. Here we report the results of the inaugural CACHE #1 challenge in which 23 computational teams each selected up to 100 commercially available compounds that they predicted would bind to the WDR domain of the Parkinsons disease target LRRK2, a domain with no known ligand and only an apo structure in the PDB. The lack of known binding data and presumably low druggability of the target is a challenge to computational hit finding methods. Seventy-three of the 1955 procured molecules bound LRRK2 in an SPR assay with KD lower than 150 M and were advanced to a hit expansion phase where computational teams each selected up to 50 analogs each. Binding was observed in two orthogonal assays with affinities ranging from 18 to 140 M for seven chemically diverse series. The seven successful computational workflows varied in their screening strategies and techniques. Three used molecular dynamics to produce a conformational ensemble of the targeted site, three included a fragment docking step, three implemented a generative design strategy and five used one or more deep learning steps. CACHE #1 reflects a highly exploratory phase in computational drug design where participants sometimes adopted strikingly diverging screening strategies. Machine-learning accelerated methods achieved similar results to brute force (e.g. exhaustive) docking. First-in-class, experimentally confirmed compounds were rare and weakly potent, indicating that recent advances are not sufficient to effectively address challenging targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barden, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beranek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotokova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breznik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Corte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edfeldt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhuth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuerll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiabi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavatskikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseve, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillisch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isayev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kireev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klebe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.603797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Omni-Mesoscope for multiscale high-throughput quantitative phase imaging of cellular dynamics and high-content molecular characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mesoscope has emerged as a powerful imaging tool in biomedical research, yet its high cost and low resolution have limited its broader application. Here, we introduce the Omni-Mesoscope, a cost-effective high-spatial-temporal, multimodal, and multiplex mesoscopic imaging platform built from cost-efficient off-the-shelf components. This system uniquely merges the capabilities of quantitative phase microscopy to capture live-cell dynamics over a large cell population with highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging for comprehensive molecular characterization. This integration facilitates simultaneous tracking of live-cell morphodynamics across thousands of cells, alongside high-content molecular analysis at the single-cell level. Furthermore, the Omni-Mesoscope offers a mesoscale field of view of approximately 5 mm2 with a high spatial resolution down to 700 nm, enabling the capture of information-rich images with detailed sub-cellular features. We demonstrate such capability in delineating molecular characteristics underlying rare dynamic cellular phenomena, such as cancer cell responses to chemotherapy and the emergence of polyploidy in drug-resistant cells. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness and the simplicity of our Omni-Mesoscope democratizes mesoscopic imaging, making it accessible across diverse biomedical research fields. To further demonstrate its versatility, we integrate expansion microscopy to enhance 3D volumetric super-resolution imaging of thicker tissues, opening new avenues for biological exploration at unprecedented scales and resolutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Omni-Mesoscope for multiscale high-throughput quantitative phase imaging of cellular dynamics and high-content molecular characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation Of SUDEP By Central Serotonergic Cooperating with Noradrenergic Circuits: A Synergistic-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in refractory epilepsy patients. Despite previous accumulating evidence has shown that seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA) may play the main contributor to SUDEP as an initiating event preeminent cause of mortality, the specific underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Based on our previous work, serotonin (5-HT) signaling in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is strongly implicated in S-IRA in animal models, including the DBA/1 mice, on the meanwhile, norepinephrine (NE) neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) also plays a vital role in regulating respiratory function on its own. Superficially, monoaminergic neuron, as important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, have similar modes of action in the maintenance of nervous system balance, and each of them has a regulatory effect on SUDEP. However, it remains to be investigated whether monoaminergic neuron family (NE and 5-HT) are related in the mechanism of regulating SUDEP, what is even more curious is whether the two are intrinsically linked. Thus, we hypothesize neural mechanism of central noradrenergic and serotonergic circuits in modulating SUDEP in a synergistic-dependent manner, this endeavor will culminate in a significant breakthrough in elucidating the precise mechanism of action underlying SUDEP. In our study, we will use chemogenetics, optogenetics, calcium signal recording, and bidirectional tracing to explore the internal mechanism of DR-LC regulating the occurrence of SUDEP, and by specifically injecting 5-HT2AR antagonist Ketanserin (KET) and/or NE-1R antagonist Prazosin into the pre-Botzinger complex (PBC), it was finally elucidate that the DR-LC-PBC network can effectively reduce the incidence of SIRA. We firstly proposed a powerful target for exploring the reduction of the incidence of SUDEP, which has great clinical translation potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation Of SUDEP By Central Serotonergic Cooperating with Noradrenergic Circuits: A Synergistic-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.21.604448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-driven interaction retrieval and classification for modeling, curation, and reuse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.21.604448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated extraction of molecular interactions from scientific literature has outpaced the development of systematic methods for integrating this information with curated models and knowledge graphs. Here we present VIOLIN (Versatile Interaction Organizing to Leverage Information in Networks), a configurable, attribute-aware reconciliation framework that formally compares newly extracted interaction lists against structured baseline graphs. VIOLIN classifies each interaction as a corroboration, contradiction, flagged case, or extension, and supports configurable attribute inclusion strategies and mismatch semantics to adjust reconciliation strictness. We evaluate VIOLIN using interaction lists generated by two traditional NLP systems (REACH, INDRA) and two large language models (GPT-4.1, Llama 3) across multiple literature corpora and structurally distinct baseline graphs. Across all conditions, reconciliation outcomes were stable and interpretable, with extensions dominating and corroboration-contradiction balance reflecting intrinsic structural relationships between baseline graphs and extracted evidence. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that attribute inclusion and classification scheme selection shift category boundaries predictably. Benchmark evaluations confirm high algorithmic correctness and alignment with expert curation. VIOLIN is publicly available as a Python package and through web-based interface (https://nmzlab.github.io/Tools-UI).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telmer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazkhani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirtes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miskov-Zivanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.21.604448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-driven interaction retrieval and classification for modeling, curation, and reuse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confidence-Enhanced Semi-supervised Learning for Mediastinal Neoplasm Segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated segmentation of mediastinal neoplasms in preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans is critical for accurate diagnosis. Though convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven effective in medical imaging analysis, the segmentation of mediastinal neoplasms, which vary greatly in shape, size, and texture, presents a unique challenge due to the inherent local focus of convolution operations. To address this limitation, we propose a confidence-enhanced semi-supervised learning framework for mediastinal neoplasm segmentation. Specifically, we introduce a confidence-enhanced module that improves segmentation accuracy over indistinct tumor boundaries by assessing and excluding unreliable predictions simultaneously, which can greatly enhance the efficiency of exploiting unlabeled data. Additionally, we implement an iterative learning strategy designed to continuously refine the estimates of prediction reliability throughout the training process, ensuring more precise confidence assessments. Quantitative analysis on a real-world dataset demonstrates that our model significantly improves the performance by leveraging unlabeled data, surpassing existing semi-supervised segmentation benchmarks. Finally, to promote more efficient academic communication, the analysis code is publicly available at https://github.com/fxiaotong432/CEDS.

Author summaryIn clinical practice, computed tomography (CT) scans can aid in the detection and evaluation of mediastinal tumors. The early detection of mediastinal tumors plays a crucial role in formulating appropriate treatment plans and improving patient survival rates. To reduce the high cost of manual annotation, researchers have attempted to employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for efficient automatic segmentation. However, the significant challenges arise due to the considerable variation in shape, size, and texture of mediastinal tumors, posing difficulties for the segmentation task. In this study, we introduce a confidence-enhanced module with a semi-supervised learning framework. By evaluating the models prediction confidence and selecting high-confidence predictions, we improve the efficiency and quality of data utilization. This approach demonstrates the achievement of accurate mediastinal tumor segmentation with only a minimal amount of labeled data. Our research not only provides an effective technical approach for automatic segmentation of mediastinal tumors but also opens up new possibilities for optimizing strategies in semi-supervised learning methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confidence-Enhanced Semi-supervised Learning for Mediastinal Neoplasm Segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging trajectories of memory CD8+ T cells differ by their antigen specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells are a highly dynamic and heterogeneous population that is maintained by cytokine-driven homeostatic proliferation interspersed with episodes of antigen-mediated expansion and contraction which affect their functional state and their durability. This heterogeneity complicates studies on the impact of aging on global human memory cells, specifically, it is unclear how aging drives memory T cell dysfunction. Here, we used chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to assess the influence of age on memory states at the level of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. We find that in young adults (<40 years), EBV-specific CD8+ T cells assume preferred differentiation states depending on their peptide specificity. By age >65-years, different T cell specificities had undergone largely distinct aging trajectories, which had in common a loss in adaptive and a gain in innate immunity signatures. No evidence was seen for cellular senescence or exhaustion. While naive/stem-like EBV-specific T cells disappeared with age, T cell diversity of EBV-specific memory cells did not change or even increased. In summary, by controlling for antigen specificity we uncover age-associated shifts in gene expression and TCR diversity that have implications for optimizing vaccination strategies and adoptive T cell therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturmlechner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goronzy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging trajectories of memory CD8+ T cells differ by their antigen specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequencing of ape genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species, namely: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with unparalleled sequence accuracy (<1 error in 500,000 base pairs), completely sequencing 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, providing more in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses, including human, allow us to investigate the evolution and diversity of regions previously uncharacterized or incompletely studied without bias from mapping to the human reference. This includes newly minted gene families within lineage-specific segmental duplications, centromeric DNA, acrocentric chromosomes, and subterminal heterochromatin. This resource should serve as a definitive baseline for all future evolutionary studies of humans and our closest living ape relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montinaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malukiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feschotte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequencing of ape genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive mutual influences of SMC complexes shape 3D genome folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes are folded by the distinct actions of SMC complexes which include the chromatin loop-extruding cohesin, the sister-chromatid cohesive cohesin, and the mitotic chromosome-associated condensins. While these complexes function at different stages of the cell cycle, they co-exist on chromatin during the G2/M-phase transition, when genome structure undergoes a dramatic reorganization. Yet, how distinct SMC complexes affect each other and how their mutual interplay orchestrates the dynamic folding of 3D genome remains elusive. Here, we engineered all possible cohesin/condensin configurations on mitotic chromosomes to delineate the concerted, mutual influential action of SMC complexes. We find that: (i) The mitotic SMC complex condensin disrupts the focal accumulation of extrusive-cohesin at CTCF binding sites, thereby promoting the disassembly of interphase TADs and chromatin loops during mitotic progression. Conversely, extrusive-cohesin can impair condensin activity and alter mitotic chromosome helicity. (ii) Condensin diminishes cohesive-cohesin focal enrichment and, conversely, cohesive-cohesin can counteract condensin function and impede mitotic chromosome longitudinal shortening. (iii) The co-presence of extrusive- and cohesive-cohesin synergistically antagonizes condensin function and dramatically delays mitotic chromosome condensation. (iv) Extrusive-cohesin positions cohesive-cohesin at CTCF binding sites. However, cohesive-cohesin by itself is insufficient to mediate the formation of TADs or chromatin loop, implying non-overlapping function with extrusive-cohesin. Instead, cohesive-cohesin restricts chromatin loop expansion, potentially by limiting extrusive-cohesin movement. Collectively, our data describe a comprehensive three-way interplay among major SMC complexes that dynamically sculpts chromatin architecture during cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive mutual influences of SMC complexes shape 3D genome folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A posture subspace in primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To generate movements, the brain must combine information about movement goal and body posture. Motor cortex (M1) is a key node for the convergence of these information streams. How are posture and goal information organized within M1s activity to permit the flexible generation of movement commands? To answer this question, we recorded M1 activity while monkeys performed a variety of tasks with the forearm in a range of postures. We found that posture- and goal-related components of neural population activity were separable and resided in nearly orthogonal subspaces. The posture subspace was stable across tasks. Within each task, neural trajectories for each goal had similar shapes across postures. Our results reveal a simpler organization of posture information in M1 than previously recognized. The compartmentalization of posture and goal information might allow the two to be flexibly combined in the service of our broad repertoire of actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marino, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahureksa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Fisac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oby, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoulder, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motiwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhart, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigsby, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A posture subspace in primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Premature cleavage and polyadenylation in the minor intron of PTEN modulate its expression and generates a functional long non-coding RNA in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minor introns constitute 0.4% of all introns in human cells, but they are unique in their ability to regulate the genes in which they are embedded such that their low splicing efficiency can be a rate limiting step in gene expression. The first intron of the tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, has been documented to be a minor intron, but very little is known about its regulation. Regulation of PTEN levels in cancer cells, especially breast cancer is tightly controlled as a very small reduction in its expression can lead to tumorigenesis. Indeed, many genetic, epigenetic, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms are employed to reduce PTEN levels or activities, leading to cancer. Here, we uncover a previously unexplored mechanism for modulating PTEN expression utilizing its minor intron. The minor intron of PTEN minor intron has one of the lowest splicing efficacies in breast cancer cells, causing at least 50% of PTEN pre-mRNA to retain it, and thus not produce a functional protein. We also show that, unlike other minor introns, the retained intron in PTEN pre-mRNA is not used as a molecular switch that would be spliced out when needed but is rather processed by premature cleavage and polyadenylation into a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that we termed PINC. Exogenous expression of PINC caused significant alterations to cellular proliferation, including breast cancer cells that harbor a genetic mutation in the PTEN gene and do not produce a functional PTEN protein. This shows that this novel lncRNA functions independently of the encoded protein of the host gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elesnawy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elghandour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhroo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sulaiti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Premature cleavage and polyadenylation in the minor intron of PTEN modulate its expression and generates a functional long non-coding RNA in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.17.608410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Performance Classification of Breast CancerHistopathological Images Using Fine-TunedVision Transformers on the BreakHis Dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.17.608410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide, making accurate diagnosis critical for effective treatment. Histopathological image classification is a key task in medical diagnostics for cancer detection. This paper presents state-of-the-art performance in histopathological image classification of breast cancer using a novel approach with the Vision Transformer (ViT) model fine-tuned using the BreakHis dataset. The BreakHis dataset, comprising of 7,909 breast cancer histopathological images across various magnification levels, serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating machine learning models in this domain. While previous works have explored the use of ViTs for this task, our approach fine-tunes a ViT pre-trained on ImageNet using the Ranger optimizer, achieving unprecedented performance. The experimental results show that our fine-tuned ViT model achieves an accuracy of 99.99%, precision of 99.98%, recall of 99.99%, F1 score of 99.99%, specificity of 100.00%, false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.00%, false negative rate (FNR) of 0.02%, false positive rate (FPR) of 0.00%, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 99.97%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.96%. This model and approach represents the highest accuracy ever achieved for BreakHis binary classification in machine learning using any model, underscoring the potential of Vision Transformers to substantially enhance diagnostic accuracy in histopathological image analysis and improve clinical outcomes. Transfer learning was also performed on the BACH and a histopathological image dataset for breast invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.17.608410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Performance Classification of Breast CancerHistopathological Images Using Fine-TunedVision Transformers on the BreakHis Dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endoplasmic reticulum patterns insect cuticle nanostructure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect cuticles with nano-level structures exhibit functional surface properties such as structural color and superhydrophobicity. Despite the enormous influence the cuticle has had on biomimetic industrial applications, molecular and cellular mechanisms of cuticular extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly into nanoscale structures remain poorly understood in insects and other taxa. Ghiradella (1989) described how a crystallin-like lattice of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prefigures the patterning of the porous cuticle of the butterfly wing scale with structural color1. Building on that insight, we show that the nanopore structure of the olfactory (olf) organs, which serve as molecular filters in Drosophila, is built through a novel process in which ER material is trafficked to the plasma membrane mediated by the autophagy pathway. The process is controlled by the insect-specific protein Gore-tex/Osiris23 (Gox)2, which is localized to the tubular ER of olf hair cells. Gox recruits Ref(2)P, the fly counterpart of mammalian p62/SQSTM13, to initiate ER scission. The excised ER fragments are processed by autophagy to gain access to the plasma membrane and trigger membrane invagination, which plays a role in remodeling the cuticular envelope layer to the nanopore formation. This repurposing of the ER phagy for machinery to support the fabrication of nanoscale ECM by the Gox protein sheds light on the nanopatterning of insect cuticles and their genetic control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inagaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itabashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwane, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endoplasmic reticulum patterns insect cuticle nanostructure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Scientific Trends in Organoids from 2004 to 2023: A Data Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To conduct a bibliometric analysis of organoids to describe international research trends and visualize current research directions. This cross-sectional bibliometric analysis examined the development of organoid research from 2004 to 2023. The current study used VOS-viewer to assess and analyze 13,174 documents. Literature data were collected on a specific date (Feb 19, 2024) and downloaded in plain text from Web of Science Core Collection. In this paper, 13,174 organoid papers were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection. There were only 114 organoid studies in 2004, and from 2015 onward, the number of annual publications on this topic began to proliferate, reaching 10,023 from 2019 to 2023, accounting for as much as 76.1% of the total number of published papers. The United States proudly leads the way in both the volume of articles published and the number of citations garnered, standing tall as the undisputed frontrunner. Among the illustrious institutions, Harvard University and the University of Washington are among the most prolific. Hans Clevers has worked with 121 prolific authors and has the most publications. With the use of organoids in cancer modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine, organoid technology has attracted much attention in medicine, and the significant increase in the number of published papers and citations signifies the expanding influence and global collaboration in the field of organoid research. This study contributes to our understanding of current trends and potential future advances in the field of organoid research by identifying five distinct clusters in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Scientific Trends in Organoids from 2004 to 2023: A Data Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular processing of beneficial de novo emerging proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence demonstrates that eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of evolutionarily novel proteins that originate de novo from non-coding DNA and can contribute to species-specific adaptations. Yet, it remains unclear how these incipient proteins--whose sequences are entirely new to nature--navigate the cellular environment to bring about phenotypic change. Here, we conduct a systematic in vivo investigation of yeast de novo proteins with enhanced growth phenotypes, revealing the early stages of cellular integration. We find that these proteins are strongly enriched at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) relative to conserved proteins, and that they integrate into cellular systems through conserved membrane targeting, trafficking, and degradation pathways. Despite having unrelated sequences, ER-localized de novo proteins share a common molecular signature: a C-terminal transmembrane domain that likely enables recognition by conserved post-translational ER insertion pathways. After insertion, ER-localized de novo proteins traffic from the ER and their homeostasis is regulated by conserved proteasomal and vacuolar degradation pathways. Our findings demonstrate that ancient targeting and degradation pathways can accommodate young de novo proteins sharing a convergent molecular signature. These pathways may act as selective filters, biasing which young de novo proteins persist.

Significance StatementDeeply conserved genes shape the core structure and function of cells, but novel genes are key drivers of biodiversity. Novel genes can arise by divergence from ancient genes, or de novo from non-genic DNA. For de novo genes to develop novel functions, it is necessary for them to be processed by the cell so that their protein levels and localization are regulated. However, little is known about how novel de novo genes obtain the capacity to engage the cellular machinery needed for this regulation. Here, we experimentally assess how a set of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized proteins encoded by recently-evolved de novo genes are localized and degraded in yeast cells. We discover that, despite having entirely unique amino acid sequences, these proteins share biochemical signatures allowing them to engage the same ancient cellular machinery and localize to the ER membrane. Interestingly though, this machinery is not the one that targets most ancient proteins to the ER. These results indicate that even recently emerged proteins without an extensive period of evolutionary adaptation can be recognized by specific ancient cellular pathways, facilitating their localization and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houghton, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilho Coelho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedayati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbaki-Yagan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacholder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannotta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular processing of beneficial de novo emerging proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.607786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-zorbs: Motile, multispecies biofilms aid transport of diverse bacterial species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.607786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are three-dimensional structures containing one or more bacterial species embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. Although most biofilms are stationary, Flavobacterium johnsoniae forms a motile spherical biofilm called a zorb, which is propelled by its base cells and contains a polysaccharide core. Here, we report formation of spatially organized, motile, multispecies biofilms, designated "co-zorbs," that are distinguished by a core-shell structure. F. johnsoniae forms zorbs whose cells collect other bacterial species and transport them to the zorb core, forming a co-zorb. Live imaging revealed that co-zorbs also form in zebrafish, thereby demonstrating a new type of bacterial movement in vivo. This discovery opens new avenues for understanding community behaviors, the role of biofilms in bulk bacterial transport, and collective strategies for microbial success in various environments.

Significance StatementThis paper reports the discovery of co-zorbs, which are spherical aggregates of bacteria that move and transport other bacteria. Zorbs move toward other bacteria and collect them in a manner reminiscent of phagocytes. Once inside the zorb, the new species form a striking, organized core. The discovery of co-zorbs introduces an entirely new type of bacterial movement and transport involving cooperation among bacterial species. Co-zorbs have potential for engineering microbial systems for biotechnology applications and for managing spread of bacterial pathogens in their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrope, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado-Soto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenlocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebe, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.607786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-zorbs: Motile, multispecies biofilms aid transport of diverse bacterial species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA functional control by hydrolysis reversible acylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reversible 2'-OH acylation is a powerful strategy for switching RNA function, but existing systems often rely on nonphysiological or cytotoxic triggers for deacylation. Here we present EST1A, a hydrolysis-responsive 2'-OH acylating reagent whose RNA adducts are efficiently removed by endogenous esterases in vitro and in cellulo. EST1A acylates model oligonucleotides, an EGFP-targeting antisense strand, and reporter mRNAs, thereby modulating their activity; notably, the acylated antisense strand shows enhanced EGFP knockdown in HepG2 cells. By tuning carboxylesterase and cholinesterase activity and comparing EST1A-acylated mCherry mRNA across noncancerous and cancer-derived cell lines, we reveal a positive correlation between intracellular esterase activity and functional recovery of acylated RNA. These results establish EST1A-mediated, hydrolysis-responsive 2'-OH acylation as a simple platform for enzyme-guided, cell-selective activation of RNA function and point toward esterase-activated RNA therapeutics.

Entry for the Table of Contents

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=118 SRC="FIGDIR/small/610419v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (14K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cbce3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b51bc4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@31e96dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d42578_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Liu et al. introduce EST1A, a hydrolysis-responsive 2'-OH acylating reagent whose RNA adducts are removed by endogenous esterases or histidine, enabling reversible control of RNA function. By exploiting differences in esterase activity between noncancerous and cancer-derived cell lines, EST1A-treated mRNA exhibits enzyme-guided and cell-selective translational reactivation.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietrys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA functional control by hydrolysis reversible acylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organoid Modeling and Single-Cell Profiling Uncover the Migration Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Cells in Moyamoya Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive occlusion of the intracranial arteries, resulting in severe ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. The main characteristic of the affected vessels in MMD is arterial intimal thickening. However, there are no in vitro or in vivo models that can mimic its vascular characteristics. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the intimal thickening remain unexplained. Here, we generated vascular organoids by differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cell derived from the peripheral blood of MMD patients, thereby creating an organoid model reflecting both the genetic background and characteristics of the affected vessels. Through single-cell sequencing, we found the increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proportion and its functional abnormalities in MMD organoids. Proteomics and RNA sequencing identified abnormal TUBA4A and TUBB4B overexpression in both the organoids and patient serum. The following in vitro experiments demonstrated that TUBA4A and TUBB4B promote the contractile-to-synthetic phenotypic switching, migration and proliferation in VSMC. Further experiments identified the GJA1-mediated PI3K/AKT/KLF4 pathway as a key regulating pathway of these phenotypic changes in VSMCs. Our findings demonstrate that the abnormal expression of TUBA4A and TUBB4B in VSMC might be a significant contributor to the intimal thickening in the affected vessels of MMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.01.610617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organoid Modeling and Single-Cell Profiling Uncover the Migration Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Cells in Moyamoya Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Musical training does not enhance neural sound encoding at early stages of the auditory system: A large-scale multisite investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musical training has been associated with enhanced neural processing of sounds, as measured via the frequency following response (FFR), implying the potential for human subcortical neural plasticity. We conducted a large-scale multi-site preregistered study (n > 260) to replicate and extend the findings underpinning this important relationship. We failed to replicate any of the major findings published previously in smaller studies. Musical training was related neither to enhanced spectral encoding strength of a speech stimulus (/da/) in babble nor to a stronger neural-stimulus correlation. Similarly, the strength of neural tracking of a speech sound with a time-varying pitch was not related to either years of musical training or age of onset of musical training. Our findings provide no evidence for plasticity of early auditory responses based on musical training and exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteford, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltzell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagedorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irsik, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesik, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roverud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrlau, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hedger, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsrude, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrachione, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oxenham, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Musical training does not enhance neural sound encoding at early stages of the auditory system: A large-scale multisite investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proliferation symmetry breaking in growing tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenesis of developing tissues results from anisotropic growth, typically driven by polarized patterns of gene expression. Here we propose an alternative model of anisotropic growth driven by self-organized feed-back between cell polarity, mechanical pressure, and cell division rates. Specifically, cell polarity alignment can induce spontaneous symmetry breaking in proliferation, resulting from the anisotropic distribution of mechanical pressure in the tissue. We show that proliferation anisotropy can be controlled by cellular elasticity, motility and contact inhibition, thereby elucidating the design principles for anisotropic morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.610990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proliferation symmetry breaking in growing tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Porosome reconstitution therapy: A biologic rescue from cystic fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene that codes for a chloride transporting channel at the cell plasma membrane. In CF, highly viscous mucus is secreted in the airways preventing its clearance, leading to lung infections and respiratory failure. A major challenge in treating CF patients has been the presence of more than 2,000 different CFTR mutations or due to the absence of CFTR expression. CFTR is among the 34 major proteins composing the 100 nm porosome secretory machinery in the human airway epithelia, involved in mucin secretion. The airways is coated with a thin film of mucus, composed primarily of mucin MUC5AC and MUC5B. Sputum from patients with CF show a >70% decrease in MUC5B and MUC5AC secretion. Our studies using differentiated 3D cultures of human airway epithelial cell line, also demonstrate loss of both chloride and mucus secretion following exposure to CFTR inhibitors thiazolidinone 172 or the hydrazide GlyH101. Our studies show that human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells with {Delta}F508 CFTR mutation, affects nearly a dozen porosome proteins including CFTR. Therefore, we hypothesized that the introduction of normal functional porosomes carrying wild type CFTR into the cell plasma membrane of CF cells would rescue from all forms of CF. Air liquid interface (ALI) 3D differentiated HBE WT-CFTR cells and {Delta}F508-CFTR CF HBE cell cultures mimicking normal lung physiology, responding to CFTR inhibitors and CF corrector and modulator drugs Tezacaftor, Ivacaftor and TRIKAFTA, was used in the study. Introduction of functional porosome complexes obtained from WT-CFTR HBE cells into the plasma membrane (PM) of {Delta}F508-CFTR CF cells, was demonstrated by an increase in PM-associated CFTR using Magnify expansion microscopy. Mucin secretion assays demonstrate porosome reconstitution to restore mucin secretion more than twice as effectively as TRIKAFTA. These results are further supported by preliminary nasal potential different studies in {Delta}F508 mice, where treatment of the nasal passage with porosome isolates from WT-CFTR HBE cells, restore chloride secretion in the nasal passage of mice, a further validation of the highly effective porosome reconstitution therapy for CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taatjes, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Porosome reconstitution therapy: A biologic rescue from cystic fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A benchmarking study of copy number variation inference methods using single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool for cancer research, enabling in-depth characterization of tumor heterogeneity at the single-cell level. Recently, scRNA-seq copy number variation (scCNV) inference methods have been developed, expanding the application of scRNA-seq to study genetic heterogeneity in cancer using transcriptomic data. However, the fidelity of these methods has not been investigated systematically. In this study, we benchmarked five commonly used scCNV inference methods, HoneyBADGER, CopyKAT, CaSpER, inferCNV, and sciCNV. We evaluated their performance across four different scRNA-seq platforms derived data from a multicenter study. We further evaluated the scCNV performance using scRNA-seq datasets derived from mixed samples consisting of five human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and generated a clinical scRNA-seq dataset from a human small cell lung cancer patient to validate our findings. Our evaluation criteria included sensitivity and specificity of CNV detection, and subclone identification from mixed cancer samples. We found that the sensitivity and specificity of the five scCNV inference methods varied, depending on the selection of reference data, sequencing depths, and read lengths. Overall, CopyKAT and CaSpER exhibited superior performance to other methods, while inferCNV, sciCNV, and CopyKAT outperformed other methods in subclone identification accuracy. Remarkably, inferCNV achieved high accuracy in subclone identification when using data from a "single scRNA-seq protocol", however, when applying these methods to a dataset derived from multiple scRNA-seq platforms from the mixed samples, we found that batch effects significantly affected the performance of subclone identification for most methods, except for HoneyBADGER. Our benchmarking study revealed the strengths and weaknesses of each of the five scCNV inference methods and provided guidance for selecting the optimal CNV inference method using scRNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A benchmarking study of copy number variation inference methods using single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as An Early Predictive Biomarker for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Nested Case-control Study of UK Biobank Proteomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsThe lack of non-invasive biomarkers for the early prediction of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a major challenge for timely intervention. This study aims to determine the predictive capability for MASH long before its diagnosis by using six previously identified diagnostic biomarkers for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) with proteomic data from the UK Biobank.

MethodsA nested case-control study comprising of a MASH group and three age- and sex-matched controls groups (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis, viral hepatitis, and normal liver controls) were conducted. Olink proteomics, anthropometric and biochemical data at baseline levels were obtained from the UK Biobank. The baseline levels of CDCP1, FABP4, FGF21, GDF15, IL-6 and THBS2 were analyzed prospectively to determine their predictive accuracy for subsequent diagnosis with a mean lag time of over 10 years.

ResultsAt baseline, GDF15 demonstrated the best performance for predicting MASH occurrence at 5 and 10 years later, with an AUC of 0.90 at 5 years and 0.86 at 10 years. A predictive model based on four biomarkers (GDF15, FGF21, IL-6, and THBS2) showed AUCs of 0.88 at both 5 and 10 years. Furthermore, a protein-clinical model that included these four circulating protein biomarkers along with three clinical factors (BMI, ALT and TC) yielded AUCs of 0.92 at 5 years and 0.89 at 10 years.

ConclusionGDF15 at baseline levels outperformed other individual circulating protein biomarkers for the early prediction of MASH. Our data suggest that GDF15 and the GDF15-based model may be used as easy-to-implement tools to identify patients with high risk of developing MASH at a mean lag time of over 10 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as An Early Predictive Biomarker for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Nested Case-control Study of UK Biobank Proteomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible and robust cell type annotation for highly multiplexed tissue images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying cell types in highly multiplexed images is essential for understanding tissue spatial organization. Current cell type annotation methods often rely on extensive reference images and manual adjustments. In this work, we present a tool, Robust Image-Based Cell Annotator (RIBCA), that enables accurate, automated, unbiased, and fine-grained cell type annotation for images with a wide range of antibody panels, without requiring additional model training or human intervention. Our tool has successfully annotated over 3 million cells, revealing the spatial organization of various cell types across more than 40 different human tissues. It is open-source and features a modular design, allowing for easy extension to additional cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casals, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bäckström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindskog, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible and robust cell type annotation for highly multiplexed tissue images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Few-shot Algorithms for Consistent Neural Decoding (FALCON) Benchmark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) can restore movement and communication abilities to individuals with paralysis by decoding their intended behavior from neural activity recorded with an implanted device. While this activity yields high-performance decoding over short timescales, neural data are often nonstationary, which can lead to decoder failure if not accounted for. To maintain performance, users must frequently recalibrate decoders, which requires the arduous collection of new neural and behavioral data. Aiming to reduce this burden, several approaches have been developed that either limit recalibration data requirements (few-shot approaches) or eliminate explicit recalibration entirely (zero-shot approaches). However, progress is limited by a lack of standardized datasets and comparison metrics, causing methods to be compared in an ad hoc manner. Here we introduce the FALCON benchmark suite (Few-shot Algorithms for COnsistent Neural decoding) to standardize evaluation of iBCI robustness. FALCON curates five datasets of neural and behavioral data that span movement and communication tasks to focus on behaviors of interest to modern-day iBCIs. Each dataset includes calibration data, optional few-shot recalibration data, and private evaluation data. We implement a flexible evaluation platform which only requires user-submitted code to return behavioral predictions on unseen data. We also seed the benchmark by applying baseline methods spanning several classes of possible approaches. FALCON aims to provide rigorous selection criteria for robust iBCI decoders, easing their translation to real-world devices. https://snel-repo.github.io/falcon/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karpowicz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tostado-Marcos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scodeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lucena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mender, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneodo, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chestek, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Few-shot Algorithms for Consistent Neural Decoding (FALCON) Benchmark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal indirect pathway mediates hesitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the best possible action in an uncertain situation is often challenging, and organisms frequently need extra time to deliberate. This pause in behavior in response to uncertainty - also known as hesitation - commonly occurs in many aspects of daily life, yet its neural circuits are poorly understood. Here we present the first experimental paradigm that reliably evokes hesitation in mice. Using cell-type specific electrophysiology and optogenetics, we show that indirect, but not direct, pathway spiny projection neurons specifically in the dorsomedial striatum mediate hesitation. These data indicate that the basal ganglia circuits controlling the pausing involved in cognitive processes like hesitation are distinct from those that control other types of behavioral inhibition, such as cue-induced stopping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geramita, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmari, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal indirect pathway mediates hesitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable high-resolution dimension reduction of spatial transcriptomics data by DeepFuseNMF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies have revolutionized tissue architecture studies by capturing gene expression with spatial context. However, high-dimensional ST data often have limited spatial resolution and exhibit considerable noise and sparsity, posing significant challenges in deciphering subtle spatial structures and underlying biological activities. Here, we introduce SpaHDmap, an interpretable dimension reduction framework that enhances spatial resolution by integrating ST gene expression with high-resolution histology images. SpaHDmap incorporates non-negative matrix factorization into a multimodal fusion encoder-decoder architecture, enabling the identification of interpretable, high-resolution embeddings. Furthermore, SpaHDmap can simultaneously analyze multiple samples and is compatible with various types of histology images. Extensive evaluations on synthetic and real ST datasets from various technologies and tissue types demonstrate that SpaHDmap can effectively produce highly interpretable, high-resolution embeddings, and detects refined spatial structures. SpaHDmap represents a powerful approach for integrating ST data and histology images, offering deeper insights into complex tissue structures and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable high-resolution dimension reduction of spatial transcriptomics data by DeepFuseNMF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Video Analysis for Bacteria Genotype Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic modification of microbes is central to many biotechnology fields, such as industrial microbiology, bioproduction, and drug discovery. Understanding how specific genetic modifications influence observable bacterial behaviors is crucial for advancing these fields. In this study, we propose a supervised model to classify bacteria harboring single gene modifications to draw connections between phenotype and genotype. In particular, we demonstrate that the spatiotemporal patterns of Vibrio cholerae growth, recorded in terms of low-resolution bright-field microscopy videos, are highly predictive of the genotype class. Additionally, we introduce a weakly supervised approach to identify key moments in culture growth that significantly contribute to prediction accuracy. By focusing on the temporal expressions of bacterial behavior, our findings offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and developmental stages by which specific genes control observable phenotypes. This research opens new avenues for automating the analysis of phenotypes, with potential applications for drug discovery, disease management, etc. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential of using machine learning techniques to explore the functional roles of specific genes using a low-resolution light microscope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dabouei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Bridges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Video Analysis for Bacteria Genotype Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic three-dimensional (3D) organization of the human genome (the "4D Nucleome") is closely linked to genome function. Here, we integrate a wide variety of genomic data generated by the 4D Nucleome Project to provide a detailed view of human 3D genome organization in widely used embryonic stem cells (H1-hESCs) and immortalized fibroblasts (HFFc6). We provide extensive benchmarking of 3D genome mapping assays and integrate these diverse datasets to annotate spatial genomic features across scales. The data reveal a rich complexity of chromatin domains and their sub-nuclear positions, and over one hundred thousand structural loops and promoter-enhancer interactions. We developed 3D models of population-based and individual cell-to-cell variation in genome structure, establishing connections between chromosome folding, nuclear organization, chromatin looping, gene transcription, and DNA replication. We demonstrate the use of computational methods to predict genome folding from DNA sequence, uncovering potential effects of genetic variants on genome structure and function. Together, this comprehensive analysis contributes insights into human genome organization and enhances our understanding of connections between the regulation of genome function and 3D genome organization in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The 4D Nucleome Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsk, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukalev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winick-Ng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pombo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plewczynski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irastorza Azcarate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieme, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepinska,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporating buccal mass planar mechanics and anatomical features improves neuromechanical modeling of Aplysia feeding behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how behaviors arise in animals, it is necessary to investigate both the neural circuits and the biomechanics of the periphery. A tractable model system for studying multifunctional control is the feeding apparatus of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Previous in silico and in roboto models have investigated how the nervous and muscular systems interact in this system. However, these models are still limited in their ability to match in vivo data both qualitatively and quantitatively. We introduce a new neuromechanical model of Aplysia feeding that combines a modified version of a previously developed neural model with a novel biomechanical model that better reflects the anatomy and kinematics of Aplysia feeding. The model was calibrated using a combination of previously measured biomechanical parameters and hand-tuning to behavioral data. Using this model, simulation feeding experiments were conducted, and the resulting behavioral metrics were compared to animal data. The model successfully produces three key behaviors seen in Aplysia and demonstrates a good quantitative agreement with biting and swallowing behaviors. Additional work is needed to match rejection behavior quantitatively and to reflect qualitative observations related to the relative contributions of two key muscles, the hinge and I3. Future improvements will focus on incorporating the effects of deformable 3D structures in the simulated buccal mass.

Author summaryAnimals need to produce a wide array of behaviors so that they can adapt to changes in their environment. To understand how behaviors are performed, we need to understand how the brain and the body work together in their environment. One tractable system in which to study this brain-body relationship is the feeding behavior of the sea slug Aplysia californica. Despite having a small fraction of the number of neurons that humans have, this animal can produce many behaviors, respond to a changing environment, and learn from previous experiences. We have create an improved computer model of the slugs mouthparts that simulates many of its key muscles and the forces they produce, together with a representation of the network of neurons that control them. With this model, we can recreate the feeding behaviors that we observe in the real animal, including biting, swallowing, and rejection, and use it to make quantitative predictions of how the animal will behave and respond to different stimuli. We found however that some aspects of the system were not well represented by simple 1-dimensional muscles, as has been done in most biomechanical models to date, but requires us to consider more complicated deformations of these soft bodies. Using this model as a tool, we aim to test hypotheses about brain-body interactions in the sea slug to better understand the behavior of small, slowly moving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennington, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukhnandan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Wood, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating buccal mass planar mechanics and anatomical features improves neuromechanical modeling of Aplysia feeding behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Notch Activation Converts Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes towards a Purkinje Fiber Fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac Purkinje fibers form the most distal part of the ventricular conduction system. They coordinate contraction and play a key role in ventricular arrhythmias. While many cardiac cell types can be generated from human pluripotent stem cells, methods to generate Purkinje fiber cells remain limited, hampering our understanding of Purkinje fiber biology and conduction system defects. To identify signaling pathways involved in Purkinje fiber formation, we analyzed single cell data from murine embryonic hearts and compared Purkinje fiber cells to trabecular cardiomyocytes. This identified several genes, processes, and signaling pathways putatively involved in cardiac conduction, including Notch signaling. We next tested whether Notch activation could convert human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to Purkinje fiber cells. Following Notch activation, cardiomyocytes adopted an elongated morphology and displayed altered electrophysiological properties including increases in conduction velocity, spike slope, and action potential duration, all characteristic features of Purkinje fiber cells. RNA-sequencing demonstrated that Notch-activated cardiomyocytes undergo a sequential transcriptome shift, which included upregulation of key Purkinje fiber marker genes involved in fast conduction such as SCN5A, HCN4 and ID2, and downregulation of genes involved in contractile maturation. Correspondingly, we demonstrate that Notch-induced cardiomyocytes have decreased contractile force in bioengineered tissues compared to control cardiomyocytes. We next modified existing in silico models of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes using our transcriptomic data and modeled the effect of several anti-arrhythmogenic drugs on action potential and calcium transient waveforms. Our models predicted that Purkinje fiber cells respond more strongly to dofetilide and amiodarone, while cardiomyocytes are more sensitive to treatment with nifedipine. We validated these findings in vitro, demonstrating that our new cell-specific in vitro model can be utilized to better understand human Purkinje fiber physiology and its relevance to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dariolli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shewale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma'ayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rentschler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Notch Activation Converts Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes towards a Purkinje Fiber Fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning-Augmented Sketching Offers Improved Performance for Privacy Preserving and Secure GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of trusted execution environments (TEEs), such as secure enclaves provided by the Intel SGX technology has enabled secure and privacy-preserving computation on the cloud. The stringent resource limitations, such as memory constraints, required by some TEEs necessitates the development of computational approaches with reduced memory usage, such as sketching. One example is the SkSES method for GWAS on a cohort of case and control samples from multiple institutions, which identifies the most significant SNPs in a privacy-preserving manner without disclosing sensitive genotype information to other institutions or the cloud service provider. Here we show how to improve the performance of SkSES on large datasets by augmenting it with a learning-augmented approach. Specifically, we show how individual institutions can perform smaller scale GWAS on their own datasets and identify two sets of variants according to certain criteria, which are then used to guide the sketching process to more accurately identify significant variants over the collective dataset. The new method achieves up to 40% accuracy gain compared to the original SkSES method under the same memory constraints on datasets we tested on. The code is available at https://github.com/alreadydone/sgx-genome-variants-search.

Contactcenk.sahinalp@nih.gov
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kockan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokmai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahinalp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning-Augmented Sketching Offers Improved Performance for Privacy Preserving and Secure GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProteinAligner: A Multi-modal Pretraining Framework for Protein Foundation Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein foundation models, particularly protein language models, have demonstrated strong success in learning meaningful representations of proteins using transformer architectures pretrained on large-scale protein datasets with self-supervised learning. These representations have been highly effective for downstream tasks such as predicting protein functions and properties. However, most current protein foundation models focus on pretraining with amino acid sequences, often neglecting additional modalities like protein structures and related literature, both of which provide valuable insights. To address this gap, we propose a multi-modal pretraining approach that integrates three key modalities - protein sequences, structures, and literature text. In our framework, the protein sequence modality serves as the anchor, with the other two modalities aligned to it, enhancing the models capacity to capture more comprehensive protein information. ProteinAligner out-performed state-of-the-art protein foundation models in predicting protein functions and properties across diverse down-stream tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.06.616870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProteinAligner: A Multi-modal Pretraining Framework for Protein Foundation Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepFocus: A Transnasal Approach for Optimized Deep Brain Stimulation of Reward Circuit Nodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTranscranial electrical stimulation (TES) is an effective technique to modulate brain activity and treat diseases. However, TES is primarily used to stimulate superficial brain regions and is unable to reach deeper targets. The spread of injected currents in the head is affected by volume conduction and the additional spreading of currents as they move through head layers with different conductivities, as is discussed in [1]. In this paper, we introduce DeepFocus, a technique aimed at stimulating deep brain structures in the brains "reward circuit" (e.g. the orbitofrontal cortex, Brodmann area 25, amygdala, etc.).

ApproachTo accomplish this, DeepFocus utilizes transnasal electrode placement (under the cribriform plate and within the sphenoid sinus) in addition to electrodes placed on the scalp, and optimizes current injection patterns across these electrodes. To quantify the benefit of DeepFocus, we develop the DeepROAST simulation and optimization platform. DeepROAST simulates the effect of complex skull-base bones geometries on the electric fields generated by DeepFocus configurations using realistic head models.

It also uses optimization methods to search for focal and efficient current injection patterns, which we use in our simulation and cadaver studies.

Main ResultsIn simulations, optimized DeepFocus patterns created larger and more focal fields in several regions of interest than scalp-only electrodes. In cadaver studies, DeepFocus patterns created large fields at the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with magnitudes comparable to stimulation studies, and, in conjunction with established cortical stimulation thresholds, suggest that the field intensity is sufficient to create neural response, e.g. at the OFC.

SignificanceThis minimally invasive stimulation technique can enable more efficient and less risky targeting of deep brain structures to treat multiple neural conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forssell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusyk, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swink, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiting, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepFocus: A Transnasal Approach for Optimized Deep Brain Stimulation of Reward Circuit Nodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of a biomolecular adaptive controller to restore sustained periodic behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periodic behavior is a widespread biological phenomenon occurring across various spatiotemporal scales, where upstream stimuli are encoded into dynamic intracellular signals such as oscillations, varying in duration, amplitude, and frequency. Disruptions to this periodicity can lead to a range of pathologies, for which we propose an adaptive feedback controller with an Incoherent Feedforward Loop (IFFL)-like topology, based on chemical reactions, designed to restore sustained oscillations in systems that have lost their periodicity. By approximating the controllers dynamics, we defined the design requirements for the first implementation of a biomolecular adaptive controller and tested its applicability for destabilizing the steady-state behavior of a self-inhibiting gene. Numerical simulations illustrate the adaptive behavior of the controller and its ability to tune both the amplitude and the period of the resulting oscillations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britto Bisso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stan, G.-B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuba Samaniego, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of a biomolecular adaptive controller to restore sustained periodic behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.614958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active RNA synthesis patterns nuclear condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.614958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless compartments that organize biochemical processes in cells. In contrast to well-understood mechanisms describing how condensates form and dissolve, the principles underlying condensate patterning - including their size, number and spacing in the cell - remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that RNA, a key regulator of condensate formation and dissolution, influences condensate patterning. Using nucleolar fibrillar centers (FCs) as a model condensate, we found that inhibiting ribosomal RNA synthesis significantly alters the patterning of FCs. Physical theory and experimental observations support a model whereby active RNA synthesis generates a non-equilibrium state that arrests condensate coarsening and thus contributes to condensate patterning. Altering FC condensate patterning by expression of the FC component TCOF1 impairs ribosomal RNA processing, linking condensate patterning to biological function. These results reveal how non-equilibrium states driven by active chemical processes regulate condensate patterning, which is important for cellular biochemistry and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banani, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goychuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Agnese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.614958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active RNA synthesis patterns nuclear condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical traits of supercompetitors in cell competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell competition is a fitness control mechanism in tissues, where less fit cells are eliminated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Two primary mechanisms of cell elimination have been identified in cell competition studies: contact-dependent cell death and mechanical compression-driven apoptosis. While both occur in tissues, their combined impact on population dynamics is unclear. Here we develop a cell-based computational model to study competition between two cell types with differing physical properties. The model integrates cellular mechanics with cell-cycle dynamics, contact-induced apoptosis, and cell extrusion via mechanical stress. Using this model, we explored how differences in physical traits between cell types influence competitive interactions. Our findings show that differences in cell compressibility alone can drive mechanical competition, with stiffer cells outcompeting softer ones in otherwise identical populations. Surprisingly, mutations that reduce cell stiffness, combined with decreased contact inhibition of proliferation, can create a "soft" super-competitive mutant. We demonstrate that changes in apoptosis sensitivity, cell adhesion, and cell size significantly affect growth potential and susceptibility to apoptosis. Furthermore, mutant cell colonies require a critical colony size, dependent on cell compressibility, to overtake the surrounding wild-type tissue. For colonies below the critical size, the elimination process is stochastic, driven by a protrusive finger-like instability in the interface between two cells that promote invasion of the supercompetitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical traits of supercompetitors in cell competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual variation in the functional lateralization of human ventral temporal cortex: Local competition and long-range coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe ventral temporal cortex (VTC) of the human cerebrum is critically engaged in high-level vision. One intriguing aspect of this region is its functional lateralization, with neural responses to words being stronger in the left hemisphere, and neural responses to faces being stronger in the right hemisphere; such patterns can be summarized with a signed laterality index (LI), positive for leftward laterality. Converging evidence has suggested that word laterality emerges to couple efficiently with left-lateralized frontotemporal language regions, but evidence is more mixed regarding the sources of the right-lateralization for face perception. Here, we use individual differences as a tool to test three theories of VTC organization arising from: 1) local competition between words and faces driven by long-range coupling between words and language processes, 2) local competition between faces and other categories, 3) long-range coupling with VTC and temporal areas exhibiting local competition between language and social processing. First, in an in-house functional MRI experiment, we did not obtain a negative correlation in the LIs of word and face selectivity relative to object responses, but did find a positive correlation when using selectivity relative to a fixation baseline, challenging ideas of local competition between words and faces driving rightward face lateralization. We next examined broader local LI interactions with faces using the large-scale Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. Face and tool LIs were significantly anti-correlated, while face and body LIs were positively correlated, consistent with the idea that generic local representational competition and cooperation may shape face lateralization. Last, we assessed the role of long-range coupling in the development of VTC lateralization. Within our in-house experiment, substantial positive correlation was evident between VTC text LI and that of several other nodes of a distributed text-processing circuit. In the HCP data, VTC face LI was both negatively correlated with language LI and positively correlated with social processing in different subregions of the posterior temporal lobe (PSL and STSp, respectively). In summary, we find no evidence of local face-word competition in VTC; instead, more generic local interactions shape multiple lateralities within VTC, including face laterality. Moreover, face laterality is also influenced by long-range coupling with social processing in the posterior temporal lobe, where social processing may become right-lateralized due to local competition with language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauch, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaut, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual variation in the functional lateralization of human ventral temporal cortex: Local competition and long-range coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.616932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative: A Cohort for Large-Scale Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.616932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI), a project initiated by the Academia Sinica in collaboration with 16 major medical centers around Taiwan, has recruited 565,390 participants who consented to provide DNA samples for genetic profiling and grant access to their electronic medical records (EMR) for studies to develop precision medicine. Access to the EMR is both retrospective and prospective, allowing researchers to conduct prospective studies over time. Genetic profiling is done with population-optimized SNP arrays for the Han Chinese populations that enable genetic analyses such as genome-wide association, phenome-wide association, and polygenic risk score studies to evaluate common disease risk and pharmacogenetic response. Furthermore, the TPMI participants agree to be contacted for future research opportunities related to their genetic risks and receive personalized genetic risk profiles with health management recommendations. TPMI has established the TPMI Data Access Platform (TDAP), a central database and analysis platform that both safeguards the security of the data and facilitates academic research. The TPMI is the largest non-European cohort that merges genetic profiles with EMR in the world. With a cohort that can be followed over time, it can be utilized to validate genetic risk prediction models, conduct clinical trials to show the efficacy of risk-based health management, and optimize health policies based on genetic risks. In this report, we describe the TPMI study design, the population and genetic characteristics of the TPMI cohort, and the power it provides to conduct crucial studies in developing precision medicine on a population and personal level. As Han Chinese represent almost 20% of the worlds population, the results of TPMI studies will benefit >1.4 billion people around the world and serve as a model for developing population-based precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fann, C. S.- J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, F.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.616932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative: A Cohort for Large-Scale Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-trans retinoic acid-mediated ADAR1 degradation synergizes with PD-1 blockade to suppress pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a double-stranded RNA-editing enzyme and an interferon-stimulated gene, double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) suppresses interferon signaling and contributes to immunotherapy resistance. Suppression of ADAR1 overcomes immunotherapy resistance in preclinical models, but has not yet been translated to clinical settings. By conducting a screening of a subset of the FDA-approved drugs, we found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, also known as tretinoin) caused ADAR1 protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathways and concomitantly increased PD-L1 expression in pancreatic and breast cancers. In addition, the combination of ATRA and PD-1 blockade reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment and unleashed antitumor immunity and thereby impeded tumor growth in pancreatic cancer mouse models. In a pilot clinical trial, a higher dose of ATRA plus the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab prolonged median overall survival in patients with chemotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancer compared to a lower dose of the same regimen. In this study, ATRA was the first drug to be found to cause ADAR1 degradation. We propose translation of a promising 2-pronged antitumor strategy using ATRA and nivolumab to convert immunologically "cold" into "hot" tumors susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiao, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-trans retinoic acid-mediated ADAR1 degradation synergizes with PD-1 blockade to suppress pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyadenylation is a dynamic process which is important in cellular physiology. Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA-sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome and epi-transcriptome. There are currently several tools available for poly(A) tail-length estimation, including well-established tools such as tailfindr and nanopolish, as well as two more recent deep learning models: Dorado and BoostNano. However, there has been limited benchmarking of the accuracy of these tools against gold-standard datasets. In this paper we evaluate four poly(A) estimation tools using synthetic RNA standards (Sequins), which have known poly(A) tail-lengths and provide a valuable approach to measuring the accuracy of poly(A) tail-length estimation. All four tools generate mean tail-length estimates which lie within 12% of the correct value. Overall, Dorado is recommended as the preferred approach due to its relatively fast run times, low coefficient of variation and ease of use with integration with base-calling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reames, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coin, L. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlas of developing mouse palates reveals cellular and molecular transitions in periderm cell fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial disorders that affects childrens appearance and oral functions. Investigating the transcriptomics during palatogenesis is crucial for comprehending the etiology of this disorder and facilitating prenatal molecular diagnosis. However, there is limited knowledge about the single-cell differentiation dynamics during mid- and late-palatogenesis, specifically regarding the subpopulations and developmental trajectories of periderm, a rare but critical cell population. Here we explore the single-cell landscape of mouse developing palates from E10.5 to E16.5. We systematically depict the single-cell transcriptomics of mesenchymal and epithelial cells during palatogenesis, including subpopulations and differentiation dynamics. Additionally, we identify four subclusters of palatal periderm and construct two distinct trajectories of cell fates for periderm cells. Our findings reveal that Claudins and Arhgap29 play a role in the non-stick function of the periderm before the palatal shelves contact, and Pitx2 mediates the adhesion of periderm during the contact of opposing palatal shelves. Furthermore, we demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and migration collectively contribute to the degeneration of periderm cells in the medial epithelial seam. Taken together, our study suggests a novel model of periderm development during palatogenesis and delineates the cellular and molecular transitions in periderm cell determination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlas of developing mouse palates reveals cellular and molecular transitions in periderm cell fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrate Promoting Hair Growth Through Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin and Downregulating TGF-β/Samd/BMP signaling pathway in C57BL/6 Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrate found widely distributed in vegetables and fruits. It has been proved to have many physiological functions through nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, such as attenuate oxidative stress, enhance the skeletal muscle and tone skin vascular. But the function of nitrate in regulating hair growth is unclear. Here, we evaluated potential roles of nitrate on hair growth and its mechanisms by in vivo models. Mice treated with 10mM nitrate supplementation significantly promoting hair growth, along with an increase in the number of hair follicles and thickness of dermis. We further demonstrated that Wnt3a and {beta}-catenin were highly expressed in the nitrate-treated groups, while the expression of TGF-{beta}1 was attenuated. Moreover, nitrate also increased the expression levels of growth factors (Fgf, Igf-1, and Vegf). Our data indicated that nitrate supplementation could effectively accelerate hair regrowth through activating the Wnt/{beta}-catenin and inhibiting TGF-{beta}1/Smad/BMP signaling pathway. Therefore, these findings provide support for a potential therapeutic role of nitrate in preventing and treating alopecia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.02.621646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrate Promoting Hair Growth Through Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin and Downregulating TGF-β/Samd/BMP signaling pathway in C57BL/6 Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.621838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
devider: long-read reconstruction of many diverse haplotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.621838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing haplotypes is important when sequencing a mixture of similar sequences. Long-read sequencing can connect distant alleles to disentangle similar haplotypes, but handling se-quencing errors requires specialized techniques. We present devider, an algorithm for haplotyping small sequences--such as viruses or genes--from long-read sequencing. devider uses a positional de Bruijn graph with sequence-to-graph alignment on an alphabet of informative alleles to provide a fast assembly-inspired approach compatible with various long-read sequencing technologies. On a synthetic Nanopore dataset containing seven HIV strains, devider recovered 97% of the haplotype content compared to 86% for the next best method while taking < 4 minutes and 1 GB of memory for > 8000x coverage. Benchmarking on synthetic mixtures of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes showed that devider recovered 83% of haplotypes, 23 percentage points higher than the next best method. On real PacBio and Nanopore datasets, devider recapitulates previously known results in seconds, disentan-gling a bacterial community with > 10 strains and an HIV-1 co-infection dataset. We used devider to investigate the within-host diversity of a long-read bovine gut metagenome enriched for AMR genes, discovering 13 distinct haplotypes for a tet(Q) tetracycline resistance gene with > 18, 000x coverage and 6 haplotypes for a CfxA2 beta-lactamase gene. We found clear recombination blocks for these AMR gene haplotypes, showcasing deviders ability to unveil ecological signals for heterogeneous mixtures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.621838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[devider: long-read reconstruction of many diverse haplotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.622022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Analysis of Gene Regulatory Networks in the Mammary Glands of P4HA1-knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.622022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolyl hydroxylation, catalyzed by collagen prolyl-4 hydroxylase (P4H), is a crucial post-translational modification involved in collagen biosynthesis. P4HA1, an isoform of P4H, plays a prominent role in stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). P4HA1 is frequently upregulated in highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer and has been implicated in tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance.

In this study, we investigated the role of P4HA1 in mouse mammary glands by analyzing gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in basal epithelial cells across two mouse groups: control (5Ht) and P4HA1-knockout (6Ho) mice. Specifically, we employed a single-cell network inference approach, integrating single-cell RNA sequencing with the SCENIC pipeline, and incorporated multiple validation strategies to construct gene regulatory networks (GRNs) specific to basal epithelial cells from each mouse group. Despite the inherent challenges of single-cell data, our approach identified robust and reproducible GRN patterns across both mouse groups. Based on these patterns, we identified subclusters of basal epithelial cells with similar regulatory profiles across the two mouse groups and a unique subcluster in the control mice with a distinct regulatory pattern absent in the P4HA1-deficient 6Ho mice. This unique subcluster exhibited concurrent activation and potential crosstalks between stem cell development and inflammatory response pathways, underscoring the crucial role of P4HA1 in regulating these biological processes linked to cancer progression. We validated these findings through multiple approaches, including experimental validation. Given that the loss of P4HA1 disrupts the interplay between stem cells and inflammation, our results suggest that targeting P4HA1 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.

Author SummaryIn this study, we aimed to understand how the P4HA1 gene affects the development and functions of mammary gland cells in mice using a single-cell network approach. P4HA1 plays an important role in collagen production, which is essential for maintaining the structure of normal tissues; however, it also helps stabilize the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) protein that responds to low oxygen levels, a condition often found in various cancers. We generated and analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data to understand the regulatory roles of P4HA1 in two groups of mice: one with a single functional allele of P4HA1 and the other with the P4HA1 gene knocked out. We constructed gene regulatory networks for basal epithelial cells in both groups using the SCENIC pipeline. Due to the inherent complexity and noise within single-cell data, we employed multiple validation strategies to ensure that the identified regulatory patterns in the networks across both mouse groups were robust and reproducible.

In particular, we found that the P4HA1 gene plays a crucial role in pathways related to stem cell development and inflammation, which are essential for both tissue growth and repair, as well as cancer progression. One unique subcluster of basal epithelial cells found only in control mice with P4HA1 showed simultaneous activation of stem cell and inflammatory processes, suggesting that this gene plays a significant role in regulating the communication between these vital cellular processes. Our work provides new insights into how P4HA1 might serve as a therapeutic target to slow down or prevent the progression of aggressive cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer, where treatment options are currently limited, leading to a high mortality rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.622022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Analysis of Gene Regulatory Networks in the Mammary Glands of P4HA1-knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scLong: A Billion-Parameter Foundation Model for Capturing Long-Range Gene Context in Single-Cell Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized the study of cellular heterogeneity by providing gene expression data at single-cell resolution, uncovering insights into rare cell populations, cell-cell interactions, and gene regulation. Foundation models pretrained on large-scale scRNA-seq datasets have shown great promise in analyzing such data, but existing approaches are often limited to modeling a small subset of highly expressed genes and lack the integration of external genespecific knowledge. To address these limitations, we present sc-Long, a billion-parameter foundation model pretrained on 48 million cells. sc-Long performs self-attention across the entire set of 28,000 genes in the human genome. This enables the model to capture long-range dependencies between all genes, including lowly expressed ones, which often play critical roles in cellular processes but are typically excluded by existing foundation models. Additionally, sc-Long integrates gene knowledge from the Gene Ontology using a graph convolutional network, enriching its contextual understanding of gene functions and relationships. In extensive evaluations, sc-Long surpasses both stateof-the-art scRNA-seq foundation models and task-specific models across diverse tasks, including predicting transcriptional responses to genetic and chemical perturbations, forecasting cancer drug responses, and inferring gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amariuta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scLong: A Billion-Parameter Foundation Model for Capturing Long-Range Gene Context in Single-Cell Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wound state monitoring by multiplexed, electrochemical, real-time, localized, inflammation-tracking nitric oxide sensor (MERLIN) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitric oxide (NO) released endogenously by induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages is a key regulatory biomarker for wound inflammation. Detecting NO directly on the wound bed is challenging due to its short half-life time (6 - 50 s), low physiological concentration (nM - {micro}M) and interferences in the complex wound environment. Existing NO sensors suffer from limitations such as rigid substrates, single point of detection and complex measurement setup. Here we present a compliant, multiplexed, electrochemical, real-time, localized, inflammation-tracking nitric oxide sensor (MERLIN) array for in vivo spatiotemporal measurement of NO, with high sensitivity (15.6 {+/-} 5.0 nA/M for 1.5 mm diameter electrodes), selectivity against nitrites (ca. 27900-fold), ascorbic acid (ca. 3800-fold), and uric acid (ca. 6900-fold), and low limit of detection (8.00 nM). We developed a robust device fabrication protocol, comprehensive and highly reproducible in vitro characterization yielding a consistent device performance deployed for wound healing diagnostics. MERLIN spatiotemporally tracked NO on rat skin wounds for 7 days and results indicated that NO peaks on day 3, in line with previously reported iNOS activity. MERLIN allows spatial mapping of the NO gradient across the wound bed, which can be used to provide diagnostic information to assist wound care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Roman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershanok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skillen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wound state monitoring by multiplexed, electrochemical, real-time, localized, inflammation-tracking nitric oxide sensor (MERLIN)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-lasting, subtype-specific regulation of somatostatin interneurons during sensory learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatostatin (SST)-expressing inhibitory neurons are a major class of neocortical {gamma}-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurons, where morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic analyses indicate more than a dozen different subtypes. However, whether this diversity is related to specific roles in cortical computations and plasticity remains unclear. Here we identify learning-dependent, subtype-specific plasticity in layer 2/3 SST neurons of the mouse somatosensory cortex. Martinotti-type, SST neurons expressing calbindin-2 show a selective decrease in excitatory synaptic input and stimulus-evoked calcium responses as mice learn a stimulus-reward association. Using these insights, we develop a label-free classifier using basal activity from in vivo imaging that accurately predicts learning-associated response plasticity. Our data indicate that molecularly-defined SST neuron subtypes play specific and highly-regulated roles in sensory information processing and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosso, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-lasting, subtype-specific regulation of somatostatin interneurons during sensory learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organized cell patterning via mechanical feedback in hindbrain neuropore morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural tube closure is a critical morphogenetic process in vertebrate development, and failure to close cranial regions such as the hindbrain neuropore (HNP) leads to severe congenital malformations. While mechanical forces like actomyosin purse-string contraction and directional cell crawling have been implicated in driving HNP closure, how these forces organize local cell shape and motion to produce large-scale tissue remodeling remains poorly understood. Using live and fixed imaging of mouse embryos combined with cell-based biophysical modeling, we show that these force-generating mechanisms are insufficient to explain the robust patterns of cell elongation and nematic alignment observed at the HNP border. Instead, we show that local anisotropic stress and cytoskeletal organization are required to generate these patterns and promote midline cell motion. Our model captures key features of cell shape dynamics and emergent nematic order, which we confirm experimentally, including the alignment of actin fibers with cell shape and enhanced midline cell speed. Comparative analysis with chick embryos, which lack supracellular purse-strings, supports a conserved link between tension generation and cellular patterning. These findings establish a physical framework connecting force generation, cell shape anisotropy, and tissue morphodynamics during epithelial gap closure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Verdugo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organized cell patterning via mechanical feedback in hindbrain neuropore morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-Specific Transcriptome Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights from Super and Poor Survivors with Prognostic Signature Identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients can vary significantly even within the same clinical stage. This study aims to characterize the stage-specific transcriptomic landscape of super survivors with HCC and identify a prognostic gene signature.

MethodsWe analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 76 matched super survivors (alive at 5 years) and poor survivors (deceased within 1 year) with HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis stratified by stage was conducted and a key prognostic gene signature was developed. The signature was then applied to the full TCGA cohort and independently validated in International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) data.

FindingsStage-specific transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct patterns in super survivors. Stage I and II showed positive enrichment in immune response pathways, while stage III exhibited enhanced catabolic activities and reduced glycolysis. Across all stages, cell cycle processes were less active in super survivors. A 19-gene signature, incorporating immune, metabolic, and cell cycle genes, accurately distinguished super from poor survivors with 91% accuracy (69/76). The signature reliably predicted overall survival in both the verification cohort (1-year, 3-year, and 5-year AUROCs of 0.82, 0.80, and 0.78) and the independent validation cohort (1-year and 3-year AUROCs of 0.80 and 0.83). Consistent AUROCs were observed across all tumor stages.

InterpretationOur findings reveal a dynamic shift in HCC progression, with immune dominance in early stages and metabolic dominance in later stages, alongside reduced cell cycle activity across all stages. Integrating stage-specific transcriptomic profiles offers a promising approach to enhancing individualized management for HCC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-Specific Transcriptome Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights from Super and Poor Survivors with Prognostic Signature Identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex drives strategic aborting by optimizing long-run policy extraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real world choices often involve balancing decisions that are optimized for the short-vs. long-term. Here, we reason that apparently sub-optimal single trial decisions in macaques may in fact reflect long-term, strategic planning. We demonstrate that macaques freely navigating in VR for sequentially presented targets will strategically abort offers, forgoing more immediate rewards on individual trials to maximize session-long returns. This behavior is highly specific to the individual, demonstrating that macaques reason about their own long-run performance. Reinforcement-learning (RL) models suggest this behavior is algorithmically supported by modular actor-critic networks with a policy module not only optimizing long-term value functions, but also informed of specific state-action values allowing for rapid policy optimization. The behavior of artificial networks suggests that changes in policy for a matched offer ought to be evident as soon as offers are made, even if the aborting behavior occurs much later. We confirm this prediction by demonstrating that single units and population dynamics in macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), but not parietal area 7a or dorsomedial superior temporal area (MSTd), reflect the upcoming reward-maximizing aborting behavior upon offer presentation. These results cast dlPFC as a specialized policy module, and stand in contrast to recent work demonstrating the distributed and recurrent nature of belief-networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex drives strategic aborting by optimizing long-run policy extraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large-Scale Foundation Model for RNA Function and Structure Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Originally marginalized as an intermediate in the information flow from DNA to protein, RNA has become the star of modern biology, holding the key to precision therapeutics, genetic engineering, evolutionary origins, and our understanding of fundamental cellular processes. Yet RNA is as mysterious as it is prolific, serving as an information store, a messenger, and a catalyst, spanning many underchar-acterized functional and structural classes. Deciphering the language of RNA is important not only for a mechanistic understanding of its biological functions but also for accelerating drug design. Toward this goal, we introduce AIDO.RNA, a pre-trained module for RNA in an AI-driven Digital Organism [1]. AIDO.RNA contains a scale of 1.6 billion parameters, trained on 42 million non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences at single-nucleotide resolution, and it achieves state-of-the-art performance on a comprehensive set of tasks, including structure prediction, genetic regulation, molecular function across species, and RNA sequence design. AIDO.RNA after domain adaptation learns to model essential parts of protein translation that protein language models, which have received widespread attention in recent years, do not. More broadly, AIDO.RNA hints at the generality of biological sequence modeling and the ability to leverage the central dogma to improve many biomolecular representations. Models and code are available through ModelGenerator in https://github.com/genbio-ai/AIDO and on Hugging Face.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellington, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algayres, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large-Scale Foundation Model for RNA Function and Structure Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering cell fate with adaptive feedback control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering cell fate is fundamental for optimizing stem cell-based therapies aimed at replacing cells in patients suffering from trauma or disease. By timely administering molecular regulators--such as transcription factors, RNAs, or small molecules--in a process that mimics in vivo embryonic development, stem cell differentiation can be guided toward a specific cell fate. A significant challenge in scaling up these therapies is that such differentiation strategies often result in mixed cellular populations. While synthetic biology approaches have been proposed to increase the yield of desired cell types, designing gene circuits that effectively redirect cell fate decisions requires mechanistic insight into the dynamics of endogenous regulatory networks that govern decision-making. In this work, we present a biomolecular adaptive controller based on an Incoherent Feedforward Loop (IFFL)-like topology designed to favor a specific cell fate. This controller requires minimal knowledge of the endogenous network as it exhibits adaptive, non-reference-based behavior. The synthetic circuit operates through a sequestration mechanism and a delay introduced by an intermediate species, producing an output that asymptotically approximates a discrete temporal derivative of its input, provided there is a sufficiently fast sequestration rate. By allowing the controller to actuate over a target species involved in the decision-making process, a tunable, synthetic bias is created that favors the production of the desired species with minimal alteration to the overall equilibrium landscape of the endogenous network. Through theoretical and computational analysis, we provide design guidelines for the controllers optimal operation, evaluate its performance under parametric perturbations, and extend its applicability to various examples of common multistable systems in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britto Bisso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuba Samaniego, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering cell fate with adaptive feedback control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep conservation of cis-regulatory elements and chromatin organization in echinoderms uncover ancestral regulatory features of animal genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the growing abundance of sequenced animal genomes, we only have detailed knowledge of regulatory organization for a handful of lineages, particularly flies and vertebrates. These two groups of taxa show contrasting trends in the molecular mechanisms of 3D chromatin organization and long-term evolutionary dynamics of cis-regulatory element (CREs) conservation. To help us identify shared versus derived features that could be responsible for the evolution of these different regulatory architectures in animals, we studied the evolution and organization of the regulatory genome of echinoderms, a lineage whose phylogenetic position and relatively slow molecular evolution has proven particularly useful for evolutionary studies. First, using PacBio and HiC data, we generated new reference genome assemblies for two species belonging to two different echinoderm classes: the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the bat sea star Patiria miniata. Second, we characterized their 3D chromatin architecture, identifying TAD-like domains in echinoderms that, like in flies, do not seem to be associated with CTCF motif orientation. Third, we systematically profiled CREs during sea star and sea urchin development using ATAC-seq, comparing their regulatory logic and dynamics over multiple developmental stages. Finally, we investigated sea urchin and sea star CRE evolution across multiple evolutionary distances and timescales, from closely related species to other echinoderm classes and deuterostome lineages. This showed the presence of several thousand elements conserved for hundreds of millions of years, revealing a vertebrate-like pattern of CRE evolution that probably constitutes an ancestral property of the regulatory evolution of animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magri, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Pereira, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Galvez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acemel, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paganos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranđelovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusciano, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firbas, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnone, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep conservation of cis-regulatory elements and chromatin organization in echinoderms uncover ancestral regulatory features of animal genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type Specific Enhancers for Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is crucial to primate cognitive functions, but a paucity of cell type specific tools limits studies of DLPFC neurocomputational principles. Therefore, we set out to identify enhancers that fit inside Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors and that elicited functional, cell type specific gene expression in the non-human primate (NHP) DLPFC. We used single nucleus RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq from rhesus macaque tissue samples to define DLPFC cell types and their associated open chromatin regions (OCRs). We trained machine learning (ML) models to recognize the unique regulatory grammar associated with each DLPFC neuron type, performed in silico screening of all OCRs, and identified candidate enhancers most likely to elicit cell type specific transgene expression in each neuron type. For layer 3 pyramidal neurons (L3PNs) and layer 5 extratelencephalic neurons (L5ETs), we cloned the top twelve identified candidates into AAVs and injected them into NHP DLPFC. In situ observation of enhancer-driven expression revealed the best performers, RMacL3-01 and RMacL5ET-01. We validated RMacL3-01 and RMacL5ET-01 using one-at-a-time injections in NHP DLPFC. RMacL3-01 restricted GFP expression to pyramidal neurons in layers 2 and 3, whereas RMacL5ET-01 restricted expression to POU3F1+ neurons in layer 5. RMacL3-01 elicited functional levels of channelrhodopsin expression that enabled optical activation of single- and multi-unit activity in NHP DLFPC. Together, these results and resources establish a solid foundation to study cell type specific principles of primate cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerkhoff, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alikaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brull, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedorovitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirfel, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittle, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharbawie, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type Specific Enhancers for Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling Dense Representations for Single Cell with Transcriptome-Scale Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing a unified model of cellular systems is a canonical challenge in biology. Recently, a wealth of public single-cell RNA sequencing data as well as rapid scaling of self-supervised learning methods have provided new avenues to address this longstanding challenge. However, rapid parameter scaling has been essential to the success of large language models in text and images, while similar scaling has not been attempted with Transformer architectures for cellular modeling. To produce accurate, transferable, and biologically meaningful representations of cellular systems, we develop AIDO.Cell, a pretrained module for representing gene expression and cellular systems in an AI-driven Digital Organism [1]. AIDO.Cell contains a series of 3M, 10M, 100M, and 650M parameter encoder-only dense Transformer models pre-trained on 50 million human cells from diverse tissues using a read-depth-aware masked gene expression pretraining objective. Unlike previous models, AIDO.Cell is capable of handling the entire human transcriptome as input without truncation or sampling tricks, thus learning accurate and general representations of the human cells entire transcriptional context. This pretraining with a longer context was enabled through FlashAttention-2, mixed precision, and large-scale distributed systems training. AIDO.Cell (100M) achieves state-of-the-art results in tasks such as zero-shot clustering, cell-type classification, and perturbation modeling. Our findings reveal interesting loss scaling behaviors as we increase AIDO.Cells parameters from 3M to 650M, providing insights for future directions in single-cell modeling. Models and code are available through ModelGenerator in https://github.com/genbio-ai/AIDO and on Hugging Face.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellington, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addagudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling Dense Representations for Single Cell with Transcriptome-Scale Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixture of Experts Enable Efficient and Effective Protein Understanding and Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins play a fundamental role in life. Understanding the language of proteins offers significant potential for gaining mechanistic insights into biological systems and introduces new avenues for treating diseases, enhancing agriculture, and safeguarding the environment. While large protein language models (PLMs) like ESM2-15B and xTrimoPGLM-100B have achieved remarkable performance in diverse protein understanding and design tasks, these models, being dense transformer models, pose challenges due to their computational inefficiency during training and deployment. In this work, we introduce AIDO.Protein, a pretrained module for protein representation in an AI-driven Digital Organism [1]. AIDO.Protein is also the first mixture-of-experts (MoE) model in the protein domain, with model size scales to 16 billion parameters. Leveraging a sparse MoE architecture with 8 experts within each transformer block and selectively activating 2 experts for each input token, our model is significantly more efficient in training and inference. Through pre-training on 1.2 trillion amino acids collected from UniRef90 and ColabfoldDB, our model achieves state-of-the-art results across most tasks in the xTrimoPGLM benchmark. Furthermore, on over 280 ProteinGym Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS) assays, our model achieves nearly 99% of the overall performance of the best MSA-based model and significantly outperforms the previously reported state-of-the-art models that do not utilize MSA. We also adapted this model for structure-conditioned protein sequence generation tasks and achieved new SOTA in this domain. These results indicate that AIDO.Protein can serve as a strong foundation model for protein understanding and design. Models and codes are available through ModelGenerator in https://github.com/genbio-ai/AIDO and on Hugging Face.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixture of Experts Enable Efficient and Effective Protein Understanding and Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PqsE acts as an adaptor protein for the quorum-sensing transcription factor RhlR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen that poses a significant health threat. Pathogenic behaviors of P. aeruginosa are under control of the bacterial cell-cell communication system known as quorum sensing (QS). One of the QS master regulators, RhlR, is a receptor/transcription factor that not only relies on binding of its canonical ligand, C4-homoserine lactone (HSL), but additionally requires a protein-protein interaction with the enzyme, PqsE. We constructed heterologous reporter strains in Escherichia coli that allow measurements of the reliance of RhlR on C4-HSL and/or PqsE-binding for the ability to activate transcription of three RhlR-regulated genes: rhlA (PqsE-independent), phzM (PqsE-dependent), and azeB (PqsE-suppressed). Analogous assays measuring activation of the three genes in P. aeruginosa were performed and the patterns observed correlated tightly with the heterologous reporter assays. These results indicate that binding of PqsE to RhlR is able to fine-tune RhlR transcription factor activity in a promoter-specific manner.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that can cause fatal infections. There exists an urgent need for new, effective antimicrobial agents to combat P. aeruginosa. The PqsE-RhlR protein-protein interaction is essential for P. aeruginosa to be able to make toxins, form biofilms, and infect host organisms. In this study, we use both non-native models in E. coli and measurements of gene expression/toxin production in P. aeruginosa to show that the PqsE-RhlR interaction enables fine-tuned gene expression and a heightened ability of P. aeruginosa to adapt to external conditions. These findings will be highly valuable as continued efforts are made to design inhibitors of the PqsE-RhlR interaction and test them as potential antimicrobial agents against P. aeruginosa infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchadi, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derringer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PqsE acts as an adaptor protein for the quorum-sensing transcription factor RhlR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.625444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and General DNA Representations Emerge from Genome Foundation Models at Scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.625444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language models applied to protein sequences have become a panacea, enabling therapeutics development, materials engineering, and core biology research. Despite the successes of protein language models, genome language models remain nascent. Recent studies suggest the bottleneck is data volume or modeling context size, since long-range interactions are widely acknowledged but sparsely annotated. However, it may be the case that even short DNA sequences are modeled poorly by existing approaches, and current models are unable to represent the wide array of functions encoded by DNA. To study this, we develop AIDO.DNA, a pretrained module for DNA representation in an AI-driven Digital Organism [1]. AIDO.DNA is a seven billion parameter encoder-only transformer trained on 10.6 billion nucleotides from a dataset of 796 species. By scaling model size while maintaining a short context length of 4k nucleotides, AIDO.DNA shows substantial improvements across a breadth of supervised, generative, and zero-shot tasks relevant to functional genomics, synthetic biology, and drug development. Notably, AIDO.DNA outperforms prior encoder-only architectures without new data, suggesting that new scaling laws are needed to achieve computeoptimal DNA language models. Models and code are available through Model-Generator in https://github.com/genbio-ai/AIDO and on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/genbio-ai.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellington, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.625444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and General DNA Representations Emerge from Genome Foundation Models at Scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.624435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centella asiatica Tissue Culture-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Multifaceted Approach to Skincare Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.624435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCentella asiatica has long been used as a medicinal herb in traditional Asian medicine. Its wound healing, skin improvement, and neuroprotective properties have been widely studied. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells and contain bioactive components with therapeutic properties.

ObjectivesThis study aims to characterize EVs isolated from C. asiatica tissue culture and investigate their therapeutic properties using in vitro assays and a UVB-induced damage mouse model.

MethodsEVs were isolated from C. asiatica tissue culture and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity, anti-oxidation, anti-melanin, and anti-inflammation of the EVs were evaluated by MTT assay, tyrosinase assay and RT-qPCR in chemical or in vitro assays. A UVB-induced photodamage mouse model was established to assess the anti-inflammation effect of EVs in vivo. Gels with or without EVs were applied to the damaged site and skin appearance was observed daily and skin histopathology was analyzed on day 7 by H&E and immunohistochemical staining.

ResultsC. asiatica EVs were found to contain high levels of polyphenols and mitigate hydrogen peroxide-induced intracellular ROS. The EVs were further able to reduce intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity, and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes COX2 as well as nitric oxide production. In mice with UVB-induced skin damage, daily application of C. asiatica EV gel reduced skin epidermis thickness and inflammation compared to UVB-only or blank gel at seven days after UV irradiation.

ConclusionsThe beneficial effects of C. asiatica EVs on skin quality warrant further studies as promising agents in skin care applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percec, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.624435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centella asiatica Tissue Culture-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Multifaceted Approach to Skincare Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced expression of PER2 protein contrbutes to β1-AA induced cardiac autophagy rhythm disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been confirmed that heart failure may be linked to fluctuations in autophagy rhythm of cardiomyocytes throughout the day. It is known that circadian rhythms depend on the regulation of core biological clock proteins, with PER2 playing a crucial role. Our previous research has confirmed the presence of {beta}1-Adrenergic receptor autoantibodies ({beta}1-AA) could induce inhibition of myocardial autophagy, leading to cell death and heart failure. However, it remains unclear whether {beta}1-AA induces cardiac autophagy rhythm disorder by affecting PER2 expression. This study find that {beta}1-AA disrupts the autophagy rhythm in cardiomyocytes, primarily indicates by the decreased expression of the autophagy marker protein LC3; {beta}1-AA induces disruption of the rhythmic expression of PER2 protein in myocardial cells, mainly manifests by a decrease in PER2 protein expression; Metoprolol is employed to verify that the {beta}1-adrenergic receptor contributes to the reduction of Per2 protein caused by {beta}1-AA. Knocking down Per2 with lentivirus reduces the inhibition of LC3 expression caused by {beta}1-AA, while overexpressing Per2 in cardiomyocytes using lentivirus significantly restores {beta}1-AA-induced decline in LC3 expression. At the same time, mTORC1 activation is found to participate in {beta}1-AA-induced autophagy inhibition of cardiomyocytes after pretreatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the decreased expression of PER2 protein caused by {beta}1-AA disrupts the myocardial autophagy rhythm by promoting mTORC1 activation through lentiviruses that knock down or overexpress the Per2 gene. This study provides experimental basis for the precision treatment of cardiovascular diseases from the perspective of biological rhythm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced expression of PER2 protein contrbutes to β1-AA induced cardiac autophagy rhythm disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal cellular and humoral immune responses following Covid-19 BNT162b2-mRNA-based booster vaccination of craft and manual workers in Qatar. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionIn March 2020, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 prompted global vaccination campaigns to mitigate COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. The 2-dose BNT162b2- mRNA vaccine effectively reduced infection and mortality rates, however, waning vaccine effectiveness necessitated the introduction of a third vaccine dose or booster. To assess the magnitude and longevity of booster-induced immunity, we conducted a longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune responses among Qatars vulnerable craft and manual worker community. We also investigated the impact of prior naturally acquired immunity on booster vaccination efficacy.

MethodsSeventy healthy participants were enrolled in the study, of whom half had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood samples were collected before and after booster vaccination to evaluate immune responses through SARS- CoV-2 specific ELISpots, IgG ELISA, neutralization assays, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping

ResultsT cell analysis revealed increased Th1 cellular responses, marked by enhanced IFN-{gamma} release, in recently infected participants, which was further enhanced by booster vaccination for up to 6-months. Furthermore, booster vaccination stimulated cytotoxic T cell responses in infection-naive participants, characterized by granzyme B production. Both natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and booster vaccination induced robust and durable SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral immune responses, with high neutralizing antibody levels. Prior natural infection was also linked to an increased number of class- switched B cells prior to booster vaccination.

ConclusionThese findings underscore the importance of booster vaccination in enhancing anti-viral immunity across both infection-naive and previously infected individuals, enhancing distinct arms of the anti-viral immune response and prolonging naturally acquired immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaqout, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meqbel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikath, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldushain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaath, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Akl, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Moussa, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abukhattab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaslamani, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alajez, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arredouani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulla, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Agnaf, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omrani, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal cellular and humoral immune responses following Covid-19 BNT162b2-mRNA-based booster vaccination of craft and manual workers in Qatar.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L2G: Repurposing Language Models for Genomics Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-trained language models have transformed the field of natural language processing (NLP), and their success has inspired efforts in genomics to develop domain-specific foundation models (FMs). However, creating high-quality genomic FMs from scratch is resource-intensive, requiring significant computational power and high-quality pre-training data. The success of large language models (LLMs) in NLP has largely been driven by industrial-scale efforts leveraging vast, diverse corpora and massive computing infrastructure. In this work, we aim to bypass the data and computational bottlenecks of creating genomic FMs from scratch and instead propose repurposing existing LLMs for genomics tasks. Inspired by the recently observed  cross-modal transfer phenomenon - where transformers pre-trained on natural language can generalize to other modalities - we introduce L2G, which adapts a pre-trained LLM architecture for genomics using neural architecture search (NAS) and a novel three-stage training procedure. Remarkably, without requiring extensive pre-training on DNA sequence data, L2G achieves superior performance to fine-tuned genomic FMs and task-specific models on more than half of tasks across multiple genomics benchmarks. In an enhancer activity prediction task, L2G further demonstrates its capacity to identify significant transcription factor motifs. Our work not only highlights the generalizability and efficacy of language models in out-of-domain tasks such as genomics, but also opens new avenues for more efficient and less resource-intensive methodologies in genomic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talwalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L2G: Repurposing Language Models for Genomics Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Space- and object-based attention in patientswith a single hemisphere following childhood resection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural processes underlying attentional processing are typically lateralized in adults, with spatial attention associated with the right hemisphere (RH) and object-based attention with the left hemisphere (LH). Using a modified two-rectangle attention paradigm, we compared the lateralization profiles of individuals with childhood hemispherectomy (either LH or RH) and age-matched, typically developing controls. Although patients exhibited slower reaction times (RTs) compared to controls, both groups benefited from valid attentional cueing. However, patients experienced significantly higher costs for invalid trials--reflected by larger RT differences between validly and invalidly cued targets. This was true for invalid trials on both cued and uncued objects, probes of object- and space-based attentional processes, respectively. Notably, controls showed no significant RT cost differences between invalidly cued locations on cued versus uncued objects. By contrast, patients exhibited greater RT costs for targets on uncued versus cued objects, suggesting greater difficulty shifting attention across objects. We explore potential explanations for this group difference and the lack of difference between patients with LH or RH resection. These findings enhance our understanding of spatial and object-based attention in typical development and reveal how significant neural injury affects the development of attentional systems in the LH and RH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Space- and object-based attention in patientswith a single hemisphere following childhood resection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.08.627367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in category-selectivity in visual cortex following pediatric cortical resection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.08.627367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The topographic organization of category-selective responses in human ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC) and its relationship to regions subserving language functions is remarkably uniform across individuals. This arrangement is thought to result from the clustering of neurons responding to similar inputs, constrained by intrinsic architecture and tuned by experience. We examined the malleability of this organization in individuals with unilateral resection of VOTC during childhood for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy. In cross-sectional and longitudinal functional imaging studies, we compared the topography and neural representations of 17 category-selective regions in individuals with a VOTC resection, a  control patient with resection outside VOTC, and typically developing matched controls. We demonstrated both adherence to and deviation from the standard topography and uncovered fine-grained competitive dynamics between word- and face-selectivity over time in the single, preserved VOTC. The findings elucidate the nature and extent of cortical plasticity and highlight the potential for remodeling of extrastriate architecture and function.

TeaserAfter pediatric cortical resection, deviations from the constraints of standard topography in visual cortex reflect plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maallo, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.08.627367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in category-selectivity in visual cortex following pediatric cortical resection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally regulated actin-microtubule crosstalk in Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin-microtubules (MT) interactions are essential, but how those mechanisms are orchestrated in complex developing systems is poorly understood. Here we show that actin-MT crosstalk regulates actin cable assembly and the assembly and organization of MTs in Drosophila nurse cells during oogenesis. We found that a stable MT meshwork develops concurrently with actin cable initiation and requires acetylation for its maintenance. These {gamma}-tubulin nucleated MTs are cortically tethered via Patronin and Shortstop, extend into the cytoplasm, and coalign with the elongating actin cables. The MT network promotes the cortical enrichment of the actin assembly factors Diaphanous and Enabled and loss of MTs dramatically reduced actin cable density and growth rate. We further demonstrated that actin filament assembly promotes cortical tethering of MTs and that loss of the actin filament bundler Villin/Quail results in fewer, shorter, and more highly coaligned MTs. Together, our data reveal multiple modes of coordinated actin-MT crosstalk producing actin cable-MT network synergy that is instrumental for oogenesis.

SummaryThis study demonstrates actin-microtubule crosstalk in Drosophila oogenesis, revealing coregulation between actin filament assembly/bundling and microtubule nucleation/organization, highlighting the coordinated regulation of the cytoskeleton required during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakonishok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally regulated actin-microtubule crosstalk in Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clathrins are involved in the endocytosis of host cytosol in the malaria parasite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic cells, clathrins interact with adaptor protein complexes to regulate key intracellular trafficking events. Specifically, they are associated with the adaptor protein (AP) complex-2 (AP2) to facilitate endocytosis and AP1 to mediate secretion and trafficking between endosome and Golgi. In Plasmodium falciparum, recent studies revealed that the Kelch domain-containing protein 13 and AP2 participate in hemoglobin uptake via cytostomes. However, clathrins appear not to be involved in this process because they primarily associate with AP1. To investigate the roles of clathrins in P. falciparum, we characterized the clathrin heavy chain (PfCHC), the clathrin light chain (PfCLC), and the AP1 {gamma} subunit (PfAP1 {gamma}). Extensive interactome analyses confirmed the major association of clathrins with AP1 components alongside proteins involved in cytostome formation. Live-cell imaging and protein colocalization studies showed that PfCHC, PfCLC, and PfAP1 {gamma} are localized in the parasite cytoplasm, predominantly at the parasite periphery and near the cis-Golgi. Ultrastructural studies using ascorbate peroxidase 2- based electron microscopy confirmed their presence at coated vesicle-like structures at the parasite periphery and, unexpectedly, at the collars of cytostomes. Consistent with these observations, the knockdown of PfCHC led to the formation of abnormally long cytostome tubes and impaired hemoglobin digestion. This study demonstrates that clathrins are essential for proper cytostome formation in P. falciparum, highlighting their critical role in the parasites hemoglobin uptake and digestion processes.

IMPORTANCEMalaria is still one of the most severe public health problems worldwide and understanding how malaria parasites obtain hemoglobin from their host cells, red blood cells (RBCs), is critical for identifying targets for antimalarials. In this study, affinity purification revealed that clathrins (PfCHC and PfCLC) were not only mainly associated with AP1 complex but also marginally interacted with proteins that participated in hemoglobin uptake. Localization analysis demonstrated that clathrins and AP1 coated the clusters of vesicles at the parasite periphery and at the neck of the cytostome, an organelle for hemoglobin uptake. Consistently, the knockdown of PfCHC caused the formation of abnormally long cytostome tubes and reduced hemoglobin digestion. Collectively, this study demonstrates that clathrins play a critical role in the parasites hemoglobin uptake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucky, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.629030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clathrins are involved in the endocytosis of host cytosol in the malaria parasite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SenSet, a novel human lung senescence cell gene signature, identifies cell-specific senescence mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a major hallmark of aging. Senescence is defined as an irreversible growth arrest observed when cells are exposed to a variety of stressors including DNA damage, oxidative stress, or nutrient deprivation. While senescence is a well-established driver of aging and age-related diseases, it is a highly heterogeneous process with significant variations across organisms, tissues, and cell types.

The relatively low abundance of senescence in healthy aged tissues represents a major challenge to studying senescence in a given organ, including the human lung. To overcome this limitation, we developed a Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning framework to generate a comprehensive senescence marker gene list in human lungs (termed SenSet) using the largest publicly available single-cell lung dataset, the Human Lung Cell Atlas (HLCA). We validated SenSet in a highly complex ex vivo human 3D lung tissue culture model subjected to the senescence inducers bleomycin, doxorubicin, or irradiation, and established its sensitivity and accuracy in characterizing senescence. Using SenSet, we identified and validated cell-type specific senescence signatures in distinct lung cell populations upon aging and environmental exposures. Our study presents the first comprehensive analysis of senescent cells in the healthy aging lung and uncovers cell-specific gene signatures of senescence, presenting fundamental implications for our understanding of major lung diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasanaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sembrat, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Narvaez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanwu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingze, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafyatis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poczos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickelberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenigshoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SenSet, a novel human lung senescence cell gene signature, identifies cell-specific senescence mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.627112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red-shifted GRAB acetylcholine sensors for multiplex imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.627112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is essential in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recent studies highlight the significance of interactions between ACh and various neuromodulators in regulating complex behaviors. The ability to simultaneously image ACh and other neuromodulators can provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Here, we developed a series of red fluorescent G protein-coupled receptor activation-based (GRAB) ACh sensors, with a wide detection range and expanded spectral profile. The high-affinity sensor, rACh1h, reliably detects ACh release in various brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cortex. Moreover, rACh1h can be co-expressed with green fluorescent sensors in order to record ACh release together with other neurochemicals in various behavioral contexts using fiber photometry and two-photon imaging, with high spatiotemporal resolution. These new ACh sensors can therefore provide valuable new insights regarding the functional role of the cholinergic system under both physiological and pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.627112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red-shifted GRAB acetylcholine sensors for multiplex imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.629914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computationally reconstructing the evolution of cancer progression risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.629914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolution of cancer in its early stages is critical to identifying key drivers of cancer progression and developing better early diagnostics or prophylactic treatments. Early cancer is difficult to observe, though, since it is generally asymptomatic until extensive genetic damage has accumulated. In this study, we develop a computational approach to infer how once-healthy cells enter into and become committed to a pathway of aggressive cancer. We accomplish this through a strategy of using tumor phylogenetics to look backwards in time to earlier stages of tumor development combined with machine learning to infer how progression risk changes over those stages. We apply this paradigm to point mutation data from a set of cohorts from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to formulate models of how progression risk evolves from the earliest stages of tumor growth, as well as how this evolution varies within and between cohorts. The results suggest general mechanisms by which risk develops as a cell population commits to aggressive cancer, but with significant variability between cohorts and individuals. These results imply limits to the potential for earlier diagnosis and intervention while also providing grounds for hope in extending these beyond current practice.

AvailabilityThe code used to conduct the analysis is available at: https://github.com/kefanc2/CancerRisk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.629914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computationally reconstructing the evolution of cancer progression risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering 3D Skeletal Muscle Tissue with Complex Multipennate Myofiber Architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hierarchical architecture of skeletal muscle spans from microscale sarcomeres to macroscale myofibers and is integral to its contractile functionality. Pathologies such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) compromise this structure and destroy the native extracellular matrix (ECM), exceeding the regenerative capacity of endogenous repair mechanisms. Here, we present a novel method for tissue engineering biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) skeletal muscle with complex architectures by leveraging freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) 3D bioprinting of the ECM. Collagen type I scaffolds mimicking diverse muscle architectures-- including parallel, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and convergent--were designed, FRESH printed, and seeded with C2C12 myoblasts to guide myogenesis. Engineered muscle tissues demonstrated scaffold-mediated alignment and fusion into functional myotubes, exhibiting contractile responses to electrical stimulation with architecture-dependent specific force of [~]1 kN/m2 and a positive force-frequency relationship. In vivo implantation further revealed scaffold-directed cellular and vascular organization, underscoring the translational potential of this approach. In summary, this study demonstrates the capability to use FRESH 3D bioprinting to engineer physiologically relevant muscle architectures, significantly advancing the design of functional muscle tissues for regenerative medicine and in vitro modeling applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stang, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffin, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerneni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering 3D Skeletal Muscle Tissue with Complex Multipennate Myofiber Architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNALONGBENCH: A Benchmark Suite for Long-Range DNA Prediction Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling long-range DNA dependencies is crucial for understanding genome structure and function across a wide range of biological contexts. However, effectively capturing these extensive dependencies, which may span millions of base pairs in tasks such as three-dimensional (3D) chromatin folding prediction, remains a significant challenge. Furthermore, a comprehensive benchmark suite for evaluating tasks that rely on long-range dependencies is notably absent. To address this gap, we introduce DNALO_SCPLOWONGC_SCPLOWBO_SCPLOWENCHC_SCPLOW, a benchmark dataset encompassing five important genomics tasks that consider long-range dependencies up to 1 million base pairs: enhancer-target gene interaction, expression quantitative trait loci, 3D genome organization, regulatory sequence activity, and transcription initiation signals. To comprehensively assess DNALO_SCPLOWONGC_SCPLOWBO_SCPLOWENCHC_SCPLOW, we evaluate the performance of five methods: a task-specific expert model, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model, and three fine-tuned DNA foundation models - HyenaDNA, Caduceus-Ph, and Caduceus-PS. We envision DNALO_SCPLOWONGC_SCPLOWBO_SCPLOWENCHC_SCPLOW as a standardized resource with the potential to facilitate comprehensive comparisons and rigorous evaluations of emerging DNA sequence-based deep learning models that account for long-range dependencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNALONGBENCH: A Benchmark Suite for Long-Range DNA Prediction Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EEG-Informed fMRI Analysis Reveals Neurovascular Coupling in Motor Execution and Imagery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complementary strengths of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have driven extensive research into integrating these two noninvasive modalities to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive, sensory, and motor functions. However, the precise neural patterns associated with motor functions, especially imagined movements, remain unclear. Specifically, the correlations between electrophysiological responses and hemodynamic activations during executed and imagined movements have not been fully elucidated at a whole-brain level. In this study, we employed an EEG-informed fMRI approach on concurrent EEG-fMRI data to map hemodynamic changes associated with dynamic EEG temporal features during motor-related brain activities. We localized and differentiated the hemodynamic activations corresponding to continuous EEG temporal dynamics across multiple motor execution and imagery tasks. Validation against conventional block fMRI analysis demonstrated high precision in identifying regions specific to motor activities, underscoring the accuracy of the EEG-driven model. Beyond the expected sensorimotor activations, the integrated analysis revealed supplementary coactivated regions showing significant negative covariation between blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activities and sensorimotor EEG alpha power, including the cerebellum and insular cortex. These findings confirmed both the colocalization of EEG and fMRI activities in sensorimotor regions and a negative covariation between EEG alpha band power and BOLD changes. Moreover, the results provide novel insights into neurovascular coupling during motor execution and imagery on a brain-wide scale, advancing our understanding of the neural dynamics underlying motor functions.

HighlightsO_LIMovement-related EEG alpha activity negatively covaries with BOLD responses
C_LIO_LIEEG-informed fMRI maps the neurovascular correlates across the entire brain
C_LIO_LIA unified model disentangles multiple motor-related brain activations
C_LIO_LIEEG-informed fMRI results highly overlap with conventional block fMRI results
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggioni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EEG-Informed fMRI Analysis Reveals Neurovascular Coupling in Motor Execution and Imagery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF-1α/STOML2 mediated PINK1-dependent mitophagy activation against hypoxia-induced neuronal injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia contributes to brain disorders by causing neuronal injury. However, in the early stage of stress, neurons initiate a series of compensatory pathways to resist cell damage, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that hypoxia transiently activates PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-dependent mitophagy in the early stage before cell damage and neurological dysfunction. PINK1 overexpression protects neurons and it knockdown exacerbates neuronal damage, highlighting the key role of PINK1-dependent mitophagy in hypoxic adaptation. Mechanistically, hypoxia promotes HIF-1 nuclear translocation, inducing transcription of stomatin like 2 (STOML2). STOML2 relocates to the mitochondrial membrane, aiding phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) cleavage, which triggers PINK1-dependent mitophagy. Silencing HIF-1, STOML2, or PGAM5 inhibits PINK1-dependent mitophagy and worsens neurological function under hypoxia. Notably, intermittent hypoxia, a hypoxic conditioning strategy for improving hypoxic tolerance, enhances PINK1-dependent mitophagy by activating HIF-1/STOML2 axis, and protects neurons against hypoxia. In conclusion, our study reveals a new "self-protection" mechanism of neurons against hypoxic stress and discovers that intermittent hypoxia is a potential therapeutic strategy against hypoxia-induced injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF-1α/STOML2 mediated PINK1-dependent mitophagy activation against hypoxia-induced neuronal injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Midbrain organoids with an SNCA gene triplication display dopamine-dependent alterations in network activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human midbrain organoids (hMOs) show promise as a patient-derived model for the study of Parkinsons disease (PD). Yet, much remains unknown about how accurately hMOs recapitulate key features of PD in the human brain. In both PD patients and animal models, disease progression leads to characteristic changes in neural activity throughout the basal ganglia. Here we demonstrate that patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) hMOs harboring a triplication in the SNCA gene, encoding -synuclein, a key protein in PD pathogenesis, can recapitulate PD-associated changes in neural activity. Namely, we observe hyperactive network activity in SNCA triplication hMOs, but not in isogenic, CRISPR-corrected iPSC hMOs. These changes are characterized by an increase in the number of bursts and network-wide bursts. Moreover, SNCA triplication hMOs exhibit an increase in network synchrony and burst/network burst strength similar to observations in animal and human PD brains. Subsequently, we show that the observed changes in neuronal activity are attributed to dopamine D2 receptor hypoactivity due to dopamine depletion, which could be reversed by the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole. Thus, hMOs faithfully model network wide electrophysiological changes associated with PD progression and serve as a promising tool for PD research and personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deyab, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Azzawi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Midbrain organoids with an SNCA gene triplication display dopamine-dependent alterations in network activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power-law memory governs bacterial adaptation and learning in fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do single-celled organisms adapt and learn to survive in dynamic environments without a nervous system? Here, we provide experimental evidence and a theoretical model demon-strating learning-like behavior by single bacterial cells in fluctuating environments. Using a custom microfluidic platform, we tracked individual E. coli cells in dynamic nutrient environments and found that bacteria adapt on multiple timescales, tuning their growth control behavior based on prior environmental experience. Motivated by our observation that cellular adaptation dynamics are approximately scale-free, we built a theoretical framework for bacterial growth control with dynamic power-law memory to explain how bacteria integrate environmental information over a range of timescales to enable growth rate adaptation. We show how this behavior arises naturally from heterogeneous ribosomal relaxation dynamics within a bacterial cell. Using this model, we identify an inherent trade-off between growth rate maximization and adaptation speed, which we validate experimentally in pulsatile nutrient environments. Finally, we connect our mechanistic reaction-network model to descriptions of artificial recurrent neural networks, identifying a minimal network architecture capable of exhibiting adaptation and learning at the single-cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.26.650739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power-law memory governs bacterial adaptation and learning in fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an Open-source Low-cost Pressure Myography and Cardiac Flow Simulator, HemoLens, for Mechanical Characterization of Native and Engineered Blood Vessels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pressure myography, the standard for assessing vascular mechanics and vasoreactivity, is costly ($40,000+), has low throughput, and is limited to static fluid flow. Here, we developed HemoLens, an open-source 3D-printed pressure myography system for [~]$700. HemoLens features compact micromanipulators, incremental in-line pressure control, physiological temperature regulation, and modular pulse pressure control between normotensive and hypertensive levels. HemoLens efficacy was demonstrated by delineation of physiological reactivity and pathological mechanical phenotypes using native mouse arteries and bioprinted acellular scaffolds. Wildtype vessels show greater distention (124.3 vs. 43.07 {micro}m) and increased dynamic compliance compared to diseased vessels. Small diameter (450 {micro}m) collagen-based artery-like scaffolds are FRESH bioprinted to mimic hypertensive vascular stiffening. Engineered hypertensive vessels demonstrate increased burst pressure (464 mmHg) and reduced dynamic compliance reminiscent of diseased arteries. Together, HemoLens lowers the barrier to entry in pressure myography research by serving as a comprehensive low-cost system for native and engineered vessel characterization.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/651300v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6b87d0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a17b5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aa6056org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ac816_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PereiraTavares, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Michel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffin, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an Open-source Low-cost Pressure Myography and Cardiac Flow Simulator, HemoLens, for Mechanical Characterization of Native and Engineered Blood Vessels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.652107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sialin2 Senses Nitrate to Activate Endosomal PI3K-AKT-NOS Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.652107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrate functions as a signaling molecule beyond its metabolic intermediate role. Despite progress in plants, the mechanisms underlying mammalian nitrate sensing and signaling remain unclear. The accompanying study identifies Sialin2--a proteolytic fragment of nitrate transporter Sialin--as a mammalian nitrate sensor mediating cellular responses. Here, we demonstrate that nitrate triggers endocytosis, inducing Sialin proteolysis and Sialin2 generation. Nitrate-induced Sialin2 scaffolds Lyn kinase with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at endosomes, activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway to stimulate localized nitric oxide (NO) production, enhancing angiogenesis and cell survival. In hypertensive rats, nitrate supplementation restores endothelial function and reduces blood pressure through AKT/eNOS-dependent signaling. Unlike the classical nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, the Sialin2-PI3K-AKT-NOS axis confines NO synthesis to endosomal microdomains, enabling spatiotemporally precise vasodilation. By establishing Sialin2 as a mammalian nitrate sensor, this study unveils a novel paradigm in nitrogen homeostasis and provides targeted therapeutic strategies for vascular disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.04.652107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sialin2 Senses Nitrate to Activate Endosomal PI3K-AKT-NOS Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus Coeruleus to Medial Prefrontal Cortex Noradrenergic Neural Circuit Modulates States of Consciousness during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How exactly does general anesthesia achieve its effects? It is so widely used in surgeries and medical treatments to enhance comfort for nearly one hundred years, yet its precise mechanisms underlying the loss and recovery of consciousness still remain unclear. Utilizing a variety of research methods-pharmacological, optogenetic, chemogenetic, fiber photometry, and gene knockdown approaches-our study has shed light on the significant modulatory function of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons during the transition from sevoflurane anesthesia to awakening. Furthermore, the activation of the LC-mPFC circuit has been found to have a substantial arousal effect, with 1-AR playing a crucial role in this process. Additionally, GABAA-R has been identified as the key binding site for sevoflurane within the locus coeruleus. These findings collectively offer novel insights into the neural network mechanisms underlying general anesthesia, advancing our understanding of this complex medical phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus Coeruleus to Medial Prefrontal Cortex Noradrenergic Neural Circuit Modulates States of Consciousness during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Reaching Datasets Quantify the Impact of Age, Sex/Gender, and Experience on Motor Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we age, our movements become slower and less precise--but the extent of this decline remains unclear. To address this, we harmonized data from 2,185 participants across four published studies using a standard center-out reaching task. We found that older age was associated with a steady decline in reaction time (- 1.2 ms/year), movement time (-2.3 ms/year), and movement precision (-0.02{o}/year). Although the rate of decline did not differ by sex/gender, females consistently reacted more slowly (-8 ms), moved more slowly (-37 ms), and exhibited greater precision (+0.5{o}) across the adult lifespan. Notably, sex/gender differences attenuated after accounting for experiential factors such as video game use and the amount of sleep per day, whereas age remained a robust and consistent predictor of motor decline. Together, these findings provide a large-scale quantification of age, sex/gender, and experiential effects on motor control, offering a normative benchmark to inform future clinical interventions aimed at preserving motor function across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruitenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Reaching Datasets Quantify the Impact of Age, Sex/Gender, and Experience on Motor Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro monitoring of Babesia microti infection dynamics in whole blood microenvironments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Babesiosis - a globally emerging tick-borne infectious disease primarily caused by the intraerythrocytic piroplasm parasite, Babesia microti - has traditionally been studied using animal models such as mice. Compared to animal models, microfluidic-based models offer advantages, including direct analysis of human samples (such as patient blood), enhanced assay capacity (including physical/optical access, consistency, and throughput), low costs, and easy adoption. Here, we report an open microfluidic platform named "-Blood" for monitoring B. microti infection dynamics in vitro. Compared to other microfluidic-based models, -Blood allows direct examination of infected and uninfected whole blood without preprocessing steps like blood dilution or cell isolation, minimizing observer artifacts and preserving the natural whole blood microenvironment. The system enables extended (days-long) monitoring of infection dynamics, including parasite identification, parasitemia measurement, and parasite-host cell interactions, using label-free phase contrast and fluorescence confocal microscopy. With its open microfluidic configuration, -Blood provides an in vitro model for studying blood-borne infections while maintaining integrity of the whole blood microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bache, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apgar, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepa, T. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro monitoring of Babesia microti infection dynamics in whole blood microenvironments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Economic and Social Modulations of Innate Decision-Making in Mice Exposed to Visual Threats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When confronted by predators, animals make innate decisions with rapid reaction times--a trait shaped by natural selection to maximize survival. However, rapid reactions are effective only when grounded in accurate judgments and appropriate choices, which often require cognitive control. To address how such choices are shaped, we developed a behavioral paradigm to investigate how threat intensity, reward value, and social hierarchy shape decision-making in foraging mice exposed to overhead visual threats. Using a machine learning-based approach, we classified defensive responses into four distinct decision types. Mice showed rapid habitua-tion to repeated looming threats, with substantial inter-individual variability in the rate of habituation. Across both early and late phases of habituation, threat intensity emerged as the primary determinant of decision-making, strongly driving behavior toward escape. In contrast, the influence of reward was context-dependent and became evident primarily in the late phase: under low-threat conditions, higher re-wards suppressed defensive responses, consistent with value-based decision theory; whereas under high-threat conditions, higher rewards promoted escape, potentially reflecting heightened vigilance. Innate decision-making was further modulated by social hierarchy, with dominant mice showing greater vigilance and a stronger bias toward risk-averse behaviors, while subordinates were more reward-driven. To understand the underlying decision-making process, we developed a drift-diffusion leaky integrator model that successfully captures how threat intensity, reward value, and vigilance are integrated. Together, these findings reveal how economic and social factors modulate innate decisions and provide a computational framework for understanding the interplay between instinctive reactions and cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Economic and Social Modulations of Innate Decision-Making in Mice Exposed to Visual Threats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.17.654660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetically Responsive Nanocultures for Direct Microbial Assessment in Soil Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.17.654660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultivating microorganisms in native-like conditions is vital for bioprospecting and accessing currently unculturable species. However, there remains a gap in scalable tools that can both mimic native microenvironments and enable targeted recovery of microbes from complex settings. Such approaches are essential to advance our understanding of microbial ecology, predict community functions, and discover novel biotherapeutics. We present magnetic nanocultures--a high-throughput microsystem for isolating and growing environmental microbes under near-native conditions. These nanoliter-scale bioreactors are encapsulated in semi-permeable membranes that form magnetic polymeric microcapsules using iron oxide nanoparticles within polydimethylsiloxane-based shells. This design offers mechanical stability and magnetic actuation, enabling efficient retrieval from soil-like environments. The nanocultures are optimized for optical and biological properties to support microbial encapsulation, growth, and sorting. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using magnetically responsive microenvironments to cultivate elusive microbes, offering a promising platform for discovering previously uncultured or unknown microbial species.

TeaserEngineered magnetic nanocultures support microbial growth and magnetic separation from complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Usman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepa, T. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.17.654660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetically Responsive Nanocultures for Direct Microbial Assessment in Soil Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA2 and FANCM function in two distinctive pathways in disrupting TERRA R-loops and suppressing replication stress at ALT telomeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers maintain their telomeres through two main telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs): 85-90% of cancers rely on telomerase, while 10-15% of cancers adopt the Alternative Lengthening of Telomere (ALT) pathway. Previously, we and others reported that FANCM, one of the Fanconi Anemia proteins, plays a critical role in suppressing replication stress and DNA damage at ALT telomeres by actively disrupting TERRA R-loops [1-4]. Here, we showed that inactivation of DNA2 in ALT-positive (ALT+) cells, but not in telomerase-positive (TEL+) cells, induces a robust increase of replication stress and DNA damage at telomeres, which leads to a pronounced increase of many ALT properties, including telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs), ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs), and C-circles. We further demonstrated that depletion of DNA2 induces a pronounced increase of TERRA R-loops and a decrease in replication efficiency at ALT telomeres. Most importantly, we uncovered a strong additive genetic interaction between DNA2 and FANCM in the ALT pathway. Furthermore, co-depletion of DNA2 and FANCM causes synthetic lethality in ALT+ cells, but not in TEL+ cells, suggesting that targeting DNA2 and FANCM could be a viable strategy to treat ALT+ cancers. Finally, utilizing the single-molecule telomere assay via optical mapping (SMTA-OM) technology, we thoroughly characterized genome-wide changes in DNA2 deficient cells and FANCM deficient cells and found that most chromosome arms manifested increased telomere length. Unexpectedly, we uncovered many chromosome arm-specific telomere changes in those cells, suggesting that telomeres at different chromosome arms may regulate and respond to replication stress differently. Collectively, our study not only shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of the ALT pathway, but also discovered a new strategy for targeting ALT+ cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragupathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abid, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosiyatrakul, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yetil, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiswander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusupov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.-P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildkraut, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA2 and FANCM function in two distinctive pathways in disrupting TERRA R-loops and suppressing replication stress at ALT telomeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Head-related transfer function predictions reveal dominant sound transmission mechanisms in a dolphin head 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toothed whales possess specialized anatomical structures in the head, including thin, excavated lower mandible embedded in mandibular fat bodies, complex skull morphology fused with the upper jaw, and extensive air spaces surrounding the middle ears and beneath the skull. In this study, we use finite element modeling to investigate how these structures influence the transmission of water-borne sounds to the ears. The models are based on volumetric representations derived from computed tomography (CT) scans of a live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). We iteratively modify the anatomical structures included in the model and use the predicted head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) as a proxy for comparison. Our results show that the mandibular fat bodies, which support a lower sound speed than the surrounding tissues, significantly enhance the forward receiving directionality at echolocation frequencies through refraction, in a manner similar to the melon in shaping the dolphins highly directional transmission beams. Additionally, we show that, in the frequencies encompassing dolphin communication signals, the air volumes help block the otherwise complex sound transmission through the bones. These findings highlight convergent evolutionary solutions in toothed whale anatomy to create strong directionality in both sound emission and reception governed by the same physical principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Head-related transfer function predictions reveal dominant sound transmission mechanisms in a dolphin head]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.655886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic and transcriptional landscape of the spinal cord H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma suggests the potential therapeutic strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.655886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma with H3K27-altered (DMG) is a lethal pediatric malignancy that primarily occurs in the brainstem of children. In adults, DMG arising in the spinal cord is rarely reported and remains poorly understood. The cellular architecture and clinical outcomes of DMG vary depending on the tumors location. To dissect the genomic and transcriptional architecture of a cohort of spinal cord DMG patients, we conducted whole-exome sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing on 19 tumor samples from 7 patients. We identified previously underappreciated stem-like cells associated with hypoxia in malignant tumor cells, which were present in all samples of spinal cord DMG but absent in published intracranial DMG, corroborating cellular heterogeneity based on tumor location. We discovered that tumor-associated myeloid cells constituted the largest population of non-malignant cells in adult spinal cord DMG. Our research revealed a transition from microglia to macrophages, characterized by enhanced cell-to-cell interactions mediated through the VEGF signaling pathway network. Notably, we found that epigenetic agents can repress the expression of hypoxia-related gene programs in patient-derived spinal cord DMG cultures and inhibit cell proliferation in vitro. Collectively, our study reveals a crucial anatomical dimension that DMG exhibits a location-specific genomic and transcriptional landscape despite shared H3K27 alterations, providing the paradigm for developing precision therapeutic strategies that extend beyond DMG to other molecularly defined yet anatomically divergent malignancies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.655886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic and transcriptional landscape of the spinal cord H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma suggests the potential therapeutic strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transcriptomics-Based Computational Drug Repositioning Pipeline Identifies Simvastatin And Primaquine As Novel Therapeutics For Endometriosis Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometriosis has limited treatment options, prompting the search for novel therapeutics. We previously used a transcriptomics-based computational drug repositioning pipeline to analyze public bulk transcriptomic data of eutopic endometrium from cases and controls and identified several drug candidates. Fenoprofen, our top in silico candidate, was validated in a rat model of endometriosis-associated pain. Building on this, we evaluated herein two additional candidates, simvastatin (a cholesterol-lowering drug) and primaquine (an antimalarial), based on strong endometrial gene expression reversal scores and favorable safety profiles. Using the rat model, we conducted behavioral testing, bulk RNA sequencing, and differential expression analysis to assess their therapeutic potential. We also assessed endometriosis diagnosis among patients prescribed simvastatin in electronic medical records (EMR) across six University of California (UC) healthcare institutions. In vivo validation using a rat model of endometriosis demonstrated that both simvastatin and primaquine significantly reduced vaginal hyperalgesia, a surrogate marker of endometriosis-related pain. RNA-seq of uteri and lesions confirmed reversal of disease-associated gene expression signatures following treatment. Analysis of UC-wide EMR data found lower relative risk of endometriosis among those prescribed simvastatin compared to a matched control group. Overall, simvastatin and primaquine attenuated pain-associated behaviors and reversed endometriosis-related gene expression changes in an animal model. Moreover, simvastatin prescription was associated with a lower relative risk of endometriosis in our retrospective multi-center cohort study. These findings highlight their potential as repurposed therapeutics for endometriosis and support the effectiveness of computational drug repositioning in identifying new treatment strategies.

One Sentence SummarySimvastatin and primaquine reduced endometriosis pain and reversed gene signatures, with simvastatin also linked to lower disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oskotsky, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthurs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhoja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einhaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudilliere, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giudice, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transcriptomics-Based Computational Drug Repositioning Pipeline Identifies Simvastatin And Primaquine As Novel Therapeutics For Endometriosis Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-Rank Tensor Encoding Models Decompose Natural Speech Comprehension Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the brain process language over time? Research suggests that natural human language is processed hierarchically across brain regions over time. However, attempts to characterize this computation have thus far been limited to tightly controlled experimental settings that capture only a coarse picture of the brain dynamics underlying human natural language comprehension. The recent emergence of LLM encoding models promises a new avenue to discover and characterize rich semantic information in the brain, yet interpretable methods for linking information in LLMs to language processing over time are limited. In this work, we develop a low-rank tensor regression method to decompose LLM encoding models into interpretable components of semantics, time, and brain region activation, and apply the method to a Magnetoencephalography (MEG) dataset in which subjects listened to narrative stories. With only a few components, we show improved performance compared to a standard ridge regression encoding model, suggesting the low-rank models provide a good inductive bias for language encoding. In addition, our method discovers a diverse spectrum of interpretable response components that are sensitive to a rich set of low-level and semantic language features, showing that our method is able to separate distinct language processing features in neural signals. After controlling for low-level audio and sentence features, we demonstrate better capture of semantic features. Through use of low-rank tensor encoding models we are able to decompose neural responses to language features, showing improved encoding performance and interpretable processing components, suggesting our method as a useful tool for uncovering language processes in naturalistic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-Rank Tensor Encoding Models Decompose Natural Speech Comprehension Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Training-induced alterations in the modulation of human motoneuron discharge patterns with contraction force 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motoneurons adapt to both resistance and endurance training in reduced animal preparations, with adaptations seemingly more apparent in higher threshold neurons, but similar evidence in humans is lacking. Here, we compared the identified motor unit (MU) discharge patterns from decomposed electromyography signals acquired during triangular dorsiflexion contractions up to 70% of maximal voluntary force (MVF) between resistance-trained, endurance-trained, and untrained individuals (n=23 in each group). We then estimated intrinsic motoneuron properties and garnered insight about the proportion of excitatory, inhibitory, and neuromodulatory inputs contributing to motor commands across contraction intensities in each group. Participants also performed a task where a triangular contraction was superimposed onto a sustained one designed to challenge inhibitory control of dendritic persistent inward currents (PICs). Both trained groups demonstrated greater MU discharge rates with greater ascending discharge rate modulation during higher contraction forces ([&ge;]50% MVF), which were accompanied by more linear MU discharge patterns and greater post-acceleration attenuation slopes of the ascending discharge rates. No differences in discharge rate hysteresis or the discharge rate characteristics during the sombrero tasks between groups, suggesting no differences in neuromodulatory input. Conversely, resistance-compared to endurance-trained individuals exhibited greater acceleration slopes during lower contractions forces ([&le;]50% MVF), indicating the possibility of enhanced initial activation of PICs. Collectively, the greater and more linear MU discharge patterns in the trained groups either suggests a more reciprocal (i.e., push-pull) excitation-inhibition coupling during higher contraction forces or enhanced excitatory synaptic input to the motor pool, which might underpin greater force production of trained individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skarabot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomason, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaroff, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearcey, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Training-induced alterations in the modulation of human motoneuron discharge patterns with contraction force]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β serves as a critical signaling determinant of liver progenitor cell fate and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are the smallest cholangiocytes that perform hepatocyte functions to rescue the lives of patients suffering from acute liver failure (ALF) caused by massive hepatic necrosis (MHN). To date, it remains largely unknown how LPCs remain quiescent and become activated following MHN. This study elucidates the essential role of TGF-{beta} in regulating LPC quiescence and activation. Spatial transcriptomics analysis of liver tissues from four MHN-ALF patients revealed that LPCs receive multiple active signals from surrounding macrophages and hepatic stellate cells, including TGF-{beta}, HGF, and EGF. Physiologically, TGF-{beta} inhibits LPC proliferation by impeding G1-S phase transition. Ectopic Smad7 expression remarkably increased LPC proliferation in 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-fed mice. Intriguingly, extensive LPC proliferation was observed in ALF patients despite robust TGF-{beta}-p-SMAD2 signaling in activated LPCs. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed significantly elevated expression of p-MET, p-STAT3, p-EGFR, and p-ERK in LPCs, indicating active HGF and EGF signaling. In vitro, either HGF or EGF promoted LPC proliferation despite the presence of TGF-{beta}. Beyond acting as mitogens, HGF and EGF regulate master hepatocyte genes (e.g., HNF4) and cholangiocyte genes (e.g., SOX9) in LPCs. Notably, HGF-dependent HNF4 required TGF-{beta}-activated SMADs. Collectively, TGF-{beta} serves as a critical signaling determinant of LPC fate and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Torre, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β serves as a critical signaling determinant of liver progenitor cell fate and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target configuration determines how and what we learn during sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor adaptation--the process of correcting movement errors through feedback and practice--is a fundamental human capacity that keeps our actions well-calibrated amid changes in the environment and the body. However, how training context--specifically, the configuration of targets in the workspace--shapes how we learn and what we learn during motor adaptation remains unknown. To investigate this, we conducted two reaching experiments in which participants experienced a visuomotor gain perturbation, with feedback scaled to 1.3x (Exp 1) or 0.7x (Exp 2) the actual movement distance. In both experiments, participants were assigned to either the Extent Group, which trained with targets of varying amplitudes in a single direction, or the Angular Group, which trained with targets of equal amplitude in different directions. We found marked differences in how the two groups learned: the Angular Group learned more implicitly than the Extent Group, as evidenced by larger post-perturbation aftereffects when participants were instructed to forgo re-aiming strategies. Just as striking were the differences in what the two groups learned: the Angular Group learned a translation rule, which generalized to new directions but not amplitudes, while the Extent Group learned the imposed gain rule, which generalized to new amplitudes but not directions. Together, these findings underscore the importance of training context in determining how and what we learn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villavicencio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Malla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target configuration determines how and what we learn during sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composition of Carotid Plaques Differs Between Chinese and United States Patients: A Histology Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease are known to differ between the Chinese and United States (U.S.) populations as do the plaque features on imaging.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate and compare the histological features of excised carotid plaques from Chinese and U.S. patients.

MethodsCarotid endarterectomy specimens collected from two prospective studies were included. The entire plaque was serially sectioned (10 {micro}m thickness) at 0.5-1 mm intervals. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Mallorys trichrome staining were performed. The morphology and components of the plaques were measured and compared between the two groups.

ResultsA total of 1,152 histological sections from 75 Chinese patients and 1,843 sections from 111 U.S. patients were analyzed. The Chinese group had significantly smaller minimum lumen diameters (median: 1.1 vs. 1.3 mm, p=0.046) and a larger percent wall volume (median: 74% vs. 70%, p=0.018) than the U.S. group. After adjusting for confounding factors, carotid plaques in the Chinese population were more likely to have more lipid pools ({beta}=10.0%, 95%CI: 4.9 to 15.9%), more recent intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH; {beta}=8.4%, 95%CI: 4.5 to 12.7%), and less late IPH ({beta}=-8.2%, 95%CI: -11.3 to -5.4), and fewer fibrous cap disruptions (45% vs. 67%, p=0.061). Chinese plaques were more homogeneous and had a higher percentage of plaques with features of xanthomas than did U.S. plaques (20% vs 2.7%, p<0.001).

ConclusionsThe histology of Chinese plaques differs significantly from that of U.S. plaques, suggesting substantial differences in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease between Chinese and North American populations, which could enhance the gap in racial pathology comparison, indicating a need for a different management approach.

Central illustration

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=154 SRC="FIGDIR/small/658993v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (83K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f16corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f60d66org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e9a822org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11d7a31_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippe, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarco, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicosia, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsukami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composition of Carotid Plaques Differs Between Chinese and United States Patients: A Histology Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions across hemispheres in prefrontal cortex reflect global cognitive processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain functions involve processing in local networks as well as modulation from brainwide signals, such as arousal. Dissecting the contributions of populations of neurons to these functions requires knowledge of interactions between brain areas. We investigated these interactions using dual hemisphere recordings of prefrontal cortex in monkeys performing a spatial memory task. To tease apart global processing from local interactions, we applied a novel statistical approach called pCCA-FA (a combination of probabilistic canonical correlation analysis and factor analysis) to analyze trial-to-trial variability in neuronal responses. We found substantial shared variability among neurons within each population, much of which was actually shared across populations and linked to an arousal process. Our work presents a path by which we can leverage multi-area recordings to reveal aspects of brain functions that are hidden in single-area recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umakantha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions across hemispheres in prefrontal cortex reflect global cognitive processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.659820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population-specific brain charts reveal Chinese-Western differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.659820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain charts provide unprecedented opportunities for decoding neurodevelopmental milestones and establishing clinical benchmarks for precision brain medicine 1-7. However, current lifespan brain charts are primarily derived from European and North American cohorts, with Asian populations severely underrepresented. Here, we present the first population-specific brain charts for China, developed through the Chinese Lifespan Brain Mapping Consortium (Phase I) using neuroimaging data from 43,037 participants (aged 0-100 years) across 384 sites nationwide. We establish the lifespan normative trajectories for 296 structural brain phenotypes, encompassing global, subcortical, and cortical measures. Cross-population comparisons with Western brain charts (based on data from 56,339 participants aged 0-100 years) reveal distinct neurodevelopmental patterns in the Chinese population, including prolonged cortical and subcortical maturation, accelerated cerebellar growth, and earlier development of sensorimotor regions relative to paralimbic regions. Crucially, these Chinese-specific charts outperform Western-derived models in predicting healthy brain phenotypes and detecting pathological deviations in Chinese clinical cohorts. These findings highlight the urgent need for diverse, population-representative brain charts to advance equitable precision neuroscience and improve clinical validity across populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Men, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.659820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population-specific brain charts reveal Chinese-Western differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.14.659688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaporation and Focus Degradation Mitigation in In-Incubator Live Cell Imaging for Capacitance Lab-on-CMOS Microsystem Calibration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.14.659688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lab-on-CMOS is an instrumentation technology that combines miniaturized bioanalytical hardware with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics to provide integrated biosensing in a compact format. This paper focuses on a class of lab-on-CMOS systems that utilize capacitance sensing as a means to monitor cell cultures and track cell proliferation, as well as other cell life-cycle events. In this paradigm, changes in interfacial capacitance result from the activity of adherent cells at a bioelectronic interface. These changes are mapped to cell proliferation or life-cycle events using a ground-truth measurement such as live cell imaging from real-time microscopy. This paper identifies instrumentation challenges that arise from conducting these ground-truth measurements in a calibrated cell culture environment, i.e., when the lab-on-CMOS system is deployed inside a CO2 cell culture incubator. We show that autofocusing the microscopy column and provisioning the lab-on-CMOS with an immersion lid are two approaches that significantly improve the quality of live cell imaging ground-truth measurements over long periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilpin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandin, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.14.659688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaporation and Focus Degradation Mitigation in In-Incubator Live Cell Imaging for Capacitance Lab-on-CMOS Microsystem Calibration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining Machine Learning and Multiplexed, In Situ Profiling to Engineer Cell Type and Behavioral Specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A promising strategy for the precise control of neural circuits is to use cis-regulatory enhancers to drive transgene expression in specific cells. However, enhancer discovery faces key challenges: low in vivo success rates, species-specific differences in activity, challenges with multiplexing adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), and the lack of spatial detail from single-cell sequencing. In order to accelerate enhancer discovery for the dorsal spinal cord--a region critical for pain and itch processing--we developed an end-to-end platform, ESCargoT (Engineered Specificity of Cargo Transcription), combining machine learning (ML)-guided enhancer prioritization, modular AAV assembly, and multiplexed, in situ screening. Using cross-species chromatin accessibility data, we trained ML models to predict enhancer activity in oligodendrocytes and in 15 dorsal horn neuronal subtypes. We first demonstrated that an initial enhancer, Excit-1, targeted excitatory dorsal horn neurons and drove reversal of mechanical allodynia in an inflammatory pain model. To enable parallel profiling of a 27-enhancer-AAV library delivered intraspinally in mice, we developed a Spatial Parallel Reporter Assay (SPRA) by integrating a novel Golden-Gate assembly pipeline with multiplexed, in situ screening. Regression adjustment for spatial confounding enabled specificity comparisons between enhancers, demonstrating the ability to screen enhancers targeting diverse cell types (oligodendrocytes, motoneurons, dorsal neuron subtypes) in one experiment. We then validated two candidates, targeting Exc-LMO3 and Exc-SKOR2 neurons, respectively. In a companion paper by Noh et al, our colleagues show that the functional specificity of the Exc-SKOR2-targeting enhancer, unlike Excit-1, is capable of blocking the sensation of chemical itch in mice. These enhancers were derived from the macaque genome but displayed functional sensitivity in mice. This platform enables spatially resolved, multiplexed in vivo enhancer profiling to accelerate discovery of cell-targeting tools and gene therapy development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leone, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Weerd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeramosu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestili, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arokiaraj, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherupally, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>headrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franusich, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathys, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining Machine Learning and Multiplexed, In Situ Profiling to Engineer Cell Type and Behavioral Specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD+ boosting by oral nicotinamide mononucleotide administration regulates key metabolic and immune pathways through SIRT1 dependent and independent mechanisms to mitigate diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases that play a key role in metabolism. Sirtuin activity is compromised in aging and metabolic disorders, and pharmacological strategies that promote sirtuin function including NAD+ boosting approaches show potential as therapeutics. To study the impact of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in mice in high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and the role of SIRT1, a sirtuin family member, in mediating the NMN response, we administered NMN to mice in drinking water to boost NAD+ in control and in inducible SIRT1 knock-out mouse models and performed a combination of metabolic phenotyping, lipid profiling and plasma proteomics in these mice. We discovered that supplementation with NMN mitigated diet induced weight gain by enhancing energy expenditure, corrected dyslipidemia, and reversed perturbations in fasting blood glucose, all in a SIRT1-dependent manner. On the other hand, NMN-induced reductions in fat mass, fluid mass, eWAT and mesenteric WAT were SIRT1 independent. Proteomic approaches in plasma samples using O-Link and mass-spectrometry provided novel insights into key obesity- and NMN-dependent changes in circulating molecules with potential relevance to inflammation, liver function, and dyslipidemia. We discovered SIRT1 dependent and independent alterations in key circulating plasma proteins and identified key metabolic and molecular pathways that were significantly affected by HFD, several of which were reverted by oral NMN administration. Glucose metabolism, cholesterol metabolism and immune-related pathways are among the most significantly affected changes. Causal analysis of proteomic data suggests that observed effects could be mediated by transcription regulators FBXW7, ADIPOR2 and PRDM16. Collectively, our data supports the hypothesis that promoting SIRT1 function by boosting NAD+ levels in vivo may be a useful strategy to mitigate obesity and associated cardiovascular complications such as dyslipidemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majeed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwath, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Noubi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agha, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakayil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazloum, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD+ boosting by oral nicotinamide mononucleotide administration regulates key metabolic and immune pathways through SIRT1 dependent and independent mechanisms to mitigate diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Multi-scale Segmentation of Cellular Cryo-electron Tomograms with Stable Diffusion Foundation Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce an unsupervised approach for segmenting multiscale subcellular objects in 3D volumetric cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) images, addressing key challenges such as large data volumes, low signal-to-noise ratios, and the heterogeneity of subcellular shapes and sizes. The method requires users to select a small number of slabs from a few representative tomograms in the dataset. It leverages features extracted from all layers of a Stable Diffusion foundation model, followed by a novel heuristic-based feature aggregation strategy. Segmentation masks are generated using adaptive thresholding, refined with CellPose to split composite regions, and then utilized as pseudo-ground truth for training deep learning models. We validated our pipeline on publicly available cryo-ET datasets of S. Pombe and C. Eleganscell sections, demonstrating performance that closely approximates expert human annotations. This fully automated, data-driven framework enables the mining of multi-scale subcellular patterns, paving the way for accelerated biological discoveries from large-scale cellular cryo-ET datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabib, H. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Multi-scale Segmentation of Cellular Cryo-electron Tomograms with Stable Diffusion Foundation Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unlocking efficiency: Native circular RNA surpass linear isoforms in RNase P activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNase P, one of the earliest enzymes identified with RNA as its catalytic component, has been extensively studied across all three domains of life. In this research, we unveil circular isoforms of RNase P RNA within bacterial, fungal, and human cell lines. Comparing the bacterial variant, circM1, with its linear counterpart under diverse conditions revealed its enhanced temperature resistance and superior tolerance to Mn2+. Moreover, our findings suggest distinct protein associations for both isoforms in the presence of FBS. The human counterpart, circH1, was proved to be active in cellulo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietrys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unlocking efficiency: Native circular RNA surpass linear isoforms in RNase P activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punctuated mutagenesis promotes multi-stepevolutionary adaptation in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of acquisition of genomic changes in cancer has been the topic of much discussion, with several recent investigations finding evidence of punctuated evolution instead of gradual accumulation of such changes. Despite forays into the description and quantification of these punctuated events, the effects of such changes on subsequent cancer evolution remain incompletely understood. Here we investigate how non-gradual mutagenesis affects the ability of tumor cells to acquire and retain fitness-enhancing adaptations. We find that punctuated mutagenesis significantly facilitates adaptation in scenarios where adaptation requires crossing a fitness valley, i.e. when multiple mutations are required which individually are maladaptive but jointly confer a fitness advantage. By increasing the probability that multiple mutations occur in close succession, punctuation increases the chance that mutants in a fitness valley mutate further to reach a fitness peak before going extinct. Analyzing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we find that tumors with signatures of APOBEC mutagenesis, which has been shown to proceed in episodic bursts, exhibit patterns consistent with higher rates of crossing fitness valleys. Lastly, we characterize how the interplay between this enhanced ability to cross fitness valleys and adaptation-limiting effects of clonal interference affects overall adaptability in complex fitness landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graser, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peljak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punctuated mutagenesis promotes multi-stepevolutionary adaptation in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Intrinsic-hoc Framework for Heterogeneous Cellular Senescence Elucidation Using Deep Graph Representation Learning and Experimental Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a primordial driver of tissue and organ aging, and the accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) has been implicated in numerous age-related diseases. A major barrier to studying senescence is the rarity and heterogeneity of SnCs, which are not a uniform population but instead comprise diverse senotypes shaped by cell-of-origin and microenvironmental context. Such heterogeneity exceeds what classical senescence hallmarks can resolve at single-cell resolution, motivating the need for computational frameworks that can capture senotype-level diversity intrinsically. Here, we introduce DeepSAS, a deep graph representation learning framework that robustly identifies cell-type-specific SnCs and their senescence-associated genes (SnGs). DeepSAS incorporates a heterogeneous graph that integrates intracellular transcriptional states with intercellular communication cues, enabling the joint inference of senescent cells and senescence-linked genes through attention-based contrastive learning. Applied to public healthy eye and lung atlases, DeepSAS identified SnCs whose proportions positively correlate with aging. From in-house idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patient scRNA-seq data, DeepSAS detected 1,678 SnCs (out of 24,125 cells) and 263 SnGs across 26 cell types, including 43 SnGs that are uniquely associated with a single cell type. We generated high-resolution Xenium spatial transcriptomics data to further validate SnGs in IPF, revealing NFE2L2 as a SnG specifically enriched in CTHRC1+ fibroblasts. Notably, the ex vivo bleomycin-induced senescence in human precision-cut lung slice (hPCLS) samples similarly identified NFE2L2 as an SnG in CTHRC1+ fibroblasts, albeit with stronger transcriptional signals, suggesting mechanistic differences in senescence cells associated with chronic and acute injury. Overall, DeepSAS uncovers distinct senescence programs and infers cell-type-specific SnGs that are difficult to resolve using existing marker-based approaches. We believe it offers a generalizable and translationally relevant strategy for advancing senescence biology and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanegas, N. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghobashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickelberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konigshoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Intrinsic-hoc Framework for Heterogeneous Cellular Senescence Elucidation Using Deep Graph Representation Learning and Experimental Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Language Model Agent for Modular Task Execution in Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a modular framework powered by large language models (LLMs) that automates and streamlines key tasks across the early-stage computational drug discovery pipeline. By combining LLM reasoning with domain-specific tools, the framework performs biomedical data retrieval, domain-specific question answering, molecular generation, property prediction, property-aware molecular refinement, and 3D protein-ligand structure generation. In a case study targeting BCL-2 in lymphocytic leukemia, the agent autonomously retrieved relevant biomolecular information--including FASTA sequences, SMILES representations, and literature--and answered mechanistic questions with improved contextual accuracy over standard LLMs. It then generated chemically diverse seed molecules and predicted 67 ADMET-related properties, which guided iterative molecular refinement. Across two refinement rounds, the number of molecules with QED > 0.6 increased from 34 to 55, and those passing at least four out of five empirical drug-likeness rules rose from 29 to 52, within a pool of 194 molecules. The framework also employed Boltz-2 to generate 3D protein-ligand complexes and provide rapid binding affinity estimates for candidate compounds. These results demonstrate that the approach effectively supports molecular screening, prioritization, and structure evaluation. Its modular design enables flexible integration of evolving tools and models, providing a scalable foundation for AI-assisted therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrinarayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluru, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>farimani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Language Model Agent for Modular Task Execution in Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.659011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the Metazoan Protein Domain Toolkit Revealed by a Birth-Death-Gain Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.659011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domains, sequence fragments that encode protein modules with a distinct structure and function, are the basic building blocks of proteins. The set of domains encoded in the genome serves as the functional toolkit of the species. Here, we use a phylogenetic Birth-Death-Gain model to investigate the evolution of this protein toolkit in metazoa. Given a species tree and the set of protein domain families in each present-day species, this approach estimates the most likely rates of domain origination, duplication and loss.

Statistical hierarchical clustering of domain family rates reveals sets of domains with similar rate profiles, consistent with groups of domains evolving in concert. Moreover, we find that domains with similar functions tend to have similar rate profiles. Interestingly, domains with functions associated with metazoan innovations, including immune response, cell adhesion, tissue repair, and signal transduction, tend to have the fastest rates.

We further infer the expected ancestral domain content and the history of domain family gains, losses, expansions, and contractions on each branch of the species tree. In contrast to recent reports of widespread loss during metazoan evolution, we observe little evidence of genome streamlining. Rather, our analysis reveals an ongoing process of domain family replacement and resizing, consistent with extensive remodeling of the protein domain repertoire. The use of a powerful, probabilistic Birth-Death-Gain model reveals an unexpected level of genomic plasticity and a striking harmony between the evolution of domain usage in metazoan proteins and organismal innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.659011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the Metazoan Protein Domain Toolkit Revealed by a Birth-Death-Gain Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the Nrf2/ARE Mechanism: GanCaoXieXin Decoction Combats Oxidative Stress in Ulcerative Colitis Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGanCaoXieXin (GCXX) decoction, a classic prescription, has shown clinical efficacy in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its mechanism remains incompletely understood.

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore how GCXX modulates the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to mitigate oxidative stress (OS)-induced damage and thereby ameliorate UC.

Materials and methodsNetwork pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses identified key targets of GCXX in UC treatment. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyzed GCXXs effective compounds. A 2.5% Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-induced UC mouse model was used. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessed tight junction proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured intestinal permeability and oxidative stress markers. Western blot (WB) analyzed Nrf2/ARE signaling proteins. In 800mol/L H2O2-induced oxidative stress (OS) state HT-29 cells, cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress indicators, and apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. Immunofluorescence (IF) detected Nrf2/ARE signaling axis proteins.

ResultsThe results of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis revealed that GCXX could intervene in UC by regulating OS-related pathways. GCXX contained antioxidant components like quercetin, berberine, and baicalin. In vivo, GCXX alleviated mucosal damage, reduced intestinal permeability, downregulated MDA, upregulated SOD, suppressed Keap1, and promoted tight junction and Nrf2/ARE pathway proteins. In vitro, GCXX increased cell survival, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced MDA and apoptosis in OS state cells. Immunofluorescence confirmed Nrf2/ARE pathway as crucial in GCXXs protective effects.

ConclusionsGCXX elevates the expression level of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1, thus reducing entercell OS-induced damage, intestinal cell apoptosis, alleviating UC intestinal mucosal damaget.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the Nrf2/ARE Mechanism: GanCaoXieXin Decoction Combats Oxidative Stress in Ulcerative Colitis Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular Assembly of Biohybrid Machines Using Force-Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Actuators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle-based biohybrid systems integrate living muscle with engineered structures to create soft robots, biological models, and regenerative platforms. However, current actuators often lack strength and are difficult to assemble into complex devices. This study presents a suspended compliant skeleton that enhances muscle maturation by providing passive resistance, enabling high-stroke self-exercise without external stimulation. Using immortalized C2C12 cells, the resulting actuators achieved millimeter-scale strokes and millinewton-scale forces, surpassing previous benchmarks. Magnetic interfaces embedded in the skeleton allowed modular assembly into multi-degree-of-freedom devices such as grippers, arms, and positioning stages. These interfaces also support actuator replacement and repair, improving resilience and scalability. This approach significantly boosts engineered muscle performance and offers a robust, modular platform for building high-functioning, repairable biohybrid machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seok, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Wood, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.06.663299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular Assembly of Biohybrid Machines Using Force-Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Actuators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vector semantics of multidomain protein architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidomain proteins are mosaics of domains, protein modules that are associated with a specific structure or function and are found in diverse combinations. This modular organization facilitates the evolution of novel protein functions, but the principles that govern the relationship between the domain content of a protein and its function is poorly understood. In particular, do domains always contribute the same function, or does the functional contribution of a domain depend on the neighboring domains in the protein? To answer this question, we used vector embeddings, which account for local contextual signals, to model the protein domain content of multidomain proteins. We observe that multidomain architectures that are semantically similar share more functional attributes than multidomain architectures selected based on domain content similarity, alone, suggesting that context is important for understanding the relationship between domain content and protein function. Surprisingly, vector semantics also identified multidomain architecture pairs with significantly high functional similarity, despite having no domains in common at all, suggesting that vector semantics may be discovering domain "synonyms". Taken together, our results underscore the importance of contextual models for understanding the interplay between domain architecture evolution and functional innovation in multidomain proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vector semantics of multidomain protein architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.659973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent regulatory variants in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.659973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncoding genetic variants underlie many complex diseases, yet identifying and interpreting their functional impacts remains challenging. Late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD), a polygenic neurodegenerative disorder, exemplifies this challenge. The disease is strongly associated with noncoding variation, including common variants enriched in microglial enhancers and rare variants that are hypothesized to influence neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. These variants often perturb regulatory sequences by disrupting transcription factor (TF) motifs or altering local TF interactions, thereby reshaping gene expression and chromatin accessibility. However, assessing their impact is complicated by the context-dependent functions of regulatory sequences, underscoring the need to systematically examine variant effects across diverse tissues, cell types, and cellular states.

Here, we combined in vitro and in vivo massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) with interpretable machine-learning models to systematically characterize common and rare variants across myeloid and neural contexts. Parallel profiling of variants in four immune states in vitro and three mouse brain regions in vivo revealed that individual variants can differentially and even oppositely modulate regulatory function depending on cell-type and cell-state contexts. Common variants associated with LOAD tended to exert stronger effects in immune contexts, whereas rare variants showed more pronounced impacts in brain contexts. Interpretable sequence-to-function deep-learning models elucidated how genetic variation leads to cell-type-specific differences in regulatory activity, pinpointing both direct transcription-factor motif disruptions and subtler tuning of motif context. To probe the broader functional consequences of a locus prioritized by our reporter assays and models, we used CRISPR interference to silence an enhancer within the SEC63-OSTM1 locus that harbors four functional rare variants, revealing its gatekeeper role in inflammation and amyloidogenesis. These findings underscore the context-dependent nature of noncoding variant effects in LOAD and provide a generalizable framework for the mechanistic interpretation of risk alleles in complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestili, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokopenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hide, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzi, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.659973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent regulatory variants in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DANCE 2.0: Transforming single-cell analysis from black box to transparent workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preprocessing is a critical step in single-cell data analysis, yet current practices remain largely a black-box, trial-and-error process driven by user intuition, legacy defaults, and ad hoc heuristics. The optimal combination of steps such as normalization, gene selection, and dimensionality reduction varies across tasks, model architectures, and dataset characteristics, hindering reproducibility and method development. We present DANCE 2.0, an automated and interpretable preprocessing platform featuring two key modules: the Method-Aware Preprocessing (MAP) module, which discovers optimal pipelines for task-specific methods via hierarchical search, and the Dataset-Aware Preprocessing (DAP) module, which recommends pipelines for new datasets via similarity-based matching to a reference atlas. Together, MAP and DAP execute over 325,000 pipeline searches across six major tasks - clustering, cell type annotation, imputation, joint embedding, spatial domain identification, and cell type deconvolution - yielding robust and generalizable recommendations. MAP-recommended pipelines consistently outperform original method defaults, with substantial gains across all tasks. Beyond automation, DANCE 2.0 reveals interpretable preprocessing patterns across tasks, methods, and datasets, transforming preprocessing into a transparent, data-driven process. All resources are openly available at https://github.com/OmicsML/dance to support broad community adoption and future methodological advances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DANCE 2.0: Transforming single-cell analysis from black box to transparent workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Goal Uncertainty Attenuates Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation--the automatic correction of movement errors through feedback and practice--is driven by a perceptual prediction error, the mismatch between the perceived movement outcome and its intended goal. While perceptual uncertainty is known to attenuate adaptation, the impact of goal uncertainty on adaptation remains unknown. We employed a visuomotor adaptation task that isolates implicit adaptation (N = 180), manipulating goal uncertainty by varying how precisely the goals midpoint could be identified. Display format was varied independently to control for the objective size of visual features, and targets were hidden at movement onset, ensuring identical visual input at the moment the error was experienced. We found that goal uncertainty significantly attenuated implicit adaptation, independent of low-level visual and kinematic features. Together, these results demonstrate that a precise internal representation of the goal is essential for supporting implicit sensorimotor adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatzky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Goal Uncertainty Attenuates Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Big1 is a cell cycle regulator linking cell size to basal body number 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell size control in dividing cells coordinates cell growth with cell division. In the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena, there is a tight link between cell size and the cytoskeletal assemblies at the cell cortex organized around basal bodies (BBs). BBs dictate the distribution of ciliary units governing cell motility and are organized into 18-22 ciliary rows. The number of BBs per cell remains remarkably consistent even when the number and lengths of ciliary rows vary. big1-1 mutant cells are large and have elevated numbers of BBs, providing a system to investigate links between BB number and cell size control. We discovered BIG1 encodes a protein with an RRM3 RNA-binding domain similar to the fission yeast meiotic entry gene, mei2. The big1-1 mutation is a predicted null allele. By extending the duration of specific cell cycle stages conducive to new BB assembly, big1-1 promotes cell size increases through BB amplification. In contrast, excess Big1 protein localizes to BBs and drives cells into premature cell division, resulting in small cells with fewer BBs. Thus, Tetrahymena Big1 localizes to BBs and controls cell cycle progression, indicating BBs and Big1 link cell growth to the cell division cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stemm-Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dholakia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselberth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taliaferro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heasley, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Big1 is a cell cycle regulator linking cell size to basal body number]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate Immune Remodeling Drives Therapy Resistance via Macrophage-NK Cell Crosstalk. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic evolution of the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) during targeted therapy is a critical yet poorly understood determinant of treatment response and resistance. While most studies compare immune states before and after treatment, temporal immune changes during therapy remain largely uncharacterized, limiting development of effective combination strategies. Here, we investigated immune dynamics throughout targeted therapy using mouse melanoma models that recapitulate human therapeutic responses. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified a previously unrecognized inflection point where the inflamed TME during tumor regression, characterized by robust NK cell infiltration, transitions to an immune-excluded state upon onset of drug-tolerant residual disease. We uncovered a unique macrophage subset (F4/80hiCCL5MHCIICD63) that orchestrates NK cell recruitment through CCR2/5 signaling during regression. Depletion of these macrophages using LysM-cre;iDTR mice significantly reduced NK cell infiltration. Specifically during residual disease, pharmacological inhibition of Ptpn22, a phosphatase that negatively regulates immune activation, reprogrammed macrophages, restored NK cell recruitment and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Extending these findings to human cancer, longitudinal scRNA-seq analysis of melanoma and lung cancer patient samples revealed dynamic NK cell infiltration during targeted therapy, establishing a direct link between innate immune remodeling and treatment outcome. Unlike prior prognostic studies assessing immune states at single time points, our results provide mechanistic evidence of a temporal relationship between NK cell infiltration and therapeutic efficacy. Together, these findings position immune evolution as a driver of acquired resistance and identify macrophage-NK cell crosstalk as a therapeutically actionable axis to overcome immune exclusion and improve targeted therapy across multiple cancer types.

One Sentence SummaryCancer therapy resistance emerges from a dynamic evolution of the tumor microenvironment, characterized by macrophage-driven NK cell infiltration during initial tumor regression, followed by exclusion of NK cells during residual disease, highlighting macrophage-NK cell interactions as a promising therapeutic target to improve clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacaj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate Immune Remodeling Drives Therapy Resistance via Macrophage-NK Cell Crosstalk.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation-Free Upgrading of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes and Alcohols 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in organic and gas waste valorization have enabled high-yield production of carboxylic acids, positioning them as promising feedstocks for the bioeconomy. However, carboxylic acids must be activated before downstream use, typically requiring ATP, CoA, or reduced ferredoxin to overcome unfavorable thermodynamics. These activators are costly to generate and divert carboxylic acids into CO2-releasing pathways, reducing carbon efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) can directly reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes without prior activation, a process previously thought to be biologically inaccessible. Screening 133 ALDHs revealed that this activity is remarkably widespread within the protein family, enabling production of aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols, diols, and aromatic alcohols, at titers >1 g/L, in some cases, after optimization of thermodynamic driving forces. Additionally, we applied this system to upgrade waste-derived carboxylic acid effluent streams from wastewater sludge, food waste, and waste gas (CO2). This activation-free process, termed "reverse aldehyde oxidation" (rAOX), establishes a broadly applicable, energy-efficient platform for carboxylic acid valorization at 100% carbon yield. Analogous to the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) and reverse {beta}-oxidation (rBOX), rAOX exemplifies that metabolic reactions classically defined as unidirectional may have unexpected plasticity to operate in reverse and open new avenues in biomanufacturing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awachi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuayiuso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagerty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilcrease, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation-Free Upgrading of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes and Alcohols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal Impact of Low Vision on Explicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rehabilitation from motor system dysfunction relies on learning deliberate motor corrections through practice and feedback. This is called explicit motor adaptation. One key source of feedback for this adaptation is the visual error signal between the intended movement and the achieved movement. As people age, both motor dysfunction and visual impairment become more common, potentially compromising the visual feedback signal. Previous work has shown that visual impairment can disrupt the implicit, automatic adjustments made by the sensorimotor system. But how visual impairment influences the explicit motor adaptation, a cornerstone of rehabilitation, remains unknown. To address this gap, we recruited individuals with low vision--defined as uncorrectable visual impairment resulting in functional vision loss--and age-matched controls to complete a visuomotor task designed to isolate two components of explicit motor adaptation: discovering a new deliberate sensorimotor strategy and recalling a previously learned one. Surprisingly, low vision had no measurable impact on either component. Despite reduced visual fidelity, individuals with low vision were as effective as controls in both discovering and retrieving successful explicit sensorimotor strategies. These results highlight potential mechanisms that can be leveraged in rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cipleu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal Impact of Low Vision on Explicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coiled-coil interactions drive ectopic condensation of overexpressed MAD1 to promote mitotic slippage in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitotic checkpoint protein MAD1 is significantly overexpressed in several cancers, weakening the checkpoint and promoting mitotic slippage. Overexpressed MAD1 forms ectopic foci in mitotic cells, yet the biophysical nature of these foci and their contributions to mitotic slippage remain unclear. Here, we report that MAD1 foci are phase-separated condensates that shorten the mitotic duration by sequestering checkpoint proteins. Our biophysical quantifications reveal that MAD1 ectopic foci in mitotic cells exhibit dynamic condensate properties rather than those of a solid aggregate. Using an inducible phase separation assay in live cells, we show that MAD1 phase separation is driven by interactions between its coiled-coil and disordered domains at the N-terminus. We decouple the contributions of condensation from concentration by inducing the formation of MAD1 ectopic condensates in mitotic cells with low levels of MAD1, demonstrating that the condensation process directly drives mitotic slippage. Mechanistically, the MAD1 ectopic condensate traps the diffusive pool of MAD2, an interaction partner of MAD1, thereby weakening the MAD2 conversion cycle necessary for a robust mitotic checkpoint. Our work illustrates a loss of function caused by ectopic condensates in MAD1-overexpressed cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lackner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coiled-coil interactions drive ectopic condensation of overexpressed MAD1 to promote mitotic slippage in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular and spinal circuit basis for the functional segregation of itch and pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances reveal an extensive cellular diversity within the dorsal horn. How this complexity processes distinct sensations, like itch and pain, remains a fundamental question. We discovered hidden within a population of neurons expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (Grpr+), thought to be itch-specific, are highly homologous yet functionally distinct subtypes distinguished by expression of Tachykinin-1 (Tac1). While the Tac1- subtype mediates itch, the Tac1+ subtype mediates mechanical allodynia across diverse pain states. Inhibitory populations and differential sensitivities to GRP serve as key modulators of the Grpr+ neuron subtypes, shaping modality specific output. Leveraging computationally designed genomic enhancers to silence the Tac1- population reverses itch while silencing the Tac1+ subtype reverses mechanical allodynia broadly. The work demonstrates the nuance of differential sensory modality coding within the dorsal horn and the power of genomic enhancer-based strategies for modality-specific targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noh, M.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.-P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peirs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headrick, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvercin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeramosu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Weerd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dum, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathys, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular and spinal circuit basis for the functional segregation of itch and pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DALE-Eval: A comprehensive cell type-specific expression deconvolution benchmark for transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deconvolution of bulk transcriptomic data unlocks rich, cell type-specific insights from complex tissue samples. While cell type fraction deconvolution has been extensively developed and bench-marked, the next frontier--cell type-specific expression (CTSE) deconvolution--remains largely underexplored. Here, we introduce DALE-Eval, a comprehensive benchmark of CTSE methods, featuring novel evaluation metrics, identification of key drivers of performance, and practical recommendations for maximizing the value of CTSE in downstream applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DALE-Eval: A comprehensive cell type-specific expression deconvolution benchmark for transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning from B Cell Evolution: Adaptive Multi-Expert Diffusion for AntibodyDesign via Online Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in diffusion models have shown remarkable potential for antibody design, yet existing approaches apply uniform generation strategies that cannot adapt to each antigens unique requirements. Inspired by B cell affinity maturation--where antibodies evolve through multi-objective optimization balancing affinity, stability, and self-avoidance--we propose the first biologically-motivated framework that leverages physics-based domain knowledge within an online meta-learning system. Our method employs multiple specialized experts (van der Waals, molecular recognition, energy balance, and interface geometry) whose parameters evolve during generation based on iterative feedback, mimicking natural antibody refinement cycles. Instead of fixed protocols, this adaptive guidance discovers personalized optimization strategies for each target. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach: (1) discovers optimal SE(3)-equivariant guidance strategies for different antigen classes without pre-training, preserving molecular symmetries throughout optimization; (2) significantly enhances hotspot coverage and interface quality through target-specific adaptation, achieving balanced multi-objective optimization characteristic of therapeutic antibodies; (3) establishes a paradigm for iterative refinement where each antibody-antigen system learns its unique optimization profile through online evaluation; (4) generalizes effectively across diverse design challenges, from small epitopes to large protein interfaces, enabling precision-focused campaigns for individual targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poczos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.02.668313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning from B Cell Evolution: Adaptive Multi-Expert Diffusion for AntibodyDesign via Online Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic, behavior-dependent interactions between dorsal striatal dopamine and glutamate release predict cognitive flexibility and punishment resistant cocaine use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive inflexibility covaries with substance use disorder (SUD) risk. To determine if there is a neural relationship between these phenomena, glutamate and dopamine release in the dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral (DLS) striatum were measured as rats performed a discrimination and strategy switching test. Elevations in glutamate release, with reductions in dopamine, at trial initiation (DLS) and prior to choice (DMS and DLS) predicted fast strategy switching and punishment sensitive cocaine seeking. Elevations in DLS and DMS dopamine release at these respective timestamps predicted slow switching and punishment resistance. Orbitofrontal cortex and intralaminar thalamus were significant contributors to DLS and DMS glutamate release, but their relative contributions differed between rats that were fast or slow strategy switchers, and in how they affected behavior. As such, these data describe a neural signature of flexibility and associated circuitry that could be used to predict and treat SUDs in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaidi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torregrossa, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic, behavior-dependent interactions between dorsal striatal dopamine and glutamate release predict cognitive flexibility and punishment resistant cocaine use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Geometry Limits Bacterial Metabolic Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial metabolic strategies are fundamentally linked to their physical form, yet a quantitative understanding of how cell size and shape constrain the efficiency of biomass production remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a coarse-grained whole-cell model of bacterial physiology that integrates proteome allocation, metabolic fluxes, and cell geometry with physical limits on cell surface area and intracellular diffusion. Our model shows that the efficiency of cellular growth is not monotonic with nutrient availability; instead, it peaks precisely at the onset of overflow metabolism, framing this metabolic switch as an optimal trade-off between efficient use of imported nutrients and rapid growth. By simulating perturbations to cell morphology, we demonstrate the strong metabolic advantage of a high surface-to-volume ratio, which consistently improves growth efficiency. Finally, we show how geometric limits on growth efficiency result in a hard physical constraint: the maximum sustainable cell size is inversely related to the growth rate. This is due to a fundamental conflict between the proteomic cost of growth speed and the cost of size, which creates a budget crisis in large, fast-growing cells. Our work shows how a few physical rules define the allowable strategies for bacterial metabolism and provides a mechanistic explanation for the observed limits on microbial cell size and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cylke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Geometry Limits Bacterial Metabolic Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced TRPC3 conductance underlies altered SNr activity under dopamine depletion: predictions from data-driven network models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sufficient loss of dopamine within the basal ganglia (BG) leads to neuronal activity changes, including altered firing rates and firing patterns, thought to underlie parkinsonian motor symptoms. Yet, within BG neuronal populations, baseline activity and responses to inputs are highly variable, complicating efforts to identify key factors associated with pathological changes. We introduce a novel approach to constructing a computational neuron population model that, when applied to the mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), captures the firing heterogeneity observed across slice and in vivo recordings. This model reproduces the diversity of SNr neuron responses to stimulation of GABAergic input terminals, yielding new insights into the mechanisms underlying this variability. Moreover, our modeling pinpoints significant decreases in TRPC3 conductance in SNr dendrites as a key determinant of altered SNr activity in the dopamine depleted state, with important implications for efforts to restore functional SNr activity in this condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristieta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced TRPC3 conductance underlies altered SNr activity under dopamine depletion: predictions from data-driven network models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 S protein activates the HIV latent reservoir through the mTOR pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the global COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines using the S protein as antigen were widely used.Vaccine-induced S proteins can persist in vivo for weeks, triggering low-level immune activation. HIV latent reservoir maintenance is a major challenge for ART therapy, especially when immune pressure is waning. This then raises critical questions for HIV-infected patients: does prolonged exposure to S proteins affect HIV latent reservoir stability? Recent studies have pointed out that S proteins may activate the mTOR signaling pathway, which in turn affects the immune response and metabolic processes of cells. And the mTOR pathway is closely related to the maintenance and activation of HIV latent reservoir. However, how S proteins affect the HIV latent reservoir and the mechanism of activation are unclear. To explore the mechanism of how SARS-CoV-2 S proteins regulate the HIV latent reservoir and to explore whether S proteins regulate the HIV latent reservoir through the mTOR pathway, we constructed an in vitro HIV latent reservoir model for our experiments.To evaluate the potential role of S protein in HIV latent reservoir activation, relevant markers of HIV latent reservoir activation were detected using ELISA, flow cytometry, and RT-qPCR; and the relationship between S protein and mTOR was also detected by WB, CO-IP, and IFC.It was found that S proteins activated the HIV latent reservoir while increasing mTOR expression. It was further observed that mTOR inhibitors significantly inhibited S protein-induced activation of the HIV latent reservoir, and mTOR activators reversed the inhibitory effect of mTOR inhibitors on HIV latent reservoir activation. In summary, we found that S proteins activated the HIV latent reservoir through the mTOR pathway.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=170 SRC="FIGDIR/small/670887v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f6d87aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fe4cc0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@60eefeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ea9a34_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG S protein interacts with mTOR and activates the mTOR-p-p70S6K-pS6 pathway, which promotes HIV transcription

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 S protein activates the HIV latent reservoir through the mTOR pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.668819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARCADE: Controllable Codon Design from Foundation Models via Activation Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.668819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Codon sequence design is crucial for generating mRNA sequences with desired functional properties for tasks such as developing mRNA vaccines or gene editing therapies. Yet existing methods lack flexibility and controllability to adapt to various design objectives. We propose a novel machine learning-based framework, ARCADE, that enables flexible and controllable multi-objective codon design. Leveraging inherent knowledge from pretrained genomic language models, ARCADE extends activation engineering, a technique originally developed for controllable text generation, beyond discrete feature manipulation such as concepts and styles, to steering continuous-valued biological metrics. Specifically, we derive biologically meaningful semantic steering vectors in the models activation space, which directly control properties such as the Codon Adaptation Index, Minimum Free Energy, and GC content. Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility of ARCADE in designing codon sequences with multiple objectives, underscoring its potential for advancing programmable biological sequence design. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/arcade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, H.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.668819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARCADE: Controllable Codon Design from Foundation Models via Activation Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.672699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulating apicobasal tissue polarity in extracellular matrix incorporated airway organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.672699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The airway epithelium is a dynamic barrier that interfaces with the external environment and internal matrix along its apicobasal axis. To recapitulate this tissue arrangement in an organoid format, we present the decellularized ExtraCellular Matrix-incorporated Apical-out Airway Organoid (dECM-AoAO) that integrates basolateral matrix cues through incorporation of human lung dECM microparticles, while maintaining direct apical exposure to the exterior. Compared to the ECM-free AoAO, dECM incorporation effectively diversifies lineage distribution that better recapitulates native epithelial composition. Harnessing dECM-AoAO locomotion powered by its outward-facing ciliary beating, we developed an experimental and computational pipeline for swarm analysis of organoid group motility as a functional readout of ciliary function. Lastly, dECM-AoAO withstood cryopreservation and revival with sustained viability, lineage composition, and ciliary function, enabling future scalability and broad distribution. Together, this work establishes dECM-AoAO as a more physiologically relevant model system for investigating epithelial-ECM crosstalk during airway homeostasis, pathogenesis, and injury responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porritt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golestan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>farimani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.672699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulating apicobasal tissue polarity in extracellular matrix incorporated airway organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward Precision Detection of Pyrazinamide Resistance: Critical Concentration Assessment and Rapid Molecular Method Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of broth microdilution (BMD) and fluorescence PCR melting curve analysis (MeltPro MTB/PZA assay) for detecting pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance in rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB).RR-TB strains isolated from patients in TB prevention and control in stitutions and designated hospitals in Beijing from January to December 2009 were analyzed. PZA susceptibility was assessed using BMD, MeltPro MTB/PZ A assay (targeting pncA mutations), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The sensitivity, specificity, agreement rate, and Kappa value of BMD (at critical c oncentrations (CCs) of 100 g/mL and 200 g/mL)and MeltPro MTB/PZA assa y were evaluated using WGS as the reference standard. At CCs of 100 g/mL and 200 g/mL, BMD showed resistance rates of 63.6% (70/110) and 45.5% (50/110), respectively. Compared to WGS, BMD demonstrated sensitivities of 96 .1% and 92.2%, specificities of 64.4% and 94.9%, with {kappa} values of 0.590 and 0.872, respectively. The MeltPro assay detected resistance in 44.5% (53/119) of strains, with 89.7% sensitivity, 98.4% specificity, and {kappa} value of 0.882. The MeltPro MTB/PZA assay demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for PZA resista nce screening in RR-TB patients, supporting its utility as a frontline detection t ool. BMD at 200 g/mL showed better concordance with WGS. Additionally, f ive novel pncA mutations (Ile5Thr, Leu27Gln, Ser67stop, Pro69Arg, Trp119Ser) identified in this study expand the catalog of known resistance-associated vari ants and offer new targets for mechanistic investigations.

IMPORTANCEThis study evaluates the diagnostic performance of broth micr odilution and a rapid molecular assay in detecting pyrazinamide resistance in R R-TB, providing insight into reliable testing approaches and resistance profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward Precision Detection of Pyrazinamide Resistance: Critical Concentration Assessment and Rapid Molecular Method Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The biosynthetic gene cluster landscape of the oral microbiome across health and dental caries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized metabolites encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in the oral microbiome remain largely unexplored in the context of oral health and disease. Previous genome-centric surveys have cataloged hundreds of uncharacterized BGCs in the oral cavity associated with health and disease, but these studies relied on reference genomes and did not capture strain-level variation or the native distribution of BGCs. Here, we assembled three independently sourced metagenomic datasets from healthy and dental caries samples, extracted BGCs, and quantified their abundance alongside expression in a metatranscriptomic dataset. We first identified that aryl polyene, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), and nonribosomal peptide (NRP) encoding BGCs were the most abundant BGC classes across all three metagenomic datasets. We then grouped these BGCs into homology-based families and found that homologous clusters were usually consistently associated with either health or dental caries, suggesting conserved community-level roles for BGCs. An elastic-net regression model further selected 45 BGCs out of >5000 that could distinguish healthy and dental caries samples in the metatranscriptomic dataset, which demonstrated that BGCs could be predictive markers of disease. This analysis emphasizes the importance of high-quality metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets to resolve BGC expression patterns and to guide discovery of metabolites relevant to oral health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The biosynthetic gene cluster landscape of the oral microbiome across health and dental caries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuroendocrine principle: Pancreatic islets actively shape sympathetic innervation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival critically depends on maintaining blood glucose levels to provide essential energy, especially during emergencies such as the fight-or-flight response, when timely glucose control via neural integration is vital. However, pancreatic islets constitute only a small fraction of the pancreas and are dispersed throughout the organ, raising the fundamental question of how the nervous system coordinates synchronized control of multiple islets. Using whole-organ clearing and 3D imaging, we mapped pancreatic sympathetic innervation, revealing specialized anatomical integration between sympathetic nerves and islets. Transplanted islets intrinsically attracted sympathetic nerves independent of their native environment. Chronic islet injury disrupted sympathetic innervation and markedly impaired nerve regeneration after denervation. Sympathetic denervation markedly elevated islet-derived Reg2 and Reg3{beta}; administration of these proteins accelerated sympathetic regeneration and improved islet graft function. Our findings identify an islet-sympathetic architecture actively maintained by islets, uncovering an endocrine-driven mechanism for neural regulation, highlighting Reg2 and Reg3{beta} as therapeutic candidates for diabetes management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abudujilile, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutailifu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuroendocrine principle: Pancreatic islets actively shape sympathetic innervation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.671383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing instantaneous neural signal-behavior relationships with concurrent functional mixed models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.671383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously proposed an analysis framework for fiber photometry data based on functional linear mixed models (FLMMs). Functional LMMs allow modeling associations between photometry traces and trial-specific scalar values like behavioral summaries and session number, while also accounting for between-animal heterogeneity. Here, we extend the method to concurrent FLMMs (cFLMMs), a method that can fit the instantaneous relationship between functional outcomes and functional covariates. Concurrent FLMMs enable testing of how the photometry signal is associated with, for example, a behavioral variable that evolves across within-trial timepoints (e.g. animal speed). cFLMMs can also model the relationship between the photometry signal and covariates in experiments with variable trial lengths (e.g., in studies where trials end when an animal responds). We illustrate the application of cFLMMs on two published studies and show the method can identify signal-behavior associations in analyses not possible with FLMMs. We find that analyzing photometry-behavior associations based on behavioral summaries (e.g., latency-to-response, average lick rate) can lead to misleading conclusions. We published our method in the fastFMM package, available as an R package through GitHub (https://github.com/awqx/fastFMM).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.671383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing instantaneous neural signal-behavior relationships with concurrent functional mixed models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visible Light-Controllable Surgical Hemostatic Adhesives Enabled by Vitamin B12-Stabilized Poly(α-Lipoic Acid) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water-resistant adhesives are indispensable for biomedical applications, from surgical wound closure to internal hemostasis. While poly(-lipoic acid)-based adhesives show promise for their strong underwater adhesion, their clinical utility has been limited by uncontrolled polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. Here we present a visible light-controllable adhesive system enabled by a simple mix of -lipoic acid (LA) and vitamin B12 (i.e., adenosylcobalamin or AdoB12)--a photolabile compound--without resorting to any chemical modification. Benign visible light irradiation facilitates the cleavage of the C-Co bond and the subsequent formation of B12-thiolate complexes that stabilize LA polymers against depolymerization. The photoresponsive LA-AdoB12 adhesive system has proven highly effective in a wide range of surgical applications, achieving (1) strong bonding in porcine skin models in vitro, (2) reliable sealing of punctured organs (lung, heart and stomach) ex vivo, and (3) immediate hemostasis in active bleeding models such as topical, esophageal, and intestinal wounds in vivo. This work highlights a simple yet powerful strategy for creating visible light-controllable bioglues well-suited for diverse surgical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visible Light-Controllable Surgical Hemostatic Adhesives Enabled by Vitamin B12-Stabilized Poly(α-Lipoic Acid)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond Ornithine Metabolism in Gyrate Atrophy: Tissue-Specific Proteomic Insights into Neonatal and Adult OAT Deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) links the urea cycle, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism by interconverting ornithine to pyrroline-5-carboxylate and glutamate. Mutations in OAT cause hyperornithinemia and predominantly affect the eye, leading to gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GA), a rare inherited blinding disorder. To understand the early molecular changes that make the eye susceptible to damage, we performed quantitative proteomic and metabolomic profiling of liver, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE/Cho) from OAT-deficient (Oatrhg) mice prior to detectable vision impairment. In addition to reduced OAT expression and elevated ornithine, methylation-related metabolites such as N(6)-methyl-lysine were altered in all examined tissues of Oatrhgmice. In the liver, ornithine disposal through the urea cycle was enhanced, together with altered expression of detoxification enzymes and histone H2B proteins. In contrast, the retina had minimal proteomic changes but pronounced alterations in amino acid pathways supporting glutamate homeostasis. The RPE/Cho demonstrated the most extensive proteomic changes, particularly in mitochondrial metabolism, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix, along with reductions in metabolites involved energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity. Together, these findings highlight common and tissue-specific impacts of OAT on the liver and ocular tissues and provide insight into early molecular changes that contribute to the selective vulnerability of the eye in GA. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD063614) and metabolomics data via MassIVE repository (MSV000101103).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eminhizer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravanan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond Ornithine Metabolism in Gyrate Atrophy: Tissue-Specific Proteomic Insights into Neonatal and Adult OAT Deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.675842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondria-containing large extracellular vesicles target mouse motor neurons upon intramuscular injection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.675842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disorder that causes progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction accelerates neurodegeneration aggravating the severity of ALS. We hypothesized that increasing the mitochondrial function of motor neurons may promote neuronal survival. Therefore, we investigated the potential of neuron-derived mitochondria containing extracellular vehicles (EVs) as a novel therapeutic approach for ALS using differentiated NSC-34 cells as a surrogate for neurons. Neuron derived-large EVs (lEVs) but not small EVs (sEVs) contained mitochondria. However, we observed increased cell viability and oxygen consumption rates in heat-stressed neurons treated with both sEVs and lEVs suggesting improved mitochondrial function in recipient neurons. The increased oxygen consumption rates in sEV-treated heat-stressed neurons was accompanied by a greater proton leak compared to lEV treatment. The greater proton leak observed with sEVs likely suggests a lower efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation compared to that achieved by cells treated with mitochondria-containing lEVs. These findings suggest that mitochondrial components present in sEVs, such as proteins and mitochondrial DNA, may too contribute to improving cellular respiration. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that lEV mitochondria are transported into the lumbar spinal cord motor neurons following intramuscular injection in C57BL/6 mice in a EV dose-dependent manner. Collectively, for the first time, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of neuronal EVs in recipient heat-stressed neurons and the delivery of lEV mitochondria to spinal cord motor neurons in vivo without any EV surface modifications for neuronal targeting. Further studies will determine the therapeutic efficacy of mitochondria-containing EVs in the SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=166 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/675842v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@af590aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fed11dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@52d339org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a97182_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinky, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basudkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pingali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milligan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delbono, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundara Manickam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.675842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondria-containing large extracellular vesicles target mouse motor neurons upon intramuscular injection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Rare Multipotent Peg-like Epithelial Cell is a Candidate Cell-of-Origin for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To illuminate the origins of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most lethal and common form of ovarian cancer, we have created a comprehensive living organoid biobank of human fallopian tube tissue, which is thought to be the origin of this cancer. Through optimized culture protocols and integrated multi-omic profiling--including single-cell RNA sequencing, chromatin accessibility (ATAC) analysis, proteomics, and secretomics--we assembled the largest molecular atlas of the fallopian tube epithelium to date. This resource revealed diverse epithelial lineages and regulatory networks, including a rare, multipotent epithelial subpopulation with hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal features. Spatially localized to the basal epithelium and resembling mesonephric developmental precursors, these cells exhibit transcriptomic and proteomic similarities to the mesenchyme-like subtype of HGSOC, implicating them as potential cells-of-origin. Their molecular identity is preserved in organoid models, enabling future mechanistic and translational studies. This resource, which advances fundamental understanding of epithelial hierarchy and cancer susceptibility, provides a platform to inform early detection and prevention strategies for aggressive forms of ovarian cancer.

HighlightsO_LIEstablishment of a clinically annotated fallopian tube organoid biobank enables delineation of epithelial lineage hierarchies and differentiation capacity.
C_LIO_LIMulti-omics integration defines robust, lineage-specific transcriptional and regulatory networks in the fallopian tube epithelium.
C_LIO_LIA rare basal epithelial subpopulation with mesenchymal features aligns with a mesenchyme-like subtype of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
C_LIO_LIRare basal  peg cells exhibit fetal mesonephric developmental transcriptional programs and are maintained ex-vivo in fallopian tube organoids.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ritting, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aalam, S. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbrava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaludiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crasta, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaufelberger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janus, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalthur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weroha, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadanandam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar-Maia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkum-Gamez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Rare Multipotent Peg-like Epithelial Cell is a Candidate Cell-of-Origin for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pocket-based molecule generation with an SE(3)-equivariant language model leads to a potent and selective HPK1 inhibitor with in vivo efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning shows promise in structure-based drug discovery, yet challenges persist in generating pharmacologically plausible molecules with valid 3D conformation and decent binding mode in the pocket. We introduce SE3-BiLingoMol, an SE(3)-equivariant Transformer for pocket-based 3D molecule generation, addressing two key limitations of existing language-model approaches. First, it uses Geometric Algebra Transformers for SE(3)-equivariant handling of continuous 3D coordinates. Second, a bidirectional attention mechanism mitigates conformational errors accumulated during autoregressive sampling. These innovations enable SE3-BiLingoMol to generate 2D drug-like, 3D geometrically valid molecules with superior binding modes. Validated on DUD-E dataset containing over 100 targets, the model achieved state-of-the-art performance in de novo design and optimization. We applied SE3-BiLingoMol to design potent and selective inhibitors for HPK1, a promising immunotherapy target. Through an iterative human-AI workflow, integrating AI generation with experimental validations (X-ray crystallography, bioassays), we identified Cmpd. 6. This novel tetracyclic compound demonstrates potent HPK1 inhibition, excellent cellular activity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and robust anti-tumor in vivo efficacy as monotherapy and with PD-1 blockade. Our work establishes a sophisticated generative AI framework for 3D molecule design and demonstrates its application in developing cancer immunotherapy.

Highlights[bullet] SE(3)-Equivariant Language Model for Molecule Generation: We introduce a dual-channel SE(3)-equivariant language model that supports de novo molecule design and optimization, addressing key challenges in prior language model-based 3D molecule generation approaches.
[bullet]Discovery of Potent HPK1 Inhibitors: Application of this model led to the discovery of highly selective HPK1 inhibitors with robust in vivo efficacy, resulting in a promising lead compound.
[bullet]AI-Guided Rational Drug Development Paradigm: This work establishes a paradigm for AI-guided rational drug development, showcasing AI as a "co-pilot" that inspires drug designers with novel ideas in an "evidence-based context".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pocket-based molecule generation with an SE(3)-equivariant language model leads to a potent and selective HPK1 inhibitor with in vivo efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOFT METROPOLIS-HASTINGS CORRECTION FOR GENERATIVE MODEL SAMPLING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMolecular diffusion models suffer from systematic sampling biases that prevent optimal structure formation, resulting in chemically suboptimal molecules with metastable conformations trapped in local energy minima. We introduce Metropolis-Hastings (MH) correction to molecular diffusion models, providing a principled framework to address these systematic sampling biases. The traditional hard accept-reject Metropolis-Hastings corrector creates discontinuous trajectories incompatible with the continuous nature of molecular potential energy surfaces, disrupting proper structure assembly. To address this, we develop a soft Metropolis-Hastings correction that replaces binary acceptance with continuous interpolation weighted by acceptance probabilities, maintaining smooth navigation in the chemical space while providing principled bias correction. We design three molecular-specific variants and demonstrate through extensive experiments on small molecules, drug conformations, and therapeutic antibody CDR-H3 loops that our method consistently improves chemical validity, structural stability, and conformational quality across diverse molecular families. Our method establishes MH correction as a powerful component for molecular generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poczos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOFT METROPOLIS-HASTINGS CORRECTION FOR GENERATIVE MODEL SAMPLING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptolancidin D mediates intra-species competition in Streptococcus pneumoniae through the Rgg144/SHP144 quorum-sensing system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major colonizer of the human nasopharynx, where inter- and intra-strain competition plays a critical role in shaping population structure and influencing vaccine outcomes. Bacteriocins are key mediators of intra-species competition, yet many of their functions and regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterize streptolancidin D, a previously uncharacterized bacteriocin encoded by the sldA-T locus and demonstrate its contribution to pneumococcal competition. Using a naturally colonizing strain, we show that deletion of sldA-T impairs inhibition of competitor strains in in vitro biofilms and during murine co-colonization. We further show that sldA-T is regulated by the Rgg144/SHP144 quorum sensing system, with promoter activity abolished in a SHP-deficient background and partially restored by exogenous peptide stimulation. Genomic analysis revealed that sldA-T is consistently encoded downstream of the Rgg144/SHP144 system and is present in [~]12% of over 7,500 pneumococcal genomes, with lineage-specific patterns of distribution. This observation suggests a regulated mechanism that provides competitive advantages in strain-strain interactions, which might help explaining the long-term persistence of certain clones even under PCV13 pressure.

Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized quorum sensing regulated antimicrobial system in S. pneumoniae that enhances strain competitiveness and may contribute to lineage persistence and replacement dynamics under selective pressures such as vaccination.

IMPORTANCEBacteriocins are central to bacterial competition and niche occupation, particularly in structured environments like the human nasopharynx. While several pneumococcal bacteriocins have been characterized, the functions of many of these systems are unknown, limiting our understanding of how these systems shape strain fitness and population dynamics. This study characterizes streptolancidin D, a bacteriocin that enhances intraspecies competitiveness both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that its expression is tightly regulated by the conserved Rgg144/SHP144 quorum sensing system and that the locus is non-randomly distributed across the pneumococcal population. By integrating genomic, functional, and regulatory analyses, our work expands the known diversity of pneumococcal bacteriocins and reveals how quorum sensing-regulated antimicrobials may influence strain dominance, population structure, and potentially vaccine escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valente, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazioglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesilkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa-Leao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptolancidin D mediates intra-species competition in Streptococcus pneumoniae through the Rgg144/SHP144 quorum-sensing system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.678997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between Immune Microenvironment and Hair Follicle Cells Underlies Sexual Dimorphism in Androgenetic Alopecia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.678997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as female pattern hair loss (FPHL) in women, is the most prevalent form of hair loss. It is characterized by progressive miniaturization of hair follicles and shortening of the anagen phase. The condition is widely attributed to genetic predisposition and androgen-mediated activation of androgen receptors. Other factors, such as the immune microenvironment, could also contribute to the pathogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of skin-resident myeloid cells in interacting with hair follicle cells under androgen stimulation, and to elucidate the sex-specific differences in dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced hair loss. Both female and male mice received DHT treatment, and histological examination was performed to assess DHT-induced alterations in skin morphology. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was utilized to profile skin cell populations and explore underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that DHT inhibited hair regrowth in both sexes, altered skin thickness, and induced hair follicle miniaturization. scRNA-seq analysis revealed enhanced interactions between myeloid and fibroblast subpopulations, with more robust crosstalk observed in female mice. An in vitro experiment demonstrated that DHT promoted apoptosis of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) in the presence of macrophages. Treatment with polypeptides Y001 and Y002 effectively promoted hair regrowth by suppressing apoptosis signaling pathways. Our findings underscore the interactions between immune cells and hair follicular cells, particularly mediated by skin-resident myeloid cells, in the sexual dimorphism of androgenetic alopecia. The polypeptides Y001 and Y002 exhibit promising therapeutic potential by targeting apoptotic pathways, offering novel avenues for AGA treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.678997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between Immune Microenvironment and Hair Follicle Cells Underlies Sexual Dimorphism in Androgenetic Alopecia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GCP-VQVAE: A Geometry-Complete Language for Protein 3D Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWConverting protein tertiary structure into discrete tokens via vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) creates a language of 3D geometry and provides a natural interface between sequence and structure models. While pose invariance is commonly enforced, retaining chirality and directional cues without sacrificing reconstruction accuracy remains challenging. In this paper, we introduce GCP-VQVAE, a geometry-complete tokenizer built around a strictly SE(3)-equivariant GCPNet encoder that preserves orientation and chirality of protein backbones. We vector-quantize rotation/translation-invariant readouts that retain chirality into a 4 096-token vocabulary, and a transformer decoder maps tokens back to backbone coordinates via a 6D rotation head trained with SE(3)-invariant objectives.

Building on these properties, we train GCP-VQVAE on a corpus of 24 million monomer protein backbone structures gathered from the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. On the CAMEO2024, CASP15, and CASP16 evaluation datasets, the model achieves backbone RMSDs of 0.4377 [A], 0.5293 [A], and 0.7567 [A], respectively, and achieves 100% codebook utilization on a held-out validation set, substantially outperforming prior VQ-VAE-based tokenizers and achieving state-of-the-art performance. Beyond these benchmarks, on a zero-shot set of 1 938 completely new experimental structures, GCP-VQVAE attains a backbone RMSD of 0.8193 [A] and a TM-score of 0.9673, demonstrating robust generalization to unseen proteins. Lastly, we show that the Large and Lite variants of GCP-VQVAE are substantially faster than the previous SOTA (AIDO), reaching up to [~] 408 x and [~] 530 x lower end-to-end latency, while remaining robust to structural noise. We make the GCP-VQVAE source code, zero-shot dataset, and its pretrained weights fully open for the research community: https://github.com/mahdip72/vq_encoder_decoder
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourmirzaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmaili, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmirzaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GCP-VQVAE: A Geometry-Complete Language for Protein 3D Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound engages parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in a humanized mouse model of chronic pain: from electrophysiology to cellular investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLow-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) offers high spatial specificity and deep brain penetration, showing great promise as a non-invasive stimulation technology for modulating brain activity and behavior. Recent studies show that specific tFUS parameters targeted to pain-processing brain circuits can significantly alter pain-related behaviors in rodent models and humans. However, a comprehensive understanding of how tFUS influences brain networks and cellular mechanisms is essential to optimize efficacy and facilitate safe translation to clinical pain therapies.

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the modulation of inhibitory neural circuits induced by tFUS of 40 Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in a humanized mouse model of chronic pain, integrating local and network-level electrophysiological investigations, molecular analyses, and histological assessment to confirm safety.

Methods and ResultsWe used a 128-element random array transducer for stimulation, along with a non-invasive and flexible 30-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to assess local evoked responses, topographical brain activity, and global brain dynamics including excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance. To further assess tFUS neuromodulation effects at the cellular level, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and found that tFUS significantly increased the activity of inhibitory neurons as indicated by elevated expression of Glutamate Decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and Parvalbumin (PV). Finally, safety was evaluated in the same brain samples used for mechanistic analysis, with blinded histological assessment revealing no signs of tissue damage.

ConclusionsThese findings provide new evidence that tFUS non-invasively engages PV GABAergic inhibitory circuits in a chronic pain mouse model, supporting its development as a robust neuromodulation strategy.

TopicsChronic pain; Transcranial focused ultrasound; Non-invasive brain neuromodulation; GABAergic neural circuit modulation

HighlightsO_LIMulti-modal assessment of low-intensity tFUS in a humanized chronic pain model.
C_LIO_LI40 Hz tFUS enhances inhibition, mirroring optogenetic PV neuron activation.
C_LIO_LIRepeated tFUS restored chronic pain-disrupted E/I balance.
C_LIO_LIMulti-session tFUS upregulates GAD67 and PV interneuron expressions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.680737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound engages parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in a humanized mouse model of chronic pain: from electrophysiology to cellular investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Modeling Reveals Cell-Cell Communication Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment During Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 plays a crucial role in breast cancer treatment. Despite clinical success, how ICB reshapes the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance anti-tumor activity remains unclear. Anti-PD-1 therapy alters TME cells beyond PD-1+ T cells, with extensive cell-cell communication (CCC) playing a key role. Understanding the dynamic CCC changes upon anti-PD-1 treatment can illuminate ICB mechanisms of action and TME dynamics.

MethodsWe analyzed single-cell RNA-seq data from 31 breast cancer patients before and after anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) treatment (Bassez et al., 2021). We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by treatment in major cell types. We then applied an instrumental variable approach to uncover causal relationships between T-cell and non-T-cell DEGs. We further mapped ligand-receptor interactions mediating signal transduction between cells and constructed a CCC network from T to non-T cells.

ResultsAnti-PD-1 therapy induced widespread transcriptional changes across multiple cell populations. Key pathways modulated in T cells included NF-{kappa}B, interferon-{gamma}, and interleukin signaling. CD4+ and CD8+ exhausted T cells engaged in distinct ligand-receptor interactions with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and other types of cells, reshaping the TME. Our results indicated CD4+ exhausted T cells activated M1-like TAMs via TNF-TNFRSF1A and TNFSF14-LTBR, while CD8+ exhausted T cells engaged M1-like TAMs through ICAM1-ITGAL/ITGB2 and CCL8-CCR2, promoting anti-tumor immunity. Conversely, immunosuppressive interactions were also observed, such as TNF-TNFRSF1B (TNFR2) and TNFSF14-TNFRSF14 (HVEM) from CD4 T cells, as well as CSF1-CSF1R and RPS19-C5AR1 from CD8 T cells, which likely promote M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization and contribute to pro-tumor immune regulation and resistance to therapy. Notably, key receptors in the causal CCC networks, such as C5AR1, TNFR2, and CSF1R, emerged as potential targets to enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy.

ConclusionsThese findings elucidate TME remodeling during anti-PD-1 therapy and underscore the pivotal role of CCC in treatment response. Our study identifies critical communication networks that may be biomarkers for immunotherapy responsiveness and highlights novel therapeutic targets, including C5AR1 and HVEM. Furthermore, our application of causal inference methodologies provides a robust framework for dissecting CCC mechanisms in immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Modeling Reveals Cell-Cell Communication Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment During Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Disentangled Representation Learning Reveals Neuron Subtype-Specific Nuclear Morphologies Across Aging in Mice and Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a computational pipeline that links nuclear morphology to mRNA expression-based cell phenotypes under diverse biological conditions, including aging, disease progression, and drug response, using RNAscope imaging. The pipeline consists of three components: nuclear segmentation from RNAscope images, nuclear morphology identification, and downstream statistical analysis. Central to our approach is a novel unsupervised method, based on deep disentangled representation learning, which effectively captures diverse nuclear morphologies in large-scale datasets, as validated on synthetic benchmarks. We applied the full pipeline to RNAscope data targeting dopaminergic and glutamatergic neuron populations in the midbrains of mice and humans. Our analyses uncovered distinct nuclear morphology differences between dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic, as well as glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic neurons, in both species. Moreover, we identified a significant interaction between neurotransmitter identity and healthy aging in mice, reflected in systematic changes in nuclear morphology. These findings position nuclear morphology as a scalable and informative imaging-based readout of cell identity and physiological state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Disentangled Representation Learning Reveals Neuron Subtype-Specific Nuclear Morphologies Across Aging in Mice and Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Azotobacter vinelandii glutaredoxin D delivers the core  cluster to nitrogenase cofactor scaffold protein NifU 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scaffold protein NifU plays a central role in assembling the precursor [Fe4S4] clusters required for nitrogenase to function. The synthesis of these precursors depends on a catalytic [Fe2S2] group within NifU core ferredoxin domain. Here, we show that the monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD delivers this cluster to the NifU scaffold protein. Consistently, grxD mutants have reduced nitrogenase activity, the result of altered iron allocation to this enzyme. Biochemical assays show that GrxD unidirectionally transfers [Fe2S2] to NifU through protein-protein interaction. This allows GrxD to restore apo-NifU functionality, enabling proper [Fe4S4] synthesis, and NifH activation. These findings are crucial to understand how iron is allocated to nitrogenase for biological nitrogen fixation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collantes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Nunez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimunda, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echavarri-Erasun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Guerrero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Azotobacter vinelandii glutaredoxin D delivers the core  cluster to nitrogenase cofactor scaffold protein NifU]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct and compensatory roles of Stag1 and Stag2 in post-mitotic genome refolding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three-dimensional architecture of the eukaryotic genome is largely shaped by the cohesin complex, which contains either Stag1 or Stag2 subunits. Although both subunits contribute to chromatin organization, their specific functions in de novo loop formation during post-mitotic genome refolding remain elusive. Here, we leverage the mitosis-to-G1 transition to dissect their individual roles. We found that Stag1 depletion has a negligible impact on post-mitotic genome restructuring or transcription reactivation. In contrast, Stag2 orchestrates chromatin remodeling in a manner that is both cell cycle stage-specific and chromatin context-dependent. During early-G1, Stag2 preferentially associates with euchromatin, where it drives the rapid formation of small chromatin loops. This facilitates prompt promoter-enhancer (P-E) contact formation and enables efficient transcription activation. As the nuclear concentration of Stag2 increases by late-G1, it progressively suppresses large loops, likely due to its shorter chromatin residence time and its potential to competitively displace the more extrusion-capable Stag1-associated cohesin. Mechanistically, Stag2-mediated loop extrusion is constrained by CTCF-bound barriers, rather than by genomic travel distance. Although Stag2 associates rapidly with euchromatin in early-G1, its recruitment to heterochromatin is delayed until late-G1. Simultaneous depletion of both Stag proteins results in a synergistic loss of virtually all structural loops and a more severe disruption of transcription than that caused by individual deletions. Together, these results establish Stag2 as the principal regulator of post-mitotic genome reorganization among Stag paralogs, mediating spatiotemporal control of chromatin architecture, while Stag1 provides compensatory support to ensure functional robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct and compensatory roles of Stag1 and Stag2 in post-mitotic genome refolding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRP8 is a Receptor for Yellow Fever Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yellow fever virus (YFV), an arbovirus causing substantial human morbidity and mortality, was the first human virus discovered over a century ago. The live-attenuated 17D vaccine is among the most successful vaccines in medicine. Despite the importance of YFV, its receptor has remained unknown. Here, we performed a barcoded, genome-wide human ORF library screen and identified LRP8 (also named APOER2) as a receptor for YFV. We show that LRP8 expression specifically boosts YFV infection in cell lines by promoting entry. AAV-mediated expression of human LRP8 in mouse liver aggravates infection and pathology. LRP8 knockdown abolishes YFV infection in brain cells, primary human hepatocytes, and notably in mosquitoes. Biochemically, LRP8 directly interacts with YFV particles via the viral envelope protein. This function of LRP8 is conserved across species, particularly in mosquitoes and primates. A soluble LRP8 decoy protein can block YFV infection in vitro and in mice, providing a potential therapeutic or prophylactic strategy. Our findings provide groundwork for understanding YFV entry, tropism, and pathogenesis, and may enable development of novel therapeutics to treat YFV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRP8 is a Receptor for Yellow Fever Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaural time and level differences contribute differently to source segregation and spatial selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interaural time and level differences are crucial in sound localization, yet their contributions to sound source segregation and spatial selection remain underspecified. Here, participants completed a spatial auditory selective attention task while we measured hemodynamic activity in the prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants listened to a target sound stream and a simultaneous spatially separated speech stream or white noise masker. Sound streams were spatialized with either 50 s ITDs, 500 s ITDs, naturally occurring ILDs from a non-individualized HRTF, or broadband 10 dB ILDs. Behavioral results revealed a stronger effect of spatial cues when the masker was speech. Error patterns differed in the two difficult conditions, small ITDs and natural ILDs: small ITDs produced lower hit rates, while naturally occurring ILDs produced higher false alarm rates. Small ITDs led to greater activity in prefrontal cortex and activity in superior temporal gyrus that was lateralized, greater in the hemisphere contralateral to attentional focus, consistent with previous reports. These results suggest that natural ILDs alone support source segregation even if they are insufficient to cause large shifts in perceived lateralization, explaining high false alarm rates (confusions between target and distractor words). In contrast, small ITDs alone may be insufficient to segregate competing sources, leading to low hit and false alarm rates. Together, these results reveal differences in how ITDs and ILDs contribute to auditory scene analysis and spatial attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaural time and level differences contribute differently to source segregation and spatial selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rank- and Threat-Dependent Social Modulation of Innate Defensive Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fear and defense are among the most fundamental survival behaviors and are profoundly influenced by the social environment in group-living animals. While previous research has largely focused on learned fear paradigms, these approaches fail to capture the complexity of naturalistic threats. It remains poorly understood how social context--and particularly dominance hierarchy, a defining feature of many social species--modulates defensive strategies under ethologically relevant conditions. To address this question, we investigated the social modulation of innate fear in mice exposed to two ethologically relevant threats: a transient visual looming stimulus and a sustained live rat. Pair-housed mice with established dominance ranks were tested alone or with their social partner, and their behaviors were quantitatively analyzed. We found that social presence alleviates threat-induced stress and modulates defensive behaviors in a rank- and threat-specific manner: during looming exposure, it reduces immediate defensive responses and alleviates post-looming anxiety, with dominants showing greater benefit; during rat exposure, it promotes a shift from passive to active defense, again most prominently in dominants. Furthermore, threat exposure reinforces social roles and enhances group cohesion. Together, these findings demonstrate how dominance hierarchy modulates defensive responses to distinct naturalistic threats and, in turn, how threat experience shapes social behavior, providing a framework for probing the neural basis of socially modulated innate fear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rank- and Threat-Dependent Social Modulation of Innate Defensive Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomic structure of sorghum landraces across landscape, environment and culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of staple crops to diverse environments over time and their current genetic structure may reflect historical dispersal by humans, sustained human preference for particular traits, and adaptation to local environments. Sorghum is a drought-tolerant crop native to Africa cultivated by hundreds of millions of smallholders globally. Here we examined the ecological context of population-genomic structure of 1,806 sorghum landraces across Africa and Eurasia to infer the relative contribution of environmental and cultural factors to sorghum genetic diversity across different relative time periods. Sorghum landraces were spatially and linguistically structured at a large-scale and within subregions, following a pattern of isolation by distance. Within regions, much of genomic structure was best explained by a mechanistic model of human travel time. In our assessment of hierarchical linguistic structure, we found that language families explain 4% of genomic variation while individual languages explain 13% of genomic variation, suggesting the importance of human culture and relationships in gene flow and selection. Variance partitioning showed that travel time, language, and climate explain up to 27% of genomic variation among landraces. We also observed regional differences in the degree of genetic relatedness across space and time in our assessment of shared ancestry. East Africa showed particularly strong geographic turnover in genomic composition and haplotype sharing, while West Africa showed substantial haplotype sharing even over large distances, signifying some rapidly spreading lineages. Thus, space, travel time, and culture likely capture important forces controlling sorghum genomic variation, but these factors operate heterogeneously over space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Cerda, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slayton, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomic structure of sorghum landraces across landscape, environment and culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two cortical mechanisms of audiovisual processing in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the human brain processes natural audiovisual information remains a central challenge in cognitive neuroscience. Progress has been limited by the difficulty of modeling complex audiovisual stimuli - most prior work has therefore relied on short, controlled stimuli, or on stimuli from one modality at a time, leaving cortical mechanisms that support real-world comprehension poorly characterized. Further, while recent advances in artificial intelligence now enable the extraction of high-dimensional, time-resolved features from naturalistic stimuli, how cortical regions dynamically process and prioritize auditory and visual information as time unfolds remains largely unexplored. Using large-scale fMRI data collected while participants watched movies, we developed two complementary computational approaches relying on prediction performance to map the moment-by-moment dynamics of sensory processing across cortical regions: one detects sustained periods when one modality predicts a region substantially better than the other, identifying regions that switch the modality they encode for meaningful stretches of time; while the other identifies periods when both modalities predict the region well, revealing regions maintaining balanced representation of both auditory and visual information. Together, these analyses reveal two types of audiovisual processing across the cortex: a pair of "bows" that switch modalities (one posterior bow encircling category-selective visual cortex and another anterior bow spanning dorso-lateral frontal areas) and an arrow-like axis of regions that jointly represents both modalities (extending from lateral occipital cortex into the temporal cortex). The coexistence of these systems points to a cortical architecture that adaptively reweights sensory inputs while maintaining balanced multimodal representations, supporting robust comprehension of complex natural events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pushpita, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two cortical mechanisms of audiovisual processing in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HEIMDALL: A Modular Framework for Tokenization in Single-Cell Foundation Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundation models for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data are emerging as powerful tools for single-cell analysis, yet their performance depends critically on how cells are tokenized into model inputs. Single-cell data lack a canonical tokenization scheme, and many design choices in current single-cell foundation models (scFMs) remain heuristic, entangled, and difficult to evaluate. Here, we introduce HO_SCPLOWEIMDALLC_SCPLOW, a unified framework for dissecting and redesigning tokenizers in scFMs. By decomposing existing tokenization strategies into individual design choices, HO_SCPLOWEIMDALLC_SCPLOW enables attribution of the components that underlie robust generalization, allowing more principled design of improved tokenizers. Combining HO_SCPLOWEIMDALLC_SCPLOW with a minimal transformer backbone, we find that tokenizer design is instrumental for generalization in challenging distribution-shift settings such as cross-tissue, cross-species, and cross-gene-panel cell type classification, as well as reverse perturbation prediction. We show that, while tokenizer choice has little effect in scenarios with matched train and test data, it becomes imperative under distribution shift. Rather than identifying a single globally optimal tokenizer, HO_SCPLOWEIMDALLC_SCPLOW reveals that robust transfer depends on a small number of tokenization design axes - especially gene identity, expression encoding, and ordering - that expose different biological priors to the model. In this sense, universal transferability in scFMs still depends on a non-universal tokenizer interface. Together, these findings establish tokenization as a critical design axis in scFMs and provide design principles and reusable infrastructure for more robust scFMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HEIMDALL: A Modular Framework for Tokenization in Single-Cell Foundation Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges in predicting chromatin accessibility differences between species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are transcriptional regulatory elements that help drive phenotypic diversity, yet they often undergo rapid sequence evolution despite functional conservation, posing a challenge for predicting their function across species. Machine learning models that predict quantitative enhancer activity using DNA sequence have not previously been evaluated for their ability to predict quantitative differences across orthologous regions. Here, we trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on a regression task to predict chromatin accessibility, which is a proxy for enhancer activity, in the liver across five mammals, and we developed a novel framework to evaluate cross-species performance. We demonstrated that training on multiple species improves model generalization to both species used in training and held-out species. However, the models consistently achieved poor performance in predicting quantitative differences in accessibility between species at orthologous regions. Our study highlights the challenges in using regression models to predict chromatin accessibility changes between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen, A. Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestili, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges in predicting chromatin accessibility differences between species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel PROTAC degraders targeting 11β-HSD1 for metabolic disease intervention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1 (11{beta}-HSD1) plays a critical role in metabolic homeostasis by catalyzing the intracellular conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Dysregulated 11{beta}-HSD1 activity is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and glucocorticoid-related inflammation. While small-molecule inhibitors of 11{beta}-HSD1 have shown promise, they primarily suppress enzymatic activity without modulating protein abundance. Here, we report the development of the 11{beta}-HSD1-targeting PROTAC degraders. A series of bifunctional molecules were synthesized based on CRBN- and VHL-recruiting ligands, with AZD8329-derived warheads linked via polyethylene glycol chains. Cellular assays demonstrated efficient, ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of 11{beta}-HSD1, with H-3-V identified as the most potent degrader. In vivo, H-3-V treatment improved glucose tolerance and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a high-fat diet-induced T2DM mouse model. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the H-3-V ternary complex exhibited superior binding energetics compared to less active analogs. Collectively, this study introduces a novel chemical modality for 11{beta}-HSD1 modulation and lays the groundwork for future therapeutic development targeting metabolic disease via selective protein degradation.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=101 SRC="FIGDIR/small/687522v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@60aa3borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@484120org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1abca2eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@166b1a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel PROTAC degraders targeting 11β-HSD1 for metabolic disease intervention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Language Models for Accessible Reporting of Bioinformatics Analyses in Interdisciplinary Contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Health and life scientists routinely collaborate with quantitative scientists for data analysis and interpretation, yet miscommunication often obscures the interpretation of complex results. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising way to bridge this gap, but their cross-discipline interpretative skill remains limited on real-word bioinformatics analyses. We therefore benchmarked four state-of-the-art LLMs: GPT-4o, o1, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and Gemini 2.0 Flash, using automated and human evaluation frameworks to ensure holistic evaluation. Automated assessment employed multiple choice questions designed using Blooms taxonomy to assess multiple levels of understanding, while human evaluation tasked scientists to score summaries for factual consistency, lack of harmfulness, comprehensiveness, and coherence. All generally produced readable and largely safe summaries, confirming their value for first-pass translation of technical analyses, however frequently misinterpreted visualisations, produced verbose summaries and rarely offered novel insights beyond what was already contained in the analytics. Our findings suggest that LLMs are best suited for easing interdisciplinary communication rather than replacing domain expertise and human oversight remains essential to guarantee accuracy, interpretative depth, and the generation of genuinely novel scientific insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, M. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Language Models for Accessible Reporting of Bioinformatics Analyses in Interdisciplinary Contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been linked to reduced antibody responses to childhood vaccines, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Antibody production relies on interactions between various immune cell types, and it is unknown which are affected by PFAS exposure during development. To investigate this in a human-health relevant system, an in vivo model was established to delineate effects of developmental exposure to a mixture of four PFAS commonly found in human serum: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA. Pregnant mice consumed water containing these PFAS throughout gestation and lactation. PFAS were measured in both mothers and offspring, and an exposure that avoided overt health issues was selected. The immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection was assessed in male and female offspring. Results showed that developmental PFAS exposure reduced IAV-specific antibody levels in both sexes. However, it diminished T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells--critical for antibody production--in only female offspring. These findings highlight possible sex-specific immune effects and identify potential cellular mechanisms behind reduced antibody levels. Since these immune cells are essential for antibody production in humans, this study provides valuable insights into how PFAS exposure may impact human health.

SynopsisA novel mouse model of developmental exposure to a human-relevant PFAS mixture recapitulates observations in epidemiological studies and also provides new insight into potential mechanisms of the lower antibody levels observed in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Post, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyemang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.686428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting task-relevant preserved dynamics from contrastive aligned neural recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.686428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work indicates that low-dimensional dynamics of neural and behavioral data are often preserved across days and subjects. However, extracting these preserved dynamics remains challenging: high-dimensional neural population activity and the recorded neuron populations vary across recording sessions. While existing modeling tools can improve alignment between neural and behavioral data, they often operate on a per-subject basis or discretize behavior into categories, disrupting its natural continuity and failing to capture the underlying dynamics. We introduce Contrastive Aligned Neural DYnamics (CANDY), an end-to-end framework that aligns neural and behavioral data using rank-based contrastive learning, adapted for continuous behavioral variables, to project neural activity from different sessions onto a shared low-dimensional embedding space. CANDY fits a shared linear dynamical system to the aligned embeddings, enabling an interpretable model of the conserved temporal structure in the latent space. We validate CANDY on synthetic and real-world datasets spanning multiple species, behaviors, and recording modalities. Our results show that CANDY is able to learn aligned latent embeddings and preserved dynamics across neural recording sessions and subjects, and it achieves improved cross-session behavior decoding performance. We further show that the latent linear dynamical system generalizes to new sessions and subjects, achieving comparable or even superior behavior decoding performance to models trained from scratch. These advances enable robust cross-session behavioral decoding and offer a path towards identifying shared neural dynamics that underlie behavior across individuals and recording conditions. The code and two-photon imaging data of striatal neural activity that we acquired here are available at https://github.com/schnitzer-lab/CANDY-public.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.686428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting task-relevant preserved dynamics from contrastive aligned neural recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified language model bridging de novo and fragment-based 3D molecule design delivers potent CBL-B inhibitors for cancer treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of small molecules is central to drug discovery, yet current artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies for generating three-dimensional (3D) molecules are often siloed, focusing on either de novo design or fragment-based design. The lack of a holistic framework limits AIs application across the complex and multi-step pipeline spanning from novel scaffold identification to lead compound optimization, and prevents AI from effectively learning from the entire process. Here, we introduce UniLingo3DMol, a language model for 3D molecular generation, empowered by fragment permutation-capable molecular representation alongside multi-stage and multi-task training strategy. This integrated design enables UniLingo3DMol to seamlessly span both de novo and fragment-retained molecular design, demonstrating superior performance over existing generation models in in silico evaluations across more than 100 diverse biological targets. We further leveraged UniLingo3DMol in the design of inhibitors targeting CBL-B, a crucial immune E3 ubiquitin ligase and attractive immunotherapy target. This strategy led to a lead compound demonstrating excellent in vitro activity and robust in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. Our findings establish UniLingo3DMol as a generalized and powerful platform, showing the strong potential to advance AI-driven drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified language model bridging de novo and fragment-based 3D molecule design delivers potent CBL-B inhibitors for cancer treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Convergence Analysis of CRISPR Perturbations Deciphers Gene Functional Similarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pooled CRISPR screens with single-cell RNA sequencing readout (Perturb-seq) have emerged as a key technique to determine the functionality of a gene by directly perturbing the DNA of the gene. One of the most intriguing recent problems is quantifying the similarity between CRISPR perturbations, for example, whether they upregulate the same set of downstream genes. In this context, genetic convergence refers to the phenomenon where CRISPR disruptions of different genes lead to a similar downstream outcome. Existing methods are mostly heuristic. We present XConTest, a two-step, cross-validated procedure for assessing the genetic convergence problem. The test statistics calculated from that procedure are approximately standard normal when the two perturbations have an orthogonal influence on the cell expression profile. We apply XConTest to two studies: an investigation of the common impact of a suite of autism genes, and a large-scale study of genes associated with immune response to determine sets of genes with common functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Convergence Analysis of CRISPR Perturbations Deciphers Gene Functional Similarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Atlas Reveals the Anatomical Distribution of Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes and a Novel RGS6+ Population in the Primate Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate striatum and its principal neuron type, the medium spiny neuron (MSN), integrate cortical and subcortical signals related to movement, cognition, and emotion. These signals are processed through cell type specific circuits traditionally defined by MSN dopamine receptor expression. However, classification by dopamine receptor type alone fails to fully specify MSN diversity and falls short of capturing the functional complexity of the striatum. Here, we combined single-nucleus multi-omic sequencing and high-plex spatial transcriptomics to build a comprehensive atlas of MSNs in the macaque striatum. Using multi-omic sequencing, we profiled MSNs across four anatomically and functionally defined territories, and we mapped these subtypes back into their anatomical context by integrating the multi-omic data with [~]5.4 million spatially resolved cells sampled across the full rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral extent of the striatum. This approach revealed two previously undocumented ventral striatum (VS) subtypes, D1-VS-RGS6 and D2-VS-RGS6, which are molecularly distinct from known ventral striatal MSNs yet share core limbic features. We also uncovered gradients in matrix-compartment cell types along the rostral-caudal axis. Finally, by integrating MSN subtype-specific transcriptomes and ATAC-seq-derived regulatory annotations with human GWAS data, we demonstrate strong, cell-type-specific enrichment of polygenic risk for Parkinsons disease, substance use disorders, and psychiatric and cognitive traits, including a striking association of D2-VS-RGS6 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Together, this multimodal atlas provides a foundation for linking primate striatal cell types to circuit function and disease mechanisms.

HIGHTLIGHTSO_LIMultimodal analysis of NHP striatum reveals heterogeneous cell type distribution
C_LIO_LITwo previously uncharacterized MSN subtypes in the ventral striatum express RGS6
C_LIO_LIVentral striatum cell types exhibit similar characteristics across the Rostro-Caudal axis
C_LIO_LINHP cell types show strong, cell type specific associations to genomic disease predictors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdelhady, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brull, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Atlas Reveals the Anatomical Distribution of Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes and a Novel RGS6+ Population in the Primate Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and Functional Characterization of AMH Signaling in Zebrafish - Evidence for Roles of Amh-Bmpr2a-Bmpr1bb Pathway in Controlling Gonadal Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a member of the TGF-{beta} superfamily, plays a crucial role in Mullerian duct regression in mammals. AMH signals through a specific type II receptor (AMHRII) and a type I receptor to activate the downstream Smad1/5/9 signaling pathway. Interestingly, non-mammalian vertebrates, including teleosts, also express AMH despite lacking Mullerian ducts. Accumulating evidence indicates that AMH influences gonadal development and function across vertebrates. Intriguingly, zebrafish, a popular model organism, possesses AMH (Amh/amh) but lacks specific type II receptor (Amhr2). Based on our previous studies and data from others, we propose that Amh may signal through a novel pathway in zebrafish involving the BMP type II receptor Bmpr2a and type I receptor Bmpr1bb. In this study, we provide genetic and functional evidence for the existence of the Amh-Bmpr2a-Bmpr1bb signaling pathway in zebrafish and its role in controlling gonadal homeostasis. Our experimental data excluded the participation of Bmpr2b and Bmpr1ba, paralogues of Bmpr2a and Bmpr1bb respectively, in Amh signaling. Additionally, we also provide genetic evidence that the phenotypes exhibited by amh, bmpr2a, and bmpr1bb mutants, i.e., gonadal hypertrophy, were all dependent on gonadotropin signaling, and that the two gonadotropins (FSH and LH) showed similar potency in driving the development of hypertrophic gonadal growth resulting from dysfunction in the Amh-Bmpr2a-Bmpr1bb signaling pathway. In summary, the present study provides comprehensive evidence for Amh signaling through Bmpr2a-Bmpr1bb pathway and its interplay with gonadotropins in controlling germ cell proliferation and differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and Functional Characterization of AMH Signaling in Zebrafish - Evidence for Roles of Amh-Bmpr2a-Bmpr1bb Pathway in Controlling Gonadal Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpaTRACE: Spatiotemporal recurrent auto-encoder for reconstructing signaling and regulatory networks from spatiotemporal transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication and gene regulatory programs jointly coordinate cellular behaviors during development, regeneration, and disease. Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics enable measurement of gene expression with spatial context across developmental trajectories, providing new opportunities to study dynamic signaling and regulatory processes. However, most existing methods analyze either ligand-receptor (LR) signaling or gene regulatory networks (GRNs) separately, rely on curated interaction databases, and often assume steady-state gene expression, limiting their ability to capture temporal regulatory dynamics and discover novel interactions. We present SpaTRACE, a spatiotemporal recurrent autoencoder framework for joint inference of intercellular signaling and gene regulatory networks from spatial transcriptomics data. SpaTRACE models time-lagged dependencies along pseudotime-sampled cellular trajectories using an attention-based encoder-decoder architecture that predicts future target gene expression from upstream intra- and intercellular signals. The learned attention structure enables simultaneous reconstruction of transcription factor-target gene (TF-TG) regulatory interactions, ligand-receptor-target gene (LR-TG) signaling pathways, and ligand-receptor binding relationships without requiring predefined LR databases. Across synthetic benchmarks, SpaTRACE accurately recovers both GRN and signaling interactions and outperforms existing GRN and cell-cell communication inference methods. Applications to mouse midbrain development reveal transcriptional regulators and signaling programs associated with neuronal differentiation, while analysis of axolotl brain regeneration identifies stage-specific signaling dynamics and candidate interactions involved in tissue repair. Availability: Source code and documentation are available at https://github.com/VariaanZhou/SpaTRACE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baalbaki, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpaTRACE: Spatiotemporal recurrent auto-encoder for reconstructing signaling and regulatory networks from spatiotemporal transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical estimates on the expected number of mutations for reconstructing clonal lineage trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetics, like many subdisciplines of computational biology, faces a growing challenge of dealing with increasingly large and complicated data sets that have been enabled by ever-improving technologies for sequencing. The issue is particularly acute for studies of somatic evolution, such as of single-cell populations in cancers, where vast single-cell data sets may now identify hundreds of thousands of genetically distinct cells with similar scales of mutations distinguishing them. At the same time, the complexity of the biology of somatic evolution has led to complex phylogeny methods that struggle to scale to even modest data sizes. In this paper, we explore the theoretical and empirical basis for one strategy for managing these large data sets: subsampling mutations to solve the computationally challenging phylogeny problem followed by faster solutions for placement of mutations on a putatively known guide tree. We specifically focus on the fundamental question of determining the number of mutations sufficient to recover the true phylogenetic tree at some level of resolution with high probability. We theoretically analyze variants of several common models that underlie popular tools for building clonal lineage trees. We further evaluate the robustness of these theoretical bounds through simulations of these models, extensions of them, and real biological datasets. The results suggest that modest numbers of mutations suffice to reconstruct clonal trees for typical numbers of clones, supporting the sub-sampling approach as a general strategy for managing the challenges of ever-growing data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bristy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical estimates on the expected number of mutations for reconstructing clonal lineage trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PertAdapt: Unlocking Single-Cell Foundation Models for Genetic Perturbation Prediction via Condition-Sensitive Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell foundation models (FMs) pretrained on massive unlabeled scRNA-seq data show strong potential in predicting transcriptional responses to unseen genetic perturbations. However, existing approaches insufficiently transfer pretrained knowledge and overlook the imbalance between perturbation-sensitive and insensitive genes, yielding only marginal improvements over nonpretrained baselines. To address these limitations, we introduce PertAdapt, a framework that unlocks FMs to accurately predict genetic perturbation effects via integrating a plug-in perturbation adapter and an adaptive loss. The adapter employs a gene-similarity-masked attention mechanism to jointly encode perturbation conditions and contextualized representations of unperturbed cells, enabling more effective knowledge transfer. To better capture differential expression patterns, the adaptive loss dynamically reweights perturbation-sensitive genes relative to global transcriptomic signals. Extensive experiments across seven perturbation datasets, including both single- and double-gene settings, demonstrate that PertAdapt consistently outperforms non-pretrained and FM baselines. Moreover, PertAdapt demonstrates strong capacity for modeling multiplexed gene interactions, generalizing in limited-data regimes, and maintaining robustness across backbone sizes.

AvailabilityCode and data are available at https://github.com/BaiDing1234/PertAdapt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PertAdapt: Unlocking Single-Cell Foundation Models for Genetic Perturbation Prediction via Condition-Sensitive Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning for adaptive control of phenotypically heterogeneous bacterial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial populations display extraordinary resilience to antibiotic stress, driven by diverse physiological states that allow some cells to persist and later repopulate. This phenotypic heterogeneity, amplified by environmental fluctuations, undermines the effectiveness of conventional fixed-dose treatment regimens. To address this challenge, we introduce a reinforcement learning (RL) framework that discovers adaptive treatment strategies using only experimentally accessible, population-level measurements. The RL agent learns to infer the hidden physiological state of the population and leverages this knowledge to maintain control even under conditions not encountered during training. Moreover, when granted control over nutrient availability, an important driver of physiological change often overlooked in antibiotic treatment protocols, the agent consistently drives population extinction, surpassing adaptive protocols based solely on drug dynamics. This computational framework offers a powerful, data-driven approach for designing adaptive treatment strategies to counter the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement learning for adaptive control of phenotypically heterogeneous bacterial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell disentangled representations for perturbation modeling and treatment effect estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dissecting cell-state-specific changes in gene regulation induced by perturbations is crucial for understanding biological mechanisms. However, single-cell sequencing provides only unmatched snapshots of cells under different conditions. This destructive measurement process hinders the estimation of individualized treatment effects (ITEs), which are essential for pinpointing these heterogeneous mechanistic responses. We develop scDRP, a generative framework that leverages disentangled representation learning with asymptotic correctness guarantees to separate perturbation-dependent and perturbation-independent latent variables via a sparsity regularized {beta}-VAE. Assuming quantile-preserving effects of perturbations conditional on confounders, scDRP performs conditional optimal transport in the latent space to infer counterfactual states and estimate ITEs. Applied to simulated and real single-cell perturbation data, scDRP accurately estimates treatment effects and individual counterfactual responses, revealing cell type-specific functional gene module dynamics. Specifically, it captures distinct cellular patterns under rhinovirus and cigarette-smoke extract exposures, reveals heterogeneous responses to interferon stimulation across diverse immune cell types, and identifies distinct functional module activation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells following CRISPR knockouts targeting different genes. scDRP also generalizes to unseen perturbation doses and combinations. Our framework provides a principled computational approach to extracting heterogeneous causal relationships from single-cell perturbation data, enabling a deeper understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell disentangled representations for perturbation modeling and treatment effect estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.685598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide: a novel broad-spectrum CRISPR inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.685598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized genome editing with their precision and versatility, enabling transformative applications in various fields, especially in the treatment of genetic diseases. However, the clinical translation of this technology is hindered by challenges such as off-target effects and uncontrolled nuclease activity. At the same time, it has the possibility of causing biosecurity risks, underscoring the urgent need for reliable regulatory tools. Existing CRISPR inhibitors, primarily anti-CRISPR protein or exogenously synthesized small molecules, are limited by their specificity or bioavailability and long research period, unable to address the diverse CRISPR nucleases used in research and therapy. Based on the phenomena obtained from various in vitro and cell experiments, combining molecular dynamics simulation and bio - layer interferometry (BLI) analysis, here we report a naturally occurring small-molecule {beta}-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the first known endogenous metabolite with broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against multiple CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13) through various mechanisms. Our findings establish NMN as a dual-purpose tool, which reduces cell damage caused by gene editing and mitigates risks of unintended genetic modifications in research and clinical settings. This discovery further shortens the distance between basic medicine and translational medicine, providing a new approach for developing endogenous regulatory molecules in genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.22.685598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide: a novel broad-spectrum CRISPR inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIMYR: Generative modeling of missing tissue in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics enables the study of how gene expression is organized across tissues, revealing how cells interact within their native microenvironments in health and disease. However, tissue damage during sectioning and the allocation of intermediate slices to other assays often result in regions or entire planes missing from the data, limiting downstream analysis. Here, we introduce MO_SCPLOWIMYRC_SCPLOW, a generative framework for reconstructing realistic spatial transcriptomics data in unmeasured tissue regions. MO_SCPLOWIMYRC_SCPLOW addresses this challenge through three coupled components: predicting cell locations via guided diffusion, assigning cell types through supervised classification, and generating gene expression profiles with a transformer conditioned on spatial and cellular context. MO_SCPLOWIMYRC_SCPLOW accurately reconstructs held-out regions in mouse brain data and generalizes across experimental conditions, including variations in gene panels and slicing orientations. After finetuning on limited Alzheimers disease data, MO_SCPLOWIMYRC_SCPLOW captures disease-associated transcriptional changes in unmeasured brain regions. By enabling high-fidelity spatial imputation from limited training data, MO_SCPLOWIMYRC_SCPLOW extends the utility of spatial transcriptomics, allowing researchers to recover unmeasured tissue states and deepen investigations into tissue spatial organization and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIMYR: Generative modeling of missing tissue in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TissueNarrator: Generative Modeling of Spatial Transcriptomics with Large Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate spatial organization and molecular communication among cells are fundamental to multicellular systems. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables gene expression profiling while preserving spatial context, providing rich data for studying cellular interactions and tissue dynamics. However, most existing computational approaches focus on embedding-based tasks and provide limited generative capacity for simulating cell behavior in situ. Moreover, accurately interpreting spatial interactions requires extensive biological knowledge, which current models do not incorporate. Here, we introduce TO_SCPLOWISSUEC_SCPLOWNO_SCPLOWARRATORC_SCPLOW, a framework that reformulates spatial omics analysis as a language modeling problem. By representing tissue sections as spatial sentences - rank-based gene lists augmented with spatial coordinates and metadata - TO_SCPLOWISSUEC_SCPLOWNO_SCPLOWARRATORC_SCPLOW leverages pretrained large language models (LLMs) to learn spatially conditioned gene expression patterns. The model generates realistic, context-aware cellular profiles, predicts intercellular interactions, and performs in silico perturbation analyses. Across multiple ST technologies (MERFISH, Perturb-FISH, and CosMx SMI), TO_SCPLOWISSUEC_SCPLOWNO_SCPLOWARRATORC_SCPLOW achieves superior quantitative performance and recovers biologically meaning-ful ligand-receptor and signaling pathways. Furthermore, a conversational inference mode enables natural-language querying of tissue organization. By integrating pretrained biological knowledge with spatial context, TO_SCPLOWISSUEC_SCPLOWNO_SCPLOWARRATORC_SCPLOW establishes a new, scalable generative paradigm for modeling, simulating, and reasoning about tissue systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TissueNarrator: Generative Modeling of Spatial Transcriptomics with Large Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.689803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable integration and prediction of unpaired single-cell and spatial multi-omics via regularized disentanglement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.689803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding cellular states urgently requires methods capable of integrating large-scale, heterogeneous single-cell and spatial omics data. However, these data are often completely unpaired due to destructive assays and suffer from technical noise, variable feature coverage, and immense scale. We present scMRDR, a scalable computational framework leveraging regularized disentangled representation learning to integrate multiple, completely unpaired single-cell omics datasets with heterogeneous resolutions and coverages. scMRDR overcomes common data-pairing requirements and computational bottlenecks by learning a unified, structure-preserving latent embedding, efficiently scalable to large-scale multi-omics data. This integrated representation further enables robust cross-modal translation like predicting chromatin accessibility from gene expression and, critically, allows for the imputation of spatial coordinates onto non-spatial single-cell modalities using a reference atlas. This spatial mapping capability provides the necessary input for sophisticated, spatially-aware statistical models, enabling the identification of novel spatially variable genes and the dissection of epigenetic regulatory programs within their native tissue context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.689803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable integration and prediction of unpaired single-cell and spatial multi-omics via regularized disentanglement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Landscape of Zebrafish Gonadotropins and Receptors: A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, reproduction is controlled by two master hormones, or gonadotropins, from the pituitary: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which act through their cognate receptors, FSHR and LHCGR, in gonads. Like other vertebrates, zebrafish also has two gonadotropins and respective receptors. However, while zebrafish FSH activates Fshr specifically, its LH can activate both Fshr and Lhcgr, suggesting three signaling pathways - the canonical FSH-Fshr and LH-Lhcgr pathways, and a non-canonical LH-Fshr pathway. To dissect functional roles of these pathways, we generated a series of zebrafish mutants lacking one to all four genes encoding the two ligands and their receptors: fshb, lhb, fshr, and lhcgr. Single mutants confirmed the essential roles of FSH and LH in zebrafish reproduction. Double mutants demonstrated the functionality of all three pathways, especially the non-canonical LH-Fshr pathway, and highlighted the importance of Fshr in mediating both FSH and LH actions. Transcriptome analysis of double mutant follicles (infertile lhb-/-;lhcgr-/- with FSH-Fshr and fertile fshb-/-;lhcgr-/- with LH-Fshr) revealed potential molecular mechanisms underlying LH stimulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation via Fshr. Triple mutants revealed spontaneous, ligand-independent activities of Fshr and Lhcgr, in supporting spermatogenesis. Males with only fshb or lhb were infertile, with testes dominated by spermatogonia and spermatocytes with few spermatozoa. The quadruple mutant (fshb-/-;lhb-/-;fshr-/-;lhcgr-/-) displayed an all-male phenotype with underdeveloped, infertile gonads primarily containing spermatogonia, suggesting a critical role for gonadotropins in sex differentiation and gonadal development. This comprehensive genetic study provides insights into functional importance of gonadotropins in zebrafish reproduction and their signaling mechanisms.

Author summaryFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are two key hormones regulating vertebrate reproduction via their specific receptors, FSHR and LHCGR. Zebrafish, like other vertebrates, also has two hormones and two receptors. Interestingly, zebrafish LH signals not only through its cognate receptor Lhcgr but also through FSH receptor Fshr, suggesting existence of three signaling pathways (FSH-Fshr, LH-Fshr and LH-Lhcgr). To investigate the functionality of these pathways, we created various zebrafish mutant lines with all mutational combinations for these hormones and receptors. Our findings demonstrated that Fshr, when activated by either FSH or LH, played a critical role in ovarian growth and folliculogenesis. LH was necessary for oocyte maturation and ovulation, and the LH-Fshr pathway alone was adequate to support the entire process of female reproduction. All three pathways were sufficient to sustain male reproductive function. We further observed that the receptors exhibited low-level spontaneous activities in the absence of hormones, that could support spermatogenesis. Fish lacking all four genes developed only as males with extremely underdeveloped, non-functional testes. This highlights critical roles for gonadotropins not only in fertility, but also in sex differentiation. Our work provides comparative insights into the fundamental mechanisms by which gonadotropins control reproductive processes in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZENG, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHOU, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHOU, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AI, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Landscape of Zebrafish Gonadotropins and Receptors: A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitope and functional classification of human neutralizing antibodies against SFTSV Gn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a lethal bunyavirus lacking approved countermeasures. From SFTS survivors, we isolate 84 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Gn-specific mAbs demonstrate superior neutralization breadth and potency compared to the restricted neutralizing activity observed with Gc. Using a high-throughput yeast display deep mutational scanning (DMS) platform, we classify Gn-head mAbs into eight epitope groups, among which four groups (IA, ID, IIIA, IIIB) conferring neutralization. Notably, mAbs BD70-4003 (group IA) and BD70-4017 (group IIIA) exhibit broad neutralization and provide 100% protection in a lethal mouse model. Cryo-EM structural analysis of these mAbs in complex with the Gn-head reveal their binding interfaces, directly validating the epitope residues identified by DMS. Our study delineates the antigenic landscape of SFTSV Gn, identifies potent therapeutic candidates, and establishes DMS coupled with structural validation as a powerful framework for antibody discovery against bunyavirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitope and functional classification of human neutralizing antibodies against SFTSV Gn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Estimation of Correlation Accuracy for Machine Learning Brain-Phenotype Associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning is used in neuroscience to examine brain-phenotype associations and facilitate individual prediction from high-dimensional brain imaging. For continuous phenotypes, Pearsons correlation between the observed and predicted phenotype is used to quantify model accuracy in testing data. However, recent research suggests millions of samples may be needed to reliably estimate the maximum achievable predictive accuracy (MAPA). We formally define the MAPA and show that Pearsons estimator is biased for this quantity and its confidence intervals fail to capture the target. We develop a semiparametric (double machine learning) one-step estimator that more accurately estimates the MAPA and yields valid confidence intervals across flexible machine learning settings. Analyzing data from the Reproducible Brain Charts dataset, we show that this estimator has smaller bias when estimating brain-phenotype associations of neuroimaging data with age and psychopathology phenotypes. We show that MAPA for psychopathology factor scores using machine learning models built on structural and functional imaging measures is not better than using demographic and nuisance covariates alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadiyar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Estimation of Correlation Accuracy for Machine Learning Brain-Phenotype Associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothesis Testing Governs an Efficiency-Flexibility Trade-off in Strategic Motor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unknown how people discover an effective movement strategy when the environment changes (e.g., when adapting to a new computer trackpad). We propose that strategic adaptation operates through hypothesis testing: learners generate candidate hypotheses, discard those inconsistent with feedback, and iteratively refine their actions through practice. A core prediction of this account is an efficiency-flexibility trade-off. In constrained environments, where few hypotheses are viable, learning slows as people eliminate competing hypotheses but supports broader generalization. In unconstrained environments, where many hypotheses are viable, learning accelerates as learners adopt one of many expedient hypotheses but yields poorer generalization. In two reaching experiments (N = 560), we varied the arrangement of target positions to manipulate how tightly the hypothesis space was constrained. As predicted, the constrained group learned more slowly but generalized more--an efficiency- flexibility trade-off that highlights hypothesis testing as a novel process governing human motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.29.691289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothesis Testing Governs an Efficiency-Flexibility Trade-off in Strategic Motor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of neuromorphic computing using genetic circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells have evolved to sense a wide range of input combinations and integrate those signals through signaling pathways to produce context-specific responses, such as differentiation, cell-type specification, and patterning. To replicate this information-processing capacity, synthetic biology has developed large-scale circuitry inspired by the fundamental principles of computer science. Within this framework, neuromorphic computing implemented using genetic circuits offers the opportunity to significantly enhance the computational capabilities of single cells. In this work, we establish design principles for implementing neuromorphic computing in living cells by identifying the key feature that enables a chemical reaction network to function as a perceptron: an input-output mapping with a tunable threshold. We demonstrate that four ubiquitous chemical reaction networks, namely molecular sequestration, catalytic degradation, competitive binding, and activation/deactivation cycles, all satisfy this requirement and can be engineered as perceptrons. By layering these perceptrons into multi-layer architectures, we then show how to construct both linear and nonlinear decision boundaries through rational tuning of production rates that encode network weights. As proof of principle, we apply this framework to design neural networks capable of discriminating between healthy and cancer cells based on gene expression data from 19 tissue types. Together, this work formalizes the design principles for engineering genetic circuits as neural networks and establishes a foundation for implementing next-generation cellular computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britto Bisso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shree, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuba Samaniego, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of neuromorphic computing using genetic circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequestration-based Protein Neural Networks Tolerate the Effects of Shared Translational Resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular neural networks (BNNs) offer a promising framework for implementing advanced computation in living cells, but their performance in vivo is fundamentally constrained by competition for cellular resources. In this work, we develop a mathematical and computational framework to analyze how shared translational resources (i.e., competition for ribosomes) affect protein neural networks implemented via molecular sequestration. Focusing on classification tasks, we show that ribosome competition primarily induces a rescaling of the neural networks effective weights, while preserving the shape of the decision boundary under identical mRNA-ribosome affinities. However, when these affinities are heterogeneous, limited resources lead to a bounded bending of the decision boundary, generating a well-defined uncertainty region. Importantly, classification remains reliable outside this region. Then, we extend our analysis from a perceptron to a multi-layer architectures (MLP), and illustrate that robustness to resource competition is maintained for an MLP with 2 nodes in the hidden layer. To our knowledge, this is the first protein-level neural-network circuit design shown to tolerate competition for translational resources without auxiliary insulation or feedback control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto Bisso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuba Samaniego, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequestration-based Protein Neural Networks Tolerate the Effects of Shared Translational Resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound induces source localizable cortical activation in resting state humans when applied concurrently with transcranial electric stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) on the human brain are poorly understood. Currently, the field is at odds with whether tFUS is subthreshold modulating the brains excitability towards other stimuli, producing suprathreshold neural stimulation on its own, or if it even has a spatially specific non-auditory induced affect. Herein, we investigated the ability of tFUS, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and a novel combination of the two (transcranial electro-acoustic stimulation; tEAS) to evoke cortical target-location specific activity in 27 resting state humans with whole brain electroencephalography recordings. In none of the exogenous event related potentials did tFUS or tDCS result in location-specific activations. However, the co-modulatory combination of tEAS did, providing evidence that tFUS has a location-specific subthreshold modulatory effect. We propose a minimally modified Hodgkin Huxley model that explains our results and provides a unifying framework for the field-wide observed effects (or lack thereof) of tFUS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosnoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonsisko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial focused ultrasound induces source localizable cortical activation in resting state humans when applied concurrently with transcranial electric stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation and engineering of arabinofuranosyltransferase to enable total de novo biosynthesis of paris saponins in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paris saponins (PSs) are structurally complex steroidal saponins that, due to their diverse glycosylation patterns, exhibit a range of significant pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor and antibacterial effects. However, incomplete characterization of the key enzymes responsible for glycosylation modifications has hindered their efficient heterologous biosynthesis. In this study, we reprogrammed the sugar donor specificity of a steroidal rhamnosyltransferase (UGT93M3) to enable the transfer of arabinofuranose (Araf). Through structural analysis, we identified key amino acid residues (368H/Q) that play an important role in determining Araf donor specificity. Guided by this insight, we successfully reconstructed the paris saponin I (PSI) biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using engineered enzymes. To address challenges related to donor availability, we introduced UDP-sugar biosynthetic modules (UDP-Rha and UDP-Araf) into yeast. With this integrated platform, we were able to de novo produce a range of paris saponins, including diosgenin-3-O-glucosyl-(1[-&gt;]6)-glucoside (DGG), diosgenin-3-O-rhamnosyl(1[-&gt;]2) [glucosyl(1[-&gt;]6)]glucoside (DRGG) and paris saponin II. This work establishes a novel microbial platform for the sustainable production of paris saponins, particularly PSI, advancing the biosynthesis of steroidal glycosides and providing a potential strategy for the industrial-scale production of bioactive saponins.

TeaserIn this study, we report the first complete de novo biosynthesis of four bioactive PSs, PSI, PSII, DGG and DRGG, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from simple carbon source. Key advances include: (i) A single amino-acid switch (N368H) in the rhamnosyltransferase UGT93M3 endowed high-efficiency transfer of the rare five-membered arabinofuranose, solving a bottleneck in PS I biosynthesis; (ii) Elucidation of the molecular basis for sugar-donor specificity through AlphaFold3 docking and 300-ns molecular-dynamics simulations, revealing a histidine "latch" that stabilizes UDP-Araf in the catalytic pose; (iii) Construction of a 16-gene yeast chassis that integrates plant P450s, optimized glycosyltransferases, and de novo modules for UDP-rhamnose and UDP-arabinofuranose supply, achieving de novo microbial production of PS II, DGG, DRGG and PS I from glucose alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation and engineering of arabinofuranosyltransferase to enable total de novo biosynthesis of paris saponins in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KuPID: Kmer-based Upstream Preprocessing of Long Reads forIsoform Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genes can encode multiple protein isoforms based on alternative splicing of their transcribed regions. Most modern novel isoform discovery methods function by identifying and assembling exon splice junctions from an RNAseq sample. However, splice junctions can only be accurately annotated with time-intensive dynamic programming alignment. This manuscript introduces KuPID, a method for preprocessing long RNAseq reads with the goal of better identifying novel isoform transcripts. KuPID utilizes kmer sketching as a pre-filter to quickly pseudo-align reads to known reference isoforms. Full alignment need only then be applied to reads that are most relevant to isoform discovery. Not only does KuPID speed up the discovery pipeline, it also increases downstream accuracy by filtering out extraneous reads. KuPID preprocessing simultaneously increases the f1 accuracy of isoform discovery pipelines by up to 16.7 points while decreasing the runtime by a factor of 2-3x. An optional mode permits a KuPID sample to be paired with both isoform discovery and transcript quantification. Code availability: https://github.com/mboro2000/KuPID.git
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borowiak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KuPID: Kmer-based Upstream Preprocessing of Long Reads forIsoform Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAmpSim: A Thermodynamic Simulator for Hybridization Capturein Metagenomic Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization (bait) capture combined with long-read sequencing enables targeted profiling within complex metagenomes but introduces systematic biases from bait multiplicity, sequence composition, and species abundance that existing simulators ignore. We present RAmpSim, a fast simulator that models bait-target hybridization and fragment capture using a thermodynamic nearest-neighbor energy model and Boltzmann-weighted sampling of binding sites. Fragments are generated through multinomial sampling parameterized by bait concentration, binding energy, and genomic abundance before being passed to existing long-read simulators for modeling platform-specific errors. Implemented in Rust, RAmpSim reproduces empirical within-genome coverage and cross-species enrichment patterns observed in capture-based metagenomic datasets. Compared to uniform-coverage baselines, RAmpSims simulated coverage distributions are up to an order of magnitude closer to real data with respect to earth movers distance. Classification analysis reveals high recall in classifying high coverage regions between simulated and experimental distributions while outperforming a uniform baseline. Supporting accurate benchmarking and bait-set evaluation, RAmpSim provides an interpretable, efficient framework for simulating capture-based metagenomic sequencing.

Code Availabilityhttps://github.com/az002/RAmpSim.git
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAmpSim: A Thermodynamic Simulator for Hybridization Capturein Metagenomic Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative modeling of brain morphology reveals neuroanatomical heterogeneity and biological subtypes in major depressive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by high neurobiological heterogeneity, which hinders precise diagnosis and treatment. Traditional group-level neuroimaging analyses fail to capture individual differences, while normative modeling offer a promising approach to quantify individual deviations from healthy brain structure patterns, facilitating the identification of biological subtypes and offering a data-driven framework to dissect this heterogeneity.

METHODSUsing 1,190 healthy controls, we constructed normative developmental trajectories of gray matter volume (GMV) across 246 Brainnetome-defined regions using Bayesian linear regression. Deviation maps were derived for 398 MDD patients. k-means clustering was employed to identify GMV-based biotypes. Then, the clinical characteristics and anatomical differences among these subtypes were explored, along with the post-treatment clinical features and treatment responses of participants who completed the 8-week antidepressant treatment within each subtype.

RESULTSPatients with MDD exhibited widespread yet individually variable GMV deviations. Clustering analysis revealed two subtypes: Subtype 1 displayed predominantly negative deviations in sensorimotor and occipital cortices, whereas Subtype 2 showed widespread positive deviations in temporal and posterior cingulate regions. Subtype 1 had higher extraversion and symptom-linked deviation patterns; in Subtype 2, deviation burden correlated with generalized anxiety. Longitudinally, Subtype 1s GMV deviation changes predicted symptom improvement, while Subtype 2s deviations correlated with baseline severity.

CONCLUSIONSNormative modeling of GMV reveals marked neuroanatomical heterogeneity in MDD and identifies subtypes with distinct clinical and treatment-related characteristics, laying a foundation for precision psychiatry and individualized interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative modeling of brain morphology reveals neuroanatomical heterogeneity and biological subtypes in major depressive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coexistence of two divergent TprA/PhrA cell-cell communication systems in Streptococcus mitis coordinate bacteriocin production, competence, oxidative stress responses, and interspecies competition with S. pneumoniae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication (CCC) systems are key regulators of bacterial behaviors and adaptation. The human upper respiratory tract is co-colonized by commensal and pathogenic streptococci, but how CCC systems mediate their interactions remains unclear. Here, we investigated the TprA/PhrA quorum-sensing system, composed of the transcription factor TprA and its cognate signaling peptide PhrA, across Streptococcus mitis and S. pneumoniae. Comparative genomics showed that this system is broadly distributed across both species, with most strains sharing identical phrA alleles that enable interspecies signaling. In both species, the tprA/phrA module is commonly linked to the streptococcin E (sce) locus, encoding a putative bacteriocin. We show that activation of the sce operon enhances the competitive fitness of S. mitis in biofilm and infection models. In S. mitis strain C22, two diverse copies of tprA/phrA are present and differentially regulated, coordinating expression of tprA/phrA and the downstream sce locus through both shared and independent pathways. Transcriptomic analyses revealed redundancy, additivity, and cross-regulation between the two systems, linking them to the control of bacteriocin production, competence, and oxidative stress responses. Distinct promoter architectures and TprA-binding motifs underlie the functional divergence of these paralogues, highlighting how regulatory diversification can expand quorum-sensing outputs. Together, our findings show that S. mitis has evolved a flexible and layered communication network that integrates population sensing with antimicrobial and competence responses, providing a molecular basis for its competitive interactions with S. pneumoniae during colonization of the human respiratory tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazioglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesilkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camphire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa-Leao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coexistence of two divergent TprA/PhrA cell-cell communication systems in Streptococcus mitis coordinate bacteriocin production, competence, oxidative stress responses, and interspecies competition with S. pneumoniae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network rewiring of a pneumococcal communication system promotes stress adaptation in a globally successful lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication (CCC) systems regulate bacterial behaviors and shape social interactions within microbial communities. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, several CCC systems coordinate intra- and inter-strain signaling, yet the genetic plasticity of their components and regulons remains underexplored. Here, we investigate a divergent allelic variant of the TprA/PhrA CCC system, a regulator-pheromone pair widely conserved in S. pneumoniae. We characterize PhrA1.2, the second most prevalent PhrA pheromone, as a non-signaling variant found in the globally distributed GPSC6 lineage, with presence in isolates dating back to the 1960s. In GPSC6, PhrA1.2 co-occurs with TprA1.2, a truncated transcriptional regulator carrying premature stop codons that eliminate the predicted pheromone-binding domain. Functional assays show that PhrA1.2 is non-functional, both when paired with the truncated TprA1.2 and when paired with the canonical regulator allele TprA1.1. Unexpectedly, despite its truncation, TprA1.2 activates genes involved in oxidative stress responses, including those related to iron-sulfur cluster formation and redox homeostasis. Loss of tprA1.2 impairs growth and increases hydrogen peroxide sensitivity, while in vivo experiments reveal a fitness defect during nasopharyngeal colonization. Together, our findings show that the TprA1.2 allele represents a regulator that has lost its communication component while modifying its regulon. This variant promotes adaptation to oxidative stress and contributes to colonization, demonstrating circuit rewiring of a peptide-regulator CCC system in an epidemiologically relevant S. pneumoniae lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazioglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesilkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa-Leao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network rewiring of a pneumococcal communication system promotes stress adaptation in a globally successful lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.691744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DAWN-SCAPE: Discovering Associations With Networks through Shared Contextual Analysis of Phenotype and Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.691744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular basis of phenotypes is often explored by contrasting gene expression from relevant tissue taken from individuals classified into phenotypic extremes, such as affected versus unaffected individuals. Analysis of this differential expression (DE) typically identifies many genes of interest. However, it is not clear which genes differ between extremes because they alter phenotypic liability and which show differences as a result of the extreme phenotype itself. We propose a formal model to distinguish between genes that are upstream and "cause" differential expression versus those for which differential expression is a result of the initial manifestation of phenotype. Relying on two sets of p-values, one from differential expression analysis and one from gene-specific association with phenotype (AP), and a gene coexpression or other gene-based network that serves as a bridge, our method identifies communities of genes more likely upstream or downstream of the phenotype. Our method consists of three major steps: 1) gene network construction, 2) evaluation of DE and AP signal within the network to infer hidden states, and 3) detection of gene communities. We apply our method to data that were generated to assess the biological basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimers disease (AD). Our results highlight neuronal and synaptic biology as being upstream of ASD, whereas downstream processes are all non-neuronal. For AD, our results are consistent with existing hypotheses; yet, they also lend support for a recent unifying hypothesis involving cofilin/actin biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.691744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DAWN-SCAPE: Discovering Associations With Networks through Shared Contextual Analysis of Phenotype and Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse, random sampling is sufficient for central tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative selection in the thymus limits autoimmunity by eliminating T cells that react strongly to self. Individual T cells, however, are only exposed to a small fraction of all self peptides during their "training" in the thymus, and it is puzzling how tolerance can be generalized to the remaining "test" self peptides across peripheral tissues in the body. Using a machine learning perspective, we show that such generalization is possible because the immune system satisfies two conditions: first that peptide abundance levels in the human thymus and periphery are highly correlated (i.e., training distribution {approx} test distribution), and second that cross-reactivity allows T cells to effectively learn binding information of similar peptides without explicitly interacting with all of them. Together, we show that sparse, random sampling of only 10% of self peptides in the thymus is sufficient to avoid reactivity to 90% of peripheral self, and we support this result with diverse experimental data. We then validate two predictions by our model; the first is that only 200-250 antigen presenting cells need to be seen by a T cell to ensure its robust selection, and the second relates how peptides missing from the thymus can drive auto-immunity of peripheral tissues. Overall, we provide a plausible answer to a long-standing question underlying adaptive immunity, and we highlight how generalization, a fundamental challenge faced by nearly every learning algorithm, is uniquely tackled by the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabakar, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navlakha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse, random sampling is sufficient for central tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct set of brain areas process prosody--the melody of speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human speech carries information beyond the words themselves: pitch, loudness, duration, and pauses--jointly referred to as  prosody--emphasize critical words, help group words into phrases, and convey emotional and other socially-relevant information. Using a novel fMRI paradigm, we identify a set of prosody-responsive brain areas and then richly characterize them across 8 experiments (25 experimental conditions; n=51 participants). These areas--located on the lateral temporal surface bilaterally and in the frontal lobe--respond to the presence of prosody in both meaningful and meaningless speech, and are distinct from nearby temporal pitch- and speech-perception areas and from frontal areas sensitive to general cognitive and attentional demands. They are also dissociable from--but show partial overlap with--the language areas and with the area that processes dynamic facial expressions. Thus, prosodic information is processed by a distinct set of brain areas, which may help integrate linguistic meanings with non-verbal communicative signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhingan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swords, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct set of brain areas process prosody--the melody of speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention to Psuedo-Tone Melodies Enhances Cortical but Not Brainstem Responses in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory selective attention, the ability to focus on specific sounds while ignoring competitors, enables communication in complex soundscapes. Though attention clearly modulates cortical responses to sound, whether and where this modulation occurs in subcortical structures remains disputed.

Here, we use electroencephalography to record cortical and subcortical (auditory brainstem responses, ABRs) activity during a selective attention task. Human participants attend to a 3-note melody in one pitch range presented to one ear while ignoring a competing, interleaved melody in a different pitch range played to the other ear (Laffere et al., 2020, 2021). The melodies consist of pitch-evoking pseudo-tones formed by convolving a periodic impulse train with a brief tone pip. These stimuli allow us to measure both ABRs (elicited by each individual tone pip within a pseudo-note) and cortical responses (elicited by the onsets of pseudo-notes) simultaneously.

We observed robust ABRs, but no evidence of modulation by attention. Conversely, cortical responses, measured by event related potentials (ERPs), demonstrated attentional modulation of the P1-N1 peak. We conclude that attentional modulation within the brainstem is not measurable in the well-defined peaks of the ABR, which themselves reflect processing up to the input stage to the inferior colliculus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figarola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention to Psuedo-Tone Melodies Enhances Cortical but Not Brainstem Responses in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverberation exacerbates effects of interruption on auditory spatial selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday listening requires focusing on one talker while ignoring competing sounds, a process challenged by reverberation and unexpected distractions. Here, we asked whether reverberation decreases effects of distractions by reducing the salience of new onsets, or compounds disruption by increasing task difficulty. Across five online experiments, participants recalled spatialized syllable streams presented with or without interrupters under pseudo-anechoic and reverberant conditions. Interrupters consistently impaired recall, especially the syllables following the interrupter. For the syllable immediately after the interruption, this effect was larger in reverberation than in anechoic conditions. These results demonstrate that distractions are especially disruptive in reverberant settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figarola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverberation exacerbates effects of interruption on auditory spatial selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical cortical architecture supports the emergence of noise-invariant auditory representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the auditory system must represent behaviorally relevant sounds in the presence of background noise (BN) to support noise-invariant perception and behavior. Although primary auditory cortex (ACtx) has been implicated in constructing noise-invariant representations, it remains unclear which excitatory subpopulations within ACtx carry out this transformation from noise-dependent to noise-invariant coding. To address this, we presented pure tones with and without continuous BN to head-fixed mice and used two-photon calcium imaging to record sound-evoked activity from three major excitatory subpopulations in ACtx: layer (L)2/3 intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, L5 IT neurons, and L5 extratelencephalic (ET) neurons. L2/3 IT neurons exhibited strong noise dependence at the level of single-neuron responses, pairwise interactions, and population representations. In contrast, deep-layer pathways showed greater noise invariance, with L5 IT neurons preserving stable representations most consistently and L5 ET neurons exhibiting more limited invariance at the population level. These findings reveal a functional division of labor in ACtx, in which superficial neurons remain noise-dependent and deep-layer broadcast pathways, particularly L5 IT, preferentially carry noise-invariant representations, suggesting that excitatory subpopulations contribute differentially to the construction and propagation of noise-invariant codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suarez Omedas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical cortical architecture supports the emergence of noise-invariant auditory representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.690766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ cryo-ET reveals restricted docking of intraflagellar transport at the base of the trypanosome flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.690766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia and flagella are conserved organelles essential for sensory and motility functions and are assembled and maintained by bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) along the axoneme. In Trypanosoma brucei, IFT is concentrated at the flagellar base near the transition zone and is restricted to four microtubule doublets (MTDs) as it traverses from the transition zone to the axoneme before reaching the extra-axonemal structure, the paraflagellar rod (PFR), associated region. To gain an insight on its initial working model before IFT restriction occurs, we revealed the in situ architecture of the IFT complex during the initial and complete landing to the transition zone using cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). IFT proteins assemble into polymeric trains upon landing. However, in the proximal portion of the flagellum, subtomogram averaging revealed that each single train is associated with individual MTDs at variable A- or B-tubule positions. By using miniaturized and enucleated T. brucei zoids that preserve the full circular arrangement of MTDs without milling, we revealed an alternating but spatially restricted IFT train pattern during the landing process, resembling the anterograde train scaffold known in Chlamydomonas. Magnify expansion microscopy further confirmed this restricted distribution of IFT proteins at the basal pool. Depletion of the IFT component IFT46 protein reduced the number of simultaneously docked trains without altering the restricted landing spatial pattern. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized spatial regulation governing IFT train initiation at the flagellar base, which could operate independently of IFT-B structural integrity, bridging the gap between the IFT architecture and doublet-spatial docking prior to anterograde transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staggers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.690766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ cryo-ET reveals restricted docking of intraflagellar transport at the base of the trypanosome flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the mechanisms underlying saccade generation in the frontal eye fields using multi-site microstimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frontal eye field (FEF), a region of frontal cortex, has long been associated with the cortical control of eye movements. Classically, saccades can be reliably evoked by delivering low-intensity electrical microstimulation to the FEF. Although this makes clear the importance of FEF in the descending control of eye movements, the way in which population activity in the FEF is integrated by downstream regions to generate a motor command remains a mystery. To probe these mechanisms, we used a 16-channel microelectrode array to deliver microstimulation to the FEF of two awake, behaving monkeys. First, we found that larger current intensities were required to evoke changes in saccade direction relative to saccade amplitude when single-site saccades were evoked by stimulating a single contact on the array. Second, when stimulating two contacts simultaneously to investigate how population activity in the FEF is read out, a new polar average model more accurately predicted the amplitude and direction of dual-site saccades than traditional vector sum and vector average models. Using preexisting data from the superior colliculus (SC), we found that although the polar average model was more accurate at predicting saccade amplitude in the SC, it was no more accurate than traditional models at predicting saccade direction. Finally, when stimulating two contacts in FEF simultaneously with unequal current intensities, model accuracy depended on the amplitude of the saccades evoked by stimulating each individual site alone, suggesting that the brain may flexibly combine amplitude and direction information from the FEF to generate saccadic plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konecky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katnani, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the mechanisms underlying saccade generation in the frontal eye fields using multi-site microstimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The inactivation of DHHC7 in mouse liver promotes diet-induced obesity through a hepatic Prg4-GPR146 axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver secretes hepatokines that coordinate whole-body metabolism. Posttranslational lipidation of signaling proteins by DHHC palmitoyltransferases controls membrane targeting and signaling, yet the role of hepatic palmitoylation in systemic metabolic regulation is largely unexplored. Using an inducible, liver-specific DHHC7 knockout (D7LKO) mouse, we report that loss of DHHC7 in hepatocytes potentiates adenylyl cyclase-PKA-CREB signaling through reducing palmitoylation of inhibitory G protein  subunit (Gi), leading to transcriptional elevation and secretion of proteoglycan 4 (Prg4). Elevated circulating Prg4 acts on adipocytes by binding GPR146 via Prg4s N-terminal SMB domain, suppressing adipocyte PKA substrate phosphorylation and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) Ser563 phosphorylation, thereby impairing lipolysis. Under high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, D7LKO mice and mice with adenoviral hepatic Prg4 overexpression develop pronounced obesity characterized by increasing brown, subcutaneous, and visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy; strikingly, these animals show little impairment in glucose tolerance or circulating triglycerides but display elevated plasma cholesterol. Conditioned medium containing Prg4 recapitulates suppression of adipocyte HSL phosphorylation in vitro, and SMB-deleted Prg4 fails to bind GPR146 or inhibit HSL phosphorylation. Our findings define a liver palmitoylation- hepatokine axis that controls adipose lipolysis and predisposes to diet-induced fat accumulation, establishing Prg4-GPR146 as a mechanistic link between hepatic signaling and adipose energy mobilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The inactivation of DHHC7 in mouse liver promotes diet-induced obesity through a hepatic Prg4-GPR146 axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis Following Burn Injury with Poloxamer 188 Treatment in a Microfluidic Platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study investigates the effects of Poloxamer 188 (P188) on neutrophil chemotaxis following burn injury in male and female mice using a microfluidic system. Utilizing male and female CD1 mice, we evaluated neutrophil migration towards two chemoattractants, N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP) and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and FPR1 and BLT1 G protein-coupled receptors after administering P188. Our findings revealed that P188 significantly increased the migration toward LTB4 in both sexes. Additionally, our findings highlight the upregulation of BLT1 and FPR1 markers due to burn injury in both female and male mice in the Burn vs. Sham groups. These results demonstrate the potential of P188 in modulating neutrophil behavior post-burn injury in therapeutic strategies for inflammation management. This microfluidic platform offers a precise and controlled microenvironment for studying neutrophil chemotaxis post-burn injury with and without P188 treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razmi Bagtash, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alatrash, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sree Datla, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vundurthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koduri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomellini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis Following Burn Injury with Poloxamer 188 Treatment in a Microfluidic Platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling Skilled Human-Computer Interaction After Paralysis via a Wearable sEMG Interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most individuals with tetraplegia retain some myoelectric function in their forearms, which offers the possibility of using surface electromyographic (sEMG) control for human-computer interaction (HCI). We demonstrate the potential of this approach by showing that people with motor-complete (n=5) and motor-incomplete (n=2) tetraplegia can accurately control myoelectric activity in their forearm to perform discrete button-click and continuous positioning tasks. These control inputs were mapped to the firing rate of motor units detected by a wireless wristband sensor designed for everyday use. Participants completed four testing sessions to assess their speed and accuracy. Motor units that displayed a wide dynamic range in their firing rate performed best during tasks requiring continuous, single-axis control. Interestingly, the level of impairment did not affect performance on the clicking and 1D cursor control tasks. However, those with motor-incomplete injuries showed greater independent control over two motor units than participants with motor-complete injuries, who exhibited stronger coupling between units. Participants also confirmed the practical utility of the device, successfully placing and removing the sEMG wristband on their own and consistently rating it as comfortable and easy to manage. These findings are significant because they offer the first demonstration of motor unit-based control in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) using a fully wearable wristband interface, highlighting the feasibility of moving these systems out of the lab and into daily life.

One-Sentence SummaryPeople with tetraplegia used a wristband sensor to detect forearm motor unit firing and perform human-computer interaction tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Despradel Rumaldo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formento, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracklein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkington, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naufel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannahan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnisky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling Skilled Human-Computer Interaction After Paralysis via a Wearable sEMG Interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic plasticity of PV inhibition in sensory neocortex during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neocortical parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons critically regulate circuit excitation by strong synaptic inputs onto local pyramidal (Pyr) neurons. Plasticity in PV-mediated inhibition during learning could have pronounced effects on gating excitatory synaptic plasticity and circuit excitability, but experimental evidence to support this input- and target-specific plasticity is scant. Here, we combined in vitro electrophysiology with quantitative synapse analysis to determine whether training in a whisker-based sensory-association task could alter PV-mediated inhibition in the primary somatosensory cortex of mice. Using light-evoked activation of channelrhodopsin-expressing PV neurons, we found that evoked PV-IPSCs in Pyr neurons from layer (L) 2/3, but not L5, were rapidly suppressed at the onset of training. This reduction was sex-specific, occurring only in females. The training-related decrease in PV output was accompanied by a reduced number of PV-associated synapses on both the soma and dendrites of L2/3 Pyr neurons, suggesting a postsynaptic structural change. Notably, when whisker stimulation was decoupled from the water reward during pseudotraining, PV-mediated inhibition remained stable. Thus, reduced PV inhibition in superficial layers is an early response to the development of stimulus-reward associations during sensory learning. In addition, these data underscore the importance of including sex as a biological variable in studies of learning-related cortical plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuljis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic plasticity of PV inhibition in sensory neocortex during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron Deficiency Drives Sarcopenia in the Elderly: HIF-1α-Mediated Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Differentiation Induces Fat Infiltration and Impairs Muscle Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal iron metabolism is closely linked to sarcopenia; however, the specific iron metabolism features of fat-infiltrating sarcopenia remain poorly understood. Proteomic sequencing revealed that in skeletal muscle with severe fat infiltration, the expression of iron utilization-related proteins was significantly downregulated, whereas that of iron uptake and storage proteins was markedly upregulated, thereby presenting an abnormal iron deficiency (ID) phenotype. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which ID drives intramuscular fat infiltration has not been fully elucidated. Using clinical samples, aged murine ID models, and in vitro cell assays, this study is the first to demonstrate that ID stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), promoting aberrant adipogenic differentiation of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), disrupting the homeostatic balance between satellite cells (SCs) and FAPs, exacerbating skeletal muscle fat infiltration, and impairing muscle repair capacity. Notably, treatment with the HIF-1 inhibitor PX478 reversed these pathological alterations and improved muscle function. Collectively, our findings identify the ID-HIF-1-FAPs axis as a key driver of intramuscular fat infiltration, offering a novel therapeutic target for the clinical management of fat-infiltrating sarcopenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron Deficiency Drives Sarcopenia in the Elderly: HIF-1α-Mediated Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Differentiation Induces Fat Infiltration and Impairs Muscle Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UBA1 Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts via Pdzd8 ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) represents a serious clinical complication in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) catalyzes the initial step of ubiquitination and plays a fundamental role in regulating protein homeostasis and related diseases. This study aims to elucidate the functional contribution of UBA1 to the pathogenesis of myocardial I/RI and to uncover its underlying mechanisms.

METHODSSingle-cell RNA sequencing was employed to characterize UBA1 expression in human ischemic heart tissues. Myocardial I/R injury was examined in myocardial-specific UBA1 knockout (UBA1cko) mice, UBA1-overexpressing mice (rAAV9-UBA1), and corresponding controls. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes underwent hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro. Cardiac function and infarction were evaluated by echocardiography and pathological staining. Protein-protein interactions were analyzed via immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry. The endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contact sites (ERMCSs) and mitochondrial ultrastructure were evaluated through transmission electron microscopy and confocal imaging.

RESULTSUBA1 expression was significantly downregulated in human and murine ischemic myocardium, especially in cardiomyocytes. UBA1cko mice exhibited aggravated I/RI with greater infarct size, impaired function, apoptosis, elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress, whereas UBA1 overexpression conferred cardioprotective effects. Mechanistically, UBA1 directly bound to and ubiquitinated Pdzd8, a key ERMCS-tethering protein, thereby promoting its degradation, which inhibited ERMCS formation and improved mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress. Moreover, knockdown of Pdzd8 via rAAV9-siRNA effectively mitigated UBA1 knockout-induced myocardial damage. Additionally, administration of auranofin (AF), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis, markedly alleviated myocardial I/RI via activating UBA1 in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSIONSUBA1 confers protection against myocardial I/RI by limiting ERMCS formation through Pdzd8 ubiquitination. Activating UBA1 or targeting Pdzd8 as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACTA graphic abstract is available for this article.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat Is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIUBA1 expression is downregulated in human and murine ischemic myocardium, especially in cardiomyocytes.
C_LIO_LICardiac deletion of UBA1 significantly exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI), whereas cardiac UBA1 overexpression confers a marked protective effect.
C_LIO_LIUBA1 interacts with Pdzd8 (PDZ domain containing 8) and facilitates its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, which then reduces endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites (ERMCSs) and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, protecting myocardial I/RI.
C_LIO_LIPharmacological activation of UBA1 with the FDA-approved drug auranofin attenuates myocardial I/R injury and improves heart dysfunction.
C_LI

What Are the Clinical Implications?O_LIUBA1 represents a new therapeutic target for myocardial I/RI.
C_LIO_LIActivating UBA1 or targeting Pdzd8 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating myocardial I/RI and heart failure, underscoring its potential for clinical translation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UBA1 Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts via Pdzd8 ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brain dynamic model based on graph neural network reflect the inter-region interaction of cortical areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central objective in neuroscience is to elucidate how the brain generates complex dynamic activity through the interactions of brain areas. In this study, we utilized Interaction Network, a graph neural network model, to develop a computational framework for predicting whole-brain cortical blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals. We derived an Inter-Regional Interaction (IRI) metric to quantify information exchange among brain areas probing the underlying dynamical mechanisms. In addition, the total IRI emitted from each brain region was calculated and defined as the IRI sent by region (RS-IRI). Our model predicted the following 10 time points BOLD activity from initial BOLD signals, and achieved a mean absolute error of 0.04. The predicted functional connectivity (FC) achieves a correlation coefficient of 0.97 compared to the empirical FC. The fluctuation amplitude of the IRI increases with the length of the connection and the largest RS-IRI oscillation amplitude is observed in visual areas. The RS-IRI demonstrates a hierarchical organization, characterized by more concentrated distributions in association regions and larger fluctuation amplitudes in unimodal regions. Applying our approach to Alzheimers disease (AD), we demonstrate that the frequency-specific amplitudes of IRI oscillations discriminate AD patients from healthy controls and correlate with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Together, this work presents a deep learning-based framework for modeling brain dynamics as well a quantitative index of inter-areal interactions, and offers a new perspective for disease characterization.

Author SummaryThe human brain comprises distinct regions that interact through complex fiber tracts, forming the functional dynamics for diverse cognitive processes. We employed fMRI to assess functional activity and DTI to reconstruct fiber tract connectivity. To elucidate how brain function emerges from these inter-regional interactions, we developed a novel computational framework based on Graph Neural Network (GNN) to model the brains interactive dynamics for its capacity to uncover hidden and intricate patterns within data. From this model, we derived a quantitative metric termed Inter-Regional Interaction (IRI), which characterized the fine-grained, dynamic fluctuations in communication between brain areas. Our results suggest that this GNN-based model can accurately simulate brain functional activity and provide a quantitative description of neural interaction patterns. Applying this model to a cohort of Alzheimers disease patients, we demonstrated that the IRI metric not only effectively distinguished patients from healthy controls but also significantly correlated with clinical cognitive performance (MMSE scores). This approach advances our understanding of the fundamental principles of brain function and offers a promising tool for identifying the underlying mechanisms of neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brain dynamic model based on graph neural network reflect the inter-region interaction of cortical areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ybx1 Deficiency Causes ROS-Driven IBD-Like Intestinal Inflammation and Postnatal Lethality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Y box-binding protein 1 (YB-1; Ybx1/ybx1) is essential for zebrafish development. Maternal ybx1-/- mutants exhibited embryonic lethality, whereas zygotic mutants (Zybx1-/-) showed high postnatal mortality between 10 and 20 dpf, although a small fraction survived to adulthood. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong, transient expression of Ybx1 in intestinal enterocytes from 3 to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf), followed by rapid ubiquitin-mediated degradation at 6 dpf, coinciding with defective intestinal development and compromised gut homeostasis. RNA-seq analysis identified elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases mmp9 and mmp13a in Zybx1-/- larvae. Antioxidant treatment with ascorbic acid rescued postnatal lethality and alleviated intestinal defects, whereas prooxidant exposure exacerbated them. Pharmacological inhibition of Mmp9 or Mmp13a similarly prevented lethality, highlighting a ROS-MMP axis driving tissue damage. By 30 dpf, surviving mutants exhibited progressive intestinal impairment and severe pathology. These findings demonstrate that Ybx1 deficiency triggers ROS-dependent intestinal inflammation, MMP-mediated gut damage, and postnatal lethality, establishing Ybx1-deficient zebrafish as a robust model for studying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like intestinal disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PARDESHI, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHEN, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ybx1 Deficiency Causes ROS-Driven IBD-Like Intestinal Inflammation and Postnatal Lethality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Shape of Control: How Going in Circles Keeps RNA Catalytically Switched On 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNase P was one of the first enzymes discovered to have an RNA-based catalytic component. Since its identification, it has been extensively studied, particularly in E. coli, due to the ability of its M1 RNA to exhibit in vitro catalytic activity even in the absence of associated protein. In this study, we report G-quadruplex formation as a potential regulatory mechanism that modulates the catalytic activity of this RNA. We observed a significantly higher propensity for G-quadruplex formation in the linear isoform (linM1) compared to its circular counterpart (circM1). G-quadruplex formation was confirmed through circular dichroism spectroscopy and a fluorescence-based assay using a G-quadruplex-binding small molecule. We compared the catalytic activity of linM1 and circM1 in lithium and potassium environments and found that G-quadruplex formation specifically reduced linM1 activity. Furthermore, we observed distinct condensate properties of linM1 in the presence or absence of G-quadruplex structures. Overall, our findings suggest that G-quadruplex formation serves as a regulatory switch for RNA activity in linM1, whereas circM1 resists G-quadruplex formation and remains catalytically active even under conditions that favor G-quadruplex assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billings, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulla-Feroze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietrys, A. M. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Shape of Control: How Going in Circles Keeps RNA Catalytically Switched On]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Gene Drive Dynamics onto Mendelian Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based gene drives bias their own transmission and can spread even when deleterious, giving rise to evolutionary dynamics that can be substantially more complex than those governed by standard Mendelian inheritance. Identifying conditions under which gene-drive dynamics can be faithfully approximated by Mendelian models would therefore enable the extensive theoretical toolkit of classical population genetics to be applied to gene-drive systems. Here, we develop a general mapping framework that translates gene-drive models into dynamically equivalent Mendelian models, allowing their behavior to be analyzed using classical theory. By deriving both haploid and diploid effective-parameter mappings, we identify Mendelian models that closely reproduce allele-frequency trajectories of gene drives across a wide range of conversion rates, fitness costs, and dominance effects. We delineate the regions of the parameter space where a one-parameter haploid approximation provides an accurate first-order representation, and where incorporating dominance in a diploid mapping substantially improves fidelity and recovers internal equilibria and threshold behavior. Analytic approximations yield efficient mappings across most of the drive parameter space, while a trajectory-based grid search further improves accuracy near nonlinear regime boundaries. To demonstrate the utility of this framework, we apply it to predicting gene swamping in a two-deme migration-selection model and show that the mapped Mendelian system accurately forecasts transitions between fixation and loss under three relevant release scenarios: environmental variation in fitness, engineered fitness asymmetries, and environment-dependent conversion. Together, these results establish a theoretical bridge between non-Mendelian gene drives and classical population genetic models, providing an interpretable and computationally efficient foundation for predicting gene-drive outcomes and guiding the design of gene drive systems and deployment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Gene Drive Dynamics onto Mendelian Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient task generalization and humanlike face perception in models that learn to discriminate face geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) can excel at face recognition from 2D photographs where both shape and appearance cues abound; however, DNNs have rarely been challenged to recognize faces strictly based on face geometry. Here, we show that DNNs, even those fine-tuned on face photographs, had almost no generalization performance to a new geometry-based face task, while in the opposite direction, networks fine-tuned only on geometrically defined, textureless faces readily generalized to textured faces. To learn geometry in a more practical setting with colored and textured faces, we trained discrimination on face emotion in addition to face identity, which resulted in less texture bias and generalized well across face tasks. Learning in this way from just four individuals and their expressions generalized to unseen individuals, even exceeding standard models which are trained on classifying hundreds of face identities. Compared to standard models, emotion and identity trained models developed more humanlike errors in the identities or emotions that they confused. This novel method learns in a humanlike manner using only a few individuals but enriched with expressions that widely vary face geometry - similar to early human experience during child-parent interactions. Thus, this bioinspired work has broad implications for how moving toward humanlike learning of geometry in artificial vision can be both highly sample efficient and highly performing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient task generalization and humanlike face perception in models that learn to discriminate face geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.702680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural modes carry information about grasp force and phase in the sensorimotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.702680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans perform a variety of complex hand movements to manipulate objects, requiring precise control of changing forces. Understanding the role of sensorimotor cortex and the cortical dynamics underlying these actions is crucial for developing interventions that restore dexterous hand function after injury or disease. In this study, two individuals with tetraplegia resulting from cervical spinal cord injury attempted a series of isometric grasps. Neural activity was recorded from the motor and somatosensory cortices using intracortical microelectrode arrays while participants attempted to exert a static force or to ramp force up and down. Despite their inability to execute movement, and with limited afferent input, the spiking activity in motor and somatosensory cortex was modulated with the task. Within the neural response we identified independent neural modes - distinct patterns of population-level neural activity - that were informative about both the timing and magnitude of the force. Moreover, distinct neural modes were observed during static and dynamic grasping conditions, suggesting independent control schemes for maintaining and changing forces. These modes were related to phases of the task, including the onset, offset, holding periods, as well as phases of increasing and decreasing force. These results will inform the design of intracortical brain-computer interface (iBCI) systems that can leverage these naturally occurring patterns of grasp and force control to restore dexterous hand function.

Significance StatementRestoring dexterous hand function after injury remains a major challenge, partly due to an incomplete understanding of the cortical dynamics underlying grasping and force control. In this study, we investigated neural activity within the motor and somatosensory cortices of individuals with tetraplegia attempting to perform grasps to different target forces with varying temporal profiles. We identified distinct neural modes modulated during specific phases of grasp that encode force information throughout the task. These findings suggest that brain-computer interfaces could leverage these native neural modes to restore grasping and force modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blumenthal, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekleva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gontier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.702680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural modes carry information about grasp force and phase in the sensorimotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible RNA Acylating Reagents with Nitro Reduction Strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a series of nitro reduction-reversible acylating reagents. Following optimization of the acylation conditions, these reagents were tested for deacylation with sodium dithionite in vitro. We applied this reversible acylation to modulate RNAzyme-mediated pre-tRNA maturation, demonstrating its ability to regulate RNA-RNA interactions. Furthermore, the in vitro reversible acylation of EGFP mRNA indicated effective control of its translational activity. To explore cellular applications, we validated NQO1-mediated deacylation in vitro and then induced hypoxia in HepG2 cells using cobalt chloride, thereby reactivating the function of acylated EGFP mRNA via endogenous NQO1. Overall, this study highlights the potential for developing nitro reduction-reversible acylation as a new strategy for RNA functional control and RNA-based drug modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsingi, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietrys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible RNA Acylating Reagents with Nitro Reduction Strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 agonist antibody rebuilds the resident synovial macrophage lining barrier in rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be viewed as a disease of barrier failure, in which CX3CR1+/TREM2+ synovial tissue-resident macrophages that form the lining barrier over cartilage and bone become fragmented and disorganized. However, how to therapeutically rebuild this barrier--and how macrophage states transition during repair--remain unclear. We engineered TR-Ab19, a mouse-selective agonistic antibody against TREM2, as a precision tool to initiate and interrogate barrier repair in vivo. TR-Ab19 engages TREM2-linked downstream signaling and redirects synovial macrophages from Clec4d+ inflammatory/proliferative programs toward TREM2+CX3CR1+Aqp1+ barrier-like states, thereby rebuilding the lining barrier. Across collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and serum-transfer arthritis (STA) models, TR-Ab19 reduces synovitis, preserves cartilage and bone microarchitecture, limits osteoclastogenesis, and attenuates systemic cytokines and B-cell abnormalities. Single-cell RNA-seq with trajectory and cell-cell communication analyses reveal a TREM2-dependent shift toward a barrier-dominant macrophage ecosystem. Together, these findings establish antibody-mediated reprogramming of resident synovial macrophages as a barrier-centered strategy for RA and provide a framework for instructing macrophage niches in chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 agonist antibody rebuilds the resident synovial macrophage lining barrier in rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segmenting mnemonic episodes from continuous experience is a key aspect of human episodic memory. The brain constantly forms predictions about what will happen next based on previous experience and knowledge, and prediction errors are thought to signal when a new event begins (cognitive boundaries). Dopamine has been closely linked to prediction error signals, yet it remains unknown how human midbrain neurons are modulated by cognitive boundaries and how their responses influence memory. To address these questions, we recorded activity of individual neurons in the human substantia nigra, a critical brain structure for dopamine production and regulation, while participants undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery watched a series of clips embedded with cognitive boundaries and performed a recognition memory task. We found that neural activity in the substantia nigra was robustly modulated by cognitive boundaries during clip viewing. Moreover, a subset of these boundary-responsive neurons also differentiated novel from familiar images during recognition, and their firing rates were indicative of participants memory success. These findings reveal that neurons in the human substantia nigra carry boundary- and novelty-related signals consistent with prediction error mechanisms that influence the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimelis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Population Coupling Model Identifies Reduced Propagation from V1 to Higher Visual Areas During Locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Point process generalized linear models (GLMs) have been a major tool for studying coordinated activity across populations of neurons. These models typically quantify how the spiking of a single neuron depends on the past activity of other neurons at multiple time lags, and the resulting neuron-to-neuron interactions are then aggregated to obtain population-coupling effects. However, when neurons within the same population exhibit similar spiking patterns, explicitly modeling individual interactions can be redundant and can unnecessarily increase model complexity. In such cases, population-level formulations may offer a more efficient alternative. For example, biophysical population models often characterize circuit dynamics using the average firing rate across neurons within a population, and recent data-driven approaches have similarly demonstrated the utility of population-level statistics for capturing cross-population interactions. Motivated by this consideration, we reformulate the GLM framework to operate directly at the population level. The resulting model, which we call pop-GLM, provides a computationally efficient method for estimating coupling between populations. In a simulated dataset, we show that pop-GLM achieves greater sensitivity in detecting coupling effects and can account for trial-to-trial variation in stimulus drive, which would otherwise introduce bias. We also note that moving from single-neuron to population-level modeling requires a specific modification of the traditional GLM framework. We then apply pop-GLM to real data and find reduced functional connectivity from primary visual cortex (V1) to a higher visual area during locomotion, a change not detected by single-neuron GLMs.

Author summaryA central goal of systems neuroscience is to understand how multiple populations of neurons across different brain areas interact as a coordinated circuit to produce perception and behavior. We formulated and investigated a new method for estimating functional interactions between two populations of spiking neurons, and we show that it can be more sensitive and robust than previous approaches. To illustrate, we discovered decreased interaction between two mouse visual areas during locomotion, a result that previous techniques did not detect. The method should aid investigators in searching for important functional relationships across populations of neurons, with precise time scale resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Population Coupling Model Identifies Reduced Propagation from V1 to Higher Visual Areas During Locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting large-scale neural activity with Suite2p 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural recordings using optical methods have improved dramatically. For example, we demonstrate here recordings of over 100,000 neurons from the mouse cortex obtained with a standard commercial microscope. To process such large datasets, we developed Suite2p, a collection of efficient algorithms for motion correction, cell detection, activity extraction and quality control. We also developed new approaches to benchmark performance on these tasks. Our GPU-accelerated non-rigid motion correction substantially outperforms alternative methods, while running over five times faster. For cell detection, Suite2p outperforms the CNMF algorithm in Caiman and Fiola, finding more cells and producing fewer false positives, while running in a fraction of the time. We also introduce quality control steps for users to evaluate performance on their own data, while offering alternative algorithms for specialized types of recordings such as those from one-photon and voltage imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Grosso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting large-scale neural activity with Suite2p]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capacitance Sensor Array for Lab-on-CMOS Applications using a Passive RFID Interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a 0.18 {micro}m CMOS lab-on-a-chip system that monolithically integrates a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) interface and an 8 x 8 array of capacitance sensors configured for measuring the capacitance change resulting from an overlying biological specimen. This lab-on-CMOS platform is designed to operate wirelessly, first in a harvesting mode in which on-chip power is generated via the inductive coupling of an on-chip antenna to an external antenna, and second, in a sense-and-transmit mode where the capacitance sensor array is scanned and the measured data are transmitted to the external antenna using the same on-chip antenna. This paper presents characterization results of the passive RFID interface and of the sensor core, the latter utilizing several test analytes. The proposed system will facilitate the integration and packaging of a large number of chips in wet environments, paving the way for the inclusion of lab-on-CMOS technology in standard bio-analytical lab practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capacitance Sensor Array for Lab-on-CMOS Applications using a Passive RFID Interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.700508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
seq2ribo: Structure-aware integration of machine learning and simulation to predict ribosome location profiles from RNA sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.700508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRibosome dynamics are vital in the process of protein expression. Current methods rely on ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), RNA-seq profiles, and full genomic context. This restricts their use in de novo sequence design, like messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Simulation-only approaches like the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP) oversimplify translation by focusing solely on codon elongation times.

ResultsWe present seq2ribo, a hybrid simulation and machine learning framework that predicts ribosome A-site locations using only an mRNA sequence as input. Our method first employs a novel structure-aware TASEP (sTASEP), which models translation using a comprehensive set of fitted parameters that include codon wait times and structural features, such as local angles, base-pairing, and discrete positional buckets. The ribosome locations generated by sTASEP are then processed by a polisher model, which learns to refine the simulated ribosome distributions. seq2ribo provides high-fidelity predictions of ribosome locations across diverse cell types (iPSC, HEK293, LCL, and RPE-1), significantly outperforming baselines. seq2ribo is the first method to achieve meaningful positional correlation with observed ribosome profiles from sequence alone, reaching transcript-level Pearson correlations up to 0.920 and withintranscript shape correlations up to 0.186, where all baselines yield near-zero values on these metrics. seq2ribo also reduces elementwise error by up to 37.7% relative to the sequence-only Translatomer baseline. By adding a task-specific head, seq2ribo achieves Pearson correlations up to 0.732 with experimental translation efficiency (TE) across several cell lines, and up to 0.903 with measured protein expression. By operating from sequence alone, seq2ribo provides a new tool for synthetic biology, enabling the rational design and optimization of mRNA sequences without the need for expression-level data or genomic context.

Availabilityseq2ribo is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/seq2ribo.

Contactgkaynar@cs.cmu.edu, carlk@cs.cmu.edu.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaynar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.700508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[seq2ribo: Structure-aware integration of machine learning and simulation to predict ribosome location profiles from RNA sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SenNet Portal: Build, Optimization and Usage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and a driver of functional decline across tissues, yet its heterogeneity and context dependence have limited systematic study. The Common Funds Cellular Senescence Network (SenNet) Program addresses this challenge by generating multimodal, multi-tissue datasets that profile senescent cells across the human lifespan and complementary mouse models. The SenNet Data Portal (https://data.sennetconsortium.org) serves as the public gateway to these resources, providing open access to harmonized single-cell, spatial, imaging, transcriptomic, and proteomic data; senescence biomarker catalogs; and standardized protocols that can be used to comprehensively identify and characterize senescent cells in mouse and human tissue. As of January 2026, the portal hosts 1,753 publicly available human and mouse datasets across 15 organs using 6 general assay types. Experts from 13 Tissue Mapping Centers (TMCs) and 12 Technology Development and Application (TDAs) components contribute tissue data, analyze data, identify senescent biomarkers, and agree on panels for cross-tissue antibody harmonization. They also register human tissue data into the Human Reference Atlas (HRA) and develop user interfaces for the multiscale and multimodal exploration of this data. Built on a scalable hybrid cloud microservices architecture by the Consortium Organization and Data Coordinating Center (CODCC), the Portal enables data submission, management, integrated analysis, spatial context mapping, and cross-species senescence mapping critical for aging research. This paper presents user needs, the Portals architecture, data processing workflows, and senescence-focused analytical tools. The paper also presents usage scenarios illustrating applications in biomarker discovery, quality benchmarking, hypothesis generation, spatial analysis, cost-efficient profiling, and cell distance distribution analysis. Current limitations and planned extensions--including expanded spatial-omics releases and improved tools for senotype characterization--are discussed. SenNet protocols, code, and user interfaces are freely available on https://docs.sennetconsortium.org/apis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blood, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaurooni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibilla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisciotti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sablosky, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domanskyi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SenNet Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SenNet Portal: Build, Optimization and Usage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.705465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CodonRL: Multi-Objective Codon Sequence Optimization Using Demonstration-Guided Reinforcement Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.705465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimizing synonymous codon sequences to improve translation efficiency, RNA stability, and compositional properties is challenging because the search space grows exponentially with protein length and objectives interact through long range RNA structure. Dynamic programming-based methods can provide strong solutions for fixed objective combinations but are difficult to extend to additional constraints. Deep generative models require large-scale, high-quality mRNA sequence datasets for training, limiting applicability when such data are scarce. Reinforcement learning naturally handles sequential decision-making but faces challenges in codon optimization due to delayed rewards, large action spaces, and expensive structural evaluation. We present CodonRL, a reinforcement learning framework that learns a structural prior for mRNA design from efficient folding feedback and demonstration-guided replay, and then enables user-controlled multi-objective trade-offs during inference. CodonRL uses LinearFold for fast intermediate reward computation during training and ViennaRNA for final evaluation, warms up learning with expert sequences to accelerate convergence for global structure objectives, and introduces milestone-based intermediate rewards to address delayed feedback in long range optimization. On a benchmark of 55 human proteins, CodonRL outperforms GEMORNA, a state-of-the-art codon optimization method, across multiple metrics, achieving 9.5% higher codon adaptation index (CAI), 25.4 kcal/mol more favorable minimum free energy (MFE), and 3.4% lower uridine content on average, while improving codon stabilization coefficient (CSC) in over 90% of benchmark proteins under matched constraints. These gains translate into designs that are predicted to be more efficiently translated, more structurally stable, and less immunogenic, while supporting continuous objective reweighting at inference time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaynar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CodonRL: Multi-Objective Codon Sequence Optimization Using Demonstration-Guided Reinforcement Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable approach to resolving variants of uncertain significance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 90% of missense variants across [~]4,000 disease-associated genes are variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Experimental variant effect measurements provide critical evidence about pathogenicity and inform disease biology, but most variants lack data and clinical translation has been limited. The Impact of Genomic Variation on Function Consortium generated experimental data for 62,215 variants across ten genes using multiplexed assays and 1,407 variants across 163 genes using arrayed assays, curated 193,139 additional community-generated variant effect measurements across 30 additional genes, and developed automated calibration methods for translating experimental data and variant effect predictions into clinical evidence. To reduce current VUS, we developed a scalable workflow using only experimental and predictive evidence, enabling reclassification of 75% of the 16,115 VUS in these genes as pathogenic or benign with <1% error. To minimize future VUS, we analyzed >90,000 unobserved variants; 62% had enough evidence to be "preclassified" as pathogenic or benign. We validated our data, evidence and classifications using All of Us and created interactive resources to enable clinical use of the calibrated data. Thus, for 40 genes, representing 1% of the clinical genome, we resolve most existing VUS and future variants, illustrating how systematic use of scalable evidence can empower genomic medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverchkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capodanno, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benazouz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muffley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitz, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grindstaff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Salas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendyala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosokai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tixhon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn-Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teelucksingh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable approach to resolving variants of uncertain significance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning reweights the decision dynamics of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic pathways from deliberation to commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammals flexibly adjust their decision strategies in dynamic environments based on prior experience. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit is recognized as a critical driver of this adaptability, yet how plasticity-induced modifications to CBGT dynamics translate into modifications of decision policies remains poorly understood. Here we simulate learning in a biologically-grounded spiking CBGT model that learns to select a rewarded action via dopamine-dependent plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. Relying on three previously identified control ensembles (responsiveness, pliancy, and choice) within CBGT circuits, we disentangle the distinct roles these subnetworks have in reshaping decision trajectories across learning. Control ensemble dynamics were mapped onto the evolution of evidence accumulation, revealing within-trial parameter adjustments that shape decision dynamics and outcomes. Our results emphasize that learning optimizes not only what choice is favored, but also how the phases within the decision unfold. Early in the decision, learning accelerates evidence accumulation by driving the activity of corticothalamic and direct pathways. During later deliberation, this drive is temporarily restrained, and the indirect and pallidostriatal pathways become more critical for maintaining decision thresholds, preventing premature commitment despite the increased choice bias. As the system approaches the decision point, the direct pathway regains dominance, triggering boundary collapse to facilitate action selection. This mechanism effectively shifts decisions from deliberative to committed reward-directed choices, improving both speed and accuracy while preserving system stability and control throughout the process.

Author summaryWe investigate how specific subnetworks within cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuits reshape decision-making through dopamine-dependent plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. Using simulations of a simple two-choice task with a single rewarded target, we identify phase-specific reconfigurations of subnetwork activity that emerge over the course of learning. We then link these circuit-level changes to an algorithmic description of behavior by mapping them onto decision policies within a dynamic evidence accumulation framework. This analysis reveals a learning-driven shift from deliberative to more committed decision strategies, achieved through flexible coordination of decision boundaries and evidence accumulation rates. Together, these adjustments optimize decision speed and accuracy while preserving caution during ongoing choices. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how plasticity within CBGT circuits supports adaptive decision-making across different levels of uncertainty and task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning reweights the decision dynamics of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic pathways from deliberation to commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase response curve and RNA-sequencing demonstrate spiders' sensitivity to light and pinpoint candidate light-responsive genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiders can maintain a wide range of free-running periods while still being entrained to a 24-hour day. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this entrainment, we constructed the phase-response curve (PRC) for the orb weaver, Metazygia wittfeldae, by subjecting the spiders to one-hour light pulses at various times throughout the circadian day. The resulting type 0 PRC showed high amplitude (> 6 hour) phase advance and delays when the light pulse was applied during circadian time (CT) 16-18, with a break point of advances to delays at CT 17. We then investigated the genetic mechanism of the phase response to light by splitting M. wittfeldae adult females entrained to 12 hours light:12 hours dark (LD 12:12) into two groups. One group received a 1-hour light pulse 5 hours after lights off (CT17), and one group did not. We then sacrificed spiders for RNA isolations 1 and 10 hours after the light pulse. We identified numerous genes that were downregulated by the light pulse 1 hour after the pulse relative to no pulse group. Intriguingly, many of these genes had a flipped pattern of expression 9 hours later - the pulse group had higher expression than the no pulse group. This pattern is consistent with the shifted phase of locomotor activity expected after the light pulse application. We also identified clock gene homologs in M. wittfeldae that had distinct expression patterns from other arthropods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toporikova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoub, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase response curve and RNA-sequencing demonstrate spiders' sensitivity to light and pinpoint candidate light-responsive genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of cancer driver mutations from tumor microenvironmentcomposition: a pan-cancer study with cross-platform external validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer driver mutations shape the tumor microenvironment (TME), yet whether TME composition alone can predict genotype has not been systematically evaluated across cancers with external validation. We trained machine learning models to predict driver mutation status from TME cell-type composition signatures derived from bulk transcriptomes. Tissue-specific TME signatures (22-28 programs per cancer) were scored from RNA-seq data in TCGA for glioblastoma (GBM, n=157 total; n=90 EGFR-amplification evaluable), breast cancer (BRCA, n=1,082 total; n=994 evaluable), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD, n=510 total; n=502 evaluable), and colorectal cancer (CRC, n=592 total; n=524 evaluable), then externally validated on independent cohorts spanning different platforms: CPTAC (GBM, n=65), METABRIC (BRCA, n=1,859), GSE72094 (LUAD, n=442), and GSE39582 (CRC, n=585). Of 15 driver-cancer pairs tested, 14 achieved external AUC [&ge;]0.65, with top performance for ERBB2 amplification in BRCA (AUC=0.980), BRAF mutation in CRC (0.899), and TP53 mutation in BRCA (0.871). TME-predicted ERBB2 status stratified overall survival in METABRIC (Cox HR=1.73, p=7.95x10-8). Marginal KRAS performance in LUAD (AUC=0.615) reflected opposing TME profiles in KRAS+STK11 versus KRAS+TP53 co-mutant tumors. These results demonstrate that TME composition encodes sufficient information to infer driver mutations across cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehaffy, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of cancer driver mutations from tumor microenvironmentcomposition: a pan-cancer study with cross-platform external validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expert Motor Synergies Emerge Predominantly Offline During Early Skill Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday skilled actions depend on the formation of coordinated motor synergies that integrate multiple effectors into stable, low-dimensional control units. Although initial practice of a new skill leads to rapid performance improvements, it is unclear whether the underlying movement kinematics reorganize on a similar timescale and in a way that directly relates to these gains. It also remains uncertain whether such reorganization occurs mainly during active practice or instead during brief rest breaks.

Here, we tracked the temporal evolution of multi-digit synergy formation during early learning of a naturalistic keypress skill. Initial practice rapidly sculpted the motor repertoire toward higher-order, temporally compressed and overlapping multi-digit synergies. Highly stable synergies emerged after only minutes of practice and continued to be expressed across two training days. Notably, these expert synergies were primarily shaped during brief rest breaks and robustly predicted individual skill proficiency. Across learning, distinct synergy subtypes were evident, differing in their prevalence. Rarely expressed synergies reflected transient novice patterns, synergies expressed at intermediate levels indexed exploratory and trial-initiation strategies, and highly expressed synergies emerged later to dominate performance, reflecting the consolidation and expansion of skilled motor control.

Together, these findings indicate that skilled performance is supported by the early formation of a compact repertoire of expert multi-digit synergies that emerge preferentially across rest periods and predict subsequent skill gains. They further raise the hypothesis that explicitly training such expert synergies--alongside task goals--could enhance learning in domains such as the arts, sport, and neurorehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kistler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhreddine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bestmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expert Motor Synergies Emerge Predominantly Offline During Early Skill Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty-aware synthetic lethality prediction with pretrained foundation models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic lethality (SL) offers a promising paradigm for targeted cancer therapy, yet experimental identification of SL gene pairs remains costly, context-dependent, and biased toward well-studied genes. Existing computational approaches often rely on curated protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and Gene Ontology (GO) annotations, which limit their ability to generalize to novel genes. Here we introduce CO_SCPLOWILANTROC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP-C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSLC_SCPLOW, a two-stage, graph-free framework that leverages pretrained biological foundation models to predict SL pairs with calibrated uncertainty. In Stage 1, we apply a pretrained single-cell foundation model to bulk RNA-seq profiles of cancer cell lines to obtain context-aware embeddings and perform in silico gene knockouts to generate delta embeddings. These perturbation signals are further conditioned on a data-driven gene prior and supervised with CRISPR viability readouts to learn knockout-aware viability embeddings. In Stage 2, we derive pairwise features from these embeddings and train a lightweight classifier to distinguish SL from non-SL pairs. To enable reliable experimental prioritization, CO_SCPLOWILANTROC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP-C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSLC_SCPLOW incorporates conformal prediction, producing calibrated and interpretable prediction sets that highlight high-confidence SL candidates. Across two evaluation settings, including zero-shot generalization to unseen gene pairs and to unseen genes, ablation analyses show that viability pretraining and the gene prior substantially improve performance while avoiding reliance on PPI and GO features. CO_SCPLOWILANTROC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP-C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSLC_SCPLOW therefore transforms pretrained biological representations into practical, uncertainty-aware hypotheses that support robust and scalable discovery of therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.708096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty-aware synthetic lethality prediction with pretrained foundation models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early proteomic signatures of Alzheimer`s disease in the retina and brain of 3xTg-AD mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual dysfunction and retinal structural alterations often precede brain pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the molecular basis of these early changes and their relationship to the brain pathology remain unclear. Here, we performed quantitative proteomic profiling of retina and brain from 1-month of age triple-transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice harboring human PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP301L mutations, preceding detectable morphological abnormalities. Proteomic analysis identified 92 significantly altered proteins in the retina and 130 in the brain, with eight overlapping proteins between tissues. These shared proteins included three hemoglobin subunits (HBB1, HBB2, A8DUK4) and five proteins involved in metabolic regulation and intracellular transport. In addition to individual protein changes, pathway analysis demonstrated that mitochondrial metabolism and intracellular transport were commonly dysregulated in both tissues. Brain proteome was characterized by broad changes in mitochondrial-associated proteins, including respiratory chain components and mitochondrial ribosomal subunits, as well as proteins related to autophagy and synaptic vesicle pathways. In contrast, the retinal proteome was characterized by downregulation of vision-related proteins, altered small molecule transporters, and a marked reduction of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate-CoA ligase subunit {beta} (SUCB2). As SUCB2 links mitochondrial metabolism to epigenetic regulation through succinylation and lactylation, its depletion may promote mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling and early transcriptional reprogramming in the AD retina. Together, these findings demonstrate early metabolic and transport dysregulation in both retina and brain and highlight selective alterations of visual proteins in the retina. These early retinal proteomic changes provide valuable insight into understanding early metabolic disturbances in the eye and brain for AD detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early proteomic signatures of Alzheimer`s disease in the retina and brain of 3xTg-AD mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early electrical stimulation promotes functional recovery after volumetric muscle loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries overwhelm the inherent regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, causing persistent functional deficits with no routinely effective therapies. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to preserve muscle structure in other injury models, but technical barriers have prevented daily delivery during the acute post-injury window when critical regenerative programs are established. Here, we developed a fully implantable bioelectronic system with nanoporous platinum-modified electrodes enabling daily therapeutic stimulation and electromyographic recording without repeated anesthesia in a rat tibialis anterior VML model. Animals receiving ES during the acute post-injury period (10 sessions over days 0-14) showed sustained functional improvement, reaching 86.5% of baseline torque at 8 weeks compared to 68.1% in unstimulated controls. This recovery reflected enhanced remodeling of injured muscle rather than synergistic muscle compensation. Histological analysis revealed coordinated early increases in vascularization, pro-regenerative macrophages, and satellite cells. These findings establish early ES as a promising intervention for promoting muscle regeneration after catastrophic injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershanok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinokurova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blount, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Karni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early electrical stimulation promotes functional recovery after volumetric muscle loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the locus coeruleus in eye movements during perceptual decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of norepinephrine in the brain and has been implicated in the processes of attention, arousal, and perceptual decision making. Although prior work has linked transient LC activation to both sensory stimulus processing and motor processing, the precise contribution of LC to the distinct sensory and motor components of perceptual decisions remains unclear. Here, we recorded the spiking activity of single LC neurons in rhesus macaques while they performed a visual two-alternative forced-choice change detection task with a saccadic report, designed to cleanly dissociate sensory and motor contributions to LC activity. We found that the large majority of recorded neurons showed robust increases in response tightly locked to the choice saccade, while only a small fraction showed significant responses to the visual stimuli. Saccade-aligned LC responses did not vary with behavioral outcome, perceptual difficulty, reaction time, or session-wide fluctuations in perceptual sensitivity and criterion, indicating that LC motor-related signals were dissociated from perceptual performance. Together, these results demonstrated the existence of a subpopulation of LC neurons whose activity was tightly coupled to oculomotor output across both voluntary and involuntary eye movements during perceptual decision making, but were independent of perceptual decision accuracy. Our findings support a role for LC in facilitating motor preparation and execution in response to behaviorally significant sensory events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the locus coeruleus in eye movements during perceptual decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal biophysical rules are sufficient for the emergence of computational intelligence at the neuronal scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How intelligence emerges from the brains complex microscopic physical system is a central question for neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Constrained by the genomic bottleneck that precludes synapse-by-synapse specification, we propose and validate a microscopic structure-function  concise-constraint sufficiency hypothesis. We develop the Neuro-Informed Generative Connectome (NIGC) framework, and show that connectomes generated under a concise set of biophysical constraints (geometric embedding, node propensity modulation, a global energy budget and maximum-entropy selection) closely match the structural statistics of a measured mouse V1 microcircuit (similarities, 0.997). In parallel, using the generated connectome as the fixed reservoir of an echo state network (ESN), training only a linear readout achieves 90% accuracy on an auditory multi-classification task. Moreover, multidimensional biologically consistent functional phenotypes, such as hierarchical transmission delays and low-dimensional spatiotemporal trajectories, are obtained without fitting functional matrices or time courses. Further, by combining single-constraint ablations, pathological perturbations and cross-modal validation, we clarify how specific structural constraints map onto functional consequences. Together, these results delineate sufficient conditions for computational intelligence emergence at the microscopic scale, and provide an auditable benchmark for first-principles understanding of brain construction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Occhipinti, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smielewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal biophysical rules are sufficient for the emergence of computational intelligence at the neuronal scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introducing a fusogenicity metric for lipid nanoparticle formulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most successful drug delivery carrier to date, but optimizing lipid formulations to improve membrane fusion capabilities for effective drug release has been challenging due to lack of a quantitative measure for fusogenicity. Here we introduce a new framework based on small angle X-ray scattering to experimentally measure [Formula] for lipids used in LNP formulations such as glycerol monooleate (GMO) and ionizable lipids (SM-102 and ALC-0315). Q intrinsically captures spontaneous curvature (J0), which is traditionally used to assess fusogenicity. The change of cubic lattice parameters with temperature was measured for GMO-containing lipid mixtures, and the Q extracted quantitatively correlated with LNP fusogenicity power validated by fluorescence-based fusion assays and cryogenic electron microscopy. Fusogenicity of SM-102 and ALC-0315 was quantified by adding them to host membranes and assessing change in Q. This framework provides researchers with the ability to optimize the fusogenicity of LNP formulations for potent drug release and enhances understanding of parameters governing fusion in all biomembranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueben, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Go, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deserno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introducing a fusogenicity metric for lipid nanoparticle formulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fall risk-aware adaptation explains suboptimal locomotor performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHuman locomotion requires balancing multiple biological objectives, such as metabolic energy efficiency, stability, and symmetry. While models based on optimization successfully predict how humans walk in familiar settings, they fail to explain why individuals adopt inefficient movement patterns in novel environments, even after extensive practice. Here, we show that such suboptimality in a novel environment arises from a fundamental prioritization of safety. We find that individuals do not simply fail to reach an optimal solution; instead, they navigate an environment-dependent risk landscape by mitigating the statistical probability of falling. We find that this risk-averse strategy is explained by adjusting internal learning parameters: specifically, the learning rate and the tradeoff between metabolic cost and symmetry, in a manner that lowers fall risk. To quantify this process, we developed an  inverse adaptation modeling framework; this approach works backwards from locomotor performance data to mathematically infer the underlying internal learning parameters and how they vary with fall risk. Our analysis reveals that the observed motor performance is explained by a global probabilistic fall risk rather than a local step-based measure of instability. Ultimately, these findings reveal that fall risk-aware adaptation explains suboptimal locomotor behavior, providing a new data-driven framework to understand the drivers of motor performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seethapathi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fall risk-aware adaptation explains suboptimal locomotor performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-guided Sequence-structure Co-design of De Novo Functional Enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins underpin essential biological functions across all kingdoms of life. The capacity to design novel proteins with tailored activities holds transformative potential for biotechnology, medicine, and sustainability. However, since protein functions, particularly enzymatic activities, depend on precise interactions with small-molecule ligands, accurately modeling these interactions remains a formidable challenge in de novo protein design. Here, we introduce EnzyGen2, a protein foundation model designed for the simultaneous co-design of sequence and structure under ligand-guided functional targeting. Comprising 730 million parameters, EnzyGen2 is trained on 720,993 protein-ligand pairs using multi-task learning objectives that encompass joint prediction of sequence, structure, and protein-ligand interactions. In rigorous in silico benchmarks, EnzyGen2 consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, including Inpainting, RFdiffusion/ProteinMPNN, RFdiffusion2/LigandMPNN, and RFdiffusion3/LigandMPNN, as measured by the enzyme-substrate prediction score, AlphaFold2 confidence metric, and structural fidelity, while it generates samples 400x faster than prior methods. We further experimentally validated EnzyGen2 across multiple enzyme families, including chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase, and thiopurine S-methyltransferase. De novo enzymes generated by our family-specific EnzyGen2 exhibited catalytic activities comparable to or exceeding those of natural enzymes, while retaining substantial novelty with sequence identities as low as 51.6%. These results establish EnzyGen2 as a robust Artificial Intelligence-based tool for functional enzyme design, demonstrating the power of large protein foundation models to create high-performance, novel biocatalysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-guided Sequence-structure Co-design of De Novo Functional Enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimally invasive floating-wire interface for transcranial deep brain stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNon-invasive neuromodulation technologies have advanced considerably. Yet, precise and focal activation of deep brain regions remains challenging due to the rapid attenuation of electric fields across the scalp, skull and brain surface.

ObjectiveWe present FLOATES (FLOAting Transcranial Electrical Stimulation), a novel approach that employs an untethered wire implanted in the brain which passively relays currents injected transcranially from the brain surface to deep brain regions, achieving focused stimulation deep within the brain.

MethodsWe validated FLOATES through a combination of simulations, benchtop testing, and in vivo rodent studies. The benchtop experiments confirmed the ability to relay the field across the floating wire. Rodent studies demonstrated capability to stimulate deep brain regions in vivo.

ResultsOur simulation and benchtop testing results indicate that FLOATES can deliver significantly higher electric fields to subcortical regions compared to conventional transcranial stimulation approaches. Further in-vivo results demonstrated deep subthalamic nuclei stimulation to evoke limb motor responses and demonstrated a significantly lower motor threshold compared to transcranial stimulation. Finite element simulations reveal that the efficiency of FLOATES depends on several key parameters including input field strength, wire length and diameter, exposed electrode area, impedance, and tip geometry. Simulations using a human-sized head model suggest that electric fields sufficient for brain stimulation can be obtained with reasonable currents injected to the scalp.

ConclusionTogether, these results establish a theoretical and experimental foundation for FLOATES as a minimally invasive and spatially precise brain stimulation platform in modulating deep neural circuits implicated in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forssell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamanzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimally invasive floating-wire interface for transcranial deep brain stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturating hepatic clearance drives elevated cfDNA and fragment shortening in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsy studies consistently report both elevated circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations and shortened fragment lengths in cancer. These features are often attributed to tumor-specific processes, despite tumor-derived cfDNA frequently constituting less than 1% of the total. Here, we consider an alternative explanation: Saturation of cfDNA clearance, which prolongs cfDNA circulation time, increases exposure to plasma nucleases and is expected to produce similar fragmentomic signatures independent of tumor burden. By combining a mechanistic model of cfDNA fragmentation with analyses of two independent cancer patient cohorts, and publicly available clearance-perturbation experiments, we demonstrate that elevated cfDNA levels are accompanied by a characteristic leftward shift in fragment length distributions consistent with impaired hepatic clearance. This fragmentation signature becomes more pronounced at higher cfDNA concentrations, is independent of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) fraction, is reproducible under experimentally reduced clearance, and is independently prognostic of patient survival. Together, these results identify saturating clearance as a central determinant of cfDNA abundance and fragment length, re-framing cancer-associated fragmentomic patterns as systemic consequences of clearance dynamics rather than tumor burden alone. More broadly, they highlight the value of mechanistic modeling of clearance processes in extracting clinically meaningful signals from cfDNA fragmentation data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laframboise, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrosko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oesterreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturating hepatic clearance drives elevated cfDNA and fragment shortening in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Silencing of Carotid Body TRPM7 Attenuates Hypertension in Obese Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is the most common cause of hypertension. We have previously shown that high levels of circulating leptin in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice induced hypertension by increasing expression of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) in the carotid bodies (CB). In addition, we demonstrated in rat PC12 cells that leptin increases Trpm7 gene expression by inducing CpG site-specific demethylation within the 5 regulatory region containing a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) binding site. This leptin-induced Trpm7 upregulation was prevented by inhibition of JAK-STAT3 signaling. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that reversing region-specific methylation at the Trpm7 promoter in the CB could attenuate obesity-associated hypertension. Compared with lean controls, DIO mice exhibited increased Trpm7 expression and the STAT3- binding site-specific promoter demethylation in the CB. Administration of methylated DNA oligonucleotides targeting the STAT3 binding site attenuated CpG site-specific DNA demethylation and reduced Trpm7 transcription in the CB of DIO mice. This intervention resulted in decreased carotid sinus nerve activity and reduced arterial blood pressure, especially during the light phase. Our results suggest that targeted modulation of CpG site-specific DNA methylation at the Trpm7 promoter using DNA oligonucleotide may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity-induced hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polotsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Silencing of Carotid Body TRPM7 Attenuates Hypertension in Obese Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.709540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zhi-Shi-Huang-Wu slows Parkinson's disease progression in transgenic C. elegans models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.709540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most progressive degenerative disorder of the brain due to dopaminergic (DA) neuron degenerations and alpha-synuclein (-Syn) accumulations. At present, the disease has no effective treatment. Therefore, the current study objective is to identify a novel anti-PD formula (Zhi-Shi-Huang-Wu Formula, F-2) computed at 8:4:2:1 ratio from HSP 70 promoter activators Valeriana jatamansi (V), Acori talarinowii (A), Scutellaria baicalensis (S), Fructus Schisandrae (F). Traditionally, V is used to cure memory impairments, A treats mental disorders, and chronic mild stress, S for neuroprotection, and F showed multiple therapeutic actions to treat insomnia. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of the V, A, S, F, formula F-2 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models. A, S, F, and F-2 successfully restored 6-hydroxydopamine intoxicated DA neuron degenerations, reduced food-sensing behavior disabilities, and attenuated -Syn aggregations. Moreover, activates the lipid deposition and proteasome expressions to confirm -Syn degradations at the cellular level. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, and A, S, F, and F-2 repressed ROS and raised SOD-3 expressions. Overall, these data indicate that V, A, S, F combined into F-2 (22.3%) are more effective against PD progression-like symptom than individual drugs V (0.7%), A (11.4%), S (9.6%), and F (12.6%). These improved neuroprotective actions of F-2 possibly due to following the antioxidative pathway.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/709540v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a6f1f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@157a270org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@69a238org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1194b5e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.709540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zhi-Shi-Huang-Wu slows Parkinson's disease progression in transgenic C. elegans models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHPT1-LCAT rewires lipolysis towards ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, yet how metabolic flux through central lipid pathways is selectively routed towards pro-ferroptotic lipid species remains unclear. Here, through an unbiased chemical-genetic screen targeting core metabolic enzymes, we identify diacylglycerol (DAG) as a licensing lipid intermediate whose pro-ferroptotic activity depends on its intracellular routing. Systematic manipulation of lipolytic flux reveals that ferroptotic vulnerability is not determined by bulk lipolytic output or downstream intermediates, but by the selective channelling of DAG into a distinct metabolic fate. Mechanistically, DAG is selectively routed through a previously unrecognized intracellular metabolic axis composed of choline phosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). We uncover an enzymatically active intracellular pool of LCAT (iLCAT) that cooperates with CHPT1 on Golgi-trans-Golgi network membranes to generate polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters that execute ferroptosis. Functionally, enforced DAG routing through this axis suppresses tumour growth via ferroptosis in vivo, whereas hepatocyte-specific inhibition of the CHPT1-iLCAT axis attenuates lipid peroxidation and disease progression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Together, these findings establish subcellular lipid routing, rather than lipid abundance per se, as a fundamental determinant of ferroptotic vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHPT1-LCAT rewires lipolysis towards ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of Orally Disintegrating Tablet for Sublingual Vaccination against Mucosal Bacterial Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral mucosal bacterial infections impose a substantial global disease burden, yet current clinical management typically reduces microbial load only transiently and rarely establishes durable protection at the oral surface. Analysis of 200 patients with periodontitis revealed that elevated levels of pathogen-specific salivary secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were strongly associated with reduced bacterial burden and improved clinical periodontal outcomes, identifying sIgA as a key determinant of effective oral protection. Guided by this observation, we developed a sublingual, orally disintegrating tablet vaccine (Capot) that incorporates bacterial extracellular vesicles providing a comprehensive repertoire of native antigens and multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns, encapsulated within a calcium phosphate nanoshell to enable safe transmucosal delivery to submandibular lymph nodes. The rapidly disintegrating tablet format minimizes inadvertent swallowing and enhances local mucosal bioavailability. In mice and non-human primates, Capot induced robust and long-lasting salivary sIgA responses without overt oral mucosal or gastrointestinal inflammation and conferred strong protection against primary, recurrent, and antibiotic-resistant periodontitis. Together, these findings establish sublingual tablet vaccination as a practical strategy for selectively engaging oral mucosal immunity and preventing chronic bacterial diseases at oral mucosal surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.14.711758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of Orally Disintegrating Tablet for Sublingual Vaccination against Mucosal Bacterial Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Breath to Behavior: Respiratory Features Predict Visual Detection Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breathing is a continuous bodily rhythm that not only sustains physiology but also shapes brain function and behavior. Here we investigated how respiration interacts with perceptual performance in nonhuman primates performing a visual detection task. Using continuous recordings, we extracted detailed features from each respiratory cycle including timing, duration, phase, depth, and volume, aligned to trial onset. Analyses revealed that timing-related features, such as inhalation onset and the respiration length, were the most reliable markers of trial outcome, whereas amplitude-based measures contributed less consistently. These findings demonstrate that the temporal structure of breathing, rather than its magnitude, plays a dominant role in shaping behavior on a moment-to-moment basis. By uncovering how fine-grained features of respiration align with perceptual success, our work highlights respiration as a strong correlate of cognition and highlights the value of feature-based approaches for linking interoceptive rhythms to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skog, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Breath to Behavior: Respiratory Features Predict Visual Detection Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A feed-forward loop between niche adenosine and Gzmk⁺ CD8 T cells propagates systemic inflammaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causal link between the aging microenvironment and T cell aging remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that adenosine within aging tissues actively reprograms CD8+ T cells into a pro-aging Granzyme K+ (Gzmk+) population. Mechanistically, senescent cells create an adenosine-rich niche via p16-dependent CD39 upregulation, triggering A2aR signaling to induce Gzmk+ T cell differentiation. Once released, Gzmk promotes systemic inflammaging through PAR1 and complement activation. Crucially, targeting this axis--either via genetic Gzmk ablation or pharmacological A2aR blockade--reverses multi-organ aging phenotypes and significantly extends healthy lifespan in mice. Human analysis reveals age-dependent Gzmk+ T cell accumulation in multi organs, while coffee intake (an A2aR antagonist) inversely correlates with plasma Gzmk levels. Our findings uncover how metabolic niche changes drive T cell aging and establish the adenosine-Gzmk axis as a pivotal therapeutic target for combating age-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A feed-forward loop between niche adenosine and Gzmk⁺ CD8 T cells propagates systemic inflammaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.713034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking reaction time variability to physiological markers of arousal across timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.713034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reaction time is a measure of the speed of our response to stimuli in the environment. Even for a well-trained task, a subjects reaction time varies. One source of this variability is internal state fluctuations (such as changes in arousal). There are few studies that systematically quantify the extent to which reaction time varies across different timescales and link this to measures of systemic physiology associated with arousal. In much of the literature, it is assumed but not demonstrated that behavioral and systemic measurements associated with arousal will be consistently linked because both estimate a common underlying arousal process. In this work, we examined this assumption by simultaneously measuring reaction time, heart rate, and pupil diameter in rhesus macaque monkeys performing several visual tasks over hours and across hundreds of sessions. We found a portion of the variability in reaction time could be linked to systemic physiological signatures of arousal on fast timescales from second to second and slower timescales from minute to minute. This link between reaction time and systemic physiology was also present for different biomarkers of arousal (heart rate and pupil). However, the strength of this relationship varied depending on the arousal biomarker. Our findings support the conclusion that there are multiple arousal mechanisms that act simultaneously to influence behavior and multiple timescales at which they operate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skog, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainerstorfer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.713034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking reaction time variability to physiological markers of arousal across timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cerebellar cognitive rheostat bidirectionally controls attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention requires filtering distractors and amplifying signals, processes classically attributed to cortico-thalamic networks. Here, we reveal that the cerebellum operates as a bidirectional "cognitive rheostat" to optimize attentional states. In mice, the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis exert opposing control over attention. Granule cells in the anterior vermis are functionally suppressed to gate sensorimotor noise via reticular nucleus-driven feedforward inhibition. Conversely, posterior granule cells are recruited by pontine inputs to amplify cognitive signals, a process relying on Grin1-mediated NMDA receptor plasticity. Circuit-specific manipulations targeting this push-pull mechanism, or localized pharmacological modulation, successfully rescued attentional deficits in an ADHD mouse model. These findings fundamentally expand the cerebellums role beyond motor coordination, identifying a topographic circuit algorithm essential for cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cerebellar cognitive rheostat bidirectionally controls attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-Type-Specific Bidirectional Modulation of the Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Sensory Pathway by Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) can noninvasively modulate sensory pathways, but the cell-type-specific mechanisms underlying excitatory or inhibitory effects remain unclear. Here, we investigate how tFUS applied to the somatosensory cortex (S1) influences S1 and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm) responses to hind paw vibration-tactile stimulation and which neuronal populations mediate these effects. Vibration-tactile stimulation evoked potentials (TEPs) and multi-unit activities (MUA) in S1 and POm were recorded from male rats. Optogenetic tagging was used to identify S1 CaMKII-positive, PV-positive, and SST-positive neurons, while waveform features were used to classify putative excitatory (i.e., regular-spiking units - RSUs) and inhibitory neurons (i.e., fast-spiking units - FSUs) in POm. We found that only S1 CaMKII-positive neurons and POm RSUs responded robustly to tactile stimulation. When tFUS was applied to S1, high pulse repetition frequency (PRF), high duty cycle, and high-pressure stimulation (etFUS) produced excitatory modulation of the sensory pathway, whereas low PRF, low duty cycle, and low-pressure stimulation (itFUS) induced inhibitory effects. Further analyses revealed that excitatory modulation was mediated by activation of S1 CaMKII-positive neurons, while the inhibitory effect arose from their deactivation. These findings demonstrate that tFUS exerts bidirectional, parameter-dependent modulation of a sensory pathway and highlight the critical role of CaMKII-positive neurons in mediating these effects. This study provides mechanistic insight into cell-type-specific neuromodulation by tFUS, particularly in bidirectional modulation of a sensory pathway, and informs the optimization of stimulation parameters for targeted therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torregrossa, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-Type-Specific Bidirectional Modulation of the Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Sensory Pathway by Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling and Generalization of Discrete Diffusion Models for Tumor Phylogenies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor phylogenies -- rooted trees encoding clonal ancestry and mutation acquisition -- are central to understanding cancer evolution, yet generating realistic phylogenies remains challenging. We investigate whether discrete graph diffusion can learn the structural constraints of tumor phylogenies directly from data. Working with approximately 12,500 synthetic phylogenies across twelve evolutionary regimes, we train graph transformer models that denoise typed graphs through a learned reverse diffusion process. Scaling experiments reveal a non-monotonic capacity-performance relationship: a mid-scale model achieves high structural validity and close distributional match to held-out data, while a deeper model fails under fixed optimization hyperparameters. Low-data cross-regime experiments show that diverse training produces more transferable representations than single-regime specialization. These results establish that phylogenetic structural constraints can be learned implicitly through unconditional discrete diffusion, suggesting a viable path toward generative models of tumor evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling and Generalization of Discrete Diffusion Models for Tumor Phylogenies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Resolved Neuronal Network Dynamics Distinguish Pathological States in Organoid Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain assembloids offer a powerful platform for modeling neurological diseases, yet comprehensive methods for analyzing their complex network dynamics are lacking. Here, we developed a time-resolved network analysis pipeline that extracts quantitative biomarkers from two-photon calcium imaging, enabling the detection of subtle differences between disease and control models. We applied this pipeline to assembloids containing a pathogenic MAPT p.R406W variant--clinically associated with an Alzheimers disease-like phenotype--and their isogenic controls. Our analysis revealed that mutant networks exhibit significantly increased degree variance and clustering. This indicates a "hub-like", interconnected topology prone to hypersynchrony, a finding that parallels the network hyperexcitability and seizure-like features observed in in-vivo models of Alzheimers disease. Furthermore, a Random Forest classifier trained on these dynamic network features distinguished between diseased and control states with high accuracy (F1 score = 0.90). These results establish that dynamic network properties can serve as potent biomarkers for identifying pathological states in assembloid models, providing a quantitative framework to investigate disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCrimmon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsoor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turali, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychowdhury, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Resolved Neuronal Network Dynamics Distinguish Pathological States in Organoid Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EEG Foundation Model Improves Online Directional Motor Imagery Brain-computer Interface Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs) offer a link between neural signals and external computation, enabling control of devices for the purposes of restoring function to motor-affected individuals and enhancing capabilities of a wider set of populations. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a high temporal resolution for dynamic and potential real-time feedback for non-invasive systems. However, its practical efficacy remains limited due to low spatial resolution and poor signal-to-noise ratio, leading to insufficient decoding accuracy and unintuitive control paradigms that hinder reliable user interaction. In this study, we present a framework for an online EEG foundation model by creating a custom foundation model through spectrogram reconstruction of compact temporal windows and online constraints during pretraining. We evaluate the performance of the model in a challenging control paradigm of single-arm, directional motor imagery with dynamic movements for guided and free movement cursor control tasks. Our foundation model approach achieved a final average accuracy of 51.3% during a goal-oriented guided control task. This represents a 15.8% increase over a conventional deep learning framework and a 26.3% increase above chance level, evaluated in a cohort of 11 human participants. During the free movement task, the foundation model invoked a higher rate of completion and lower completion times. Furthermore, the custom EEG foundation model demonstrated superior adaptability from same-session finetuning and indicated an enhanced capability to assist subject learning. These findings highlight the potential of EEG foundation models to support more robust and intuitive non-invasive BCI systems, providing a promising modelling framework for future BCI development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karrenbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.714020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EEG Foundation Model Improves Online Directional Motor Imagery Brain-computer Interface Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.707813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the reliability of tools for mRNA annotation and IRES studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.707813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the discovery of viral Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESes), researchers have sought to find similar elements in mammalian host genes, termed "cellular IRESes". However, the plasmid systems used to measure cellular IRES activity are vulnerable to false positives due to promoter activity in candidate IRESes. Orthogonal methods are needed to validate putative IRESes while carefully avoiding artifacts known to cause false positives. Recently, Koch et al. proposed approaches for studying IRESes, primarily circular RNA-generating plasmids, and for validating mRNA transcripts using smFISH and qRT-PCR. Here, we demonstrate confounding variables and artifacts in each of these approaches that can lead to inappropriate conclusions about potential cellular IRES activity. We show the back-splicing circRNA plasmid creates linear mRNA artifacts associated with false-positive IRES signals. Using orthogonal, gold-standard assays validated with viral IRESes, we find putative cellular IRESes reported using the back-splicing plasmid have no IRES activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that smFISH and qRT-PCR can misidentify nuclear non-coding RNAs as mRNAs and we validate a single molecule sequencing assay for identifying genuine mRNA 5 ends. Our work establishes reliable methods for robust transcript annotation and IRES studies that avoid documented artifacts arising from bicistronic and back-splicing circRNA plasmid reporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akirtava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.707813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the reliability of tools for mRNA annotation and IRES studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acoustic Salience Drives Pupillary Dynamics in an Interrupted, Reverberant Task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeners face many challenges when trying to maintain attention to a target source in everyday settings; for instance, reverberation distorts acoustic cues and interruptions capture attention. However, little is known about how these challenges affect the ability to maintain selective attention. Here, we measured syllable recall accuracy and pupil dilation during a spatial selective attention task that was sometimes disrupted. Participants heard two competing, temporally interleaved syllable streams presented in pseudo-anechoic or reverberant environments. On randomly selected trials, a sudden interruption occurred mid-sequence. Compared to anechoic trials, reverberant performance was worse overall, and the interrupter disrupted performance. In uninterrupted trials, reverberation reduced peak pupil dilation both when it was consistent across all stimuli in a block and when it was randomized trial to trial, suggesting temporal smearing reduced clarity of the scene and the salience of events in the ongoing streams. Pupil dilations in response to interruptions indicated perceptual salience was strong across reverberant and anechoic conditions. Specifically, baseline pupil size before trials did not vary across room conditions, and mixing or blocking of trials (altering stimulus expectations) had no impact on pupillary responses. Together, these findings highlight that stimulus salience drives cognitive load more strongly than does task performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figarola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acoustic Salience Drives Pupillary Dynamics in an Interrupted, Reverberant Task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent mechanical reconfiguration is necessary for multifunctional behavior in a constrained hydrostat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscular hydrostats, muscular structures with no rigid skeleton, are ubiquitous within the animal kingdom, from vertebrate tongues to cephalopod arms1,2, but how they perform complex actions remains poorly understood. One model hydrostat studied for its neural control3-7 and biomechanics8-17 is the feeding system (buccal mass) of the sea hare Aplysia (Fig. 1). The buccal mass (Fig. 1b) performs multiple feeding behaviors by coordinating intrinsic muscles to move a grasper (odontophore)18,19. In this paper, we investigated how mechanical reconfiguration from interacting shape-changing elements facilitates large odontophore protractions. During rejection behaviors, mechanical reconfiguration of the odontophore (elongating its shape to a higher aspect ratio) stretches a protractor muscle (I2), allowing I2 to generate stronger protractions12. In biting behaviors, the odontophore has a similar range of motion. However, during biting, the odontophore has a lower aspect ratio throughout protraction, meaning the I2 muscle alone is insufficient to reach observed protractions due to its length/tension property and reduced mechanical advantage9,10,12,18. By combining new analysis of MRI movies of Aplysia feeding12,18 (Fig. 1) with a new biomechanical model for biting and rejection (Fig. 2), we demonstrate two context-dependent mechanical reconfiguration mechanisms that explain the different ways large protractions are produced in biting and rejection (Fig. 3). The mechanisms integrate shape changes, bending and conforming of muscle structures, and shifts in contact interactions. We propose two mechanical subclasses of muscular hydrostats, "constrained" or "unconstrained" (Fig. 4), that may be morphologically similar but employ different control strategies depending on whether mechanical constraints are reliably present.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/715937v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (87K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130cdfcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1237bcdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@94deadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a73234_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 1.C_FLOATNO Anatomy and kinematics of the Aplysia feeding system (a1) Adult Aplysia californica searching for food and (a2) feeding on Gracilaria macroalgae ((a1) photo credit: Dr. Jeffrey P. Gill, (a2) modified with permission from Bennington et al. 202514). Gray highlight shows the location of the feeding structure, the buccal mass (b). (b) An anatomical diagram of a midline sagittal view of a buccal mass. During feeding, the odontophore (the internal grasper of the buccal mass) protracts through the tubelike I3 muscle. In the midsagittal plane, the I3 is visible as two longitudinal elements, but is one continuous structure that runs circumferentially around the buccal mass. The inner wall of the distal I3 is shown in dark blue. The dashed white line shows the jaw line, which is used as the reference for both the translation and rotation measurements. (c) Configuration of the buccal mass (left: anatomical diagram; middle: MRI frames) showing (c1) peak retraction and (c2) peak protraction. (right) A diagram of the buccal mass was created to highlight key anatomical landmarks for each frame of the MRI video showing a complete biting sequence (d-e). The same diagrammatic representations of the landmarks are shown in (d) and (e) for the protraction and retraction portions of the biting sequence, respectively (See STAR Methods). The frames shown in (c1) and (c2) correspond to the 0 ms and 3410 ms frames, respectively, and are the same between the middle and right portions of the figure. Key frames referred to in the text: t0: start of the behavioral cycle, t1: peak rotation reached, t2: peak translation reached, t3: rotation plateau ended, t4: end of behavioral cycle. (f) Kinematic measurements were taken using the drawn diagrams for each frame in the sequence. See main text for definitions of variables. All scale bars correspond to 10 mm.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/715937v1_fig2.gif" ALT="Figure 2">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d119b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ee36acorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@147943aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@549cb4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 2.C_FLOATNO Kinetic/Kinematic biomechanical model of the buccal mass (a) Rest geometry of the biomechanical model. The grasper (odontophore) is modeled as a rigid ellipse (magenta with yellow radula). It is connected to the I1/I3 lumen (blue trapezoid) by the hinge muscle (green). The I2 protractor muscle (red) wraps conformally around the odontophore and attaches at the lateral groove. The net force and torque from the I2 on the odontophore are found by performing an instantaneous force balance on a small arc of the ellipse and integrating across the full region of contact between the I2 and the odontophore. The hinge muscle is modeled as a linearly elastic, geometrically exact beam. At each position along the beams midline, a quasistatic force balance is performed (see STAR Methods). (b1) The tension in the I2 is modeled using the length-tension relationship reported in Yu et al. 1999 scaled by a normalized activation level. (b2) The axial and bending stiffness of the beam hinge were calibrated to ex vivo animal data reported in Sutton et al. 2004. Gray region indicates odontophore displacements observed during biting behaviors (Sutton et al. 2004). (c1-c2) To investigate the effects of mechanical reconfiguration on odontophore position at peak protraction, (c1) the aspect ratio of the odontophore ellipse and (c2) the stretch of the lateral groove were added as additional kinematic constraints. (c1) and (c2) show results from the model but do not correspond to any particular behavior or configuration observed in the animal. These constraints impact the biomechanical model via contact forces from the I1/I3 (see STAR Methods). The lateral groove stretch is converted to a depression angle of the dorsal I1/I3 muscle as a proxy for the wrapping of the dorsal I3 around the odontophore observed during in vivo feeding behaviors (Fig 1). (d-e) MRI frames at peak protraction in (d1, with and without overlay) biting (t2) and (e1, with and without overlay) rejection ({tau}2) compared to corresponding frames from the biomechanical model (d2 and e2, respectively).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/715937v1_fig3.gif" ALT="Figure 3">
View larger version (56K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fc18acorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b80555org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1663cf4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12bc433_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 3.C_FLOATNO Mechanical reconfiguration of the buccal mass (a) Midsagittal kinematics of the buccal mass during a (left) biting and (right) rejection behavior (see also Figs. S1 and S2). Colored circles (diamonds) show data for an individual frame, and the black line shows the two-point moving average of the signal. Vertical dashed lines show concurrent time points in the different kinematic signals (biting: t0: cycle starts, t1: peak rotation, t2: peak translation, t3: rotation plateau ended, t4: cycle ends. Rejection: {tau}0: cycle starts, {tau}1: rotation plateau ends, {tau}2: peak translation, {tau}3: peak rotation, {tau}4: cycle ends). (b) Model configurations for nine different pairs of aspect ratios ({Phi}) and lateral groove stretches ({lambda}LG ) (numbers correspond to the labeled points in (Fig. S6c)). Note that these simulated results from the model do not necessarily correspond to configurations observed in the animal but rather show changes in the systems configuration due to changes in the kinematic parameters. All configurations here were achieved with an I2 activation of AI2 = 65%. (c-d) Sensitivity of the model translation and rotation at peak protraction to lateral groove shortening ({lambda}LG, top row) and aspect ratio change ({Phi}, bottom row) for biting (c) and rejection (d). The y-axis for all panels reports the difference between the model prediction and observed animal value at peak protraction (for translation or rotation) normalized by the range of motion (ROM) for each behavior. For each panel, one kinematic parameter is held fixed (top:{Phi} fixed; bottom:{lambda} LG fixed) at the value observed in the animal at peak protraction, and the other is varied to determine the effect of changing this parameter on the translation and rotation of the odontophore. Vertical dashed lines show the observed value of the varied parameter in the animal at peak protraction. The horizontal dashed line shows 0 difference for reference. The steepness of the difference curve in the vicinity of the vertical dashed line indicates how sensitive the system is to changes in each kinematic parameter near peak protraction. Here, a steeper curve (with a positive or negative slope) indicates greater sensitivity. For biting simulations, AI2 = 15%, and for rejection, AI2 = 90% based on the results of the model validation. Each curve in (c) and (d) is a 1D cross-section of the 2D contour plots shown in Figs. S6-S7. For a complete view of the sensitivity of translation and rotation to lateral groove stretch and aspect ratio across the kinematic configuration space at different I2 activations, see Figs. S6-S7. Note that (c) and (d) use different vertical scales. The smaller scale for the rejection plots was chosen to better show the difference curves for rejection, and it reflects the overall decreased sensitivity to both lateral groove stretch and aspect ratio changes for the rejection behaviors.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=111 SRC="FIGDIR/small/715937v1_fig4.gif" ALT="Figure 4">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5df3f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3abb02org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cbb0a2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b98dd7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 4.C_FLOATNO Mechanical reconfiguration facilitates behaviors in a variety of constrained hydrostat systems Combinations of the active shape change of internal structures (cyan), changes to the movement constraints and contact interaction (blue), and bending and conforming of structures (magenta) allow constrained hydrostats to mechanically reconfigure their neuromusculature (purple) to perform various behaviors. This can be seen in various systems across various species. As discussed here, the Aplysia buccal mass uses combinations of these mechanisms in (a) biting and (b) rejection behaviors to protract the buccal mass. (c) The pond snail, Lymnaea, has a morphologically similar buccal mass to Aplysia, but its I1/I3 homolog, the anterior jugalis, sits further posterior to the odontophore35, meaning it may more readily rely on the bending of the anterior jugalis and contact interactions during protraction. (d) The octopus and, more broadly, cephalopod buccal masses contain a beak that lacks a fixed articulation. Instead, by activating the lateral mandibular muscle (LMM), the buccal mass can create a stiff rotation point and may shift the function of the posterior mandibular muscle (PMM) from compressing the buccal mass to opening the beak36,37. (e) The human tongue (and other Type I tongues38) sits within the skull and makes use of contact with the hard palate to push food from the oral cavity into the pharynx27,48. (f) Additionally, by changing how the tongue interacts with the palate and teeth, while maintaining the same internal shape, humans can produce various vowel and consonant sounds39,49,50. This use of contact with the palate and teeth is known in the phonetics community as "bracing." Here, by creating a groove in the middle of the tongue, the phonemes /{varepsilon}/ and /ae/ can be produced. By raising the tongue and creating palatal contact while maintaining that groove, these vowels shift to the fricative consonants /s/ and /{theta}/49. Small insets show which of the mechanical configurations are used in each behavior.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennington, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neustadter, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Wood, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent mechanical reconfiguration is necessary for multifunctional behavior in a constrained hydrostat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biohybrid Robots with Embedded Conductive Fibers for Actuation, Sensing, and Closed-loop Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living organisms achieve adaptive actuation through the seamless integration of neural motor control circuitry and proprioceptive feedback. While biohybrid robotics aims to replicate these capabilities by merging engineered muscle with synthetic scaffolds, the field remains limited by interfaces that lack the efficiency and closed-loop regulation of natural neuromuscular systems. Here, we introduce a biohybrid muscle actuator system featuring a bioelectronic interface based on soft poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) fibers for stimulation and sensing. These fibers conformally couple to muscle tissues, eliciting robust contractions at voltages as low as 1 V--requiring ultra-low power (0.376 {+/-} 0.034 mW) and preserving long-term tissue viability. By leveraging the independent addressability of these fibers, we demonstrate selective actuation of individual muscle units to achieve precise spatiotemporal control of a two-muscle-powered walking biohybrid robot, reaching a locomotion speed of 5.43 {+/-} 0.79 mm/min. When configured as strain sensors, the fibers exhibit a high gauge factor of 155.45 {+/-} 6.59 and resolve contractile displacements within tens of micrometers. We demonstrate that this sensing modality can be integrated into a closed-loop controller to autonomously modulate stimulation based on real-time feedback, significantly mitigating muscle fatigue (p = 0.038) during continuous operation. This work establishes a versatile platform for efficient actuation and intrinsic feedback sensing, providing a blueprint for efficient, autonomous, and adaptive biohybrid machines.

SummarySoft conductive fibers enable a bioelectronic interface for low-power actuation and closed-loop control in biohybrid robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennington, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Wood, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivnay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biohybrid Robots with Embedded Conductive Fibers for Actuation, Sensing, and Closed-loop Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradable porous PLGA/PCL membrane enable a lung alveoli-on-a-chip for modeling particulate-induced alveolar injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how airborne particulates disrupt the alveolar barrier requires in vitro systems that recapitulate both the structure and transport properties of the lung air-blood interface. Here, we report a biodegradable lung alveoli-on-a-chip enabled by porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLGA/PCL) membranes with an interconnected porous architecture generated via porogen-assisted phase separation process. The membrane exhibits tunable degradation behavior, allowing progressive increases in surface porosity ([~]40%) and reduction in thickness ([~]3 {micro}m) during culture, while PCL maintains mechanical integrity under dynamic conditions. These degradation-driven structural changes regulate membrane transport properties, leading to enhanced permeability and supporting the formation of a functional epithelial-endothelial barrier under air-liquid interface (ALI) culture with breathing-mimetic cycling strain. Primary human alveolar epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells formed confluent, junctional monolayers on opposing membrane surfaces, exhibiting stable barrier function and high viability throughout the culture period. As a functional application, the platform was used to assess diesel particulate matter (DPM)-induced alveolar injury. Apical exposure to DPM induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, increased barrier permeability, elevated reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage in both epithelial and endothelial layers, demonstrating trans-barrier propagation of particulate-induced injury. Pharmacological modulation with roflumilast-N-oxide (RNO), a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, selectively attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, with limited effects on barrier integrity. Together, this work establishes degradable PLGA/PCL membranes as tunable interface materials for lung-on-a-chip systems, where structural evolution during degradation directly governs transport and barrier function. The resulting platform provides a physiologically relevant approach for studying particulate toxicity and therapeutic modulation at the alveolar interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hisaeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradable porous PLGA/PCL membrane enable a lung alveoli-on-a-chip for modeling particulate-induced alveolar injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A biodegradable porous membrane-based lung alveoli-on-a-chip for assessing particulate-matter-induced pulmonary toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how airborne particulates disrupt the human alveolar barrier requires in vitro systems that accurately replicate its composition and function. We present a biodegradable lung alveoli-on-a-chip that reproduces the architecture and physiology of the human air-blood interface using a porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) membrane positioned between epithelium and endothelium under air-liquid interface (ALI) culture. The membrane, fabricated by porogen-assisted nonsolvent-induced phase separation, exhibited >50 % porosity, [~]2 {micro}m thickness, and mechanical compliance over 100-fold higher than conventional Transwell inserts, closely resembling the native interstitium. During co-culture, gradual PLGA degradation was compensated by cell-secreted extracellular-matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen IV and laminin, forming a self-remodeling barrier that maintained integrity for at least 11 days. The platform supported stable epithelial-endothelial co-culture, high transepithelial electrical resistance, and physiologically relevant permeability. To demonstrate its utility, the chip was used to assess pulmonary toxicity of four types of waste-combustion-derived particulates, including rubber, plastic bags, plastic bottles, and textile fibers, delivered apically under ALI conditions. All combustion products reduced cell viability, increased hydrogen-peroxide release, and elevated {gamma}-H2AX expression, indicating oxidative and genotoxic stress, while disrupting barrier permeability. Rubber combustion particles elicited the most severe toxicity, causing the greatest loss of viability, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Together, these results establish a biodegradable, ECM-remodeling lung alveoli-on-a-chip as a physiologically relevant platform for investigating source-specific particulate toxicity and alveolar-barrier pathophysiology. By bridging environmental exposure models with human-relevant lung biology, this system provides a quantitative and translatable tool for evaluating respiratory risks and therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umalkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A biodegradable porous membrane-based lung alveoli-on-a-chip for assessing particulate-matter-induced pulmonary toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane-Free Alveolus-on-a-Chip via Biodegradable Scaffold Recapitulates Interstitial Mechanics, Immune Trafficking, and Aerosolized mRNA Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pulmonary alveolus is a highly specialized microenvironment where epithelial, interstitial, and immune components interact to maintain gas exchange and tissue homeostasis. In vivo, the air-blood barrier consists of an epithelial layer and a capillary endothelium separated by an ultrathin interstitium composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) and lung fibroblasts. However, most existing lung-on-a-chip platforms rely on permanent synthetic membranes, which fail to recapitulate the dynamic biological and mechanical properties of the native interstitium. Here, we present a membrane-free human alveoli-on-a-chip enabled by a biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold that is progressively replaced by fibroblast-derived ECM. This process reconstructs a biologically formed interstitial layer while preserving an alveolus-like dome architecture. The resulting system supports multicellular organization under air-liquid interface conditions, enabling epithelial barrier formation and surfactant-related phenotypes. Additionally, direct epithelial-fibroblast interactions enhanced surfactant-related phenotypes, as evidenced by increased SPC and LAMP3 expression. Importantly, we demonstrate that conventional rigid substrates promote fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, leading to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased epithelial cell death, and compromised barrier integrity. In contrast, the membrane-free PLGA system mitigates stiffness-driven myofibroblast activation, preserving epithelial viability and maintaining barrier function. These findings highlight the critical role of interstitial mechanics in regulating alveolar homeostasis and reveal limitations of conventional membrane-based platforms. The platform further enables chemokine-driven monocyte migration across the alveolar barrier, recapitulating key immune trafficking processes observed in vivo. In addition, aerosolized metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles efficiently mediated mRNA delivery to epithelial and interstitial cells with minimal cytotoxicity and modest inflammatory responses. Together, this membrane-free alveoli-on-a-chip reconstructs essential structural, mechanical, and functional features of the human alveolar microenvironment and provides a physiologically relevant platform for studying pulmonary biology, fibrosis-related mechanisms, immune cell trafficking, and inhaled nanomedicine delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane-Free Alveolus-on-a-Chip via Biodegradable Scaffold Recapitulates Interstitial Mechanics, Immune Trafficking, and Aerosolized mRNA Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
